fentanyl

Research Excerpts

Overview

Fentanyl is an anesthetic/analgesic commonly used in surgical and recovery settings. Fentanyl is a highly lipophilic mu opioid receptor agonist, increasingly found in heroin and other drug supplies.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Fentanyl is an opioid commonly used to prevent and treat severe pain in neonates; however, its use is off label and mostly based on bodyweight. "	( Pre- and Postnatal Maturation are Important for Fentanyl Exposure in Preterm and Term Newborns: A Pooled Population Pharmacokinetic Study. Allegaert, K; Fellman, V; Flint, RB; Knibbe, CAJ; Simons, SHP; Völler, S; Wu, Y, 2022)	2.42
"Fentanyl is an anesthetic/analgesic commonly used in surgical and recovery settings. "	( Effect of CYP3A5 and CYP3A4 Genetic Variants on Fentanyl Pharmacokinetics in a Pediatric Population. Breeyear, JH; Choi, L; Edwards, TL; Kannankeril, PJ; Van Driest, SL; Williams, ML, 2022)	2.42
"Fentanyl is a fully synthetic opioid with analgesic and anesthetic properties. "	( Unique Pharmacology, Brain Dysfunction, and Therapeutic Advancements for Fentanyl Misuse and Abuse. Cao, L; Han, Y; Lu, L; Shi, J; Yan, W; Yuan, K, 2022)	2.4
"Fentanyl is an analgesic used against pancreatitis-related pain, while whether it ameliorates severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) has yet to be checked. "	( Fentanyl alleviates intestinal mucosal barrier damage in rats with severe acute pancreatitis by inhibiting the MMP-9/FasL/Fas pathway. Ding, W; Lao, Y; Li, X; Mo, Y; Wang, B; Zhang, X; Zheng, Y, 2022)	3.61
"Fentanyl is an opioid receptor agonist and a commonly used sedative."	( Efficacy of Analgesic Propofol/Esketamine and Propofol/Fentanyl for Painless Induced Abortion: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Jin, S; Xin, N; Yan, W, 2022)	1.69
"Fentanyl is an opioid analgesic and is widely used in ovarian cancer patients for pain management. "	( Fentanyl activates ovarian cancer and alleviates chemotherapy-induced toxicity via opioid receptor-dependent activation of EGFR. Bao, L; Xiao, K; Zheng, Q, 2022)	3.61
"Fentanyl is a potent opioid analgesic with high bioavailability. "	( High-Precision Automatic Identification of Fentanyl-Related Drugs by Terahertz Spectroscopy with Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Spectral Similarity Mapping. Lin, L; Nie, P; Qu, F; Xia, Z, 2022)	2.43
"Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid commonly used in clinical practice, and behavioral changes resulting from fentanyl addiction have rarely been studied with zebrafish models."	( Fentanyl Induces Novel Conditioned Place Preference in Adult Zebrafish, Disrupts Neurotransmitter Homeostasis, and Triggers Behavioral Changes. Chian, S; Fu, L; Li, K; Liu, M; Wang, A; Wang, B; Wang, J; Wu, Y; Yao, W, 2022)	2.89
"Fentanyl is a highly lipophilic mu opioid receptor agonist, increasingly found in heroin and other drug supplies, that is contributing to marked increases in opioid-related overdose and may be complicating treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD). "	( Fentanyl withdrawal: Understanding symptom severity and exploring the role of body mass index on withdrawal symptoms and clearance. Choi, CJ; Comer, S; Jones, J; Luba, R, 2023)	3.8
"Fentanyl is a powerful synthetic opioid used to treat severe pain. "	( Electrochemical biosensor for quantitative determination of fentanyl based on immobilized cytochrome c on multi-walled carbon nanotubes modified screen-printed carbon electrodes. Alvarado-Gámez, AL; Arcos-Martínez, MJ; Barquero-Quirós, M; González-Hernández, J; Moya-Alvarado, G; Urcuyo, R, 2022)	2.41
"Fentanyl is an analgesic that is frequently prescribed, which resulted in non-intentional as well as intentional misuse and deaths. "	( Case report on postmortem fentanyl measurement after overdose with more than 67 fentanyl patches. Bethlehem, C; Croes, EA; Peeters, LEJ; Tan, GE; Vleut, IT, 2022)	2.46
"Fentanyl test strips are a novel drug checking tool that can be used by people who use drugs to detect the presence of fentanyl in drug products."	( Differences in drug use behaviors that impact overdose risk among individuals who do and do not use fentanyl test strips for drug checking. Baltes, A; Brown, R; Malicki, J; Salisbury-Afshar, E; Tilhou, AS; Zaborek, J, 2023)	1.85
"Fentanyl is a pressing concern in the current drug supply. "	( Trends in Fentanyl Content on Reddit Substance Use Forums, 2013-2021. Arya, S; Bunting, AM; Gu, Y; Krawczyk, N; Lippincott, T; Meacham, MC; Nagappala, S, 2023)	2.76
"Fentanyl analogs are a class of designer drugs that are particularly challenging to unambiguously identify due to the mass spectral and retention time similarities of unique compounds. "	( On the challenge of unambiguous identification of fentanyl analogs: Exploring measurement diversity using standard reference mass spectral libraries. Erisman, EP; Kearsley, AJ; Liang, Y; Moorthy, AS; Sisco, E; Wallace, WE, 2023)	2.61
"Fentanyl is a potent analgesic with a rapid onset and short half-life that make it a useful treatment for pain and a lethal drug of abuse. "	( Continuous fentanyl administration and spontaneous withdrawal decreases home cage wheel running in rats with and without hindpaw inflammation. Hilgendorf, TN; Kandasamy, R; Morgan, MM, 2023)	2.74
"Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid that was approved by the FDA in the late 1960s. "	( Advances in fentanyl testing. Uljon, S, 2023)	2.73
"Fentanyl (FEN) is a potent opioid analgesic used for pain management. "	( Enhancing fentanyl antinociception and preventing tolerance with α-2 adrenoceptor agonists in rats. Kara, AY; Koyu, A; Simsek, F; Yildiz Pehlivan, D, 2024)	3.29
"Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid used for managing chronic pain. "	( Energetics of high temperature degradation of fentanyl into primary and secondary products. Monteith, HL; Moorman, MW; Poudel, B; Rempe, SB; Sammon, JP; Vanegas, JM; Whiting, JJ, 2023)	2.61
"Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid used in pain management with a potency 50-100 times that of morphine. "	( Quantification of Fentanyl and Norfentanyl in Whole Blood Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Clinton Frazee, C; Garg, U; Shell, S, 2024)	3.22
"Fentanyl is an opioid we can use after surgery, and it can decrease pain post SAH."	( Effectiveness of Low-Dose Intravenous Fentanyl for Postoperative Headache Management After Neck Clipping of Ruptured Intracranial Aneurysms. Ikeda, G; Ishikawa, E; Matsumaru, Y; Matsumura, A; Nakai, Y; Terakado, T; Uemura, K, 2020)	1.55
"Fentanyl is a powerful opioid anesthetic and analgesic, the use of which has caused an increasing public health threat in the United States and elsewhere. "	( The rising crisis of illicit fentanyl use, overdose, and potential therapeutic strategies. Han, Y; Khan, MZ; Lu, L; Yan, W; Yuan, K; Zheng, Y, 2019)	2.25
"Fentanyl is an opioid analgesic, which is routinely used in general surgery to suppress the sensation of pain and as the analgesic component in the induction and maintenance of anesthesia. "	( Modulation of the de Leeuw, NH; Faulkner, C; Plant, DF, 2019)	1.96
"Fentanyl is a pain reliever stronger and deadlier than heroin. "	( A glassy carbon electrode modified with carbon nanoonions for electrochemical determination of fentanyl. Ahmadi, F; Keihan, AH; Naghian, E; Plonska-Brzezinska, ME; Rahimi-Nasrabadi, M; Shahdost-Fard, F; Sohouli, E, 2020)	2.22
"Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid that has been approved by the FDA as a general anesthetic because of its rapid onset and high potency. "	( The influence of chemical modifications on the fragmentation behavior of fentanyl and fentanyl-related compounds in electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Davidson, JT; Jackson, GP; Sasiene, ZJ, 2020)	2.23
"Fentanyl is a highly potent mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonist and plays a significant role in the current opioid epidemic; fentanyl and its analogs (fentalogs) are increasingly becoming one of the biggest dangers in the opioid crisis."	( In vitro pharmacology of fentanyl analogs at the human mu opioid receptor and their spectroscopic analysis. Anand, JP; Bassman, JR; Hassanien, SH; Iula, DM; Perrien Naccarato, CM; Traynor, JR; Twarozynski, JJ, 2020)	1.58
"Fentanyl is a common sedative/analgesic used for intrathecal chemotherapy injection in children with acute leukemia. "	( Fentanyl inhibits acute myeloid leukemia differentiated cells and committed progenitors via opioid receptor-independent suppression of Ras and STAT5 pathways. Dai, S; Pang, Q; Zhang, P; Zhang, X; Zheng, X, 2021)	3.51
"Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid that has contributed to increasing overdose deaths in the United States in recent years. "	( One year of methadone maintenance treatment in a fentanyl endemic area: Safety, repeated exposure, retention, and remission. Carroll, JJ; Green, TC; Rich, JD; Stone, AC, 2020)	2.26
"Fentanyl is a commonly used off-label medication for pain control and sedation in preterm infants. "	( Effect of Fentanyl Boluses on Cerebral Oxygenation and Hemodynamics in Preterm Infants: A Prospective Observational Study. Babadagli, ME; dePalma, A; El-Naggar, W; Hatfield, T; McCord, H; McMillan, DD; Mitra, S; Schmölzer, GM, 2020)	2.4
"Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid used to alleviate severe and chronic pain, as well as an adjunct to general or local anesthesia. "	( Emerging Role of Fentanyl in Antiplatelet Therapy. Boncler, M; Kuczyńska, K, 2020)	2.34
"Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid associated with illicit drug use and overdose deaths. "	( Comparison of Two Commercially Available Fentanyl Screening Immunoassays for Clinical Use. Budelier, MM; Farnsworth, CW; Franks, CE; Jannetto, PJ; Logsdon, N; Roper, SM; Scott, MG, 2020)	2.27
"Fentanyl is a typical opioid that is used in surgical anesthesia. "	( Rapid quantitative determination of fentanyl in human urine and serum using a gold-based immunochromatographic strip sensor. Hao, C; Kuang, H; Lei, X; Liu, L; Xu, C; Xu, L; Xu, X, 2020)	2.28
"Fentanyl is a full synthetic opioid acting as a strong µ-opioids receptor agonist. "	( Fentanyl analogues potency: what should be known. Del Rio, A; Di Trana, A, )	3.02
"Fentanyl is a potent opioid analgesic, which for decades has been used routinely in surgical and therapeutic applications. "	( In silico studies of the interactions between propofol and fentanyl using Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics. de Leeuw, NH; Faulkner, C, 2022)	2.41
"Fentanyl is a key therapeutic, used in anaesthesia and pain management. "	( The anomalous pharmacology of fentanyl. Alhosan, N; Cavallo, D; Henderson, G; Kelly, E; Ramos-Gonzalez, N; Sutcliffe, K, 2023)	2.64
"Fentanyl is a high potency opioid that has become an increasingly large proportion of the illicit drug supply. "	( Fentanyl contaminated "M30" pill overdoses in pediatric patients. Joynt, PY; Wang, GS, 2021)	3.51
"Fentanyls abuse is a persistent international concern. "	( Identification and monitoring of fentanyls-related substances in east China sewage water samples by LC-MS for drug enforcement. Di, B; Hang, TJ; Lu, YT; Song, M; Sun, FM; Wang, Y; Wu, DF; Xu, H; Xu, L, 2021)	2.35
"Fentanyl is an opioid analgesic used to treat obstetrical pain in parturient women through epidural or intravenous route, and unfortunately can also be abused by pregnant women. "	( Predicting Maternal-Fetal Disposition of Fentanyl Following Intravenous and Epidural Administration Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Isoherranen, N; Shen, DD; Shum, S, 2021)	2.33
"Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid with analgesic potency 75-100 times higher than that of morphine, and its analgesic effect is used for pain treatment, mostly in cancer patients. "	( Fentanyl use disorder characterized by unprescribed use of transdermal patches: a case report. Guliyev, C; Ögel, K; Tuna, ZO, )	3.02
"Fentanyl is a synthetic, highly selective opioid with many desirable physicochemical properties, including a high lipophilicity and predictable pharmacokinetics. "	( Fentanyl Formulations in the Management of Pain: An Update. Schug, SA; Ting, S, 2017)	3.34
"Fentanyl (FEN) is a potent, synthetic narcotic used as an anaesthetic and a pain reliever, but also illegally manufactured. "	( Fentanyl novel derivative-related deaths. Centola, C; Giorgetti, A; Giorgetti, R, 2017)	3.34
"Fentanyl ITS is a preprogrammed, needle-free PCA system used for the management of acute pain in postoperative patients."	( Meta-Analysis of the Ease of Care From a Patients' Perspective Comparing Fentanyl Iontophoretic Transdermal System Versus Morphine Intravenous Patient-Controlled Analgesia in Postoperative Pain Management. Danesi, H; Ding, L; Jones, JB; Lindley, P, 2017)	1.41
"Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid used extensively in humans for general anesthesia and analgesia. "	( Fentanyl-Induced Brain Hypoxia Triggers Brain Hyperglycemia and Biphasic Changes in Brain Temperature. Cameron-Burr, KT; Kiyatkin, EA; Shaham, Y; Solis, E, 2018)	3.37
"Fentanyl is an opioid agonist used for acute and chronic pain management. "	( LC-MS determination of fentanyl in human serum and application to a fentanyl transdermal delivery pharmacokinetic study. Abdallah, IA; Hammell, DC; Hassan, HE; Shin, SH; Stinchcomb, AL; Yu, M, 2017)	2.21
"Fentanyl is a highly potent synthetic opioid with rapid onset and significantly higher risk of overdose compared with other opioids."	( Intravenous fentanyl use among people who inject drugs in Australia. Geddes, L; Iversen, J; Maher, L; Memedovic, S, 2018)	1.58
"Fentanyl is a potent, synthetic opioid at the centre of an international health crisis that has seen thousands of fatal overdoses. "	( Paper spray mass spectrometry for the direct, semi-quantitative measurement of fentanyl and norfentanyl in complex matrices. Gill, CG; Hessels, AJ; Krogh, ET; Palaty, J; Vandergrift, GW, 2018)	2.15
"Fentanyl is a rapid-acting, short duration opioid analgesic agent. "	( P-Glycoprotein on Blood-Brain Barrier Plays a Vital Role in Fentanyl Brain Exposure and Respiratory Toxicity in Rats. Li, H; Yang, H; Yu, C; Yuan, M; Zhuang, X, 2018)	2.17
"Fentanyl is an opioid commonly prescribed for cancer pain. "	( Analgesic effects of systemic fentanyl on cancer pain are mediated by not only central but also peripheral opioid receptors in mice. Andoh, T; Kuraishi, Y; Saiki, I; Shinohara, A, 2018)	2.21
"Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid used as a narcotic analgesic supplement in general and regional anesthesia as well as in management of persistent, severe chronic pain. "	( Abuse of fentanyl: An emerging problem to face. Grzonkowski, P; Kacprzak, Ł; Kuczyńska, K; Zawilska, JB, 2018)	2.34
"Fentanyl is a widely used drug in the management of pain. "	( Sensitive Determination of Fentanyl in Low-Volume Serum Samples by LC-MS/MS. Fisher, J; Kandimalla, KK; Swaminathan, SK, 2018)	2.22
"Fentanyl is a common opiate primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 subtypes."	( Identification of Cytochrome P450 Polymorphisms in Burn Patients and Impact on Fentanyl Pharmacokinetics: A Pilot Study. Grimsrud, KN; Ivanova, X; Palmieri, TL; Sherwin, CM; Tran, NK, 2019)	1.46
"Fentanyl is an extremely potent synthetic opioid that has been increasingly used to adulterate heroin, cocaine, and counterfeit prescription pills, leading to an increase in opioid-induced fatal overdoses in the United States, Canada, and Europe. "	( A Fentanyl Vaccine Alters Fentanyl Distribution and Protects against Fentanyl-Induced Effects in Mice and Rats. Baruffaldi, F; Harmon, TM; Le Naour, M; Pentel, PR; Peterson, SJ; Pravetoni, M; Raleigh, MD; Vigliaturo, JR, 2019)	2.68
"Fentanyl is an important opioid for pain management, but also has exceptional potential for misuse. "	( Trends in the medical supply of fentanyl and fentanyl analogues: United States, 2006 to 2017. Chung, DY; Collins, LK; McCall, KL; Nichols, SD; Pande, LJ; Piper, BJ, 2019)	2.24
"Fentanyl is a potent analgesic that accounts for an increasing number of overdose deaths in the United States. "	( Prolonged therapy with the anticonvulsant carbamazepine leads to increased plasma clearance of fentanyl. Akeju, O; Eskandar, E; Greenblatt, DJ; Hossain, MA; Ma, Z; Martyn, JAJ; Mirzakhani, H; Nozari, A; Wang, Q, 2019)	2.18
"Fentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is available as injection and transdermal patch products for the management of acute and chronic pain."	( Evaluation of soluble fentanyl microneedles for loco-regional anti-nociceptive activity. Ajjarapu, SS; Bae, J; Dhawan, T; Maurya, A; Murthy, SN; Rangappa, S, 2019)	1.55
"Fentanyl is a lipophilic opioid commonly proposed for intranasal use among pediatric patients, but no studies have been conducted yet about intranasal use of other available opioids for management of pediatric cancer pain."	( Intranasal therapy with opioids for children and adolescents with cancer: results from clinical studies. Attinà, G; Capozza, MA; Mastrangelo, S; Maurizi, P; Ruggiero, A; Triarico, S, 2019)	1.24
"Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid with a variety of possible applications. "	( Fatal misuse of transdermal fentanyl patches. Doberentz, E; Geile, J; Kraemer, M; Maas, A; Madea, B, 2019)	2.25
"Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid commonly used as an anesthetic and also increasingly popular as a sedative agent in neonates. "	( A predictive pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model of fentanyl for analgesia/sedation in neonates based on a semi-physiologic approach. Calvo, R; Encinas, E; Lukas, JC; Rodriguez, M; Suarez, E; Vozmediano, V, 2013)	2.08
"Fentanyl is a potent opioid that has been proven to provide effective treatment for breakthrough cancer pain. "	( Fentanyl for the relief of refractory breathlessness: a systematic review. Gaertner, J; Köskeroglu, P; Simon, ST; Voltz, R, 2013)	3.28
"Remifentanyl is a better choice of opioid in preventing pain on rocuronium injection using venous occlusion technique than fentanyl, with efficacy comparable to Xylocaine."	( Comparison of three methods of preventing rocuronium induced pain on injection using venous occlusion technique: a randomized prospective double blind controlled study. Abu-Halaweh, NS; Abu-Halaweh, SA; Al-Hussami, MO; Al-Mustafa, M; Aloweidi, AK; Atyat, BS; Qudaisat, IY, 2013)	0.95
"Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid agonist used for pain control. "	( An examination of the postmortem redistribution of fentanyl and interlaboratory variability. Krinsky, CS; Lathrop, SL; Zumwalt, R, 2014)	2.1
"Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid that is very important in anesthetic practice because of its relatively short time to peak analgesic effect and the rapid termination of action after small bolus doses. "	( Clinical pharmacology of fentanyl in preterm infants. A review. Pacifici, GM, 2015)	2.16
"1.Fentanyl is a highly lipophilic opioid commonly used to treat cancer pain. "	( Protein binding of fentanyl and its metabolite nor-fentanyl in human plasma, albumin and α-1 acid glycoprotein. Bista, SR; Hardy, J; Haywood, A; Lobb, M; Norris, R; Tapuni, A, 2015)	1.47
"Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid. "	( [Fentanyl tea]. Darling, SS; Mærkedahl, R, 2014)	2.76
"Fentanyl is a synthetic narcotic anesthetic ∼80-100 times more potent than morphine. "	( Analysis of fentanyl in urine by DLLME-GC-MS. Gardner, MA; Jenkins, WW; Owens, JE; Sampsel, S, 2015)	2.24
"Fentanyl appears to be a suitable alternative to pethidine when providing parenteral pain relief to labouring women."	( A comparison of fentanyl with pethidine for pain relief during childbirth: a randomised controlled trial. Belan, I; Cyna, AM; Fleet, J; Jones, MJ; Ullah, S, 2015)	1.48
"Butyrfentanyl is a potent short-acting opioid and a fentanyl analog with uncertain clinical effects. "	( Butyrfentanyl overdose resulting in diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Cole, JB; Dunbar, JF; McIntire, SA; Regelmann, WE; Slusher, TM, 2015)	1.44
"Fentanyl is a potent opioid analgesic used in the treatment of pain. "	( The Fentanyl Patch Boil-Up - A Novel Method of Opioid Abuse. Reynolds, TM; Schauer, CK; Shand, JA, 2015)	2.42
"Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid analgesic historically used as a pain reliever and an anaesthetic. "	( Fentanyls: Are we missing the signs? Highly potent and on the rise in Europe. Denissov, G; Giraudon, I; Griffiths, P; Mounteney, J, 2015)	3.3
"Fentanyl appears to be a safe and effective alternative to morphine for the management of chest pain in the prehospital setting."	( Comparison of Fentanyl and Morphine in the Prehospital Treatment of Ischemic Type Chest Pain. Ariano, RE; Grierson, RA; Weldon, ER, 2016)	1.52
"Fentanyl is an addictive prescription opioid that is over 80 times more potent than morphine. "	( Combatting Synthetic Designer Opioids: A Conjugate Vaccine Ablates Lethal Doses of Fentanyl Class Drugs. Bremer, PT; Collins, KC; Janda, KD; Kimishima, A; Schlosburg, JE; Zhou, B, 2016)	2.1
"Fentanyl is a μ-opioid agonist that often is used as the analgesic component for balanced anesthesia in both human and veterinary patients. "	( Pharmacokinetics of 2 Formulations of Transdermal Fentanyl in Cynomolgus Macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Bailey, EJ; Carlson, AM; Fetterer, DP; Kelly, R; Rico, PJ, 2016)	2.13
"Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid 50-100 times more potent than morphine (2).* Multiple states have reported increases in fentanyl-involved overdose (poisoning) deaths (fentanyl deaths) (2)."	( Fentanyl Law Enforcement Submissions and Increases in Synthetic Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths - 27 States, 2013-2014. Gladden, RM; Martinez, P; Seth, P, 2016)	2.6
"Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid 50-100 times more potent than morphine and approved for the management of surgical/postoperative pain, severe chronic pain, and breakthrough cancer pain.* DEA's National Forensic Laboratory Information System (NFLIS) collects drug identification results from drug cases analyzed by federal, state, and local forensic laboratories throughout the United States.(†) In 2014, 80% of fentanyl submissions (i.e., drug products obtained by law enforcement that tested positive for fentanyl) in NFLIS were identified from 10 states, including Florida and Ohio (2), and seven of these 10 states reported sharp increases in fentanyl-related overdose deaths (fentanyl deaths) (3)."	( Increases in Fentanyl-Related Overdose Deaths - Florida and Ohio, 2013-2015. DeFiore-Hyrmer, J; Delcher, C; DiOrio, M; Garcia-Williams, A; Gladden, RM; Goldberger, BA; Halpin, J; McCarty, CL; Peterson, AB; Spies, E; Wang, Y; Zibbell, J, 2016)	1.52
"Fentanyl is a strong opioid that is available for various administration routes, and which is widely used to treat cancer-related pain. "	( A review of factors explaining variability in fentanyl pharmacokinetics; focus on implications for cancer patients. Koolen, SL; Kuip, EJ; Mathijssen, RH; van der Rijt, CC; Zandvliet, ML, 2017)	2.16
"Butyrfentanyl is a new fentanyl derivative whose potency ratio was found to be seven compared to morphine and 0.13 compared to fentanyl."	( Studies on the metabolism of the fentanyl-derived designer drug butyrfentanyl in human in vitro liver preparations and authentic human samples using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Kraemer, T; Staeheli, SN; Steuer, AE; Williner, E, 2017)	1.19
"Fentanyl is a strong µ-opioid analgesic which attenuates the stimulation of surgical invasion and tracheal intubation. "	( Swallowing action immediately before intravenous fentanyl at induction of anesthesia prevents fentanyl-induced coughing: a randomized controlled study. Fujimura, N; Sako, S; Tokunaga, S; Tsukamoto, M; Yokoyama, T; Yoshino, J, 2017)	2.15
"Fentanyl is a frequently used concomitant drug. "	( High Concomitant Misuse of Fentanyl in Subjects on Opioid Maintenance Treatment. Adam, R; Al-Iassin, J; Canolli, M; Koller, G; Krause, D; Martin, G; Musselmann, R; Plörer, D; Pogarell, O; Schäfer, F; Walcher, S; Winter, C, 2017)	2.19
"Fentanyl is an extremely potent narcotic analgesic that is becoming more popular as a drug of abuse. "	( Unusual fentanyl patch administration. Pestaner, JP; Thomas, S; Winecker, R, 2008)	2.22
"Fentanyl is a commonly used supplement that may contribute to this, although it may also improve analgesia."	( Omitting fentanyl reduces nausea and vomiting, without increasing pain, after sevoflurane for day surgery. Bridgman, S; Smith, I; Walley, G, 2008)	1.48
"Fentanyl patch is an alternative for children who cannot tolerate morphine. "	( Fentanyl patch for stable chronic pain in children: new indication. Used fentanyl patches should be handled with care. , 2008)	3.23
"Fentanyl is a potent mu-opioid receptor agonist that is widely used for the treatment of chronic pain. "	( Effects of fentanyl dose and exposure duration on the affective and somatic signs of fentanyl withdrawal in rats. Bruijnzeel, AW; Derendorf, H; Gold, MS; Liu, J; Pan, H, 2008)	2.18
"Fentanyl is a potent synthetic narcotic analgesic administered in the form of a transdermal patch for the management of chronic pain."	( Determination of fentanyl in biological and water samples using single-drop liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography. Ebrahimzadeh, H; Gholizade, A; Kasraee, S; Sedighi, A; Yamini, Y, 2008)	1.41
"Fentanyl is a frequently used and abused opioid analgesic and can cause internalization of mu opioid receptors (MORs). "	( Bidirectional effects of fentanyl on dendritic spines and AMPA receptors depend upon the internalization of mu opioid receptors. Higgins, P; Law, PY; Liao, D; Lin, H; Loh, HH, 2009)	2.1
"Fentanyl is an opioid with high lipid solubility, suitable for intravenous, spinal, transmucosal and transdermal administration. "	( Transdermal fentanyl in cachectic cancer patients. Gergov, M; Haakana, S; Heiskanen, T; Kalso, E; Mätzke, S; Vuori, E, 2009)	2.17
"Fentanyl is a commonly used analgesic and sedative for the burned in the operating theater as well as the burn care units. "	( Comparative population pharmacokinetics of fentanyl using non-linear mixed effect modeling: burns vs. non-burns. Han, TH; Kaneda, K, 2009)	2.06
"Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid with short-acting analgesic activity after intravenous or subcutaneous administration. "	( [Severe nonfatal poisoning after intravenous abuse of transdermal fentanyl--a case report]. Magdalan, J, 2009)	2.03
"Fentanyl is a lipophilic, short-acting, synthetic opioid with a piperidine chemical structure. "	( The role of fentanyl in cancer-related pain. Prommer, E, 2009)	2.17
"Fentanyl is a potent opioid analgesic that is increasingly becoming a choice drug of abuse. "	( Potential biomarkers of smoked fentanyl utilizing pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Bell, SC; Callery, PS; Kraner, JC; Nishikawa, RK, 2009)	2.08
"Fentanyl is a high-potency opioid that has many uses in the treatment of both acute and chronic pain. "	( Transdermal fentanyl: pharmacology and toxicology. Nelson, L; Schwaner, R, 2009)	2.17
"Fentanyl is a potent analgesic drug in relieving chronic pain in patients. "	( Development of a liquid chromatography-isotope dilution mass spectrometry method for quantification of fentanyl in human plasma. Gui, YZ; Jia, JY; Li, SJ; Liu, GY; Lu, C; Shi, XJ; Yu, C, 2010)	2.02
"Fentanyl is a potent Schedule II narcotic analgesic recommended for use in the management of unremitting pain not controlled by morphine or other opiate/opioid drugs. "	( Deaths with transdermal fentanyl patches. Jumbelic, MI, 2010)	2.11
"Fentanyl is an opioid initially developed for parenteral administration. "	( Formulations of fentanyl for the management of pain. Grape, S; Lauer, S; Schug, BS; Schug, SA, 2010)	2.15
"Fentanyl is a short-acting analgesic causing less sedation and nausea in adults than pethidine."	( Non-axial administration of fentanyl in childbirth: a review of the efficacy and safety of fentanyl for mother and neonate. Belan, I; Fleet, J; Jones, M, 2011)	1.38
"Fentanyl is a potent, short-acting synthetic opioid analgesic. "	( Quantitation of fentanyl in blood and urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Chronister, CW; Goldberger, BA; Merves, ML, 2010)	2.15
"Fentanyl is an appropriate drug because of its fast onset and short duration of action."	( [Nasal application of fentanyl citrate as symptom control against breathlessness in palliative care--overview and case report]. Sitte, T, 2009)	1.39
"Fentanyl is an increasingly common drug of abuse. "	( The prevalence of fentanyl in drug-related deaths in Philadelphia 2004-2006. Curtis, JA; Drake, R; Mundy, L; Wingert, WE; Wong, SC, 2010)	2.14
"Fentanyl is a short-acting synthetic opioid with spinal analgesic properties and dose-dependent side-effects. "	( The effect of transdermal nitroglycerine on intrathecal fentanyl with bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia following gynaecological surgery. Ahmed, F; Chawla, V; Garg, A; Khandelwal, M; Verma, AP, 2010)	2.05
"Fentanyl is a potent opioid analgesic marketed for the treatment of stable intense chronic pain, particularly in the form of a transdermal patch. "	( Fentanyl patches: preventable overdose. , 2010)	3.25
"Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid available therapeutically as an intravenous, transbucal, or transdermal preparation. "	( Complications of oral exposure to fentanyl transdermal delivery system patches. Jones, BE; Nelson, L; Prosser, JM, 2010)	2.08
"Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid with excellent results in perioperative analgesia. "	( [Does the use of fentanyl make Vater's ampulla cannulation difficult? A prospective and comparative study]. Adalid-Martínez, R; García Vázquez, A; Güitrón-Cantú, A; Gutiérrez-Bermúdez, JA; Segura-López, FK, 2010)	2.14
"Fentanyl is an extremely potent synthetic opioid that is widely used for chronic pain treatment; it is highly addictive and prone to abuse. "	( Development of a homogeneous immunoassay for the detection of fentanyl in urine. Barhate, R; Coulter, C; Huynh, K; Moore, C; Rodrigues, W; Soares, J; Vincent, M; Wang, G, 2011)	2.05
"Fentanyl is a powerful opioid used for the induction of anesthesia as well as for the management of severe pain. "	( Fentanyl in postmortem forensic toxicology. Palmer, RB, 2010)	3.25
"Fentanyl is a potent opioid with a short duration of action. "	( Fentanyl sublingual: in breakthrough pain in opioid-tolerant adults with cancer. Chwieduk, CM; McKeage, K, 2010)	3.25
"Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid used for the management of chronic pain. "	( Bioequivalence and safety of a novel fentanyl transdermal matrix system compared with a transdermal reservoir system. Adams, HD; Ariyawansa, J; Moore, KT; Natarajan, J; Richards, HM, )	1.85
"Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid with large abuse potential. "	( Whole fentanyl patch ingestion: a multi-center case series. Brooks, DE; Duback-Morris, LF; Feuchter, AC; Katz, KD; Krenzelok, EP; Mrvos, R, 2012)	2.3
"Fentanyl is a widely used opioid receptor agonist for analgesia."	( RNA interference targeting mu-opioid receptors reverses the inhibition of fentanyl on glucose-evoked insulin release of rat islets. Liu, S; Lu, Y; Ma, L; Qian, TL; Wang, XH; Zhang, L, 2010)	1.31
"Fentanyl is a potent mu opioid receptor agonist that was discovered to identify an improved human health analgesic over morphine, an opioid frequently associated with histamine-release, bradycardia, hyper- or hypotension, and prolonged postoperative respiratory depression. "	( The history and pharmacology of fentanyl: relevance to a novel, long-acting transdermal fentanyl solution newly approved for use in dogs. Clark, TP; Kukanich, B, 2012)	2.11
"Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid characterized by rapid absorption and start of the analgesic effects."	( Optimal management of breakthrough cancer pain (BCP). Antón, A; Casas, A; Cruz, JJ; Escobar, Y; Gálvez, R; Juliá, J; López, R; Mañas, A; Margarit, C; Zaragozá, F, 2013)	1.11
"1. Fentanyl is a micro -opioid analgesic that might disinhibit 5-HT neurons and thus increase 5-HT efflux. "	( Effect of fentanyl on 5-HT efflux involves both opioid and 5-HT1A receptors. Auerbach, SB; Karnik, M; Ma, Z; Tao, R, 2003)	1.34
"Fentanyl is a synthetic, lipophilic opioid, more potent than morphine, and achieves peak effects after intravenous administration in 5 minutes."	( Intravenous fentanyl for cancer pain: a "fast titration" protocol for the emergency room. Martins, M; Soares, LG; Uchoa, R, 2003)	1.42
"Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid that is increasingly being used in transdermal drug delivery systems. "	( Dermal penetration of fentanyl: inter- and intraindividual variations. Larsen, RH; Nielsen, F; Nielsen, JB; Sørensen, JA, 2003)	2.08
"This fentanyl HCl PCTS is a preprogrammed, needle free, self-contained drug-delivery system that uses electrotransport technology (iontophoresis) to deliver 40 microg of fentanyl per on-demand dose."	( The safety and efficacy of a fentanyl patient-controlled transdermal system for acute postoperative analgesia: a multicenter, placebo-controlled trial. Chelly, JE; Grass, J; Houseman, TW; Minkowitz, H; Pue, A, 2004)	1.07
"Fentanyl citrate is a synthetic opiate analgesic often used clinically for neonatal anesthesia. "	( Fentanyl inhibits GABAergic neurotransmission to cardiac vagal neurons in the nucleus ambiguus. Bouairi, E; Evans, C; Gold, A; Griffioen, KJ; Huang, ZG; Mendelowitz, D; Venkatesan, P; Wang, X, 2004)	3.21
"Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid that can be delivered through a transdermal therapeutic system (TTS). "	( Transdermal fentanyl in HSCT patients: an open trial using transdermal fentanyl for the treatment of oral mucositis pain. Carrassi, A; Deliliers, GL; Demarosi, F; Lodi, G; Sardella, A; Soligo, D; Volpe, AD, 2004)	2.15
"TTS-fentanyl is a Transdermal Therapeutic System, which contains a rate-limiting membrane that provides constant release of fentanyl. "	( Evaluation of safety and efficacy of transdermal therapeutic system-fentanyl in adult patients with gynecological cancer-related pain. Cheewakriangkrai, C; Katanyoo, K; Lorvidhaya, V; Srisomboon, J; Suprapaphorn, P, 2004)	1.12
"Fentanyl citrate is a potent opioid that can be delivered by the transdermal route in cats and dogs. "	( Transdermal fentanyl patches in small animals. Egger, CM; Hofmeister, EH, )	1.95
"Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid used as a general anesthetic and analgetic. "	( Deaths after intravenous misuse of transdermal fentanyl. Bachs, L; Lilleng, PK; Mehlum, LI; Morild, I, 2004)	2.02
"Fentanyl-propofol is an equally acceptable alternative; however, meperidine-propofol is associated with a high incidence of postoperative emesis."	( Anesthetic techniques and postoperative emesis in pediatric strabismus surgery. Chhabra, A; Gupta, S; Khandelwal, M; Pandey, R; Subramaniam, R, )	0.85
"Fentanyl HCl PCTS is a compact, self-contained system that is easily applied to the upper outer arm or chest."	( An iontophoretic, fentanyl HCl patient-controlled transdermal system for acute postoperative pain management. Chelly, JE, 2005)	1.38
"Fentanyl is an opioid drug widely used as a co-adjuvant in abdominal delivery, a fact that justifies its pharmacokinetic study under these conditions."	( Pharmacokinetics and transplacental distribution of fentanyl in epidural anesthesia for normal pregnant women. da Cunha, SP; de Barros Duarte, L; de Carvalho Cavalli, R; Duarte, G; Lanchote, VL; Moisés, EC, 2005)	2.02
"The fentanyl HCl PATS is a needle-free, credit card-sized, preprogrammed system that is applied to the patient's upper outer arm or chest."	( An iontophoretic fentanyl patient-activated analgesic delivery system for postoperative pain: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Atkinson, LE; Melson, T; Reynolds, L; Tait, S; Viscusi, ER, 2006)	1.15
"Fentanyl is a highly potent and clinically widely used narcotic analgesic. "	( Steric interactions and the activity of fentanyl analogs at the mu-opioid receptor. Dosen-Micovic, L; Ivanovic, M; Micovic, V, 2006)	2.04
"Fentanyl is a potent synthetic narcotic analgesic administered in the form of a transdermal patch for the management of chronic pain. "	( LC-MS/MS analysis of fentanyl and norfentanyl in a fatality due to application of multiple Durogesic transdermal therapeutic systems. Coopman, V; Cordonnier, J; Pien, K; Van Varenbergh, D, 2007)	2.1
"Fentanyl is a potent mu-opioid receptor agonist that is widely used for the treatment of severe chronic pain. "	( The effects of buprenorphine on fentanyl withdrawal in rats. Booth, MM; Bruijnzeel, AW; Dennis, DM; Gold, MS; Isaac, S; Marcinkiewcz, C, 2007)	2.07
"Fentanyl TTS is a promising option for chronic pain control in children."	( Transdermal fentanyl in childhood and adolescence: a comprehensive literature review. Anderson, B; Michel, E; Zernikow, B, 2007)	1.44
"The fentanyl patch is a useful agent to control severe cancer pain because of excellent analgesic effect, less adverse effects and more convenience as well as itsundesirable characteristics when transition of patients to home-care is considered or oral administration should be avoided. "	( [Usefulness of fentanyl patch (Durotep) in cancer patients when rotated from morphine preparations]. Akiyama, Y; Iseki, M; Ishii, K; Izawa, R; Miyazaki, T; Tani, Y; Yamaguchi, S, 2007)	1.25
"Fentanyl is a potent opioid that is well absorbed via the oral mucosa. "	( Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate versus placebo for painful dressing changes: a crossover trial. Barker, L; Larsen, D; MacIntyre, PA; Margetts, L, 2007)	2.12
"Fentanyl, however, is an extremely unusual cause of anaphylaxis."	( Case report: fentanyl-associated intraoperative anaphylaxis with pulmonary edema. Arnaut, K; Cummings, KC, 2007)	1.43
"Fentanyl is a very potent synthetic narcotic analgesic. "	( Use of single-drop microextraction for determination of fentanyl in water samples. Dubey, DK; Ganesan, K; Gupta, PK; Manral, L, 2007)	2.03
"Fentanyl is a potent, short-acting narcotic analgesic widely used as surgical anaesthetic. "	( Suicide by fentanyl. Definis-Gojanović, M; Sutlović, D, 2007)	2.17
"Fentanyl misuse is a public health problem in Massachusetts."	( Fatalities associated with fentanyl and co-administered cocaine or opiates. Behonick, GS; Flomenbaum, MA; Hull, MJ; Juhascik, M; Mazur, F, 2007)	1.36
"Fentanyl is a widely used opioid analgesic, which is extensively metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A. "	( Effect of voriconazole and fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous fentanyl. Laine, K; Neuvonen, M; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT; Saari, TI, 2008)	2.02
"The fentanyl buccal tablet is a new sugar-free, easily-administered formulation that uses an effervescent drug delivery system to enhance the rate and extent of fentanyl absorption across the buccal mucosa."	( Fentanyl buccal tablet: rapid relief from breakthrough pain. Taylor, DR, 2007)	2.26
"Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid used to treat intense chronic pain. "	( Determination of fentanyl in sweat and hair of a patient using transdermal patches. Ait-M-Bark, Z; Appenzeller, B; Lemmer, P; Schneider, S; Schummer, C; Wennig, R; Yegles, M, 2008)	2.13
"Fentanyl is a spinal analgesic that could be a useful adjunct, and enhances the duration and quality of sensory block in adult surgical and obstetric population."	( Dose-response study of intrathecal fentanyl added to bupivacaine in infants undergoing lower abdominal and urologic surgery. Batra, YK; Lokesh, VC; Panda, NB; Rajeev, S; Rao, KL, 2008)	1.34
"Alfentanyl is a new narcotic analgesic with a rapid onset and very short duration of effect, and a potency about one third of that of fentanyl. "	( Human volunteer studies of Alfentanyl (R39209), a new short-acting narcotic analgesic. Kay, B; Pleuvry, B, 1980)	1.27
"Sufentanyl is a new, potent, short-acting, fentanyl-like morphinomimetic. "	( Skeletal muscle circulation during sufentanyl and morphine anesthesia in propranolol treated dogs. Ahn, NC; Berthelsen, P; Eriksen, J; Rasmussen, JP, 1981)	1.26
"Sufentanyl is a newly developed potent, short-acting fentanyl-like morphinomimetic. "	( Peripheral circulation during sufentanyl and morphine anesthesia. Ahn, NC; Berthelsen, P; Eriksen, J; Rasmussen, JP, 1980)	1.27
"Fentanyl is a potent analgesic with a short time effect. "	( [Comparative analgesic kinetics of fentanyl and droperidol-fentanyl association (author's transl)]. Bertrand, JC; Conil, JM; Cros, J; Gout, R; Lareng, L, 1981)	1.98
"Fentanyl is a powerful morphinomimetic which decreases ventilatory frequency."	( [The respiratory effects of small dose fentanyl associated with controlled hypotension during spontaneous ventilation in anesthetized man (author's transl)]. Bertrand, D; Hannhart, B; Laxenaire, MC, 1981)	1.25
"Fentanyl is considered to be a short-acting narcotic analgesic but prolonged and recurrent ventilatory depression has been reported. "	( Intravenous fentanyl kinetics. Hug, CC; McClain, DA, 1980)	2.08
"Fentanyl and midazolam is a combination that is effective and convenient to use because both agents are relatively short acting, have little cardiovascular depression and are easily reversible (with naloxone and flumazenil)."	( Analgesia and sedation in interventional radiological procedures. Hart, GK; Hennessy, OF; Hiew, CY; Thomson, KR, 1995)	1.01
"TTS fentanyl was shown to be an effective, safe and simple method for long-term pain relief in cancer patients and presents an interesting novel option in the treatment of cancer pain."	( Transdermal fentanyl in combination with initial intravenous dose titration by patient-controlled analgesia. Lehmann, KA; Zech, DF, 1995)	1.15
"Fentanyl is a highly potent, short acting synthetic analgesic indicated as a preanesthetic medication. "	( Fentanyl: a review for clinical and analytical toxicologists. Poklis, A, 1995)	3.18
"Fentanyl (Sublimaze) is a synthetic opioid used as a combination drug for conscious sedation in patients requiring endoscopic diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. "	( Fentanyl citrate (fentanyl sublimaze). Claussen, DS, 1993)	3.17
"Fentanyl and midazolam are an appropriate combination for postoperative pain treatment."	( [Analgosedation with fentanyl/midazolam after correction of congenital heart defects]. Hund, F; Huth, R; Michel-Behnke, I; Oelert, H; Rothes, A; Schmidt, FX; Schranz, D; Wippermann, CF, )	1.17
"Fentanyl is a potent opioid analgesic with a characteristically brief duration of action. "	( Fentanyl transdermal (durogesic, Janssen). MacConnachie, AM, 1995)	3.18
"Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid with short-acting analgesic activity after intravenous or subcutaneous administration. "	( Transdermal fentanyl. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in pain control. Benfield, P; Jeal, W, 1997)	2.12
"Fentanyl is a synthetic pure opioid agonist with a selective activity on mu receptors. "	( [Transdermal fentanyl]. Lossignol, D; Sternon, J, 1998)	2.11
"Fentanyl is a commonly used narcotic agent in anesthesia. "	( Morphine's immunoregulatory actions are not shared by fentanyl. Bilfinger, TV; Fimiani, C; Stefano, GB, 1998)	1.99
"Fentanyl is a basic amine shown to have extensive first-pass pulmonary uptake. "	( Uptake of fentanyl in pulmonary endothelium. Avram, MJ; Henthorn, TK; Krejcie, TC; Waters, CM, 1999)	2.15
"Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid widely used in anesthesia and analgesia. "	( The effect of paracetamol (acetaminophen) on fentanyl metabolism in vitro. Feierman, DE, 2000)	2.01
"Fentanyl is a very strong opioid with analgesic properties that are approximately 80 times stronger than those of morphine and therefore is used in major surgery and treatment of pain in tumor patients. "	( Comparison of nonradioactive microtiter plate enzyme immunoassays for the sensitive detection of fentanyl. Käferstein, H; Sticht, G, 2000)	1.97
"Fentanyl is a potent, short-acting narcotic analgesic widely used as a surgical anesthetic and for the control of pain when administered in the form of a transdermal patch. "	( Duragesic transdermal patch: postmortem tissue distribution of fentanyl in 25 cases. Anderson, DT; Muto, JJ, 2000)	1.99
"Ohmefentanyl (OMF) is a new mu opioid receptor agonist with high affinity and selectivity, and possesses anesthetic activity. "	( [Effects of ohmefentanyl at anesthetic dose on plasma levels of corticosterone, cortisol and antidiuretic hormone in rats]. Chi, ZQ; Jin, WQ; Jin, XL; Li, GF; Zhou, DH, 1997)	1.2
"Fentanyl 25 microg is a good alternative to sufentanil 5 microg when added to bupivacaine 1.25 mg for early labour analgesia."	( Either sufentanil or fentanyl, in addition to intrathecal bupivacaine, provide satisfactory early labour analgesia. Cheng, CJ; Lim, EH; Loke, GP; Sia, AT; Tan, HM, 2001)	2.07
"Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid, suitable for transdermal delivery, offering an interesting solution as a step 3 opioid in cancer pain treatment. "	( From codeine to transdermal fentanyl for cancer pain control: a safety and efficacy clinical trial. Befon, S; Georgaki, S; Gerolymatos, K; Kouskouni, E; Mystakidou, K; Tsilika, E; Vlahos, L, )	1.87
"Ohmefentanyl is a very potent and highly selective agonist for mu-opioid receptors. "	( Analgesic activity and opioid receptor selectivity of stereoisomers of ohmefentanyl isothiocyanate. Chen, BY; Chen, XJ; Chi, ZQ; Jin, WQ; Zhu, YC, 2001)	1.1
"Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid agonist which interacts primarily with the mu-opioid receptor. "	( Transdermal fentanyl: an updated review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in chronic cancer pain control. Muijsers, RB; Wagstaff, AJ, 2001)	2.13
"Fentanyl is an opioid agonist and appears to play an important role in regulating the excitability of the hippocampus under electroconvulsion."	( Change of hyperexcitability of hippocampus by cyclosporin A and its modulatory action by fentanyl. Choi, BJ; Whang, KT, 2002)	1.26
"Fentanyl is a strong, synthetic analgesic which may cause muscular rigidity when administered intravenously. "	( Muscle tone under fentanyl-nitrous oxide anaesthesia measured with a transducer apparatus in cholecystecomy incisions. Askgaard, B; Hansen, JB; Ibler, M; Jansen, E; Nilsson, T, 1977)	2.03
"Fentanyl would seem to be a desirable addition to an alfathesin infusion technique in unpremedicated patients presenting for outpatient anaesthesia."	( The influence of fentanyl on an alfathesin infusion technique. Dunn, GL; Houlton, PJ; Morison, DH; Rajagopalan, R, 1978)	1.32
"Fentanyl is an opioid traditionally administered by infusion or injection and more recently in a rate-controlled transdermal dosage form. "	( System functionality and physicochemical model of fentanyl transdermal system. Gale, R; Gupta, SK; Hwang, SS; Southam, M, 1992)	1.98
"TTS (fentanyl) is a simple and useful technique for the control of postoperative pain."	( Transdermal fentanyl: acute analgesic clinical studies. Sandler, A, 1992)	1.12
"Fentanyl is a mu opiate agonist which is occasionally abused by medical personnel who have ready access to the drug. "	( Subjective and behavioral responses to intravenous fentanyl in healthy volunteers. de Wit, H; Lichtor, JL; Zacny, JP; Zaragoza, JG, 1992)	1.98
"Fentanyl is an attractive agent for analgesia in the emergency department. "	( Continuous intravenous infusion fentanyl for sedation and analgesia of the multiple trauma patient. Ferlic, FJ; Smith, GA; Walsh, M; Wieschhaus, MF; Yount, RA, 1991)	2.01
"Ohmefentanyl (OMF) is a new potent analgesic derived from fentanyl. "	( [Pharmacokinetics of [3H]ohmefentanyl in rats]. Chi, ZQ; Jin, WQ; Zhao, GM; Zheng, WJ; Zhou, HY, 1990)	1.13
"Fentanyl citrate is a synthetic narcotic 1,000 times as potent as meperidine. "	( The safety of fentanyl use in the emergency department. Borron, SW; Chudnofsky, CR; Dronen, SC; Wright, MB; Wright, SW, 1989)	2.08
"Fentanyl citrate is a potent short-acting narcotic reported to cause less nausea and sedation than morphine or meperidine hydrochloride. "	( Fentanyl citrate analgesia during labor. Chleborad, J; Leuschen, MP; Rathke, A; Rayburn, W; Weidner, W, 1989)	3.16
"Fentanyl is a synthetic narcotic which, when administered intravenously, has a rapid onset and short duration of action. "	( Fentanyl and diazepam for analgesia and sedation during radiologic special procedures. Miller, DL; Wall, RT, 1987)	3.16

Effects

Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration. Fentanyl has an analgesic effect 100 times greater than that of morphine; therefore, transdermal administration of fentanyl has been widely used to control pain.

Fentanyl citrate has properties, including agonism of the mu-opioid receptor and proconvulsant activity, that theoretically could pose adverse effects in ischemic brain. Fentanyl has been shown to be effective for the management of intense pain of short duration.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Fentanyl has a long terminal elimination, with a documented secondary peaking phenomenon that can manifest as "fentanyl rebound." Clinical implications in overdose (respiratory depression, muscle rigidity, and "wooden chest syndrome") and opioid use disorder treatment (subjective effects, withdrawal, and buprenorphine-precipitated withdrawal) are discussed."	( Fentanyl Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion: Narrative Review and Clinical Significance Related to Illicitly Manufactured Fentanyl. Bird, HE; Dunn, KE; Huhn, AS, )	2.3
"Fentanyl has a strong first pass effect when administered orally and resorbed enterally, however it is well suited for transmucosal administration, e.g."	( [Transmucosal fentanyl administration: sublingual, buccal, nasal - all the same? Treatment of breakthrough cancer pain]. Überall, MA, 2017)	1.54
"Fentanyl has a low molecular weight and is lipophilic making it suitable for transdermal administration. "	( Unusual case of transdermal fentanyl in cachexia. Harrison, S; Kay, S; Lam, D; Pickard, J, 2019)	2.25
"Fentanyl has an analgesic effect 100 times greater than that of morphine; therefore, transdermal administration of fentanyl has been widely used to control pain. "	( Fentanyl intoxication caused by abuse of transdermal fentanyl. Chun, BJ; Moon, JM, 2011)	3.25
"Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration."	( Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits. Chakrabarti, MK; Ma, D; Sapsed-Byrne, SM; Whitwam, JG, 1998)	1.97
"Fentanyl has a 7 gram usage versus a 100 gram INCB allocation."	( Opioid use in chronic pain management in the Philippines. Espinosa, EL; Harder, SM; Javier, FO; Magpantay, LA; Unite, MA, 2001)	1.03
"Fentanyl has replaced most other non-prescribed opioids in much of North America. "	( Modeling of overdose and naloxone distribution in the setting of fentanyl compared to heroin. Coffin, PO; Kahn, JG; Maya, S, 2022)	2.4
"Fentanyl has led to an increased number of overdose deaths in North America. "	( Behavior change after fentanyl testing at a safe consumption space for women in Northern Mexico: A pilot study. Angulo, L; Arredondo, J; Cambou, MC; Gonzalez-Nieto, P; Goodman-Meza, D; Loera, A; Pitpitan, EV; Shoptaw, S; Slim, S, 2022)	2.48
"Fentanyl has played a significant role in the opioid crisis, proving to be a persistent problem due to its analgesic effects and addictive nature. "	( Fentanyl analog trends in Washington D.C. observed in needle-exchange syringes. Cicco, C; Evans, A; Giltner, A; Leach, S; Rowe, W, 2022)	3.61
"Fentanyl has come to dominate the U.S. "	( Characteristics and correlates of fentanyl preferences among people with opioid use disorder. Dusek, K; Gryczynski, J; Hochstatter, KR; Mitchell, SG; Schwartz, RP; Terplan, M; Wireman, K, 2022)	2.44
"Fentanyl has replaced heroin as a street drug for opioid dependent drug users."	( Changing Landscape of Fentanyl/Heroin Use and Distribution. Bevins, N; Jensen, K; Pesce, A; Thomas, R; Tran, K, 2023)	2.67
"Fentanyl has contributed to a sharp rise in the toxicity of the unregulated drug supply and fatal overdoses in Canada. "	( Impact of safer supply programs on injection practices: client and provider experiences in Ontario, Canada. Gagnon, M; Guta, A; Kolla, G; Kryszajtys, DT; Rudzinski, K; Schmidt, RA; Strike, C, 2023)	2.35
"Fentanyl has emerged as the most prolific drug in the ongoing opioid epidemic and has greatly impacted traffic safety in recent years. "	( The impact of fentanyl on DUIDs and traffic fatalities: Blood and oral fluid data. Harper, CE; Lee, D; Mata, DC, 2023)	2.71
"Fentanyl has distinct pharmacodynamics and enhanced efficacy relative to other opioids that highlights the need to investigate how females may be uniquely altered by its use."	( Focus on fentanyl in females: Sex and gender differences in the physiological and behavioral effects of fentanyl. Kosten, TA; Little, KM, 2023)	2.05
"Fentanyl has a long terminal elimination, with a documented secondary peaking phenomenon that can manifest as "fentanyl rebound." Clinical implications in overdose (respiratory depression, muscle rigidity, and "wooden chest syndrome") and opioid use disorder treatment (subjective effects, withdrawal, and buprenorphine-precipitated withdrawal) are discussed."	( Fentanyl Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion: Narrative Review and Clinical Significance Related to Illicitly Manufactured Fentanyl. Bird, HE; Dunn, KE; Huhn, AS, )	2.3
"Fentanyl has become widespread in the illicit opioid supply, and is a major driver of overdose mortality."	( Fentanyl exposure and preferences among individuals starting treatment for opioid use disorder. Gryczynski, J; Hill, P; Mitchell, SG; Nichols, H; Schwartz, RP; Wireman, K, 2019)	3.4
"Fentanyl has been implicated as a major contributor to the increased number of opioid overdose deaths. "	( Fentanyl overdoses and pharmacogenetics. Gerhard, GS; Kaniper, S; Paynton, B, 2020)	3.44
"Fentanyl has caused rapid increases in US and Canadian overdose deaths, yet its presence in illicit drugs is often unknown to consumers. "	( An assessment of the limits of detection, sensitivity and specificity of three devices for public health-based drug checking of fentanyl in street-acquired samples. Clarke, W; Gilbert, M; Green, TC; Lucas, R; McKenzie, M; Park, JN; Sherman, SG; Struth, E, 2020)	2.21
"Fentanyl has been FDA approval as an analgesic since 1968 and multiple different fentanyl preparations have been developed over the years. "	( Reasons to avoid fentanyl. Behm, B; Davis, MP, 2020)	2.34
"Fentanyl has been associated with many drug overdose deaths; its presence in many street drugs has been postulated to be increasing. "	( Correlation of Fentanyl Positive Drug Screens with Other Medications in Patients from Pain, Rehabilitation and Behavioral Programs. Greg Ackerman, RT; Krock, K; Nickley, J; Pesce, A; Tran, K, 2020)	2.35
"Fentanyl analogs have been identified as important contributors to these overdoses, but little is known about their prevalence in patients seeking health care."	( Fentanyl analog positivity among near-real-time urine drug test results in patients seeking health care. Bundy, WL; Dawson, E; Huskey, A; LaRue, L; Stanton, JD; Whitley, P, 2020)	2.72
"Fentanyl has spread westward, increasing deaths in the short-term and threatening to dramatically worsen the nation's already severe opioid epidemic in the long-term. "	( Steep increases in fentanyl-related mortality west of the Mississippi River: Recent evidence from county and state surveillance. Cunningham, NJ; Dwyer, CL; Falasinnu, TO; Freedman, RB; Humphreys, K; Santos, NB; Shover, CL; Vest, NA, 2020)	2.33
"Fentanyl has become the most frequently identified opioid in DUID cases, with many suspected heroin cases turning out to be only fentanyl."	( 11-Year Study of Fentanyl in Driving Under the Influence of Drugs Casework†. Bierly, JJ; Chan-Hosokawa, A, 2022)	1.78
"New fentanyl analogues have been constantly emerging into the illegal drug market as cheap substitutes of heroin posing a serious health threat for consumers because of their high toxicity. "	( Determination of nine new fentanyl analogues and metabolites in consumers' urine by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Busardò, FP; Gottardi, M; Mannocchi, G; Pirani, F; Ricci, G; Sirignano, A, 2021)	1.48
"Fentanyl has emerged as a recreational drug, often in combination with heroin, and can result in lethality during overdose."	( Fentanyl-Induced Brain Hypoxia Triggers Brain Hyperglycemia and Biphasic Changes in Brain Temperature. Cameron-Burr, KT; Kiyatkin, EA; Shaham, Y; Solis, E, 2018)	2.64
"Fentanyl has a strong first pass effect when administered orally and resorbed enterally, however it is well suited for transmucosal administration, e.g."	( [Transmucosal fentanyl administration: sublingual, buccal, nasal - all the same? Treatment of breakthrough cancer pain]. Überall, MA, 2017)	1.54
"Fentanyl has been suggested to be effective for controlling airway and hemodynamic responses to tracheal extubation. "	( Comparison of the effects of oxycodone versus fentanyl on airway reflex to tracheal extubation and postoperative pain during anesthesia recovery after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A double-blind, randomized clinical consort study. Choi, EK; Kwon, N; Park, SJ, 2018)	2.18
"Fentanyl has increasingly been detected in fatal overdose deaths in Marion County. "	( Fentanyl related overdose in Indianapolis: Estimating trends using multilevel Bayesian models. Greene, MS; Huynh, P; Phalen, P; Ray, B; Watson, DP, 2018)	3.37
"Fentanyl has a low molecular weight and is lipophilic making it suitable for transdermal administration. "	( Unusual case of transdermal fentanyl in cachexia. Harrison, S; Kay, S; Lam, D; Pickard, J, 2019)	2.25
"Two fentanyl isomers that have been in the spotlight lately due to difficulties regarding separation and identification are cyclopropylfentanyl and crotonylfentanyl, which have been reported to display nearly identical fragmentation patterns and chromatographic behavior."	( Distinguishing Between Cyclopropylfentanyl and Crotonylfentanyl by Methods Commonly Available in the Forensic Laboratory. Bergh, MS; Bogen, IL; Wilson, SR; Wohlfarth, A; Øiestad, ÅML, 2019)	1.27
"Fentanyl has become pervasive as a drug of abuse and as adulterant in seized drugs. "	( Analysis of fentanyl derivatives by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with diode array ultraviolet and single quadrupole mass spectrometric detection. Angi, C; Lurie, IS; Marginean, I, 2019)	2.34
"Fentanyl has been shown to have peripheral effects but has not been used as a perineural infusate alone after TKA."	( Knee strength retention and analgesia with continuous perineural fentanyl infusion after total knee replacement: randomized controlled trial. Bernasek, TL; Camporesi, E; Downes, KL; Gustke, K; Karlnoski, RA; Mangar, D; Sprenker, CJ; Taffe, N; Wainwright, R, 2014)	1.36
"Fentanyl has been widely used in anesthesia and analgesia, especially for cardiovascular surgeries. "	( Spinal neuronal NOS activation mediates intrathecal fentanyl preconditioning induced remote cardioprotection in rats. Dong, C; Hu, J; Lu, Y; Zhang, Y, 2014)	2.1
"Fentanyl ITS has been shown to be therapeutically equivalent to morphine intravenous (iv.) patient-controlled analgesia."	( Development of the fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system (ITS) for patient-controlled analgesia of postoperative pain management. Danesi, H; Ding, L; Jones, JB; Minkowitz, HS, 2015)	1.47
"Fentanyl ITS has shown high patient satisfaction rates, and was described by patients and investigators as easy and convenient to use. "	( Pharmacodynamics and clinical efficacy of fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system for post-operative pain in hospitalized patients. Chelly, JE; Lachell, CM; Skledar, SJ, 2015)	2.12
"Fentanyl has been safely used in children for many years."	( The effects of dexmedetomidine and fentanyl on emergence characteristics after adenoidectomy in children. Begec, Z; Demirbilek, S; Erdil, F; Ersoy, MO; Ozturk, E; Ulger, MH, 2009)	1.35
"Fentanyl has been used for cancer pain in transdermal formulation. "	( Validated LC coupled to ESI-MS/MS analysis for fentanyl in human plasma and UV analysis in applied reservoir transdermal patches using a simple and rapid procedure. Kagawa, Y; Kawakami, J; Mino, Y; Naito, T; Takashina, Y, 2009)	2.05
"Fentanyl has several potential advantages for out-of-hospital analgesia, including rapid onset, short duration, and less histamine release. "	( Effectiveness and safety of fentanyl compared with morphine for out-of-hospital analgesia. Daya, M; Fleischman, RJ; Frazer, DG; Jui, J; Newgard, CD, )	1.87
"Fentanyl has also been confirmed to produce sedation in pregnant women when used as an alternative."	( Prevention of local anesthetic systemic toxicity. Hejtmanek, MR; Mulroy, MF, )	0.85
"Fentanyl sublingual has been formulated as a rapidly disintegrating tablet that is quickly absorbed, producing a fast onset of analgesia."	( Fentanyl sublingual: in breakthrough pain in opioid-tolerant adults with cancer. Chwieduk, CM; McKeage, K, 2010)	2.52
"Fentanyl patches have been used for longer and have a larger body of evidence supporting their use, with data to suggest improved pain relief and reduced opioid side effects compared with sustained release oral morphine."	( Transdermal opioids for cancer pain. Ahmedzai, SH; Cachia, E, 2011)	1.09
"Fentanyl has been shown to be a potent analgesic with a lower propensity to produce tolerance and physical dependence in the clinical setting. "	( Possible involvement of mu1-opioid receptors in the fentanyl- or morphine-induced antinociception at supraspinal and spinal sites. Imai, S; Itou, Y; Narita, M; Suzuki, T; Yajima, Y, 2002)	2.01
"Fentanyl has been shown to be a potent analgesic with a lower propensity to produce tolerance and physical dependence in the clinical setting."	( Transcriptional regulation of mu opioid receptor gene by cAMP pathway. Lee, PW; Lee, YM, 2003)	1.04
"Fentanyl itself has significant effects on the cardiovascular and endocrine system, which might adversely affect the fetus."	( Cardiovascular and endocrine responses to cutaneous electrical stimulation after fentanyl in the ovine fetus. Fisk, NM; Glover, V; Hanson, MA; Igosheva, N; Jenkin, G; Miller, SL; Peebles, DM; Smith, RP, 2004)	1.27
"Fentanyl has been used as an adjunct to racemic bupivacaine in spinal anaesthesia."	( Levobupivacaine and fentanyl for spinal anaesthesia: a randomized trial. Chan, CK; Cheung, AS; Lee, YY; Muchhal, K, 2005)	1.37
"Aminofentanyl has also been successfully acylated with ethyl isocyanate, various acid anhydrides, to further investigate structure-activity relationships of these new fentanyl derivatives."	( Synthesis and evaluation of 3-aminopropionyl substituted fentanyl analogues for opioid activity. Begay, LJ; Davis, P; Hruby, VJ; Lai, JY; Lee, YS; Ma, SW; Petrov, RR; Porreca, F; Vardanyan, RS, 2006)	1.03
"Fentanyl has been used as a spinal analgesic in surgery and obstetrics with several studies promoting its efficacy and safety. "	( A prospective randomized double-blind trial of the use of intrathecal fentanyl in patients undergoing lumbar spinal surgery. Chan, JH; Heilpern, GN; Knibb, AA; Marsh, GD; Packham, I; Trehan, RK, 2006)	2.01
"The fentanyl ITS has the potential to become a valuable option in the management of acute postoperative pain."	( Fentanyl HCl iontophoretic transdermal system (ITS): clinical application of iontophoretic technology in the management of acute postoperative pain. Power, I, 2007)	2.26
"Fentanyl has an analgesic effect 100 times greater than that of morphine; therefore, transdermal administration of fentanyl has been widely used to control pain. "	( Fentanyl intoxication caused by abuse of transdermal fentanyl. Chun, BJ; Moon, JM, 2011)	3.25
"TTS fentanyl has been used widely in the USA since it was approved for marketing in 1990."	( Transdermal fentanyl: clinical development in the United States. Simmonds, MA, 1995)	1.15
"Fentanyl-fluanisone has stimulating effects on the amount of spike-wave discharges, but not in a dose-dependent manner."	( Effects of the neuroleptanalgesic fentanyl-fluanisone (Hypnorm) on spike-wave discharges in epileptic rats. Ates, N; Coenen, AM; Inoue, M; Vossen, JM, 1994)	1.29
"Norfentanyl has been identified previously as a urinary metabolite of fentanyl. "	( Biotransformation of tritiated fentanyl in human liver microsomes. Monitoring metabolism using phenylacetic acid and 2-phenylethanol. Guengerich, FP; Tateishi, T; Wood, AJ; Wood, M, 1995)	1.2
"Fentanyl citrate has properties, including agonism of the mu-opioid receptor and proconvulsant activity, that theoretically could pose adverse effects in ischemic brain. "	( High-dose fentanyl does not adversely affect outcome from forebrain ischemia in the rat. Bart, RD; Dexter, F; Morimoto, Y; Pearlstein, RD; Warner, DS, 1997)	2.14
"Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration."	( Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits. Chakrabarti, MK; Ma, D; Sapsed-Byrne, SM; Whitwam, JG, 1998)	1.97
"Fentanyl has been incorporated into a transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) containing a rate-limiting membrane that provides constant release of the opioid. "	( A clinical evaluation of transdermal therapeutic system fentanyl for the treatment of cancer pain. Hays, H; Moulin, DE; Sloan, PA, 1998)	1.99
"fentanyl has been shown to be an effective analgesic for labor; this study investigated the analgesic effect of low-dose bpivacaine added to intrathecal fentanyl for labor analgesia"	( Bupivacaine augments intrathecal fentanyl for labor analgesia. Alves, D; Nogami, WM; Palmer, CM; Van Maren, G, 1999)	2.03
"Fentanyl has no effect on the perceived intensity or unpleasantness of vibratory stimulation, which continues to activate contralateral S1."	( Selective opiate modulation of nociceptive processing in the human brain. Casey, KL; Jone, C; Minoshima, S; Morrow, TJ; Raz, J; Svensson, P, 2000)	1.03
"Fentanyl has been shown to be effective for the management of intense pain of short duration. "	( The efficacy and safety of fentanyl for the management of severe procedural pain in patients with burn injuries. Burd, RS; Linneman, PK; Terry, BE, )	1.87
"Fentanyl has a 7 gram usage versus a 100 gram INCB allocation."	( Opioid use in chronic pain management in the Philippines. Espinosa, EL; Harder, SM; Javier, FO; Magpantay, LA; Unite, MA, 2001)	1.03
"Ohmefentanyl has three asymmetric C atoms and, therefore, has eight possible stereoisomers."	( (1R)-2-[(3R,4S)-3-Methyl-4-(N-phenyl-N-propionylamino)piperidin-1-yl]-1-phenylethyl p-bromobenzoate and N-[(3R,4S)-1-[(2S)-2-(4-bromophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]-3-methyl-piperidin-4-yl]-N-phenylacrylamide. Deschamps, JR; Flippen-Anderson, JL; George, C, 2002)	0.8
"Fentanyl has been shown to increase the overall resistance to inspiratory flow of the ventilatory system (Rmax). "	( Effect of fentanyl on ventilatory resistances during barbiturate general anaesthesia. Cohendy, R; Eledjam, JJ; Laracine, M; Lefrant, JY; Rebiere, T, 1992)	2.13
"TTS fentanyl has been developed to provide continuous controlled systemic delivery of fentanyl base for 72 hr."	( Transdermal fentanyl: clinical pharmacology. Lehmann, KA; Zech, D, 1992)	1.14
"Ohmefentanyl has been shown to be 6300 times more potent than morphine for analgesia. "	( [3H]ohmefentanyl preferentially binds to mu-opioid receptors but also labels sigma-sites in rat brain sections. Chi, ZQ; Pélaprat, D; Roques, BP; Rostène, W; Vanhove, A; Wang, H, 1991)	1.27
"Fentanyl has been formulated as a transdermal patch that seems to provide the same degree of analgesia as a continuous i.v."	( Clinical uses of fentanyl, sufentanil, and alfentanil. Clotz, MA; Nahata, MC, 1991)	1.34
"Ohmefentanyl has significant inhibitory actions on the electrically evoked contractions of guinea pig ileum and mouse vas deferens. "	( The choice of opioid receptor subtype in isolated preparations by ohmefentanyl. Chen, XJ; Chi, ZQ; Jin, WQ, 1987)	1.06
"Fentanyl has distinct pharmacologic advantages over both morphine and meperidine for use in radiologic special procedures."	( Fentanyl and diazepam for analgesia and sedation during radiologic special procedures. Miller, DL; Wall, RT, 1987)	2.44

Actions

Fentanyl can enhance analgesia by a peripheral mechanism. Fentanyl displays a large apparent volume of distribution, short plasma half life and extensive biotransformation. Both fentanyl and morphine increase latencies while affecting amplitudes unpredictably.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"If fentanyl does cause more hyperalgesia compared to other opioids, it does not seem to have a significant impact on opioid consumption after ED discharge."	( Association between fentanyl treatment for acute pain in the emergency department and opioid use two weeks after discharge. Chauny, JM; Choinière, M; Cournoyer, A; Daoust, R; Emond, M; Gosselin, S; Huard, V; Lang, E; Lavigne, G; Paquet, J; Perry, JJ; Williamson, D; Yan, JW, 2022)	1.56
"Fentanyl did not increase the incidence of severe adverse events (RR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.50 to 1.90; low-quality evidence) or delirium (RR, 1.27; 95% CI, 0.79 to 2.04; low-quality evidence)."	( Effects of fentanyl administration in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aoki, Y; Doi, M; Fujimura, N; Kato, H; Sakuraya, M; Suzuki, Y, 2022)	1.83
"Fentanyl can increase the intrasynaptic release of serotonin through their effects on y-amino butyric acid and its phenylpiperidine chemical structure. "	( Linezolid and fentanyl: An underrecognized drug-to-drug interaction. Abu Saleh, O; Barth, D; Corsini Campioli, C; Esquer Garrigos, Z; Sia, IG; Sohail, RM, 2020)	2.36
"The fentanyl-induced increase in analgesia was minimally affected by a 1.5mg/kg of NLXmi but was attenuated by a 5.0mg/kg dose."	( Role of central and peripheral opiate receptors in the effects of fentanyl on analgesia, ventilation and arterial blood-gas chemistry in conscious rats. Baby, SM; Discala, JF; Gruber, RB; Henderson, F; Lewis, SJ; May, WJ; Puskovic, V; Young, AP, 2014)	1.12
"The fentanyl group showed lower levels of troponin at the end of the sixth hour compared with the saline group (1.91 ± 1.47 vs 5.44 ± 5.35 ng/mL, P = 0.019)."	( Myocardial protection induced by fentanyl in pigs exposed to high-dose adrenaline. Caldini, EG; Carmona, MJ; da Luz, VF; Damaceno-Rodrigues, NR; Gonzalez, MM; Malbouisson, LM; Negri, EM; Otsuki, DA; Vane, MF; Viana, BG, 2015)	1.18
"fentanyl, may suppress this undesirable spasmodic cough."	( A huffing manoeuvre, immediately before induction of anaesthesia, prevents fentanyl-induced coughing: a prospective, randomized, and controlled study. Ambesh, SP; Gupta, D; Singh, N; Singh, PK; Singh, U, 2010)	1.31
"Fentanyl did not increase intra-abdominal pressures in dogs."	( Influence of fentanyl on intra-abdominal pressure during laparoscopy in dogs. Ambrisko, TD; Dörfelt, R; Moens, Y, 2012)	2.19
"Fentanyl failed to inhibit receptor expression, phagocytosis and reactive oxygen production by monocytes in clinically relevant as well as supraclinical concentrations."	( [Morphine inhibits complement receptor expression, phagocytosis and oxidative burst by a nitric oxide dependent mechanism]. Hempelmann, G; Hirsch, J; Menzebach, A; Mogk, M; Nöst, R; Welters, ID, 2004)	1.04
"With fentanyl, there was an increase of heart rate by 17%, and systolic blood pressure by 7% when compared to control. "	( Reflex activity caused by laryngoscopy and intubation is obtunded differently by meptazinol, nalbuphine and fentanyl. Freye, E; Levy, JV, 2007)	1.07
"Fentanyl did not produce a significant antinociceptive effect at the doses used, 2 of which resulted in serum concentrations above the nociceptive threshold in other species."	( Effect of fentanyl on visceral and somatic nociception in conscious horses. Cole, C; Maxwell, LK; Robertson, SA; Sanchez, LC; Zientek, K, )	1.98
"Both fentanyl and morphine increase latencies while affecting amplitudes unpredictably."	( Effects of fentanyl and morphine on intraoperative somatosensory cortical-evoked potentials. Brown, RH; Cascorbi, HF; Nash, CL; Pathak, KS, 1984)	1.11
"Fentanyl displays a large apparent volume of distribution, short plasma half life and extensive biotransformation."	( Fentanyl: a review for clinical and analytical toxicologists. Poklis, A, 1995)	2.46
"Fentanyl can enhance analgesia by a peripheral mechanism. "	( The peripheral effect of fentanyl on postoperative pain. Braslavsky, A; Ferman, R; Kissin, I; Mazor, A; Tverskoy, M, 1998)	2.05
"Fentanyl inhibited an increase of the proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta levels, during global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats."	( Effect of fentanyl on TNF-alpha and IL-1beta levels during global ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Oh, WS, 2002)	1.44
"Fentanyl did not produce a statistically significant further diminution of the pain from the level of relief obtained with Propofol."	( [Changes in the pain produced by the peripheral venous injection of propofol when it is combined with lidocaine or fentanyl]. Croston, J; de Henriquez, L; de Jiménez, L; Espinosa, V, 1992)	1.21
"Fentanyl, because of its greater lipophilicity, offers a number of advantages over morphine for epidural analgesia, including a lower incidence of side effects and reduced risk of delayed-onset respiratory depression."	( Fentanyl: clinical use as postoperative analgesic--epidural/intrathecal route. Grass, JA, 1992)	2.45
"Fentanyl did not cause any statistically significant amplitude changes in this small population."	( Effects of propofol, etomidate, midazolam, and fentanyl on motor evoked responses to transcranial electrical or magnetic stimulation in humans. Bickford, RG; Drummond, JC; Kalkman, CJ; Patel, PM; Ribberink, AA; Sano, T, 1992)	1.26
"Fentanyl caused little increase in the latencies of middle-latency-SEPs and of peak P2 of the VEPs."	( [Effect of fentanyl and enflurane on sensory evoked potentials in the human in basic flunitrazepam/N2O anesthesia]. Pasch, T; Schramm, J; Thurner, F, 1987)	1.38

Treatment

Fentanyl post-treatment reduced necrotizing AP severity, whereas pre-treatment exacerbated it. Fentanyl treatment resulted in increased wound angiogenesis, lymphatic vasculature, nerve fibers, nitric oxide, NOS and PDGFR-β signaling.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Fentanyl treatment during therapeutic hypothermia does not negatively affect the neurodevelopmental outcome, thus on the contrary, it may contribute to ameliorate neuroprotection in the asphyxiated cooled newborns."	( Fentanyl analgesia in asphyxiated newborns treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Bedetti, L; Berardi, A; Della Casa, E; Ferrari, F; Garetti, E; Guidotti, I; Iughetti, L; Lago, P; Lucaccioni, L; Lugli, L; Pugliese, M; Roversi, MF; Spada, C, 2022)	3.61
"Fentanyl post-treatment reduced necrotizing AP severity, whereas pre-treatment exacerbated it."	( Fentanyl but Not Morphine or Buprenorphine Improves the Severity of Necrotizing Acute Pancreatitis in Rats. Bálint, ER; Balla, Z; Benyhe, S; Ducza, E; Fűr, G; Hegyi, P; Horváth, G; Kiss, L; Kormányos, ES; Kui, B; Maléth, J; Orján, EM; Pallagi, P; Rakonczay, Z; Szűcs, E; Tóth, B; Venglovecz, V, 2022)	2.89
"Fentanyl-treated mice showed a significantly reduced ability to survive under hypoxic c"	( A comparative examination of morphine and fentanyl: unravelling the differential impacts on breathing and airway stability. Baertsch, NA; Burgraff, NJ; Ramirez, JM, 2023)	1.9
"Fentanyl treatment at all doses significantly reduced nociceptive response in the EVF test throughout the 72 h of experimentation, reduced facial expressions on all days postoperatively, slightly reduced the body weight and improved postoperative welfare parameters."	( Transdermal Fentanyl Solution Provides Long-term Analgesia in the Hind-paw Incisional Model of Postoperative Pain in Male Rats. Abelson, KSP; Clemensen, J; Rasmussen, LV, )	1.95
"The fentanyl pretreatment group had a higher frequency of apnea (94% vs 64%; P=0.0003) and longer duration of manual ventilation (3 [interquartile range (IQR), 1.5-5] min vs 1 [0-1.5] min; P<0.0001) at induction."	( Effects of fentanyl administration before induction of anesthesia and placement of the Laryngeal Mask Airway: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Gasanova, I; Joshi, GP; Kamali, A; Meng, J; Rosero, E, 2014)	1.27
"Fentanyl treatment resulted in increased wound angiogenesis, lymphatic vasculature, nerve fibers, nitric oxide, NOS and PDGFR-β signaling as compared to PBS."	( Topical fentanyl stimulates healing of ischemic wounds in diabetic rats. Ericson, ME; Farooqui, M; Gupta, K; Gupta, M; Poonawala, T, 2015)	1.57
"Fentanyl treatment did not alter these patterns."	( Influence of fentanyl on intra-abdominal pressure during laparoscopy in dogs. Ambrisko, TD; Dörfelt, R; Moens, Y, 2012)	1.47
"The fentanyl treatment produced significantly higher levels of SC and plasma cortisol and adrenaline compared with the other 3 treatments."	( Skin conductance reflects drug-induced changes in blood levels of cortisol, adrenaline and noradrenaline in dogs. Akiyoshi, H; Iseri, T; Ishibashi, M; Ohashi, F, 2013)	0.87
"Fentanyl treated patients were more sedated in the PACU compared to the non-opioid group. "	( Non-opioid analgesia improves pain relief and decreases sedation after gastric bypass surgery. Beckerman, M; Feld, JM; Hoffman, WE; Laurito, CE; Vincent, J, 2003)	1.76
"In fentanyl-treated rats with inflammatory or incisional pain, nitrous oxide strongly limited both magnitude and duration of hyperalgesia."	( Nitrous oxide revisited: evidence for potent antihyperalgesic properties. Creton, C; Laulin, JP; Lemaire, M; Maurette, P; Richebé, P; Rivat, C; Simonnet, G, 2005)	0.84
"Both fentanyl and morphine treatments resulted in clear antinociceptive properties as well as reductions in cancer cell-induced bone lesions."	( The impact of the opioids fentanyl and morphine on nociception and bone destruction in a murine model of bone cancer pain. El Mouedden, M; Meert, TF, 2007)	1.09
"fentanyl for the treatment of acute pain in children."	( Randomized clinical trial of nebulized fentanyl citrate versus i.v. fentanyl citrate in children presenting to the emergency department with acute pain. Biros, MH; Herold, M; Hubbard, D; Kletti, C; Miner, JR, 2007)	1.33
"Fentanyl treatment caused a significant attenuation of the blood pressure and pulse response to laryngoscopy and intubation."	( Treatment of stress response to laryngoscopy and intubation with fentanyl. Dahlgren, N; Messeter, K, 1981)	1.22
"The fentanyl-treated mice in groups 2 and 3 had a significantly longer time to first paw lick, had a lower number of paw licks, and had a shorter duration of paw licking compared to the control mice in group 1. "	( The effect of pre-emptive fentanyl on formalin pain in mice. Fu, ES; Scharf, JE, )	0.99
"Fentanyl pretreatment attenuated the increases in HR and in MAP that occurred with 5.0% isoflurane (P < 0.01)."	( Fentanyl pretreatment attenuates the haemodynamic response to sudden inhalation of 5% isoflurane. Ishida, K; Kinoshita, H; Taira, Y; Wakamatsu, H; Yonei, A, 1995)	2.46
"In fentanyl-treated patients, HR decreased 8 bpm after opioid injection but returned to preopioid rates after skull-pin insertion."	( The effect of skull-pin insertion on cerebrospinal fluid pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure: influence of sufentanil and fentanyl. Archer, D; Bonnafous, M; David, P; Ecoffey, C; Jamali, S; Ravussin, P, 1997)	1.02
"Both fentanyl and lidocaine treatments (Groups B and C) were significantly better than placebo (Group A) in reducing pain on propofol injection (p < 0.005). "	( Comparison of intravenous retention of fentanyl and lidocaine on local analgesia in propofol injection pain. Chang, DP; Chung, YT; Hong, MH; Huang, S; Lin, SS; Pang, WW, 1997)	1.08
"ET (fentanyl) treatments with 200 microA direct current applied for 30 min at frequent (hourly) or infrequent (4-hourly) intervals over a 24-h period were compared."	( Reproducible fentanyl doses delivered intermittently at different time intervals from an electrotransport system. Gupta, SK; Klausner, M; Phipps, B; Sathyan, G; Southam, M, 1999)	1.15
"Fentanyl-treated rats had higher mean arterial blood pressure after injury (p < 0.05); however, ICP and brain water were similar between groups."	( Isoflurane improves long-term neurologic outcome versus fentanyl after traumatic brain injury in rats. Alexander, HL; Clark, RS; Dixon, CE; Graham, SH; Jenkins, LW; Kochanek, PM; Marion, DW; Safar, PJ; Statler, KD; Warner, DS; Wisniewski, SR, 2000)	1.27
"fentanyl. Pretreatment with 0.1 mg/kg of scopolamine enhanced the antinociceptive effect of a submaximal dose of fentanyl in both animal models."	( GABAmimetics diminish antinociception of meperidine under conditions which enhance other opioid mu-agonists. Bergman, SA; Leventer, M; Rudo, FG; Wynn, RL, )	0.85
"Fentanyl-treated patients had a higher incidence of hypotension (P less than 0.05)."	( Haemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation in geriatric patients: effects of fentanyl, lidocaine and thiopentone. Cervenko, F; Splinter, WM, 1989)	1.22
"The fentanyl-treated patients resumed spontaneous ventilation more rapidly at the end of anaesthesia (3 minutes) than the alfentanil-treated group (5.1 minutes, p less than 0.02)."	( A double blind comparison of alfentanil and fentanyl. Liberman, H; Pybus, DA; Torda, TA, 1985)	1.01
"Fentanyl pretreatment significantly decreased the incidence of pain on injection and myoclonus, but it increased the incidence of apnea when anesthesia was induced with etomidate."	( Etomidate versus thiopental for induction of anesthesia. Giese, JL; Nelissen, RH; Pace, NL; Stanley, TH; Stockham, RJ, 1985)	0.99
"Rats treated with fentanyl in RGD liposome and POD device exhibited greater analgesic effect, as compared with the free drug counterpart (AUC(effect) = 1387.1% vs."	( Aerosol-stable peptide-coated liposome nanoparticles: a proof-of-concept study with opioid fentanyl in enhancing analgesic effects and reducing plasma drug exposure. Ho, RJ; Hoekman, JD; Srivastava, P, 2014)	0.95
"Treatment with fentanyl inhibited the tumor growth and HCT116 cells invasion. "	( Fentanyl inhibits proliferation and invasion of colorectal cancer via β-catenin. Chen, ML; Zhang, XL; Zhou, SL, 2015)	2.21
"Pretreatment with fentanyl has been reported to be effective in reducing propofol-induced pain."	( A comparison of pretreatment with fentanyl and lidocaine preceded by venous occlusion for reducing pain on injection of propofol: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in adult Japanese surgical patients. Fujii, Y; Itakura, M, 2009)	0.96
"Treatment with fentanyl 1 mcg/kg was associated with a lower frequency of movement during procedure compared with treatment with fentanyl 0.5 mcg/kg (P = .0476) or treatment with placebo (P = .0545)."	( Prospective randomized crossover evaluation of three anesthetic regimens for painful procedures in children with cancer. Anghelescu, DL; Burgoyne, LL; Faughnan, LG; Hankins, GM; Pui, CH; Smeltzer, MP, 2013)	0.73
"Treatment with fentanyl-TTS was started for the first time in patients with severe pain caused by coxarthrosis and/or gonarthrosis and was prospectively documented for 30 days. "	( [Fentanyl-TTS in the treatment of pain caused by arthrosis]. Krämer, J; Schwalen, S; Theodoridis, T; Waap, I, )	1.39
"Treatment with fentanyl-TTS was usually well-tolerated."	( [Fentanyl-TTS in the treatment of pain caused by arthrosis]. Krämer, J; Schwalen, S; Theodoridis, T; Waap, I, )	1.38
"Pretreatment with fentanyl was not significantly different than controls."	( Differential effects of opioid peptides on myocardial ischemic tolerance. Bolling, SF; McNish, R; Romano, MA; Seymour, EM; Traynor, JR, 2004)	0.65
"Pretreatment with fentanyl before exposure to chloroethylclonidine increased the maximal contractile response to phenylephrine compared to chloroethylclonidine pretreatment alone."	( Fentanyl attenuates alpha1B-adrenoceptor-mediated pulmonary artery contraction. Ding, X; McCune, DF; Murray, PA; Perez, DM; Sohn, JT, 2005)	2.09
"Pre-treatment with fentanyl 1.5 microg/kg IV yielded no reduction in post-operative pain or analgesic consumption after 90 min of remifentanil-based anaesthesia with 0.43 microg/kg/min of remifentanil."	( Administration of fentanyl before remifentanil-based anaesthesia has no influence on post-operative pain or analgesic consumption. Hoymork, SC; Lenz, H; Raeder, J, 2008)	1.01
"Pretreatment with fentanyl may inhibit propofol-induced yawning. "	( Clinical assessment of propofol-induced yawning with heart rate variability: a pilot study. Fan, KT; Kao, T; Koenig, HM; Luk, HN; Tsou, CH; Wang, JH, 2008)	0.68
"Pretreatment with fentanyl (5.4 micrograms, intrathecally) depressed tibial C-fiber reflexes by only 23.8% without any significant effect on either tibial A delta or radial A delta and C fiber responses."	( Specific enhancement by fentanyl of the effects of intrathecal bupivacaine on nociceptive afferent but not on sympathetic efferent pathways in dogs. Chakrabarti, MK; Wang, C; Whitwam, JG, 1993)	0.92
"pretreatment with fentanyl, morphine, meperidine, or lidocaine in reducing propofol injection pain."	( The analgesic effect of fentanyl, morphine, meperidine, and lidocaine in the peripheral veins: a comparative study. Huang, S; Hwang, MH; Mok, MS; Pang, WW, 1998)	0.93
"Pretreatment with fentanyl (50 or 500 ng/mL) did not alter the amplitude of the CA 1 population spike before anoxia, nor did it alter the recovery of this response after 5,6, or 7 min of anoxia."	( The effect of fentanyl on electrophysiologic recovery of CA 1 pyramidal cells from anoxia in the rat hippocampal slice. Charchaflieh, J; Cottrell, JE; Kass, IS, 1998)	0.98
"Pretreatment with fentanyl significantly and dose-dependently suppressed the number of Fos positive cells in both the Vi/Vc transitional region and Vc (P < 0.05, ANOVA)."	( The effect of fentanyl on c-fos expression in the trigeminal brainstem complex produced by pulpal heat stimulation in the ferret. Chattipakorn, SC; Light, AR; Maixner, W; Närhi, M; Willcockson, HH, 1999)	0.99
"Treatment with fentanyl 740 nmol litre-1 improved post-ischaemic mechanical function, assessed as developed pressure, +dP/dtmax and -dP/dtmin, compared with controls after 60 min of reperfusion."	( Fentanyl protects the heart against ischaemic injury via opioid receptors, adenosine A1 receptors and KATP channel linked mechanisms in rats. Foëx, P; Kato, R; Ross, S, 2000)	2.09
"Pretreatment with fentanyl showed the most profound suppression of c-Fos expression (P <0.01)."	( Intrathecal pre-administration of fentanyl effectively suppresses formalin evoked c-Fos expression in spinal cord of rat. Nakamura, T; Takasaki, M, 2001)	0.91
"Pretreatment of fentanyl and fiberoptic intubation might be recommended for avoiding hyperdynamic responses."	( Fentanyl attenuates the hemodynamic response to endotracheal intubation more than the response to laryngoscopy. Adachi, YU; Higuchi, H; Satomoto, M; Watanabe, K, 2002)	2.09
"Treatment with fentanyl as well as phentolamine protected alpha-adrenergic receptors from persistent blockade by phenoxybenzamine."	( Alpha-adrenergic blocking action of fentanyl on the isolated aorta of the rabbit. Hatano, Y; Toda, N, 1977)	0.87
"Pretreatment with fentanyl resulted in prolonged apnoea in all eight patients compared with three of nine patients in the control group."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of propofol and fentanyl: single bolus injection study. Gill, SS; Reilly, CS; Wright, EM, 1990)	0.86
"Pretreatment with fentanyl resulted in prolonged apnoea in four patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of propofol in female patients. Studies using single bolus injections. Briggs, LP; Cockshott, ID; Douglas, EJ; White, M, 1987)	0.6

Toxicity

Intravenous fentanyl caused clinically meaningful pain reduction in most patients and was safe in the hands of ambulance personnel. By early 2021, MADDS detected shifts in cocaine purity, alerted communities of a new toxic fe.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Sufentanil (R 30 730), N-[4-methoxymethyl)-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-4-piperidinyl]-N-phenylpropanamide, is a chemically novel, highly potent and extremely safe intravenous morphine-like agent in laboratory animals."	( Sufentanil, a very potent and extremely safe intravenous morphine-like compound in mice, rats and dogs. Janssen, PA; Niemegeers, CJ; Schellekens, KH; Van Bever, WF, 1976)	0.26
"A simplified, safe and flexible technique of anesthesia, based on a limited number of relatively cheap drugs, and allowing ventilation with air, was applied to 60 patients undergoing operations of at least 60 minutes' duration."	( A simple, cheap, effective and safe procedure for general anesthesia. Lelkens, JP, 1976)	0.26
"Metoclopramide administered before induction of spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery appears to significantly reduce both pre- and postdelivery emetic symptoms without apparent adverse effects on mother or neonate."	( The antiemetic efficacy and safety of prophylactic metoclopramide for elective cesarean delivery during spinal anesthesia. Bader, AM; Datta, S; Lussos, SA; Thornhill, ML, )	0.13
" We conclude that fentanyl is a safe drug for use in the ED."	( The safety of fentanyl use in the emergency department. Borron, SW; Chudnofsky, CR; Dronen, SC; Wright, MB; Wright, SW, 1989)	0.97
"To determine which of atracurium or vecuronium is associated with fewer adverse cardiovascular and pulmonary events in high-risk patients, the authors administered these drugs to patients with known asthma."	( Atracurium versus vecuronium in asthmatic patients. A blinded, randomized comparison of adverse events. Caldwell, JE; Fisher, DM; Lau, M, 1995)	0.29
"1 mg/kg vecuronium over 5-10 s, and a blinded observer recorded cardiovascular, pulmonary, and cutaneous signs of adverse reactions for 6 min."	( Atracurium versus vecuronium in asthmatic patients. A blinded, randomized comparison of adverse events. Caldwell, JE; Fisher, DM; Lau, M, 1995)	0.29
" The incidence of noncardiovascular adverse events (increase in peak airway pressure > 5 cmH2O, tidal volume decrease > 10%, rashes, and wheezing) did not differ between atracurium (17%) and vecuronium (7%)."	( Atracurium versus vecuronium in asthmatic patients. A blinded, randomized comparison of adverse events. Caldwell, JE; Fisher, DM; Lau, M, 1995)	0.29
"The authors conclude that, in patients with asthma, adverse cardiovascular events are more common with atracurium than with vecuronium."	( Atracurium versus vecuronium in asthmatic patients. A blinded, randomized comparison of adverse events. Caldwell, JE; Fisher, DM; Lau, M, 1995)	0.29
"The study was designed to compare analgesic efficacy and associated adverse effects between a group of parturients receiving subarachnoid opioids via the combined spinal-epidural (CSE) technique with a group receiving epidural analgesia alone for labor."	( Subarachnoid morphine and fentanyl for labor analgesia. Efficacy and adverse effects. Caldwell, LE; Rosen, MA; Shnider, SM, )	0.43
" We observed no adverse clinical effects in elk receiving < or = 500 mg naltrexone/mg carfentanil."	( Efficacy and safety of naltrexone hydrochloride for antagonizing carfentanil citrate immobilization in captive Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni). Lance, WR; Miller, MW; Wild, MA, 1996)	0.29
"(1) To investigate changes in arterial oxygen saturation via pulse oximeter (SpO2) during apnea and after reinstitution of manual ventilation at SpO2 of 95% or 90% following rapid sequence induction of anesthesia in children after 2-minute preoxygenation; (2) to determine whether the setting of a safe threshold of apneic period to an SpO2 of 95% is appropriate in children during anesthetic induction; and (3) to evaluate the influences of age, body weight, and height on the time from the start of apnea to SpO2 of 95%."	( Study of the safe threshold of apneic period in children during anesthesia induction. An, G; Deng, XM; Liao, X; Luo, LK; Tong, SY; Xue, FS, 1996)	0.29
"The safe threshold of an apneic period setting to an SpO2 of 95% was appropriate in children during anesthesia induction."	( Study of the safe threshold of apneic period in children during anesthesia induction. An, G; Deng, XM; Liao, X; Luo, LK; Tong, SY; Xue, FS, 1996)	0.29
"Sedation of children can be done in a safe and highly efficacious manner in a hospital radiology department using a structured sedation program modeled after the guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics."	( Safety and efficacy of sedation in children using a structured sedation program. Ball, WS; Egelhoff, JC; Koch, BL; Parks, TD, 1997)	0.3
" All perioperative adverse events were recorded."	( Effects of anesthetic technique on side effects associated with fentanyl Oralet premedication. Green, W; Huntington, J; Malviya, S; Siewert, M; Voepel-Lewis, T, 1997)	0.54
" The incidence of adverse effects was similar in all groups; serious adverse effects did not occur."	( The safety and efficacy of intrabursal oxycodone and bupivacaine in analgesia after shoulder surgery. Kirvelä, O; Muittari, P, )	0.13
"To assess the effect of opioid substitution (substituting one member of the opioid class for another) on the incidence and severity of adverse effects in palliative care patients who experience unacceptable, refractory adverse effects when taking an opioid drug."	( Opioid substitution to reduce adverse effects in cancer pain management. Ashby, MA; Jackson, KA; Martin, P, 1999)	0.3
" 49 substitutions were for adverse effects."	( Opioid substitution to reduce adverse effects in cancer pain management. Ashby, MA; Jackson, KA; Martin, P, 1999)	0.3
"We found that the incidence and severity of adverse effects differed between opioids in the same patient."	( Opioid substitution to reduce adverse effects in cancer pain management. Ashby, MA; Jackson, KA; Martin, P, 1999)	0.3
" No adverse hemodynamic effects of amiodarone were identified."	( An assessment of the safety of short-term amiodarone therapy in cardiac surgical patients with fentanyl-isoflurane anesthesia. Dunn, A; Felton, K; Freeman-Bosco, L; Giri, S; Kluger, J; Tsikouris, J; Waberski, W; White, CM, 1999)	0.52
"To determine the adverse event and complication rate for the use of procedural sedation and analgesia for painful procedures and diagnostic imaging studies performed in a pediatric emergency department."	( Adverse events of procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department. Krauss, B; Peña, BM, 1999)	0.3
" Adverse events and complications were recorded."	( Adverse events of procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department. Krauss, B; Peña, BM, 1999)	0.3
"3%) experienced adverse events, which included oxygen desaturation less than 90% requiring intervention (10 patients) [supplemental oxygen (9), bag-mask ventilation (1)], paradoxical reactions (7), emesis (3), paradoxical reaction and oxygen desaturation requiring supplemental oxygen (2), apnea requiring bag-mask ventilation (1), laryngospasm requiring bag-mask ventilation (1), bradycardia (1), stridor and emesis (1) and oxygen desaturation requiring bag-mask ventilation with subsequent emesis (1)."	( Adverse events of procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department. Krauss, B; Peña, BM, 1999)	0.3
" The main side effect was pruritus."	( Combined spinal epidural for labour analgesia--duration, efficacy and side effects of adding sufentanil or fentanyl to bupivacaine intrathecally vs plain bupivacaine. Chen, LH; Chong, JL; Lo, WK, 1999)	0.52
" No systemic adverse events were noted; two patients reported nasal itching or discomfort on first use that disappeared with repeated use."	( An assessment of the safety, efficacy, and acceptability of intranasal fentanyl citrate in the management of cancer-related breakthrough pain: a pilot study. Zeppetella, G, 2000)	0.54
" Patient demographics, the amount of fentanyl administered, the level of analgesia achieved, and the incidence of adverse effects were analyzed."	( The efficacy and safety of fentanyl for the management of severe procedural pain in patients with burn injuries. Burd, RS; Linneman, PK; Terry, BE, )	0.7
" Pharmacological strategies used in outpatient dental settings must be both safe and effective."	( Comparing efficacy and safety of four intravenous sedation regimens in dental outpatients. Beirne, OR; Dionne, RA; Gonty, A; Moore, PA; Yagiela, JA; Zuniga, J, 2001)	0.31
"These data provide evidence that the drugs and doses evaluated resulted in therapeutic benefit to dental outpatients, with minimal incidence of potentially serious adverse effects."	( Comparing efficacy and safety of four intravenous sedation regimens in dental outpatients. Beirne, OR; Dionne, RA; Gonty, A; Moore, PA; Yagiela, JA; Zuniga, J, 2001)	0.31
"To identify rates of adverse events associated with the use of conscious sedation in interventional radiology."	( Safety of conscious sedation in interventional radiology. Arepally, A; Kirkwood, S; Oechsle, D; Savader, SJ, )	0.13
" Adverse events were categorized as respiratory, sedative, or major adverse events."	( Safety of conscious sedation in interventional radiology. Arepally, A; Kirkwood, S; Oechsle, D; Savader, SJ, )	0.13
"The frequency of adverse events is low with the use of conscious sedation during interventional procedures."	( Safety of conscious sedation in interventional radiology. Arepally, A; Kirkwood, S; Oechsle, D; Savader, SJ, )	0.13
" Common adverse events associated with OTFC were somnolence (9%), constipation (8%), nausea (8%), dizziness (8%), and vomiting (5%)."	( Long-term safety of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate for breakthrough cancer pain. Berris, R; Busch, MA; Coluzzi, P; Hart, L; Loseth, DB; Lyss, A; Nordbrook, E; Payne, R; Portenoy, RK; Rauck, R; Simmonds, M, 2001)	0.58
" Both remifentanil and fentanyl were well-tolerated, with reported adverse events typical of mu-opioid agonists."	( Remifentanil and fentanyl during anaesthesia for major abdominal and gynaecological surgery. An open, comparative study of safety and efficacy. Appelgren, L; Camu, F; Doenicke, A; Helmers, JH; Holgersen, O; Mann, C; Noronha, D; Sneyd, JR; Upadhyaya, BK, 2001)	0.96
" Various strategies have been proposed to estimate safe and effective starting doses of methadone when rotating from morphine and hydromorphone; however, there are no guidelines for estimating safe and effective starting doses of methadone when rotating from fentanyl."	( Intravenous methadone in the management of chronic cancer pain: safe and effective starting doses when substituting methadone for fentanyl. Fischberg, DJ; Khojainova, N; Kornick, C; Manfredi, P; Payne, R; Primavera, LH; Santiago-Palma, J, 2001)	0.7
"1 mg/hour of methadone may be safe and effective."	( Intravenous methadone in the management of chronic cancer pain: safe and effective starting doses when substituting methadone for fentanyl. Fischberg, DJ; Khojainova, N; Kornick, C; Manfredi, P; Payne, R; Primavera, LH; Santiago-Palma, J, 2001)	0.52
" No adverse effects suggesting the discontinuation of the study were reported."	( Use of TTS fentanyl as a single opioid for cancer pain relief: a safety and efficacy clinical trial in patients naive to mild or strong opioids. Befon, S; Dardoufas, K; Georgaki, S; Mystakidou, K; Tsilika, E; Vlahos, L, 2002)	0.7
"Analgesic treatment with TTS fentanyl used as a single opioid is effective and safe for cancer pain relief, given that is cautiously applied, in patients requiring strong opioid analgesics even if they were naive to strong or mild opioids."	( Use of TTS fentanyl as a single opioid for cancer pain relief: a safety and efficacy clinical trial in patients naive to mild or strong opioids. Befon, S; Dardoufas, K; Georgaki, S; Mystakidou, K; Tsilika, E; Vlahos, L, 2002)	1
" Overall, the incidence of adverse events was similar but greater in the remifentanil group with respect to shivering (P<0."	( Comparative efficacy and safety of remifentanil and fentanyl in 'fast track' coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized, double-blind study. Blake, D; Demeyere, R; Dybvik, T; Herregods, L; Kirnö, K; MacAdams, C; Moerman, A; Möllhoff, T; Shaikh, S, 2001)	0.56
"To determine the incidence of adverse events related to an endoscopy sedation regimen that included propofol, delivered by general practitioner (GP) sedationists."	( Sedation for endoscopy: the safe use of propofol by general practitioner sedationists. Chiragakis, L; Clarke, AC; Hillman, LC; Kaye, GL, 2002)	0.31
"Audit of reports of sedation-related adverse events in patients undergoing endoscopy."	( Sedation for endoscopy: the safe use of propofol by general practitioner sedationists. Chiragakis, L; Clarke, AC; Hillman, LC; Kaye, GL, 2002)	0.31
" There were 185 sedation-related adverse events (6."	( Sedation for endoscopy: the safe use of propofol by general practitioner sedationists. Chiragakis, L; Clarke, AC; Hillman, LC; Kaye, GL, 2002)	0.31
"The GP sedationists encountered a low incidence of adverse events, which they managed effectively."	( Sedation for endoscopy: the safe use of propofol by general practitioner sedationists. Chiragakis, L; Clarke, AC; Hillman, LC; Kaye, GL, 2002)	0.31
" We suggest that intravenous ketorolac combined with midazolam is a safe and effective anesthetic regiment for ESWL, particularly on ambulatory basis."	( Effects of intravenous ketorolac and fentanyl combined with midazolam on analgesia and side effects during extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Cherng, CH; Ho, ST; Wong, CS; Yang, CP, 2002)	0.59
"To compare the frequency of adverse effects of remifentanil and fentanyl in a large and diverse patient population."	( A comparison of the remifentanil and fentanyl adverse effect profile in a multicenter phase IV study. Fleisher, LA; Joshi, GP; Twersky, RS; Warner, DS, 2002)	0.83
", opioid-related) adverse effects were recorded."	( A comparison of the remifentanil and fentanyl adverse effect profile in a multicenter phase IV study. Fleisher, LA; Joshi, GP; Twersky, RS; Warner, DS, 2002)	0.59
" There were no significant differences between the two drugs with respect to other adverse events (i."	( A comparison of the remifentanil and fentanyl adverse effect profile in a multicenter phase IV study. Fleisher, LA; Joshi, GP; Twersky, RS; Warner, DS, 2002)	0.59
"In the doses used, both remifentanil and fentanyl have a similar frequency of adverse effects except for the higher frequency of hypotension associated with the use of remifentanil."	( A comparison of the remifentanil and fentanyl adverse effect profile in a multicenter phase IV study. Fleisher, LA; Joshi, GP; Twersky, RS; Warner, DS, 2002)	0.85
" They were followed up to 3 months postoperatively only to fail to detect any adverse events related directly to this method of anesthesia."	( [A clinical study of total intravenous anesthesia by using mainly propofol, fentanyl and ketamine--with special reference to its safety based on 26,079 cases]. Hashimoto, H; Hirota, K; Ishihara, H; Koh, H; Kotani, N; Matsuki, A; Muraoka, M; Nagao, H; Sakai, T; Sato, Y; Takahashi, S; Tsubo, T; Wakayama, S, 2002)	0.54
" Because concern about delayed adverse effects commonly delays discharge after sedation, we attempted to establish the timing of adverse effects in our cohort of procedural sedations."	( When is a patient safe for discharge after procedural sedation? The timing of adverse effect events in 1367 pediatric procedural sedations. Azer, MM; Newman, DH; Pitetti, RD; Singh, S, 2003)	0.32
" We determined the timing of serious (eg, hypoxia, stridor, hypotension) and other adverse effects from final medication administration and calculated adverse effect risk ratios in relation to sedation characteristics."	( When is a patient safe for discharge after procedural sedation? The timing of adverse effect events in 1367 pediatric procedural sedations. Azer, MM; Newman, DH; Pitetti, RD; Singh, S, 2003)	0.32
"7%) adverse effects, of which 159 (11."	( When is a patient safe for discharge after procedural sedation? The timing of adverse effect events in 1367 pediatric procedural sedations. Azer, MM; Newman, DH; Pitetti, RD; Singh, S, 2003)	0.32
"Adverse effects were common; however, serious adverse effects rarely occurred after 25 minutes from the final medication administration."	( When is a patient safe for discharge after procedural sedation? The timing of adverse effect events in 1367 pediatric procedural sedations. Azer, MM; Newman, DH; Pitetti, RD; Singh, S, 2003)	0.32
" We characterize the fasting status of patients receiving procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric ED and assess the relationship between fasting status and adverse events."	( Preprocedural fasting state and adverse events in children undergoing procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department. Agrawal, D; Gupta, R; Krauss, B; Manzi, SF, 2003)	0.32
" Preprocedural fasting state and adverse events were recorded."	( Preprocedural fasting state and adverse events in children undergoing procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department. Agrawal, D; Gupta, R; Krauss, B; Manzi, SF, 2003)	0.32
" Seventy-seven adverse events occurred in 68 (6."	( Preprocedural fasting state and adverse events in children undergoing procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department. Agrawal, D; Gupta, R; Krauss, B; Manzi, SF, 2003)	0.32
" There was no association between preprocedural fasting state and adverse events."	( Preprocedural fasting state and adverse events in children undergoing procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department. Agrawal, D; Gupta, R; Krauss, B; Manzi, SF, 2003)	0.32
"We conclude that stepwise sedation is effective and safe in haemodialysis patients and leads to a complete amnesia for the procedure."	( Stepwise sedation is safe and effective for the insertion of central venous catheters. Bosch, FH; Schiltmans, SK, 2004)	0.32
" Atropine and diazepam in the premedication, propofol and fentanyl during induction, muscle relaxation facilitation by vecuronium, and sevoflurane or isoflurane for maintenance seem to be a safe general anesthetic choice for analgesic intolerant patients with and without asthma."	( General anesthesia and postoperative pain management in analgesic intolerant patients with/without asthma: is it safe? Basgül, E; Bozkurt, B; Celiker, V; Kalyoncu, AF; Karakaya, G; Oguzalp, H, )	0.38
" The safety was evaluated by monitoring the patient's clinical conditions and adverse events."	( Evaluation of safety and efficacy of transdermal therapeutic system-fentanyl in adult patients with gynecological cancer-related pain. Cheewakriangkrai, C; Katanyoo, K; Lorvidhaya, V; Srisomboon, J; Suprapaphorn, P, 2004)	0.56
" The most frequent adverse events were mild nausea or vomiting (46%) and constipation (33%)."	( Evaluation of safety and efficacy of transdermal therapeutic system-fentanyl in adult patients with gynecological cancer-related pain. Cheewakriangkrai, C; Katanyoo, K; Lorvidhaya, V; Srisomboon, J; Suprapaphorn, P, 2004)	0.56
"The results suggest that TTS-fentanyl is safe and effective in managing chronic gynecological cancer-related pain."	( Evaluation of safety and efficacy of transdermal therapeutic system-fentanyl in adult patients with gynecological cancer-related pain. Cheewakriangkrai, C; Katanyoo, K; Lorvidhaya, V; Srisomboon, J; Suprapaphorn, P, 2004)	0.85
" Analgesia-based sedation with remifentanil was very effective, well tolerated and had a similar adverse event and haemodynamic profile to those of hypnotic-based regimens when used in critically ill neuro-intensive care unit patients for up to 5 days."	( Safety and efficacy of analgesia-based sedation with remifentanil versus standard hypnotic-based regimens in intensive care unit patients with brain injuries: a randomised, controlled trial [ISRCTN50308308]. Karabinis, A; Kirkham, AJ; Komnos, A; Mandragos, K; Soukup, J; Speelberg, B; Stergiopoulos, S, 2004)	0.32
" The safety analysis evaluated the incidence of adverse events (AEs) reported within the first 28 days of treatment with TDF or SRM."	( Efficacy and safety of transdermal fentanyl and sustained-release oral morphine in patients with cancer and chronic non-cancer pain. Ahmedzai, SH; Allan, LG; Camacho, F; Clark, AJ; Horbay, GL; Richarz, U; Simpson, K, 2004)	0.6
" The BIS offers an objective, safe and reliable measure of sedation, without disturbing either patient or operator."	( Bispectral index monitoring for conscious sedation in intervention: better, safer, faster. Bell, JK; England, RE; Laasch, HU; Martin, DF; Morris, JA; Wilbraham, L, 2004)	0.32
"The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine whether epidural fentanyl-bupivacaine patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) was more efficacious and had fewer adverse effects than epidural or intravenous morphine PCA."	( Efficacy and adverse effects of patient-controlled epidural or intravenous analgesia after major surgery. Hu, JS; Liew, C; Lui, PW; Teng, YH; Tsai, SK, 2004)	0.55
" Adverse effects including nausea, vomiting, pruritus, urinary retention, sedation, motor block, and respiratory depression (< 8 breaths per minute) were recorded."	( Efficacy and adverse effects of patient-controlled epidural or intravenous analgesia after major surgery. Hu, JS; Liew, C; Lui, PW; Teng, YH; Tsai, SK, 2004)	0.32
" There were no differences in other adverse events such as urinary retention, sedation, and motor block among the three groups."	( Efficacy and adverse effects of patient-controlled epidural or intravenous analgesia after major surgery. Hu, JS; Liew, C; Lui, PW; Teng, YH; Tsai, SK, 2004)	0.32
" It is considered safe to use continuous epidural PCA with fentanyl-bupivacaine in patients receiving major elective surgery."	( Efficacy and adverse effects of patient-controlled epidural or intravenous analgesia after major surgery. Hu, JS; Liew, C; Lui, PW; Teng, YH; Tsai, SK, 2004)	0.57
"To compare the frequency and severity of adverse events associated with parenteral drugs commonly used for procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) in a pediatric emergency department."	( Adverse events associated with procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department: a comparison of common parenteral drugs. Bajaj, L; Bothner, JP; Roback, MG; Wathen, JE, 2005)	0.33
" A total of 458 adverse events were observed in 426 patients (17%)."	( Adverse events associated with procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department: a comparison of common parenteral drugs. Bajaj, L; Bothner, JP; Roback, MG; Wathen, JE, 2005)	0.33
"Drug types used in pediatric PSA are associated with different adverse event profiles."	( Adverse events associated with procedural sedation and analgesia in a pediatric emergency department: a comparison of common parenteral drugs. Bajaj, L; Bothner, JP; Roback, MG; Wathen, JE, 2005)	0.33
"The aim of the study was to evaluate adverse events related to the use of anesthesia and anesthetic procedures associated with interventional radiology."	( Adverse effects of anesthesia in interventional radiology. Derbent, A; Memiş, A; Oran, I; Parildar, M; Uyar, M; Yurtseven, T, 2005)	0.33
"Interventional radiological procedures seem to be safe from an anesthesiologist's point of view."	( Adverse effects of anesthesia in interventional radiology. Derbent, A; Memiş, A; Oran, I; Parildar, M; Uyar, M; Yurtseven, T, 2005)	0.33
" Safety was assessed by recording the advent of adverse events and efficacy by the evaluating the intensity of breakthrough pain."	( [Safety and efficacy of oral trans-mucosal fentanyl citrate in the long-term treatment of breakthrough pain in oncology patients: the ECODIR study]. Camps Herrero, C; Carulla Torrent, J; Cassinello Espinosa, J; Dorta Delgado, J; Jara Sánchez, C; Moreno Nogueira, JA; Valentín Maganto, V, 2005)	0.59
" All adverse reactions reported were mild or moderate."	( [Safety and efficacy of oral trans-mucosal fentanyl citrate in the long-term treatment of breakthrough pain in oncology patients: the ECODIR study]. Camps Herrero, C; Carulla Torrent, J; Cassinello Espinosa, J; Dorta Delgado, J; Jara Sánchez, C; Moreno Nogueira, JA; Valentín Maganto, V, 2005)	0.59
"Regardless of the clinical scenario in which they are administered, opioids can have adverse effects in infants and children."	( Adverse effects following the inadvertent administration of opioids to infants and children. Meyer, D; Tobias, JD, )	0.13
" There were a total of 70 patients who had 77 adverse events."	( Safety of intravenous sedation administered by the operating oral surgeon: the first 7 years of office practice. Rodgers, SF, 2005)	0.33
"The administration of intravenous sedation by the operating surgeon for outpatient oral surgery procedures is safe and results in a low incidence of adverse events."	( Safety of intravenous sedation administered by the operating oral surgeon: the first 7 years of office practice. Rodgers, SF, 2005)	0.33
"5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects."	( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling. Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004)	0.32
" The adverse events associated with this moderate sedation were assessed."	( Safety and effectiveness of moderate sedation for radiologic non-vascular intervention. Kim, TH, )	0.13
"Moderate sedation allows performance of safe and effective radiologic non-vascular intervention, and it is also easy for an interventional radiologist to use."	( Safety and effectiveness of moderate sedation for radiologic non-vascular intervention. Kim, TH, )	0.13
" Abdominal adverse effects of opioid analgesics are constipation and increased pressure in the biliary system."	( Prospective sonographic evaluation of fentanyl side effects on the neonatal gallbladder. Benz-Bohm, G; Roth, B; Schmidt, B; Stützer, H, 2006)	0.6
" Further investigations are required to assess adverse gastrointestinal effects."	( Prospective sonographic evaluation of fentanyl side effects on the neonatal gallbladder. Benz-Bohm, G; Roth, B; Schmidt, B; Stützer, H, 2006)	0.6
"PCA plus BI with fentanyl administered by intravenous route is a safe and efficacious method for analgesia in children with moderate to severe cancer pain."	( Safety and efficacy of fentanyl administered by patient controlled analgesia in children with cancer pain. Barone, G; Chiaretti, A; Lazzareschi, I; Liotti, L; Riccardi, R; Ruggiero, A, 2007)	0.99
" The adverse event (AE) rate was 18% and included apnea (10%), inadequate sedation (3%), bradycardia (2%), desaturation (1%), hypotension (1%) and bag-valve-mask use (1%)."	( Emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia: A Canadian Community Effectiveness and Safety Study (ACCESS). Mensour, M; Michaud, J; Pineau, R; Sahai, V, 2006)	0.33
"Procedural sedation was safe and effective in our environment."	( Emergency department procedural sedation and analgesia: A Canadian Community Effectiveness and Safety Study (ACCESS). Mensour, M; Michaud, J; Pineau, R; Sahai, V, 2006)	0.33
"2% of patients experienced adverse events that were either probably related or very likely to be related to the study drug."	( Safety and efficacy of transdermal fentanyl in patients with cancer pain: phase IV, Turkish oncology group trial. Aliustaoğlu, M; Altinbaş, M; Altundağ, K; Atahan, L; Cooper, R; Demirkan, B; Kömürcü, S; Manavoğlu, O; Ozdemir, F; Ozkök, S; Pak, Y; Sarihan, S; Turhal, S; Turna, HS; Yavuz, AA; Yaylaci, M, 2007)	0.62
" The recorded information included demographic, medication, and adverse event data."	( Safety of intravenous midazolam and fentanyl for pediatric GI endoscopy: prospective study of 1578 endoscopies. Cook-Sather, SD; Farace, L; Garofolo, M; Lachewitz, G; Liacouras, CA; Lombardi, S; Mamula, P; Markowitz, JE; Morgan, V; Neiswender, K; Nieberle, M; Puma, A; Sargent-Harkins, L; Trautwein, A; Wood, S; Zimmerman, A, 2007)	0.61
"Description of adverse events relating to intravenous sedation."	( Safety of intravenous midazolam and fentanyl for pediatric GI endoscopy: prospective study of 1578 endoscopies. Cook-Sather, SD; Farace, L; Garofolo, M; Lachewitz, G; Liacouras, CA; Lombardi, S; Mamula, P; Markowitz, JE; Morgan, V; Neiswender, K; Nieberle, M; Puma, A; Sargent-Harkins, L; Trautwein, A; Wood, S; Zimmerman, A, 2007)	0.61
" Serious adverse events (apnea) were noted in 2 patients (0."	( Safety of intravenous midazolam and fentanyl for pediatric GI endoscopy: prospective study of 1578 endoscopies. Cook-Sather, SD; Farace, L; Garofolo, M; Lachewitz, G; Liacouras, CA; Lombardi, S; Mamula, P; Markowitz, JE; Morgan, V; Neiswender, K; Nieberle, M; Puma, A; Sargent-Harkins, L; Trautwein, A; Wood, S; Zimmerman, A, 2007)	0.61
"Intravenous sedation with midazolam and fentanyl is safe for pediatric GI endoscopy."	( Safety of intravenous midazolam and fentanyl for pediatric GI endoscopy: prospective study of 1578 endoscopies. Cook-Sather, SD; Farace, L; Garofolo, M; Lachewitz, G; Liacouras, CA; Lombardi, S; Mamula, P; Markowitz, JE; Morgan, V; Neiswender, K; Nieberle, M; Puma, A; Sargent-Harkins, L; Trautwein, A; Wood, S; Zimmerman, A, 2007)	0.88
" In this limited sample, extending the infusion period from the presently approved 48 hours to 96 hours seems to be a safe alternative and/or adjunct to standard opiate analgesia after colorectal surgery using a right lateral transverse incision, hence reducing the incidence of opiate adverse effects and enhancing recovery."	( Safety of 96-hour incision-site continuous infusion of ropivacaine for postoperative analgesia after bowel cancer resection. Corso, OH; Hewett, PJ; Karatassas, A; Morris, RG, 2007)	0.34
" No adverse events were reported in the Fentanyl group, while in the Midazolam group a decrease in oxygen saturation was noted in 23/60 (35%) patients."	( Single use of fentanyl in colonoscopy is safe and effective and significantly shortens recovery time. Bakaloudis, T; Chatzopoulos, D; Dokas, S; Gavalas, E; Kountouras, J; Lazaraki, G; Metallidis, S; Zavos, C, 2007)	0.97
"Respiratory depression is a serious and potentially life-threatening side-effect of opioid therapy."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the effectiveness and safety of buprenorphine and fentanyl in rats. Dahan, A; Danhof, M; Kan, J; Olofsen, E; Yassen, A, 2008)	0.57
"54 suggesting that buprenorphine is a relatively safe opioid."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the effectiveness and safety of buprenorphine and fentanyl in rats. Dahan, A; Danhof, M; Kan, J; Olofsen, E; Yassen, A, 2008)	0.57
" Pain intensity, relative dosing ratios, discontinuation rates, and adverse events were assessed."	( The safety and efficacy of fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system compared with morphine intravenous patient-controlled analgesia for postoperative pain management: an analysis of pooled data from three randomized, active-controlled clinical studies. Damaraju, CV; Hewitt, DJ; Kershaw, P; Siccardi, M; Viscusi, ER, 2007)	0.64
" Discontinuation rates and the incidence of adverse events were similar between groups."	( The safety and efficacy of fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system compared with morphine intravenous patient-controlled analgesia for postoperative pain management: an analysis of pooled data from three randomized, active-controlled clinical studies. Damaraju, CV; Hewitt, DJ; Kershaw, P; Siccardi, M; Viscusi, ER, 2007)	0.64
" MAIN ENDPOINTS: a) time to sedoanalgesia and recovery, length for invasive procedure and stay in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit; b) mean dose of drug; c) sedoanalgesic grade and amnesia related to invasive procedure and d) adverse events."	( [Safety and effectiveness of the sedoanalgesia with fentanyl and propofol. Experience in a pediatric intensive medicine unit]. Consuegra, E; González, R; López, JM; Morón, A; Pérez, O; Urquía, L; Valerón, M, 2007)	0.59
" Commonly occurring adverse events were similar between groups."	( Efficacy and safety of the fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system (ITS) and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV PCA) with morphine for pain management following abdominal or pelvic surgery. Damaraju, CV; Gargiulo, K; Hewitt, DJ; Minkowitz, HS; Rathmell, JP; Vallow, S, )	0.43
"This analysis of safety and tolerability data revealed common treatment-related adverse events: nausea, vomiting, headache, and erythema."	( The safety and tolerability of the fentanyl HCl iontophoretic transdermal system: an alternative to currently available analgesic modalities. Eberhart, L, )	0.41
"Assisted sedation is a safe and easy method for pain free PVP procedures."	( Assisted sedation: a safe and easy method for pain-free percutaneous vertebroplasty. Andreula, C; Della Puppa, A; Frass, M, 2008)	0.35
"To assess the adverse effects of transdermal opiates treating moderate-severe cancer pain in comparison with slow release oral morphine."	( Adverse effects of transdermal opiates treating moderate-severe cancer pain in comparison to long-acting morphine: a meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature. Maltoni, M; Raffaeli, W; Sartori, S; Scarpi, E; Tamburini, E; Tassinari, D; Tombesi, P, 2008)	0.35
" The primary end point was the overall adverse effects odds ratio (OR); secondary end points were the overall gastrointestinal adverse effects, constipation, nausea, somnolence, patients' preference, and trial withdrawal."	( Adverse effects of transdermal opiates treating moderate-severe cancer pain in comparison to long-acting morphine: a meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature. Maltoni, M; Raffaeli, W; Sartori, S; Scarpi, E; Tamburini, E; Tassinari, D; Tombesi, P, 2008)	0.35
" No significant differences were observed for overall adverse effects, overall gastrointestinal adverse effects, overall neurologic adverse effects, nausea, somnolence, hypoventilation, trial withdrawal, and changes in opiate treatments."	( Adverse effects of transdermal opiates treating moderate-severe cancer pain in comparison to long-acting morphine: a meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature. Maltoni, M; Raffaeli, W; Sartori, S; Scarpi, E; Tamburini, E; Tassinari, D; Tombesi, P, 2008)	0.35
"Although no difference in the overall adverse effect profile exists between transdermal opiates and slow release oral morphine, the difference in some adverse effects (mainly constipation) seems to favor transdermal opiates in the preference of patients with moderate-severe cancer pain."	( Adverse effects of transdermal opiates treating moderate-severe cancer pain in comparison to long-acting morphine: a meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature. Maltoni, M; Raffaeli, W; Sartori, S; Scarpi, E; Tamburini, E; Tassinari, D; Tombesi, P, 2008)	0.35
"To determine anesthetic profiles and adverse events in practice of ambulatory anesthesia for elective surgery in different levels of hospitals across Thailand."	( The Thai Anesthesia Incidents Study (THAI study) of ambulatory anesthesia: II. Anesthetic profiles and adverse events. Chau-in, W; Punjasawadwong, Y; Srisawasdi, S; Taratarnkoolwatana, K; Vasinanukorn, M; Werawatganon, T, 2008)	0.35
" Other adverse events included awareness (1."	( The Thai Anesthesia Incidents Study (THAI study) of ambulatory anesthesia: II. Anesthetic profiles and adverse events. Chau-in, W; Punjasawadwong, Y; Srisawasdi, S; Taratarnkoolwatana, K; Vasinanukorn, M; Werawatganon, T, 2008)	0.35
"The incidence of major adverse events was low in ambulatory anesthesia for elective surgery when compared to the incidence in general surgical population."	( The Thai Anesthesia Incidents Study (THAI study) of ambulatory anesthesia: II. Anesthetic profiles and adverse events. Chau-in, W; Punjasawadwong, Y; Srisawasdi, S; Taratarnkoolwatana, K; Vasinanukorn, M; Werawatganon, T, 2008)	0.35
" The occurrence of adverse events and changes in laboratory tests were evaluated as safety variables."	( Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetic study of a novel fentanyl-containing matrix transdermal patch system in Japanese patients with cancer pain. Hanaoka, K; Hosokawa, T; Ishida, T; Kitajima, T; Mashimo, S; Miyazaki, T; Namiki, A; Nogami, S; Ogawa, S, 2008)	0.59
" A total of 316 adverse events occurred in 78 (90."	( Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetic study of a novel fentanyl-containing matrix transdermal patch system in Japanese patients with cancer pain. Hanaoka, K; Hosokawa, T; Ishida, T; Kitajima, T; Mashimo, S; Miyazaki, T; Namiki, A; Nogami, S; Ogawa, S, 2008)	0.59
" The patch tested was well tolerated and its use did not result in any increased incidence of adverse drug reactions over those commonly found with opioid analgesics."	( Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetic study of a novel fentanyl-containing matrix transdermal patch system in Japanese patients with cancer pain. Hanaoka, K; Hosokawa, T; Ishida, T; Kitajima, T; Mashimo, S; Miyazaki, T; Namiki, A; Nogami, S; Ogawa, S, 2008)	0.59
" Any adverse events were recorded; four tolerability endpoints, constipation, nausea, daytime drowsiness, and sleeping disturbances, were assessed daily."	( A randomized, open, parallel group, multicenter trial to investigate analgesic efficacy and safety of a new transdermal fentanyl patch compared to standard opioid treatment in cancer pain. Heiskanen, T; Hoerauf, KH; Jensen, NH; Krenn, H; Kress, HG; Lundorff, L; Nolte, T; Petersen, R; Rosland, JH; Sabatowski, R; Saedder, EA; Von der Laage, D, 2008)	0.55
"We sought to determine whether the combination of propofol and fentanyl results in lower propofol doses and fewer adverse cardiopulmonary events than propofol and placebo for lumbar puncture in children with acute hematologic malignancies."	( Propofol-fentanyl versus propofol alone for lumbar puncture sedation in children with acute hematologic malignancies: propofol dosing and adverse events. Christenson, DK; Eickhoff, JC; Hollman, GA; Schultz, MM, 2008)	1
" Data collected included patient age and diagnosis, propofol dose and adverse events."	( Propofol-fentanyl versus propofol alone for lumbar puncture sedation in children with acute hematologic malignancies: propofol dosing and adverse events. Christenson, DK; Eickhoff, JC; Hollman, GA; Schultz, MM, 2008)	0.76
" Twelve adverse events occurred in 11 of 22 patients (50."	( Propofol-fentanyl versus propofol alone for lumbar puncture sedation in children with acute hematologic malignancies: propofol dosing and adverse events. Christenson, DK; Eickhoff, JC; Hollman, GA; Schultz, MM, 2008)	0.76
" propofol alone for lumbar puncture sedation in children with acute hematologic malignancies resulted in lower propofol doses and fewer adverse events."	( Propofol-fentanyl versus propofol alone for lumbar puncture sedation in children with acute hematologic malignancies: propofol dosing and adverse events. Christenson, DK; Eickhoff, JC; Hollman, GA; Schultz, MM, 2008)	0.76
"There are few studies on sedation medication requirements and sedation related adverse events in developmentally disabled children."	( Sedation medication received and adverse events related to sedation for brain MRI in children with and without developmental disabilities. Chen, X; Groebe, A; Kannikeswaran, N; Mahajan, PV; Sethuraman, U, 2009)	0.35
"The objectives of our study were to compare sedation medication received and sedation related adverse events for brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) between children with and without developmental disabilities."	( Sedation medication received and adverse events related to sedation for brain MRI in children with and without developmental disabilities. Chen, X; Groebe, A; Kannikeswaran, N; Mahajan, PV; Sethuraman, U, 2009)	0.35
" Data on developmental status, demographics and details of sedation medications received along with adverse events were collected."	( Sedation medication received and adverse events related to sedation for brain MRI in children with and without developmental disabilities. Chen, X; Groebe, A; Kannikeswaran, N; Mahajan, PV; Sethuraman, U, 2009)	0.35
" Unfortunately, constipation is a common adverse effect associated with opioid use."	( Safety of enteral naloxone for the reversal of opiate-induced constipation in the intensive care unit. Arpino, PA; Thompson, BT, 2009)	0.35
" The results of our study suggest that preoperative ITM combined with IV-PCA may be considered as an effective and safe pain management regimen in living liver donors who have characteristics of low tolerance to pain and postoperative coagulation derangement."	( Intrathecal morphine combined with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia is an effective and safe method for immediate postoperative pain control in live liver donors. Ahn, HJ; Cho, HS; Choi, SJ; Gwak, MS; Hahm, TS; Joh, JW; Kim, GS; Kim, JA; Kim, KM; Ko, JS, 2009)	0.35
" Safety assessments included adverse events (AEs), physical and neurologic examinations, and clinical laboratory tests."	( Fentanyl buccal tablet for the treatment of breakthrough pain in opioid-tolerant patients with chronic cancer pain: A long-term, open-label safety study. Messina, J; Weinstein, SM; Xie, F, 2009)	1.8
" In addition, no long-term fetal or neonatal effects of fentanyl were identified, with normal neonatal neurological and adaptive capacities at two hours and 24 hours after birth supporting its safe use in childbirth."	( Non-axial administration of fentanyl in childbirth: a review of the efficacy and safety of fentanyl for mother and neonate. Belan, I; Fleet, J; Jones, M, 2011)	0.91
"in confirming the safe use of non-axial administration of fentanyl during childbirth, benefits include midwives being able to offer women an alternative option for pain relief."	( Non-axial administration of fentanyl in childbirth: a review of the efficacy and safety of fentanyl for mother and neonate. Belan, I; Fleet, J; Jones, M, 2011)	0.91
" We suggest that the performance of peripheral foot and ankle blocks with monitored intravenous sedation appears to be a safe and useful option for ASA 3 and 4 patients undergoing limb-preservation surgery."	( Safety of local anesthesia combined with monitored intravenous sedation for American Society of Anesthesiologists 3 and 4 patients undergoing lower limb-preservation procedures. Blume, P; Gesquire, M; Kodumudi, G; Mitra, S; Shelley, K; Vadivelu, N; Xia, Y, )	0.13
" Discontinuation rates and the incidence of adverse events were also evaluated."	( Efficacy and safety of fentanyl HCl iontophoretic transdermal system compared with morphine intravenous patient-controlled analgesia for postoperative pain management for patient subgroups. Anker-Møller, E; Coluzzi, F; Mattia, C; Sonnino, D, 2010)	0.67
" Rates of patient withdrawals and the incidence of adverse events were generally similar between treatment groups in the patient subgroups."	( Efficacy and safety of fentanyl HCl iontophoretic transdermal system compared with morphine intravenous patient-controlled analgesia for postoperative pain management for patient subgroups. Anker-Møller, E; Coluzzi, F; Mattia, C; Sonnino, D, 2010)	0.67
" A priori-defined adverse events included out-of-hospital events: respiratory rate <12 breaths/min, pulse oximetry <92%, systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg, any fall in Glasgow Coma Scale score, nausea or vomiting, intubation, and use of antiemetic agents or naloxone."	( Effectiveness and safety of fentanyl compared with morphine for out-of-hospital analgesia. Daya, M; Fleischman, RJ; Frazer, DG; Jui, J; Newgard, CD, )	0.43
" Both medications had low rates of adverse events, which were easily controlled."	( Effectiveness and safety of fentanyl compared with morphine for out-of-hospital analgesia. Daya, M; Fleischman, RJ; Frazer, DG; Jui, J; Newgard, CD, )	0.43
"5-mg patch) seems to be safe and efficient as a first-line strong opioid."	( Evaluation of analgesic effect and safety of fentanyl transdermal patch for cancer pain as the first line. Hoya, Y; Okamoto, T; Yanaga, K, 2010)	0.62
"Study endpoints included measures of sedation depth, requirement for supplemental sedative doses, use of alternative sedatives, and the frequency and nature of treatment-emergent and sedative-related adverse events."	( Safety evaluation of fospropofol for sedation during minor surgical procedures. Berry, BD; Ekman, EF; Gan, TJ; Hardi, R; Muckerman, RC; Shore, N, 2010)	0.36
" The most common treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) were self-limited: paresthesias (62."	( Safety evaluation of fospropofol for sedation during minor surgical procedures. Berry, BD; Ekman, EF; Gan, TJ; Hardi, R; Muckerman, RC; Shore, N, 2010)	0.36
"5 mg/kg with supplemental doses was safe and well-tolerated as moderate sedation for use in minor surgical procedures."	( Safety evaluation of fospropofol for sedation during minor surgical procedures. Berry, BD; Ekman, EF; Gan, TJ; Hardi, R; Muckerman, RC; Shore, N, 2010)	0.36
"Previous meta-analysis suggested that transdermal fentanyl was not inferior to sustained-release oral morphine in treating moderate-severe cancer pain with less adverse effects."	( Efficacy and adverse effects of transdermal fentanyl and sustained-release oral morphine in treating moderate-severe cancer pain in Chinese population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bi, ZF; Chen, DL; Jiang, ZM; Ma, W; Xie, DR; Yang, Q; Zhang, YD, 2010)	0.87
" Primary end points assessed by meta-analysis were remission rate of pain and incidence of adverse effects."	( Efficacy and adverse effects of transdermal fentanyl and sustained-release oral morphine in treating moderate-severe cancer pain in Chinese population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bi, ZF; Chen, DL; Jiang, ZM; Ma, W; Xie, DR; Yang, Q; Zhang, YD, 2010)	0.62
"Our study showed again that both transdermal fentanyl and oral morphine had the same efficacy in the treatment of moderate-severe cancer pain in Chinese population, but the former might have less adverse effects and better quality of life."	( Efficacy and adverse effects of transdermal fentanyl and sustained-release oral morphine in treating moderate-severe cancer pain in Chinese population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bi, ZF; Chen, DL; Jiang, ZM; Ma, W; Xie, DR; Yang, Q; Zhang, YD, 2010)	0.88
"Using Medline, Embase, and the Science Citation Index, we summarize the cutaneous adverse effects of transdermal and parenteral fentanyl."	( Fentanyl transdermal patches: overview of cutaneous adverse effects in humans. Hostynek, JJ; Maibach, HI, 2010)	2.01
"During maintenance treatment, 70 of 646 patients (11%) discontinued because of adverse events (AEs), 69 of 646 (11%) because of withdrawn consent, and 57 of 646 (9%) because of noncompliance."	( Long-term safety and tolerability of fentanyl buccal tablet for the treatment of breakthrough pain in opioid-tolerant patients with chronic pain: an 18-month study. Fine, PG; Messina, J; Rathmell, J; Xie, F, 2010)	0.63
"FBT was generally safe and well tolerated, with self-reported functional improvement observed in most of the opioid-tolerant patients with BTP in association with chronic noncancer pain."	( Long-term safety and tolerability of fentanyl buccal tablet for the treatment of breakthrough pain in opioid-tolerant patients with chronic pain: an 18-month study. Fine, PG; Messina, J; Rathmell, J; Xie, F, 2010)	0.63
" Adverse events (AEs), serious AEs, and clinically relevant respiratory depression were assessed across patient subpopulations categorized by age."	( Safety and tolerability of fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system: findings from a pooled data analysis of four clinical trials. Damaraju, CV; Donnell, MT; Minkowitz, HS; Skowronski, RJ; Tonner, PH; Yarmush, J, )	0.43
"safety and tolerability were assessed by adverse events (AEs) and by nasal tolerability assessments."	( Long-term safety, tolerability, and consistency of effect of fentanyl pectin nasal spray for breakthrough cancer pain in opioid-tolerant patients. Deka, AC; Herrera, IG; Portenoy, RK; Raffaeli, W; Sitte, T; Torres, LM; Wallace, MS, )	0.37
" Overall, 925 (80%) enrolled patients had ≥1 adverse event (AE)."	( Long-term dosing, safety, and tolerability of fentanyl buccal tablet in the management of noncancer-related breakthrough pain in opioid-tolerant patients. Janka, L; Nalamachu, SR; Narayana, A, 2011)	0.63
" FBT was generally safe and well tolerated in this setting."	( Long-term dosing, safety, and tolerability of fentanyl buccal tablet in the management of noncancer-related breakthrough pain in opioid-tolerant patients. Janka, L; Nalamachu, SR; Narayana, A, 2011)	0.63
" Adverse events were also recorded."	( The efficacy and safety of fentanyl buccal tablet compared with immediate-release oxycodone for the management of breakthrough pain in opioid-tolerant patients with chronic pain. Ashburn, MA; Messina, J; Slevin, KA; Xie, F, 2011)	0.67
" Adverse events with both study drugs were generally typical of opioids, and the majority occurred during titration."	( The efficacy and safety of fentanyl buccal tablet compared with immediate-release oxycodone for the management of breakthrough pain in opioid-tolerant patients with chronic pain. Ashburn, MA; Messina, J; Slevin, KA; Xie, F, 2011)	0.67
" The adverse reactions to the 1-day formulation observed in this study were similar to those previously reported for the Durotep MT Patch (the "3-day formulation")."	( [Clinical study of one-day fentanyl patch in patients with cancer pain--evaluation of the efficacy and safety in relation to treatment switch from opioid analgesic therapy]. Hanaoka, K; Sakata, H; Tomioka, T; Yoshimura, T, 2011)	0.67
"In patients with moderate to severe cancer pain, switching of opioid analgesic therapy to 1-day formulation therapy has been shown to be safe and useful, following rotation from other opioids, for controlling cancer pain."	( [Clinical study of one-day fentanyl patch in patients with cancer pain--evaluation of the efficacy and safety in relation to treatment switch from opioid analgesic therapy]. Hanaoka, K; Sakata, H; Tomioka, T; Yoshimura, T, 2011)	0.67
"Sevoflurane is an effective and safe alternative to midazolam in ICU patients associated with a moderate increase in costs."	( [Efficacy, safety and cost of sedation with sevoflurane in intensive care unit]. Arnal, JM; Bisbal, M; Corno, G; Demory, D; Donati, SY; Durand-Gasselin, J; Granier, I; Passelac, A; Sallée, M, 2011)	0.37
" Adverse events were recorded throughout."	( Sublingual fentanyl orally disintegrating tablet in daily practice: efficacy, safety and tolerability in patients with breakthrough cancer pain. Müller-Schwefe, GH; Überall, MA, 2011)	0.76
"5%) experiencing ≥1 study drug-related adverse event."	( Sublingual fentanyl orally disintegrating tablet in daily practice: efficacy, safety and tolerability in patients with breakthrough cancer pain. Müller-Schwefe, GH; Überall, MA, 2011)	0.76
" There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse effects between the two drugs."	( The effectiveness and adverse events of morphine versus fentanyl on a physician-staffed helicopter. Cudnik, M; Emerman, CL; Pakiela, J; Smith, DA; Smith, MD; Wang, Y, 2012)	0.63
"To provide data on the epidemiology of adverse events during sedation for endoscopy."	( Adverse events during monitored anesthesia care for GI endoscopy: an 8-year experience. Agostoni, M; Beretta, L; Fanti, L; Gemma, M; Pasculli, N; Testoni, PA, 2011)	0.37
" Adverse events were defined as occurrences that warranted intervention and were classified as hypotension, desaturation, bradycardia, hypertension, arrhythmia, aspiration, respiratory depression, vomiting, cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, angina, hypoglycemia, and/or allergic reaction."	( Adverse events during monitored anesthesia care for GI endoscopy: an 8-year experience. Agostoni, M; Beretta, L; Fanti, L; Gemma, M; Pasculli, N; Testoni, PA, 2011)	0.37
" Adverse events were rare in both the adult (4."	( Adverse events during monitored anesthesia care for GI endoscopy: an 8-year experience. Agostoni, M; Beretta, L; Fanti, L; Gemma, M; Pasculli, N; Testoni, PA, 2011)	0.37
"Deep sedation during endoscopic procedures is safe in both adults and children."	( Adverse events during monitored anesthesia care for GI endoscopy: an 8-year experience. Agostoni, M; Beretta, L; Fanti, L; Gemma, M; Pasculli, N; Testoni, PA, 2011)	0.37
"57% of patients having complications (52 patients having 60 adverse events)."	( Safety of intravenous sedation administered by the operating oral surgeon: the second 7 years of office practice. Rodgers, MS; Rodgers, SF, 2011)	0.37
" Eight patients developed adverse reactions, 3 of which required further evaluation in the emergency department."	( Safety of deep sedation in an urban oral and maxillofacial surgery training program. Braidy, HF; Singh, P; Ziccardi, VB, 2011)	0.37
" The rate of adverse events with conscious sedation has not been previously assessed in the interventional spine procedure setting."	( Adverse events of conscious sedation in ambulatory spine procedures. Marín, DR; Schaufele, MK; Simmons, AC; Tate, JL, 2011)	0.37
"The goal of this study was to determine the rate of adverse events when using conscious sedation in the ambulatory interventional spine setting."	( Adverse events of conscious sedation in ambulatory spine procedures. Marín, DR; Schaufele, MK; Simmons, AC; Tate, JL, 2011)	0.37
"The rate and type of adverse events were analyzed and compared between those who received conscious sedation with local anesthesia and those who received local anesthesia alone."	( Adverse events of conscious sedation in ambulatory spine procedures. Marín, DR; Schaufele, MK; Simmons, AC; Tate, JL, 2011)	0.37
" Of these cases, 66 immediate adverse events (5."	( Adverse events of conscious sedation in ambulatory spine procedures. Marín, DR; Schaufele, MK; Simmons, AC; Tate, JL, 2011)	0.37
"The findings of this study suggest that mild to moderate conscious sedation in interventional spine procedures is associated with low rates of adverse events when established protocols are followed."	( Adverse events of conscious sedation in ambulatory spine procedures. Marín, DR; Schaufele, MK; Simmons, AC; Tate, JL, 2011)	0.37
" Safety and tolerability were evaluated by adverse events (AEs) and nasal assessments."	( Efficacy and safety of fentanyl pectin nasal spray compared with immediate-release morphine sulfate tablets in the treatment of breakthrough cancer pain: a multicenter, randomized, controlled, double-blind, double-dummy multiple-crossover study. Davies, A; Fallon, M; Galvez, R; Kumar, K; Lux, AE; Reale, C; Stachowiak, A, )	0.44
" The investigators conducted a review of procedural sedation forms for all pediatric and adult patients admitted to this burn center from January 1, 2005, through December 31, 2005, for demographic and clinical data including patient age, gender, body weight, TBSA, dates of burn injury and wound care procedures, length of procedure, pre- and postprocedural pain assessment, procedural sedation/analgesia medications and doses, adverse drug events, and related interventions."	( Efficacy and safety of procedural sedation and analgesia for burn wound care. Andrews, DD; Christ-Libertin, C; Thompson, EM, )	0.13
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCB1) gene product, P-glycoprotein plays an important role in the prevention of intracellular accumulation of potentially toxic substances and metabolites in various tissues."	( Association between ABCB1 gene polymorphisms and fentanyl's adverse effects in Turkish patients undergoing spinal anesthesia. Engin, AB; Kanbak, O; Karahalil, B; Kesimci, E, 2012)	0.63
" The authors set out to prospectively assess the depth of sedation and incidence of adverse events when N(2)O and INF are used in combination in pediatric patients."	( Intranasal fentanyl and high-concentration inhaled nitrous oxide for procedural sedation: a prospective observational pilot study of adverse events and depth of sedation. Babl, FE; Seith, RW; Theophilos, T, 2012)	0.77
" N(2)O concentration, dose, timing of INF, adverse events, and sedation depth were recorded."	( Intranasal fentanyl and high-concentration inhaled nitrous oxide for procedural sedation: a prospective observational pilot study of adverse events and depth of sedation. Babl, FE; Seith, RW; Theophilos, T, 2012)	0.77
" No patients had serious adverse events; vomiting was recorded in 19."	( Intranasal fentanyl and high-concentration inhaled nitrous oxide for procedural sedation: a prospective observational pilot study of adverse events and depth of sedation. Babl, FE; Seith, RW; Theophilos, T, 2012)	0.77
"There were no serious adverse events identified in this pilot study of combined N(2)O and INF."	( Intranasal fentanyl and high-concentration inhaled nitrous oxide for procedural sedation: a prospective observational pilot study of adverse events and depth of sedation. Babl, FE; Seith, RW; Theophilos, T, 2012)	0.77
"In this study, IVKT was a safe analgesic in the setting of primary ESS."	( The safety and efficacy of intravenous ketorolac in patients undergoing primary endoscopic sinus surgery: a randomized, double-blinded clinical trial. Fargo, K; Moeller, C; Pappas, AL; Pawlowski, J; Welch, K, )	0.13
"The findings indicate comparability of transdermal buprenorphine and transdermal fentanyl for pain measures with significantly fewer adverse events (nausea and treatment discontinuation due to adverse events) caused by transdermal buprenorphine."	( Systematic review of efficacy and safety of buprenorphine versus fentanyl or morphine in patients with chronic moderate to severe pain. Aune, D; Hernandez, AV; Kleijnen, J; Misso, K; Riemsma, R; Truyers, C; Wolff, RF, 2012)	0.84
" Adverse events were monitored throughout the study."	( Efficacy and safety of fentanyl sublingual spray for the treatment of breakthrough cancer pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Bull, J; Dillaha, L; Geach, J; Parikh, N; Rauck, R; Reynolds, L; Scherlis, M; Stearns, L, 2012)	0.69
" During double-blind treatment, the most frequently reported adverse events were nausea (7."	( Efficacy and safety of fentanyl sublingual spray for the treatment of breakthrough cancer pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Bull, J; Dillaha, L; Geach, J; Parikh, N; Rauck, R; Reynolds, L; Scherlis, M; Stearns, L, 2012)	0.69
"It has been confirmed by several clinical trials that the fentanyl patch causes less adverse events than sustained-release oral morphine, and after rotation."	( [A pilot study of the reduced effects of adverse events caused by oral morphine and oxycodone after rotating to fentanyl patch in patients with metastatic breast cancer]. Fujii, S; Ikeda, M; Koike, Y; Kubo, S; Kurebayashi, J; Mizutou, A; Nakashima, K; Nomura, T; Oota, Y; Saitou, W; Seki, M; Shiiki, S; Shimo, T; Sonoo, H; Tanaka, K; Yamamoto, Y; Yamashita, T, 2012)	0.83
"We prospectively investigated the reduced effects of adverse events caused by sustained-release oral morphine and controlled-release oxycodone after rotating to the fentanyl patch in patients with metastatic breast cancer."	( [A pilot study of the reduced effects of adverse events caused by oral morphine and oxycodone after rotating to fentanyl patch in patients with metastatic breast cancer]. Fujii, S; Ikeda, M; Koike, Y; Kubo, S; Kurebayashi, J; Mizutou, A; Nakashima, K; Nomura, T; Oota, Y; Saitou, W; Seki, M; Shiiki, S; Shimo, T; Sonoo, H; Tanaka, K; Yamamoto, Y; Yamashita, T, 2012)	0.79
" Those experiencing adverse events from oral morphine or oral oxycodone were administered a fentanyl patch."	( [A pilot study of the reduced effects of adverse events caused by oral morphine and oxycodone after rotating to fentanyl patch in patients with metastatic breast cancer]. Fujii, S; Ikeda, M; Koike, Y; Kubo, S; Kurebayashi, J; Mizutou, A; Nakashima, K; Nomura, T; Oota, Y; Saitou, W; Seki, M; Shiiki, S; Shimo, T; Sonoo, H; Tanaka, K; Yamamoto, Y; Yamashita, T, 2012)	0.81
"This study suggested that the fentanyl patch can reduce adverse events caused by sustained-release oral morphine as well as controlled-release oral oxycodone."	( [A pilot study of the reduced effects of adverse events caused by oral morphine and oxycodone after rotating to fentanyl patch in patients with metastatic breast cancer]. Fujii, S; Ikeda, M; Koike, Y; Kubo, S; Kurebayashi, J; Mizutou, A; Nakashima, K; Nomura, T; Oota, Y; Saitou, W; Seki, M; Shiiki, S; Shimo, T; Sonoo, H; Tanaka, K; Yamamoto, Y; Yamashita, T, 2012)	0.88
" Adverse reactions in the 1× group were transient and included a low prevalence (≤ 33%) of mild sedation, reduced food intake, modest weight loss, and minimal reductions in heart rate and rectal temperature."	( The margin of safety of a single application of transdermal fentanyl solution when administered at multiples of the therapeutic dose to laboratory dogs. Abbott, JA; Clark, TP; Freise, KJ; Newbound, GC; Pohland, RC; Savides, MC; Wilkie, DA, 2012)	0.62
"The objectives of this study were to describe the type and frequency of postdischarge adverse events related to sedation for elective diagnostic imaging in children and to determine if any patient or drug characteristics were associated with such adverse events."	( Postdischarge adverse events related to sedation for diagnostic imaging in children. Chen, X; Kaila, R; Kannikeswaran, N, 2012)	0.38
" We administered a postdischarge adverse event questionnaire to families within 3 to 5 days after sedation to assess adverse events such as behavioral changes, vomiting, recovery time to baseline status, and need for medical follow-up."	( Postdischarge adverse events related to sedation for diagnostic imaging in children. Chen, X; Kaila, R; Kannikeswaran, N, 2012)	0.38
"4% patients experienced postdischarge adverse events."	( Postdischarge adverse events related to sedation for diagnostic imaging in children. Chen, X; Kaila, R; Kannikeswaran, N, 2012)	0.38
"Postdischarge adverse events related to sedation for diagnostic imaging are minor, mostly behavioral, but occur in a significant number of patients."	( Postdischarge adverse events related to sedation for diagnostic imaging in children. Chen, X; Kaila, R; Kannikeswaran, N, 2012)	0.38
"The results of this study suggest that (a) etomidate is much safer than propofol for first-trimester surgical abortions and (b) using a lower dose of etomidate, supplemented with fentanyl and midazolam, is more beneficial than the use of etomidate with or without fentanyl in reducing adverse effects like myoclonus and postoperative nausea and vomiting."	( A comparison of anesthetic regimens using etomidate and propofol in patients undergoing first-trimester abortions: double-blind, randomized clinical trial of safety and efficacy. Chu, S; Deng, F; Wu, J; Wu, Z; Xia, G; Yao, S, 2013)	0.58
" Although intravenously administered morphine can readily provide rapid and effective prehospital analgesia, oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) is a safe alternative that does not require intravenous access."	( Safety and efficacy of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate for prehospital pain control on the battlefield. Fowler, M; Kotwal, RS; McGhee, L; McManus, JG; Pennardt, A; Talbot, TS; Wedmore, IS, 2012)	0.85
" OTFC adverse effects and injuries treated were also evaluated."	( Safety and efficacy of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate for prehospital pain control on the battlefield. Fowler, M; Kotwal, RS; McGhee, L; McManus, JG; Pennardt, A; Talbot, TS; Wedmore, IS, 2012)	0.64
" Nausea was the most common adverse effect as reported by 12."	( Safety and efficacy of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate for prehospital pain control on the battlefield. Fowler, M; Kotwal, RS; McGhee, L; McManus, JG; Pennardt, A; Talbot, TS; Wedmore, IS, 2012)	0.64
"OTFC is a rapid and noninvasive pain management strategy that provides safe and effective analgesia in the prehospital battlefield setting."	( Safety and efficacy of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate for prehospital pain control on the battlefield. Fowler, M; Kotwal, RS; McGhee, L; McManus, JG; Pennardt, A; Talbot, TS; Wedmore, IS, 2012)	0.64
"Discriminatory liver fentanyl concentrations suggestive of therapeutic or toxic drug levels may better assist cause of death determination in cases of suspected fentanyl toxicity than postmortem PB concentrations."	( Superiority of postmortem liver fentanyl concentrations over peripheral blood influenced by postmortem interval for determination of fentanyl toxicity. Apple, FS; Kloss, J; Middleton, O; Mills, K; Olson, KN; Palamalai, V; Strobl, AQ; Thomas, LC, 2013)	0.99
"Pleuroscopy is considered a safe procedure with a high diagnostic accuracy but this record is based on studies published by pulmonologists experienced in performing the procedure."	( Safety and accuracy of semirigid pleuroscopy performed by pulmonary fellows at a major university hospital: our initial experience. Bajwa, AA; Cury, JD; Jones, L; Shujaat, A; Usman, F, 2013)	0.39
"The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of sublingual fentanyl oral disintegrating tablets (sublingual fentanyl ODT) for the treatment of breakthrough pain (BTP), cancer or non-cancer related, in terms of relief of pain intensity, adverse events (AEs) and patient satisfaction, and to further examine the clinical and epidemiological profile of patients with BTP in a clinical setting."	( Efficacy and safety of sublingual fentanyl orally disintegrating tablets in patients with breakthrough pain: multicentre prospective study. Aberasturi, T; Arilla, M; Coma, J; De Sanctis, V; Ferreras, J; Folch, J; Fuentes, J; Guitart, J; Lombán, E; Moya, J; Ribera, H; Rodelas, F; Salazar, R; Sintes, D; Tomás, A; Vargas, I; Vázquez, JM, 2013)	0.9
" Adverse events were somnolence and other events associated with opioids were mostly mild or moderate."	( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of fentanyl buccal tablets for breakthrough pain: efficacy and safety in Japanese cancer patients. Adachi, I; Eguchi, K; Goto, F; Hamada, S; Kosugi, T; Kunikane, H; Matoba, M; Shima, Y; Shinozaki, K; Takigawa, C; Tanda, S; Yomiya, K; Yoshimoto, T, 2014)	0.65
"A combined sedation with propofol plus fentanyl is safe for EVL as well as for SEGD in cirrhotic patients."	( The safety of combined sedation with propofol plus fentanyl for endoscopy screening and endoscopic variceal ligation in cirrhotic patients. Mao, W; Tao, J; Wei, XQ; Wen, ZF; Wu, B; Zhen, FP, 2014)	0.92
"IV-PCA provided timely, safe and useful analgesia for patients with severe breakthrough pain and may be useful to help titration of opioids, weaning to oral analgesia and to decide for interventional procedures."	( Safety profile of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia for breakthrough pain in cancer patients: a case series study. Ashmawi, HA; Cascudo, GM; de Santana Neto, J; Guimaraes, GM; Neto, JO; Sousa, AM, 2014)	0.4
" Patients received 1 to 3 doses of either 50 or 100 μg, and the ambulance crew recorded adverse effects and numeric rating scale (0 to 10) pain scores before and after treatment."	( Safety of intranasal fentanyl in the out-of-hospital setting: a prospective observational study. Dahl, JB; Hansen, MS; Karlsen, AP; Pedersen, DM; Trautner, S, 2014)	0.72
" There were no serious adverse effects and no use of naloxone."	( Safety of intranasal fentanyl in the out-of-hospital setting: a prospective observational study. Dahl, JB; Hansen, MS; Karlsen, AP; Pedersen, DM; Trautner, S, 2014)	0.72
"The out-of-hospital administration of intranasal fentanyl in doses of 50 to 100 μg is safe and appears effective."	( Safety of intranasal fentanyl in the out-of-hospital setting: a prospective observational study. Dahl, JB; Hansen, MS; Karlsen, AP; Pedersen, DM; Trautner, S, 2014)	0.98
" Pain intensity by Numeric Rating Scale, number of rescue analgesic doses, and presence and severity of opioid-related adverse events were recorded immediately before TF placement, and at six, 12, 18, and 24 hours thereafter."	( Efficacy and safety of a six-hour continuous overlap method for converting intravenous to transdermal fentanyl in cancer pain. Bloise, R; Davis, MP; Samala, RV, 2014)	0.62
" Only one patient experienced opioid-related adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of a six-hour continuous overlap method for converting intravenous to transdermal fentanyl in cancer pain. Bloise, R; Davis, MP; Samala, RV, 2014)	0.62
"A continuous six-hour overlap method is a safe and effective strategy when converting from IVF to TF in patients with cancer pain."	( Efficacy and safety of a six-hour continuous overlap method for converting intravenous to transdermal fentanyl in cancer pain. Bloise, R; Davis, MP; Samala, RV, 2014)	0.62
" Pain was evaluated over 4 days by blinded observers using a modified Glasgow composite pain scale, and the a priori criteria for treatment failure was a pain score ≥ 8 or adverse event necessitating withdrawal."	( The safety and effectiveness of a long-acting transdermal fentanyl solution compared with oxymorphone for the control of postoperative pain in dogs: a randomized, multicentered clinical study. Clark, TP; Freise, KJ; Lin, TL; Linton, DD; Martinez, SA; Newbound, GC; Wilson, MG, 2014)	0.65
" Intravenous ibuprofen administered at induction of anesthesia may be a safe and efficacious option for postoperative tonsillectomy pain."	( A multicenter, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled, single dose trial of the safety and efficacy of intravenous ibuprofen for treatment of pain in pediatric patients undergoing tonsillectomy. Bendel, LP; Glover, CD; McCarthy, DL; Moss, JR; Watcha, MF; Witham, SL, 2014)	0.4
" The incidence of adverse effects was noted at 48 h postoperatively."	( The analgesic efficacy and safety of nefopam in patient-controlled analgesia after cardiac surgery: A randomized, double-blind, prospective study. Choi, DK; Choi, IC; Kim, K; Kim, WJ; Lee, YK; Sim, JY, 2014)	0.4
"The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of sedation-related adverse events and the independent predictors of sedation requirements in RYGB patients."	( Conscious sedation for upper endoscopy in the gastric bypass patient: prevalence of cardiopulmonary adverse events and predictors of sedation requirement. Abu Dayyeh, BK; Jirapinyo, P; Thompson, CC, 2014)	0.4
" Primary outcomes are sedation-related adverse events and predictors of sedation requirement."	( Conscious sedation for upper endoscopy in the gastric bypass patient: prevalence of cardiopulmonary adverse events and predictors of sedation requirement. Abu Dayyeh, BK; Jirapinyo, P; Thompson, CC, 2014)	0.4
" The non-cardiopulmonary adverse events were procedure-specific and unrelated to sedation."	( Conscious sedation for upper endoscopy in the gastric bypass patient: prevalence of cardiopulmonary adverse events and predictors of sedation requirement. Abu Dayyeh, BK; Jirapinyo, P; Thompson, CC, 2014)	0.4
"Analgosedation with fentanyl appears to be a safe and effective strategy to facilitate mechanical ventilation."	( Efficacy and safety of analgosedation with fentanyl compared with traditional sedation with propofol. Edwin, SB; McNorton, KN; Tedders, KM, 2014)	0.99
" Visual analogue scale (VAS), requirement of fentanyl and flurbiprofen, and the incidence of remifentanil-related adverse effects (respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting, pruritus) were examined at 3 hourly intervals for 12 hours."	( [Efficacy and safety of remifentanil-based regimen for postoperative pain management in abdominal surgery patients: a double-blind study with low-dose remifentanil infusion of 0.02 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)]. Hirano, H; Kaida, T; Machino, A; Nagasaka, Y; Shirasaki, R; Wakamatsu, M, 2014)	0.66
" No adverse events including respiratory depression occurred throughout the study in both groups."	( [Efficacy and safety of remifentanil-based regimen for postoperative pain management in abdominal surgery patients: a double-blind study with low-dose remifentanil infusion of 0.02 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)]. Hirano, H; Kaida, T; Machino, A; Nagasaka, Y; Shirasaki, R; Wakamatsu, M, 2014)	0.4
"02 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) can safely be used without any serious adverse events, while it may not be enough for postoperative analgesia."	( [Efficacy and safety of remifentanil-based regimen for postoperative pain management in abdominal surgery patients: a double-blind study with low-dose remifentanil infusion of 0.02 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)]. Hirano, H; Kaida, T; Machino, A; Nagasaka, Y; Shirasaki, R; Wakamatsu, M, 2014)	0.4
"Eleven of 42 subjects who received the sublingual fentanyl tablet experienced adverse drug reactions."	( Efficacy and safety of sublingual fentanyl orally disintegrating tablet at doses determined by titration for the treatment of breakthrough pain in Japanese cancer patients: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase III trial. Gomyo, I; Katakami, N; Ohta, E; Okada, M; Shimoyama, M; Shimoyama, N; Yukitoshi, N, 2015)	0.95
"Sublingual fentanyl tablets at doses determined by titration were effective and safe for breakthrough pain treatment in cancer patients treated with strong opioid analgesics at fixed intervals."	( Efficacy and safety of sublingual fentanyl orally disintegrating tablet at doses determined by titration for the treatment of breakthrough pain in Japanese cancer patients: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase III trial. Gomyo, I; Katakami, N; Ohta, E; Okada, M; Shimoyama, M; Shimoyama, N; Yukitoshi, N, 2015)	1.09
" The most common adverse reactions were nausea and vomiting (10."	( Transdermal fentanyl for pain due to chemoradiotherapy-induced oral mucositis in nasopharyngeal cancer patients: evaluating efficacy, safety, and improvement in quality of life. Feng, HX; Guo, SP; He, ZY; Li, FY; Sun, JY; Wu, SG; Wu, YJ; Zhou, J, 2014)	0.78
" Overall adverse events in the 2 treatment groups were also compared."	( Efficacy and safety of transdermal fentanyl in the control of postoperative pain after photorefractive keratectomy. Bae, JH; Choi, CY; Kim, JM; Kim, YJ; Lee, YW, 2014)	0.68
" Total number of patients who reported adverse events was significantly higher in the fentanyl group (P=0."	( Efficacy and safety of transdermal fentanyl in the control of postoperative pain after photorefractive keratectomy. Bae, JH; Choi, CY; Kim, JM; Kim, YJ; Lee, YW, 2014)	0.9
"TDF was more effective in the control of postoperative pain after PRK than tramadol/acetaminophen and no irreversible or severe adverse effect was reported with 12 μg/h concentration."	( Efficacy and safety of transdermal fentanyl in the control of postoperative pain after photorefractive keratectomy. Bae, JH; Choi, CY; Kim, JM; Kim, YJ; Lee, YW, 2014)	0.68
", N-(1-(2-phenoxyethyl)-4-piperidinyl)propionanilide (2), N-isopropyl-3-(4-(N-phenylpropionamido)piperidin-1-yl)propanamide (5), and N-t-butyl-3-(4-(N-phenylpropionamido)piperidin-1-yl)propanamide (6) were found to be more effective and less toxic compared to fentanyl."	( Acute inhalation toxicity of smoke of fentanyl and its 1-substituted analogs in Swiss albino mice. Bhattacharya, R; Ganesan, K; Gupta, PK; Jain, AK; Kumar, P; Maurya, CK; Meena, MK; Swami, D; Yadav, SK, 2014)	0.85
" Central nervous system adverse effects are rare."	( Neuropsychiatric side effects due to a transdermal fentanyl patch: hallucinations. Afacan, MA; Aktas, S; Colak, S; Erdogan, MO; Kandis, H; Kosargelir, M; Tayfur, İ, 2015)	0.67
" Adverse reactions were observed in 17."	( Efficacy and safety of sublingual fentanyl orally disintegrating tablet at doses determined from oral morphine rescue doses in the treatment of breakthrough cancer pain. Gomyo, I; Higuchi, H; Kojima, K; Ohta, E; Shimoyama, M; Shimoyama, N; Teramoto, O; Yukitoshi, N, 2015)	0.7
" Safety was assessed mainly by adverse events."	( Breakthrough pain management using fentanyl buccal tablet (FBT) in combination with around-the-clock (ATC) opioids based on the efficacy and safety of FBT, and its relationship with ATC opioids: results from an open-label, multi-center study in Japanese c Adachi, I; Eguchi, K; Goto, F; Matoba, M; Shima, Y; Takigawa, C; Tanda, S; Yomiya, K; Yoshimoto, T, 2015)	0.69
" Treatment-related adverse events were all common with opioid treatment and did not increase over time."	( Breakthrough pain management using fentanyl buccal tablet (FBT) in combination with around-the-clock (ATC) opioids based on the efficacy and safety of FBT, and its relationship with ATC opioids: results from an open-label, multi-center study in Japanese c Adachi, I; Eguchi, K; Goto, F; Matoba, M; Shima, Y; Takigawa, C; Tanda, S; Yomiya, K; Yoshimoto, T, 2015)	0.69
" In this study, we retrospectively investigated 12 gastrointestinal cancer patients to evaluate the efficacy and frequency of adverse effects of TDF patches compared to oral oxycodone (OXY) for opioid initiation."	( [Efficacy and safety of transdermal fentanyl patches for opioid initiation in patients with gastrointestinal obstruction]. Goto, T; Hasuo, Y; Kai, S; Misumi, N; Miyoshi, T; Nishino, T; Yamauchi, H; Yoshida, E, 2014)	0.68
"Tracheal intubation in PICUs is often associated with adverse tracheal intubation-associated events."	( Current medication practice and tracheal intubation safety outcomes from a prospective multicenter observational cohort study. Brown, CA; Howell, JD; Hsing, DD; Montgomery, V; Nadkarni, VM; Nishisaki, A; Parker, MM; Tarquinio, KM; Turner, DA; Walls, RM, 2015)	0.42
" Adverse tracheal intubation-associated events were defined a priori."	( Current medication practice and tracheal intubation safety outcomes from a prospective multicenter observational cohort study. Brown, CA; Howell, JD; Hsing, DD; Montgomery, V; Nadkarni, VM; Nishisaki, A; Parker, MM; Tarquinio, KM; Turner, DA; Walls, RM, 2015)	0.42
" Adverse events (AE) were recorded throughout."	( Efficacy and safety of sublingual fentanyl tablets for the management of breakthrough pain in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain with neuropathic component: multicenter prospective study. Camba-Rodríguez, A; Cánovas-Martínez, L; Carceller-Ruiz, JJ; De la Iglesia-López, A; Díaz-Parada, P; Domínguez-Suárez, E; Freire-Vila, E; Iglesias, BG; Illodo-Miramontes, G; López-Ulloa, B, 2015)	0.7
" The primary outcome was the Systematic Assessment for Treatment Emergent Events (SAFTEE) to assess safety and adverse effects."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of oral cannabidiol when administered concomitantly with intravenous fentanyl in humans. Barnes, AJ; Bergamaschi, MM; Hernandez, S; Huestis, MA; Hurd, YL; Jutras-Aswad, D; Manini, AF; Olmedo, R; Sinha, R; Winkel, G; Yiannoulos, G, )	0.35
"Cannabidiol does not exacerbate adverse effects associated with intravenous fentanyl administration."	( Safety and pharmacokinetics of oral cannabidiol when administered concomitantly with intravenous fentanyl in humans. Barnes, AJ; Bergamaschi, MM; Hernandez, S; Huestis, MA; Hurd, YL; Jutras-Aswad, D; Manini, AF; Olmedo, R; Sinha, R; Winkel, G; Yiannoulos, G, )	0.58
" Oxycodone and fentanyl, in relation to the symptoms studied, seem to be safe as used and titrated in routine cancer pain care."	( Renal function and symptoms/adverse effects in opioid-treated patients with cancer. Christrup, L; Dale, O; Davies, A; Ekholm, O; Kaasa, S; Klepstad, P; Kurita, GP; Lundström, S; Sjøgren, P, 2015)	0.77
" Moreover, no significant adverse effects were reported during and after the surgery."	( Safety and Efficacy of Propranolol in Comparison With Combination of Fentanyl and Ketamine as Premedication in Cataract Surgery Under the Topical Anesthesia. Fazel, F; Mahboubi, M; Rezaei, L; Saryazdi, H, 2015)	0.65
" Propofol-based sedation is simple, easy to use, and effective, but is not without cardiovascular and respiratory adverse effects."	( A randomized, controlled trial to compare the efficacy and safety profile of a dexmedetomidine-ketamine combination with a propofol-fentanyl combination for ERCP. Goyal, R; Hasnain, S; Mittal, S; Shreevastava, S, 2016)	0.64
" The sedation-related adverse effects and recovery time were noted."	( A randomized, controlled trial to compare the efficacy and safety profile of a dexmedetomidine-ketamine combination with a propofol-fentanyl combination for ERCP. Goyal, R; Hasnain, S; Mittal, S; Shreevastava, S, 2016)	0.64
"There were significantly fewer sedation-related adverse effects, but the recovery time was longer with DK."	( A randomized, controlled trial to compare the efficacy and safety profile of a dexmedetomidine-ketamine combination with a propofol-fentanyl combination for ERCP. Goyal, R; Hasnain, S; Mittal, S; Shreevastava, S, 2016)	0.64
"This analysis compared opioid-related adverse events (ORADEs) observed with fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system (ITS) versus morphine intravenous (iv."	( A comparison of opioid-related adverse events with fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system versus morphine intravenous patient-controlled analgesia in acute postoperative pain. Danesi, H; Ding, L; Grond, S; Jones, JB; Sinatra, RS; Viscusi, ER, 2016)	0.92
" Treatment-emergent adverse events were collected via spontaneous report."	( A comparison of opioid-related adverse events with fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system versus morphine intravenous patient-controlled analgesia in acute postoperative pain. Danesi, H; Ding, L; Grond, S; Jones, JB; Sinatra, RS; Viscusi, ER, 2016)	0.69
"The significant improvement in the number of patients experiencing little or no pain, accompanied by a lower number of non-severe side effects, suggests that FBT is a valid, practical and safe method of procedural analgesia."	( A phase II study on the efficacy and safety of procedural analgesia with fentanyl buccal tablet in cancer patients for the placement of indwelling central venous access systems. Bedin, S; Bertuzzi, C; Bortolussi, R; Caserta, M; Colussi, AM; Fabiani, F; Fantin, D; Fracasso, A; Gussetti, D; Matovic, M; Morabito, A; Polesel, J; Roscetti, A; Santantonio, C; Zanier, C; Zotti, P, 2016)	0.67
" Furthermore, it is a reasonably safe treatment, causing generally mild adverse events not leading to treatment discontinuation."	( Efficacy and Safety of Oral or Nasal Fentanyl for Treatment of Breakthrough Pain in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review. Escobar, Y; Moya, J; Murillo, M; Rogríguez, D; Urrutia, G, 2015)	0.69
"In this retrospective analysis of 10,575 patients who used fentanyl-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) after surgery, we evaluated difference between young and elderly patients on their characteristic of adverse effects."	( Postoperative Pain and Intravenous Patient-Controlled Analgesia-Related Adverse Effects in Young and Elderly Patients: A Retrospective Analysis of 10,575 Patients. Choi, S; Han, DW; Kim, SY; Koh, JC; Lee, J, 2015)	0.66
"Intravenous fentanyl caused clinically meaningful pain reduction in most patients and was safe in the hands of ambulance personnel."	( Efficacy and safety of intravenous fentanyl administered by ambulance personnel. Christensen, EF; Friesgaard, KD; Giebner, M; Kirkegaard, H; Nikolajsen, L; Rasmussen, CH; Riddervold, IS, 2016)	1.09
"Fentanyl-induced neurotoxicity is an uncommon adverse effect of fentanyl and is seldom seen in pediatric palliative care practice."	( Fentanyl-Induced Neurotoxicity in Children. Deodhar, J; Muckaden, MA; Ostwal, S; Salins, N, 2015)	3.3
"This trial aimed to ascertain the relative efficacy, adverse effects, and acceptability of fentanyl versus pethidine for pain relief during labour."	( The safety and acceptability of intravenous fentanyl versus intramuscular pethidine for pain relief during labour. Dawood, R; El-Shamy, ES; Habeeb, R; Massod, A; Rezk, M, 2015)	0.9
" Pain scores hourly, maternal and fetal adverse effects, neonatal outcome, and maternal acceptability were assessed."	( The safety and acceptability of intravenous fentanyl versus intramuscular pethidine for pain relief during labour. Dawood, R; El-Shamy, ES; Habeeb, R; Massod, A; Rezk, M, 2015)	0.68
" The incidence of adverse events (AEs), results of laboratory tests, vital sign assessments, and treatment satisfaction were assessed."	( Long-term safety of fentanyl sublingual spray in opioid-tolerant patients with breakthrough cancer pain. Brownlow, RC; Bull, J; Minkowitz, H; Parikh, N; Rauck, R, 2016)	0.76
"This long-term maintenance study demonstrated that fentanyl sublingual spray was generally safe and well tolerated for managing BTCP over a 90-day period."	( Long-term safety of fentanyl sublingual spray in opioid-tolerant patients with breakthrough cancer pain. Brownlow, RC; Bull, J; Minkowitz, H; Parikh, N; Rauck, R, 2016)	1.01
" No serious adverse events were seen, and minor sedation-related adverse events occurred with similar frequency in both groups (8."	( Capnographic Monitoring of Moderate Sedation During Low-Risk Screening Colonoscopy Does Not Improve Safety or Patient Satisfaction: A Prospective Cohort Study. Barnett, S; Bukoye, B; Hung, A; Leffler, DA; Sheehan, J; Sheth, SG; Tsao, R, 2016)	0.43
" These data suggest that routine capnography in this setting may not be cost effective and that EtCO2 might be reserved for patients at higher risk of adverse events."	( Capnographic Monitoring of Moderate Sedation During Low-Risk Screening Colonoscopy Does Not Improve Safety or Patient Satisfaction: A Prospective Cohort Study. Barnett, S; Bukoye, B; Hung, A; Leffler, DA; Sheehan, J; Sheth, SG; Tsao, R, 2016)	0.43
" At each visit, pain intensity, modifications of therapy and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were recorded."	( Are strong opioids equally effective and safe in the treatment of chronic cancer pain? A multicenter randomized phase IV 'real life' trial on the variability of response to opioids. Apolone, G; Azzarello, G; Bandieri, E; Caraceni, A; Cavanna, L; Corli, O; Crispino, C; Di Gregorio, R; Dragani, TA; Floriani, I; Galli, F; Gamucci, T; Greco, MT; Iorno, V; Kaasa, S; Lipari, G; Luzzani, M; Montanari, M; Pacchioni, M; Pavesi, L; Reale, C; Roberto, A; Valenti, D, 2016)	0.43
"The main findings were the similarity in pain control, response rates and main adverse reactions among opioids."	( Are strong opioids equally effective and safe in the treatment of chronic cancer pain? A multicenter randomized phase IV 'real life' trial on the variability of response to opioids. Apolone, G; Azzarello, G; Bandieri, E; Caraceni, A; Cavanna, L; Corli, O; Crispino, C; Di Gregorio, R; Dragani, TA; Floriani, I; Galli, F; Gamucci, T; Greco, MT; Iorno, V; Kaasa, S; Lipari, G; Luzzani, M; Montanari, M; Pacchioni, M; Pavesi, L; Reale, C; Roberto, A; Valenti, D, 2016)	0.43
" Review of prior opioid exposure may be a simple but important way to improve the safe use of fentanyl patches."	( Safety of fentanyl initiation according to past opioid exposure among patients newly prescribed fentanyl patches. Bugden, S; Friesen, KJ; Woelk, C, 2016)	1.06
" There were no other statistically significant between-group differences in the incidence of adverse events."	( Opioid sparing effect and safety of nefopam in patient controlled analgesia after laparotomy: A randomized, double blind study. Cho, CW; Jin, HS; Kim, WJ; Kim, YC; Lee, C; Yoo, Y, 2016)	0.43
"Intravenous PCA using nefopam + fentanyl following laparotomy has an opioid sparing effect and is associated with a low incidence of some of the typical opioid related adverse events."	( Opioid sparing effect and safety of nefopam in patient controlled analgesia after laparotomy: A randomized, double blind study. Cho, CW; Jin, HS; Kim, WJ; Kim, YC; Lee, C; Yoo, Y, 2016)	0.72
" Adverse events are as follows."	( Canadian Association of Gastroenterology Indicators of Safety Compromise following Colonoscopy in Clinical Practice. Borgaonkar, MR; Evans, B; Hickey, N; Lougheed, M; Marcoux, C; McGrath, J; O'Leary, M; Pace, D, 2016)	0.43
" Safety was evaluated via adverse events."	( The Efficacy and Safety of the Fentanyl Iontophoretic Transdermal System (IONSYS Ding, L; Itri, LM; Viscusi, ER, 2016)	0.72
" Secondary outcomes included block quality, maternal adverse effects, uterine contraction patterns, and fetal outcomes analyzed by using the χ test with Yates continuity correction."	( Dural Puncture Epidural Technique Improves Labor Analgesia Quality With Fewer Side Effects Compared With Epidural and Combined Spinal Epidural Techniques: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Bibbo, C; Cappiello, EC; Chau, A; Elterman, KG; Huang, CC; Robinson, JN; Tsen, LC, 2017)	0.46
" Nausea, vomiting, somnolence, and dizziness were the most frequent treatment-related adverse events (AEs), and all AEs were grade 1 (mild) or 2 (moderate)."	( Initial titration with 200 μg fentanyl buccal tablets: a retrospective safety analysis in Korean cancer patients. Cho, HN; Koo, DH; Kwon, MY; Lee, SS; Lee, YG; Oh, S, 2018)	0.77
" The authors compared the antinociceptive and respiratory depressant effects of cebranopadol and the classic opioid fentanyl and used selective antagonists to provide the first mechanistic evidence of the contributions of the nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide and μ-opioid peptide receptors to cebranopadol's respiratory side-effect profile."	( Opioid-type Respiratory Depressant Side Effects of Cebranopadol in Rats Are Limited by Its Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ Peptide Receptor Agonist Activity. Christoph, T; Frosch, S; Linz, K; Schröder, W, 2017)	0.66
" We compared sedation and recovery times, medication doses, and adverse events between groups."	( Bolus Administration of Fentanyl and Midazolam for Colonoscopy Increases Endoscopy Unit Efficiency and Safety Compared With Titrated Sedation. Boyd, A; Finn, RT; Gellad, ZF; Lin, L, 2017)	0.76
" Pain scores, adverse events, and length of stay were recorded."	( Intrathecal Morphine and Oral Analgesics Provide Safe and Effective Pain Control After Posterior Spinal Fusion for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. Abbott, MD; Burke, MC; Caird, MS; Farley, FA; Gibbons, KM; Holman, AE; Hong, RA; Li, Y; Robbins, CB, 2018)	0.48
" Adverse events occurred at similar rates in both groups."	( Intrathecal Morphine and Oral Analgesics Provide Safe and Effective Pain Control After Posterior Spinal Fusion for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. Abbott, MD; Burke, MC; Caird, MS; Farley, FA; Gibbons, KM; Holman, AE; Hong, RA; Li, Y; Robbins, CB, 2018)	0.48
"ITM and oral analgesics provide safe and effective pain control after PSF for AIS."	( Intrathecal Morphine and Oral Analgesics Provide Safe and Effective Pain Control After Posterior Spinal Fusion for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. Abbott, MD; Burke, MC; Caird, MS; Farley, FA; Gibbons, KM; Holman, AE; Hong, RA; Li, Y; Robbins, CB, 2018)	0.48
" The results suggest that doses of 200 mcg or lower may be safe for use in an opioid-naïve population."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of fentanyl sublingual spray and fentanyl citrate intravenous: a multiple ascending dose study in opioid-naïve healthy volunteers. Koch, C; Nalamachu, S; Oh, DA; Parikh, N; Rauck, RL; Singla, N; Vetticaden, S; Wilson, D; Yu, J, 2017)	0.74
" This article illustrates these challenges using a post-authorization safety study (PASS) to assess adverse events (AEs) experienced with fentanyl buccal tablet (FBT) over 3 months of treatment."	( Challenges of post-authorization safety studies: Lessons learned and results of a French study of fentanyl buccal tablet. Bartov, N; Bidollari, I; Gavrielov-Yusim, N; Kaplan, S, 2018)	0.9
"Our objective was to assess the effect of sublingual fentanyl tablets (SFTs) on pain relief, quality of life, and adverse effects in patients with cancer pain, according to cancer stage and background opioid regimen."	( Efficacy and Safety of Sublingual Fentanyl Tablets in Breakthrough Cancer Pain Management According to Cancer Stage and Background Opioid Medication. Coma, J; De Sanctis, V; Estivill, P; Ferreras, J; Folch, J; Fuentes, J; Guitart, J; Jiménez, AJ; Moya, J; Rodelas, F; Salazar, R; Sanz, A; Tomás, A; Vargas, MI, 2018)	1.01
" The efficacy and safety of SFTs were evaluated, recording pain intensity (PI), onset of pain relief, and adverse events (AEs)."	( Efficacy and Safety of Sublingual Fentanyl Tablets in Breakthrough Cancer Pain Management According to Cancer Stage and Background Opioid Medication. Coma, J; De Sanctis, V; Estivill, P; Ferreras, J; Folch, J; Fuentes, J; Guitart, J; Jiménez, AJ; Moya, J; Rodelas, F; Salazar, R; Sanz, A; Tomás, A; Vargas, MI, 2018)	0.76
" However, the causes of fentanyl-induced fatal adverse effects have not been thoroughly researched."	( P-Glycoprotein on Blood-Brain Barrier Plays a Vital Role in Fentanyl Brain Exposure and Respiratory Toxicity in Rats. Li, H; Yang, H; Yu, C; Yuan, M; Zhuang, X, 2018)	1.03
" There were no treatment-emergent serious adverse events."	( A phase III study evaluating the efficacy and safety of remimazolam (CNS 7056) compared with placebo and midazolam in patients undergoing colonoscopy. Barish, CF; Bernstein, D; Bhandari, R; Cash, BD; DeMicco, MP; Desta, T; Etzkorn, K; Pruitt, R; Quirk, D; Rex, DK; Schaeffer, C; Sullivan, S; Tiongco, F, 2018)	0.48
" Our findings suggest that local anaesthesia with conscious sedation is a safe and feasible option for cardiac device implantation procedures, including complex procedures."	( Feasibility and safety of using local anaesthesia with conscious sedation during complex cardiac implantable electronic device procedures. Jánosi, RA; Kaya, E; Lortz, J; Rassaf, T; Südkamp, H, 2018)	0.48
"The administration of ketamine during burn wound care using a critical care RN-driven protocol was associated with reduced opioid and benzodiazepine requirements and few adverse effects."	( CE: Original Research: The Efficacy and Safety of an RN-Driven Ketamine Protocol for Adjunctive Analgesia During Burn Wound Care. Baumgartner, L; MacLaren, R; Townsend, N; Winkelman, K, 2018)	0.48
" Data were self-reported by patients (pain, adverse events [AEs] and healthcare resources use) and physicians (morphine equivalent daily dose [MEDD] prescribed and suspected adverse drug reaction [ADRs])."	( Health benefits of an adverse events reporting system for chronic pain patients using long-term opioids. Ajo, R; Esteban, MD; Inda, MD; Margarit, C; Muriel, J; Peiró, AM; Planelles, B; Sastre, Y, 2019)	0.51
" The primary outcome measures were adverse events and failed laceration repair."	( Safety and effectiveness of intranasal midazolam and fentanyl used in combination in the pediatric emergency department. Cosgrove, P; Kienstra, AJ; Ryan, PM; Vezzetti, R; Wilkinson, M, 2019)	0.76
" There were no serious adverse events reported."	( Safety and effectiveness of intranasal midazolam and fentanyl used in combination in the pediatric emergency department. Cosgrove, P; Kienstra, AJ; Ryan, PM; Vezzetti, R; Wilkinson, M, 2019)	0.76
"Our results suggest that the combination of INM and INF may be a safe and effective strategy for procedural sedation in young children undergoing simple laceration repair."	( Safety and effectiveness of intranasal midazolam and fentanyl used in combination in the pediatric emergency department. Cosgrove, P; Kienstra, AJ; Ryan, PM; Vezzetti, R; Wilkinson, M, 2019)	0.76
" Our program appears to be safe and may serve as a model for other settings dealing with a large numbers of opioid OD."	( Safety of a Modified Community Trailer to Manage Patients with Presumed Fentanyl Overdose. Ahamad, K; Buxton, J; DeVlaming, S; Grafstein, E; Gustafson, R; Kestler, A; Lysyshyn, M; Prinsloo, G; Scheuermeyer, FX; Van Veen, C, 2019)	0.75
" The safe preparation of medications during resuscitation requires attention, time and resources, and can be a source of medication error."	( Predrawn prehospital medications are microbiologically safe for up to 48 hours. Foster, A; Garner, A; Gutierrez, CH; Kitcher, J; Soeyland, T; Vidler, S, 2018)	0.48
"Predrawing of the eight studied medications for urgent prehospital procedures appears to be a microbiologically safe practice with syringe dwell times up to 48 hours."	( Predrawn prehospital medications are microbiologically safe for up to 48 hours. Foster, A; Garner, A; Gutierrez, CH; Kitcher, J; Soeyland, T; Vidler, S, 2018)	0.48
" We sought to determine the risk of serious adverse events (SAEs) when oral azithromycin or intravenous/intramuscular fentanyl are used off-label compared to on-label in pediatric intensive care units (ICUs)."	( Serious Adverse Events Associated with Off-Label Use of Azithromycin or Fentanyl in Children in Intensive Care Units: A Retrospective Chart Review. Avant, D; Doe, E; Fenn, NE; Lardieri, A; Lieu, P; McMahon, AW; Oshikoya, KA; Sood, BG; Taketomo, C; Van Driest, SL; Wharton, GT; Yen, L, 2019)	0.96
" Surprisingly, respiratory depression, constipation, and opioid withdrawal signs are unchanged or exacerbated, indicating that β-arrestin recruitment does not contribute to the severity of opioid side effects and, hence, predicting that G-protein-biased µ-agonists are still likely to elicit severe adverse effects."	( Phosphorylation-deficient G-protein-biased μ-opioid receptors improve analgesia and diminish tolerance but worsen opioid side effects. Bailey, A; Bateman, JT; Christie, MJ; Kliewer, A; Levitt, ES; Schmiedel, F; Schulz, S; Sianati, S; Williams, JT, 2019)	0.51
" However, although opioids have been appropriately used in Japan, they rarely induce serious adverse events, such as respiratory depression."	( Current Status of Adverse Events Related with Opioid Analgesics in Japan: Assessment Based on Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report Database. Futamura, A; Nakagawa, T; Suga, Y; Sugawara, H; Suzuki, S; Takase, H; Torigoe, K; Uchida, M; Uesawa, Y, 2019)	0.51
" Adverse events in CAPS patients were recorded."	( Computer-Assisted Propofol Sedation for Esophagogastroduodenoscopy Is Effective, Efficient, and Safe. Beecher, R; Chiorean, M; Drennan, F; Gluck, M; Koch, J; Kozarek, RA; La Selva, D; Larsen, M; Lin, OS; McCormick, S; Ross, A; Tombs, D; Venu, N; Weigel, W, 2019)	0.51
" There were no other serious adverse events."	( Computer-Assisted Propofol Sedation for Esophagogastroduodenoscopy Is Effective, Efficient, and Safe. Beecher, R; Chiorean, M; Drennan, F; Gluck, M; Koch, J; Kozarek, RA; La Selva, D; Larsen, M; Lin, OS; McCormick, S; Ross, A; Tombs, D; Venu, N; Weigel, W, 2019)	0.51
"This retrospective cohort study of cirrhotic patients undergoing endoscopy from a large academic medical center between 2010 and 2014 examined extensive clinical data including the following: past history, physical findings, laboratory results, and procedural adverse events."	( Sedation During Endoscopy in Patients with Cirrhosis: Safety and Predictors of Adverse Events. Edelson, J; Rockey, DC; Suarez, AL; Zhang, J, 2020)	0.56
" There was no difference in the frequency of adverse events in MAC and moderate sedation groups, with a total of 15 adverse events (7/1157 MAC and 8/1461 moderate sedation)."	( Sedation During Endoscopy in Patients with Cirrhosis: Safety and Predictors of Adverse Events. Edelson, J; Rockey, DC; Suarez, AL; Zhang, J, 2020)	0.56
"Opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD) and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are challenging, resource-intensive, and costly opioid-related adverse events (ORAEs)."	( Opioid-related respiratory and gastrointestinal adverse events in patients with acute postoperative pain: prevalence, predictors, and burden. Habib, AS; Iqbal, SU; Kugel, M; Liu, S; Morland, K; Oderda, GM; Senagore, AJ, )	0.13
"Solutions that provide a legal and safe supply of non-adulterated stimulants of known quality, and within a health care framework, are needed to directly address the risk of an increasingly adulterated stimulant supply."	( Stimulant safe supply: a potential opportunity to respond to the overdose epidemic. Barker, A; Fleming, T; Ivsins, A; McNeil, R; Vakharia, S, 2020)	0.56
"Efforts are needed to investigate the feasibility of pharmacological stimulant-based interventions that address safe supply needs."	( Stimulant safe supply: a potential opportunity to respond to the overdose epidemic. Barker, A; Fleming, T; Ivsins, A; McNeil, R; Vakharia, S, 2020)	0.56
", hydromorphone) to disrupt the toxic drug supply and make safer opioids widely available to people at high risk of fatal overdose."	( Tackling the overdose crisis: The role of safe supply. Beletsky, L; Boyd, J; Ivsins, A; McNeil, R, 2020)	0.56
"This study suggests MMT is safe despite repeated exposure to fentanyl while taking methadone."	( One year of methadone maintenance treatment in a fentanyl endemic area: Safety, repeated exposure, retention, and remission. Carroll, JJ; Green, TC; Rich, JD; Stone, AC, 2020)	1.05
" The arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic comes at time when North America is in the midst of a protracted overdose epidemic caused by a toxic illegal drug supply."	( Safer opioid distribution in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Tyndall, M, 2020)	0.56
" Following dose escalation to 4 mg, respiratory depression occurred in one patient; however, this was considered a mild adverse event."	( Efficacy and Safety of Fentanyl Citrate Patch, Including a Low-Dose 0.5 mg Formulation, in Opioid-Naïve Patients with Cancer Pain. Hashimoto, F; Okawa, K; Tanaka, Y; Terahara, T; Uchida, E; Yamaguchi, S, 2020)	0.87
" The most common adverse drug events in the titration phase were drowsiness (20%), dizziness (7%), and nausea 4%, and in the double-blind phase only drowsiness (12%)."	( Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of sublingual fentanyl orally disintegrating tablet in the treatment of breakthrough cancer pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Akbari, ME; Delshad, MH; Golmakani, E; Hashemi, M; Shadnoush, M; Zali, A, 2021)	0.88
" Several techniques such as positive airway pressure and head-up tilt during preoxygenation have shown to prolong safe apnea period compared to conventional technique."	( Effect of Positive Airway Pressure During Preoxygenation on Safe Apnea Period: a comparison of the supine and 25° head up position. Bhattarai, B; Dhakal, Y; Khatiwada, S; Subedi, A, )	0.13
" In response to the opioid crisis in NH, Manchester Fire Department (MFD), the state's largest city fire department, launched the Safe Station program in 2016 in partnership with other community organizations."	( Implementation of a New Hampshire community-initiated response to the opioid crisis: A mixed-methods process evaluation of Safe Station. Bell, K; Marsch, LA; McLeman, B; Meier, A; Metcalf, SA; Moore, SK; Saunders, EC; Walsh, O, 2021)	0.62
" The development of gender-responsive programs that address targeted concerns may be an avenue to enhance engagement with harm reduction and treatment services and create safe spaces for women not currently accessing available services."	( Competing risks of women and men who use fentanyl: "The number one thing I worry about would be my safety and number two would be overdose". Bagley, SM; Gunn, CM; Harris, MTH; Maschke, A; Sampath, S; Schoenberger, SF; Walley, AY, 2021)	0.89
"Clinically meaningful pain reduction with respect to severity and the adverse events of drugs used in prehospital pain management for children are areas that have not received sufficient attention."	( The effectiveness and safety of paediatric prehospital pain management: a systematic review. Abebe, Y; Hetmann, F; Holland, M; Staff, T; Sumera, K, 2021)	0.62
" The main outcomes were (1) measurable pain reduction (effectiveness) and (2) no occurrence of any serious adverse events."	( The effectiveness and safety of paediatric prehospital pain management: a systematic review. Abebe, Y; Hetmann, F; Holland, M; Staff, T; Sumera, K, 2021)	0.62
" Adverse events of fentanyl, methoxyflurane and ketamine were also reported, although none of these were considered serious."	( The effectiveness and safety of paediatric prehospital pain management: a systematic review. Abebe, Y; Hetmann, F; Holland, M; Staff, T; Sumera, K, 2021)	0.95
" No serious adverse events were reported following the administration of fentanyl, methoxyflurane and ketamine."	( The effectiveness and safety of paediatric prehospital pain management: a systematic review. Abebe, Y; Hetmann, F; Holland, M; Staff, T; Sumera, K, 2021)	0.85
" In silico findings indicate the high toxic potential of etazene which may lead to drug-drug interactions and accumulation of substances."	( Etazene induces developmental toxicity in vivo Danio rerio and in silico studies of new synthetic opioid derivative. Boguszewska-Czubara, A; Budzyńska, B; Chłopaś-Konowałek, A; Kurach, Ł; Szpot, P; Zawadzki, M, 2021)	0.62
" This study aimed to determine whether intrathecal fentanyl or sufentanil offers safety in mortality and perioperative adverse events."	( Safety and effectiveness of adding fentanyl or sufentanil to spinal anesthesia: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Azi, LMTA; de Ávila Oliveira, R; Fonseca, NM; Guimarães, GMN; Pontes, JPJ, )	0.66
" Safe supply programs are required now more than ever to address the high rate of drug toxicity overdose deaths caused by illicit fentanyl and its analogues."	( Investigating opioid preference to inform safe supply services: A cross sectional study. Buxton, JA; Ferguson, M; Lock, K; Papamihali, K; Parmar, A; Weng, A, 2022)	0.93
" To create effective safe supply programs, we need to engage PWUD about their drugs of choice."	( Investigating opioid preference to inform safe supply services: A cross sectional study. Buxton, JA; Ferguson, M; Lock, K; Papamihali, K; Parmar, A; Weng, A, 2022)	0.72
"This study aimed to determine if the use of intranasal (IN) fentanyl in the pediatric emergency department of 2 to 5 μg/kg at doses greater than 100 μg is associated with adverse events in pediatric patients."	( The Safety of High-Dose Intranasal Fentanyl in the Pediatric Emergency Department. Anderson, T; Harrell, C; Kink, R; Snider, M, 2022)	1.24
" All adverse events documented through the hospital's voluntary safety reporting system involving IN fentanyl were reviewed to determine patient outcomes."	( The Safety of High-Dose Intranasal Fentanyl in the Pediatric Emergency Department. Anderson, T; Harrell, C; Kink, R; Snider, M, 2022)	1.21
" A total of 13 adverse events were documented, with only 3 occurring at doses greater than 100 μg."	( The Safety of High-Dose Intranasal Fentanyl in the Pediatric Emergency Department. Anderson, T; Harrell, C; Kink, R; Snider, M, 2022)	1
" Our results indicate that fentanyl can be safely administered at doses of greater than 100 μg without any clinically significant adverse outcomes observed for 7 years of use."	( The Safety of High-Dose Intranasal Fentanyl in the Pediatric Emergency Department. Anderson, T; Harrell, C; Kink, R; Snider, M, 2022)	1.3
" And it is a trend that RIB may be a kind of effective and safe nerve bock technology and it requires further studies."	( Efficacy and safety of rhomboid intercostal block for analgesia in breast surgery and thoracoscopic surgery: a meta-analysis. Chen, R; Shu, H; Su, S, 2022)	0.72
" Little is known about behavior change after fentanyl testing and the attitudes around fentanyl knowledge and testing along the US-Mexico border in the context of a safe consumption site."	( Behavior change after fentanyl testing at a safe consumption space for women in Northern Mexico: A pilot study. Angulo, L; Arredondo, J; Cambou, MC; Gonzalez-Nieto, P; Goodman-Meza, D; Loera, A; Pitpitan, EV; Shoptaw, S; Slim, S, 2022)	1.3
"This was a pilot quantitative and qualitative study with 30 women who use drugs at an unsanctioned safe consumption site in Mexicali, Mexico."	( Behavior change after fentanyl testing at a safe consumption space for women in Northern Mexico: A pilot study. Angulo, L; Arredondo, J; Cambou, MC; Gonzalez-Nieto, P; Goodman-Meza, D; Loera, A; Pitpitan, EV; Shoptaw, S; Slim, S, 2022)	1.04
"There is an urgent need for development of drugs that are able to reverse the adverse effects of opioids on breathing and arterial blood-gas (ABG) chemistry while preserving opioid analgesia."	( L-NAC reverses of the adverse effects of fentanyl infusion on ventilation and blood-gas chemistry. Baby, SM; Bates, JN; Gaston, B; Getsy, PM; Hsieh, YH; Lewis, SJ; Lewis, THJ; May, WJ, 2022)	0.99
"ESPB was an efficient and safe procedure for postoperative pain management in PCNL."	( Efficiency and Safety of Erector Spinae Plane Block in Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: A Meta-Analysis Based on Randomized Controlled Trials. Jin, T; Lin, L; Luo, Z; Ma, Y; Xiao, K, 2022)	0.72
"Ketamine may be a safe and feasible analgesic for medical and cardiac ICU patients who received mechanical ventilation support as an opioid-sparing agent without adverse hemodynamic effects."	( Safety and feasibility of continuous ketamine infusion for analgosedation in medical and cardiac ICU patients who received mechanical ventilation support: A retrospective cohort study. Ahn, HY; Chung, CR; Jung, H; Ko, RE; Lee, J; Suh, GY; Yang, JH, 2022)	0.72
" By early 2021, MADDS detected shifts in cocaine purity, alerted communities of a new toxic fentanyl analogue and a synthetic cannabinoid contaminant, and confirmed the increase of xylazine (a veterinary sedative) in Massachusetts."	( Implementation and Uptake of the Massachusetts Drug Supply Data Stream: A Statewide Public Health-Public Safety Partnership Drug Checking Program. Consigli, A; Del Pozo, B; Erowid, E; Erowid, F; Green, TC; Jarczyk, C; Michelson, L; Olson, R; Reilly, B; Ruiz, S; Thyssen, S; Wightman, R, )	0.35
" Adverse events were not observed in patients treated with ketamine."	( Efficacy and safety in ketamine-guided prehospital analgesia for abdominal pain. Dorau, W; Eppler, F; Häske, D; Heinemann, N; Schempf, B; Schopp, T, 2022)	0.72
" The efficacy and safety of the sedations including sedation time intervals, nausea score, vomiting episodes, pain score, adverse effects, and parent's satisfaction were evaluated."	( The efficacy and safety of midazolam with fentanyl versus midazolam with ketamine for bedside invasive procedural sedation in pediatric oncology patients: A randomized, double-blinded, crossover trial. Lertvivatpong, N; Malaithong, W; Monsereenusorn, C; Photia, A; Rujkijyanont, P; Traivaree, C, 2022)	0.99
"4%) of severe itching in women, in group I such an adverse reaction was absent."	( SAFETY OF USING DURAL PUNCTURE EPIDURAL ANALGESIA AS A METHOD OF LABOR ANALGESIA. Loskutov, OA; Sulimenko, YM; Zhezher, AO, 2022)	0.72
" Among these problems, of the highest relevance is also the lack of information about metabolism and adverse effects, which must be faced using simple and low-cost animal models."	( Toxicity and behavioural effects of ocfentanil and 2-furanylfentanyl in zebrafish larvae and mice. Arfè, R; Bilel, S; Gottardo, R; Marti, M; Murari, M; Pesavento, S; Tagliaro, F; Tirri, M; Torroni, L, 2023)	1.15
"To determine the anesthetic approach with the least adverse events and better cardiorespiratory stability profile, used in infants undergoing laser photocoagulation for retinopathy of prematurity."	( Safety profile of anesthetic modalities during laser treatment for retinopathy of prematurity: a systematic review. Arvanitaki, Z; Gavriilidou, A; Haidich, AB; Mataftsi, A; Seliniotaki, AK; Ziakas, N, 2023)	0.91
" Our objective was to assess the safety of rapid inpatient methadone initiation with regard to mortality, overdose, and serious adverse outcomes both in-hospital and postdischarge."	( Safety of rapid inpatient methadone initiation protocol: A retrospective cohort study. Berger, O; Bou Harfouch, LT; Buresh, ME; Patel, SM; Racha, S, 2023)	0.91
" The study had no major adverse events including in-hospital or thirty-day post-discharge overdoses or deaths."	( Safety of rapid inpatient methadone initiation protocol: A retrospective cohort study. Berger, O; Bou Harfouch, LT; Buresh, ME; Patel, SM; Racha, S, 2023)	0.91
" While various harm reduction interventions address overdose-related risks, there is growing interest in safer supply programs, including the MySafe Project which utilizes a biometric dispensing machine that provides pharmaceutical opioid alternatives to the toxic drug supply."	( Community partner perspectives on the implementation of a novel safer supply program in Canada: a qualitative study of the MySafe Project. Bardwell, G; Foreman-Mackey, A; Ivsins, A; Mansoor, M, 2023)	0.91
" In addition, some participants perceived hydromorphone to be an inadequate substitute to the increasingly toxic street opioid supply."	( Community partner perspectives on the implementation of a novel safer supply program in Canada: a qualitative study of the MySafe Project. Bardwell, G; Foreman-Mackey, A; Ivsins, A; Mansoor, M, 2023)	0.91
" Regarding adverse events, nausea occurred in 12."	( Comparison of Analgesic Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose Transdermal Fentanyl and Oral Oxycodone in Opioid-Naïve Patients with Cancer Pain. Fujimoto, H; Funato, M; Kawana, M; Kiribayashi, M; Kokubun, H; Kondo, M; Kusakabe, A; Miyasato, A; Nagatani, K; Nakamura, K; Ohno, R; Okamoto, K; Onoda, C; Ozeki, A; Suzuki, N, 2023)	1.15
"Due to concerns over potential interactions between some hepatitis C direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) and opioids, we describe adverse event (AE) reports of concomitant use of opioids and DAAs."	( Reported adverse events related to use of hepatitis C virus direct-acting antivirals with opioids: 2017-2021. Collins, M; Conway, B; Dylla, DE; Khan, T; Marcinak, J; Martinez, A; Saget, B, 2023)	0.91
" Given the fact that these interventions do not directly aim to address toxic drug exposure as the primary vector and cause of acute overdose deaths, public health-oriented "safer drug supply" measures have been initiated in local settings across Canada."	( "Safer Drug Supply" Measures in Canada to Reduce the Drug Overdose Fatality Toll: Clarifying Concepts, Practices and Evidence Within a Public Health Intervention Framework. Fischer, B; Robinson, T, 2023)	0.91
"Although opioids have been shown to be effective for cancer pain, opioid-induced adverse events (AEs) are common."	( Prevalence of opioid-induced adverse events across opioids commonly used for analgesic treatment in Japan: a multicenter prospective longitudinal study. Arakawa, S; Chiu, SW; Hiratsuka, Y; Hirayama, H; Inoue, A; Ishiki, H; Kosugi, K; Kubo, E; Matsuda, Y; Miyashita, M; Morita, T; Natsume, M; Nishijima, K; Ouchi, K; Sato, M; Satomi, E; Shigeno, T; Shimizu, M; Shimoda, M; Shimoi, T; Tagami, K; Yamaguchi, T; Yokomichi, N, 2023)	0.91

Pharmacokinetics

The effects of age on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses to rocuronium (Org 9426) were studied in 20 elderly (> 70 yr) and 20 younger control patients. The plasma concentration achieving analgesia was not and so further research is needed.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Thereafter, serum levels fell more slowly with an observed half-life (t 1/2) of approximately 10 to 20 min."	( Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl as determined by radioimmunoassay. Benjamini, E; Eisele, J; Henderson, G; Schleimer, R, 1978)	0.58
" The area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) from zero to 1h, 2h, 3h, tracheal extubation and infinity, the absorption and distribution half-lives, maximum plasma and CSF concentrations, time to the peak concentration of sufentanil, and the fraction of sufentanil that reached the central circulation after epidural administration were assessed."	( Comparative absorption and distribution pharmacokinetics of intravenous and epidural sufentanil for major abdominal surgery. Ionescu, TI; Nuyten, ST; Taverne, RH, 1992)	0.28
"The pharmacokinetic characteristics of a constant rate methohexitone infusion were studied in young ASA 1 patients undergoing maxillofacial surgery."	( [Pharmacokinetics of methohexital given by constant rate intravenous infusion]. Bally, B; Gavend, M; Payen, JF; Serre-Debeauvais, F; Stieglitz, P; Tranchand, B, 1992)	0.28
"The pharmacokinetic variables of sufentanil were studied in 20 healthy children between two and eight years of age."	( Pharmacokinetics of sufentanil in normal children. Gaudreault, P; Goulet, B; Guay, J; Tang, A; Varin, F, 1992)	0.28
" The resulting data for the pharmacodynamic parameters of sufentanil were compared with fentanyl parameters that were obtained by reanalysis from an identically conducted, previously published study."	( Electroencephalographic quantitation of opioid effect: comparative pharmacodynamics of fentanyl and sufentanil. Cooke, JE; Scott, JC; Stanski, DR, 1991)	0.73
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were derived by noncompartmental analysis."	( The CSF and plasma pharmacokinetics of sufentanil after intrathecal administration. Hansdottir, V; Hedner, T; Nordberg, G; Woestenborghs, R, 1991)	0.28
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of these drugs were obtained by using two-compartment open model and population pharmacokinetics."	( [Effects of prostaglandin E1 on vecuronium and fentanyl pharmacokinetics in humans]. Ishii, T; Johno, I; Moriyama, S, 1991)	0.54
"Fentanyl, alfentanil, and sufentanil have important pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and rational opioid selection. Shafer, SL; Varvel, JR, 1991)	1.72
" Pharmacokinetic variables were calculated by iterative linear least square regression analysis."	( The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of Org 9426, a new non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent, in patients anaesthetized with nitrous oxide, halothane and fentanyl. Agoston, S; Kleef, UW; Kloppenburg, WD; Lambalk, LM; Wierda, JM, 1991)	0.48
"The pharmacokinetic and the effects of sufentanil (S) and fentanyl (F) on cardiovascular stability, brain swelling, respiratory depression and post operative status were studied in 30 neurosurgical patients (group S, n = 15; group F, n = 15)."	( [Clinical and pharmacokinetic comparative study of sufentanil and fentanyl in supratentorial neurosurgery]. Artru, F; Chacornac, R; Charlot, M; Levron, JC; Wasylkiewicz, Y, 1991)	0.76
" Peak plasma fentanyl concentrations (Fmax) and the time to reach Cmax (Tmax) were comparable in the two groups (0."	( Effect of epidural clonidine on analgesia and pharmacokinetics of epidural fentanyl in postoperative patients. Bonnet, F; Levron, JC; Pluskwa, F; Rostaing, S; Saada, M; Vodinh, J, 1991)	0.88
" The roles that age, hypothermia, protein binding and drug sequestration may play in changing opioid pharmacokinetic behaviour are examined and suggestions for future research are made."	( The pharmacokinetic behaviour of opioids administered during cardiac surgery. Hall, R, 1991)	0.28
" The results of our study suggest that this type of anesthesia of prolonged duration is safe as judged by the present pharmacokinetic study."	( [Clinical study on total intravenous anesthesia with droperidol, fentanyl and ketamine--3. Pharmacokinetics during prolonged continuous ketamine infusion]. Ishihara, H; Kotani, N; Kudo, M; Kudo, T; Matsuki, A, 1991)	0.52
" The pharmacokinetic characteristics of [3H]OMF in rats was studied in this paper."	( [Pharmacokinetics of [3H]ohmefentanyl in rats]. Chi, ZQ; Jin, WQ; Zhao, GM; Zheng, WJ; Zhou, HY, 1990)	0.57
" Pharmacokinetic variables were calculated from the derived compartmental models."	( Pharmacokinetics of sufentanil in the elderly surgical patient. Chang, WJ; Matteo, RS; Ornstein, E; Schwartz, AE; Young, WL, 1990)	0.28
"Computer-assisted continuous infusion (CACI) is a pharmacokinetic model-driven infusion device that enables physicians to administer intravenous (iv) drugs in a quantitative fashion, specifying a theoretical blood or plasma concentration."	( Pharmacokinetic model-driven infusion of fentanyl: assessment of accuracy. Bai, SA; Ginsberg, B; Glass, PS; Jacobs, JR; Quill, TJ; Reves, JG; Smith, LR, 1990)	0.54
"Fentanyl was administered to 21 patients using a computer-controlled infusion pump (CCIP) based on a pharmacokinetic model."	( Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl administered by computer-controlled infusion pump. Aziz, N; Scott, JC; Shafer, SL; Varvel, JR, 1990)	2.05
" The method employs a computer-controlled infusion pump and an algorithm that utilizes individual subject pharmacokinetic parameters predetermined with tailoring bolus opioid doses."	( Steady-state infusions of opioids in human volunteers. I. Pharmacokinetic tailoring. Bjurstrom, R; Chapman, CR; Donaldson, G; Hill, HF; Jacobson, R; Saeger, L, 1990)	0.28
" Pharmacokinetic differences do not explain the disparity seen in the time courses of EEG drug effect."	( Understanding pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics through computer stimulation: I. The comparative clinical profiles of fentanyl and alfentanil. Ebling, WF; Lee, EN; Stanski, DR, 1990)	0.49
"The pharmacokinetic properties of propofol given at a constant rate, were studied in 10 children."	( [Pediatric anesthesia and pharmacokinetics of propofol administered at a constant rate]. Barale, F; Clément, G; Kantelip, JP; Lassauge, F; Magnin, P; Pequegnot, C; Stimmesse, B; Succi, C; Than, TT, 1990)	0.28
" Though both volume of distribution and elimination half-life increased in the posttransplantation period, only the decrease in clearance was statistically significant."	( Effects of cholestatic hepatic disease and chronic renal failure on alfentanil pharmacokinetics in children. Brandom, BW; Cook, DR; Davis, JE; Davis, PJ; Scierka, AM; Stiller, RL, 1989)	0.28
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by a model-independent approach and by curve-fitting."	( Pharmacokinetics of alfentanil during and after a fixed rate infusion. Crul, J; Gasparini, R; Heykants, J; Noorduin, H; Van Beem, H; Van Egmond, J; Van Peer, A; Woestenborghs, R, 1989)	0.28
" The pharmacokinetic profile of alfentanil was determined in 6 premature infants requiring sedation for medical management or analgesia for stressful intensive-care procedures."	( Pharmacokinetics of alfentanil in newborn premature infants and older children. Cook, DR; Davis, PJ; Guthrie, RD; Killian, A; Scierka, AM; Stiller, RL, 1989)	0.28
" A three-compartment pharmacokinetic model was fit to the concentration versus time data."	( Pharmacokinetics of sufentanil in patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery. Bergstrom, RG; Hudson, RJ; Rosenbloom, M; Sabourin, MA; Strunin, L; Thomson, IR, 1989)	0.28
" Plasma sufentanil concentrations were best fitted to a bi-exponential curve and the pharmacokinetic variables calculated using a curve stripping program (STRIPE)."	( Sufentanil pharmacokinetics in neurosurgical patients. Bansinath, M; Brous, P; Canter, M; Puig, MM; Scoles, J; Turndorf, H, 1989)	0.28
" Plasma samples were obtained over a 72-hour period for pharmacokinetic analysis in five patients."	( Transdermal fentanyl: pharmacokinetics and preliminary clinical evaluation. Hameroff, SR; Kramer, TH; Linford, J; Plezia, PM, 1989)	0.66
"The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of alfentanil were studied in 64 surgical patients."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of alfentanil infusions during general anesthesia. Shafer, A; Sung, ML; White, PF, 1986)	0.27
" The elderly can show greater sensitivity to opioid drugs which may be related to pharmacokinetic differences."	( The pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of a low dose of alfentanil in elderly patients. Bower, S; Dodson, ME; Kent, AP, 1988)	0.27
" The use of urethane as an anesthetic in pharmacokinetic studies still persists, particularly in experiments of long duration."	( Possible hemodynamic basis to urethane anesthesia-induced reductions in renal clearance. Gumbleton, M; Nicholls, PJ; Taylor, G, )	0.13
"The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles of high-dose sufentanil (15 micrograms/kg) and oxygen were determined in 20 infants and children undergoing repair of congenital heart defects."	( Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of high-dose sufentanil in infants and children undergoing cardiac surgery. Cook, DR; Davin-Robinson, KA; Davis, PJ; Stiller, RL, 1987)	0.27
" The elimination half-life (T1/2 beta) was 783 +/- 346 min in neonates, significantly longer than the values of 214 +/- 41, 140 +/- 30, and 209 +/- 23 min observed in infants, children, and adolescents, respectively."	( Sufentanil pharmacokinetics in pediatric cardiovascular patients. Davis, DP; de Bruijn, NP; Greeley, WJ, 1987)	0.27
" The effects of chronic renal failure (CRF) on the pharmacokinetic profile of sufentanil were evaluated in six adolescent patients undergoing renal transplantation, and these findings were compared with data from age-matched control patients with normal renal function who were undergoing other surgical procedures."	( Pharmacokinetics of sufentanil in adolescent patients with chronic renal failure. Brandom, BW; Cook, DR; Davin-Robinson, KA; Davis, PJ; Stiller, RL, 1988)	0.27
" These changes, in turn, may result in pharmacokinetic alterations in affected patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of sufentanil in patients undergoing renal transplantation. Avitable, M; Butt, K; Casthely, PA; Fyman, PN; Moser, F; Reynolds, JR, 1988)	0.27
" Elimination half-life and plasma clearance were similar in both groups."	( Pharmacokinetics of alfentanil in chronic renal failure. Chauvin, M; Duvaldestin, P; Lebrault, C; Levron, JC, 1987)	0.27
" The optimal pharmacokinetic model for alfentanil was an open two-compartment model."	( A comparison of alfentanil pharmacokinetics in children and adults. Lepaul, M; Levron, JC; Loose, JP; Mac Gee, K; Meistelman, C; Saint-Maurice, C, 1987)	0.27
"The population pharmacokinetic parameters describing the plasma concentration versus time profile of alfentanil in patients undergoing general anesthesia were determined from 614 plasma concentration measurements collected in four previously reported studies with a total of 45 patients."	( Population pharmacokinetics of alfentanil: the average dose-plasma concentration relationship and interindividual variability in patients. Heykants, J; Maitre, PO; Stanski, DR; Thomson, DA; Vozeh, S, 1987)	0.27
" The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic components of each patient's dose-response relationship were evaluated simultaneously."	( Decreased fentanyl and alfentanil dose requirements with age. A simultaneous pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation. Scott, JC; Stanski, DR, 1987)	0.68
" Pharmacokinetic values were independent of dose."	( The pharmacokinetics of alfentanil in children. Goresky, GV; Koren, G; Sabourin, MA; Sale, JP; Strunin, L, 1987)	0.27
" Recently, the authors completed a population pharmacokinetic analysis of the new opioid alfentanil using the computer program NONMEM."	( Evaluating the accuracy of using population pharmacokinetic data to predict plasma concentrations of alfentanil. Ausems, ME; Maitre, PO; Stanski, DR; Vozeh, S, 1988)	0.27
" A pharmacokinetic basis is given for alfentanil infusion schemes in patients undergoing routine surgery."	( The pharmacokinetic basis of alfentanil infusion. Geerts, P; Heykants, J; Noorduin, H; Vanden Bussche, G, 1987)	0.27
"58 litre kg-1, resulting in a terminal half-life of 112 min."	( Pharmacokinetics of alfentanil in total i.v. anaesthesia. Hartvig, P; Nilsson, A; Persson, MP, 1988)	0.27
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were similar in the three subjects and were in the same range as those reported for volunteers."	( Alfentanil pharmacokinetics and metabolism in humans. Hendrickx, J; Heykants, J; Lauwers, W; Meuldermans, W; Van Craeyvelt, H; Van der Aa, P; Van Peer, A; Vanden Bussche, G; Woestenborghs, R, 1988)	0.27
" Plasma concentration versus time data were fitted to two- and three-compartment pharmacokinetic models, and clearance, volume of distribution at steady-state (Vdss), and elimination half-life were determined."	( Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in neonatal humans and lambs: effects of age. Fisher, DM; Gauntlett, IS; Hertzka, RE; Kuhls, E; Rudolph, C; Spellman, MJ, 1988)	0.6
" Pharmacokinetic variables were determined by non-compartmental techniques."	( Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in the elderly. Fisher, DM; Rosen, JI; Singleton, MA, 1988)	0.6
" Fentanyl did not alter the elimination half-life of R 8110."	( Hypnoanalgesia with R 8110/fentanyl in the dog: pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions. Degryse, AD; Heykants, J; Lagerweij, E; Michiels, M; Monbaliu, J; Ooms, LA; Van Dijk, P; Woestenborghs, R, 1988)	1.48
" A pharmacokinetic study was performed of the fentanyl."	( [Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl administered via peridural route in the woman in labor]. Cousin, MT; Garen, C; Lampl, E; Levron, P; Pathier, D, 1986)	0.85
" Elimination half-life was 6-32 hr (mean +/- SD, 17."	( Fentanyl pharmacokinetics and hemodynamic effects in preterm infants during ligation of patent ductus arteriosus. Collins, C; Crean, P; Klein, J; Koren, G; MacLeod, SM; Roy, WL, 1985)	1.71
" To accurately relate EEG changes to serum narcotic concentrations, a pharmacodynamic model (inhibitory sigmoid Emax) was combined with a pharmacokinetic model that incorporated an "effect" compartment."	( EEG quantitation of narcotic effect: the comparative pharmacodynamics of fentanyl and alfentanil. Ponganis, KV; Scott, JC; Stanski, DR, 1985)	0.5
" The kinetics of the analgesic can be described by a two-compartment model; the elimination half-life has a mean value of 64."	( Pharmacokinetic data analysis of alfentanil after multiple injections and etomidate-infusion in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. Abel, J; Freye, E; Haag, W; Hartung, E; Klatte, A; Richter, O, 1985)	0.27
" groups showed the same pharmacokinetic pattern."	( Clinical assessment and plasma pharmacokinetics associated with intramuscular or extradural alfentanil. Chauvin, M; Levron, JC; Perrin, D; Salbaing, J; Viars, P, 1985)	0.27
"The accuracy of using average alfentanil pharmacokinetic data in a computer assisted infusion pump (TIAC) to predict alfentanil plasma concentrations was tested in 35 patients (divided into three groups) receiving alfentanil and nitrous oxide in oxygen anaesthesia for lower and upper abdominal surgery."	( An evaluation of the accuracy of pharmacokinetic data for the computer assisted infusion of alfentanil. Ausems, ME; Hug, CC; Stanski, DR, 1985)	0.27
"38 ml X kg-1 X min-1; and terminal elimination half-life (t 1/2 beta), 317 +/- 70 min."	( Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in neonates. Brundage, DM; Buckley, JJ; Hegland, MG; Koehntop, DE; Rodman, JH, 1986)	0.59
" A three-compartment pharmacokinetic model was fit to the concentration versus time data."	( Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery. Cannon, JE; Friesen, RM; Hudson, RJ; Meatherall, RC; Thomson, IR, 1986)	0.59
"9 ng/ml at 5, 15, and 30 min postbolus, respectively, with an elimination phase half-life of 35."	( Cardiovascular and pharmacodynamic effects of high-dose fentanyl in newborn piglets. Cook, DR; Schieber, RA; Stiller, RL, 1985)	0.52
"The derived pharmacokinetic data for the intravenous administration of fentanyl obtained from seven previous studies were compared using computer simulation of predicted plasma concentrations following three intravenous dosage regimens."	( Variability of fentanyl pharmacokinetics in man. Computer predicted plasma concentrations for three intravenous dosage regimens. Reilly, CS; Wood, AJ; Wood, M, 1985)	0.86
" In a case of end stage renal failure, the pharmacokinetic parameters during cardiac surgery were similar to 18 children from the same age group with normal renal function."	( Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in children with renal disease. Crean, P; Goresky, GV; Klein, J; Koren, G; MacLeod, SM, 1984)	0.59
"In 7 patients (ASA class I and II) the pharmacokinetic behaviour after bolus injection of alfentanyl was investigated."	( [Clinical pharmacokinetics of alfentanyl (author's transl)]. Schüttler, J; Stoeckel, H, 1982)	0.77
" For both analgesics, the pharmacokinetic profile in man could be described by a three-compartment model."	( Radioimmunoassay of the new opiate analgesics alfentanil and sufentanil. Preliminary pharmacokinetic profile in man. Hendriks, R; Heykants, J; Michiels, M, 1983)	0.27
" Recent developments in analytical techniques have allowed pharmacokinetic studies and these have confirmed this opinion; fentanyl is rightly regarded as having a redistribution-limited duration of action after single or infrequent doses (analogous to thiopentone)."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of fentanyl and its newer derivatives. Mather, LE, )	0.63
" The average terminal elimination (beta) half-life was 164 +/- 22 min."	( The pharmacokinetics of sufentanil in surgical patients. Blackburn, CL; Bovill, JG; Heykants, JJ; Oei-Lim, V; Sebel, PS, 1984)	0.27
" The distribution half-life (mean +/- SD) (7."	( Pharmacokinetics of the infusion of alfentanil in man. Booij, LH; Braak, GJ; Crul, JF; Fragen, RJ; Heykants, J; Vree, TB, 1983)	0.27
" Plasma concentrations of the drug peaked at 10 micrograms/ml and decreased rapidly at first, and then more slowly, with an apparent beta-phase half-life of 18."	( Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and behavioral effects of caffeine in horses. Greene, EW; Tobin, T; Woods, WE, 1983)	0.27
" Dosage rules based on pharmacokinetic principles, for repeated administration and infusion are outlined for the induction, maintenance and termination of anaesthesia."	( [Principles of clinical pharmacokinetics in anaesthesiology (author's transl)]. Lauven, PM; Schüttler, J; Schwilden, H; Stoeckel, H, 1982)	0.26
"The authors carried out a quantitative assessment of pharmacodynamic effects of droperidol (5 and 25 mg/kg) and phentanyl (0."	( [Pharmacodynamics of the interaction of neuroleptanalgetics]. Dimitriadi, NA; Karkishchenko, NN; Khoron'ko, VV; Tarakanov, AV, )	0.13
" Plasma fentanyl concentrations declined bi-exponentially in the controls with an average elimination half-life (T1/2 beta) of 263 min; total plasma clearance (Cl) as 10."	( Fentanyl pharmacokinetics in anaesthetized patients with cirrhosis. Couderc, E; Duvaldestin, P; Haberer, JP; Schoeffler, P, 1982)	2.14
" Evaluation of pharmacokinetic data from experiments using nine dogs revealed a triphasic phenomenon."	( Determination of plasma fentanyl by GC-mass spectrometry and pharmacokinetic analysis. Caprioli, RM; Lin, SN; Mo, BP; Wang, TP, 1981)	0.57
" Pharmacokinetic studies have suggested that abdominal surgery in neonates decreases fentanyl clearance, contending that this results from increases in intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) decreasing hepatic blood flow."	( Effect of increased intra-abdominal pressure on hepatic extraction and clearance of fentanyl in neonatal lambs. Brown, R; Fisher, DM; Gauntlett, IS; Kuhls, E; Lau, M; Rudolph, CD; Teitel, DF, 1995)	0.74
" To demonstrate that inhalation of a mixture of free and liposome-encapsulated fentanyl can provide a rapid increase and sustained plasma fentanyl concentrations (CfenS), this study determined the pharmacokinetic profiles after the inhalation of free and liposome-encapsulated fentanyl in healthy volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetics of inhaled liposome-encapsulated fentanyl. Hung, OR; Mezei, M; Shafer, SL; Varvel, JR; Whynot, SC, 1995)	0.77
"33 hours every hour, respectively), the area under the serum fentanyl concentration curve appeared to be independent of the time of infusion."	( Evaluation of diurnal variation in fentanyl clearance. Gupta, SK; Hwang, SS; Southam, MA, 1995)	0.81
"The objectives of this investigation were to characterize the disposition of fentanyl and alfentanil in 14 tissues in the rat, and to create physiological pharmacokinetic models for these opioids that would be scalable to man."	( Comparative physiological pharmacokinetics of fentanyl and alfentanil in rats and humans based on parametric single-tissue models. Björkman, S; Ebling, WF; Stanski, DR; Wada, DR, 1994)	0.78
"min-1, was infused for 10 min, venous blood sampled for 60 min, and twitch tension and plasma concentration data were used to determine pharmacodynamic variables in each patient."	( Mild intraoperative hypothermia does not change the pharmacodynamics (concentration-effect relationship) of vecuronium in humans. Caldwell, JE; Gruenke, LD; Heier, T; Miller, RD; Sharma, ML, 1994)	0.29
" We investigated the role of each of these primary pharmacokinetic parameters to determine values of each that would contribute to rapid recovery after various dosing schemes."	( Pharmacokinetic parameters relevant to recovery from opioids. Shafer, SL; Youngs, EJ, 1994)	0.29
" Set I predicted the change in plasma concentration of each drug after a bolus if each pharmacokinetic parameter were independently increased by 5%."	( Pharmacokinetic parameters relevant to recovery from opioids. Shafer, SL; Youngs, EJ, 1994)	0.29
"This study proposes qualitative guidelines for pharmacokinetic properties desirable in anesthetic drugs."	( Pharmacokinetic parameters relevant to recovery from opioids. Shafer, SL; Youngs, EJ, 1994)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic analysis showed no significant differences for rocuronium during the 3 anesthetic techniques."	( Clinical pharmacology of rocuronium (Org 9426): study of the time course of action, dose requirement, reversibility, and pharmacokinetics. Hennis, PJ; Leclercq, MG; Smeulers, NJ; van den Broek, L; van Santen, GJ; Wierda, JM, )	0.13
" The current study was undertaken to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of the individual stereoisomers of mivacurium, to evaluate the dose-proportionality of the more potent trans-trans and cis-trans isomers, and to evaluate the pharmacodynamics of mivacurium in healthy adult patients receiving a consecutive two-step infusion of mivacurium."	( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the stereoisomers of mivacurium in patients receiving nitrous oxide/opioid/barbiturate anesthesia. Belmont, MR; Embree, PB; Lien, CA; Savarese, JJ; Schmith, VD; Wargin, WA, 1994)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using noncompartmental analysis."	( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the stereoisomers of mivacurium in patients receiving nitrous oxide/opioid/barbiturate anesthesia. Belmont, MR; Embree, PB; Lien, CA; Savarese, JJ; Schmith, VD; Wargin, WA, 1994)	0.29
" The only significant difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters was the shortened elimination half-life in patients between 1 and 3 years of age."	( Pharmacokinetics of glycopyrrolate in children. Ali-Melkkilä, T; Iisalo, E; Kaila, T; Kanto, J; Olkkola, KT; Rautakorpi, P, )	0.13
" The shortened elimination half-life in children between 1 and 3 years of age is of minor clinical importance."	( Pharmacokinetics of glycopyrrolate in children. Ali-Melkkilä, T; Iisalo, E; Kaila, T; Kanto, J; Olkkola, KT; Rautakorpi, P, )	0.13
"The effects of age on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses to rocuronium (Org 9426) were studied in 20 elderly (> 70 yr) and 20 younger control patients (< 60 yr) during N2O/O2, fentanyl anesthesia."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rocuronium (Org 9426) in elderly surgical patients. Matteo, RS; Ornstein, E; Ostapkovich, N; Schwartz, AE; Stone, JG, 1993)	0.48
"5 h Tmax was observed."	( In vivo iontophoresis of fentanyl and sufentanil in rats: pharmacokinetics and acute antinociceptive effects. Préat, V; Thysman, S, 1993)	0.59
" Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic variables, total body clearance, volume of distribution at steady state, and terminal elimination half-life were calculated."	( Pharmacokinetics of continuous infusions of fentanyl in critically ill children. Katz, R; Kelly, HW, 1993)	0.55
"5) and the terminal elimination half-life was prolonged 21."	( Pharmacokinetics of continuous infusions of fentanyl in critically ill children. Katz, R; Kelly, HW, 1993)	0.55
"We compared the pharmacodynamic effects and hospital costs of three long-acting neuromuscular blocking drugs in a prospective, randomized, double-blind manner."	( Hemodynamic and pharmacodynamic comparison of doxacurium and pipecuronium with pancuronium during induction of cardiac anesthesia: does the benefit justify the cost? Brooker, RF; Butterworth, JF; Gravlee, GP; Prielipp, RC; Rathmell, JP, 1993)	0.29
" Following removal of the system, the mean (SD) apparent half-life was 21."	( Transdermal fentanyl for cancer pain. Repeated dose pharmacokinetics. Foley, KM; Gupta, SK; Inturrisi, CE; Lapin, J; Layman, M; Portenoy, RK; Southam, MA, 1993)	0.66
" The apparent half-life following system removal is relatively long, indicating ongoing absorption from a subcutaneous depot."	( Transdermal fentanyl for cancer pain. Repeated dose pharmacokinetics. Foley, KM; Gupta, SK; Inturrisi, CE; Lapin, J; Layman, M; Portenoy, RK; Southam, MA, 1993)	0.66
" The overall mean elimination half-life was 182 min, Vdss 169 l and the plasma clearance 910 ml min-1."	( Pharmacokinetics of sufentanil in general surgical patients under different conditions of anaesthesia. Gasparini, R; Lehmann, KA; Sipakis, K; van Peer, A, 1993)	0.29
" The concentration-time data were analyzed by noncompartmental methods and subsequently linked to the pharmacodynamic effect data by a competitive antagonism link model."	( Duration of opioid antagonism by nalmefene and naloxone in the dog: an integrated pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic comparison. Osifchin, E; Veng-Pedersen, P; Waters, SJ; Wilhelm, JA; Zakszewski, TB, 1995)	0.29
"The opioid antagonist nalmefene was compared in its pharmacodynamic properties to the structurally similar antagonist naloxone in a 2 x 2 cross-over study with 8 dogs."	( Duration of opioid antagonism by nalmefene and naloxone in the dog. A nonparametric pharmacodynamic comparison based on generalized cross-validated spline estimation. Osifchin, E; Veng-Pedersen, P; Waters, SJ; Wilhelm, JA; Zakszewski, TB, 1995)	0.29
" For each drug, an effect compartment pharmacodynamic model was fit to the values for minute ventilation to determine the steady-state opioid plasma concentration depressing ventilation by 50% (C50) and the rate constant for equilibration between plasma concentration and effect (keo)."	( Opioid pharmacodynamics in neonatal dogs: differences between morphine and fentanyl. Bragg, P; Fisher, DM; Lau, M; Zwass, MS, 1995)	0.52
" Pharmacokinetic parameters for fentanyl were not significantly altered by the route of administration."	( Intratracheal administration of fentanyl: pharmacokinetics and local tissue effects. Ahmed, ST; Ahmed, U; Anand, KJ; Gancayco, A; Irazuzta, JE; Zhang, J, 1996)	0.86
" Important pharmacokinetic differences between alfentanil, fentanyl and sufentanil have been shown in many reports."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of alfentanil, fentanyl and sufentanil. An update. Scholz, J; Schulz, M; Steinfath, M, 1996)	0.8
" Plasma fentanyl concentrations were measured and used to evaluate the performance of the fentanyl pharmacokinetics and then to determine a new set of pharmacokinetic parameters and the variance in the context-sensitive half-times simulated for these patients."	( Pharmacokinetic model-driven infusion of fentanyl in children. Dear, GL; Ginsberg, B; Glass, PS; Howell, S; Margolis, JO; Ross, AK; Shafer, SL, 1996)	0.99
" A two-compartment model with age and weight as covariates provided the optimal pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetic model-driven infusion of fentanyl in children. Dear, GL; Ginsberg, B; Glass, PS; Howell, S; Margolis, JO; Ross, AK; Shafer, SL, 1996)	0.56
"Although fentanyl administration by continuous infusion in newborns during ventilatory support has increased, pharmacokinetic data are lacking."	( Pharmacokinetics of continuous infusion fentanyl in newborns. Christie, J; Markowsky, SJ; Santeiro, ML; Stromquist, C; Torres, BA, )	0.82
" An effect compartment pharmacodynamic model was fit to the values for time to response to determine the rate constant for equilibration (Keo) between plasma and effect-site (Ce) concentrations and analgesic effect (increase in time to response to a noxious stimulus) above baseline per microgram/ml of Ce (delta)."	( Opioid-induced analgesia in neonatal dogs: pharmacodynamic differences between morphine and fentanyl. Brown, RC; Chari, G; Fisher, DM; Lau, M; Luks, AM; Zwass, MS, 1998)	0.52
" Maximum concentration, time to maximum concentration, area under the curve, and elimination half-life were determined for each dose administered."	( Dose proportionality and pharmacokinetics of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate. Busch, MA; Egan, TD; Gay, M; Pace, NL; Smith, BG; Streisand, JB, 1998)	0.54
" Except for the 200-microg dose, the apparent elimination half-life remained relatively constant (358-386 min)."	( Dose proportionality and pharmacokinetics of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate. Busch, MA; Egan, TD; Gay, M; Pace, NL; Smith, BG; Streisand, JB, 1998)	0.54
"5 Hz frequency band of the electroencephalogram (EEG) was used as pharmacodynamic endpoint."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the electroencephalogram effect of synthetic opioids in the rat: correlation with the interaction at the mu-opioid receptor. Cox, EH; Danhof, M; Kerbusch, T; Van der Graaf, PH, 1998)	0.3
" The aims of this study were to determine whether physiologic pharmacokinetic models for fentanyl and alfentanil, based on data from rats, could predict plasma concentrations of these opioids in humans and to determine how changes in physiology would influence the predictions of their disposition."	( Application of physiologic models to predict the influence of changes in body composition and blood flows on the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl and alfentanil in patients. Björkman, S; Stanski, DR; Wada, DR, 1998)	0.73
"The predictions of the models were tested against plasma concentration data from published pharmacokinetic studies."	( Application of physiologic models to predict the influence of changes in body composition and blood flows on the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl and alfentanil in patients. Björkman, S; Stanski, DR; Wada, DR, 1998)	0.5
" From the pharmacokinetic point of view, PFK may be safely applied even for neonates."	( [Clinical indication of propofol for pediatric patients--pharmacokinetics of propofol and ketamine during and after total intravenous anesthesia with propofol, fentanyl and ketamine (PFK) in a neonate]. Komoda, Y; Kudo, M; Kudo, T; Matsuki, A; Mi, WD; Sakai, T, 1998)	0.5
" The pharmacokinetic differences may be related to the differences in the sensitivity to vecuronium between genders."	( The pharmacokinetics of vecuronium in male and female patients. An, G; Liao, X; Luo, LK; Xue, FS; Zou, Q, 1998)	0.3
"The objective of this study was to determine hemodynamic effects and pharmacokinetic profiles of fentanyl with continuous infusion in 1- to 3-day-old newborn piglets."	( Pharmacodynamic effects and pharmacokinetic profile of continuous infusion fentanyl in newborn piglets. Beharry, KD; Modanlou, HD; Rajan, V; Williams, P, 1998)	0.75
" A loading dose based on the Vd at the tmax will accurately achieve the concentration at the tmax without unexpected adverse effects."	( Determination of the distribution volume that can be used to calculate the intravenous loading dose. Drover, DR; Lemmens, HJ; Wada, DR, 1998)	0.3
" Fentanyl pharmacokinetics with either E-TRANS (fentanyl) or intravenous infusion were time-invariant over a 24-h application period, with similar mean half-life values (about 15-18 h)."	( Effect of current density on pharmacokinetics following continuous or intermittent input from a fentanyl electrotransport system. Gupta, SK; Klausner, M; Sathyan, G; Southam, M, 1998)	1.43
" The goal of this study was to characterize the pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and fentanyl with respect to the suppression of somatic or hemodynamic responses after three stimuli: skin incision, peritoneum incision, and abdominal wall retraction."	( The pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and fentanyl with respect to the suppression of somatic or hemodynamic responses to skin incision, peritoneum incision, and abdominal wall retraction. Ikeda, K; Kazama, T; Morita, K, 1998)	0.77
" There were no differences in the time at which maximum plasma concentrations occurred (tmax), elimination half-life after patch removal, or AUC(0-infinity)."	( Perioperative pharmacokinetics of transdermal fentanyl in elderly and young adult patients. Bower, S; Liddle, AM; Rowbotham, DJ; Thompson, JP, 1998)	0.56
" (2) To estimate the pediatric pharmacokinetic parameters of TTS-fentanyl."	( Transdermal fentanyl in children with cancer pain: feasibility, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic correlates. Collins, JJ; Dunkel, IJ; Gupta, SK; Inturrisi, CE; Lapin, J; Palmer, LN; Portenoy, RK; Weinstein, SM, 1999)	0.92
" Compared with published pharmacokinetic data from adults, the mean clearance and volume of distribution of transdermal fentanyl were the same, but the variability was less."	( Transdermal fentanyl in children with cancer pain: feasibility, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic correlates. Collins, JJ; Dunkel, IJ; Gupta, SK; Inturrisi, CE; Lapin, J; Palmer, LN; Portenoy, RK; Weinstein, SM, 1999)	0.89
"Treatment of children with TTS-fentanyl is feasible and well tolerated and yields fentanyl pharmacokinetic parameter estimates similar to those for adults."	( Transdermal fentanyl in children with cancer pain: feasibility, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic correlates. Collins, JJ; Dunkel, IJ; Gupta, SK; Inturrisi, CE; Lapin, J; Palmer, LN; Portenoy, RK; Weinstein, SM, 1999)	0.97
" Each animal's pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by fitting a three-compartment model to the concentration versus time data Nonlinear mixed-effects population pharmacokinetic models examining the influence of mean arterial pressure and cardiac index were also constructed."	( Fentanyl pharmacokinetics in hemorrhagic shock: a porcine model. Bailey, PL; Egan, TD; Gong, G; Kuramkote, S; McJames, SW; Zhang, J, 1999)	1.75
" The most useful population model scaled all pharmacokinetic parameters to mean arterial pressure."	( Fentanyl pharmacokinetics in hemorrhagic shock: a porcine model. Bailey, PL; Egan, TD; Gong, G; Kuramkote, S; McJames, SW; Zhang, J, 1999)	1.75
" The reduced opioid requirement commonly observed during hemorrhagic shock is at least partially attributable to pharmacokinetic mechanisms."	( Fentanyl pharmacokinetics in hemorrhagic shock: a porcine model. Bailey, PL; Egan, TD; Gong, G; Kuramkote, S; McJames, SW; Zhang, J, 1999)	1.75
" Pharmacokinetic values were calculated, using a computerized modeling program."	( Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl after intravenous and transdermal administration in goats. Boothe, DM; Carroll, GL; Hartsfield, SM; Hooper, RN; Randoll, LA, 1999)	0.63
"5 microg/kg) in goats results in a relatively short half-life that will limit its use for management of pain."	( Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl after intravenous and transdermal administration in goats. Boothe, DM; Carroll, GL; Hartsfield, SM; Hooper, RN; Randoll, LA, 1999)	0.63
" The slowing of the EEG to a median power frequency of 2 Hz to 3 Hz was chosen as the measure of pharmacodynamic drug effect."	( Isoflurane, nitrous oxide, and fentanyl pharmacodynamic interactions in surgical patients as measured by effects on median power frequency. Hoeft, A; Lier, H; Röpcke, H; Schwilden, H, 1999)	0.59
" This review analyses the pharmacokinetic properties of transdermal opioid administration in the context of clinical experience, with a focus on fentanyl."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of transdermal opioids: focus on transdermal fentanyl. Grond, S; Lehmann, KA; Radbruch, L, 2000)	0.74
" The descriptive pharmacokinetic parameters (maximum concentration, minimum concentration, and time to maximum concentration) were identified from the raw data and subjected to a nonparametric analysis of variance."	( Multiple dose pharmacokinetics of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate in healthy volunteers. Ashburn, MA; Egan, TD; Kievit, J; Pace, NL; Sharma, A; Streisand, JB, 2000)	0.56
" A two-compartment population pharmacokinetic model adequately represented the central tendency of the data from all subjects."	( Multiple dose pharmacokinetics of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate in healthy volunteers. Ashburn, MA; Egan, TD; Kievit, J; Pace, NL; Sharma, A; Streisand, JB, 2000)	0.56
" Using SAAM II pharmacokinetic modeling software (SAAM Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA), the data were fit to a 16-compartment model that was divided into four spinal levels, each of which consisted of a caternary arrangement of four compartments representing the spinal cord, cerebrospinal fluid, epidural space, and epidural fat."	( Comparative spinal distribution and clearance kinetics of intrathecally administered morphine, fentanyl, alfentanil, and sufentanil. Arends, RH; Bernards, CM; Shen, DD; Ummenhofer, WC, 2000)	0.53
"The four opioids studied demonstrate markedly different pharmacokinetic behavior, which correlates well with their pharmacodynamic behavior."	( Comparative spinal distribution and clearance kinetics of intrathecally administered morphine, fentanyl, alfentanil, and sufentanil. Arends, RH; Bernards, CM; Shen, DD; Ummenhofer, WC, 2000)	0.53
"The pharmacodynamic differences in time to onset and dissipation of effect of sufentanil, fentanyl, and alfentanil probably result from different rates of blood-brain equilibration."	( Pharmacokinetics of human cerebral opioid extraction: a comparative study on sufentanil, fentanyl, and alfentanil in a patient after severe head injury. Göbel, L; Gruber, M; Hoerauf, KH; Metz, C; Taeger, K, 2000)	0.75
"To compare pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of fentanyl citrate after IV or transdermal administration in cats."	( Comparison of pharmacokinetics of fentanyl after intravenous and transdermal administration in cats. Hardie, EM; Lee, DD; Papich, MG, 2000)	0.82
" Pharmacokinetic analyses of plasma drug concentrations were conducted, using an automated curve-stripping process followed by nonlinear, least-squares regression."	( Comparison of pharmacokinetics of fentanyl after intravenous and transdermal administration in cats. Hardie, EM; Lee, DD; Papich, MG, 2000)	0.59
" The clearance, volume of distribution area, volume of distribution steady state, mean residence time, area under the curve, elimination rate constant, and half-life were 32."	( Pharmacokinetics and cardiopulmonary effects of fentanyl in isoflurane-anesthetized rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Baggot, JD; Kollias-Baker, C; Mama, KR; Steffey, EP; Valverde, CR, 2000)	0.56
" The use of ketamine as an anaesthetic agent in rabbits is questionable, while the use of fentanyl in pigs, methohexitone in rats and ketamine in rats and pigs is well supported by the pharmacokinetic data."	( Clearance of fentanyl, alfentanil, methohexitone, thiopentone and ketamine in relation to estimated hepatic blood flow in several animal species: application to prediction of clearance in man. Björkman, S; Redke, F, 2000)	0.9
" The pharmacokinetic properties of fentanyl administered as a single 5 ug/kg intravenous infusion were evaluated in 18 healthy volunteers by use of SIM as well as with NPEM."	( Population pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in healthy volunteers. Ariano, RE; Duke, PC; Sitar, DS, 2001)	0.87
" Therefore, we aimed to define a pharmacokinetic model that accurately predicts fentanyl concentrations before, during, and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)."	( Validation of fentanyl pharmacokinetics in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Harding, G; Henderson, BT; Hudson, RJ; Peterson, DJ; Singh, K; Thomson, IR, 2002)	0.9
"Parameters for two-compartment and three-compartment models were estimated by applying population pharmacokinetic modelling to fentanyl concentration vs time data measured in 29 patients undergoing elective, primary CABG."	( Validation of fentanyl pharmacokinetics in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Harding, G; Henderson, BT; Hudson, RJ; Peterson, DJ; Singh, K; Thomson, IR, 2002)	0.88
"Our pharmacokinetic model provides a rational foundation for designing fentanyl dose regimens for patients undergoing CABG."	( Validation of fentanyl pharmacokinetics in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Harding, G; Henderson, BT; Hudson, RJ; Peterson, DJ; Singh, K; Thomson, IR, 2002)	0.91
"0 microg/ml, and the half-life may be longer than previously reported values in adult patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of propofol in elderly coronary artery bypass graft patients under total intravenous anesthesia. Morikawa, N; Noguchi, T; Oishi, K; Takeyama, M, 2002)	0.31
" We previously examined pharmacokinetic parameters of children who had completed consumption of the Fentanyl Oralet."	( Uptake pharmacokinetics of the Fentanyl Oralet in children scheduled for central venous access removal: implications for the timing of initiating painful procedures. Avram, MJ; Birmingham, PK; Coté, CJ; Dsida, RM; Wang, Z; Wheeler, M, 2002)	0.82
" This led to a relatively late and variable peak concentration time of 53 +/- 40 min."	( Uptake pharmacokinetics of the Fentanyl Oralet in children scheduled for central venous access removal: implications for the timing of initiating painful procedures. Avram, MJ; Birmingham, PK; Coté, CJ; Dsida, RM; Wang, Z; Wheeler, M, 2002)	0.6
" However, the variability of the time to peak concentration makes it difficult to suggest a minimum interval between Fentanyl Oralet consumption and the start of a painful procedure."	( Uptake pharmacokinetics of the Fentanyl Oralet in children scheduled for central venous access removal: implications for the timing of initiating painful procedures. Avram, MJ; Birmingham, PK; Coté, CJ; Dsida, RM; Wang, Z; Wheeler, M, 2002)	0.81
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis."	( Simultaneous assessment of drug interactions with low- and high-extraction opioids: application to parecoxib effects on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fentanyl and alfentanil. Feldman, J; Ibrahim, AE; Karim, A; Kharasch, ED, 2003)	0.51
"Although the pharmacodynamics of fentanyl have not been investigated fully in horses, transdermally-administered fentanyl exhibited a favourable pharmacokinetic profile without clinically relevant side effects and may be a useful analgesic in equine patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl following intravenous and transdermal administration in horses. Kollias-Baker, C; Maxwell, LK; Slovis, N; Thomasy, SM, 2003)	0.92
" There were no significant differences between the treatment groups in either the time to peak concentration (Tmax) or the mean residence time (MRT)."	( A pharmacokinetic study to compare two simultaneous 400 microg doses with a single 800 microg dose of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate. Egan, TD; Kern, SE; Kisicki, JC; Lee, M, 2003)	0.53
"Although fentanyl has been widely used in cardiac anesthesia, no complete pharmacokinetic model that has assessed the effect of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and that has adequate predictive accuracy has been defined."	( Cardiopulmonary bypass has minimal effects on the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in adults. Brown, AD; Freedman, JI; Hudson, RJ; Jassal, R; Peterson, DJ; Thomson, IR, 2003)	0.97
"Population pharmacokinetic modeling was applied to concentration-versus-time data from 61 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting using CPB."	( Cardiopulmonary bypass has minimal effects on the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in adults. Brown, AD; Freedman, JI; Hudson, RJ; Jassal, R; Peterson, DJ; Thomson, IR, 2003)	0.55
"Compared to other factors that cause pharmacokinetic variability, the effect of CPB on fentanyl kinetics is clinically insignificant."	( Cardiopulmonary bypass has minimal effects on the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in adults. Brown, AD; Freedman, JI; Hudson, RJ; Jassal, R; Peterson, DJ; Thomson, IR, 2003)	0.78
" The objective of this study was to further evaluate the pharmacokinetic effect of local heat administration on fentanyl drug delivery through the transdermal fentanyl patch delivery system in volunteers."	( The pharmacokinetics of transdermal fentanyl delivered with and without controlled heat. Ashburn, MA; Basta, SV; Love, G; Ogden, LL; Zhang, J, 2003)	0.8
" Using the patient's response to a large-dose fentanyl infusion in conjunction with a pharmacokinetic simulation, effective intraoperative and postoperative fentanyl plasma concentrations were achieved."	( Preoperative fentanyl infusion with pharmacokinetic simulation for anesthetic and perioperative management of an opioid-tolerant patient. Davis, JJ; Egan, TD; Johnson, KB; Snell, TE; Swenson, JD; Vezina, DP, 2003)	0.95
"A preinduction fentanyl infusion used in conjunction with pharmacokinetic simulation can be a useful tool for assessing individual limits of opioid tolerance, as well as determining an appropriate dose for acute pain management in opioid-tolerant patients."	( Preoperative fentanyl infusion with pharmacokinetic simulation for anesthetic and perioperative management of an opioid-tolerant patient. Davis, JJ; Egan, TD; Johnson, KB; Snell, TE; Swenson, JD; Vezina, DP, 2003)	1.04
"Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models can be used to predict drug disposition in humans from animal data and the influence of disease or other changes in physiology on the pharmacokinetics of a drug."	( Reduction and lumping of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models: prediction of the disposition of fentanyl and pethidine in humans by successively simplified models. Björkman, S, 2003)	0.53
" A comparison is also presented between several methods based on animal pharmacokinetic data, using the same set of proprietary compounds, and it lends further support for the use of this method, as opposed to methods that require the gathering of pharmacokinetic data in laboratory animals."	( Prediction of human volume of distribution values for neutral and basic drugs. 2. Extended data set and leave-class-out statistics. Gao, F; Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Shalaeva, MY, 2004)	0.32
" The elimination half-life of ropivacaine was significantly less than that of bupivacaine (5."	( [Clinical effects and pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine and bupivacaine for epidural analgesia during labor]. Barros Núñez, C; Cánovas Martínez, L; Castro Méndez, A; Gallardo, E; González González, D; López Piñeiro, S, 2004)	0.32
"The currently available pharmacokinetic models for fentanyl were derived from normal weight patients and were not scaled to body weight."	( Accuracy of pharmacokinetic models for predicting plasma fentanyl concentrations in lean and obese surgical patients: derivation of dosing weight ("pharmacokinetic mass"). Bairamian, M; Inchiosa, MA; Sawada, K; Shibutani, K, 2004)	0.82
"Plasma fentanyl and norfentanyl concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters did not differ between younger and older subjects."	( Influence of age on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate. Hoffer, C; Kharasch, ED; Whittington, D, 2004)	1
" We hypothesized that administering an oral fentanyl solution to children would result in similar fentanyl plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic variables as administering comparable doses of OTFC."	( The pharmacokinetics of the intravenous formulation of fentanyl citrate administered orally in children undergoing general anesthesia. Birmingham, PK; Coté, CJ; Heffner, CL; Lugo, RA; Wheeler, M, 2004)	0.83
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by noncompartment analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of different doses of fentanyl following sublingual administration of a rapidly dissolving tablet to cancer patients: a new approach to treatment of incident pain. Bredenberg, S; Hedner, T; Holmberg, M; Lennernäs, B; Lennernäs, H; Nyström, C, 2005)	0.57
" For fentanyl, the pharmacokinetics was described on the basis of a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the antinociceptive effect of buprenorphine and fentanyl in rats: role of receptor equilibration kinetics. Dahan, A; Danhof, M; Olofsen, E; Yassen, A, 2005)	1.06
"Human pharmacokinetic parameters are often predicted prior to clinical study from in vivo preclinical pharmacokinetic data."	( Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure. Jolivette, LJ; Ward, KW, 2005)	0.33
"Fentanyl is an opioid drug widely used as a co-adjuvant in abdominal delivery, a fact that justifies its pharmacokinetic study under these conditions."	( Pharmacokinetics and transplacental distribution of fentanyl in epidural anesthesia for normal pregnant women. da Cunha, SP; de Barros Duarte, L; de Carvalho Cavalli, R; Duarte, G; Lanchote, VL; Moisés, EC, 2005)	2.02
" Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using the bi- or tri-compartmental model."	( Pharmacokinetics and transplacental distribution of fentanyl in epidural anesthesia for normal pregnant women. da Cunha, SP; de Barros Duarte, L; de Carvalho Cavalli, R; Duarte, G; Lanchote, VL; Moisés, EC, 2005)	0.58
"The values of the pharmacokinetic parameters were: t(1/2)alpha=13."	( Pharmacokinetics and transplacental distribution of fentanyl in epidural anesthesia for normal pregnant women. da Cunha, SP; de Barros Duarte, L; de Carvalho Cavalli, R; Duarte, G; Lanchote, VL; Moisés, EC, 2005)	0.58
" In this study, we examined the relationships among fentanyl doses needed to achieve postoperative analgesia, corresponding plasma fentanyl concentrations, and pharmacokinetic mass in lean and obese patients undergoing abdominal surgery."	( Pharmacokinetic mass of fentanyl for postoperative analgesia in lean and obese patients. Bairamian, M; Inchiosa, MA; Sawada, K; Shibutani, K, 2005)	0.89
"The relationship between dose and pharmacokinetic mass, compared with that of dose vs TBW, may provide confidence for the use of pharmacokinetic mass as a dosing approximation for fentanyl."	( Pharmacokinetic mass of fentanyl for postoperative analgesia in lean and obese patients. Bairamian, M; Inchiosa, MA; Sawada, K; Shibutani, K, 2005)	0.83
" Large patient-to-patient variations in pharmacokinetic parameters occurred, although intraindividual variability was limited."	( Inter- and intraindividual variabilities in pharmacokinetics of fentanyl after repeated 72-hour transdermal applications in cancer pain patients. Bressolle, F; Caumette, L; Culine, S; Garcia, F; Pinguet, F; Poujol, S; Solassol, I, 2005)	0.57
" Pharmacokinetic parameters, including maximum serum fentanyl concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax (tmax), area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC) and terminal half-life (t(1/2)), were determined for each treatment."	( Characterisation of the pharmacokinetics of the fentanyl HCl patient-controlled transdermal system (PCTS): effect of current magnitude and multiple-day dosing and comparison with IV fentanyl administration. Evashenk, M; Gupta, S; Jaskowiak, J; Sathyan, G, 2005)	0.83
" Pharmacokinetic parameters, including maximum serum fentanyl concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax (tmax), area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC) and terminal half-life (t(1/2)) were determined."	( The effect of dosing frequency on the pharmacokinetics of a fentanyl HCl patient-controlled transdermal system (PCTS). Gidwani, S; Gupta, S; Sathyan, G; Zomorodi, K, 2005)	0.82
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for the fentanyl HCl PCTS, and results were analysed using ANOVA."	( Effects of application site and subject demographics on the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl HCl patient-controlled transdermal system (PCTS). Gupta, SK; Hwang, S; Sathyan, G; Southam, M, 2005)	0.81
" However, both Cmax and AUC24-25 were less when the system was applied to the lower inner arm (0."	( Effects of application site and subject demographics on the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl HCl patient-controlled transdermal system (PCTS). Gupta, SK; Hwang, S; Sathyan, G; Southam, M, 2005)	0.56
" The increase in Cmax was 20% less than proportional at the 1080microg dose."	( Pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of fentanyl effervescent buccal tablets in healthy volunteers. Darwish, M; Kirby, M; Tempero, K; Thompson, J, 2005)	0.59
" This high early tmax contributed to enhanced early systemic fentanyl exposure."	( Pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of fentanyl effervescent buccal tablets in healthy volunteers. Darwish, M; Kirby, M; Tempero, K; Thompson, J, 2005)	0.83
"To determine the plasma concentration and define the pharmacokinetic characteristics of fentanyl (10 microg kg(-1)) administered as a single intravenous (IV) injection followed by: (a) no further drug; or (b) a constant rate infusion (CRI) of fentanyl 10 microg kg(-1) hour(-1) lasting 1, 3 or 4 hours in dogs."	( Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl after single intravenous injection and constant rate infusion in dogs. Igarashi, E; Kanazawa, H; Mochizuki, M; Nagata, Y; Nishimura, R; Sano, T; Sasaki, N, 2006)	0.88
" Plasma pharmacokinetic estimates were obtained by plotting plasma concentrations versus time data and by fitting the change in concentration to a pharmacokinetic model, using a purpose-built program written by the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Kyoto University) in Visual Basic (VBA) on Excel (Microsoft Corporation)."	( Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl after single intravenous injection and constant rate infusion in dogs. Igarashi, E; Kanazawa, H; Mochizuki, M; Nagata, Y; Nishimura, R; Sano, T; Sasaki, N, 2006)	0.66
"While this study clarified the pharmacokinetic features of rapid IV fentanyl injection and CRI in dogs, the plasma concentration achieving analgesia was not and so further research is needed."	( Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl after single intravenous injection and constant rate infusion in dogs. Igarashi, E; Kanazawa, H; Mochizuki, M; Nagata, Y; Nishimura, R; Sano, T; Sasaki, N, 2006)	0.89
" As a result, the mechanism-based PK/PD model of fentanyl could be reduced to a biophase distribution model with fractional sigmoid E(max) pharmacodynamic model."	( Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the respiratory-depressant effect of buprenorphine and fentanyl in rats. Dahan, A; Danhof, M; Kan, J; Olofsen, E; Suidgeest, E; Yassen, A, 2006)	0.8
"The purposes of this study were to assess the dose proportionality of FEBT in healthy volunteers over the potential therapeutic dose range (100-800 microg) and characterize the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of 4 doses (100, 200, 400, and 800 microg) of FEBT."	( Pharmacokinetic properties of fentanyl effervescent buccal tablets: a phase I, open-label, crossover study of single-dose 100, 200, 400, and 800 microg in healthy adult volunteers. Darwish, M; Jiang, JG; Kirby, M; Robertson, P; Tracewell, W, 2006)	0.62
" In the third period, arterial and venous blood samples were obtained simultaneously from before administration of one FBT 400 microg through 4 hours after administration to evaluate the impact of arterial versus venous sampling on the pharmacokinetic profile."	( Comparison of equivalent doses of fentanyl buccal tablets and arteriovenous differences in fentanyl pharmacokinetics. Darwish, M; Hellriegel, E; Jiang, JG; Kirby, M; Robertson, P, 2006)	0.61
" This study examined the duration of action of BUP at microORs and correlations with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic outcomes in 10 heroin-dependent volunteers."	( Buprenorphine duration of action: mu-opioid receptor availability and pharmacokinetic and behavioral indices. Bueller, J; Chang, Y; Greenwald, M; Johanson, CE; Kilbourn, M; Koeppe, R; Moody, DE; Zubieta, JK, 2007)	0.34
"Together with our previous findings, it appears that microOR availability predicts changes in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic measures and that about 50%-60% BUP occupancy is required for adequate withdrawal symptom suppression (in the absence of other opioids) and HYD blockade."	( Buprenorphine duration of action: mu-opioid receptor availability and pharmacokinetic and behavioral indices. Bueller, J; Chang, Y; Greenwald, M; Johanson, CE; Kilbourn, M; Koeppe, R; Moody, DE; Zubieta, JK, 2007)	0.34
" Steady state was reached within 5 days, consistent with the observed median half-life of approximately 22 hours following multiple doses."	( Single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetics of fentanyl buccal tablet in healthy volunteers. Darwish, M; Hellriegel, E; Jiang, JG; Kirby, M; Robertson, P, 2007)	0.59
" These pharmacokinetic parameters provide information necessary for determination of suitable fentanyl loading and infusion doses in awake and isoflurane-anaesthetised horses."	( Influence of general anaesthesia on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous fentanyl and its primary metabolite in horses. Mama, KR; Stanley, SD; Steffey, EP; Thomasy, SM; Whitley, K, 2007)	0.79
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of carfentanil and naltrexone were determined in the common eland (Taurotragus oryx)."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of carfentanil and naltrexone in female common eland (Taurotragus oryx). Carpenter, JW; Cole, A; Dresser, BL; Hunter, RP; Isaza, R; Koch, DE; Mutlow, A, 2006)	0.33
" Plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters were not significantly different in male and female rats, but plasma concentrations of fentanyl in female rats were lower than those in male rats until 1 h after administration."	( Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in male and female rats after intravenous administration. Fujita, K; Kobayashi, H; Ohtsuka, H, 2007)	0.86
"To examine the relationship between FBT dwell time and fentanyl pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Effect of buccal dwell time on the pharmacokinetic profile of fentanyl buccal tablet. Darwish, M; Jiang, JG; Kirby, M, 2007)	0.83
"Assessments included buccal dwell time, defined as the duration of FBT presence in the oral cavity, and the following pharmacokinetic measures: maximum serum concentration (C(max)), time to C(max) (T(max)) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC; exposure) from 0 minutes to median T(max) adjusted for the dose (T(max')) (AUC(0 T(max')))."	( Effect of buccal dwell time on the pharmacokinetic profile of fentanyl buccal tablet. Darwish, M; Jiang, JG; Kirby, M, 2007)	0.58
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of FBT did not appear to be related to its buccal dwell time."	( Effect of buccal dwell time on the pharmacokinetic profile of fentanyl buccal tablet. Darwish, M; Jiang, JG; Kirby, M, 2007)	0.58
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using compartmental methods."	( Effect of voriconazole and fluconazole on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous fentanyl. Laine, K; Neuvonen, M; Neuvonen, PJ; Olkkola, KT; Saari, TI, 2008)	0.57
"This study describes a pharmacodynamic model during general anaesthesia in children relating the bispectral index (BIS) response to the anaesthetic dosing of propofol, fentanyl, and remifentanil."	( Pharmacodynamic modelling of the bispectral index response to propofol-based anaesthesia during general surgery in children. Ammon, C; Fechner, J; Ihmsen, H; Jeleazcov, C; Schmidt, J; Schüttler, J; Schwilden, H, 2008)	0.54
" The pharmacodynamic parameters were estimated by non-linear regression analysis."	( Pharmacodynamic modelling of the bispectral index response to propofol-based anaesthesia during general surgery in children. Ammon, C; Fechner, J; Ihmsen, H; Jeleazcov, C; Schmidt, J; Schüttler, J; Schwilden, H, 2008)	0.35
" This study was carried out to assess the efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetic profiles of a 12."	( Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetic study of a novel fentanyl-containing matrix transdermal patch system in Japanese patients with cancer pain. Hanaoka, K; Hosokawa, T; Ishida, T; Kitajima, T; Mashimo, S; Miyazaki, T; Namiki, A; Nogami, S; Ogawa, S, 2008)	0.59
" pharmacokinetic data on 670 drugs representing, to our knowledge, the largest publicly available set of human clinical pharmacokinetic data."	( Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds. Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Waters, NJ, 2008)	0.35
"Fentanyl, a short-acting synthetic opioid, has a pharmacokinetic profile suited to fast relief of brief episodic pain."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intranasal versus intravenous fentanyl in patients with pain after oral surgery. Christrup, L; Foster, D; Popper, L; Upton, R, 2008)	2.02
" Except for the longer duration of serum fentanyl concentrations above the therapeutic target associated with TM administration, no significant pharmacokinetic differences were found between IV and TM fentanyl."	( Pharmacokinetics of buccal mucosal administration of fentanyl in a carboxymethylcellulose gel compared with IV administration in dogs. Boothe, DM; Erb, HN; Krotscheck, U; Little, AA, 2008)	0.86
" The fentanyl concentrations derived by both methods were compared by linear regression and pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Comparison of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and radioimmunoassay for measurement of fentanyl and determination of pharmacokinetics in equine plasma. Mama, KR; Stanley, SD; Thomasy, SM, )	0.86
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and compared."	( Formulation selection and pharmacokinetic comparison of fentanyl buccal soluble film with oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate: a randomized, open-label, single-dose, crossover study. Finn, AL; Gever, LN; Tagarro, I; Vasisht, N, 2009)	0.6
"25 FBSF formulation provided the earliest time to reach Cmax (tmax), the highest Cmax value and the greatest AUC(infinity) value."	( Formulation selection and pharmacokinetic comparison of fentanyl buccal soluble film with oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate: a randomized, open-label, single-dose, crossover study. Finn, AL; Gever, LN; Tagarro, I; Vasisht, N, 2009)	0.6
"25 FBSF formulation showed the most favourable pharmacokinetic profile of the three FBSF formulations."	( Formulation selection and pharmacokinetic comparison of fentanyl buccal soluble film with oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate: a randomized, open-label, single-dose, crossover study. Finn, AL; Gever, LN; Tagarro, I; Vasisht, N, 2009)	0.6
" Pharmacokinetic data were analysed using a noncompartmental analysis approach."	( Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl after subcutaneous administration in volunteers. Capper, SJ; Geue, JP; Loo, S; Ludbrook, GL; Macintyre, PE; Ong, J; Upton, RN, 2010)	0.68
" The terminal half-life was 10."	( Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl after subcutaneous administration in volunteers. Capper, SJ; Geue, JP; Loo, S; Ludbrook, GL; Macintyre, PE; Ong, J; Upton, RN, 2010)	0.68
"Absorption of subcutaneous fentanyl was relatively rapid and similar to the rate of absorption previously reported for subcutaneous morphine; the terminal half-life for fentanyl was substantially longer (10 h) than that of morphine (2."	( Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl after subcutaneous administration in volunteers. Capper, SJ; Geue, JP; Loo, S; Ludbrook, GL; Macintyre, PE; Ong, J; Upton, RN, 2010)	0.98
" The venous pharmacokinetic profiles and tolerability of these formulations were assessed and compared with oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) lozenge."	( Pharmacokinetic comparisons of three nasal fentanyl formulations; pectin, chitosan and chitosan-poloxamer 188. Fisher, A; Knight, A; Smith, A; Watling, M, 2010)	0.83
"Open-label, randomized, four-period, Latin-square crossover pharmacokinetic study."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of fentanyl buccal soluble film. Finn, AL; Gever, LN; Tagarro, I; Vasisht, N, 2010)	0.64
"Plasma concentrations after fentanyl dosing; pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of fentanyl buccal soluble film. Finn, AL; Gever, LN; Tagarro, I; Vasisht, N, 2010)	0.94
" Blood samples for pharmacokinetic analysis were collected at baseline and at 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after administration of study medication."	( Pharmacokinetics, analgesic effect, and tolerability of a single preprocedural dose of intranasal fentanyl in patients undergoing drain removal after breast reduction or augmentation surgery: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled stu Fiddelers, AA; Kessels, AG; Marcus, MA; Neef, C; Theunissen, HM; van der Hulst, RR; van der Kuy, PH; Veldhorst-Janssen, NM, 2010)	0.58
" Fentanyl concentrations were quantified via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and pharmacokinetic values were estimated."	( Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl administered transdermally and intravenously in sheep. Ahern, BJ; Rudy, JA; Schaer, TP; Soma, LR; Uboh, CE, 2010)	1.59
"Median tmax values for FPNS ranged from 15 to 21 min post-dose and were dose-independent."	( Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of fentanyl pectin nasal spray 100 - 800 µg in healthy volunteers. Fisher, A; Knight, A; Smith, A; Watling, M, 2010)	0.62
"FPNS has a shorter tmax, higher Cmax and greater bioavailability than OTFC and is well tolerated."	( Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of fentanyl pectin nasal spray 100 - 800 µg in healthy volunteers. Fisher, A; Knight, A; Smith, A; Watling, M, 2010)	0.62
" This cross-study analysis aimed to evaluate the intra- and interindividual pharmacokinetic differences of fentanyl administered via fentanyl buccal soluble film in healthy subjects."	( Intra- and interindividual variabilities in the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl buccal soluble film in healthy subjects: a cross-study analysis. Davies, A; Finn, A; Tagarro, I, 2011)	0.82
"Data were evaluated from 24 subjects in two pharmacokinetic studies of fentanyl administered via fentanyl buccal soluble film (Breakyl®/Onsolis™; BEMA® [BioErodible MucoAdhesive] technology)."	( Intra- and interindividual variabilities in the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl buccal soluble film in healthy subjects: a cross-study analysis. Davies, A; Finn, A; Tagarro, I, 2011)	0.84
"The analysis showed a minimal intraindividual variability and a relatively higher interindividual variability in pharmacokinetic parameters (i."	( Intra- and interindividual variabilities in the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl buccal soluble film in healthy subjects: a cross-study analysis. Davies, A; Finn, A; Tagarro, I, 2011)	0.6
" Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was used."	( Pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous fentanyl in Greyhounds. KuKanich, B, 2011)	0.65
" Estimates were made of the pharmacokinetic parameters during the preanhepatic, anhepatic, and neohepatic phases: central volume of distribution (V(1)) (l): 59."	( The population pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in patients undergoing living-donor liver transplantation. Choi, BM; Jin, SJ; Jung, JY; Lee, EK; Lee, SH; Noh, GJ; Noh, MH; Song, MH, 2011)	0.65
" This analysis provides an overview of the pharmacokinetic profile of FBT based on pooled data from nine pharmacokinetic studies."	( Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl buccal tablet: a pooled analysis and review. Darwish, M; Xie, F, 2012)	0.7
" To facilitate pharmacokinetic studies of fentanyl and its metabolites in neonates and other children, we developed and validated an LC-MS/MS method based on minimally invasive, low blood volume sampling."	( A low blood volume LC-MS/MS assay for the quantification of fentanyl and its major metabolites norfentanyl and despropionyl fentanyl in children. Christians, U; Clavijo, CF; Cromie, M; Galinkin, JL; Hoffman, KL; Schniedewind, B; Thomas, JJ, 2011)	0.88
" Moreover, the present method was successfully applied to study pharmacokinetic parameters of FEN after intraperitoneal administration to male Wistar rat."	( HPLC-UV method development for fentanyl determination in rat plasma and its application to elucidate pharmacokinetic behavior after i.p. administration to rats. Almousa, AA; Hanajiri, RK; Ikeda, R; Kuroda, N; Nakashima, K; Wada, M, 2011)	0.66
"Available propofol pharmacokinetic protocols for target-controlled infusion (TCI) were obtained from healthy individuals."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery. Bieda, K; Bienert, A; Grześkowiak, E; Hartmann-Sobczyńska, R; Kaliszan, R; Malatyńska, M; Marcinkowska, A; Sobczyński, P; Wiczling, P, 2012)	0.38
" The principal study objective was to investigate the pharmacokinetic profile of a new sublingual fentanyl wafer and to establish its absolute bioavailability."	( A phase I pharmacokinetic and bioavailability study of a sublingual fentanyl wafer in healthy volunteers. Lim, CB; Liu, Y; Paech, MJ; Schug, SA; Sunderland, VB, 2012)	0.83
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by model-independent pharmacokinetic analyses of the plasma fentanyl concentration-time profiles."	( A phase I pharmacokinetic and bioavailability study of a sublingual fentanyl wafer in healthy volunteers. Lim, CB; Liu, Y; Paech, MJ; Schug, SA; Sunderland, VB, 2012)	0.83
" The PKs were primarily characterized by a rapid initial increase in plasma fentanyl concentrations and a long terminal half-life of 74."	( Population pharmacokinetics of transdermal fentanyl solution following a single dose administered prior to soft tissue and orthopedic surgery in dogs. Clark, TP; Freise, KJ; Linton, DD; Newbound, GC; Tudan, C, 2012)	0.87
" Steady state simulations revealed that an extension from the current SmPC scenario to 6 pain episodes per day would yield similar Cmax values."	( Population pharmacokinetic meta-analysis of intranasal fentanyl spray as a means to enrich pharmacokinetic information for patients with cancer breakthrough pain. Facius, A; Kaessner, N; Lahu, G; Nave, R; Roepcke, S, 2012)	0.63
" The aim of this study was to demonstrate the pharmacokinetic bioequivalence of INFS single dose delivery system (SDS) in relation to the currently marketed MDS device."	( Single-dose and multi-dose delivery systems for intranasal fentanyl spray are bioequivalent as demonstrated in a replicate pharmacokinetic study. Connolly, SM; Lahu, G; Nave, R; Popper, L; Schmitt, H, 2012)	0.62
" Primary pharmacokinetic parameters were area under the curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC0-∞) and peak plasma concentration (Cmax)."	( Single-dose and multi-dose delivery systems for intranasal fentanyl spray are bioequivalent as demonstrated in a replicate pharmacokinetic study. Connolly, SM; Lahu, G; Nave, R; Popper, L; Schmitt, H, 2012)	0.62
" The mean fentanyl Cmax and AUC0-∞ values for SDS and MDS were 948 pg/ml, 949 pg/ml and 4,439 pg×h/ml, 4,489 pg×h/ml."	( Single-dose and multi-dose delivery systems for intranasal fentanyl spray are bioequivalent as demonstrated in a replicate pharmacokinetic study. Connolly, SM; Lahu, G; Nave, R; Popper, L; Schmitt, H, 2012)	1.02
" Serial blood sampling was performed over an 8-hour period after drug administration to determine the pharmacokinetic profile, and serial pupillometry was performed as a measure of pharmacodynamic effect."	( Inhaled fentanyl aerosol in healthy volunteers: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Cassella, JV; Gan, TJ; Habib, AS; Ho, KY; Ikeda, K; Macleod, DB; Spyker, DA, 2012)	0.81
"In the crossover stage the pharmacokinetic profiles of the inhaled and IV fentanyl showed similar peak arterial concentrations and areas under the curve."	( Inhaled fentanyl aerosol in healthy volunteers: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Cassella, JV; Gan, TJ; Habib, AS; Ho, KY; Ikeda, K; Macleod, DB; Spyker, DA, 2012)	1.04
"This study has demonstrated that the pharmacokinetic profile of single doses of inhaled fentanyl is comparable to IV administration."	( Inhaled fentanyl aerosol in healthy volunteers: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Cassella, JV; Gan, TJ; Habib, AS; Ho, KY; Ikeda, K; Macleod, DB; Spyker, DA, 2012)	1.04
" The purposes of this analysis were to identify and review published data describing the pharmacokinetic properties of rapid-onset fentanyl formulations and to evaluate these properties in view of the temporal dynamic characteristics of BTP in order to help guide medical practice."	( A review of the pharmacokinetic profile of transmucosal fentanyl formulations. Amores, X; Darwish, M; Moore, N; Schneid, H, 2012)	0.83
"Given the substantial variability of BTP episodes experienced by patients, these pharmacokinetic differences may provide useful information for a physician who is selecting a rapid-onset opioid medication for a patient."	( A review of the pharmacokinetic profile of transmucosal fentanyl formulations. Amores, X; Darwish, M; Moore, N; Schneid, H, 2012)	0.63
" Measures of fentanyl absorption (mean or median) were similar between Control and Rhinitis conditions: Cmax 453."	( Impact of allergic rhinitis and its treatment on the pharmacokinetics of nasally administered fentanyl. Fisher, AN; Knight, A; Perelman, M; Smith, A, 2013)	0.98
" Plasma fentanyl concentrations were measured for 36 hours after each dose for the calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of fentanyl sublingual spray and oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate in healthy volunteers: a randomized crossover study. Chavan, A; Dillaha, L; Goskonda, V; Parikh, N, 2013)	1.11
"Mean Cmax values of fentanyl were higher with FSS versus OTFC (0."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of fentanyl sublingual spray and oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate in healthy volunteers: a randomized crossover study. Chavan, A; Dillaha, L; Goskonda, V; Parikh, N, 2013)	1
" The pharmacokinetic profile of the sublingual spray closely matches the duration of onset to pain intensity in a breakthrough cancer pain episode."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of fentanyl sublingual spray and oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate in healthy volunteers: a randomized crossover study. Chavan, A; Dillaha, L; Goskonda, V; Parikh, N, 2013)	0.67
"As pharmacokinetic (PK) samples from cancer patients with BTP are hard to obtain, PK of 400 μg INFS was investigated in healthy volunteers."	( An innovative phase I population pharmacokinetic approach to investigate the pharmacokinetics of an intranasal fentanyl spray in healthy subjects. Baumann, S; Facius, A; Hartmann, L; Nave, R; Plock, N, 2013)	0.6
"Key pharmacokinetic variables and principles (protein binding, clearance, distribution) as related to fentanyl pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic behavior in adults (tricompartmental model) and to neonatal physiologic data (organ weights and blood flows, body composition, renal and hepatic function, etc."	( A predictive pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model of fentanyl for analgesia/sedation in neonates based on a semi-physiologic approach. Calvo, R; Encinas, E; Lukas, JC; Rodriguez, M; Suarez, E; Vozmediano, V, 2013)	0.85
" Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling can support this process by enabling extrapolations across doses, and exposure routes, thereby addressing gaps in the available toxicity data."	( Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for Fentanyl in support of the development of Provisional Advisory Levels. Adeshina, F; Shankaran, H; Teeguarden, JG, 2013)	0.65
" This study assessed the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of FPNS administered as 4 sprays of 100 μg as an alternate titration strategy."	( A pharmacokinetic assessment of an alternate titration strategy for fentanyl pectin nasal spray. Knight, A; Perelman, M, 2013)	0.63
" We used a pharmacokinetic model developed from published data to simulate the effect of sample patient-controlled epidural labor analgesic regimens on plasma fentanyl concentrations in the absence and presence of ritonavir-induced cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition."	( Effect of ritonavir-induced cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition on plasma fentanyl concentrations during patient-controlled epidural labor analgesia: a pharmacokinetic simulation. Avram, MJ; Cambic, CR; Gupta, DK; Wong, CA, 2014)	0.83
" Systemic fentanyl disposition was described using a three-compartment pharmacokinetic model."	( Effect of ritonavir-induced cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition on plasma fentanyl concentrations during patient-controlled epidural labor analgesia: a pharmacokinetic simulation. Avram, MJ; Cambic, CR; Gupta, DK; Wong, CA, 2014)	1.04
"1 mg fentanyl was found to represent unique pharmacokinetic parameters by Shapiro-Wilk test, only 15 of the 16 study patients were investigated."	( Pharmacokinetics of a new fentanyl tape with a novel delivery system of transdermal matrix patches in patients with cancer pain. Fujii, M; Fujiwara, K; Kobayashi, K; Saito, S; Saito, T; Shimada, K, 2014)	1.22
" The terminal half-life of fentanyl (2."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of intravenous fentanyl and buprenorphine in healthy greyhound dogs. Allen, P; KuKanich, B, 2014)	0.96
" The pharmacodynamic parameters were highly variable."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in children undergoing different types of surgeries. Bartkowska-Śniatkowska, A; Bienert, A; Grześkowiak, E; Grześkowiak, M; Kaliszan, R; Kokot, ZJ; Matysiak, J; Owczarek, M; Rosada-Kurasińska, J; Wiczling, P, 2014)	0.4
" The elimination half-life was slightly prolonged (49."	( Effects of age on the pharmacokinetics and selected pharmacodynamics of intravenously administered fentanyl in foals. Casbeer, HC; Knych, HK; Mitchell, MM; Steffey, EP, 2015)	0.63
" These dosage forms offer overlapping yet distinct pharmacokinetic advantages to allow more choices for physicians and patients in the management of breakthrough cancer pain."	( Clinical and pharmacokinetic considerations of novel formulations of fentanyl for breakthrough cancer pain. Chen, C; Gupta, A, 2014)	0.64
" Pharmacokinetic parameters reported for non-pregnant sheep and nominal transdermal dose rate were utilized for a priori calculation to achieve analgesic fentanyl concentration (0."	( Fentanyl Pharmacokinetics in Pregnant Sheep after Intravenous and Transdermal Administration to the Ewe. Acharya, G; Erkinaro, T; Haapala, L; Haapsamo, M; Hautajärvi, H; Heikkinen, AT; Heikkinen, EM; Kokki, H; Kokki, M; Laaksonen, S; Räsänen, J; Voipio, HM, 2015)	2.06
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of a modified fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system (ITS)."	( Pharmacokinetic characteristics of fentanyl iontophoretic trandermal system over a range of applied current. Joshi, N; Li, J; Phipps, JB; Regal, KA; Sinatra, RS, 2015)	0.93
" The median tmax ranged from 23."	( Pharmacokinetic characteristics of fentanyl iontophoretic trandermal system over a range of applied current. Joshi, N; Li, J; Phipps, JB; Regal, KA; Sinatra, RS, 2015)	0.69
" Pharmacokinetic parameters-peak concentration (C(max)), time to C(max) (t(max)), and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)-were derived using noncompartmental method."	( Effect of dosing interval on pharmacokinetics of fentanyl pectin nasal spray from a crossover study. Bujanover, S; Chen, C; Gupta, A, )	0.39
" Median tmax was 10-15 minutes across five regimens."	( Effect of dosing interval on pharmacokinetics of fentanyl pectin nasal spray from a crossover study. Bujanover, S; Chen, C; Gupta, A, )	0.39
" However there is great interpatient variation in the dose required to relieve pain and little knowledge about the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship of fentanyl and pain control."	( Saliva versus Plasma for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Studies of Fentanyl in Patients with Cancer. Bista, SR; Good, P; Hardy, J; Haywood, A; Lobb, M; Norris, R; Tapuni, A, 2015)	0.84
" A population pharmacokinetic model was developed and evaluated using non-linear mixed-effects modelling."	( Treatment with subcutaneous and transdermal fentanyl: results from a population pharmacokinetic study in cancer patients. Abrantes, JA; de Bruijn, P; Falcão, A; Jönsson, S; Kuip, EJ; Mathijssen, RH; Oosten, AW; van der Rijt, CC, 2016)	0.7
" Pharmacokinetic model-based dosing schemes can quantitatively describe the time course of drug effects and achieve optimal drug therapy."	( Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of a Pharmacokinetic Model-Based Dosing Scheme Versus a Conventional Fentanyl Dosing Regimen For Patient-Controlled Analgesia Immediately Following Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy: A Randomized Clinical Tria Chin, JH; Hwang, JH; Jin, SJ; Kim, YK; Kwon, YJ; Lim, HS; Park, SU; Yi, JM, 2016)	0.65
"One barrier contributing to the lack of pharmacokinetic (PK) data in paediatric populations is the need for serial sampling."	( Pragmatic pharmacology: population pharmacokinetic analysis of fentanyl using remnant samples from children after cardiac surgery. Beck, C; Caprioli, RM; Choi, L; Crum, K; Hachey, B; Kannankeril, PJ; Marshall, MD; Owen, J; Smith, AH; Van Driest, SL; Woodworth, A, 2016)	0.67
" The pharmacokinetic properties of 2 transdermal fentanyl delivery methods, a solution (2."	( Pharmacokinetics of 2 Formulations of Transdermal Fentanyl in Cynomolgus Macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Bailey, EJ; Carlson, AM; Fetterer, DP; Kelly, R; Rico, PJ, 2016)	0.94
" The mean plasma terminal half-life was 33."	( PHARMACOKINETIC EVALUATION OF A LONG-ACTING FENTANYL SOLUTION AFTER TRANSDERMAL ADMINISTRATION IN HELMETED GUINEAFOWL (NUMIDA MELEAGRIS). Cole, G; D'Agostino, J; Knych, H; Waugh, L, 2016)	0.7
"A randomized, single-dose, crossover, open-label study was used to investigate the effect of mEHT on the pharmacokinetic properties of fentanyl in 12 healthy volunteers."	( Effect of Modulated Electrohyperthermia on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Transmucosal Fentanyl Citrate in Healthy Volunteers. Kim, MG; Lee, SY, 2016)	0.86
" The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic parameters of an FDA-approved transdermal fentanyl solution (TFS) that has yet to be tested in sheep."	( Pharmacokinetics of a Transdermal Fentanyl Solution in Suffolk Sheep ( Dyson, MC; Jen, KY; Lester, PA; Nemzek, JA, 2017)	0.95
"The assay has been successfully applied to serum samples obtained from healthy subjects of a fentanyl transdermal pharmacokinetic study."	( LC-MS determination of fentanyl in human serum and application to a fentanyl transdermal delivery pharmacokinetic study. Abdallah, IA; Hammell, DC; Hassan, HE; Shin, SH; Stinchcomb, AL; Yu, M, 2017)	0.99
" Pharmacokinetic and safety-related pharmacodynamic assessments were performed through 24 h post-first dose."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of fentanyl sublingual spray and fentanyl citrate intravenous: a multiple ascending dose study in opioid-naïve healthy volunteers. Koch, C; Nalamachu, S; Oh, DA; Parikh, N; Rauck, RL; Singla, N; Vetticaden, S; Wilson, D; Yu, J, 2017)	0.74
" However, the pharmacokinetic interaction between tacrolimus and fentanyl is unclear."	( Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Tacrolimus and Fentanyl in Patients Receiving Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Fuchida, SI; Hatsuse, M; Kado, Y; Kitazawa, F; Kokufu, T; Murakami, S; Nakayama, Y; Okano, A; Shimazaki, C; Takara, K; Ueda, K, 2017)	0.94
"The pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of many drugs are altered as a consequence of the pathophysiological changes associated with critical illness."	( Altered Pharmacokinetics in Prolonged Infusions of Sedatives and Analgesics Among Adult Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review. Joynt, GM; Lee, A; Ling, L; Tse, AHW, 2018)	0.48
" Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using Monolix software (Lixsoft, France) with a two-compartment population model best-representing fentanyl profiles."	( Identification of Cytochrome P450 Polymorphisms in Burn Patients and Impact on Fentanyl Pharmacokinetics: A Pilot Study. Grimsrud, KN; Ivanova, X; Palmieri, TL; Sherwin, CM; Tran, NK, 2019)	0.94
" A significant correlation was seen between weight at study inclusion and half-life (Spearman's r = -0."	( Individual variations in fentanyl pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in preterm infants. Berg, AC; Fellman, V; Hallberg, B; Kindblom, JM; Norman, E; Rane, A; Schubert, U, 2019)	0.82
" Pharmacokinetic variables were derived from plasma concentration-time curves best fitted to a two-compartment model."	( Prolonged therapy with the anticonvulsant carbamazepine leads to increased plasma clearance of fentanyl. Akeju, O; Eskandar, E; Greenblatt, DJ; Hossain, MA; Ma, Z; Martyn, JAJ; Mirzakhani, H; Nozari, A; Wang, Q, 2019)	0.73
"In this study we show the feasibility and utility of using electronic record data and remnant blood samples to successfully construct population pharmacokinetic models for a heterogeneous cohort of critically ill children."	( Factors Contributing to Fentanyl Pharmacokinetic Variability Among Diagnostically Diverse Critically Ill Children. Au, AK; Clark, RSB; Conley, YP; Empey, PE; Hagos, FT; Horvat, CM; Kochanek, PM; Li, L; Poloyac, SM, 2019)	0.82
"Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are an important type of systems model used commonly in drug development before commencement of first-in-human studies."	( Automated proper lumping for simplification of linear physiologically based pharmacokinetic systems. Duffull, SB; Pan, S, 2019)	0.51
" Due to very limited pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data, fentanyl dosing is mostly based on bodyweight."	( Rapidly maturing fentanyl clearance in preterm neonates. Allegaert, K; Andriessen, P; Flint, RB; Knibbe, CAJ; Koch, BCP; Liem, KD; Simons, SHP; Völler, S; Zimmermann, LJI, 2019)	1.09
"3 was used to develop a population pharmacokinetic model and to perform simulations."	( Rapidly maturing fentanyl clearance in preterm neonates. Allegaert, K; Andriessen, P; Flint, RB; Knibbe, CAJ; Koch, BCP; Liem, KD; Simons, SHP; Völler, S; Zimmermann, LJI, 2019)	0.85
"To compare fentanyl infusion pharmacokinetic variables in obese children and nonobese children."	( Prediction and Comparison of Fentanyl Infusion Pharmacokinetics in Obese and Nonobese Children. Henry, ED; Johnson, PN; Lim, SY; Miller, JL; Skrepnek, GH; Woo, S, 2019)	1.19
"A pharmacokinetic simulation study."	( Prediction and Comparison of Fentanyl Infusion Pharmacokinetics in Obese and Nonobese Children. Henry, ED; Johnson, PN; Lim, SY; Miller, JL; Skrepnek, GH; Woo, S, 2019)	0.81
"We used a semi-physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to generate fentanyl pharmacokinetic variables."	( Prediction and Comparison of Fentanyl Infusion Pharmacokinetics in Obese and Nonobese Children. Henry, ED; Johnson, PN; Lim, SY; Miller, JL; Skrepnek, GH; Woo, S, 2019)	1.04
"Simulations of pharmacokinetic variables were based on historical inpatient demographic data in less than 18-year-olds."	( Prediction and Comparison of Fentanyl Infusion Pharmacokinetics in Obese and Nonobese Children. Henry, ED; Johnson, PN; Lim, SY; Miller, JL; Skrepnek, GH; Woo, S, 2019)	0.81
" An additional simulation was conducted for 15-year-old obese children and nonobese children using a fixed dose of 50 µg/hr and it provided similar pharmacokinetic profiles."	( Prediction and Comparison of Fentanyl Infusion Pharmacokinetics in Obese and Nonobese Children. Henry, ED; Johnson, PN; Lim, SY; Miller, JL; Skrepnek, GH; Woo, S, 2019)	0.81
" While pharmacokinetic studies typically measure drug concentrations from the peripheral vein such as the arm vein, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models generally output simulated concentrations from the central venous compartment that physiologically represents the right atrium, a merge of the superior and inferior vena cava."	( Sampling Site Has a Critical Impact on Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Huang, W; Isoherranen, N, 2020)	0.56
" The simultaneous quantification of morphine, fentanyl and its metabolites via this simple and time- and cost-efficient method could be successfully applied to samples taken for pharmacokinetic evaluation (antemortem and postmortem) after a single dose of morphine or co-administration of morphine with other drugs (e."	( Determination of Morphine, Fentanyl and Their Metabolites in Small Sample Volumes Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Gleba, J; Kim, J, 2020)	1.11
"Postmarketing population pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) studies can be useful to capture patient characteristics affecting PK or PD in real-world settings."	( Development of a System for Postmarketing Population Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Studies Using Real-World Data From Electronic Health Records. Abou-Khalil, BW; Beck, C; Bejan, CA; Birdwell, KA; Choi, L; Denny, JC; James, NT; McNeer, E; Niu, X; Roden, DM; Stein, CM; Van Driest, SL; Weeks, HL; Williams, ML, 2020)	0.56
" Measured concentrations were compared with predicted concentrations using population pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Safe prognostication following cardiac arrest: The role of the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in patients treated with targeted temperature management. Allen, M; Baldwin, F; Boyd, O; Gray, R; Patel, B; Scutt, G; Waxman, D, 2020)	0.78
" Univariate analysis identified a significant relationship between estimated fentanyl half-life and serum lactate concentrations (r = 0."	( Safe prognostication following cardiac arrest: The role of the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in patients treated with targeted temperature management. Allen, M; Baldwin, F; Boyd, O; Gray, R; Patel, B; Scutt, G; Waxman, D, 2020)	1.01
"In the pharmacokinetic study, subjects received an intravenous bolus of fentanyl 100 μg during operation, and arterial blood was sampled at pre-set intervals."	( An allometric pharmacokinetic model and minimum effective analgesic concentration of fentanyl in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Bae, J; Choi, BM; Kwon, M; Lee, EK; Lee, YH; Noh, GJ, 2020)	1.01
"In the population pharmacokinetic study (n=95), the plasma concentration of fentanyl over time was well-described by the three-compartment mammillary model using an allometric expression."	( An allometric pharmacokinetic model and minimum effective analgesic concentration of fentanyl in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Bae, J; Choi, BM; Kwon, M; Lee, EK; Lee, YH; Noh, GJ, 2020)	1.01
" Subsequently, the target mapping outcomes were applied to build physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for acetaminophen and fentanyl to explore the drug-drug interaction (DDI) between this pair of drugs."	( Pain Chemogenomics Knowledgebase (Pain-CKB) for Systems Pharmacology Target Mapping and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Investigation of Opioid Drug-Drug Interactions. Bertz, R; Chen, M; Feng, Z; Liang, T; Shen, M; Wang, S; Xie, XQ; Xue, Y, 2020)	0.76
" Fentanyl plasma concentrations were measured with LC-MS/MS for pharmacokinetic analysis."	( The pharmacokinetics of a fentanyl matrix patch applied at three different anatomical locations in horses. Barletta, M; Brainard, B; Knych, H; Quandt, J; Reed, R; Ruch, M; Sakai, D; Skrzypczak, H; Smyth, C, 2022)	1.93
" standard pharmacokinetic pattern for guiding intraoperative fentanyl administration."	( Comparative study of analgesia nociception index (ANI) vs. standard pharmacokinetic pattern for guiding intraoperative fentanyl administration among mastectomy patients. Nonlhaopol, D; Promkhote, P; Sathitkarnmanee, T; Sukhong, P; Thananun, M; Tribuddharat, S, 2021)	1.07
"Fentanyl pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data are limited in mechanically ventilated children."	( Analysis of fentanyl pharmacokinetics, and its sedative effects and tolerance in critically ill children. Heltsley, R; Henry, E; Johnson, PN; Lim, SY; Miller, JL; Woo, S, 2021)	2.44
"Subcutaneous fentanyl injection is commonly prescribed to manage acute pain in older patients; however, there is a gap in the literature describing the pharmacokinetic parameters for this route of administration in this population."	( Population pharmacokinetic model of subcutaneous fentanyl in older acute care patients. Al-Qurain, AA; Mackenzie, L; Phillips, C; Roberts, MS; Russell, PT; Tadros, R; Upton, R; Wiese, MD; Williams, DB, 2021)	1.24
" A population pharmacokinetic model was developed using non-linear mixed-effects modelling."	( Population pharmacokinetic model of subcutaneous fentanyl in older acute care patients. Al-Qurain, AA; Mackenzie, L; Phillips, C; Roberts, MS; Russell, PT; Tadros, R; Upton, R; Wiese, MD; Williams, DB, 2021)	0.88
"This is the first report of subcutaneous fentanyl population pharmacokinetic model to evaluate fentanyl pharmacokinetic in older patients."	( Population pharmacokinetic model of subcutaneous fentanyl in older acute care patients. Al-Qurain, AA; Mackenzie, L; Phillips, C; Roberts, MS; Russell, PT; Tadros, R; Upton, R; Wiese, MD; Williams, DB, 2021)	1.14
" To address this knowledge gap, we developed a maternal-fetal physiologically based pharmacokinetic (mf-PBPK) model for fentanyl to evaluate the feasibility to predict the maternal and fetal plasma concentration-time profiles of fentanyl after various dosing regimens."	( Predicting Maternal-Fetal Disposition of Fentanyl Following Intravenous and Epidural Administration Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Isoherranen, N; Shen, DD; Shum, S, 2021)	1.1
" Blood specimens were withdrawn over an 8-h time period, along with measurements of pharmacodynamic endpoints."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cyclopropylfentanyl in male rats. Baumann, MH; Bergh, MS; Bogen, IL; Garibay, N, 2021)	0.87
" Given the limited pharmacokinetic information across the entire neonatal age range, we characterized the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl across preterm and term neonates to individualize dosing."	( Pre- and Postnatal Maturation are Important for Fentanyl Exposure in Preterm and Term Newborns: A Pooled Population Pharmacokinetic Study. Allegaert, K; Fellman, V; Flint, RB; Knibbe, CAJ; Simons, SHP; Völler, S; Wu, Y, 2022)	1.18
" All patients were included in the efficacy and safety analysis, but one patient was excluded from the pharmacokinetic analysis because blood was sampled on the day after blood transfusion."	( An Open-Label Study of the Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of Once-a-Day Fentanyl Citrate Patch in Japanese Pediatric and Adolescent Patients with Cancer Pain. Hashimoto, F; Hiyama, E; Okawa, K; Otaka, K; Terahara, T; Yamaguchi, S, 2021)	0.85
" In this study, three bioequivalent, matrix-type, fentanyl transdermal delivery systems (TDS) were evaluated in vitro using an in vitro permeation test (IVPT) and dermatomed human skin, and in vivo in human pharmacokinetic (PK) studies under harmonized study designs to evaluate IVIVC."	( Evaluation of in vitro/in vivo correlations for three fentanyl transdermal delivery systems using in vitro skin permeation testing and human pharmacokinetic studies under the influence of transient heat application. Ghosh, P; Hammell, DC; Hassan, HE; Raney, SG; Shin, SH; Stinchcomb, AL; Yu, M, 2022)	1.22
" Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies are difficult to replicate in children due to the burden of additional blood taken solely for research purposes."	( Effect of CYP3A5 and CYP3A4 Genetic Variants on Fentanyl Pharmacokinetics in a Pediatric Population. Breeyear, JH; Choi, L; Edwards, TL; Kannankeril, PJ; Van Driest, SL; Williams, ML, 2022)	0.98
" However, pharmacokinetic studies in children with obesity are challenging to conduct, so there is limited information to guide fentanyl and methadone dosing in these children."	( Use of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling to inform dosing of the opioid analgesics fentanyl and methadone in children with obesity. Al-Uzri, A; Atz, AM; Carreño, FO; Delmore, P; Edginton, AN; Ford, JL; Gerhart, JG; Gonzalez, D; Muller, WJ; Perrin, EM; Watt, KM, 2022)	1.14
"In order to find a correlation between Fentanyl action on pain and inter-individual variability in different cancer patients, the pharmacokinetic characterization of the drug becomes essential."	( Fentanyl pharmacokinetics in blood of cancer patients by Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry. Andrisano, V; Davani, L; De Simone, A; Maltoni, M; Montanari, S; Ricci, M; Terenzi, C, 2022)	2.43
" A pharmacokinetic model was developed using NONMEM."	( Pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Cho, JY; Choi, BM; Jang, YE; Ji, SH; Kang, P; Kim, EH; Kim, HS; Kim, JT; Lee, JH; Noh, GJ, 2023)	0.91
" The objective of this study was to develop  a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict fentanyl concentrations in different newborn tissues due to intrauterine exposure."	( Evaluating the Pharmacokinetics of Fentanyl in the Brain Extracellular Fluid, Saliva, Urine, and Plasma of Newborns from Transplacental Exposure from Parturient Mothers Dosed with Epidural Fentanyl Utilizing PBPK Modeling. Alsmadi, MM, 2023)	1.4
"To explore the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of naloxone administered intramuscularly (IM) or intranasally (IN) to reverse fentanyl sedation in working dogs."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intranasal and intramuscular administration of naloxone in working dogs administered fentanyl. Barr, CA; Drobatz, KJ; Gianotti, G; Haughan, J; McGuire, A; Otto, CM; Pennington, M; Robinson, M; Stefanovski, D; Varner, K, )	0.54
" Pharmacokinetic parameters and sedation scores were compared between IM and IN naloxone groups."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intranasal and intramuscular administration of naloxone in working dogs administered fentanyl. Barr, CA; Drobatz, KJ; Gianotti, G; Haughan, J; McGuire, A; Otto, CM; Pennington, M; Robinson, M; Stefanovski, D; Varner, K, )	0.34

Compound-Compound Interactions

Spinal anesthesia combined with fentanyl sometimes induces sedation. In combination with fentanyl, bupivacaine and ropvacaine exhibit comparable efficacy and safety.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Substitution of thiopentone by midazolam in combination with fentanyl abolished the adverse haemodynamic response and modified the increase in plasma catecholamine concentrations."	( Catecholamine response to laryngoscopy and intubation. The influence of three different drug combinations commonly used for induction of anaesthesia. Bjerre-Jepsen, K; Chraemmer-Jørgensen, B; Hertel, S; Høilund-Carlsen, PF; Strøm, J, 1992)	0.52
" This study was designed to investigate whether higher doses of fentanyl combined with diazepam would influence the early-stage of postoperative conditions."	( Effects of high-dose fentanyl combined with diazepam on patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Chang, CL; Tseng, CC; Yeh, FC, 1991)	0.84
"15 mg/kg) combined with Piritramid (0."	( [Midazolam in combination with piritramid versus Thalamonal in premedication in ambulatory ENT interventions in childhood]. Bein, T; Heyde, G; Tremel, H, 1988)	0.27
"One-hundred and eighty patients undergoing elective abdominal hysterectomy were anaesthetized in random order with isoflurane, enflurane or fentanyl in combination with nitrous oxide and oxygen."	( Nausea and vomiting after general anaesthesia with isoflurane, enflurane or fentanyl in combination with nitrous oxide and oxygen. Erkola, O; Hovorka, J; Korttila, K, 1988)	0.71
" The purpose of this study was to compare recovery of patients sedated with either midazolam or diazepam alone or in combination with fentanyl using the digit symbol substitution test (DSST) and Trieger test."	( Recovery following sedation with midazolam or diazepam alone or in combination with fentanyl for outpatient surgery. Anderson, JA; Ochs, MW; Tucker, MR; White, RP, )	0.56
" This study compares the amnesia produced in patients sedated with midazolam or diazepam or in combination with fentanyl during oral surgery."	( A comparison of amnesia in outpatients sedated with midazolam or diazepam alone or in combination with fentanyl during oral surgery. Ochs, MW; Tucker, MR; White, RP, 1986)	0.7
"Two recent antifungal agents, miconazole and ketoconazole, were combined with three tissue conditioners and tested in vitro for their effects on the growth of Candida albicans."	( The effectiveness, in vitro, of miconazole and ketoconazole combined with tissue conditioners in inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans. Quinn, DM, 1985)	0.27
" These results suggest that nitrous oxide or its combination with fentanyl has a depressant action on the transmission of monosynaptic reflexes in the spinal cord, but nitrous oxide might exert less effect on the spinal interneurones which mediate polysynaptic reflexes."	( Effect of nitrous oxide alone or its combination with fentanyl on spinal reflexes in cats. Goto, K; Maruyama, H; Sugai, N, 1982)	0.75
" Several anaesthetic agents, often used in combination with fentanyl, were tested with respect to their influence on fentanyl metabolism."	( [Biotransformation of fentanyl. II. Acute drug interactions in rats and men (author's transl)]. Daub, D; Heinrich, C; Hunger, L; Lehmann, KA; Weski, C, 1982)	0.82
" Therefore the application of etomidate as a continuous infusion in combination with fentanyl and nitrous oxide 66% seems to be an effective technique of intravenous anaesthesia."	( [The influence on the cardiovascular system of etomidate infusion anaesthesia combined with fentanyl/nitrous oxide (author's transl)]. Hoffmann, P; Schockenhoff, B, 1981)	0.71
"Anaesthesia in guinea pigs with a new highly potent and short-acting analgesic, carfentanyl (R 33799), combined with the hypnotic, etomidat (R 26490), is reported."	( A new highly potent and short-acting analgesic, carfentanyl (R 33799), in combination with the hypnotic agent, etomidat (R 26490), as a method of anaesthesia in guinea pigs. Blümel, G; Erhardt, W; Fritsch, R; Neumann, G; Oberhuber, B, 1980)	0.74
" The use of TTS fentanyl in combination with initial dose titration using PCA resulted in rapid and statistically significant pain relief in both studies."	( Transdermal fentanyl in combination with initial intravenous dose titration by patient-controlled analgesia. Lehmann, KA; Zech, DF, 1995)	1.02
"Concerning the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interactions, the following is recommended: Use smaller doses of alfentanil when the latter is combined with propofol, because of a higher risk of ventilatory depression."	( [Diprivan: drug interactions]. Steib, A, 1994)	0.29
"Thoracic epidural analgesia combined with chronic beta-adrenergic blocker medication may cause cardiac depression."	( The influence of thoracic epidural analgesia alone and in combination with general anesthesia on cardiovascular function and myocardial metabolism in patients receiving beta-adrenergic blockers. Berg, EM; Bjella, L; Christensen, O; Gisvold, SE; Levang, OW; Stenseth, R, 1993)	0.29
" The present study was designed to examine the effects of low, moderate, and high doses of propofol, given with either fentanyl or halothane, on the rate of CSF formation and resistance to reabsorption of CSF."	( Propofol combined with halothane or with fentanyl/halothane does not alter the rate of CSF formation or resistance to reabsorption of CSF in rabbits. Artru, AA, 1993)	0.76
"03 mg/kg) combined with fentanyl (0."	( Cardiac electrophysiologic effects of midazolam combined with fentanyl. Kovoor, P; Lau, W; Ross, DL, 1993)	0.83
"When establishing a rabbit model for cardiovascular research in our laboratory we have used midazolam in combination with fentanyl/fluanisone (MFF) and nitrous oxide as anaesthesia."	( Midazolam in combination with fentanyl/fluanisone and nitrous oxide as anaesthesia in rabbits--cardiovascular parameters. Fosse, RT; Hessevik, I; Hexeberg, E; Hexeberg, S, 1995)	0.79
" In this study, the effects of propofol in healthy and in septic sheep, and in combination with fentanyl, were analyzed and compared with nonanesthetized septic sheep."	( The effects of propofol on hemodynamics and renal blood flow in healthy and in septic sheep, and combined with fentanyl in septic sheep. Armstrong, C; Booke, M; Conroy, B; Hinder, F; Traber, DL; Traber, LD, 1996)	0.72
"Stress hormone response was investigated during midazolam/fentanyl/oxygen/air anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia in six patients undergoing abdominal total hysterectomy (group MF)."	( [Stress hormone response during midazolam/fentanyl anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia for abdominal total hysterectomy]. Honda, N; Kitano, T; Miyakawa, H; Mizutani, A; Taniguchi, K; Yoshitake, S, 1996)	0.8
" Epidural clonidine infused at 20 microg/h improves analgesia during coughing when combined with epidural bupivacaine-fentanyl in patients undergoing lower abdominal surgery but is associated with hemodynamic changes and increased vasopressor requirement."	( Postoperative epidural infusion: a randomized, double-blind, dose-finding trial of clonidine in combination with bupivacaine and fentanyl. Evans, SF; Lim, W; Orlikowski, CE; Paech, MJ; Pavy, TJ, 1997)	0.71
" Volatile anesthetics are commonly combined with opioids."	( Drug interactions: volatile anesthetics and opioids. Gan, TJ; Ginsberg, B; Glass, PS; Howell, S, 1997)	0.3
" The neurotoxic effect of midazolam, alone or combined with fentanyl, injected intrathecally repeatedly on 15 occasions over a period of 1 month, was studied in the same model."	( An investigation of the possible neurotoxic effects of intrathecal midazolam combined with fentanyl in the rat. Bahar, M; Chanimov, M; Cohen, ML; Grinshpoon, Y; Herbert, M; Kopolovic, U; Nass, D, 1998)	0.76
"Our aim in this prospective, randomized, double-blinded study was to compare the analgesic effectiveness and side effects of epidural infusions with ropivacaine 2 mg/mL alone (Group R; n = 60) and in combination with fentanyl 1 microg/mL (R1F; n = 59), 2 microg/mL (R2F; n = 62), and 4 microg/mL (R4F; n = 63) for up to 72 h after major abdominal surgery."	( A comparison of epidural ropivacaine infusion alone and in combination with 1, 2, and 4 microg/mL fentanyl for seventy-two hours of postoperative analgesia after major abdominal surgery. Blake, D; Buckland, M; Etches, R; Gustafsson, U; Halliwell, R; Huizar, K; Marsland, C; Merridew, G; Murphy, D; Paech, M; Schug, SA; Scott, DA; Turner, G; Walker, S, 1999)	0.71
"The efficacy and safety of postoperative analgesia with continuous epidural infusion of either morphine or fentanyl in combination with a low dose of bupivacaine were evaluated in 205 patients after upper abdominal surgery."	( [Postoperative epidural analgesia after upper abdominal surgery: the effects of low concentrations of bupivacaine combined with a low dose of opioid]. Kohno, K; Kosaka, Y; Shiihara, K, 1999)	0.52
"We reported anesthetic management combined with hypothermia for carotid endarterectomy under somatosensory evoked potential monitoring."	( [Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol, fentanyl and ketamine for carotid endarterectomy under somatosensory evoked potential monitoring--combination with intraoperative hypothermia]. Fujimine, T; Kakinohana, M; Okuda, Y; Tomiyama, N, 1999)	0.56
"Both fentanyl and the newer opioid remifentanil, when each is combined with isoflurane and propofol, allowed for fast-track cardiac anesthesia."	( A randomized double-blinded multicenter comparison of remifentanil versus fentanyl when combined with isoflurane/propofol for early extubation in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Bowdle, TA; Bukenya, D; Cheng, D; Hillel, Z; Hogue, C; Howie, MB; Newman, MF; Pierce, ET, 2001)	1.06
" This study was to compare the analgesic and side effects of intravenous ketorolac with that of intravenous fentanyl, in combination with midazolam in ESWL."	( Effects of intravenous ketorolac and fentanyl combined with midazolam on analgesia and side effects during extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Cherng, CH; Ho, ST; Wong, CS; Yang, CP, 2002)	0.8
"Both intravenous ketorolac and fentanyl in combination with midazolam could provide good anesthesia for ESWL."	( Effects of intravenous ketorolac and fentanyl combined with midazolam on analgesia and side effects during extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Cherng, CH; Ho, ST; Wong, CS; Yang, CP, 2002)	0.87
" An opioid can be combined with local anaesthetic to reduce the incidence of side-effects and to improve analgesia for the relief of labour pain."	( Comparison of bupivacaine 0.2% and ropivacaine 0.2% combined with fentanyl for epidural analgesia during labour. Alkiş, N; Aşik, I; Göktuğ, A; Gülay, I; Uysalel, A, 2002)	0.55
"2% combined with fentanyl produced equivalent analgesia for pain relief during labour and delivery."	( Comparison of bupivacaine 0.2% and ropivacaine 0.2% combined with fentanyl for epidural analgesia during labour. Alkiş, N; Aşik, I; Göktuğ, A; Gülay, I; Uysalel, A, 2002)	0.89
"This study examined the intra-operative and postoperative characteristics of a remifentanil infusion alone, or intermittent fentanyl bolus admistration combined with a propofol infusion, for the anaesthetic management of patients undergoing shock wave lithotripsy."	( A comparison of anaesthetic techniques for shock wave lithotripsy: the use of a remifentanil infusion alone compared to intermittent fentanyl boluses combined with a low dose propofol infusion. Blanc, I; Brauer, P; Burmeister, MA; Graefen, M; Standl, TG; Wintruff, M, 2002)	0.73
" Therefore, intrathecal opioids combined with a low dose of epidural local anesthetics for Cesarean section is suitable for critically ill patients with malignant abdominal tumors, such as a Krukenberg tumor, complicated by massive ascites."	( Intrathecal fentanyl/meperidine combined with low-dose epidural bupivacaine for Cesarean section in a patient with advanced Krukenberg tumors. Amano, K; Hoka, S; Hoshino, Y; Okamoto, H; Okutomi, T, 2002)	0.69
"To investigate the pain-relieving effects of ropivacaine or its combination with fentanyl in postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia."	( [Ropivacaine or its combination with fentanyl for postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia]. Chen, M; Chen, YM; Gu, MN; Liang, SW; Lin, CS; Xiao, JF, 2003)	0.82
" Our aim in the present study was to evaluate the effects of 2% hyperbaric mepivacaine alone, or combined with either intrathecal fentanyl (5 and 10 microg), or sufentanil (2."	( Intrathecal fentanyl, sufentanil, or placebo combined with hyperbaric mepivacaine 2% for parturients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. Alparslan, Y; Birnbach, DJ; Bremerich, DH; Byhahn, C; Hall, BA; Kessler, P; Meininger, D; Nordmeyer, J, 2003)	0.9
"Sensory, motor, and analgesic block characteristics of the local anesthetic mepivacaine alone or combined with intrathecal opioids were studied in parturients undergoing elective cesarean delivery in a randomized, double-blinded clinical trial."	( Intrathecal fentanyl, sufentanil, or placebo combined with hyperbaric mepivacaine 2% for parturients undergoing elective cesarean delivery. Alparslan, Y; Birnbach, DJ; Bremerich, DH; Byhahn, C; Hall, BA; Kessler, P; Meininger, D; Nordmeyer, J, 2003)	0.7
"kg-1 combined with a regional anaesthetic block is associated with an increased incidence of PONV without any significant contribution to the postoperative pain relief."	( Increased incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting without additional analgesic effects when a low dose of intravenous fentanyl is combined with a caudal block. Kokinsky, E; Larsson, LE; Nilsson, K, 2003)	0.53
"We investigated the duration of labor analgesia produced by a small dose of spinal bupivacaine/fentanyl alone or in combination with a small dose of morphine."	( Small dose bupivacaine-fentanyl spinal analgesia combined with morphine for labor. Hess, PE; Pratt, SD; Snowman, C; Vasudevan, A, 2003)	0.85
"Only a relatively short immediate analgesic benefit could be demonstrated by a combination of IINB with spinal anaesthesia compared with IINB combined with general anaesthesia."	( Analgesia and discharge following preincisional ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve block combined with general or spinal anaesthesia for inguinal herniorrhaphy. Permi, J; Rosenberg, PH; Toivonen, J, 2004)	0.32
"The efficiency of bilateral paravertebral blockade combined with general anaesthesia (active) vs."	( General anaesthesia combined with bilateral paravertebral blockade (T5-6) vs. general anaesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Lönnqvist, PA; Naja, MZ; Ziade, MF, 2004)	0.32
" Overall, administration of fentanyl TTS had a favorable pharmacokinetic profile in horses with clinical pain, and the fentanyl TTS in combination with NSAIDs appeared to provide safe and effective analgesia in most of the horses with pain that was refractory to NSAID therapy alone."	( Transdermal fentanyl combined with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for analgesia in horses. Kollias-Baker, C; Maxwell, LK; Slovis, N; Thomasy, SM, )	0.8
"To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of anesthesia with intravenous propofol combined with fentanyl for ultrasound-guided transvaginal oocyte retrieval."	( [Intravenous propofol combined with fentanyl for anesthesia during ultrasound-guided transvaginal oocyte retrieval]. Chen, SL; Chen, Y; Liu, GW; Shi, YS; Xu, JS, 2004)	0.82
"Anesthesia with propofol combined with fentanyl may reduce the maintenance dosage of propofol, shorten the time of consciousness recovery during oocyte retrieval with ultrasound guidance, and can be helpful for the patients' early recovery and discharge from hospital."	( [Intravenous propofol combined with fentanyl for anesthesia during ultrasound-guided transvaginal oocyte retrieval]. Chen, SL; Chen, Y; Liu, GW; Shi, YS; Xu, JS, 2004)	0.87
"This study was conducted to compare the effects of intravenous fentanyl and intravenous fentanyl combined with bupivacaine infiltration on the hemodynamic response to skull pin insertion."	( The effects of intravenous fentanyl and intravenous fentanyl combined with bupivacaine infiltration on the hemodynamic response to skull pin insertion. Akin, A; Boyaci, A; Dogru, K; Kotanoglu, MS; Madenoglu, H; Yildiz, K, 2005)	0.86
" Propofol in combination with opioids and/or benzodiazepines can be titrated to moderate sedation, which might be safer."	( Propofol alone titrated to deep sedation versus propofol in combination with opioids and/or benzodiazepines and titrated to moderate sedation for colonoscopy. Rex, DK; VanNatta, ME, 2006)	0.33
"Propofol in combination with fentanyl and/or midazolam can be titrated to moderate levels of sedation without substantial loss of satisfaction and with shorter recovery times compared with propofol titrated to deep sedation throughout the procedure."	( Propofol alone titrated to deep sedation versus propofol in combination with opioids and/or benzodiazepines and titrated to moderate sedation for colonoscopy. Rex, DK; VanNatta, ME, 2006)	0.63
"To investigate the clinical efficacy of and complications arising from low-dose ketamine combined with fentanyl for intravenous postoperative analgesia in comparison with the exclusive use of fentanyl in elderly patients."	( [Low-dose ketamine combined with fentanyl for intravenous postoperative analgesia in elderly patients]. Chen, YM; Liang, SW; Lin, CS, 2006)	0.83
"For producing comparable postoperative analgesic effect, low-dose ketamine combined with fentanyl can markedly reduce fentanyl requirement in the elderly patients and lowers the incidences of nausea, vomiting and itching in comparison with the exclusive use of fentanyl."	( [Low-dose ketamine combined with fentanyl for intravenous postoperative analgesia in elderly patients]. Chen, YM; Liang, SW; Lin, CS, 2006)	0.84
"To investigate the effects, side-effects and security of bupivacaine, ropivacaine combined with fentanyl in postoperative continuous epidural analgesia."	( [Security evaluation of bupivacaine, ropivacaine combined with fentanyl in postoperative continuous epidural analgesia]. Huang, HQ; Huang, QQ; Su, MX; Wan, LJ; Wan, XH, 2006)	0.79
" The results therefore indicate that TTS-F offers more effective pain relief than codeine/paracetamol, in combination with R/T, in patients with metastatic bone pain, obtaining complete treatment satisfaction matched by improvements in their QoL."	( Comparison of transdermal fentanyl with codeine/paracetamol, in combination with radiotherapy, for the management of metastatic bone pain. Katsouda, E; Kouloulias, V; Kouvaris, J; Mystakidou, K; Tsiatas, M; Vlahos, L, )	0.43
"This is the first dose-finding study specifically designed to estimate the ED95 of intrathecal bupivacaine combined with a fixed amount of fentanyl for analgesia in active labor."	( Determination of the ED95 for intrathecal plain bupivacaine combined with fentanyl in active labor. Carvalho, JC; Goldszmidt, E; Parkes, RK; Whitty, R, 2007)	0.77
"The experimental setup consisted of a randomized block design with four experimental groups: two light (3/4) minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) isoflurane anesthesia groups (unstimulated/NIWR-stimulated) and two NIWR-stimulated surgical anesthesia groups (1(1/2) MAC isoflurane anesthesia and (3/4) MAC isoflurane anesthesia combined with fentanyl 400-600 microg x kg(-1) x h(-1))."	( Suppression of noxious-induced c-fos expression in the rat lumbar spinal cord by isoflurane alone or combined with fentanyl. Nguyen, NK; Ritskes-Hoitinga, M; Sommers, MG; van Egmond, J; Veening, JG; Vissers, KC, 2008)	0.73
"This study demonstrates that the NIWR model combined with spinal Fos-immunoreactivity is a suitable and useful model for evaluating the differential effects of inhaled anesthetics and opioids on nociceptive information transfer during general anesthesia."	( Suppression of noxious-induced c-fos expression in the rat lumbar spinal cord by isoflurane alone or combined with fentanyl. Nguyen, NK; Ritskes-Hoitinga, M; Sommers, MG; van Egmond, J; Veening, JG; Vissers, KC, 2008)	0.56
"To compare the effects of fentanyl or remifentanil in combination with midazolam on hemodynamic parameters, pain, and satisfaction profile in cataract surgery."	( Remifentanil versus fentanyl in combination with midazolam for retrobulbar block in cataract surgery. Bahadir, M; Cok, OY; Ertan, A, 2008)	0.97
"To observe analgesic effect of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation combined with target-controlled infusion (TCI) in general anesthesia and effects on cardiovascular system."	( [Analgesic effect of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation combined with target-controlled infusion in general anesthesia and effects on cardiovascular system]. He, BM; Yang, B, 2008)	0.35
"To investigate the effect of epidural ropivacaine in combination with fentanyl for labor analgesia on the clinical outcome of labor."	( [Influence of epidural ropivacaine in combination with fentanyl for labor analgesia on the clinical outcome of labor]. Chen, TM; Li, CX; Li, Q; Liu, Y; Xue, WN, 2008)	0.83
"15% ropivacaine in combination with fentany (1microg/ml) and 175 without epidural analgesia."	( [Influence of epidural ropivacaine in combination with fentanyl for labor analgesia on the clinical outcome of labor]. Chen, TM; Li, CX; Li, Q; Liu, Y; Xue, WN, 2008)	0.59
"Epidural ropivacaine in combination with fentanyl in labor can decrease the incidence of cesarean section, and the duration of the active stage can be shortened with application of ocytocin."	( [Influence of epidural ropivacaine in combination with fentanyl for labor analgesia on the clinical outcome of labor]. Chen, TM; Li, CX; Li, Q; Liu, Y; Xue, WN, 2008)	0.86
"To compare the hemodynamics and post-anesthetic recovery of total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with remifentanil or fentanyl combined with propofol administered by target controlled infusion (TCI) in neurosurgery."	( [Remifentanil and fentanyl combined with propofol administered by target controlled infusion in neurosurgery]. Bai, N; Cheng, Z; Guo, Q; Wang, Y; Yang, S, 2009)	0.9
"TIVA with remifentanil or fentanyl combined with propofol administered by TCI in neurosurgical operation can provided steadible hemodynamics."	( [Remifentanil and fentanyl combined with propofol administered by target controlled infusion in neurosurgery]. Bai, N; Cheng, Z; Guo, Q; Wang, Y; Yang, S, 2009)	0.99
"a To observe the analgesic effect of fentanyl combined with flurbiprofen axetil for postoperative analgesia after gynecologic surgery."	( [Postoperative analgesia with fentanyl combined with flurbiprofen axetil following gynecologic surgery for turnor]. Bai, XH; Cao, LH; Lin, WQ; Wen, LL; Zhong, ZJ, 2009)	0.91
"Flurbiprofen axetil combined with fentanyl for postoperative analgesia can significantly reduce fentanyl dose and the incidence of adverse effects associated with fentanyl without obviously affecting the coagulation and gastrointestinal functions."	( [Postoperative analgesia with fentanyl combined with flurbiprofen axetil following gynecologic surgery for turnor]. Bai, XH; Cao, LH; Lin, WQ; Wen, LL; Zhong, ZJ, 2009)	0.92
" This study compared, in donor right hepatectomy, the efficacy and safety of preoperative intrathecal morphine (ITM) combined with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) with IV-PCA alone."	( Intrathecal morphine combined with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia is an effective and safe method for immediate postoperative pain control in live liver donors. Ahn, HJ; Cho, HS; Choi, SJ; Gwak, MS; Hahm, TS; Joh, JW; Kim, GS; Kim, JA; Kim, KM; Ko, JS, 2009)	0.35
"Spinal anesthesia combined with fentanyl sometimes induces sedation."	( [Specific gravity of bupivacaine with fentanyl influences bispectral index value during spinal anesthesia combined with fentanyl in patients undergoing cesarean section]. Kimoto, M; Murao, K; Nakamoto, M; Nakao, S; Shingu, K, 2009)	0.91
"The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a constant rate of infusion of lidocaine and ketamine in combination with either morphine or fentanyl on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane (MAC(ISO)) during ovariohysterectomy in dogs."	( Reduction of the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs using a constant rate of infusion of lidocaine-ketamine in combination with either morphine or fentanyl. Aguado, D; Benito, J; Gómez de Segura, IA, 2011)	0.76
" dose of dexamethasone in combination with caudal block on postoperative analgesia in children."	( Effect of dexamethasone in combination with caudal analgesia on postoperative pain control in day-case paediatric orchiopexy. Han, SW; Hong, JY; Kil, HK; Kim, EJ; Kim, WO, 2010)	0.36
"5 mg kg(-1) in combination with a caudal block augmented the intensity and duration of postoperative analgesia without adverse effects in children undergoing day-case paediatric orchiopexy."	( Effect of dexamethasone in combination with caudal analgesia on postoperative pain control in day-case paediatric orchiopexy. Han, SW; Hong, JY; Kil, HK; Kim, EJ; Kim, WO, 2010)	0.36
"Our prospective, randomized, double-blind study aimed to detect the effect of intrathecal levobupivacaine combined with fentanyl or morphine on the postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing cesarean section."	( [Assessment of the effect of intrathecal levobupivacaine combined with fentanyl or morphine on postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing cesarean section]. Acar, P; Akyol, O; Ozyuvacı, E; Toprak, N; Vatansever, S, 2010)	0.8
" First of all, once assessed that all drugs induced dose-related antinociceptive effects, they were mixed in fixed ratio (1:1) combinations and a synergistic drug-drug interaction was obtained in all circumstances."	( Fentanyl-trazodone-paracetamol triple drug combination: multimodal analgesia in a mouse model of visceral pain. Ciruela, F; Fernández, A; Fernández-Dueñas, V; Planas, E; Poveda, R; Sánchez, S, 2011)	1.81
" The aim of this study was to investigate the block characteristics, the clinical efficacy, surgeon and patient satisfaction, and hemodynamic effects of using different doses of intrathecal plain levobupivacaine combined with fentanyl."	( A randomized comparison of different doses of intrathecal levobupivacaine combined with fentanyl for elective cesarean section: prospective, double-blinded study. Firat, V; Gunusen, I; Karaman, S; Sargin, A, 2011)	0.78
"5) or 10 mg (group 10), all combined with fentanyl 25, 15 or 10 μg, respectively."	( A randomized comparison of different doses of intrathecal levobupivacaine combined with fentanyl for elective cesarean section: prospective, double-blinded study. Firat, V; Gunusen, I; Karaman, S; Sargin, A, 2011)	0.86
"5 mg combined with fentanyl 15 μg is suitable for combined spinal-epidural anesthesia in elective cesarean section."	( A randomized comparison of different doses of intrathecal levobupivacaine combined with fentanyl for elective cesarean section: prospective, double-blinded study. Firat, V; Gunusen, I; Karaman, S; Sargin, A, 2011)	0.92
"001), with the combination with propofol giving more favorable results."	( Sedation, analgesia, and cardiorespiratory function in colonoscopy using midazolam combined with fentanyl or propofol. Shen, SR; Tang, WL; Wang, F; Xiao, DH; Xu, CX, 2011)	0.59
" The combination with fentanyl had a significantly lower effect on pulse rate and blood pressure."	( Sedation, analgesia, and cardiorespiratory function in colonoscopy using midazolam combined with fentanyl or propofol. Shen, SR; Tang, WL; Wang, F; Xiao, DH; Xu, CX, 2011)	0.9
" In addition, etomidate in combination with fentanyl had a shorter induction time and ensured haemodynamic stability."	( Anaesthesia for cardioversion: a prospective randomised comparison of propofol and etomidate combined with fentanyl. Askitopoulou, H; Kalogridaki, M; Kanoupakis, EM; Kasotaki, S; Mavrakis, HE; Panteli, A; Souvatzis, X; Vardas, P, )	0.61
"The hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) influence the pharmacokinetics of several drug classes and are involved in many clinical drug-drug interactions."	( Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions. Artursson, P; Haglund, U; Karlgren, M; Kimoto, E; Lai, Y; Norinder, U; Vildhede, A; Wisniewski, JR, 2012)	0.38
"To investigate the effects of dexmedetomidine combined with fentanyl in patients undergoing anesthesia induction by sevoflurane."	( [Effects of dexmedetomidine combined with fentanyl in patients undergoing anesthesia induction by sevoflurane]. Feng, C; Gao, DP; Han, BQ; Ma, XS; Qi, SH; Zou, YM, 2012)	0.89
"Eighty patients for elective endotracheal intubation under general anesthesia operations were randomly and double-blindly divided into Dex combined with fentanyl group (Group DF) and the fentanyl group (Group F) from April 2011 to September 2011 at the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, and there were 40 cases in each group."	( [Effects of dexmedetomidine combined with fentanyl in patients undergoing anesthesia induction by sevoflurane]. Feng, C; Gao, DP; Han, BQ; Ma, XS; Qi, SH; Zou, YM, 2012)	0.84
"Dexmedetomidine in combination with fentanyl can inhibit stress response of tracheal intubation of sevoflurane induction efficiently and stabilize hemodynamics."	( [Effects of dexmedetomidine combined with fentanyl in patients undergoing anesthesia induction by sevoflurane]. Feng, C; Gao, DP; Han, BQ; Ma, XS; Qi, SH; Zou, YM, 2012)	0.92
" We aimed to determine the analgesic and adverse effects of intrathecal neostigmine combined with hyperbaric bupivacaine and fentanyl."	( Analgesic effect of intrathecal neostigmine combined with bupivacaine and fentanyl. Akinwale, MO; Akinyemi, OA; Sotunmbi, PT, 2012)	0.82
"To compare the cardiopulmonary effects and the quality of anesthesia of the extradural lidocaine in combination with fentanyl or morphine in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy."	( Extradural anesthesia with lidocaine combined with fentanyl or methadone to ovariohisterectomy in dogs. Bernardi, CA; Cassu, RN; Diniz, MS; Kanashiro, GP; Nicácio, GM, 2013)	0.85
"The extradural lidocaine in combination with fentanyl or morphine allowed cardiopulmonary stability, however sufficient sensitive blockade was not provided in 100% of the dogs."	( Extradural anesthesia with lidocaine combined with fentanyl or methadone to ovariohisterectomy in dogs. Bernardi, CA; Cassu, RN; Diniz, MS; Kanashiro, GP; Nicácio, GM, 2013)	0.9
" This study was designed to compare the efficacy of intrathecal (IT) morphine alone, or in combination with bupivacaine and fentanyl, as part of a combined spinal-epidural (CSE) analgesia, in patients undergoing elective total gastrectomy."	( Comparison of analgesic effect of intrathecal morphine alone or in combination with bupivacaine and fentanyl in patients undergoing total gastrectomy: a prospective randomized, double blind clinical trial. Gerić, V; Ivanoviić, N; Karanikolas, M; Randjelović, T; Rasković, J; Slavković, Z; Stamenković, DM; Tomić, A; Veljović, M, 2013)	0.81
" The aim of the study was to assess the safety and efficacy of fentanyl buccal tablet in breakthrough pain management in combination with around-the-clock opioids with the dose adjustment option, and explore the dose adjustment's influence on breakthrough pain management using detailed evaluation."	( Breakthrough pain management using fentanyl buccal tablet (FBT) in combination with around-the-clock (ATC) opioids based on the efficacy and safety of FBT, and its relationship with ATC opioids: results from an open-label, multi-center study in Japanese c Adachi, I; Eguchi, K; Goto, F; Matoba, M; Shima, Y; Takigawa, C; Tanda, S; Yomiya, K; Yoshimoto, T, 2015)	0.93
"The purpose of this study was to evaluate comparatively, in women undergoing caesarean section under spinal anesthesia, the effectiveness of hyperbaric bupivacaine combined with 3 different adjuvants (fentanyl, clonidine, and dexmedtomidine) on quality of blockade and maternal and neonatal repercussions."	( A Randomised Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Intrathecal Bupivacaine Combined with Different Adjuvants (Fentanyl, Clonidine and Dexmedetomidine) in Caesarean Section. Huang, AJ; Li, AZ; Li, KZ; Li, Z; Qi, J; Shi, CX; Tian, M; Xin, DQ; Zhang, CY, 2015)	0.81
" In conclusion, BUPI-FEN combination exhibits significantly better tolerability at an approximate ratio of 6 FEN:1 SUF, albeit, both fentanyl and sufentanil in combination with bupivacaine provide similar analgesic properties via the epidural or intrathecal routes for labor pain relief."	( Bupivacaine in combination with fentanyl or sufentanil in epidural/intrathecal analgesia for labor: a meta-analysis. Gao, C; Li, B; Wang, H, 2015)	0.9
"To explore the anesthetic effect and neonatal effects of dexmedetomidine combined with ropivacaine in the cesarean section under epidural anesthesia."	( [Application of dexmedetomidine combined with ropivacaine in the cesarean section under epidural anesthesia]. Ding, Z; Han, C; Jiang, X; Wu, X, 2014)	0.4
"Administration of dexmedetomidine combined with ropivacaine can provide early onset, establishment of sensory anesthesia, much better sedation levels, decrease the degree of traction reaction and the incidence of shivering, and without adverse neonatal effects."	( [Application of dexmedetomidine combined with ropivacaine in the cesarean section under epidural anesthesia]. Ding, Z; Han, C; Jiang, X; Wu, X, 2014)	0.4
"In combination with fentanyl, bupivacaine and ropivacaine exhibit comparable efficacy and safety."	( Epidural analgesia with amide local anesthetics, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine in combination with fentanyl for labor pain relief: a meta-analysis. Fan, Y; Hu, C; Li, Y; Wang, H; Xu, H, 2015)	0.96
"We carried out a retrospective investigation on the effect of obesity on dexmedetomidine (DEX) requirements when administered with fentanyl (FEN) during mechanical ventilation after major surgeries."	( THE EFFECT OF OBESITY ON DOSE OF DEXMEDETOMIDINE WHEN ADMINISTERED WITH FENTANYL DURING POSTOPERATIVE MECHANICAL VENTILATION--RETROSPECTIVE. Hakozaki, T; Hosono, A; Imaizumi, T; Iseki, Y; Isosu, T; Mogami, M; Morimoto, I; Murakawa, M; Nakano, Y; Obara, S; Oishi, R, 2015)	0.85
"This study explored the sedative and analgesic effects of fentanyl combined with propofol via an intrathecal chemotherapy injection for acute leukemia (acute lymphocytic leukemia or acute myelocytic leukemia) among children, to relieve pain and difficulty during intrathecal injection, improve treatment compliance, increase the success rate of single puncture, and reduce procedure failure, with the aim of developing a painless procedure for children with acute leukemia."	( Rapid sedation induced by fentanyl combined with propofol via an intrathecal chemotherapy injection for leukemia in children. Lao, JQ; Tian, X; Tian, YY; Wang, HP; Wei, HY; Yang, YH, 2015)	0.96
"Propofol is routinely combined with opioid analgesics to ensure adequate anesthesia during surgery."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol and fentanyl in patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery - a study of pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions. Bieda, K; Bienert, A; Borsuk, A; Grześkowiak, E; Hartmann-Sobczyńska, R; Kokot, ZJ; Matysiak, J; Przybyłowski, K; Sobczyński, P; Wiczling, P, 2016)	0.68
" We investigated the efficacy of the continuous intravenous infuion of fentanyl combined with intercostal nerve block, in comparison with the continuous epidural analgesia."	( [Postoperative Analgesia for Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery--Continuous Intravenous Infusion of Fentanyl Combined with Intercostal Nerve Block v.s. Continuous Epidural Analgesia]. Hiro, K; Kurata, M; Oi, Y; Okuda, M; Sugiyama, T, 2016)	0.88
"Continuous intravenous infusion of fentanyl combined with intercostal nerve block is effective in the postoperative analgesia for VATS, as well as continuous epidural analgesia."	( [Postoperative Analgesia for Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery--Continuous Intravenous Infusion of Fentanyl Combined with Intercostal Nerve Block v.s. Continuous Epidural Analgesia]. Hiro, K; Kurata, M; Oi, Y; Okuda, M; Sugiyama, T, 2016)	0.93
" The aim of the study was to determine the effects of constant-rate infusion of lidocaine and ketamine combined with either morphine or fentanyl on the MAC of sevoflurane in pigs."	( Effect of Lidocaine-Ketamine Infusions Combined with Morphine or Fentanyl in Sevoflurane-Anesthetized Pigs. Canfrán, S; Gómez de Segura, IA; Largo, C; Re, M, 2016)	0.88
"Low-dose ropivacaine combined with intrathecal fentanyl can provide adequate anaesthesia with minimal haemodynamic variation."	( EFFECT OF PREOPERATIVE INTRAVENOUS OXYCODONE ON LOW-DOSE ROPIVACAINE SPINAL ANESTHESIA COMBINED WITH INTRATHECAL FENTANYL. Fu, Y; Wang, J; Wang, N; Zhang, S, 2016)	0.9
"To assess the efficacy of preoperative intravenous oxycodone on transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) under 10 mg ropivacaine spinal anaesthesia combined with intrathecal 25 pg fentanyl."	( EFFECT OF PREOPERATIVE INTRAVENOUS OXYCODONE ON LOW-DOSE ROPIVACAINE SPINAL ANESTHESIA COMBINED WITH INTRATHECAL FENTANYL. Fu, Y; Wang, J; Wang, N; Zhang, S, 2016)	0.84
" This trial will evaluate the effects of propofol combined with small doses of dezocine, oxycodone, sufentanil or fentanyl for gastroscopy."	( Effect of propofol combined with opioids on cough reflex suppression in gastroscopy: study protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Cao, YZ; Lu, X; Xia, J; Xie, J; Yin, N; Yuan, J, 2017)	0.67
" The objective of this study was to evaluate the anaesthetic effect of several doses of alfaxalone alone, considering differences between sexes, and alfaxalone combined with dexmedetomidine and fentanyl in the rat administered by the intraperitoneal route."	( Anaesthetic effects of alfaxalone administered intraperitoneally alone or combined with dexmedetomidine and fentanyl in the rat. Arenillas, M; Gomez de Segura, IA, 2018)	0.88
"Introduction: Drug-drug interactions occur more frequently in intensive care units than in other services."	( Characterization of potential drug-drug interactions in patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital in Bogotá Bustamante, C; Hernández, M; Tribiño, G, 2018)	0.48
" Statistically significant differences were observed for remifentanil in comparison to fentanyl when combined with propofol: Propofol dose (in mg) -76."	( Comparison of Fentanyl, Remifentanil, Sufentanil and Alfentanil in Combination with Propofol for General Anesthesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Sivaramakrishnan, G; Sridharan, K, 2019)	1.1
"To conclude, we found that remifentanil has a statistically significant anesthetic profile than fentanyl when combined with propofol."	( Comparison of Fentanyl, Remifentanil, Sufentanil and Alfentanil in Combination with Propofol for General Anesthesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Sivaramakrishnan, G; Sridharan, K, 2019)	1.09
"To compare the propofol infusion rate and cardiopulmonary effects during total intravenous anesthesia with propofol alone and propofol combined with methadone, fentanyl or nalbuphine in domestic chickens undergoing ulna osteotomy."	( Total intravenous anesthesia in domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) with propofol alone or in combination with methadone, nalbuphine or fentanyl for ulna osteotomy. Alievi, MM; Boos, MZ; Gutierrez, LG; Herrera, JR; Mombach, VS; Monteiro, ER; Santos, EA, 2020)	0.96
"Despite its frequent use in clinical practice, fentanyl's pro-serotonergic effects are underrecognized, especially in combination with linezolid."	( Linezolid and fentanyl: An underrecognized drug-to-drug interaction. Abu Saleh, O; Barth, D; Corsini Campioli, C; Esquer Garrigos, Z; Sia, IG; Sohail, RM, 2020)	1.18
" Subsequently, the target mapping outcomes were applied to build physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for acetaminophen and fentanyl to explore the drug-drug interaction (DDI) between this pair of drugs."	( Pain Chemogenomics Knowledgebase (Pain-CKB) for Systems Pharmacology Target Mapping and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Investigation of Opioid Drug-Drug Interactions. Bertz, R; Chen, M; Feng, Z; Liang, T; Shen, M; Wang, S; Xie, XQ; Xue, Y, 2020)	0.76
" The study aimed to find out the prevalence of potential drug-drug interactions in the Intensive Care Units of a tertiary care centre."	( Potential Drug-drug Interaction among the Patients Admitted in Intensive Care Units of a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. Basnet, R; Ghimire, R; Kharel, S; Lamichhane, P; Mudvari, A; Parajuli, S; Pokharel, A; Poudel, N; Prasad, P; Shrestha, PS, 2022)	0.72
"Out of 101 patients, the prevalence of the drug-drug interaction was found to be 90 (89."	( Potential Drug-drug Interaction among the Patients Admitted in Intensive Care Units of a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. Basnet, R; Ghimire, R; Kharel, S; Lamichhane, P; Mudvari, A; Parajuli, S; Pokharel, A; Poudel, N; Prasad, P; Shrestha, PS, 2022)	0.72
"Prevalence of potential drug-drug interactions was higher compared to similar published literature."	( Potential Drug-drug Interaction among the Patients Admitted in Intensive Care Units of a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. Basnet, R; Ghimire, R; Kharel, S; Lamichhane, P; Mudvari, A; Parajuli, S; Pokharel, A; Poudel, N; Prasad, P; Shrestha, PS, 2022)	0.72
"5 years (January 2019-June 2021) of driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) and medico-legal death investigation (MDI) cases was investigated, including other drugs detected in combination with xylazine."	( Xylazine: Pharmacology Review and Prevalence and Drug Combinations in Forensic Toxicology Casework. Barbieri, EJ; Kacinko, SL; Logan, BK; Mohr, ALA, 2022)	0.72
"Its goal was to see how a transdermal fentanyl patch combined with accelerated recovery after surgery (ERAS) affected the treatment efficacy and analgesic effect of liver cancer, as well as to help patients with liver cancer choose the right analgesic treatment and nursing mode."	( Effect of Transdermal Fentanyl Patch Combined with Enhanced Recovery after Surgery on the Curative Effect and Analgesic Effect of Liver Cancer. Fang, S; Lu, G; Xiao, H; Zhu, H, 2022)	1.31
" However, the clinical efficacy of electroacupuncture combined with patient-controlled intravenous analgesia for postoperative analgesia after cesarean delivery remains unclear."	( Efficacy of electroacupuncture combined with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia after cesarean delivery: a randomized clinical trial. Feng, Y; Hu, S; Jin, Y; Li, Y; Liu, L; Wang, B; Wang, L; Xiong, B; Yu, X, 2023)	0.91
"The aim of this study was to compare the effects of constant rate infusions (CRI) of fentanyl alone or combined with lidocaine and ketamine (FLK), on physiological parameters, isoflurane requirements and the number of postoperative analgesic rescues in dogs undergoing unilateral mastectomy."	( Influence of Constant Rate Infusions of Fentanyl Alone or in Combination With Lidocaine and Ketamine on the Response to Surgery and Postoperative Pain in Isoflurane Anesthetized Dogs Undergoing Unilateral Mastectomy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Alievi, MM; de Oliveira, TF; Herrera-Becerra, JR; Marques, ÉJ; Monteiro, ER; Rovaris, IB; Tomazeli, D; Valle, SF, )	0.62
"The authors sought to quantify the clinical impacts of granisetron, ketamine, dexmedetomidine, and lidocaine combined with fentanyl, for procedural sedation and analgesia in cystoscopy and for bladder catheter tolerance."	( Efficacy appraisal of four regimens (granisetron, ketamine, dexmedetomidine, and lidocaine combined with fentanyl) for cystoscopy-associated sedation and analgesia and catheter-related bladder tolerance: a randomized clinical trial. Almasi-Hashiani, A; Jafarirismani, R; Modir, H; Shamaii, K, )	0.55
" Propofol is a commonly used sedative, frequently combined with an opioid or low-dose ketamine as an analgesic."	( Low-dose ketamine or opioids combined with propofol for procedural sedation in the emergency department: a systematic review. De Vries, LJ; Lameijer, H; Van Roon, EN; Veeger, NJGM, 2023)	0.91

Bioavailability

Fentanyl, very lipophilic, is rapidly absorbed via intranasal administration with a bioavailability close to 90%. In theory, the transmucosal bioavailability and absorption of fentanyl could be improved by converting more fentanyl to the unionized form by adjusting the surrounding pH.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The rate of absorption of paracetamol following oral administration was used as an indirect measure of the rate of gastric emptying."	( Gastric emptying following caesarean section and the effect of epidural fentanyl. Geddes, SM; Logan, RW; Thorburn, J, 1991)	0.51
" In order to determine the bioavailability and absorption of fentanyl from OTFC, 12 volunteers were given intravenous fentanyl citrate or OTFC 15 micrograms/kg on each of two occasions."	( Absorption and bioavailability of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate. Ashburn, MA; Hague, BI; Le Maire, L; Stanley, TH; Stanski, DR; Streisand, JB; Tarver, SD; Varvel, JR, 1991)	0.77
"Fentanyl was administered intravenously and transdermally to eight surgical patients to determine the systemic bioavailability and rate of absorption of the transdermally administered drug."	( Absorption characteristics of transdermally administered fentanyl. Coen, PA; Hwang, SS; Shafer, SL; Stanski, DR; Varvel, JR, 1989)	1.96
" Plasma concentration-time data for nalmefene indicate good oral bioavailability and a prolonged terminal elimination phase (mean t1/2 11."	( Prolonged blockade of opioid effect with oral nalmefene. DiFazio, CA; Dixon, R; Gal, TJ, 1986)	0.27
" In order to make risk assessments on the basis of inhalation experiments with animals at dose levels relevant to the human situation, it is important to know the actual absorption rate in the respiratory tract."	( Quantitative measurement of the exhalation rate of volatile N-nitrosamines in inhalation experiments with anaesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. Klein, RG; Schmezer, P, 1984)	0.27
" After oral administration, caffeine was absorbed poorly with an apparent bioavailability of 39%."	( Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and behavioral effects of caffeine in horses. Greene, EW; Tobin, T; Woods, WE, 1983)	0.27
" As a conclusion, it is suggested that altered sensitivity of brain tissue rather than changes in bioavailability must explain variations in dose-response relationship which are frequently believed to be seen when fentanyl is used in patients with chronic drug administration."	( [Biotransformation of fentanyl. III. Effect of chronic drug exposure on the distribution, metabolism and excretion in the rat]. Brandt, K; Daub, D; Hunger, L; Lehmann, KA, 1983)	0.77
" The residual fentanyl in the transdermal fentanyl device was measured, permitting calculation of the absolute bioavailability of transdermally administered fentanyl."	( Biopharmaceutics of a new transdermal fentanyl device. Brand, SC; Browne, S; Cohane, C; Fiset, P; Shafer, SL, 1995)	0.92
" The bioavailability of transdermally administered fentanyl was 63 +/- 35% coefficient of variation."	( Biopharmaceutics of a new transdermal fentanyl device. Brand, SC; Browne, S; Cohane, C; Fiset, P; Shafer, SL, 1995)	0.81
" In theory, the transmucosal bioavailability and absorption of fentanyl could be improved by converting more fentanyl to the unionized form by adjusting the surrounding pH."	( Buccal absorption of fentanyl is pH-dependent in dogs. McJames, S; Natte, R; Niu, S; Pace, NL; Streisand, JB; Zhang, J, 1995)	0.85
" The switch to oral agents must take into consideration the differences in potency, half-life, and oral bioavailability between the agents."	( Outpatient therapy of iatrogenic drug dependency following prolonged sedation in the pediatric intensive care unit. Deshpande, JK; Gregory, DF; Tobias, JD, 1994)	0.29
" The bioavailability of sublingual and buccal opioids is better as the uptake of active drug is governed by local blood flow."	( [Are there indications for oral or sublingual administration of morphines?]. Spielvogel, C, 1994)	0.29
"Intravenous pharmacokinetics of fentanyl was similar to those previously described in dogs and provided the distribution and clearance data necessary to calculate the rate of absorption of the transdermally administered opioid."	( Disposition of transdermally administered fentanyl in dogs. Hardie, EM; Kyles, AE; Papich, M, 1996)	0.84
" Time-averaged bioavailability based upon nominal doses averaged approximately 100%, and was > 50% within 5 min of delivery."	( Pulmonary administration of aerosolised fentanyl: pharmacokinetic analysis of systemic delivery. Eltherington, LG; Farr, SJ; Mather, LE; Rubsamen, RA; Ward, ME; Woodhouse, A, 1998)	0.57
"Estimated fentanyl bioavailability (mean +/- SD) was low (36."	( Uptake pharmacokinetics of the Fentanyl Oralet in children scheduled for central venous access removal: implications for the timing of initiating painful procedures. Avram, MJ; Birmingham, PK; Coté, CJ; Dsida, RM; Wang, Z; Wheeler, M, 2002)	1
" The primary outcome was the bioavailability of nasal fentanyl in comparison with intravenous fentanyl."	( A new formulation of nasal fentanyl spray for postoperative analgesia: a pilot study. Banks, SL; Doherty, DA; Lim, CB; Paech, MJ; Rucklidge, MW, 2003)	0.86
" Our study also suggested that increased subcutaneous fat delayed the rate of absorption of fentanyl."	( Postoperative pain management using fentanyl patches in dogs. Das, SR; Gilbert, DB; Motzel, SL, 2003)	0.81
"The bioavailability of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) in children is similar to that of fentanyl solution administered orally to adults."	( The pharmacokinetics of the intravenous formulation of fentanyl citrate administered orally in children undergoing general anesthesia. Birmingham, PK; Coté, CJ; Heffner, CL; Lugo, RA; Wheeler, M, 2004)	0.84
"Mean+/-SD release rate of fentanyl from the patch, defined by its absorption rate through the non-rate-limiting cellulose membrane, was linear during the first 8 hours (2."	( Investigation of in vitro transdermal absorption of fentanyl from patches placed on skin samples obtained from various anatomic regions of dogs. Cross, SE; Magnusson, BM; Mills, PC, 2004)	0.87
" A mean bioavailability of 78% was estimated; the total clearance averaged 41 L/h."	( Inter- and intraindividual variabilities in pharmacokinetics of fentanyl after repeated 72-hour transdermal applications in cancer pain patients. Bressolle, F; Caumette, L; Culine, S; Garcia, F; Pinguet, F; Poujol, S; Solassol, I, 2005)	0.57
" The bioavailability of fentanyl was statistically different according to patient age."	( Inter- and intra-individual variability in transdermal fentanyl absorption in cancer pain patients. Astre, C; Bressolle, F; Caumette, L; Coulouma, R; Culine, S; Garcia, F; Pinguet, F; Solassol, I; Thézenas, S, 2005)	0.88
" The results of the second study paralleled those from the first, suggesting that the bioavailability of fentanyl delivered by the PCTS increases as a function of time and is likely to be independent of dosing frequency."	( The effect of dosing frequency on the pharmacokinetics of a fentanyl HCl patient-controlled transdermal system (PCTS). Gidwani, S; Gupta, S; Sathyan, G; Zomorodi, K, 2005)	0.78
"This finding has implications for the bioavailability of fentanyl at extremes of body temperature in association with the clinical acid-base management of the patient."	( pKa of fentanyl varies with temperature: implications for acid-base management during extremes of body temperature. Cross, DA; Pace, CN; Scholtz, JM; Thurlkill, RL, 2005)	1.03
" This kind of absorption avoids first-pass metabolism, yielding a bioavailability substantially greater than oral administration."	( Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate: overview of pharmacological and clinical characteristics. Katsouda, E; Mystakidou, K; Parpa, E; Tsiatas, ML; Vlahos, L, )	0.47
"The primary objective of this study was to compare the relative bioavailability of FEBT 1,080 microg with that of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) 1,600 microg, and the secondary objective was to assess the dose proportionality of FEBT 270 to 1,300 microg in healthy adult volunteers."	( Relative bioavailability of the fentanyl effervescent buccal tablet (FEBT) 1,080 pg versus oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate 1,600 pg and dose proportionality of FEBT 270 to 1,300 microg: a single-dose, randomized, open-label, three-period study in healt Darwish, M; Kirby, M; Tempero, K; Thompson, J, 2006)	0.82
" Fentanyl is more rapidly absorbed and bioavailability is higher from FBT than from the oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate formulation."	( Fentanyl buccal tablet: in breakthrough pain in opioid-tolerant patients with cancer. Blick, SK; Wagstaff, AJ, 2006)	2.69
" The transmucosal FBT had the highest absolute bioavailability (0."	( Absolute and relative bioavailability of fentanyl buccal tablet and oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate. Darwish, M; Jiang, JG; Kirby, M; Robertson, P; Tracewell, W, 2007)	0.61
"Fentanyl is a potent opioid that is well absorbed via the oral mucosa."	( Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate versus placebo for painful dressing changes: a crossover trial. Barker, L; Larsen, D; MacIntyre, PA; Margetts, L, 2007)	2.12
" FBT utilizes OraVescent technology to improve bioavailability and speed of drug delivery."	( Fentanyl buccal tablet: faster rescue analgesia for breakthrough pain? Hanna, M; Lecybyl, R, 2007)	1.78
" Though oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate has reduced bioavailability (25%), it inherits potential for breakthrough pain management."	( Pediatric palliative care: use of opioids for the management of pain. Anderson, BJ; Craig, F; Michel, E; Zernikow, B, 2009)	0.65
" However, an exchange of the reference with a generic with higher bioavailability would trigger respiratory depression only in extreme situations and is clinically supported by only a single case report."	( Bioequivalence criteria for transdermal fentanyl generics: do these need a relook? Felden, L; Lötsch, J; Walter, C, 2009)	0.62
" This allows for an increased bioavailability when inhaled."	( Potential biomarkers of smoked fentanyl utilizing pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Bell, SC; Callery, PS; Kraner, JC; Nishikawa, RK, 2009)	0.64
"Absorption of subcutaneous fentanyl was relatively rapid and similar to the rate of absorption previously reported for subcutaneous morphine; the terminal half-life for fentanyl was substantially longer (10 h) than that of morphine (2."	( Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl after subcutaneous administration in volunteers. Capper, SJ; Geue, JP; Loo, S; Ludbrook, GL; Macintyre, PE; Ong, J; Upton, RN, 2010)	0.98
" Bioavailability compared with OTFC was significantly greater for all nasal fentanyl formulations (FPNS 132."	( Pharmacokinetic comparisons of three nasal fentanyl formulations; pectin, chitosan and chitosan-poloxamer 188. Fisher, A; Knight, A; Smith, A; Watling, M, 2010)	0.85
"The objectives of the study were to determine the absolute bioavailability of fentanyl from fentanyl buccal soluble film, estimate the percentage of a fentanyl dose absorbed through the buccal mucosa, and compare the bioavailability of equivalent doses administered either as single or multiple dose units."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of fentanyl buccal soluble film. Finn, AL; Gever, LN; Tagarro, I; Vasisht, N, 2010)	0.87
"The two buccal film treatments were bioequivalent and both had an absolute bioavailability of 71%."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of fentanyl buccal soluble film. Finn, AL; Gever, LN; Tagarro, I; Vasisht, N, 2010)	0.64
" Intranasal fentanyl has a bioavailability of 89%, with a short onset of action ( approximately 7 min) and duration times ( approximately 1 h)."	( Intranasal fentanyl: from pharmacokinetics and bioavailability to current treatment applications. Mystakidou, K; Panagiotou, I, 2010)	1.13
" This single-dose volunteer study compared the pharmacokinetics of FPNS 100, 200, 400, and 800 µg doses and assessed bioavailability relative to oral transmucosal fentanyl (OTFC) 200 µg."	( Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of fentanyl pectin nasal spray 100 - 800 µg in healthy volunteers. Fisher, A; Knight, A; Smith, A; Watling, M, 2010)	0.81
" Mean relative bioavailability of FPNS to OTFC ranged from 103% to 163%."	( Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of fentanyl pectin nasal spray 100 - 800 µg in healthy volunteers. Fisher, A; Knight, A; Smith, A; Watling, M, 2010)	0.62
"FPNS has a shorter tmax, higher Cmax and greater bioavailability than OTFC and is well tolerated."	( Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of fentanyl pectin nasal spray 100 - 800 µg in healthy volunteers. Fisher, A; Knight, A; Smith, A; Watling, M, 2010)	0.62
" Among morphinic drugs, fentanyl, very lipophilic, is rapidly absorbed via intranasal administration with a bioavailability close to 90%."	( [Intranasal delivery of systemic drugs: a new route for opioid drugs]. Advenier, C; Blouquit-Laye, S; Buenestado, A; Devillier, P; Grassin-Delyle, S; Naline, E, )	0.44
" Although the plasma fentanyl concentration was significantly correlated with its measured absorption rate, the measured absorption rate normalized fentanyl concentration showed a large inter-individual variation."	( Simple and rapid HPLC-UV method using an ultrafine particle octadecylsilane for determination of residual fentanyl in applied Durotep MT transdermal matrix patches and its clinical application. Kawakami, J; Naito, T; Takashina, Y; Yagi, T, 2012)	0.91
" In this phase I study we investigated the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of a fentanyl wafer in healthy volunteers."	( A phase I pharmacokinetic and bioavailability study of a sublingual fentanyl wafer in healthy volunteers. Lim, CB; Liu, Y; Paech, MJ; Schug, SA; Sunderland, VB, 2012)	0.84
"The mean absolute bioavailability of the sublingual fentanyl wafer was 78."	( A phase I pharmacokinetic and bioavailability study of a sublingual fentanyl wafer in healthy volunteers. Lim, CB; Liu, Y; Paech, MJ; Schug, SA; Sunderland, VB, 2012)	0.86
" The absolute bioavailability of 78."	( A phase I pharmacokinetic and bioavailability study of a sublingual fentanyl wafer in healthy volunteers. Lim, CB; Liu, Y; Paech, MJ; Schug, SA; Sunderland, VB, 2012)	0.61
" A mean absorption rate of ≥ 2 μg · kg/h was maintained from 2 to 144 h following dorsal application and from 2 to 264 h following ventral application."	( Pharmacokinetics and the effect of application site on a novel, long-acting transdermal fentanyl solution in healthy laboratory Beagles. Clark, TP; Freise, KJ; Newbound, GC; Tudan, C, 2012)	0.6
" The delivery of different opioids by the pulmonary route has been inconsistent, usually resulting in low bioavailability of the drug."	( Inhaled fentanyl aerosol in healthy volunteers: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Cassella, JV; Gan, TJ; Habib, AS; Ho, KY; Ikeda, K; Macleod, DB; Spyker, DA, 2012)	0.81
"4 pg×h/ml); but, more clinically relevant were the delayed rate of absorption (tmax 53 minutes) and reduced Cmax (235."	( Impact of allergic rhinitis and its treatment on the pharmacokinetics of nasally administered fentanyl. Fisher, AN; Knight, A; Perelman, M; Smith, A, 2013)	0.61
"To compare rate of absorption and systemic bioavailability between FSS and oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) in healthy volunteers."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of fentanyl sublingual spray and oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate in healthy volunteers: a randomized crossover study. Chavan, A; Dillaha, L; Goskonda, V; Parikh, N, 2013)	0.89
" Systemic bioavailability was also greater with FSS than with OTFC (approximately 76% vs 51%)."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of fentanyl sublingual spray and oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate in healthy volunteers: a randomized crossover study. Chavan, A; Dillaha, L; Goskonda, V; Parikh, N, 2013)	0.67
"Absorption of fentanyl in this study was faster and bioavailability was greater with FSS than with OTFC."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of fentanyl sublingual spray and oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate in healthy volunteers: a randomized crossover study. Chavan, A; Dillaha, L; Goskonda, V; Parikh, N, 2013)	1.03
"The objective of this study was to prepare a novel fentanyl wafer formulation by a freeze-drying method, and to evaluate its in vitro and in vivo release characteristics, including its bioavailability via the sublingual route."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a sublingual fentanyl wafer formulation. Lim, SC; Liu, Y; Paech, MJ; Sunderland, B, 2013)	0.9
" The absolute bioavailability of the fentanyl wafer was evaluated in 11 opioid-naïve adult female patients using a randomized crossover design."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a sublingual fentanyl wafer formulation. Lim, SC; Liu, Y; Paech, MJ; Sunderland, B, 2013)	0.92
" The median absolute bioavailability was 53."	( In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a sublingual fentanyl wafer formulation. Lim, SC; Liu, Y; Paech, MJ; Sunderland, B, 2013)	0.65
"The primary objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of 5 different doses (100, 200, 400, 600, and 800 μg) of fentanyl sublingual spray in healthy subjects under fasted conditions (part A); the secondary objective was to assess the effects of temperature and pH in the oral cavity on relative bioavailability of fentanyl (part B)."	( Pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of fentanyl sublingual spray: a single-dose 5-way crossover study. Chavan, A; Dillaha, L; Goskonda, V; Parikh, N, 2013)	0.85
" Altering the local environment of the oral cavity (temperature and pH) showed no effects on the bioavailability of fentanyl."	( Pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of fentanyl sublingual spray: a single-dose 5-way crossover study. Chavan, A; Dillaha, L; Goskonda, V; Parikh, N, 2013)	0.86
", clearance (CL), absorption rate constant (KA), central volume (V2) and bioavailability (F1), were estimated, while other parameters were fixed to previous model estimates."	( An innovative phase I population pharmacokinetic approach to investigate the pharmacokinetics of an intranasal fentanyl spray in healthy subjects. Baumann, S; Facius, A; Hartmann, L; Nave, R; Plock, N, 2013)	0.6
"The aim of this clinical study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile and bioavailability of INFS in healthy subjects compared to oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC)."	( Faster absorption and higher systemic bioavailability of intranasal fentanyl spray compared to oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate in healthy subjects. Nave, R; Popper, L; Schmitt, H, )	0.56
"Compared to OTFC, a much faster absorption rate was observed for INFS which was supported by the much earlier appearance of detectable fentanyl plasma levels and a shorter T(max)."	( Faster absorption and higher systemic bioavailability of intranasal fentanyl spray compared to oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate in healthy subjects. Nave, R; Popper, L; Schmitt, H, )	0.57
"One dose of INFS gives significantly higher plasma fentanyl levels and significantly higher bioavailability than OTFC based on dose-normalized AUC."	( Faster absorption and higher systemic bioavailability of intranasal fentanyl spray compared to oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate in healthy subjects. Nave, R; Popper, L; Schmitt, H, )	0.62
" Furthermore, the lag time and absorption rate were different between the three groups, with a significantly higher rate in the young participants versus the oldest participants."	( Chronological age affects the permeation of fentanyl through human skin in vitro. Benfeldt, E; Holmgaard, R; Nielsen, JB; Sorensen, JA, 2013)	0.65
"We demonstrate that fentanyl permeates the skin of young individuals in greater amounts and at a higher absorption rate than in middle-aged and old individuals in vitro."	( Chronological age affects the permeation of fentanyl through human skin in vitro. Benfeldt, E; Holmgaard, R; Nielsen, JB; Sorensen, JA, 2013)	0.97
" They were assessed in relative bioavailability in 20 healthy Chinese male volunteers according to a single dose, 2-sequence, crossover randomized design."	( Bioequivalence assessment of two transdermal delivery systems of fentanyl in healthy Chinese volunteers. Liu, J; Zhou, X, 2014)	0.64
" We describe here an analogue of 1 with an added C-terminal β-glucosylserine residue, Ser(β-Glc)NH2, a modification that has previously been shown to improve bioavailability of opioid peptides."	( Development of a bioavailable μ opioid receptor (MOPr) agonist, δ opioid receptor (DOPr) antagonist peptide that evokes antinociception without development of acute tolerance. Anand, JP; Jutkiewicz, EM; Mosberg, HI; Porter, V; Sobczyk-Kojiro, K; Traynor, JR; Yeomans, L, 2014)	0.4
" The aim of the present study is to assess the relative bioavailability of fentanyl from two different transdermal systems by evaluating plasma drug concentrations after single administration of Fentalgon® (test), a novel bilayer matrix type patch, and Durogesic SMAT (reference), a monolayer matrix type patch."	( Pharmacokinetic study between a bilayer matrix fentalyl patch and a monolayer matrix fentanyl patch: single dose administration in healthy volunteers. Bonizzoni, E; Caraceni, A; Centurioni, F; Farina, A; Manzoni, A; Perrone, T; Seiler, D; Zecca, E, 2015)	0.87
" Transdermal patches provided sustained fentanyl absorption for up to 5 days, but the absorption rate was slower than the nominal dose rate and showed a high interindividual variability."	( Fentanyl Pharmacokinetics in Pregnant Sheep after Intravenous and Transdermal Administration to the Ewe. Acharya, G; Erkinaro, T; Haapala, L; Haapsamo, M; Hautajärvi, H; Heikkinen, AT; Heikkinen, EM; Kokki, H; Kokki, M; Laaksonen, S; Räsänen, J; Voipio, HM, 2015)	2.13
", ip) indicate that the liver is the primary site of biotransformation of the compound, suggesting that both 22a and its metabolite(s) are active, compensating probably low bioavailability of the parent molecule."	( Design, physico-chemical properties and biological evaluation of some new N-[(phenoxy)alkyl]- and N-{2-[2-(phenoxy)ethoxy]ethyl}aminoalkanols as anticonvulsant agents. Bednarski, M; Gunia-Krzyżak, A; Marona, H; Nitek, W; Pękala, E; Powroźnik, B; Słoczyńska, K; Walczak, M; Waszkielewicz, AM; Żesławska, E, 2016)	0.43
"Failure to recognize the impact of various situations described throughout this work, including the bioavailability due to loss of oral route, due to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the various drugs, either in the context of the impaired metabolism or excretion, or in due to pharmacological interactions, conditions a serious risk of subtreatment of pain and consequent impact in terms of quality of life."	( [Opioids for Cancer Pain and its Use under Particular Conditions: A Narrative Review]. Brás, M; Fragoso, M; Vieira, C, 2019)	0.51
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
" The between subject variability in clearance and subcutaneous absorption rate was relatively high, and some patients recorded high fentanyl concentrations in the context of their titration to effect."	( Population pharmacokinetic model of subcutaneous fentanyl in older acute care patients. Al-Qurain, AA; Mackenzie, L; Phillips, C; Roberts, MS; Russell, PT; Tadros, R; Upton, R; Wiese, MD; Williams, DB, 2021)	1.08
" The study designs included 1 h of transient heat application (42 ± 2°C) at either 11 h or 18 h after TDS application to concurrently investigate the influence of heat on drug bioavailability from TDS and the feasibility of IVPT to predict the effects of heat on TDS in vivo."	( Evaluation of in vitro/in vivo correlations for three fentanyl transdermal delivery systems using in vitro skin permeation testing and human pharmacokinetic studies under the influence of transient heat application. Ghosh, P; Hammell, DC; Hassan, HE; Raney, SG; Shin, SH; Stinchcomb, AL; Yu, M, 2022)	0.97
"Due to the poor oral bioavailability of buprenorphine, an oral formulation has not been thought possible."	( A novel long-acting formulation of oral buprenorphine/naloxone produces prolonged decreases in fentanyl self-administration by rhesus monkeys. Comer, SD; Foltin, RW; Nagaraj, N; Scranton, RE; Sykes, KA; Zale, S, 2022)	0.94
" Loperamide is considered to have low abuse potential as it does not produce an analgesic or euphoric effect due to low bioavailability and first-pass metabolism."	( An Opioid Hiding in Plain Sight: Loperamide-Induced False-Positive Fentanyl and Buprenorphine Immunoassay Results. Badea, A; Cervinski, MA; Geno, KA; Hubbard, JA; Jannetto, P; Lynch, KL; Nerenz, RD, 2022)	0.96
"Opioid analgesia has been shown to interfere with the bioavailability of oral P2Y12 inhibitors prompting the search for safe and effective non-opioid analgesics to treat ischaemic chest pain."	( LidocAine Versus Opioids In MyocarDial infarction: the AVOID-2 randomized controlled trial. Andrew, E; Bernard, S; Brennan, A; Dinh, D; Fernando, H; Lefkovits, J; Milne, C; Myles, PS; Nehme, Z; O'Brien, J; Peter, K; Smith, K; Stephenson, M; Stub, D; Taylor, AJ, 2023)	0.91

Dosage Studied

Fentanyl (in post-anesthesia care unit) and paracetamol (at home) were supplementary analgesics and the dosage was also recorded. Dosing schedules should be based upon the patient's requirement for rescue dosing and duration of effective pain control.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Careful dosage of the drugs, in particular of fentanyl, and knowledge of adequate measures to treat a decrease in blood pressure if it occurs, appears to be a prerequisite for the use of this type of anaesthesia in poor risk patients."	( [Anaesthesia with flunitrazepam (rohypnol) and fentanyl for geriatric patients (author's transl)]. Haldemann, G; Hossli, G; Schaer, H, 1977)	0.77
" Fentanyl also shifted the dose-response curve of the contractile response of aorta to norepinephrine to the right."	( Alpha-adrenergic blocking action of fentanyl on the isolated aorta of the rabbit. Hatano, Y; Toda, N, 1977)	1.44
" The dosage schedule (per 70 kg body weight) was 2 ml intramuscularly, prior to the block, and 1 ml intravenously, after the block."	( Age, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and Innovar induced ventilatory depression during regional anesthesia. Coombs, JH; Fairley, HB; Isenberg, MD; Mulroy, MF, )	0.13
") dosing produced only a slight cross-tolerance to the rate-decreasing effects of anileridine and alphaprodine."	( Comparing the effects of anileridine, alphaprodine and fentanyl on schedule-controlled responding by pigeons. Leander, JD, 1978)	0.51
"5 to 1 microgram/kg) than by increasing the dosage of thiopental."	( The role of different components of balanced anaesthesia in tolerance to endotracheal intubation. Aromaa, U; Tammisto, T, 1977)	0.26
" The drug was found to be effective and safe for a wide range of ungulates and pachyderms and Burchell's zebra (Equus burchelli) did not react to expected dosage levels."	( Immobilisation of free-ranging wild animals using a new drug. De Vos, V, 1978)	0.26
"Five anesthetic agents (C1744, etorphine, fentanyl, ketamine hydrochloride, and halothane) were tested to establish the dosage of a safe, effective, short-acting anesthetic for use in the sea otter."	( Comparison of anesthetic agents in the sea otter. Kocher, FH; Williams, TD, 1978)	0.52
" Examples of EEG dependence on the kind of anesthesia, the age of the patient, and individual sensitivity to the dosage of the anesthetic agent are given."	( [Pre and postoperative EEG monitoring as illustrated in various routine anesthesia methods]. Gubernatis, G; Lips, U; Pichlmayr, J, 1978)	0.26
" We used a combination of droperidol and fentanyl as premedication in low dosage to obtain a maximal efficiency of the possibly minimal medication of intravenously injected ketamine."	( [General anaesthesia with ketamine for electro-cochleography in children (author's transl)]. Innitzer, J; Schmid, E, 1977)	0.52
" The etomidate dosage chosen more often gave an immediate satisfactory sleep."	( A comparative study of etomidate and methohexital as induction agents for analgesic anesthesia. Bastenier-Geens, J; Dubois-Primo, J; Genicot, C; Rucquoi, M, 1976)	0.26
" Both compunds produced a parallel shift to the right of the noradrenaline cumulative dose-response curves, indicating competitive antagonism."	( A study of the effects of dexclamol as the neuroleptic component in neuroleptanaesthesia. Jaramilio, J, 1976)	0.26
"In a comparison of digitalis tolerance in dogs anesthetized with ketamine, Innovar Vet, or pentobarbital, the dosage of ouabain needed to cause ventricular tachycardia was significantly higher, as was the LD50 of ouabain, with ketamine or Innovar than with pentobarbital."	( The effects of ketamine and of Innovar anesthesia on digitalis tolerance in dogs. El-Etr, AA; Ivankovich, AD; Janeczko, GF; Maronic, JP, )	0.13
" A parallelism between the dosage of the substances and the intensity of the analgetic effect and the degree of changed permeability of the blood-cerebral barrier could be noted."	( [Effect of promedol and fentanyl on the permeability of the hemato-encephalic barrier of rats for noradrenaline-H3]. Raevskiĭ, KS; Romanova, EA; Tolmacheva, NS, )	0.44
" It was found that 10 mg of naloxone was sufficient to antagonize wide dosage ranges of etorphine hydrochloride or fentanyl, used in combination with a variety of tranquilizers."	( An appraisal of naloxone hydrochloride as a narcotic antagonist in the capture and release of wild herbivores. Smuts, GL, 1975)	0.46
" Although anecdotal experience exists concerning the use of fentanyl PCA in adults, dosing guidelines in children must depend on consideration of the current narcotic regimen and the use of equipotent doses of fentanyl."	( Patient-controlled analgesia with fentanyl in children. Baker, DK; Tobias, JD, 1992)	0.8
" Responses were defined in terms of percent depression in first-twitch height and train-of-four response, and the dose-response curves were constructed after probit transformation of the responses."	( Pipecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade during nitrous oxide-fentanyl, enflurane, isoflurane, and halothane anesthesia in surgical patients. Abdulrazik, E; Naguib, M; Seraj, M, 1992)	0.52
" It was confirmed that naloxone and amiphenazole in the dosage range studied do not influence spontaneous respiration in healthy adults."	( [Development of continuous monitoring of spontaneous respiration in the postoperative phase. 2. Cutaneous oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures following i.v. bolus application of fentanyl, buprenorphine, naloxone and amiphenazole in healthy adult s Huttarsch, H; Lehmann, KA; Schroeder, B; Zech, D, 1992)	0.47
" Trials were assessed by sample size, opioid dosage regimen, and therapeutic outcome."	( Transdermal fentanyl. Lopez, JR; Yee, LY, 1992)	0.66
" Further investigations need to be done to establish the most appropriate dosage rates for these preparations in ostriches."	( Ostrich (Struthio camelus) immobilisation using carfentanil and xylazine and reversal with yohimbine and naltrexone. Malan, JH; Quandt, SK; Raath, JP, 1992)	0.28
"Fentanyl is an opioid traditionally administered by infusion or injection and more recently in a rate-controlled transdermal dosage form."	( System functionality and physicochemical model of fentanyl transdermal system. Gale, R; Gupta, SK; Hwang, SS; Southam, M, 1992)	1.98
"During cardiopulmonary-bypass (CB) procedures, anesthesiologists have traditionally based the administration of narcotics on general dosage recommendations and past experience."	( Development of a real-time algorithm for predicting sufentanil plasma levels during cardiopulmonary-bypass surgery using a systems approach. Gupte, PM; Inchiosa, MA; Liu, MZ; Sanchala, V; Silvern, DA, 1992)	0.28
" Cumulative dosage of fentanyl was recorded, and plasma fentanyl concentrations were measured."	( Use of patient-controlled analgesia to compare the efficacy of epidural to intravenous fentanyl administration. Estok, P; Ginsberg, B; Glass, PS; Goldberg, JS; Sladen, RN, 1992)	0.82
" The present study was designed to find the best dosage regimen for short operations and rapid changes."	( [The use of propofol during diskectomy in neurosurgery]. Abbushi, W; Egbert, R; Entholzner, E; Hargasser, S; Hipp, R; Petrowicz, O; Trappe, AE, 1992)	0.28
" catheters, dose-response curves were carried out using the hot plate (HP) test for a number of receptor-preferring opioids."	( Characteristics of dose-dependent antagonism by beta-funaltrexamine of the antinociceptive effects of intrathecal mu agonists. Mjanger, E; Yaksh, TL, 1991)	0.28
") of a 15 mg naltrexone pellet there was a significant shift to the right of the fentanyl dose-response curves for analgesia and lethality."	( Evaluation of receptor mechanism mediating fentanyl analgesia and toxicity. Jang, Y; Yoburn, BC, 1991)	0.77
"A multicentre trial was designed to determine the dose-response and side-effects of esmolol when administered as a single iv bolus prior to induction of anaesthesia for controlling the haemodynamic response to tracheal intubation."	( Bolus administration of esmolol for controlling the haemodynamic response to tracheal intubation: the Canadian Multicentre Trial. Hill, J; Martineau, RJ; Miller, DR; Wynands, JE, 1991)	0.28
" Maximum depression of the first response (T1) in the train-of-four was measured, and dose-response curves were constructed."	( Nitrous oxide potentiates vecuronium neuromuscular blockade in humans. Balendran, P; Bevan, DR; Donati, F; Fiset, P, 1991)	0.28
"The physicochemical properties, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, serum concentrations and clinical effects, adverse effects and contraindications, and dosage of transdermally administered fentanyl are described, and clinical studies evaluating the use of a transdermal fentanyl system in the treatment of postoperative pain and chronic cancer-associated pain are reviewed."	( Transdermally administered fentanyl for pain management. Calis, KA; Corso, DM; Kohler, DR, 1992)	0.77
" The influence of chronic naltrexone treatment upon the antinociceptive effects of fentanyl was assessed in drug-naive (control) rats and in rats which had received fentanyl in the same dosage schedule as those in drug discrimination experiments."	( Paradoxical effect of chronic fentanyl treatment on naltrexone-induced supersensitivity and upregulation. Ableitner, A; Ayesta, FJ; Emmett-Oglesby, MW; Herz, A; Shippenberg, TS, 1992)	0.8
" We suggest that higher doses of fentanyl combined with diazepam can reduce the dosage of vasodilator but do not prolong the time of extubation and stay in ICU."	( Effects of high-dose fentanyl combined with diazepam on patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Chang, CL; Tseng, CC; Yeh, FC, 1991)	0.88
" On the basis of our dose-response data, we suggest that, in mice, kappa and mu, but not delta, opioid receptors modulate tonic pain perception at both spinal and supraspinal loci."	( Tonic pain perception in the mouse: differential modulation by three receptor-selective opioid agonists. Cowan, A; Murray, CW, 1991)	0.28
"Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) is a novel, noninvasive dosage form of fentanyl used to provide children and adults with sedation, anxiolysis, and analgesia."	( Absorption and bioavailability of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate. Ashburn, MA; Hague, BI; Le Maire, L; Stanley, TH; Stanski, DR; Streisand, JB; Tarver, SD; Varvel, JR, 1991)	0.87
" Dosage was titrated to individual subjective pain relief."	( Prospective evaluation of epidural and intravenous administration of fentanyl for pain control and restoration of ventilatory function following multiple rib fractures. Davis, JW; Hoyt, DB; Karagianes, TG; Mackersie, RC, 1991)	0.52
" In nine dogs anesthetized with fentanyl and midazolam, halothane dose-response curves (0."	( Effects of cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegia on regional and global cardiac actions of halothane in dogs. Hu, WC; Leone, BJ; McRae, RL; Smith, LR; Spahn, DR, 1991)	0.56
"To determine whether nalbuphine might replace fentanyl as the principal opioid for anesthesia during coronary artery bypass surgery, 20 patients undergoing myocardial revascularization were anesthetized with flunitrazepam and with a continuous infusion of either nalbuphine (an opioid agonist-antagonist) or fentanyl (a pure opioid agonist) in equipotent dosage ratio of 333:1."	( Comparison of nalbuphine and fentanyl anesthesia for coronary artery bypass surgery. Hemodynamics, hormonal response, and postoperative respiratory depression. Gattiker, RI; Schmid, ER; Weiss, BM, 1991)	0.83
"Twenty-four patients in a paediatric intensive care unit mostly undergoing cardiac surgery, received a midazolam dosage between 50-400 micrograms/kg per hour as a continuous intravenous infusion partly in combination with fentanyl [0,5-2,5 micrograms/kg per hour] for analgesia and sedation."	( Clinical experience with continuous intravenous sedation using midazolam and fentanyl in the paediatric intensive care unit. Hartwig, S; Roth, B; Theisohn, M, 1991)	0.69
" A dose-response study demonstrated that the maximum growth hormone release was obtained with 10 micrograms/kg while higher doses were less or not effective."	( The growth hormone secretory response to fentanyl in rat: an involvement of mu type receptors. Buydens, P; Finné, E; Govaerts, J; Matton, A; Vanhaelst, L, 1990)	0.54
" However, propranolol significantly shifted the methacholine dose-response curve to the left so that methacholine (0."	( Pulmonary reactivity to methacholine during beta-adrenergic blockade: propranolol versus esmolol. Hirshman, CA; Sauder, RA; Tobias, JD, 1990)	0.28
" On day 7, the magnitude of tolerance was assessed in each group by establishing intrathecal dose-response curves and ED50 values for sufentanil and morphine given as a bolus injection."	( Differential cross-tolerance between intrathecal morphine and sufentanil in the rat. Sosnowski, M; Yaksh, TL, 1990)	0.28
" The A50 (dose producing 50% MPE) for each drug or drug combination was determined from the dose-response curve."	( Antinociceptive interaction between opioids and medetomidine: systemic additivity and spinal synergy. Bagley, J; Harris, S; Lin, BS; Lloyd, P; Messineo, E; Ossipov, MH, 1990)	0.28
" In each patient the dosage of the drugs was adjusted to obtain the optimum responses during induction and maintenance."	( [Propofol for induction and maintenance of anesthesia during heart surgery. Results of pharmacological studies in man]. Haverich, A; Kirchner, E; Lübbe, N; Schaps, D; Seitz, W, 1991)	0.28
" Guaifenesin amplifies the effect of several anaesthetics, which complement one another, allowing the dosage to be decreased and thereby reducing the cardiovascular stress."	( [Combination anesthesia in sheep with ketamine-(fentanyl)-guaifenesin (My 301)-laughing gas-halothane]. Blättchen, C; Blümel, G; Brosch, W; Erhardt, W; Roder, J; Schindele, M, 1990)	0.53
" Two moderate respiratory depressions occurred in 1989 due to error in dosage with no consequence for the child."	( [Intraoperative and postoperative analgesia in pediatric surgery. 1 years' experience]. Charles-Guillard, S; Heloury, Y; Meignier, M; Pannier, M; Ricard, P; Rogez, JM; Zaouter, M, 1990)	0.28
" In order to define the minimal dosage of fentanyl required, the MD was titrated according to increases or decreases in the heart rate and/or mean arterial pressure exceeding 15 per cent of baseline ward values."	( Anticonvulsant therapy increases fentanyl requirements during anaesthesia for craniotomy. Modica, PA; Spitznagel, EL; Tempelhoff, R, 1990)	0.82
" These doses were based on the assumption that the slope of the dose-response curve during nitrous oxide-opioid anaesthesia would be approximately the same as the slope of the neuromuscular response from the first human studies with mivacurium."	( Neuromuscular and cardiovascular effects of mivacurium chloride (BW B1090U) during nitrous oxide-fentanyl-thiopentone and nitrous oxide-halothane anaesthesia. Abou-Donia, M; Choi, WW; From, RP; Pearson, KS; Sokoll, MD, 1990)	0.5
" There was no significant difference between the slopes of the HAL and BAL inhalation anesthetic dose-response curves."	( Neuromuscular and cardiovascular effects of mivacurium chloride (BW B109OU) during nitrous oxide-narcotic, nitrous oxide-halothane and nitrous oxide-isoflurane anesthesia in surgical patients. Abou-Donia, M; Choi, WW; From, RP; Pearson, KS; Sokoll, MD, 1990)	0.28
" Flumazenil (Ro 15-1788) administration caused a parallel shift to the right of the dose-response curve for midazolam spinal analgesia."	( On the mechanism by which midazolam causes spinally mediated analgesia. Edwards, M; Gent, JP; Goodchild, CS; Serrao, JM, 1990)	0.28
" Furthermore, total drug dosage requirements were measured and compared."	( [Infusion or repetitive bolus injection? A clinical study of midazolam/fentanyl and diazepam/fentanyl combination anesthesia in neurosurgical operations]. Luger, TJ; Mair, P; Morawetz, R; Mutz, N; Stroschneider, E, 1990)	0.51
"% dosage schedule."	( [Isoflurane. (Comparison with halothane and fentanyl anesthesia)]. Incze, F; Kozma, R; Vámos, Z, 1990)	0.54
" Eleven of the patients were dosed according to the pharmacokinetics described by McClain and Hug, and ten of the patients were dosed according to the pharmacokinetics described by Scott and Stanski."	( Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl administered by computer-controlled infusion pump. Aziz, N; Scott, JC; Shafer, SL; Varvel, JR, 1990)	0.6
" Meticulous surgical technique combined with local anesthesia and some form of intravenous sedation in minimal therapeutic dosage will provide satisfactory conditions to perform surgical arthroscopy of the knee."	( Arthroscopic surgery of the knee under local anesthesia. Bruce, R; Conahan, TJ; Kitz, DS; Torg, JS; Yacobucci, GN, 1990)	0.28
" Dose-response curves of pancuronium were parallel in all age-groups."	( Dose-response characteristics of pancuronium in neonates, infants and children. Luosto, T; Meretoja, OA, 1990)	0.28
" Two minutes after dosing and for 15 minutes thereafter, no changes were observed in maternal heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) or arterial blood gas values and catecholamine concentrations other than a statistically significant doubling in epi levels after epi dosing."	( Effects of intravenous test dose epinephrine on fetal sheep during acute fetal stress and acidosis. Amini, S; Cohen, I; Herman, M; Hoyt, M; Veille, JC; Youngstrom, P, )	0.13
" Therefore, the possibility of choosing a useful dosage regimen of smaller doses of fentanyl (up to 20 micrograms/kg) leading to analgesic serum levels of greater than 3 ng/ml is investigated in this study."	( [Determination of the basic data on fentanyl dosage in neuroleptanalgesia for heart surgery]. Deutrich, C; Olthoff, D; Vetter, B, 1990)	0.78
"The induction dose-response of midazolam was compared with the dose-response of its combination with fentanyl and with that of fentanyl alone in three groups of 60 unpremedicated, ASA physical status I or II women undergoing minor gynaecological surgery."	( Midazolam acts synergistically with fentanyl for induction of anaesthesia. abd-el-Khalim, H; Ben-Shlomo, I; Ezry, J; Tverskoy, M; Zohar, S, 1990)	0.77
" An increase in dosage would be necessary in children above 8 years old."	( [Pediatric anesthesia and pharmacokinetics of propofol administered at a constant rate]. Barale, F; Clément, G; Kantelip, JP; Lassauge, F; Magnin, P; Pequegnot, C; Stimmesse, B; Succi, C; Than, TT, 1990)	0.28
" The dosage range for atracurium given by infusion (0."	( Atracurium infusion in total intravenous anesthesia. Nilsson, A; Persson, MP; Tamsen, A, 1987)	0.27
" The patient's cardiac insufficiency and chronic bronchitis made a balanced anesthesia with reduced dosage of rapifen and halothane necessary."	( [Difficult intubation and anesthesia in Pfaundler-Hurler disease]. Falk, K; Gross, H; Zinganell, K, 1989)	0.28
"The effect of midazolam on the induction dose-response curve for alfentanil was studied in nonpremedicated ASA physical status I or II patients."	( Midazolam-alfentanil synergism for anesthetic induction in patients. Bradley, EL; Kissin, I; Vinik, HR, 1989)	0.28
" Prior investigators have suggested that increasing the administered dosage and volume of lumbar epidural fentanyl may increase the spread of analgesia."	( Lumbar epidural fentanyl analgesia after thoracic surgery. Cirella, VN; Delphin, ES; Melendez, JA, 1989)	0.84
" It is concluded that administration of fentanyl in small, intermittent IV boluses, with dosing completed before the onset of CPB, produces satisfactory plasma levels, anesthesia, and hemodynamic stability in children undergoing corrective surgery for congenital cardiac defects."	( Fentanyl intermittent bolus technique for anesthesia in infants and children undergoing cardiac surgery. Becker, GL; Bolam, DD; Chapin, JW; Fleming, WF; Hurlbert, BJ; Kennedy, EM; Leuschen, P; Newland, JR; Newland, MC; Sarafian, LB, 1989)	1.99
"The dose-response relationships of mivacurium chloride during N2O/fentanyl or N2O/enflurane anesthesia were compared in 70 patients intraoperatively."	( The dose-response relationship of mivacurium chloride in humans during nitrous oxide-fentanyl or nitrous oxide-enflurane anesthesia. Caldwell, JE; Fahey, MR; Heier, T; Kitts, JB; Lynam, DP; Miller, RD, 1989)	0.74
" When the C1 antibody was combined with an iodinated analog to fentanyl, good detectability of alpha-methylfentanyl and 3-methylfentanyl, in terms of fentanyl equivalents, was obtained from urine samples of dosed mares."	( Pharmacologic effects and detection methods of methylated analogs of fentanyl in horses. Blake, JW; Tai, CL; Tai, HH; Tobin, T; Weckman, TJ; Woods, WE, 1989)	0.75
" dose-response curves for the effect of the chronic drug given as a bolus."	( Potency of infused spinal antinociceptive agents is inversely related to magnitude of tolerance after continuous infusion. Stevens, CW; Yaksh, TL, 1989)	0.28
" The AUC0-120 min after intranasal dosing was 78 per cent of that after intravenous injection."	( Comparison of intravenous and intranasal sufentanil absorption and sedation. Helmers, JH; Noorduin, H; Van Leeuwen, L; Van Peer, A; Zuurmond, WW, 1989)	0.28
" In the patients in the groups II and III the hydrocortisone in the blood, taken 1 minute before induction and 3 minutes after intubation was dosed radioimmunologically."	( [Hemodynamic reaction in the ultrarapid induction and protection realized with fentanyl]. Acalovschi, I; Fleşeru, M; Szabo, P; Szilagy, E, )	0.36
" The dosage scheme used in this study, which consisted of a sufentanil bolus followed by a continuous infusion, prevented plasma concentrations of sufentanil from declining in both groups during the entire study period."	( [The effect of sufentanil in high doses on hemodynamics and electroencephalography activity in coronary patients]. Lange, H; Lüpke, K; Sonntag, H; Stephan, H, 1989)	0.28
"The dose-response of pipecuronium bromide, the time course of its neuromuscular blocking effects, and the reversibility of the residual block by neostigmine and edrophonium have been investigated in patients undergoing various types of anesthesia."	( Dose-response relation and time course of action of pipecuronium bromide in humans anesthetized with nitrous oxide and isoflurane, halothane, or droperidol and fentanyl. Agoston, S; Richardson, FJ; Wierda, JM, 1989)	0.47
" Dosage requirements for anesthetic agents are shown."	( Fentanyl-midazolam-flumazenil anesthesia for induced abortion. Garamvölgyi, G; Hamar, O; Kálmán, A, 1989)	1.72
"kg-1 to study the dose-response relationships, as well as the cardiovascular effects of mivacurium."	( Neuromuscular and cardiovascular effects of mivacurium chloride in surgical patients receiving nitrous oxide-narcotic or nitrous oxide-isoflurane anaesthesia. Abou-Donia, M; Choi, WW; Forbes, RB; Gergis, SD; Kirchner, J; Mehta, MP; Murray, DJ; Sokoll, MD, 1989)	0.28
" Experiments 3 and 4 provide data to demonstrate (a) that a positive CPP can be established in our chambers using injections of morphine, (b) that a regimen of dosing with unequal numbers of days of putative and alternate conditioning is a reliable and conservative test of the opioid's ability to establish a CPP, and (c) that although the activity of rats decreases across a session, the general activity of rats before and after conditioning procedures is the same."	( Measuring morphine's capacity to establish a place preference. Hubbell, CL; Marglin, SH; Mattie, ME; Reid, LD, 1989)	0.28
"In a two-part study, the dose-response relationships of doxacurium chloride (BW A938U) were evaluated during general anesthesia maintained with commonly used anesthetic techniques."	( Dose-response relationships of doxacurium chloride in humans during anesthesia with nitrous oxide and fentanyl, enflurane, isoflurane, or halothane. Dunn, K; Fragen, RJ; Katz, JA; McNulty, B; Rudd, GD; Shanks, CA, 1989)	0.49
" Dose-response curves were constructed evaluating the relationship between the duration of balloon inflation versus the percentage of animals with a sustained neurologic deficit."	( Halothane, fentanyl/nitrous oxide, and spinal lidocaine protect against spinal cord injury in the rat. Cole, DJ; Drummond, JC; Shapiro, HM; Zivin, JA, 1989)	0.67
" To maximize safety, we recommend careful dosing and titration, close patient monitoring, and the availability of naloxone hydrochloride and resuscitation equipment."	( The safety of fentanyl use in the emergency department. Borron, SW; Chudnofsky, CR; Dronen, SC; Wright, MB; Wright, SW, 1989)	0.64
" The purpose of this prospective investigation was to determine whether a safe but adequate intrapartum dosing schedule is possible."	( Fentanyl citrate analgesia during labor. Chleborad, J; Leuschen, MP; Rathke, A; Rayburn, W; Weidner, W, 1989)	1.72
"Single dose-response curves were determined for suxamethonium in neonates, infants and children during thiopentone-fentanyl-nitrous oxide anaesthesia."	( Dose-response curves for suxamethonium in neonates, infants and children. Baker, RD; McKiernan, EP; Meakin, G; Morris, P, 1989)	0.49
" A dose-response relationship for the effect on the arterial capacitance could not be demonstrated."	( Effect of N2O on segmental left ventricular function and effective arterial elastance in pigs when added to a halothane-fentanyl-pancuronium anesthetic technique. Badenhorst, E; Bolliger, C; Coetzee, A; Fourie, P; Lombard, C; Rebel, A, 1989)	0.49
" Dose-response curves describing the relationship between the duration of balloon inflation and the percentage of animals with a persistent neurologic deficit were constructed and compared for differences by use of a group t test."	( The effect of fentanyl anesthesia and intrathecal naloxone on neurologic outcome following spinal cord injury in the rat. Brauer, FS; Cole, DJ; Drummond, JC; Hertzog, RE; Shapiro, HM, 1989)	0.64
" This required a higher dosage of fentanyl in VR + CABG cases."	( [Anesthesia in patients undergoing valvular replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting]. Hayami, A; Horibe, M; Imura, I; Mochizuki, T; Tsuchiya, T; Wada, S; Yamanoue, T, 1989)	0.56
" Using the described intravenous dosing schedule, fentanyl was preferable to meperidine during labor because there was no prolonged maternal sedation or vomiting necessitating therapy and the requirement for neonatal naloxone was reduced."	( Randomized comparison of meperidine and fentanyl during labor. Parriott, JE; Rayburn, WF; Smith, CV; Woods, RE, 1989)	0.8
" The dose-response curves were shifted to the right in a non-parallel fashion with increasing calcium concentration (0."	( Comparison of the effects of calcium concentration on mu and kappa agonist actions in the guinea pig ileum. Hill, RG; Hughes, J; Johnson, MA, 1986)	0.27
" Phenylephrine (Phe) pressor dose-response curves were established prior to anesthesia, during fentanyl anesthesia, and during fentanyl anesthesia plus hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass at the time of aortic cross-clamp (anes + CPB/AXC)."	( alpha 1-Adrenergic responsiveness during coronary artery bypass surgery: effect of preoperative ejection fraction. Hawkins, ED; Kates, RA; McIntyre, RW; Reves, JG; Schwinn, DA, 1988)	0.49
" However, the dose-response curve for naltrexone was not parallel to the morphine or fentanyl dose-response curves."	( An analysis of naltrexone and naloxone's possible agonistic actions in the dog. Martin, WR; Wettstein, JG, 1985)	0.49
" The dose-response curves were monotonic and the slopes were log-linear."	( Epidural injections of bupivacaine, morphine, fentanyl, lofentanil, and DADL in chronically implanted rats: a pharmacologic and pathologic study. Durant, PA; Yaksh, TL, 1986)	0.53
" The slopes of the monotonic dose-response curves for the five opioids did not differ significantly."	( Studies of the pharmacology and pathology of intrathecally administered 4-anilinopiperidine analogues and morphine in the rat and cat. Durant, PA; Noueihed, RY; Yaksh, TL, 1986)	0.27
" After SUF dosing in dogs, N-[4-(methoxymethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-N-phenylpropanamide was more abundant than M5."	( Excretion and biotransformation of alfentanil and sufentanil in rats and dogs. Hendrickx, J; Heykants, J; Hurkmans, R; Lauwers, W; Meuldermans, W; Swysen, E; Thijssen, J; Timmerman, P; Woestenborghs, R, )	0.13
" Thus, the dose-response curves for fentanyl and sufentanil were shifted to the left and the ED50 of the analgesics lowered in droperidol pre-treated animals."	( Droperidol enhances fentanyl and sufentanil, but not morphine, analgesia. Bansinath, M; Lovitz, M; Puig, MM; Statile, L; Turndorf, H; Warner, W, 1988)	0.87
"Alfentanil in low dosage (8 micrograms kg-1) as an analgesic agent for short duration surgery was evaluated."	( Alfentanil for short duration laparoscopic procedures. Lee, KS; Purcell, GJ; Rae, BR; White, B, 1986)	0.27
" We conclude that sufentanil administered in the dosage range of 19 micrograms/kg allows more rapid induction, earlier emergence from anesthesia, and faster extubation of patients than either morphine or fentanyl."	( A comparison of morphine, fentanyl, and sufentanil anesthesia for cardiac surgery: induction, emergence, and extubation. Dec-Silver, H; Harrison, WK; Sanford, TJ; Smith, NT, 1986)	0.76
" The low- and high-dose nalbuphine groups clinically resembled the fentanyl group in terms of dosing frequency and patients' self-ratings of postoperative analgesia."	( A comparison of clinical and psychological effects of fentanyl and nalbuphine in ambulatory gynecologic patients. Earls, F; Garfield, FB; Garfield, JM; Philip, BK; Roaf, E, 1987)	0.76
" It may be assumed, that with partial agonists the relation of agonistic and antagonistic activity may be different, depending on the dosage used and on the respective pharmacologic effect observed during investigation."	( [Intra- and postoperative interactions between the 2 opioids fentanyl and buprenorphine]. Börner, U; Gerlach, H; Gips, H; Hempelmann, G; Müller, H; Richter, M, 1986)	0.51
"Systemic administration of beta-funaltrexamine (beta-FNA) 24 hr before analgesic testing produced approximately a 10-fold parallel shift in the dose-response curves of the prototypic mu agonists morphine, I-methadone, fentanyl and etorphine in the mouse abdominal constriction test."	( Use of beta-funaltrexamine to determine mu opioid receptor involvement in the analgesic activity of various opioid ligands. Hynes, MD; Leander, JD; Reel, JK; Zimmerman, DM, 1987)	0.46
"Five different dosage schemes for alfentanil administration supplemented with thiopentone, pancuronium and N2O/O2 have been studied in 25 patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy."	( Alfentanil anaesthesia in gall-bladder surgery. Hole, A; Raeder, JC, 1986)	0.27
" The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic components of each patient's dose-response relationship were evaluated simultaneously."	( Decreased fentanyl and alfentanil dose requirements with age. A simultaneous pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation. Scott, JC; Stanski, DR, 1987)	0.68
" A tentative dosage range has been established."	( Butorphanol improves CO2 response and ventilation after fentanyl anesthesia. Bjurstrom, RL; Bowdle, TA; Greichen, SL; Schoene, RB, 1987)	0.52
"The efficacy of two dosage regimens of intravenous naloxone were compared to avoid nonrespiratory side effects and respiratory depression and yet to preserve analgesia (maximum tolerance to periostial pressure over the tibia) after administration of 200 micrograms epidural fentanyl."	( Effect of naloxone infusion on analgesia and respiratory depression after epidural fentanyl. Benhamou, D; Carli, P; Ecoffey, Cl; Gross, JB; Gueneron, JP, 1988)	0.68
" Using these population pharmacokinetic parameters, one can predict (estimate) the plasma concentration time course of alfentanil for any given dosage scheme."	( Evaluating the accuracy of using population pharmacokinetic data to predict plasma concentrations of alfentanil. Ausems, ME; Maitre, PO; Stanski, DR; Vozeh, S, 1988)	0.27
"Three different dosage regimens of alfentanil were compared with boluses of fentanyl in 80 patients who underwent a variety of surgical procedures."	( Alfentanil infusions. Comparison of bolus administration of fentanyl with three alfentanil infusion regimens. Sleigh, JW; Stuart-Taylor, ME, 1987)	0.74
" The empirical method of adjusting dosage to clinical response, as currently applied to inhalational anaesthesia, proved to be a useful experimental method of defining dosage schemes before adequate knowledge of the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic variables of alfentanil was available."	( The development of alfentanil infusions for cardiac anaesthesia. de Lange, S, 1987)	0.27
" The following dosage scheme is proposed: a loading dose of 100 micrograms kg-1, given either in one or two doses, or as a fast infusion administered over 10 min, followed by a maintenance infusion at a rate of 1 microgram kg-1 min-1."	( Practical aspects of alfentanil infusion. Geerts, P; Heykants, J; Noorduin, H; Vanden Bussche, G, 1987)	0.27
" We conclude that: (1) a more flexible dosage schedule is required in order to prevent disturbing movement of the patient during the procedure and (2) patients who received alfentanil were not street-worthy earlier than those who were given fentanyl."	( Double blind comparison of alfentanil N2O and fentanyl N2O for outpatient surgical procedures. Enright, AB; Parker, JB, 1988)	0.72
" For most patients, using population pharmacokinetic parameters of alfentanil for dosing regimen allows accurate prediction of the plasma concentration of the drug over time."	( Bayesian forecasting improves the prediction of intraoperative plasma concentrations of alfentanil. Maitre, PO; Stanski, DR, 1988)	0.27
" The dosage of alfentanil required was comparable in both Asian and European patients, but recovery was slower in the Asian patients."	( A comparison of alfentanil requirements in European and Asian patients during general anaesthesia. Aun, C; Carley, RH; Chan, K; Houghton, IT; Lams, YM; Salmon, NP; Thornton, JA, 1988)	0.27
"We were interested in determining the dose-response relationship of atracurium in children (2-10 yr) during nitrous oxide-isoflurane anesthesia (1%) and the atracurium infusion rate required to maintain about 95% neuromuscular blockade during nitrous oxide-halothane (0."	( Atracurium infusion requirements in children during halothane, isoflurane, and narcotic anesthesia. Brandom, BW; Cook, DR; Fehr, B; Lineberry, CG; Rudd, GD; Woelfel, SK, 1985)	0.27
" Dosage above 50 micrograms did not seem to improve the quality or duration of pain relief, although the onset of action was faster with 75 micrograms."	( Epidural sufentanil for postoperative pain relief. Donadoni, R; Noorduin, H; Rolly, G; Vanden Bussche, G, 1985)	0.27
"A rabbit tooth pulp antinociceptive model was used to investigate the effect of prior administration of diazepam or muscimol on the potency and duration of fentanyl and meperidine Potency experiments compared ED(50) values in all-or-none dose-response assays between both muscimol (0."	( Diazepam enhances fentanyl and diminishes meperidine antinociception. Bergman, SA; Williams, G; Wyn, RL, )	0.66
" We argue for the continued use of trichloroethylene by this technique, because it costs one hundred times less than enflurane and because of the potential morbidity of the postoperative opiate dosage required after enflurane."	( Comparison of trichloroethylene and enflurane as adjuncts to nitrous oxide and relaxant anaesthesia. Reynolds, F; Rice, AS, 1987)	0.27
" We conclude that lidocaine, when administered as an adjunct to fentanyl in the dosage used in this study, can cause cardiovascular depression, and is of minimal benefit in preventing hemodynamic abnormalities after sternotomy during coronary artery bypass graft surgery."	( Evaluation of lidocaine as an adjunct to fentanyl anesthesia for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Kasten, GW; Owens, E, 1986)	0.78
" Spontaneous ventilation is possible with the lesser dosage of fentanyl."	( [Anesthesia with perfused methohexital-fentanyl combination]. Alegria, D; Ancelin, P; Bourdé, MC; Chauvin, G; Texereau, P, )	0.64
" The dosage of a drug given in a continuous infusion is based upon knowledge of its clearance and of the function of concentration and effect."	( [Continuous Midazolam infusion for sedation of respirator patients]. Asskali, F; Behne, M; Förster, H; Steuer, A, 1987)	0.27
"During opiate anesthesia (standardized dosage of fentanyl) for operation of cerebral aneurysms after subarachnoid hemorrhage, different hemodynamic, respiratory, metabolic, and endocrine parameters were determined before (1 in Fig."	( [Effect of the calcium antagonist nimodipine on hemodynamics, gas exchange and endocrine parameters in opiate anesthesia]. Adams, HA; Börner, U; Gips, H; Hempelmann, G; Marck, P; Müller, H; Otto, O, 1987)	0.53
"The effect of high dosage fentanyl anaesthesia on P50 was studied in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery."	( The effect of high-dose fentanyl anaesthesia on P50 in man. Damen, J; Maas, A; Sinclair, D; Sprokholt, R, 1985)	0.88
"Alfentanil in combination with etomidate and N2O/O2 was given to 50 patients as single dosage (0."	( [Alfentanil in routine clinical use. A study of 50 patients]. Löffler, B, 1985)	0.27
" The dosage of etomidate and methohexitone was lowe than that reported in the literature."	( [Etomidate versus methohexital for intravenous anesthesia with alfentanyl and nitrous oxide-oxygen. A double-blind study of circulatory behavior and postoperative course]. Papst-Baierl, D; Sold, M; Weis, KH, 1985)	0.51
" bolus dose of 50 micrograms kg-1 alfentanil were studied during surgical anaesthesia in 10 elderly patients and compared with those of the same dosage in nine young adults."	( Alfentanil used in the aged: a clinical comparison with its use in young patients. Helmers, JH; Noorduin, H; van Leeuwen, L, 1985)	0.27
" The N-methyl-quaternary analog of naloxone (methylnaloxone, which presumably entails selective action at opiate receptors outside the CNS) was also effective, indicating peripheral effects at the dosage level used (0."	( Colonic motor responses in the pony: relevance of colonic stimulation by opiate antagonists. Bardon, T; Roger, T; Ruckebusch, Y, 1985)	0.27
" The dosage rates of the immobilization combinations for mammmals, birds and reptiles are presented in tabular form."	( [Practical advice concerning the immobilization of wild and zoo animals]. von Hegel, G; Wiesner, H, 1985)	0.27
"The effect of prior administration of reserpine on fentanyl dose-response curves for loss of the righting reflex and prevention of purposeful movement response to noxious stimulation was studied in rats."	( Reserpine-induced changes in anesthetic action of fentanyl. Brown, PT; Kissin, I, 1985)	0.77
"The derived pharmacokinetic data for the intravenous administration of fentanyl obtained from seven previous studies were compared using computer simulation of predicted plasma concentrations following three intravenous dosage regimens."	( Variability of fentanyl pharmacokinetics in man. Computer predicted plasma concentrations for three intravenous dosage regimens. Reilly, CS; Wood, AJ; Wood, M, 1985)	0.86
" Examination of the effect on expired CO2 concentration at 4 minutes reveals a highly significant dose-response relationship with the three doses of Alfentanyl."	( Human volunteer studies of Alfentanyl (R39209), a new short-acting narcotic analgesic. Kay, B; Pleuvry, B, 1980)	0.75
" Urine was collected from a horse dosed with 70 mg of [3H]fentanyl, and the primary metabolite, a water-soluble, amphoteric compound, was isolated by high-pressure liquid chromatography and identified by spectroscopic analysis."	( The major metabolite of fentanyl in the horse. Frincke, JM; Henderson, GL, )	0.68
" Alfentanil dosage should therefore be reduced in elderly patients when large single doses, multiple doses, or long-term infusions are required."	( Alfentanil kinetics in the elderly. Helmers, H; Heykants, J; Noorduin, H; Van Peer, A; Woestenborghs, R, 1984)	0.27
" Because of the narrow range for safe dosage for Fentaz the use of Rompun for immobilizing deer is recommended."	( The effect of immobilizing drugs on adrenal responsiveness to ACTH in Rusa deer. Stelmasiak, T; Van Mourik, S, 1984)	0.27
" A sigmoidal dose-response curve was described."	( The decrease of the minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration produced by sufentanil in rats. DiFazio, CA; Engle, JS; Hecker, BR; Lake, CL; Moscicki, JC, 1983)	0.27
"The combination of fentanyl and droperidol, Innovar, was compared to flunitrazepam (1-2 mg) in a higher dosage (2."	( [High-dose thalamonal-rohypnol for premedication. A randomized double-blind study]. Schmidt, R; Tolksdorf, W; Wagener, M, 1984)	0.6
" This effect is not enhanced by increasing the dosage of droperidol."	( [Double-blind randomized clinical study of a droperidol-fentanyl combination]. Bertrand, AM; Bertrand, JC; Conil, JM; Guerot, A, 1984)	0.51
" The endexpiratory percentage CO2-concentration and the expiratory percentage O2-concentration were determined under anesthesia by means of adequate dosage of anesthetics in two groups (group I: 16 women aged between 16 and 54; group II: 10 women aged between 60 and 75)."	( [Radenarcon/fentanyl short anesthesias in small gynecologic interventions]. Beutner, M; Fiedler, C; Siegismund, K, 1983)	0.64
"In this study we attempted to define the minimal dosage of alfentanil (AF) needed in combination with nitrous oxide to provide satisfactory anesthetic conditions for lower abdominal gynecologic surgery."	( Variable rate infusion of alfentanil as a supplement to nitrous oxide anesthesia for general surgery. Ausems, ME; de Lange, S; Hug, CC, 1983)	0.27
" min-1) significantly decreases the drug dosage requirement, improves intraoperative conditions, and decreases recovery time compared with the traditional intermittent bolus technique."	( Use of continuous infusion versus intermittent bolus administration of fentanyl or ketamine during outpatient anesthesia. White, PF, 1983)	0.5
" It is important, therefore, to know whether or not the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl vary with dose size in order to predict the plasma concentrations and effects produced by various dosage regiments."	( Dose-independent pharmacokinetics of fentanyl. Hug, CC; McClain, DA; Murphy, MR, 1983)	0.77
" Maintenance dosage of 200 micrograms/kg/minute provided good operating conditions and rapid uncomplicated recovery in spontaneously breathing patients, while 150 micrograms/kg/minute proved inadequate to prevent patient movement."	( Disoprofol and fentanyl for total intravenous anaesthesia. Major, E; Verniquet, AJ; Waddell, TK; Yate, PM, 1982)	0.62
" This potentiation of the fentanyl response peaked at between 0 and 4 hours after dosing and was gone by 72 hours after caffeine dosing."	( Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and behavioral effects of caffeine in horses. Greene, EW; Tobin, T; Woods, WE, 1983)	0.57
" This work was performed in order to evaluate the dose-response relationship, time course, and naloxone reversibility of fentanyl suppression of neurons that are involved with the transmission of information about pain."	( Dose-response suppression of noxiously evoked activity of WDR neurons by spinally administered fentanyl. Collins, JG; Kitahata, LM; Matsumoto, M; Suzukawa, M; Yuge, O, 1983)	0.69
" As a conclusion, it is suggested that altered sensitivity of brain tissue rather than changes in bioavailability must explain variations in dose-response relationship which are frequently believed to be seen when fentanyl is used in patients with chronic drug administration."	( [Biotransformation of fentanyl. III. Effect of chronic drug exposure on the distribution, metabolism and excretion in the rat]. Brandt, K; Daub, D; Hunger, L; Lehmann, KA, 1983)	0.77
"Experiments on rabbits showed the summation of analgesia induced by electric stimulation of biologically active points (BAP) and by administration of morphine and fentanil within a certain dosage range."	( [Action of morphine and fentanyl during the electrostimulation of biologically active points]. Iasnetsov, VV; Komendantova, MV; Zorian, EV, )	0.44
" Dosage rules based on pharmacokinetic principles, for repeated administration and infusion are outlined for the induction, maintenance and termination of anaesthesia."	( [Principles of clinical pharmacokinetics in anaesthesiology (author's transl)]. Lauven, PM; Schüttler, J; Schwilden, H; Stoeckel, H, 1982)	0.26
" Other experiments involving intracisternal dosing with this long acting form at higher levels (0."	( Effects of enkephalins versus opiates on locomotor activity of the horse. Burns, P; Combie, JD; Nugent, TE; Tobin, T; Weld, JM, 1982)	0.26
" Fentanyl should not be used at such high dosage and should probably not be preferred to morphine, considering that the duration of analgesia is short, that the analgesic score is identical to that obtained with lower doses or with longer lasting narcotics, that it does not prevent passive mobilization pains and that it entails a definite risk of respiratory depression."	( [Peridural analgesia with high doses of fentanyl: failure of the method for early postoperative kinesitherapy in knee surgery]. Blaise, M; Cupa, M; Dupuy, A; Hugon, S; Pierrot, M, 1982)	1.44
" It is suggested that individual dosing of fentanyl rather than continuous infusion should be preferred in routine neuroleptanalgesia."	( ["Analgesic" fentanyl blood concentrations during neuroleptanalgesia]. Daub, D; Gensior, J; Lehmann, KA, 1982)	0.9
" The use of the newly developed piperidine derivative R 33799 at weight treated dosage levels can be strongly recommended for the immobilisation of hartebeest."	( On the immobilization of hartebeest and kob in Upper Volta. Dräger, N; Küpper, W; Mehlitz, D; Zillmann, U, 1981)	0.26
" Dosage is limited by a reduction in respiratory rate, and by a series of electronic fail-safe circuits."	( Control of postoperative pain by interactive demand analgesia. Hull, CJ; Sibbald, A, 1981)	0.26
" The second model described more precisely the disposition of fentanyl, although a tendency to overestimate dosing requirement remained."	( Steady-state plasma fentanyl in the rabbit. Hewson, JR; Horsewood, P; Rigg, JR; Wong, TY, 1981)	0.83
" Reports of high intrabiliary pressures and bizarre cholangiograms for patients under such anesthesia led us to investigate the specific effects on intrabiliary pressure of morphine sulfate, fentanyl and butorphanol tartrate, each at two different dosage levels."	( Effects of butorphanol, fentanyl and morphine on the intrabiliary pressure of guinea pigs. Aldrete, JA; Franatovic, Y; Romo-Salas, F, 1980)	0.76
" In this prospective, randomized study in 66 patients after lateral thoracotomy we evaluated whether, for equal fentanyl dosage in micrograms per kilogram, epidural infusion (lumbar catheter) of fentanyl 5 micrograms/mL provided better segmental analgesia (including the rostral portion of the incision) than a 10-micrograms/mL concentration infused at a rate half that used in the 5-micrograms/mL group."	( Analgesia after thoracotomy: effects of epidural fentanyl concentration/infusion rate. Becker, DR; de Castro, MA; Ferguson, JA; Messick, JM; Murray, MJ; Offord, KP; Pairolero, PC; Schulte, NK; Thomson, CA; Trastek, VF, 1995)	0.76
" Dose-response curves of NOS activity versus anesthetic concentration were constructed."	( Selective anesthetic inhibition of brain nitric oxide synthase. Breslow, MJ; Martin, LD; Tobin, JR; Traystman, RJ, 1994)	0.29
" TTS fentanyl dosing schedules should be based upon the patient's requirement for rescue dosing and duration of effective pain control."	( Guidelines for the clinical use of transdermal fentanyl. Chandler, S; Einhaus, M; Payne, R, 1995)	1.06
" It is available for intravenous injection, as a transdermal patch and a lozenge dosage form."	( Fentanyl: a review for clinical and analytical toxicologists. Poklis, A, 1995)	1.73
" Ketamine-fentanyl-propofol combination at a dosage of 30-0."	( Comparison of anesthesia induced by ketamine-fentanyl combination and maintained by propofol or etomidate in New Zealand white rabbits. Griffith, JW; Lang, CM; Luo, Y; Russell, GB, 1995)	0.95
" Administration of U50,488H (3 mg/kg), in conjunction with several doses of cocaine, did not shift the cocaine dose-response curve."	( Assessment of the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in the rat: lack of interaction with opioids. Broadbent, J; Dworkin, SI; Gaspard, TM, )	0.13
" The aim of this study was to verify whether this action resulted from a local anaesthetic effect of pethidine or from inadequate fentanyl dosage in previous studies."	( The effects of pethidine, fentanyl and lignocaine on postanaesthetic shivering. Alfonsi, P; Chauvin, M; Hongnat, JM; Lebrault, C, 1995)	0.8
" Morphine, pethidine and fentanyl, which showed a biphasic dose-response relationship with respect to seizure modulation, abolished the anticonvulsant activity of propofol to exhibit their own intrinsic activity in proconvulsant doses."	( Interactions between opioid drugs and propofol in laboratory models of seizures. Ahmad, I; Pleuvry, BJ, 1995)	0.59
" This synergism varies considerably according to the different drugs, the different endpoints of anaesthesia and the differently combined dosage of both agents."	( [The art of reasonable combining drugs in anesthesia]. Glass, PS, 1994)	0.29
" However, the effect of differences in dosing protocol on tolerance to opioid analgesics of high or low efficacy has not been addressed."	( The effect of intrinsic efficacy on opioid tolerance. Duttaroy, A; Yoburn, BC, 1995)	0.29
" At the end of treatment, the pumps and placebos were removed, and 4-24 h later, mice were tested in dose-response studies (tail flick) using the same drug that had been chronically administered."	( The effect of intrinsic efficacy on opioid tolerance. Duttaroy, A; Yoburn, BC, 1995)	0.29
" The effect of fentanyl dosage upon the percentage of arousal responses that were wakeful responses to command was determined by using a Mann-Whitney test to compare a group of patients receiving fentanyl 2 micrograms/kg or less, with a group receiving fentanyl 4 micrograms/kg."	( Brief wakeful response to command indicates wakefulness with suppression of memory formation during surgical anesthesia. Dutton, RC; Smith, NT; Smith, WD, 1995)	0.64
" Although it was possible that the clinical findings in these horses may have resulted from use of an inadequate dosage of carfentanil or xylazine, or both, analysis of the results more likely indicated that domestic and exotic horses may respond differently to carfentanil, and domestic horses may not be a good model for use in studies of carfentanil."	( Complications with the use of carfentanil citrate and xylazine hydrochloride to immobilize domestic horses. Carpenter, JW; Leith, DE; Shaw, ML, 1995)	0.29
"4 mg/kg) and maintained with fentanyl (total dosage 70-100 micrograms/kg)."	( [Anesthesia for heart transplantation in newborn and suckling infants. Special aspects of the hypoplastic left heart syndrome]. Bauer, J; Boldt, J; Dapper, F; Hempelmann, G; Knothe, C; Zickmann, B, 1995)	0.58
" To evaluate its use in humans, urines were collected from 57 normal individuals, 48 patients seen in the Emergency Department, and 18 surgical patients receiving either low (50 micrograms) or moderate fentanyl dosage (200 and 250 micrograms) for routine anesthesia."	( An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for urinary screening of fentanyl citrate abuse. Eisma, R; Makowski, GS; Moore, RE; Onoroski, M; Ostheimer, D; Richter, JJ; Wu, AH, )	0.56
"Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) is a novel lozenge dosage form of fentanyl used for premedication."	( Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate premedication in patients undergoing outpatient dermatologic procedures. Bezzant, JL; Gerwels, JW; Le Maire, L; Pauley, LF; Streisand, JB, 1994)	0.96
"The study compared the safety and efficacy of 400-vs 800-micrograms dosage forms for their sedative and anxiolytic effects in adults undergoing a variety of dermatologic outpatient surgical procedures."	( Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate premedication in patients undergoing outpatient dermatologic procedures. Bezzant, JL; Gerwels, JW; Le Maire, L; Pauley, LF; Streisand, JB, 1994)	0.62
"Significant sedation and anxiolysis developed in both dosage groups."	( Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate premedication in patients undergoing outpatient dermatologic procedures. Bezzant, JL; Gerwels, JW; Le Maire, L; Pauley, LF; Streisand, JB, 1994)	0.62
"Prosidol, a new Russian narcotic analgesic, was used in various dosage forms (buccal and oral tablets, injection solution) in 113 cancer patients for the treatment of chronic pain, as a component of total anesthesia, and for postoperative analgesia."	( [First experience in the use of a new Russian narcotic analgesic prosidol in oncology]. Beresnev, VA; Loseva, NA; Novikov, GA; Osipova, NA; Prokhorov, BM; Smolina, TA; Vetsheva, MS; Zemskaia, SIu, )	0.13
"This study was designed to evaluate the dose-response effects of different doses of clonidine on the stress response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation."	( Dose-response effects of intravenous clonidine on stress response during induction of anesthesia in coronary artery bypass graft patients. Kulka, PJ; Tryba, M; Zenz, M, 1995)	0.29
" Mice were injected intracerebroventricularly (ICV), or intrathecally (IT), or IT and ICV with PTX, and dose-response studies of the antinociceptive action of systemic (SC) morphine, fentanyl, and etorphine were conducted 10 days later."	( Spinal and supraspinal effects of pertussis toxin on opioid analgesia. Davis, T; Duttaroy, A; Shah, S; Yoburn, BC, 1994)	0.48
" The combination of an opioid with DMED might reduce the dosage requirements for each drug and thereby allow the same anesthetic depth to be achieved with lesser degrees of their individual side effects."	( Anesthetic and hemodynamic interactions of dexmedetomidine and fentanyl in dogs. Hug, CC; Salmenperä, MT; Szlam, F, 1994)	0.53
"We determined the possible benefits of a new opioid, trefentanil, relative to fentanyl and alfentanil using high-resolution pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling and computer simulations of clinical dosing scenarios."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling in drug development: application to the investigational opioid trefentanil. Dyck, JB; Lemmens, HJ; Shafer, SL; Stanski, DR, 1994)	0.52
" Finally, we used computer simulations to predict offset of opioid effects of trefentanil, fentanyl, and alfentanil when given in different dosing schemes."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling in drug development: application to the investigational opioid trefentanil. Dyck, JB; Lemmens, HJ; Shafer, SL; Stanski, DR, 1994)	0.51
"We suggest that high-resolution pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic studies and computer simulations of clinical dosing scenarios may have significant usefulness in appreciating differences between new and established drugs in early phase I studies."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling in drug development: application to the investigational opioid trefentanil. Dyck, JB; Lemmens, HJ; Shafer, SL; Stanski, DR, 1994)	0.29
" Uterine contraction patterns for the first hour after dosing were unchanged, and the duration of the first and second stages of labor were not different between the two groups."	( Double-blind comparison of intravenous butorphanol (Stadol) and fentanyl (Sublimaze) for analgesia during labor. Atkinson, BD; Christensen, HD; Rayburn, WF; Truitt, LJ; Turnbull, GL; Wlodaver, A, 1994)	0.53
" We investigated the role of each of these primary pharmacokinetic parameters to determine values of each that would contribute to rapid recovery after various dosing schemes."	( Pharmacokinetic parameters relevant to recovery from opioids. Shafer, SL; Youngs, EJ, 1994)	0.29
" The prescribed and administered mean dosages were less than the minimum recommended dosage for morphine."	( Postoperative pain management in preverbal children: the prescription and administration of analgesics with and without caudal analgesia. Altimier, L; Dick, MJ; Holditch-Davis, D; Lawless, S; Norwood, S, 1994)	0.29
" The dose-response relationship and duration of analgesic action of epidural fentanyl citrate (FC) and fentanyl pamoate (FP) were studied in white male Sprague-Dawley rats."	( Prolonged analgesia after epidural injection of a poorly soluble salt of fentanyl. Flanagan, DR; Hrdy, J; Ostman, PL; Perng, CY; Randell, TT, 1994)	0.75
" This study evaluated the dose-response effects of intrathecal fentanyl in an elderly patient population undergoing lower extremity revascularization procedures."	( An intrathecal fentanyl dose-response study in lower extremity revascularization procedures. Dunn, SM; Duprat, KM; O'Sullivan, P; Reuben, SS, 1994)	0.88
"With the dosage regimen used in this study, an initial epidural bolus with continuous infusion technique generates a steady state plasma concentration of alfentanil that is below levels associated with direct respiratory depression."	( Plasma concentration profile of epidural alfentanil. Bolus followed by continuous infusion technique in the parturient: effect of epidural alfentanil and fentanyl on fetal heart rate. Blass, NH; Christmas, JT; Moore, CH; Wilhite, AO, )	0.33
" There were significant correlations between fentanyl dosage and NAST score (r = ."	( Drug withdrawal symptoms in children after continuous infusions of fentanyl. French, JP; Nocera, M, 1994)	0.78
" Ketamine (1, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) showed relatively weak antinociceptive effects with no apparent dose-response relationship."	( Antinociceptive effects of ketamine-opioid combinations in the mouse tail flick test. Dambisya, YM; Lee, TL, 1994)	0.29
"This double-blind randomised study compared the analgesic efficacy, respiratory effects, side effects, and pharmacokinetic disposition of 24 hr lumbar epidural and intravenous infusions of the same dosage regimen of fentanyl (1."	( A comparison of lumbar epidural and intravenous fentanyl infusions for post-thoracotomy analgesia. Baxter, AD; Goernert, L; Hull, K; Laganière, S; Samson, B; Stewart, J, 1994)	0.73
"In order to evaluate the anticholinergic effect of fentanyl and pethidine, the influence of these drugs on the cumulative dose-response curves of carbacholine on the guinea-pig ileum has been investigated."	( Fentanyl and pethidine are antagonists on muscarinic receptors in guinea-pig ileum. Hustveit, O; Setekleiv, J, 1993)	1.98
" Therefore, we prospectively determined the dose-response relationship and the minimum effective combination dose of epidural morphine and fentanyl (fentanyl given after morphine) for posthysterectomy analgesia."	( Minimum effective combination dose of epidural morphine and fentanyl for posthysterectomy analgesia: a randomized, prospective, double-blind study. Akiyoshi, Y; Ashimura, H; Naito, H; Nishijima, Y; Sato, S; Tanaka, M; Watanabe, S, 1993)	0.73
" We were unable to identify any differences between the two groups with respect to narcotic, benzodiazepine dosage or usage of inhalational agents."	( Recall of intraoperative events after general anaesthesia and cardiopulmonary bypass. Devitt, JH; Harrington, EM; McLean, RF; Phillips, AA, 1993)	0.29
" Dose-response curves for the enhancement of the two drugs on morphine analgesia were bell-shaped."	( [Potentiation of morphine- and ohmefentanyl-induced analgesia by cholecystokinin receptor antagonists in rat]. Han, JS; Sun, YH; Zhou, Y, 1993)	0.56
"Total body clearance of fentanyl is highly variable and it should be dosed to effect."	( Pharmacokinetics of continuous infusions of fentanyl in critically ill children. Katz, R; Kelly, HW, 1993)	0.85
"To report a case of high transdermal fentanyl dosage requirements in a patient with chronic cancer pain."	( High transdermal fentanyl requirements in a patient with chronic cancer pain. Lehr, VT; Renaud, EA, 1993)	0.9
" Transdermal fentanyl therapy was initiated on hospital day 1 at 100 micrograms/h and the MS continuous intravenous infusion dosage was increased."	( High transdermal fentanyl requirements in a patient with chronic cancer pain. Lehr, VT; Renaud, EA, 1993)	0.99
"This patient's high transdermal fentanyl dosage requirement was related to disease progression."	( High transdermal fentanyl requirements in a patient with chronic cancer pain. Lehr, VT; Renaud, EA, 1993)	0.91
" Anaesthesia was induced with fentanyl (10 micrograms/kg every 7[ up to a total dosage of 50 micrograms/kg)."	( [Mid-latency auditory evoked potentials during increasing doses of fentanyl]. Faber-Züllig, E; Klasing, S; Peter, K; Rimkus, T; Schwender, D; Tassani, P, 1993)	0.81
" Both devazepide and L-365,260 showed a bell-shaped dose-response curve."	( Increased release of immunoreactive cholecystokinin octapeptide by morphine and potentiation of mu-opioid analgesia by CCKB receptor antagonist L-365,260 in rat spinal cord. Han, JS; Sun, YH; Zhang, ZW; Zhou, Y, 1993)	0.29
" The repeated dose pharmacokinetics of this drug using the recommended dosing interval have not been evaluated previously and were determined in the present study."	( Transdermal fentanyl for cancer pain. Repeated dose pharmacokinetics. Foley, KM; Gupta, SK; Inturrisi, CE; Lapin, J; Layman, M; Portenoy, RK; Southam, MA, 1993)	0.66
"The induction dose-response of propofol was compared with the dose-response of its combination with fentanyl and with that of fentanyl alone in three groups of 60 women undergoing minor gynaecological surgery."	( Propofol and fentanyl act additively for induction of anaesthesia. Bar-Av, E; Ben-Shlomo, I; Etchin, A; Finger, J; Perl, AZ; Tverskoy, M, 1993)	0.87
" Alterations in dosing regimen were made for inadequate analgesia or side effects."	( Epidural fentanyl infusion with patient-controlled epidural analgesia for postoperative analgesia in children. Azizkhan, RG; Bailey, AG; Caudle, CL; Freid, EB; Lish, MC; Valley, RD, 1993)	0.7
"Propofol infusion and supplemental fentanyl dosage requirements, oxygen saturation values, respiratory rates, recovery times, and postoperative side effects were recorded."	( Use of analgesics during propofol sedation: a comparison of ketorolac, dezocine, and fentanyl. Ramirez-Ruiz, M; Smith, I; White, PF, 1995)	0.79
" Multiple venous blood samples were taken throughout the dosing regimen, and the resulting fentanyl, nalmefene, or naloxone plasma concentrations were determined."	( Duration of opioid antagonism by nalmefene and naloxone in the dog: an integrated pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic comparison. Osifchin, E; Veng-Pedersen, P; Waters, SJ; Wilhelm, JA; Zakszewski, TB, 1995)	0.51
" The fentanyl dose-response line shifted to the right, and was considered to be a sign of the development of cross-tolerance."	( Oxytocin blocks the development of heroin-fentanyl cross-tolerance in mice. Kovács, GL; Kriván, M; Sarnyai, Z; Szabó, G; Telegdy, G, 1995)	1.07
" Continuous application is considered to be more effective concerning basic anxiety, cumulative dosage and to avoid volume overload in infants and young children, following cardiac surgery; overdosage was not observed."	( [Analgosedation with fentanyl/midazolam after correction of congenital heart defects]. Hund, F; Huth, R; Michel-Behnke, I; Oelert, H; Rothes, A; Schmidt, FX; Schranz, D; Wippermann, CF, )	0.45
" Recommendations for managing opioid-induced muscle hyperactivity include reduction of the opioid dosage and/or administration of clonazepam therapy."	( Opioid-induced muscle activity: implications for managing chronic pain. Levitt, R; Steen, PD; Sylvester, RK, 1995)	0.29
"8 micrograms carfentanil/kg, the lowest dosage used, was very excited during induction and required intravenous (IV) ketamine to permit safe examination."	( Immobilization of black bears (Ursus americanus) with orally administered carfentanil citrate. Clyde, VL; Ramsay, EC; Sleeman, JM, 1995)	0.29
" The fentanyl dose-response curve was unchanged by opioid receptor blockade with 10(-6)M naloxone and by alpha and beta adrenoceptor blockade produced by 10(-6)M prazosin and 10(-6)M propranolol."	( Direct effects of fentanyl on canine coronary artery rings. Bridges, MT; Grover, TE; Introna, RP; Pruett, JK; Yodlowski, EH, 1995)	1.14
" Fifteen epidural initially were dosed with bupivicaine (1 to 2 mg/kg) alone or in combination with fentanyl (1 to 2 micrograms/kg)."	( Continuous thoracic epidural infusions for postoperative analgesia after pectus deformity repair. Abajian, JC; Dicker, R; McBride, WJ; Vane, DW, 1996)	0.51
" The idazoxan dose-response curve for this suppression of fentanyl antinociception assessed with tail flick latency was the same as that for suppression of xylazine."	( Antinociceptive actions of intrathecal xylazine: interactions with spinal cord opioid pathways. Davies, A; Gent, JP; Goodchild, CS; Guo, Z, 1996)	0.54
" infusion in the palliative care setting, which necessitates careful titration of dosage according to individual clinical response."	( Plasma concentrations of fentanyl with subcutaneous infusion in palliative care patients. Abbott, F; Maddocks, I; McLean, S; Miller, RS; Parker, D; Peterson, GM, 1995)	0.59
"Although the cardiopulmonary effects of carfentanil occurred more rapidly, these effects were similar in magnitude for etorphine and carfentanil over the evaluated dosage range."	( Comparative cardiopulmonary effects of intramuscularly administered etorphine and carfentanil in goats. Buss, D; Heard, DJ; Kollias, GV; Nichols, WW, 1996)	0.29
" The dosage based on experimental studies."	( [Clinical investigations of an i.m. combination anesthesia with fentanylclimazolam/xylazine and postoperative i.v. antagonism with naloxone/sarmazenil/yohimbine in guinea pigs]. Brill, T; Erhardt, W; Henke, J; Lendl, C; Matis, U; Otto, K; Roberts, U, 1996)	0.53
" Fifteen min after each elk became recumbent, we administered naltrexone HCl (25% of dose intravenously, 75% subcutaneously) dosed at 0 (control), 25, 50, or 100 mg/mg carfentanil; after an additional 15 min of immobilization, controls received 500 mg naltrexone HCl/mg carfentanil."	( Efficacy and safety of naltrexone hydrochloride for antagonizing carfentanil citrate immobilization in captive Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni). Lance, WR; Miller, MW; Wild, MA, 1996)	0.29
" Patients with a 'stable and low level of cancer pain' receiving a constant dosage of sustained release morphine during a pre-study phase of 6 days were included in the study."	( Direct conversion from oral morphine to transdermal fentanyl: a multicenter study in patients with cancer pain. Donner, B; Strumpf, M; Tryba, M; Zenz, M, 1996)	0.54
" F95-response logistic regression curves, which are analogous to dose-response curves, were calculated for each of the 2 stimuli administered during each of the 5 anesthetic techniques."	( EEG Predicts movement response to surgical stimuli during general anesthesia with combinations of isoflurane, 70% N2O, and fentanyl. Dutton, RC; Smith, NT; Smith, WD, 1996)	0.5
" The 25-50 micrograms/hr patch appears to be a safe starting dosage in ambulatory patients previously receiving opioids conventionally used for moderate pain."	( Transdermal fentanyl in the management of cancer pain in ambulatory patients: an open-label pilot study. Fidler, P; Hammack, JE; Loprinzi, CL; Mailliard, JA; Michalak, JC; Miser, AW; O'Fallon, JR; Reuter, NF; Rospond, RM; Wilwerding, MB, 1996)	0.67
" The dosage of epidural morphine used in this study was a likely explanation of this depression."	( Does morphine premedication influence the pain and consumption of postoperative analgesics after total knee arthroplasty? Hendolin, H; Kokki, H; Nuutinen, L; Tuomisto, L, 1996)	0.29
" It is suggested that a suitable dosage of fentanyl is effective without causing serious side effects for neonate."	( [Anesthesia for a patient with HELLP syndrome]. Sakio, H; Satoh, T; Takahashi, H, 1996)	0.56
" The dosage was calculated from the infusion time (time from start of infusion until specific clinical event)."	( [Age-related correlation between EEG parameters and depth of anesthesia under propofol. Effect of fentanyl]. Eckert, O; Lehmkuhl, P; Neulinger, A; Pichlmayr, I; Werry, C, 1996)	0.51
" The authors compared continuous infusion of fentanyl with bolus dosing in infants after surgery to determine whether continuous infusion is associated with less respiratory depression."	( Comparison of continuous infusion of fentanyl to bolus dosing in neonates after surgery. Denver, KK; McKenzie, S; Moreland, S; Thilo, EH; Townsend, SF; Vaughn, PR, 1996)	0.83
"In the first phase of the study, 16 patients were randomly assigned to receive fentanyl by continuous infusion (C) or bolus dosing every 2 hours (B) in a double-blinded trial."	( Comparison of continuous infusion of fentanyl to bolus dosing in neonates after surgery. Denver, KK; McKenzie, S; Moreland, S; Thilo, EH; Townsend, SF; Vaughn, PR, 1996)	0.79
"Continuous infusion of fentanyl at the doses studied is associated with pain control similar to that with bolus dosing at regular intervals."	( Comparison of continuous infusion of fentanyl to bolus dosing in neonates after surgery. Denver, KK; McKenzie, S; Moreland, S; Thilo, EH; Townsend, SF; Vaughn, PR, 1996)	0.88
"The carfentamil-xylazine combination at the dosage used induced hypoxemia, pronounced arterial hypertension, and significant increase in plasma norepinephrine and decrease in plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations in bongo antelopes."	( Effects of a carfentanil-xylazine combination on cardiopulmonary function and plasma catecholamine concentrations in female bongo antelopes. Citino, SB; Dawson, R; Schumacher, J, 1997)	0.3
" Fentanyl pumps and placebo pellets were removed on the third day following implantation and 4 h later mu-opioid receptor saturation binding studies in whole brain ([3H][D-Ala2,MePhe4,Gly-ol5]enkephalin: DAMGO) or fentanyl analgesic dose-response studies (tailflick assay) were conducted."	( Magnitude of tolerance to fentanyl is independent of mu-opioid receptor density. Chan, KW; Duttory, A; Yoburn, BC, 1997)	1.51
" injections of morphine or fentanyl, produced antinociceptive tolerance as shown by a significant rightward displacement of the agonist dose-response curves compared to controls."	( Competitive and non-competitive NMDA antagonists block the development of antinociceptive tolerance to morphine, but not to selective mu or delta opioid agonists in mice. Bilsky, EJ; Hruby, VJ; Inturrisi, CE; Porreca, F; Sadée, W, 1996)	0.59
"5 mg of morphine with a 6-minute lockout and a 4-hour maximum dosage of 30 mg."	( Postoperative analgesia with parenteral opioids: does continuous delivery utilizing a transdermal opioid preparation affect analgesic efficacy or patient safety? Paige, D; Sevarino, FB; Silverman, DG; Sinatra, RS, 1997)	0.3
"The time and dosage of morphine administered was recorded."	( Postoperative analgesia with parenteral opioids: does continuous delivery utilizing a transdermal opioid preparation affect analgesic efficacy or patient safety? Paige, D; Sevarino, FB; Silverman, DG; Sinatra, RS, 1997)	0.3
"25% at a dosage of 1 mL."	( [Evaluation of 2 dosages of fentanyl in caudal anesthesia. A prospective randomized double-blind study]. Atallah, T; Chelbi, S; Gharsallah, A; Hmouda, H; Kachoukh, M; Said, R; Souguir, S, 1996)	0.59
" Dosage requirements to reach the initial sedation end points of slurred speech and ptosis of eyelids vary widely from one patient to another."	( Multidrug intravenous sedation: determinants of the sedative dose of midazolam. Finder, RL; Jackson, DL; Moore, PA, 1997)	0.3
"An assessment of physical, cardiovascular, behavioral, and pharmacologic factors that might predict midazolam dosage requirements for the initial sedation titration was carried out with data collected from a large controlled clinical trial of fentanyl, midazolam, and methohexital sedation for third molar surgery."	( Multidrug intravenous sedation: determinants of the sedative dose of midazolam. Finder, RL; Jackson, DL; Moore, PA, 1997)	0.48
"This study was designed to determine and compare the dose-response characteristics, speed of onset, and relative potency of single-dose epidural fentanyl (F) and sufentanil (S) for postoperative pain relief."	( A randomized, double-blind, dose-response comparison of epidural fentanyl versus sufentanil analgesia after cesarean section. Grass, JA; Harris, AP; Michitsch, R; Sakima, NT; Schmidt, R; Zuckerman, RL, 1997)	0.74
" Through an understanding of the pharmacodynamic interaction of volatile anesthetics with opioids and the pharmacokinetic processes responsible for the recovery from drug effect, optimal dosing schemes can thus be developed."	( Drug interactions: volatile anesthetics and opioids. Gan, TJ; Ginsberg, B; Glass, PS; Howell, S, 1997)	0.3
" Venous blood samples were collected at selected times during and after dosing for a 24-h period and assayed for fentanyl using a radioimmunoassay."	( Dose proportionality and pharmacokinetics of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate. Busch, MA; Egan, TD; Gay, M; Pace, NL; Smith, BG; Streisand, JB, 1998)	0.75
"This study determined the dose-response relation of intrathecal fentanyl for labor analgesia and described the onset, duration, and quality of analgesia when used as the sole analgesic."	( The dose-response relation of intrathecal fentanyl for labor analgesia. Alves, D; Cork, RC; Hays, R; Palmer, CM; Van Maren, G, 1998)	0.8
" A dose-response curve indicates that the median effective dose of intrathecal fentanyl for labor analgesia is 14 microg (95% confidence interval, 13-15 microg)."	( The dose-response relation of intrathecal fentanyl for labor analgesia. Alves, D; Cork, RC; Hays, R; Palmer, CM; Van Maren, G, 1998)	0.79
" In addition, the total daily dose of ketorolac was reduced following a change from intermittent bolus dosing to a continuous infusion."	( Prolonged central intravenous ketorolac continuous infusion in a cancer patient with intractable bone pain. Gordon, RL, 1998)	0.3
"Adjustments in fentanyl dosing are not required before, during, or after hyperthermic, isolated pulmonary perfusion is established and a steady state of fentanyl is achieved."	( Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl during hyperthermic, isolated lung perfusion. Pass, HI; Piscitelli, SC; Susla, G; Temeck, BK; Williams, KS, 1998)	0.98
" When changes in physiologic condition were simulated, effects on the pharmacokinetics of the opioids with possible implications for dosing were obtained only if cardiac output was varied over a wide range."	( Application of physiologic models to predict the influence of changes in body composition and blood flows on the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl and alfentanil in patients. Björkman, S; Stanski, DR; Wada, DR, 1998)	0.5
" was initiated and the dosage was titrated upward to a total of 6613 mg/d by hospital day 16."	( Continuous fentanyl infusion: use in severe cancer pain. Dunlap, DS; Lenz, KL, 1998)	0.69
" However, smaller doses provided less effective pain relief, and a linear dose-response relationship was demonstrated."	( The dose-response relationship of ketorolac as a component of intravenous regional anesthesia with lidocaine. Gardner, G; Reuben, SS; Steinberg, RB, 1998)	0.3
"To evaluate the influence of acute isovolemic hemodilution on the dose-response and time course of action of vecuronium, we studied 60 adult patients with and without hemodilution during surgery."	( The influence of acute normovolemic hemodilution on the dose-response and time course of action of vecuronium. An, G; Li, L; Liao, X; Liu, JH; Luo, LK; Tong, SY; Xue, FS; Zhang, RJ, 1998)	0.3
"A 55-year-old man with an extensive burn suffered from significant respiratory depression from a low dosage of opioid during wound care and also experienced uncontrolled pain."	( Hypnosis after an adverse response to opioids in an ICU burn patient. Carrougher, G; Gibran, N; Ohrbach, R; Patterson, DR, 1998)	0.3
" Following equi-effective dosing (T1 > 95%) the duration to 25% T1 recovery, recovery index (25/75), and TOF0."	( Neuromuscular blocking effects of rocuronium during desflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane anaesthesia. Ledowski, T; Linstedt, U; Proppe, D; Sitzlack, D; Wulf, H, 1998)	0.3
" The convenient, once-every-72 hours dosing regimen is easily adjusted to the individual's need for around-the-clock pain control, and provides stable and predictable therapeutic drug plasma concentrations."	( Factors influencing quality of life in cancer patients: the role of transdermal fentanyl in the management of pain. Payne, R, 1998)	0.53
" This study was carried out as a dose-response study comparing the effects of increasing sevoflurane concentration (1."	( Effects of sevoflurane on intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolism. A dose-response study in patients subjected to craniotomy for cerebral tumours. Bundgaard, H; Cold, GE; Jensen, KA; Landsfeldt, U; Larsen, KM; Nielsen, E; von Oettingen, G, 1998)	0.3
" In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA."	( Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits. Chakrabarti, MK; Ma, D; Sapsed-Byrne, SM; Whitwam, JG, 1998)	0.82
"(1) To compare the dose-response relations of rocuronium and vecuronium in healthy adult patients anesthetized with nitrous oxide-oxygen-fentanyl-thiopental; and (2) to evaluate the time-course of action of two drugs following equipotent doses."	( A comparative study of the dose-response and time course of action of rocuronium and vecuronium in anesthetized adult patients. An, G; Liao, X; Liu, JH; Luo, LK; Tong, SY; Xue, FS; Zhang, RJ; Zhang, YM, 1998)	0.5
" The dose-response relations of rocuronium and vecuronium were determined by the cumulative dose-response technique."	( A comparative study of the dose-response and time course of action of rocuronium and vecuronium in anesthetized adult patients. An, G; Liao, X; Liu, JH; Luo, LK; Tong, SY; Xue, FS; Zhang, RJ; Zhang, YM, 1998)	0.3
" The cumulative dose-response curve of vecuronium was shifted to the left in a parallel fashion compared with that of rocuronium."	( A comparative study of the dose-response and time course of action of rocuronium and vecuronium in anesthetized adult patients. An, G; Liao, X; Liu, JH; Luo, LK; Tong, SY; Xue, FS; Zhang, RJ; Zhang, YM, 1998)	0.3
" The mean final fentanyl dosage at study completion was 169 (+/- 29) micrograms/hr."	( A clinical evaluation of transdermal therapeutic system fentanyl for the treatment of cancer pain. Hays, H; Moulin, DE; Sloan, PA, 1998)	0.89
" The conclusion was that pruritus cannot be used as an endpoint for OTFC effectiveness; however, OTFC dosed at 10 micrograms."	( Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate as an anaesthetic premedication when dosed to an opioid effect vs total opioid consumption. Dear, GD; Dear, RB; Ginsberg, B; Margolis, JO; Ross, AK, 1998)	0.63
" A secondary goal was to determine appropriate dosing guidelines."	( Dose-titration, multicenter study of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate for the treatment of breakthrough pain in cancer patients using transdermal fentanyl for persistent pain. Busch, MA; Christie, JM; Coluzzi, P; Nordbrock, E; Patt, R; Portenoy, RK; Simmonds, M, 1998)	0.55
"Most patients find a single OTFC dosage that adequately treats breakthrough pain."	( Dose-titration, multicenter study of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate for the treatment of breakthrough pain in cancer patients using transdermal fentanyl for persistent pain. Busch, MA; Christie, JM; Coluzzi, P; Nordbrock, E; Patt, R; Portenoy, RK; Simmonds, M, 1998)	0.55
"To estimate the optimum dosing regimen and delivery system for remifentanil, a new opioid, using computer simulations based on information from pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models available for fentanyl, alfentanil and remifentanil, as well as from clinical trials of fentanyl and alfentanil."	( [Characterization of dose profile of remifentanil with computer simulation: comparative study with fentanyl and alfentanyl]. Gambús, PL; Minto, CF; Schnider, TW, 1998)	0.7
" Dosing guidelines for remifentanil, fentanyl and alfentanil were estimated for three methods of administration (bolus, bolus + variable continuous infusion or constant continuous infusion)."	( [Characterization of dose profile of remifentanil with computer simulation: comparative study with fentanyl and alfentanyl]. Gambús, PL; Minto, CF; Schnider, TW, 1998)	0.79
" The results are fairly consistent with clinical evidence, demonstrating the power of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models for rationally establishing opioid dosing guidelines."	( [Characterization of dose profile of remifentanil with computer simulation: comparative study with fentanyl and alfentanyl]. Gambús, PL; Minto, CF; Schnider, TW, 1998)	0.52
" Fentanyl and morphine both caused a downward shift in the dose-response curve to extracellular Ca2+ for shortening, with no concomitant effect on the Ca2+ transient."	( Differential effects of fentanyl and morphine on intracellular Ca2+ transients and contraction in rat ventricular myocytes. Damron, DS; Kanaya, N; Murray, PA; Zakhary, DR, 1998)	1.52
"01 mg/kg) prior to cumulative doses of cocaine produced dose-dependent leftward shifts in the cocaine dose-response function."	( Opioid enhancement of the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine: evidence for involvement of mu and delta opioid receptors. Rowlett, JK; Spealman, RD, 1998)	0.3
" It appears that low intravenous doses of fentanyl act mainly in the spinal cord and that increasing the dosage recruits descending inhibition."	( The involvement of bulbospinal pathways in fentanyl-induced inhibition of spinal withdrawal reflexes in the decerebrated rabbit. Clarke, RW; Houghton, AK; Ogilvie, J; Parry-Baggott, C, 1998)	0.83
"125% behaves in a dose-response fashion allowing for the determination of equipotent dose of each."	( Determination of the analgesic dose-response relationship for epidural fentanyl and sufentanil with bupivacaine 0.125% in laboring patients. Gadalla, F; Herman, NL; Koff, HD; Reynolds, JE; Rubin, JD; Sheu, KL; Van Decar, TK, 1998)	0.53
" Afterwards, the opioids were administered continuously with cumulative dosage up to total absence of motor evoked response."	( Influence of fentanyl, alfentanil, and sufentanil on motor evoked potentials. Hanisch, M; Hoeft, A; Juntke, R; Nadstawek, J; Pechstein, U; Scheufler, KM; Thees, C; Zentner, J, 1999)	0.67
" The results indicated that a simple dosing regimen based on weight was unable to give the same depth of anaesthesia in individual rats."	( On-line analysis of middle latency auditory evoked potentials (MLAEP) for monitoring depth of anaesthesia in laboratory rats. Henneberg, SW; Jensen, EW; Nygaard, M, 1998)	0.3
" The simulations illustrated that hemorrhagic shock results in higher fentanyl concentrations for any given dosage scheme."	( Fentanyl pharmacokinetics in hemorrhagic shock: a porcine model. Bailey, PL; Egan, TD; Gong, G; Kuramkote, S; McJames, SW; Zhang, J, 1999)	1.98
" The amount of fentanyl delivered estimated per dose from the ET (fentanyl) system using the iv fentanyl treatment as the reference was similar for the two ET regimens throughout the dosing period."	( Reproducible fentanyl doses delivered intermittently at different time intervals from an electrotransport system. Gupta, SK; Klausner, M; Phipps, B; Sathyan, G; Southam, M, 1999)	1.03
" We performed this study to establish the dose-response relationship of intrathecal fentanyl for both analgesia and ventilatory depression."	( Analgesia, pruritus, and ventilation exhibit a dose-response relationship in parturients receiving intrathecal fentanyl during labor. Affleck, PJ; Andreasen, A; Brackin, R; Calicott, R; Choi, KC; Fong, J; Gadalla, F; Gomillion, MC; Hartman, JK; Herman, NL; Koff, HD; Lee, SH; Singhal, A; Van Decar, TK, 1999)	0.74
" Each patient received a standard dosage of fentanyl and propofol, as determined on a kilogram basis."	( The combined use of propofol and fentanyl for outpatient intravenous conscious sedation. Abeles, G; Bisaccia, E; Scarborough, DA; Sequeira, M; Swensen, RD, 1999)	0.85
" In addition, we obtained dose-response curves for possible local anesthetic effects."	( The effects of intradermal fentanyl and ketamine on capsaicin-induced secondary hyperalgesia and flare reaction. Blunk, JA; Koppert, W; Likar, R; Schmelz, M; Sittl, R; Zeck, S, 1999)	0.6
" For prevention of delayed N&V, patients receiving TTS-F for acute N&V were given TTS-F at the same dosage (75 micrograms/h) on days 2-5, whereas patients receiving OND for acute N&V were treated with M 20 mg orally every 6 h on days 2-5, starting 24 h after CDDP."	( Prevention of nausea and vomiting (N&V) in cancer patients receiving high-dose cisplatin. Assessment of the potential antiemetic activity of transdermal fentanyl (TTS-F) compared to standard antiemetic treatment in acute and delayed N&V: first clinical re Contu, P; Curreli, L; Macciò, A; Mantovani, G; Massa, D; Massa, E; Mulas, C; Succu, G, )	0.33
" Under propofol anesthesia, the cumulative dose-response curves of vecuronium were shifted to the left when compared with control ED50 and the slope showed that propofol had potentiated the action of vecuronium."	( [Propofol potentiates the neuromuscular blocking effects of vecuronium in man]. Adachi, H; Ohmi, Y; Satoh, T; Watanabe, K, 2000)	0.31
" Multiple OTFC dosing regimens within the dosage schedule examined in this study can thus be formulated without concern about nonlinear accumulation."	( Multiple dose pharmacokinetics of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate in healthy volunteers. Ashburn, MA; Egan, TD; Kievit, J; Pace, NL; Sharma, A; Streisand, JB, 2000)	0.56
"We observed chest wall rigidity in 8 patients after low dosage of fentanyl (3-5 microg/kg body weight)."	( Fentanyl-induced chest wall rigidity and laryngospasm in preterm and term infants. Bartmann, P; Fahnenstich, H; Kau, N; Steffan, J, 2000)	1.99
"To provide a rational basis for the dosage of fentanyl in newborn infants by determining clearance in the first days of life."	( Gestational age and birth weight effects on plasma clearance of fentanyl in newborn infants. Fellman, V; Neuvonen, PJ; Saarenmaa, E, 2000)	0.8
" A dose-response curve indicated that with increasing dosage, the response probability increased, while the magnitude of the induced shift remained stable."	( Fentanyl, a upsilon-opioid receptor agonist, phase shifts the hamster circadian pacemaker. Albus, H; Dahan, A; Duindam, H; Meijer, JH; Ruijs, AC; van de Geest, B; Zwinderman, AH, 2000)	1.75
" No significant rise occurred in glucose, cortisol and catecholamines in any of the higher dosage groups."	( Reducing stress responses in the pre-bypass phase of open heart surgery in infants and young children: a comparison of different fentanyl doses. Cloote, A; Duncan, HP; Jenkins, I; Murphy, PJ; Pawade, AK; Rogers, CA; Weir, PM; Wolf, AR, 2000)	0.51
" However, clinicians should realize that the manufacturer's recommendations for equianalgesic dosing of transdermal fentanyl may result in initial doses that are too low in some patients, and in a titration period that is too long."	( An alternative algorithm for dosing transdermal fentanyl for cancer-related pain. Breitbart, W; Chandler, S; Eagel, B; Ellison, N; Enck, RE; Lefkowitz, M; Payne, R, 2000)	0.77
" In this article we described basic properties and dosing guidelines for TF and our own experience with use of Durogesic in the treatment of cancer pain."	( [Research from the Palliative Care Department in Poznań on treatment of neoplasm pain with Durogesic (transdermal fentanyl)]. Gorzelińska, L; Kozikowska, J; Leppert, W; Luczak, J, 2000)	0.52
" For groups A and B, when cervical dilatation exceeded 4 cm, 10 to 15 mL of 5 x 10(-2)% bupivacaine and 2 x 10(-4)% fentanyl were injected epidurally and a continuous low dosage was maintained until full dilatation of the cervix resulted."	( Effects of epidural fentanyl on labor pain during the early period of the first stage of induced labor in nulliparous women. Chen, LK; Hsieh, FJ; Hsu, HW; Huang, CH; Lee, CN; Lin, CJ; Tsai, SK, 2000)	0.84
" Subjects were then tested for tolerance in the distinctive context using the tail-flick procedure and dose-response curve methodology."	( Associative and non-associative fentanyl tolerance in the rat: evaluation of cross tolerance with mu-and kappa-specific opioids. Carter, BL; Conklin, CA; Tiffany, ST, 2000)	0.59
" The bispectral analysis (BIS) of the EEG correlates well with the clinical dose-response of hypnotic drugs during induction, but the effect on BIS of an opiate induction, as for coronary bypass surgery, is not known."	( Effects on the bispectral index during medium-high dose fentanyl induction with or without propofol supplement. Anderson, RE; Barr, G; Jakobsson, JG; Owall, A, 2000)	0.55
"The dosage of transdermal fentanyl had to be increased on average 50% over that indicated by the manufacturer."	( Opioid treatment of painful chronic pancreatitis. Larsen, S; Madsen, LG; Niemann, T; Thorsgaard, N, 2000)	0.61
" However, the dosage often has to be increased above that recommended by the manufacturer."	( Opioid treatment of painful chronic pancreatitis. Larsen, S; Madsen, LG; Niemann, T; Thorsgaard, N, 2000)	0.31
" However, the incidence of intraoperative adverse events and other postoperative sequelae, recovery times, pain and nausea visual analog scale scores, opioid analgesic dosage requirements in the postanesthetic care unit, and satisfaction survey responses were similar between groups."	( A comparison of the cost-effectiveness of remifentanil versus fentanyl as an adjuvant to general anesthesia for outpatient gynecologic surgery. Beers, RA; Calimlim, JR; Camporesi, EM; Esposito, BF; Uddoh, E, 2000)	0.55
" The dose-response effect of fentanyl on arterial baroreflex control of circumflex conductance was examined during the immediate 8 s circumflex vasodilator response to a step rise in aortic pressure caused by inflation of an intra-aortic balloon."	( Effect of fentanyl on baroreflex control of circumflex coronary conductance. Cottee, DB; McIlveen, SA; Moore, PG; Quail, AW; White, SW, 2000)	1
" No correlation between dosage of fentanyl given and either age or percentage of total body surface area burned was observed."	( The efficacy and safety of fentanyl for the management of severe procedural pain in patients with burn injuries. Burd, RS; Linneman, PK; Terry, BE, )	0.71
" Fentanyl dosing strategies, with or without midazolam, do not prevent a hormonal or metabolic stress response in infants undergoing cardiac surgery."	( Stress response in infants undergoing cardiac surgery: a randomized study of fentanyl bolus, fentanyl infusion, and fentanyl-midazolam infusion. Casta, A; Chakravorti, S; Davis, PJ; Gruber, EM; Hansen, DD; Hickey, PR; Laussen, PC; McGowan, FX; Odegard, KC; Reid, R; Zimmerman, AA; Zurakowski, D, 2001)	1.45
" We hypothesised that the use of a very low concentration technique (ropivacaine/fentanyl) might result in excessive dosing in the PCEA group, more motor blockade and a negative impact on spontaneous delivery rate."	( Ropivacaine 1 mg/ml, plus fentanyl 2 microg/ml for epidural analgesia during labour. Is mode of administration important? Gjessing, L; Smedvig, JP; Soreide, E, 2001)	0.84
" On the basis of the dose-response curve analysis, ohmefentanyl stereoisomers displayed a significant difference in place preference ED50."	( Quantitative comparison of ohmefentanyl isomers induced conditioning place preference in mice. Chen, XJ; Chi, ZQ; Guo, GW; Jin, WQ; Liu, ZH; Zhang, HP; Zhu, YC, 2001)	0.84
" In the 16 who received fentanyl for > or =3 months until death, the median dose was unchanged (100 microg/h) 3 months before death and at death; 8/16 required no dosage change."	( Long-term observations of patients receiving transdermal fentanyl after a randomized trial. Ahmedzai, SH; Brooks, D; Davis, C; Nugent, M, 2001)	0.86
"To present the authors' technique for epidural catheter placement and dosing protocol, and to demonstrate the results from postoperative pain control after anterior spinal instrumented fusion for 10 consecutive patients."	( Postoperative pain control using epidural catheters after anterior spinal fusion for adolescent scoliosis. Burd, T; Gaines, RW; Kittle, D; Lowry, KJ; Tobias, J, 2001)	0.31
" The authors believe that this lack of consensus stems from varied epidural dosing protocols and techniques in catheter placement, which they have witnessed anecdotally at their own institution."	( Postoperative pain control using epidural catheters after anterior spinal fusion for adolescent scoliosis. Burd, T; Gaines, RW; Kittle, D; Lowry, KJ; Tobias, J, 2001)	0.31
" Dosing consisted of fentanyl (1 microg/kg) and hydromorphone (5 microg/kg) diluted in preservative-free saline (0."	( Postoperative pain control using epidural catheters after anterior spinal fusion for adolescent scoliosis. Burd, T; Gaines, RW; Kittle, D; Lowry, KJ; Tobias, J, 2001)	0.63
"By following the dosing protocol described, epidural catheters can be used safely and effectively to control postoperative pain after anterior instrumentation and spinal fusion for adolescent scoliosis."	( Postoperative pain control using epidural catheters after anterior spinal fusion for adolescent scoliosis. Burd, T; Gaines, RW; Kittle, D; Lowry, KJ; Tobias, J, 2001)	0.31
" Five patients required rescue dosing every two hours on some treatment days."	( Transdermal fentanyl in the hospice: a survey of rescue dosing and pain control. Robards, M, )	0.51
" Patients received OTFC units at a starting dosage strength determined in the short-term trial (200-1600 microg)."	( Long-term safety of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate for breakthrough cancer pain. Berris, R; Busch, MA; Coluzzi, P; Hart, L; Loseth, DB; Lyss, A; Nordbrook, E; Payne, R; Portenoy, RK; Rauck, R; Simmonds, M, 2001)	0.58
" Second, increasing dosage of morphine often reduces pain, at the same time patients become drowsy."	( [Issues in cancer pain management]. Hoka, S; Matoba, M; Murakami, S, 2001)	0.31
" Transdermal fentanyl dosage was titrated upwards as required."	( Opioids in non-cancer pain: a life-time sentence? Dellemijn, PL, 2001)	0.68
" Recovery profile was assessed by recording time spent in the postanesthesia care unit and step-down recovery unit, number and timing of adverse events, timing and dosage of rescue medications, and time to eligibility for discharge (to home or to hospital room)."	( Hemodynamics and emergence profile of remifentanil versus fentanyl prospectively compared in a large population of surgical patients. Fleisher, LA; Hogue, S; Jamerson, B; Twersky, RS; Warner, DS, 2001)	0.55
"BIS monitoring of depth of hypnosis can influence requirements for fentanyl during total intravenous anesthesia by bolus dosing for maintenance of analgesia."	( [Influence of bispectral index monitoring on fentanyl requirements during total intravenous anesthesia for major gynecological surgery]. Alamo, F; Caba, F; Echevarría, M; Gómez, P; Hachero, A; Merino, S; Rodríguez, R, 2001)	0.81
" Demand boluses of IV fentanyl equivalent in dosage to 50-100% of the final CII rate remained available via PCA during the 24 hours after patch application."	( A safe and effective method for converting cancer patients from intravenous to transdermal fentanyl. Khojainova, N; Kornick, CA; Manfredi, PL; Payne, R; Primavera, LH; Santiago-Palma, J, 2001)	0.85
" Development of opioid abstinence syndrome was evaluated during fentanyl and methadone dosage reductions and for 72 hours thereafter."	( Enteral methadone to expedite fentanyl discontinuation and prevent opioid abstinence syndrome in the PICU. Cash, J; Lugo, RA; MacLaren, R; Pribble, CG; Vernon, DD, 2001)	0.84
"Satisfactory analgesia was achieved in both groups, though the required drug dosage was higher in the intranasal group (1."	( Intranasal fentanyl provides adequate postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients. Ghosh, BR; Handa, K; Laha, A; Lahiri, A; Manjushree, R, 2002)	0.7
" Examples for calculating required drug dosage depending on the clinical situation and the route of administration."	( [New Level III opioids of the World Health Organization]. Laval, G; Mallaret, M; Sang, B; Villard, ML, 2002)	0.31
" The dosing interval for these systems is generally 3 days."	( Treatment of cancer pain with transdermal fentanyl. Gourlay, GK, 2001)	0.57
" This case report demonstrates the successful management of the patient with analgesia provided by a continuous spinal catheter dosed with a continuous infusion of fentanyl and supplemental meperidine."	( Continuous spinal analgesia for labor and delivery in a parturient with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Amano, K; Hoka, S; Kikuchi, S; Okamoto, H; Okutomi, T, 2002)	0.51
" However, when making a choice between fentanyl and sufentanil, one must consider other important factors, such as the higher cost of sufentanil and the greater risk of dosing error due to the higher potency of sufentanil compared with fentanyl."	( A comparison of intrathecal fentanyl and sufentanil for labor analgesia. D'Angelo, R; Nelson, KE; Rauch, T; Terebuh, V, 2002)	0.88
" Anesthesia was rapidly and completely reversed by intravenous injections of naltrexone at 30 times the THAI dosage (0."	( Anesthesia of boma-captured Lichtenstein's hartebeest (Sigmoceros lichtensteinii) with a combination of thiafentanil, medetomidine, and ketamine. Bush, M; Citino, SB; Grobler, D; Lance, W, 2002)	0.31
" Clocinnamox (10 mg/kg) produced a 7- and 12-fold further decrease in morphine and fentanyl potency, respectively, a reduction in the slope of the morphine dose-response curve, and a suppression of the maximal morphine responding for buprenorphine."	( Clocinnamox distinguishes opioid agonists according to relative efficacy in normal and morphine-treated rats trained to discriminate morphine. Walker, EA; Young, AM, 2002)	0.54
" Dose-response curves for the antinociceptive effects of ketamine alone and ketamine in conjunction with the mu opioid fentanyl were constructed."	( Potentiation by ketamine of fentanyl antinociception. I. An experimental study in rats showing that ketamine administered by non-spinal routes targets spinal cord antinociceptive systems. Bajunaki, E; Goodchild, CS; Nadeson, R; Tucker, A, 2002)	0.82
" For 48 hrs, sedation was kept constant at a level according to Ramsay Scale 3 while we adjusted the dosage of propofol given per hour."	( Progressive electroencephalogram frequency deceleration despite constant depth of propofol-induced sedation. Adam, S; Albrecht, MD; Kuhlisch, E; Ragaller, M; Theilen, HJ, 2002)	0.31
" It is suggested that the cardiovascular response to tracheal intubation and incision may be effectively inhibited in combination URA with fentanyl, and the dosage of fentanyl might reduce."	( [Effects of urapidil on cardiovascular response to tracheal intubation and incision during fentanyl co-induction]. Cai, HW; Yang, HB, 2000)	0.73
" Using a mouse hot-plate test, dose-response relationships were first determined for all compounds individually and then for opioids co-administered with fixed doses of ketamine or dextromethorphan."	( Dextromethorphan and ketamine potentiate the antinociceptive effects of mu- but not delta- or kappa-opioid agonists in a mouse model of acute pain. Baker, AK; Hoffmann, VL; Meert, TF, 2002)	0.31
" Using a mouse hot-plate test, dose-response relationships were first determined for all compounds individually and then for opioids co-administered with fixed doses of clonidine, ketamine or dextromethorphan."	( Interactions of NMDA antagonists and an alpha 2 agonist with mu, delta and kappa opioids in an acute nociception assay. Baker, AK; Hoffmann, VL; Meert, TF, 2002)	0.31
" These findings suggest that potent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, such as flunixin, may be useful alternatives to opioid-based agents for the control of acute postoperative pain associated with a minor surgical procedure and highlight the importance of assessing the risk-benefit ratio when selecting analgesics and dosing regimens."	( Evaluation of postoperative analgesia in a rat model of incisional pain. Martin, WJ; St A Stewart, L, 2003)	0.32
" Modified cassette, or "cocktail," dosing is useful for assessing drug interactions in humans."	( Simultaneous assessment of drug interactions with low- and high-extraction opioids: application to parecoxib effects on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fentanyl and alfentanil. Feldman, J; Ibrahim, AE; Karim, A; Kharasch, ED, 2003)	0.51
" Measuring rectal body temperatures, dose-response relationships were established for all compounds."	( Morphine and d-amphetamine nullify each others' hypothermic effects in mice. Baker, A; Meert, T, 2003)	0.32
" However, patients might have a better outcome with a reduction of morphine dosage and administration of a muscle relaxant of shorter duration of action than pancuronium."	( A randomized trial of caudal block with bupivacaine 4 mg x kg-1 (1.8 ml x kg-1) plus morphine (150 microg x kg-1) vs general anaesthesia with fentanyl for cardiac surgery. Castillo-Zamora, C; Nava-Ocampo, AA; Rojas-Pérez, E, 2003)	0.52
"Recently, the Food and Drug Administration increased the celecoxib dosage recommendation from 200 mg to 400 mg for acute pain management."	( The efficacy of celecoxib premedication on postoperative pain and recovery times after ambulatory surgery: a dose-ranging study. Issioui, T; Klein, K; Recart, A; Shah, M; Stool, L; Watcha, MF; White, PF, 2003)	0.32
" Demand boluses of IV fentanyl equivalent in dosage to 50-100% of the CI rate remained available by patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)."	( A safe and effective method for converting patients from transdermal to intravenous fentanyl for the treatment of acute cancer-related pain. Kornick, CA; Manfredi, PL; O'Brien, PC; Payne, R; Santiago-Palma, J; Schulman, G; Weigand, S, 2003)	0.86
" Rescue dosing was less than recommended, in relation to prescribed transdermal fentanyl strength in 21 patients (60 percent) and greater than recommended in one patient (3 percent)."	( Breakthrough strong opioid analgesia prescription in patients using transdermal fentanyl admitted to a hospice. Lawrie, I; Lloyd-Williams, M; Waterhouse, E, )	0.59
" Similar steady state serum concentrations were obtained when multiple doses of TTS fentanyl were administered every 48 or 72 h over 8 or 9 days, with less fluctuation in serum concentrations during the 48 h dosing interval."	( Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl following intravenous and transdermal administration in horses. Kollias-Baker, C; Maxwell, LK; Slovis, N; Thomasy, SM, 2003)	0.87
" In this study, potential neuronal sites and mechanisms responsible for the disturbances were investigated, dose-response relationships were established, and it was determined whether general anesthesia plays a role."	( Mu-opioid receptor agonist effects on medullary respiratory neurons in the cat: evidence for involvement in certain types of ventilatory disturbances. Lalley, PM, 2003)	0.32
" The changing of PL and IPL with time passing and anesthesia dosage was studied to discuss the feature of ABR in each anesthesia procedure as above."	( [Clinical study on applying brainstem auditory evoked potential to monitor anesthesia depth and awaken in children]. Chen, YQ; Hu, JQ; Li, NL; Liu, H; Wang, DZ, 2003)	0.32
"There is a significant positive correlation between PL and IPL of ABR waves as above and the dosage of propofol or the concentration of isoflurane."	( [Clinical study on applying brainstem auditory evoked potential to monitor anesthesia depth and awaken in children]. Chen, YQ; Hu, JQ; Li, NL; Liu, H; Wang, DZ, 2003)	0.32
" This issue has important practical implications when patients are attempting to identify the appropriate dosage of OTFC to control their pain."	( A pharmacokinetic study to compare two simultaneous 400 microg doses with a single 800 microg dose of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate. Egan, TD; Kern, SE; Kisicki, JC; Lee, M, 2003)	0.53
"In the dosage used here, epinephrine did not improve epidural lumbar analgesia."	( Epinephrine added to a lumbar epidural infusion of a small-dose ropivacaine-fentanyl mixture after arterial bypass surgery of the lower extremities. Aromaa, U; Förster, JG; Neuvonen, PJ; Niemi, TT; Rosenberg, PH; Seppälä, TA, 2003)	0.55
" The median daily dosage strength of transdermal fentanyl was 75."	( Patient-reported utilization patterns of fentanyl transdermal system and oxycodone hydrochloride controlled-release among patients with chronic nonmalignant pain. Ackerman, SJ; Brennan, M; Mordin, M; Reblando, J; Schein, J; Vallow, S; Xu, X, )	0.65
" With time the dosing often increases because of tolerance."	( Methadone dosage for prevention of opioid withdrawal in children. Cimino, M; Fletcher, JE; Heard, AM; Heard, CM; Kielma, D; Siddappa, R, 2003)	0.32
"For opioid-tolerant patients, conventional patient-controlled analgesia dosing may be ineffective."	( Preoperative fentanyl infusion with pharmacokinetic simulation for anesthetic and perioperative management of an opioid-tolerant patient. Davis, JJ; Egan, TD; Johnson, KB; Snell, TE; Swenson, JD; Vezina, DP, 2003)	0.69
"Both total dosage and effect-site concentration of fentanyl were higher in the TIVA group than in the GOS group, and total prescription time in the TIVA group was significantly less during the 24 hrs after the operation."	( [Comparison of requirement for postoperative analgesics after inhalation and total intravenous anesthesia]. Iwakiri, H; Kamata, K; Nagata, O; Ozaki, M, 2003)	0.57
" Dosing of the analgesics and sedatives was based on a neonatal sedation score for ventilated infants."	( Endogenous distress in ventilated full-term newborns with acute respiratory failure. Aretz, S; Licht, C; Roth, B, 2004)	0.32
"5 microg/kg), dosed 1 hour after oral quinidine (600 mg) or placebo."	( Quinidine as a probe for the role of p-glycoprotein in the intestinal absorption and clinical effects of fentanyl. Altuntas, TG; Hoffer, C; Kharasch, ED; Whittington, D, 2004)	0.54
" Fentanyl was similar, probably because the dosing algorithm demanded frequent monitoring and adjustment, thereby preventing over-sedation."	( Remifentanil versus fentanyl for analgesia based sedation to provide patient comfort in the intensive care unit: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial [ISRCTN43755713]. Bonome, C; Cross, MH; Kirkham, AJ; López, A; Morrison, L; Muellejans, B, 2004)	1.56
" All patients had cancer, cancer-related pain syndromes, and were opioid tolerant with an oral morphine equivalent daily dosage (MEDD) of (> or =40 mg/day."	( Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate in the outpatient management of severe cancer pain crises: a retrospective case series. Burton, AW; Driver, LC; Mendoza, TR; Syed, G, )	0.47
" As the fentanyl dosage was excessive even in some patients who followed the recommended morphine/fentanyl conversion of 150:1, it is dangerous to use the conversion ratio of 78:1 at first."	( A study of transdermal fentanyl in cancer pain at Aichi-Cancer Center. Hasegawa, M; Hosoda, R; Kamiya, Y; Kato, K; Mizaki, T; Nitta, M; Yamazaki, S, 2004)	1.07
" Fourteen patients receiving strong opioids who had increased their dosage more than 100% in the last week unsuccessfully were randomly chosen to add a second opioid to the first using an initial equivalent dosage of 20% of the previous therapy."	( Addition of a second opioid may improve opioid response in cancer pain: preliminary data. Casuccio, A; Ferrera, P; Mercadante, S; Villari, P, 2004)	0.32
"This health outcomes analysis based on data from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial determined dose-response relationship between opioid use and related symptoms."	( Dose-response relationship between opioid use and adverse effects after ambulatory surgery. Chen, C; Cheung, RY; Chung, F; Hanna, DB; Raymundo, AL; Zhao, SZ, 2004)	0.32
" Further, we attempted to derive suggested dosing mass weights for fentanyl that improved predicted accuracy."	( Accuracy of pharmacokinetic models for predicting plasma fentanyl concentrations in lean and obese surgical patients: derivation of dosing weight ("pharmacokinetic mass"). Bairamian, M; Inchiosa, MA; Sawada, K; Shibutani, K, 2004)	0.8
" We used the exponential equation for Shafer performance error versus TBW to derive suggested dosing weights ("pharmacokinetic mass") for obese patients."	( Accuracy of pharmacokinetic models for predicting plasma fentanyl concentrations in lean and obese surgical patients: derivation of dosing weight ("pharmacokinetic mass"). Bairamian, M; Inchiosa, MA; Sawada, K; Shibutani, K, 2004)	0.57
" Dosing weight (pharmacokinetic mass) derived from the nonlinear relationship between prediction error and TBW proved to have a linear relationship with clearance."	( Accuracy of pharmacokinetic models for predicting plasma fentanyl concentrations in lean and obese surgical patients: derivation of dosing weight ("pharmacokinetic mass"). Bairamian, M; Inchiosa, MA; Sawada, K; Shibutani, K, 2004)	0.57
" No change in OTF dosing in the elderly would appear necessary because of altered pharmacokinetics."	( Influence of age on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate. Hoffer, C; Kharasch, ED; Whittington, D, 2004)	0.55
" In this respect, further studies related to dosage of intrathecal levobupivacaine in obstetric labor analgesia will be beneficial in substantiating this point."	( Intrathecal labor analgesia using levobupivacaine 2.5 mg with fentanyl 25 microg--would half the dose suffice? Chan, SY; Chiu, JW, 2004)	0.56
" Regular pain assessments combined with appropriate analgesic administration at regular dosing intervals, adjunctive drug therapy for control of adverse effects and associated symptoms, and nonpharmacological interventions are recommended."	( Cancer pain management in children. Mercadante, S, 2004)	0.32
" The time when consciousness loss and recovery occurred, dosage of propofol for anesthesia maintenance, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were recorded."	( [Intravenous propofol combined with fentanyl for anesthesia during ultrasound-guided transvaginal oocyte retrieval]. Chen, SL; Chen, Y; Liu, GW; Shi, YS; Xu, JS, 2004)	0.6
" The maintenance dosage of propofol in group B (0."	( [Intravenous propofol combined with fentanyl for anesthesia during ultrasound-guided transvaginal oocyte retrieval]. Chen, SL; Chen, Y; Liu, GW; Shi, YS; Xu, JS, 2004)	0.6
"Anesthesia with propofol combined with fentanyl may reduce the maintenance dosage of propofol, shorten the time of consciousness recovery during oocyte retrieval with ultrasound guidance, and can be helpful for the patients' early recovery and discharge from hospital."	( [Intravenous propofol combined with fentanyl for anesthesia during ultrasound-guided transvaginal oocyte retrieval]. Chen, SL; Chen, Y; Liu, GW; Shi, YS; Xu, JS, 2004)	0.87
" Long-acting oral opioids supply satisfactory analgesia at more convenient dosing intervals."	( Advances in opioid therapy and formulations. Walsh, D, 2005)	0.33
" During the long-term treatment, the transdermal fentanyl dosage had to be increased."	( [Home palliative care--2 case reports: a long-term cancer pain management with transdermal fentanyl]. Fujimoto, M; Kuroda, T; Mizutani, Y; Sakuyama, T; Yanaga, K, 2004)	0.8
" Fentanyl (in post-anesthesia care unit) and paracetamol (at home) were supplementary analgesics and the dosage was also recorded."	( [Comparison of preemptive analgesia efficacy between etoricoxib and rofecoxib in ambulatory gynecological surgery]. Liu, W; Loo, CC; Ren, HZ; Tan, HM; Ye, TH, 2004)	1.23
" In this study, the pharmacokinetics of a novel sublingual dosage form of fentanyl developed for breakthrough pain was evaluated."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of different doses of fentanyl following sublingual administration of a rapidly dissolving tablet to cancer patients: a new approach to treatment of incident pain. Bredenberg, S; Hedner, T; Holmberg, M; Lennernäs, B; Lennernäs, H; Nyström, C, 2005)	0.81
" After resection of the tumor, propofol dosage was reduced to 3-6 mg x kg(-1) x hr(-1), keeping the BIS values around 60."	( [Anesthetic management with propofol during pheochromocytoma resection under bispectral index monitoring]. Ishida, K; Morimoto, Y; Nakamura, M; Sakabe, T; Utada, K; Yamashita, S, 2004)	0.32
" Plasma concentrations were measured in additional cats after intranasal or oral dosing (2 microg/kg) and after 30 microg/kg in PLO gel."	( Relationship between plasma concentrations and analgesia after intravenous fentanyl and disposition after other routes of administration in cats. Keuhnel, G; Robertson, SA; Sear, JW; Taylor, PM, 2005)	0.56
" Specifically, a technique based on pharmacokinetic modeling is described that predicts safe and therapeutic opioid dosing in these patients."	( Postoperative care of the chronic opioid-consuming patient. Davis, JJ; Johnson, KB; Swenson, JD, 2005)	0.33
"Therapeutic hypothermia may alter the required dosage of analgesics and sedatives, but no data are available on the effects of mild hypothermia on plasma fentanyl concentration during continuous, long-term administration."	( The effect of mild hypothermia on plasma fentanyl concentration and biotransformation in juvenile pigs. Bauer, R; Fritz, HG; Holzmayr, M; Lupp, A; Moeritz, KU; Walter, B, 2005)	0.79
" The optimum dosage for nyala was a combination of A3080 (40-50 microg/kg), MED (60-80 microg/kg) plus 200 mg of KET/animal."	( Anaesthesia of nyala (Tragelaphus angasi) with a combination of thiafentanil (A3080), medetomidine and ketamine. Bush, M; Cooper, DV; Grobler, D; Jessup, D; Lance, W, 2005)	0.33
"81 mcg/kg), but no significant difference was found in pentobarbital dosing between groups 1 and 2, respectively (4."	( Moderate sedation for MRI in young children with autism. Garrett, NT; Hazlett, HC; Piven, J; Ross, AK; Wilkerson, C, 2005)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetics and mu-opioid receptor occupancy of nalmefene after single and repeated dosing over 7 days was studied in 12 healthy subjects."	( Prolonged central mu-opioid receptor occupancy after single and repeated nalmefene dosing. Aalto, S; Hagelberg, N; Hietala, J; Ingman, K; Juhakoski, A; Kallio, A; Karhuvaara, S; Någren, K; Oikonen, V; Scheinin, H, 2005)	0.33
"A dose-response relationship between fentanyl and artificial feeding has not been reported elsewhere."	( The impact of intrapartum analgesia on infant feeding. Bradshaw, C; Emery, S; Friswell, W; Jordan, S; Watkins, A, 2005)	0.6
" In groups 6 and 7, additional fentanyl doses were lower than in the other groups, but only in group 7 was the total fentanyl dosage low."	( Effectiveness of eutectic mixture of local anesthetic cream and occlusive dressing with low dosage of fentanyl for pain control during shockwave lithotripsy. Basar, H; Basar, MM; Batislam, E; Ozcan, S; Tuglu, D; Yilmaz, E, 2005)	0.83
"We previously proposed dosing weights for fentanyl, termed 'pharmacokinetic mass', that span the total body weight (TBW) range from 40 to 210 kg."	( Pharmacokinetic mass of fentanyl for postoperative analgesia in lean and obese patients. Bairamian, M; Inchiosa, MA; Sawada, K; Shibutani, K, 2005)	0.9
" Comparisons were made for dosing requirements and effective plasma concentrations for 37 lean patients (body mass index < 30, TBW < 85 kg) and 33 obese patients (body mass index > 30, TBW > or = 85 kg)."	( Pharmacokinetic mass of fentanyl for postoperative analgesia in lean and obese patients. Bairamian, M; Inchiosa, MA; Sawada, K; Shibutani, K, 2005)	0.64
"The relationship between dose and pharmacokinetic mass, compared with that of dose vs TBW, may provide confidence for the use of pharmacokinetic mass as a dosing approximation for fentanyl."	( Pharmacokinetic mass of fentanyl for postoperative analgesia in lean and obese patients. Bairamian, M; Inchiosa, MA; Sawada, K; Shibutani, K, 2005)	0.83
"When opioids are used for postoperative pain control, it is useful to define the dose-response relationship for analgesia and respiratory depression."	( Preoperative "fentanyl challenge" as a tool to estimate postoperative opioid dosing in chronic opioid-consuming patients. Davis, JJ; Dillon, JD; Egan, TD; Hall, RH; Johnson, KB; Niu, SY; Pace, NL; Swenson, JD, 2005)	0.69
"This study illustrates that whilst low doses of intrathecal bupivacaine can be effectively used for Caesarean section, at such doses EVE does not appear to offer reliable or clinically relevant reductions in dosing with intrathecal bupivacaine."	( Effect of epidural volume extension on dose requirement of intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine at Caesarean section. Beale, N; Columb, MO; Evans, B; Lyons, G; Plaat, F; Stocks, GM, 2005)	0.33
" Dose-response curves for the alpha1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine were generated in the absence and presence of fentanyl."	( Fentanyl attenuates alpha1B-adrenoceptor-mediated pulmonary artery contraction. Ding, X; McCune, DF; Murray, PA; Perez, DM; Sohn, JT, 2005)	1.98
"To review the evidence for dosing and efficacy of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate in the management of pain and produce dosing guidelines."	( Evidence-based oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) dosing guidelines. Aronoff, GM; Brennan, MJ; Ginsberg, B; Pritchard, DD, )	0.65
"Information was crucially examined and synthesized into guidelines for use and dosing of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate in cancer and noncancer pain."	( Evidence-based oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) dosing guidelines. Aronoff, GM; Brennan, MJ; Ginsberg, B; Pritchard, DD, )	0.63
" Statistically significant multivariate predictors of hypotension 0-10 min after anesthetic induction included: ASA III-V, baseline MAP <70 mm Hg, age > or =50 yr, the use of propofol for induction of anesthesia, and increasing induction dosage of fentanyl."	( Predictors of hypotension after induction of general anesthesia. Baez, B; Bernstein, A; Bodian, CA; Hossain, S; Krol, M; Patel, P; Reich, DL, 2005)	0.51
" An epidural catheter was inserted but not dosed until patients requested further analgesia."	( Chronobiology of subarachnoid fentanyl for labor analgesia. Harris, L; Lee, S; Pan, PH, 2005)	0.62
"Intermittent epidural bolus dosing is a method of drug delivery that can prolong the duration of labour analgesia induced by a combined spinal epidural (CSE)."	( Automated regular boluses for epidural analgesia: a comparison with continuous infusion. Lim, Y; Ocampo, C; Sia, AT, 2005)	0.33
" The on-demand dosing and pharmacokinetics of this system differentiate it from the passive transdermal formulation of fentanyl designed for the management of chronic pain."	( The fentanyl HCl patient-controlled transdermal system (PCTS): an alternative to intravenous patient-controlled analgesia in the postoperative setting. Sinatra, R, 2005)	1.1
" The objective of these studies was to determine the effect of dosing frequency on the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl delivered by the PCTS."	( The effect of dosing frequency on the pharmacokinetics of a fentanyl HCl patient-controlled transdermal system (PCTS). Gidwani, S; Gupta, S; Sathyan, G; Zomorodi, K, 2005)	0.78
"The amount of fentanyl absorbed from the PCTS increases as a function of time and is independent of both dosing frequency and total number of doses delivered."	( The effect of dosing frequency on the pharmacokinetics of a fentanyl HCl patient-controlled transdermal system (PCTS). Gidwani, S; Gupta, S; Sathyan, G; Zomorodi, K, 2005)	0.93
" A fixed ratio of 1 mg CAR:10 mg XYL intramuscularly was used, increasing or decreasing the dosage until the optimal dosage (defined by an induction time < 3 min and PaCO(2)< 60 mmHg) was reached for each animal."	( Determination and evaluation of an optimal dosage of carfentanil and xylazine for the immobilization of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Miller, KV; Osborn, DA; Ramsay, EC; Schumacher, J; Storms, TN; Zagaya, N, 2005)	0.33
" We undertook this study to assess the sedative drug doses administered during bronchoscopy in lung transplant recipients and to assess if there is a change in the dosage requirements over time following lung transplantation."	( Sedative drug requirements during bronchoscopy are higher in cystic fibrosis after lung transplantation. Aboyoun, C; Chhajed, PN; Chhajed, TP; Glanville, AR; Harrison, GA; Leuppi, JD; Malouf, MA; Tamm, M, 2005)	0.33
" An in vivo dose-response analysis was performed on medullary respiratory neurons of adult cats to investigate two untested hypotheses related to mechanisms of opioid-mediated rhythm slowing: 1) Opiates suppress intrinsic conductances that limit discharge duration in medullary inspiratory and expiratory neurons, and 2) opiates delay the onset and lengthen the duration of discharges postsynaptically in phase-regulating postinspiratory and late-inspiratory neurons."	( Opiate slowing of feline respiratory rhythm and effects on putative medullary phase-regulating neurons. Lalley, PM, 2006)	0.33
"To analyze whether emergence agitation could be reduced by using a low dosage of fentanyl without causing an increase in postoperative adverse effects and/or affecting the patient's quality of life after discharge."	( The effects of low-dose fentanyl on emergence agitation and quality of life in patients with moderate developmental disabilities. Chen, CC; Hung, WT; Liou, CM; Tsai, WY, 2005)	0.86
" Increasing magnesium dosage did not offer any advantages, but induced haemodynamic consequences."	( Effects of three different dose regimens of magnesium on propofol requirements, haemodynamic variables and postoperative pain relief in gynaecological surgery. Akpir, K; Kayacan, S; Pembeci, K; Seyhan, TO; Sungur, MO; Telci, L; Tugrul, M, 2006)	0.33
" Hypnotic and lethal dose-response curves were constructed for thiopenthal alone and in combination with fentanyl (0."	( Interaction between thiopental and fentanyl in mice is different between hypnotic and lethal doses. Ben-Abraham, R; Ben-Shlomo, I; Hadash, O; Katz, Y, 2005)	0.82
" Approximately 30-60 mins after the first dosing of methadone, the infant's heart rate decreased from his baseline of 130-140 beats/min to 80-90 beats/min for 30 seconds."	( Bradycardia during methadone therapy in an infant. Tobias, JD; Wheeler, AD, 2006)	0.33
" Recommendation on dosage are given."	( Experience with drugs for capture and restraint of wildebeest, impala, eland and hartebeest in Kenya. Drevemo, SA; Grootenhuis, JG; Karstad, L, 1976)	0.26
" manufacturer's recommendations for equilalagesic dosing of transdermal fentanyl may result in initial doses that produce subtherapeutic levels and unrelieved pain in some patients."	( Transdermal opioids for cancer pain. Skaer, TL, 2006)	0.57
" To analyze possible interaction between these two drugs, a dose-response curve to fentanyl plus a fixed dose of R-(alpha)-methylhistamine (0."	( Synergistic interaction between fentanyl and the histamine H3 receptor agonist R-(alpha)-methylhistamine, on the inhibition of nociception and plasma extravasation in mice. Fernández, A; Fernández-Dueñas, V; Planas, E; Poveda, R; Puig, MM; Sánchez, S, 2006)	0.84
" When switching of opioids is indicated to improve pain relief or reduce adverse events, equipotency dosage ratios are important."	( Transdermal buprenorphine in cancer pain and palliative care. Sittl, R, 2006)	0.33
"Short-acting agents for neuromuscular block (NMB) require frequent dosing adjustments for individual patient's needs."	( Model-based control of neuromuscular block using mivacurium: design and clinical verification. Leibundgut, D; Pfister, CA; Schumacher, PM; Stadler, KS; Wirz, R; Zbinden, AM, 2006)	0.33
" The magnitude of analgesia in the cold pressor model showed some correlation with TDF dosage and comparable effects for the full agonist fentanyl and the partial agonist buprenorphine."	( Differential sensitivity of three experimental pain models in detecting the analgesic effects of transdermal fentanyl and buprenorphine. Gasser, UE; Koltzenburg, M; Pokorny, R; Richarz, U, 2006)	0.75
" In a previous study by our group, mean cohort and intraindividual dosage increases over an entire course of treatment and on a per-day basis were significantly lower with transdermal (TD) buprenorphine than with TD fentanyl."	( Patterns of dosage changes with transdermal buprenorphine and transdermal fentanyl for the treatment of noncancer and cancer pain: a retrospective data analysis in Germany. Nuijten, M; Poulsen Nautrup, B; Sittl, R, 2006)	0.75
"The aim of this study was to compare TD buprenorphine and TD fentanyl with respect to dosage increases, dosage stability, and the nature of dosage changes."	( Patterns of dosage changes with transdermal buprenorphine and transdermal fentanyl for the treatment of noncancer and cancer pain: a retrospective data analysis in Germany. Nuijten, M; Poulsen Nautrup, B; Sittl, R, 2006)	0.81
" To determine dosage stability, patients were classified based on the type of dosage change (stable, increase, alternating, or decrease) of the prescribed dosages."	( Patterns of dosage changes with transdermal buprenorphine and transdermal fentanyl for the treatment of noncancer and cancer pain: a retrospective data analysis in Germany. Nuijten, M; Poulsen Nautrup, B; Sittl, R, 2006)	0.56
" Compared with TD buprenorphine, the proportion of patients with alternating dosage changes was significantly greater in patients receiving TD fentanyl (noncancer groups: 22."	( Patterns of dosage changes with transdermal buprenorphine and transdermal fentanyl for the treatment of noncancer and cancer pain: a retrospective data analysis in Germany. Nuijten, M; Poulsen Nautrup, B; Sittl, R, 2006)	0.77
"In this retrospective data analysis, compared with TD buprenorphine, the increase in mean daily dosage was significantly greater in patients treated with TD fentanyl."	( Patterns of dosage changes with transdermal buprenorphine and transdermal fentanyl for the treatment of noncancer and cancer pain: a retrospective data analysis in Germany. Nuijten, M; Poulsen Nautrup, B; Sittl, R, 2006)	0.76
" If these findings are applicable to humans, opiate dosing in children must be adjusted depending on history of recurrent hypoxemia to avoid respiratory depression."	( Recurrent hypoxia in rats during development increases subsequent respiratory sensitivity to fentanyl. Brown, KA; Laferrière, A; Moss, IR, 2006)	0.55
"The safety and pharmacokinetics of fentanyl, delivered transdermally at a dosage of 60-67 microg/kg, were investigated in six healthy adult horses."	( Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl delivered transdermally in healthy adult horses--variability among horses and its clinical implications. Boston, RC; Kuersten, K; Moate, PJ; Orsini, JA; Soma, LR, 2006)	0.93
"The total analgesic dosage and PCA dosage in the two groups were similar (P>0."	( [Low-dose ketamine combined with fentanyl for intravenous postoperative analgesia in elderly patients]. Chen, YM; Liang, SW; Lin, CS, 2006)	0.62
" Phase I-III trials have demonstrated an appropriate dosing range leading to effective analgesia, with minimal adverse effects."	( Fentanyl HCl patient-controlled iontophoretic transdermal system for the management of acute postoperative pain. Ferrone, M; Mayes, S, 2006)	1.78
" Thus, it is not recommended to increase the lidocaine dosage during ECC."	( Compartmental analysis of lidocaine kinetics during extracorporeal circulation. Feo, L; Mezza, A; Monaco, C; Schiavello, R; Sciarra, M, 1988)	0.27
"2% ropivacaine hydrochloride per hour with 10-mL bolus) epidural dosing groups."	( Hemodynamic stability during labor and delivery with continuous epidural infusion. Gerhardt, MA; Gunka, VB; Miller, RJ, 2006)	0.33
"2% ropivacaine hydrochloride without bolus administration reduces the incidence of hypotension by 67% and is safer than traditional bolus dosing for routine labor."	( Hemodynamic stability during labor and delivery with continuous epidural infusion. Gerhardt, MA; Gunka, VB; Miller, RJ, 2006)	0.33
" Primary end points were discontinuation or dosage reduction of other sedatives or fentanyl from the hour before to 6 hours after starting dexmedetomidine."	( Adjunctive dexmedetomidine therapy in the intensive care unit: a retrospective assessment of impact on sedative and analgesic requirements, levels of sedation and analgesia, and ventilatory and hemodynamic parameters. Forrest, LK; Kiser, TH; MacLaren, R, 2007)	0.56
"Using a crossover design, the effects of the addition of ketamine to a previously determined optimal hand-injected immobilization dosage of carfentanil/xylazine were evaluated in 11 adult white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)."	( Effects of ketamine on carfentanil and xylazine immobilization of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Miller, KV; Osborn, DA; Ramsay, EC; Schumacher, J; Storms, TN, 2006)	0.33
"5 microg/h matches the lower dosing requirements of cancer pain control in children."	( Transdermal fentanyl in childhood and adolescence: a comprehensive literature review. Anderson, B; Michel, E; Zernikow, B, 2007)	0.72
" The 72-hour dosing schedule recommended by the manufacturers may not be applicable to children because of poor patch adhesiveness."	( Transdermal fentanyl in childhood and adolescence: a comprehensive literature review. Anderson, B; Michel, E; Zernikow, B, 2007)	0.72
" Dose-response curves could only be drawn for swallowing and movement categories, and only the ED(50) could be predicted with certainty."	( Fentanyl dose-response curves when inserting the LMA Classic laryngeal mask airway. Critchley, LA; Khaw, KS; Lee, A; Ngan Kee, WD; Wong, CM, 2007)	1.78
"In this prospective, randomized clinical study, we compared the performance of six inexperienced anaesthesiologists with <1 yr of training when using target- or manually controlled infusion of propofol, combined with manual dosing of fentanyl."	( Use of a target-controlled infusion system for propofol does not improve subjective assessment of anaesthetic depth by inexperienced anaesthesiologists. Baars, J; Hadzidiakos, D; Rehberg, B; Ryll, C, 2007)	0.52
" Since no sex difference in the pharmacokinetic parameters of fentanyl were observed after intravenous administration in the present study, the sex difference of the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl after subcutaneous administration may be explained by delayed distribution from the dosing site to the systemic circulation in female rats relative to male rats, which may be attributable to a higher content of subcutaneous fat in female rats."	( Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl in male and female rats after intravenous administration. Fujita, K; Kobayashi, H; Ohtsuka, H, 2007)	0.9
" Pain intensity (PI) (rated on an 11-point pain scale, from 0 = no pain to 10 = worst pain) and other outcomes were assessed before dosing and for 2 hours after dosing."	( Fentanyl buccal tablet for the relief of breakthrough pain in opioid-tolerant adult patients with chronic neuropathic pain: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Hale, M; Messina, J; Simpson, DM; Xie, F, 2007)	1.78
" Six patients receiving TTS BU were switched to TTS FE and then rotated back to TTS BU with the same dosing considerations."	( Switching from transdermal drugs: an observational "N of 1" study of fentanyl and buprenorphine. Aielli, F; Casuccio, A; Ficorella, C; Fulfaro, F; Intravaia, G; Mangione, S; Mercadante, S; Porzio, G; Riina, S; Verna, L, 2007)	0.57
" The average wholesale price per dosing unit of each drug during each period studied was obtained from internal databases."	( Prescribing patterns and purchasing costs of long-acting opioids over nine years at an academic oncology hospital. Arbuckle, R; Bruera, E; Curry, EA; Hung, F; Palla, S, 2007)	0.34
" The opioids of choice have altered over recent years and the dosage regimens used can vary between institutions."	( Survey of intrathecal opioid usage in the UK. Aitkenhead, A; Bedforth, N; Giovannelli, M, 2008)	0.35
"Lacking enough knowledge of pediatric cancer pain and pediatric dosage form of analgesics, current treatment of pediatric cancer pain in China is unsatisfactory."	( [Feasibility to treat pediatric cancer pain with analgesics for adults and their efficacy]. Lin, H; Ling, JY; Luo, WB; Sun, XF; Xia, Y; Zhen, ZJ; Zheng, L, 2007)	0.34
"Basing on the components and the endurable dosage of each component for children, we formulated the appropriate dosage and usage of a few analgesics (including sustained release tablets of morphine, oxycodone and transdermal fantanyl) available in China, most of which were used in adults."	( [Feasibility to treat pediatric cancer pain with analgesics for adults and their efficacy]. Lin, H; Ling, JY; Luo, WB; Sun, XF; Xia, Y; Zhen, ZJ; Zheng, L, 2007)	0.34
" The evolution in dosing of ITN warrants a re-examination of its usefulness in modern obstetric practice."	( Single-dose intrathecal analgesia to control labour pain: is it a useful alternative to epidural analgesia? Hammett, DC; Kelly, L; Minty, A; Minty, RG, 2007)	0.34
" To reach an adequate cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), the norepinephrine dosage was adapted successively."	( Effects of fentanyl and S(+)-ketamine on cerebral hemodynamics, gastrointestinal motility, and need of vasopressors in patients with intracranial pathologies: a pilot study. Bertsch, T; Horn, P; Muench, E; Quintel, M; Schmittner, MD; Vajkoczy, P; Vajkoczy, SL, 2007)	0.73
"Group M: mean dosage of pethidine and midazolam 88."	( Midazolam and pethidine versus propofol and fentanyl patient controlled sedation/analgesia for upper gastrointestinal tract ultrasound endoscopy: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Agostoni, M; Arcidiacono, PG; Fanti, L; Gemma, M; Strini, G; Testoni, PA; Torri, G, 2007)	0.6
" Pain intensity, relative dosing ratios, discontinuation rates, and adverse events were assessed."	( The safety and efficacy of fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system compared with morphine intravenous patient-controlled analgesia for postoperative pain management: an analysis of pooled data from three randomized, active-controlled clinical studies. Damaraju, CV; Hewitt, DJ; Kershaw, P; Siccardi, M; Viscusi, ER, 2007)	0.64
"Although BIS became considerably appreciated, growing experience and repeated education had no impact on drug dosing and BIS levels."	( Bispectral index monitoring: appreciated but does not affect drug dosing and hypnotic levels. Brudin, L; Lindholm, ML; Sandin, RH, 2008)	0.35
" Thirty-five patients were treated conventionally with increasing transdermal fentanyl dosage as required (group F) and 35 patients received oral tramadol added to their transdermal fentanyl before each increment of the transdermal opioid dosage (group T)."	( Improved cancer pain treatment using combined fentanyl-TTS and tramadol. Aloisio, L; Bajocco, C; Ciccozzi, A; Coaccioli, S; Colangeli, A; Marinangeli, F; Paladini, A; Varrassi, G, 2007)	0.83
" Dosing of fentanyl, lorazepam, and propofol was recorded."	( Clinical sedation scores as indicators of sedative and analgesic drug exposure in intensive care unit patients. Canonico, AE; Dunn, J; Ely, EW; Girard, TD; Light, RW; Masica, AL; Nair, UB; Pandharipande, P; Shintani, AK; Thomason, JW; Truman Pun, B; Wilkinson, GR, 2007)	0.73
" However, fentanyl concentration decreases quite rapidly and patients may need repeated dosing until analgesia is attained."	( [Postoperative analgesia after remifentanil]. Kiyama, S, 2007)	0.74
" Efficacy, adverse effects (AEs), dosing regimens, physician expertise and patient preference influence treatment selection."	( Transdermal fentanyl improves pain control and functionality in patients with osteoarthritis: an open-label Canadian trial. Camacho, F; Choquette, D; Horbay, GL; Husein-Bhabha, FA; Kelly, AJ; McCarthy, TG; Rodrigues, JF, 2008)	0.72
" The dosage of anesthetic medications administered was also recorded for each patient."	( Metoclopramide does not influence the frequency of propofol-induced spontaneous movements. Ahmed, SA; Herazo, L; Iyer, C; Joshi, GP; Lenkovsky, F; Markin, V; Robertson, BD; Ross, L, 2007)	0.34
"This study describes a pharmacodynamic model during general anaesthesia in children relating the bispectral index (BIS) response to the anaesthetic dosing of propofol, fentanyl, and remifentanil."	( Pharmacodynamic modelling of the bispectral index response to propofol-based anaesthesia during general surgery in children. Ammon, C; Fechner, J; Ihmsen, H; Jeleazcov, C; Schmidt, J; Schüttler, J; Schwilden, H, 2008)	0.54
" Demographic data, time in ED, and dosage of each medication given were abstracted."	( Inadequate provision of postintubation anxiolysis and analgesia in the ED. Bonomo, JB; Butler, AS; Lindsell, CJ; Venkat, A, 2008)	0.35
"The transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation has a certain analgesic effect in the operation and can reduce 17% Propofol dosage and 14% Fentany dosage, and it can decrease the skin-cutting-induced stress reaction of the cardiovascular system and accelerate waking."	( [Analgesic effect of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation combined with target-controlled infusion in general anesthesia and effects on cardiovascular system]. He, BM; Yang, B, 2008)	0.35
" However, no data exist to assess the dose-response characteristics of IT fentanyl when added to bupivacaine in infants."	( Dose-response study of intrathecal fentanyl added to bupivacaine in infants undergoing lower abdominal and urologic surgery. Batra, YK; Lokesh, VC; Panda, NB; Rajeev, S; Rao, KL, 2008)	0.85
" By pressing the dosing button a 40 microg dose of fentanyl is delivered over a 10 min period via iontophoresis through the intact skin."	( [Postoperative pain management. Application of an iontophoretic patient-activated transdermal system]. Grond, S; Jage, J; Van Aken, H, 2008)	0.6
" The two groups were evaluated for time of alertness and extubation in the intensive care unit, total analgesic dosage administered during the 24 hours after operation, arterial blood gas and peripheral saturation of oxygen before and after extubation."	( Fast-track method in cardiac surgery: evaluation of risks and benefits of continuous administration technique. Najafi, M, 2008)	0.35
"6 mg/kg) and 24 h later fentanyl cumulative dose-response studies were conducted."	( The analgesic efficacy of fentanyl: relationship to tolerance and mu-opioid receptor regulation. Dighe, SV; Sirohi, S; Walker, EA; Yoburn, BC, 2008)	0.95
" However, SEP monitoring can be done with sevoflurane inhalation, but the dosage should be adjusted due to interindividual variability."	( Somatosensory evoked potentials by median nerve stimulation in children during thiopental/sevoflurane anesthesia and the additive effects of ketoprofen and fentanyl. Hyvärinen, A; Kokki, H; Nieminen, K; Partanen, J; Westerén-Punnonen, S; Yppärilä-Wolters, H, 2008)	0.54
"The present study was designed to show the effects of dexmedetomidine infusion with loading dosage on perioperative hemodynamics, propofol consumption, and postoperative recovery when used for general anesthesia in patients undergoing spinal laminectomy."	( Dexmedetomidine-based versus fentanyl-based total intravenous anesthesia for lumbar laminectomy. Altan, A; Gökkaya, S; Hatiboglu, MA; Turgut, N; Turkmen, A, 2008)	0.64
" Signs of inadequate analgesia, defined as an increase in heart rate and mean arterial pressure (MAP) 20% above the baseline, were managed by increasing or decreasing the dosage of dexmedetomidine and fentanyl."	( Dexmedetomidine-based versus fentanyl-based total intravenous anesthesia for lumbar laminectomy. Altan, A; Gökkaya, S; Hatiboglu, MA; Turgut, N; Turkmen, A, 2008)	0.83
" Propofol-fentanyl medication requires a higher dosage of postoperative analgesics and causes frequent postoperative nausea and vomiting compared with propofol-dexmedetomidine."	( Dexmedetomidine-based versus fentanyl-based total intravenous anesthesia for lumbar laminectomy. Altan, A; Gökkaya, S; Hatiboglu, MA; Turgut, N; Turkmen, A, 2008)	1.04
" In other pts, optimal dosage was found within 36 hours."	( [Transdermal fentanyl: a new tool for pain therapy in pediatric oncology]. Cappelli, C; Clerico, A; Marucci, G; Reale, G, )	0.5
" The total dosage of epidural fentanyl did not differ significantly between the groups."	( [Retrospective evaluation of optimal doses of fentanyl by patient-controlled epidural analgesia in management of postoperative pain after gynecological surgery in the elderly]. Kanai, M; Kawagoe, I; Mitsuhata, H; Tajima, K, 2008)	0.89
"One study in sedated patients demonstrated a reduction in pain score but not midazolam dosage when warm water infusion was used to manage colonic spasm."	( Pilot feasibility study of the method of water infusion without air insufflation in sedated colonoscopy. Leung, FW; Leung, JW; Mann, S; Salera, R; Toomsen, L, 2009)	0.35
" To clarify contradictory findings, we simultaneously determined dose-response functions of the standard 5-HT(1A)-R-agonist 8-OH-DPAT and two different opioids for spontaneous ventilation and nociception."	( The counteraction of opioid-induced ventilatory depression by the serotonin 1A-agonist 8-OH-DPAT does not antagonize antinociception in rats in situ and in vivo. Dutschmann, M; Guenther, U; Hoeft, A; Manzke, T; Putensen, C; Wrigge, H; Zinserling, J, 2009)	0.35
"(A) A dose-response relationship of 8-OH-DPAT, spontaneous phrenic nerve activity and a nociceptive C-fiber reflex (CFR) were established simultaneously in an in situ perfused, nonanesthetized, rat brainstem-spinal cord preparation."	( The counteraction of opioid-induced ventilatory depression by the serotonin 1A-agonist 8-OH-DPAT does not antagonize antinociception in rats in situ and in vivo. Dutschmann, M; Guenther, U; Hoeft, A; Manzke, T; Putensen, C; Wrigge, H; Zinserling, J, 2009)	0.35
"Under the conditions of this study, we have shown that when phenylephrine or ephedrine were used to prevent post-spinal hypotension, the dosing requirement of hyperbaric bupivacaine was similar for intrathecal anaesthesia."	( Effect of i.v. phenylephrine or ephedrine on the ED50 of intrathecal bupivacaine with fentanyl for caesarean section. Barnes, J; Belavadi, P; Columb, MO; Hennebry, MC; Lyons, G; Stocks, GM; Wray, S, 2009)	0.58
" The PS-based products at the most advanced stages of development are intranasal formulations containing opioid analgesics intended to provide rapid pain relief with simple and convenient dosing and minimal side effects."	( PecSys: in situ gelling system for optimised nasal drug delivery. Smith, A; Watts, P, 2009)	0.35
") enhanced the ascending (3 mgxkg(-1)) and descending (30 mgxkg(-1)) portions of buprenorphine's dose-response curve, but only spinal, not supraspinal, nociceptin (10 nmolxL(-1)) enhanced buprenorphine anti-nociception."	( Identification of an additional supraspinal component to the analgesic mechanism of action of buprenorphine. Ding, Z; Raffa, RB, 2009)	0.35
" The dosage used was 50% of that indicated in equipotency conversion tables."	( Opioids switching with transdermal systems in chronic cancer pain. Aurilio, C; Barbarisi, M; Grella, E; Pace, MC; Passavanti, MB; Pota, V; Sansone, P, 2009)	0.35
"In conclusion, addition of low dose ketamine to propofol-fentanyl combination decreased the risk of desaturation and it also decreased the need for supplemental propofol dosage in pediatric patients at interventional radiology procedures."	( Comparison of propofol-fentanyl with propofol-fentanyl-ketamine combination in pediatric patients undergoing interventional radiology procedures. Akinci, SB; Aypar, U; Erden, IA; Koseoglu, A; Pamuk, AG, 2009)	0.91
"To describe the differences in intraoperative opioid dosing and associated outcomes in children with and without cerebral palsy (CP)."	( Intraoperative opioid dosing in children with and without cerebral palsy. Koh, JL; Long, LS; Ved, S, 2009)	0.35
" Patterns in intraoperative opioid dosing have yet to be studied in children with motor impairment (e."	( Intraoperative opioid dosing in children with and without cerebral palsy. Koh, JL; Long, LS; Ved, S, 2009)	0.35
"Similar to prior research on children with cognitive impairment, a reduction in intraoperative opioid dosing was found in children with CP."	( Intraoperative opioid dosing in children with and without cerebral palsy. Koh, JL; Long, LS; Ved, S, 2009)	0.35
" The finding that a sustained release profile could be obtained both in alcohol and after crushing of the pellets, shows that the ceramic carrier under investigation, at least to some extent, hampers dose dumping, and may thus be a promising material in future developments of new opioid containing oral dosage forms."	( A ceramic drug delivery vehicle for oral administration of highly potent opioids. Bredenberg, S; Engqvist, H; Forsgren, J; Jämstorp, E; Strømme, M, 2010)	0.36
" The fentanyl was used systematically during induction at the dosage of 5 microg/kg."	( [Prevention of the acute tolerence with fentanyl by ketamine]. Diatta, B; Khalil, Y; Ndiaye, M; Ndoye Diop, M; Niang, B; Seck, M; Wade, A; Wade, KH, 2008)	1.13
"OTFC at a dosage of 200 microg is an effective and convenient analgesic for use in peripheral retinal scatter photocoagulation."	( Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate: a novel analgesic agent for use in retinal photocoagulation. Aboud, A; Clark, DI; Hillier, RJ; Thind, G, )	0.47
" A few cases have been reported where a prescribed ascension in transdermal fentanyl dosing triggered respiratory depression."	( Bioequivalence criteria for transdermal fentanyl generics: do these need a relook? Felden, L; Lötsch, J; Walter, C, 2009)	0.85
" In the future, identifying SNPs might give us information to modulate the analgesic dosage of opioid individually for better pain control."	( [Postoperative pain management following orthognathic surgery in consideration of individual differences--is the antinociceptive effect of fentanyl related to the genotype involving nucleotide at OPRM1?]. Fukuda, K; Hayashida, M; Ikeda, K, 2009)	0.56
"5-mg/kg dosing regimen was well tolerated and effective for sedation during colonoscopy and was associated with higher rates of sedation success, memory retention, and physician satisfaction than the fospropofol 2-mg/kg dose."	( A randomized, double-blind, phase 3 study of fospropofol disodium for sedation during colonoscopy. Cattau, E; Cohen, LB; Goetsch, A; Kline, JM; Rex, DK; Shah, A; Weber, JR, )	0.13
" There was no difference in the dosage of fentanyl, VAS, or the incidence of postoperative nausea or vomiting between the two groups (P>0."	( [Application of a narcotrend-assisted anesthesia in-depth monitor in the microwave coagulation for liver cancer during total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and fentanyl]. Huang, W; Lai, JL; Lai, RC; Lu, YL; Wang, XD; Xie, JD; Xu, MX, 2010)	0.82
"For patients with liver cancer, monitoring the depth of anesthesia with Narcotrend on microwave coagulation can contribute to lower dosage of propofol and shorten duration of recovery during total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and fentanyl."	( [Application of a narcotrend-assisted anesthesia in-depth monitor in the microwave coagulation for liver cancer during total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and fentanyl]. Huang, W; Lai, JL; Lai, RC; Lu, YL; Wang, XD; Xie, JD; Xu, MX, 2010)	0.74
"The time and the dosage of etomidate necessary to loss consciousness were greater in group F ((70."	( Peri-intubation hemodynamic changes during low dose fentanyl, remifentanil and sufentanil combined with etomidate for anesthetic induction. Sun, L; Zhang, GH, 2009)	0.6
" Subjects were dosed under naltrexone blockade on four occasions with three nasal sprays (100 microg in 100 microl) and OTFC 200 microg."	( Pharmacokinetic comparisons of three nasal fentanyl formulations; pectin, chitosan and chitosan-poloxamer 188. Fisher, A; Knight, A; Smith, A; Watling, M, 2010)	0.62
" A probit analysis design was used in which success/failure rates of different doses of fentanyl were measured and dose-response curves drawn from which the ED50 and ED95 with 95% confidence intervals were determined."	( Fentanyl dosage and timing when inserting the laryngeal mask airway. Critchley, LA; Gin, T; Khaw, KS; Lee, A; Ngan Kee, WD; Wong, TH, 2010)	2.03
" Group 1 patients were given fentanyl at a dosage of one microg/kg; Group 2 patients received two microg/kg of fentanyl."	( The frequency of fentanyl-induced cough in children and its effects on tracheal intubation. Han, JI; Kim, CH; Lee, GY; Lee, H, 2010)	0.99
" To determine the dosing frequency of sustained-release opioids (morphine, oxycodone, and transdermal fentanyl) and the prevalence of end-of-dose failure in clinical practice, a patient-reported survey was performed."	( The dosing frequency of sustained-release opioids and the prevalence of end-of-dose failure in cancer pain control: a Korean multicenter study. Ahn, JS; Kim, DY; Kim, SY; Ryoo, BY; Shin, DB; Song, HS; Yim, CY, 2010)	0.58
"8% of these patients took medication earlier than the prescribed dosing schedule."	( The dosing frequency of sustained-release opioids and the prevalence of end-of-dose failure in cancer pain control: a Korean multicenter study. Ahn, JS; Kim, DY; Kim, SY; Ryoo, BY; Shin, DB; Song, HS; Yim, CY, 2010)	0.36
" End-of-dose failure is suggested to explain increased dosing frequency, and patients reported that adequate pain relief lasted for less time than was stated in the manufacturers' prescription recommendation."	( The dosing frequency of sustained-release opioids and the prevalence of end-of-dose failure in cancer pain control: a Korean multicenter study. Ahn, JS; Kim, DY; Kim, SY; Ryoo, BY; Shin, DB; Song, HS; Yim, CY, 2010)	0.36
" Main outcomes recorded were dosage of lidocaine administered and amount of conscious sedation (midazolam and fentanyl) administered for pain management."	( A review of physician anaesthesia prescribing practices in an abortion clinic in British Columbia. Fitzsimmons, BP; Hodgson, ZG; MacKay-Dunn, MH; Mo, D, 2010)	0.57
"Fentanyl buccal soluble film effectively delivers a high percentage of the administered fentanyl dose and nearly identical plasma profiles are obtained when equivalent doses are delivered by single or multiple dosage units."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of fentanyl buccal soluble film. Finn, AL; Gever, LN; Tagarro, I; Vasisht, N, 2010)	2.09
" 33 patients in terminal stage of carcinoma, who had been treated by transdermal fentanyl due to their excruciating pain (7-10 mark on numerical scale) with initial dosage of 25 microg as a strong opiate analgesic, were monitored within the time period of 10 days."	( Treatment of severe cancer pain by transdermal fentanyl. Husić, S; Ljuca, D, 2010)	0.84
"Isoflurane provides protection against myocardial damage in a clinically used dosage as documented by lower levels of troponin-T in patients undergoing OPCAB surgery."	( Myocardial protection with isoflurane during off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: a randomized trial. Dutta, D; Garg, M; Minhas, H; Tempe, DK; Tomar, A; Virmani, S, 2011)	0.37
" On the basis of rapid, smooth, and successful inductions and recoveries, the described dosage of thiafentanil and medetomidine, with administration of midazolam prior to recovery, is recommended for immobilization of adult emus."	( Use of thiafentanil-medetomidine for the induction of anesthesia in emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) within a wild animal park. Cushing, A; McClean, M, 2010)	0.36
" We show that the opioid Fentanyl, and its structurally similar sedative Zolpidem, can be embedded into metakaolin based geopolymer pellets to provide prolonged release dosage forms with mechanical strengths of the same order of magnitude as that of human teeth."	( Mechanically strong geopolymers offer new possibilities in treatment of chronic pain. Bredenberg, S; Engqvist, H; Forsgren, J; Jämstorp, E; Strømme, M, 2010)	0.66
" In both (placebo and morphine pellets), dose-response curves for M, FEN and TRM, individually and combined were obtained, and the doses that produced 50% inhibition (ED(50)) were determined."	( Antinociceptive effects of morphine, fentanyl, tramadol and their combination, in morphine-tolerant mice. Miranda, HF; Puig, MM; Romero, A, 2010)	0.63
" Detailed data concerning the dosage of PSA medications, adverse events, and ED times for patients requiring PSA for treatment of fractures, reductions of joint dislocations, and cardioversion for atrial fibrillation were collected."	( Procedural sedation and analgesia in a Canadian ED: a time-in-motion study. Anstett, D; Bawden, J; Bond, K; Boyko, D; Fabris, G; Fassbender, K; Rowe, BH; Singh, M; Villa-Roel, C, 2011)	0.37
"a Continuous infusion of ketorolac provided effective analgesia after operation in children who underwent ureteroneocystostomy as well as a low dosage of fentanyl."	( Ketorolac or fentanyl continuous infusion for post-operative analgesia in children undergoing ureteroneocystostomy. Choi, EK; Hong, JY; Jo, YY; Kil, HK, 2011)	0.94
"16, opioid-naïve subjects were dosed on five separate visits under naltrexone block."	( Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of fentanyl pectin nasal spray 100 - 800 µg in healthy volunteers. Fisher, A; Knight, A; Smith, A; Watling, M, 2010)	0.62
"Of 139 recruited patients, 69% identified an effective dose of sublingual fentanyl ODT (a dosage that successfully treated all episodes of BTcP over two consecutive days) and entered the maintenance phase, during which they were treated for a median of 149."	( Long-term effectiveness and tolerability of sublingual fentanyl orally disintegrating tablet for the treatment of breakthrough cancer pain. Derrick, R; Dumble, S; Hassman, D; Howell, J; Nalamachu, S; Wallace, MS, 2011)	0.85
" Plasma fentanyl reached steady state within the 72-hour dosing period and accumulation was approximately 2-fold."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of ascending doses of sublingual fentanyl, with and without naltrexone, in Japanese subjects. Boyce, M; Eriksson, C; Kilborn, J; Lister, N; Tamaoka, M; Warrington, S, 2011)	1.03
" Interestingly, drug dosage reduction permitted to reduce the incidence of possible adverse effects, namely exploratory activity and motor coordination, thus it was demonstrated that it improved the benefit/risk profile of such treatment."	( Fentanyl-trazodone-paracetamol triple drug combination: multimodal analgesia in a mouse model of visceral pain. Ciruela, F; Fernández, A; Fernández-Dueñas, V; Planas, E; Poveda, R; Sánchez, S, 2011)	1.81
"An increased dosage of propofol is frequently administered to reduce responses to insertion of the laryngeal mask airway (LMA)."	( Increased dosage of propofol in anesthesia induction cannot control the patient's responses to insertion of a laryngeal mask airway. Kanazawa, M; Murata, T; Nitta, M; Suzuki, T, 2006)	0.33
" This dose-response study suggests that doses of intrathecal bupivacaine less than 10 mg may not adequately ensure successful intraoperative anesthesia."	( ED(50) and ED(95) of intrathecal bupivacaine in morbidly obese patients undergoing cesarean delivery. Atkinson Ralls, L; Carvalho, B; Collins, J; Drover, DR; Riley, ET, 2011)	0.37
" In the switching study DDD indicated a reduction in analgesic dosing and OMEQ an increase when switching from WHO step II to III."	( Choosing the unit of measurement counts: the use of oral morphine equivalents in studies of opioid consumption is a useful addition to defined daily doses. Borchgrevink, P; Dale, O; Fredheim, O; Hamunen, K; Mellbye, A; Svendsen, K, 2011)	0.37
"OMEQ reflects clinical dosing better than DDD, and can give additional insight into opioid consumption when combined with DDD."	( Choosing the unit of measurement counts: the use of oral morphine equivalents in studies of opioid consumption is a useful addition to defined daily doses. Borchgrevink, P; Dale, O; Fredheim, O; Hamunen, K; Mellbye, A; Svendsen, K, 2011)	0.37
"Dose titration of the 1-day formulation was accomplished in a short period in patients with cancer pain who had been previously untreated with opioid analgesics; the efficacy of the formulation for pain control after repeated dosing was comparable to that of the 3-day formulation, and its tolerability was good."	( [Double-blind parallel-group dose-titration study comparing a fentanyl-containing patch formulated for 1-day application for the treatment of cancer pain with Durotep MT Patch]. Hanaoka, K; Sakata, H; Tomioka, T; Yoshimura, T, 2011)	0.61
" A standardized anesthesia protocol for monitoring consisted of a titrated propofol drip combined with bolus dosing of fentanyl or sufentanil."	( Intraoperative monitoring of motor evoked potentials in very young children. Curry, DJ; Dauser, RC; Fulkerson, DH; Jea, A; Luerssen, TG; Riviello, JJ; Satyan, KB; Stayer, SA; Whitehead, WE; Wilder, LM, 2011)	0.58
" Close examination of the existing trials assessing these newer transmucosal preparations reveals significant variation in many study parameters, such as patient selection criteria, severity of breakthrough pain episodes, proportions of patients with a neuropathic pain component, titration protocols, choice of the primary endpoints, protocols for repeat dosing and rescue medication, the separation of treated episodes and the extent of the placebo response, all of which may have affected efficacy results."	( Newer generation fentanyl transmucosal products for breakthrough pain in opioid-tolerant cancer patients. Elsner, F; Porta-Sales, J; Tagarro, I; Zeppetella, G, 2011)	0.71
" The dose of intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine was decided by using the up-and-down method with an initial dose of 9 mg and dosing change of 1 mg."	( ED50 of hyperbaric bupivacaine with fentanyl for cesarean delivery under combined spinal epidural in normotensive and preeclamptic patients. Kakkar, A; Kumar, S; Salhotra, R; Sethi, AK; Tyagi, A, )	0.41
" Physicians should keep in mind that epidural fentanyl could cause the nystagmus as a neurological complication even though it is used within conventional dosage ranges, although this is very rare."	( Nystagmus caused by epidural fentanyl. Kim, H; Lee, DK; Lee, JY; Lee, MK; Lim, BG, 2012)	0.93
" The primary outcome was the dosage of local anesthetic that was used."	( Obstetric outcomes and maternal satisfaction in nulliparous women using patient-controlled epidural analgesia. Haydon, ML; Larson, D; Nageotte, MP; Preslicka, CW; Reed, E; Shrivastava, VK, 2011)	0.37
" These findings prompt us to place optimal dosing guidelines so as to avoid overdosing and thus delay recovery and help to get the excellent outcome of the surgery."	( Vecuronium and fentanyl requirement in abdominal surgery under combined epidural-general anaesthesia and general anaesthesia alone. Ahmed, A; Hoq, MF; Hossain, M; Huda, MR; Rahman, MM; Rahman, MS; Yeasmeen, S, 2012)	0.73
"The optimal dosage of the 3-day-type transdermal fentanyl patch was determined by titration of short-acting oral oxycodone."	( [Three-day-type transdermal fentanyl patch conversion by rapid titration method with short-acting oral oxycodone for cancer pain]. Fujio, N; Ishikawa, N; Kameyama, M; Watanabe, H; Yamazaki, K, 2012)	0.93
" The propofol dosing was adjusted to keep BIS level between 40 and 60."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery. Bieda, K; Bienert, A; Grześkowiak, E; Hartmann-Sobczyńska, R; Kaliszan, R; Malatyńska, M; Marcinkowska, A; Sobczyński, P; Wiczling, P, 2012)	0.38
"We investigated the safety and efficacy of the bilateral periarticular multimodal drug injection (PMDI) at a reduced dosage in patients undergoing simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty (SBTKA)."	( Use of reduced-dose periarticular injection for pain management in simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty. Chang, CB; Jeon, YT; Kang, YG; Kim, TK; Koh, IJ; Song, J, 2012)	0.38
"Using models of respiratory compromise, loss of response to esophageal instrumentation, and loss of responsiveness, the authors explored through simulation published dosing schemes for endoscopy using propofol alone and in combination with selected opioids."	( A simulation study of common propofol and propofol-opioid dosing regimens for upper endoscopy: implications on the time course of recovery. Egan, TD; Johnson, KB; LaPierre, CD; Randall, BR, 2012)	0.38
"Four published dosing regimens of propofol alone or in combination with opioids were used to predict the probability of loss of response to esophageal instrumentation for a 10-min procedure and the probability of respiratory compromise and return of responsiveness once the procedure had ended."	( A simulation study of common propofol and propofol-opioid dosing regimens for upper endoscopy: implications on the time course of recovery. Egan, TD; Johnson, KB; LaPierre, CD; Randall, BR, 2012)	0.38
" Serial jugular venous blood samples were collected at 0 (predosing), 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 144, 168, 240, 336, 408, and 504 h after dosing and assayed for plasma fentanyl concentration."	( Pharmacokinetics and dose selection of a novel, long-acting transdermal fentanyl solution in healthy laboratory Beagles. Clark, TP; Freise, KJ; Newbound, GC; Owens, JG; Riggs, KL; Savides, MC, 2012)	0.8
" This long-acting fentanyl formulation provides veterinarians with a novel, registered option for the control of postoperative pain in dogs that improves dosing compliance and potentially mitigates the disadvantages of oral, parenteral, and patch delivered opioids."	( The effectiveness of a long-acting transdermal fentanyl solution compared to buprenorphine for the control of postoperative pain in dogs in a randomized, multicentered clinical study. Clark, TP; Freise, KJ; Linton, DD; Newbound, GC; Wilson, MG, 2012)	0.97
"The Food and Drug Administration approved a single shared Risk Evaluation Mitigation Strategy (REMS) for transmucosal immediate-release fentanyl dosage forms in December 2011."	( Shared risk evaluation mitigation strategy for all immediate-release transmucosal fentanyl dosage forms. , 2012)	0.81
" MOPr agonist efficacy was evaluated by microinjecting the irreversible opioid receptor antagonist β-funaltrexamine hydrochloride (β-FNA) into the vlPAG prior to a dose-response analysis of morphine and fentanyl antinociception."	( Differential development of antinociceptive tolerance to morphine and fentanyl is not linked to efficacy in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray of the rat. Bobeck, EN; Haseman, RA; Hong, D; Ingram, SL; Morgan, MM, 2012)	0.8
"The objective was to develop a population PK model for fentanyl in volunteers and patients following INFS administration, to evaluate the influence of potential covariates and to simulate the exposure of fentanyl after repeated dosing in cancer patients."	( Population pharmacokinetic meta-analysis of intranasal fentanyl spray as a means to enrich pharmacokinetic information for patients with cancer breakthrough pain. Facius, A; Kaessner, N; Lahu, G; Nave, R; Roepcke, S, 2012)	0.87
" The model enhances the understanding of fentanyl PK after INFS dosing in cancer patients with BTP, a population for whom real-life data would be very hard to obtain."	( Population pharmacokinetic meta-analysis of intranasal fentanyl spray as a means to enrich pharmacokinetic information for patients with cancer breakthrough pain. Facius, A; Kaessner, N; Lahu, G; Nave, R; Roepcke, S, 2012)	0.89
" Our analysis suggests a relationship between total patch dosage and mean postmortem fentanyl concentration up to the 100-μg/h dose."	( Reliability of postmortem fentanyl concentrations in determining the cause of death. Gill, JR; Lin, PT; Nelson, L, 2013)	0.91
"For full compatibility groups (age, ASA status and anthropometric data, equal operation duration and the equipotential drug dosage adjustment is revealed, that in group of propofol-fentanyl TIVA in the early postoperative period in school age children postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is developing, which in case of absence of the corresponding correction is maintained after 1 month after operation (at least) in 80% of cases."	( [Correction of early cognitive disorders in school-age children operated under total intravenous anaesthesia]. Gus'kov, IE; Lobov, MA; Lugovoĭ, AV; Miatchin, PS; Ovezov, AM; Panteleeva, MV, )	0.32
" However, the optimal dosing regimen remains unclear."	( Closed-loop double-vasopressor automated system to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section: a preliminary study. Sia, AT; Sng, BL; Tan, HS, 2012)	0.38
" Owing to the medication's delivery system, the pharmacokinetics and subsequent dosing are unique to this product and should not be interchanged with any other proprietary or compounded fentanyl product."	( Fentanyl pectin nasal spray: a novel intranasal delivery method for the treatment of breakthrough cancer pain. Bulloch, MN; Hutchison, AM, 2013)	2.02
" Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that preoperational pulmonary hypertension, duration of the surgery or cardiopulmonary bypass, and dosage of fentanyl used during the surgery were independent predictors for immediate extubation."	( Determinants of immediate extubation in the operating room after total thoracoscopic closure of congenital heart defects. Cai, XZ; Gao, XJ; Ma, LL; Ma, ZS; Wang, LX; Yu, AL; Zhang, ZW, 2013)	0.59
" Preoperational pulmonary hypertension, duration of the surgery, and the dosage of fentanyl used for UFTA were the determining factors for immediate extubation."	( Determinants of immediate extubation in the operating room after total thoracoscopic closure of congenital heart defects. Cai, XZ; Gao, XJ; Ma, LL; Ma, ZS; Wang, LX; Yu, AL; Zhang, ZW, 2013)	0.61
" Various retrospective studies comparing dosage changes of buprenorphine and fentanyl patches in persistent pain patients have been completed; however, no long-term prospective, randomized, clinical study has compared the effectiveness of these patches."	( A feasibility study of transdermal buprenorphine versus transdermal fentanyl in the long-term management of persistent non-cancer pain. Chowdhury, S; Mitra, F; Shelley, M; Williams, G, 2013)	0.85
" Further studies are necessary to confirm these findings in order to determine adequate local anaesthetic dosing for thoracic epidural analgesia in obese patients."	( Postoperative epidural analgesia in obese patients undergoing liver resection surgery. Bellamy, M; Biercamp, C; Hudson-Phillips, S; Kocarev, M; Milan, Z; Pane, H; Procter, H; Rajasekar, N; Simpson, R, 2013)	0.39
" placebo in the first 30 minutes after dosing (FBT provided an 83% probability of superior pain relief, ODT 66%, and OTFC 73% vs."	( Efficacy of rapid-onset oral fentanyl formulations vs. oral morphine for cancer-related breakthrough pain: a meta-analysis of comparative trials. Bennett, MI; Fullarton, JR; Jandhyala, R, 2013)	0.68
" Based on dosage equivalency conversion, equal doses of fentanyl and meperidine were used."	( Impact of fentanyl in lieu of meperidine on endoscopy unit efficiency: a prospective comparative study in patients undergoing EGD. Crowell, MD; Dzeletovic, I; Gurudu, SR; Harris, LA; Harrison, ME; Heigh, RI; Leighton, JA; Pasha, SF; Ramirez, FC; Yows, CR, 2013)	1.04
" Opioid dosage was indicative of syndrome severity and correlated with other physiological parameters measured."	( Long-term analysis of Irukandji stings in Far North Queensland. Carrette, TJ; Seymour, JJ, 2013)	0.39
" Initial dosage regimens in this population are often empirically derived from adults on a body weight basis."	( A predictive pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model of fentanyl for analgesia/sedation in neonates based on a semi-physiologic approach. Calvo, R; Encinas, E; Lukas, JC; Rodriguez, M; Suarez, E; Vozmediano, V, 2013)	0.64
"Integrated pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling showed that the usually prescribed dosage regimens of fentanyl in neonates may not always provide the optimum degree of sedation."	( A predictive pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model of fentanyl for analgesia/sedation in neonates based on a semi-physiologic approach. Calvo, R; Encinas, E; Lukas, JC; Rodriguez, M; Suarez, E; Vozmediano, V, 2013)	0.85
"This prospective randomized single-blinded study was conducted to determine whether there were differences in consumption, demand dosing and postoperative analgesia quality between PCEA using ropivacaine and levobupivacaine."	( The effectiveness of patient-controlled epidural analgesia with ropivacaine 0.165% with fentanyl 2.0 miroc g/ml or levobupivacaine 0.125% with fentanyl 2.0 micro g/ml as a method of postoperative analgesia after major orthopaedic surgery. Misiran, KB; Yahaya, LS, 2013)	0.61
" Dosage of analgesic medication consumption was retrieved from patients' charts."	( Combined spinal and general anesthesia vs general anesthesia for robotic sacrocervicopexy: a randomized controlled trial. Awad, N; Lowenstein, L; Mustafa, S; Nasir, H; Segal, D, 2014)	0.4
" Dosing proportional to basic opioid regimen is now proposed as an alternative to dose titration."	( Treatment of breakthrough cancer pain: to titrate or to proportionate? Hans, GH, 2013)	0.39
"To determine the dosing patterns and total doses of fentanyl, lorazepam, and haloperidol according to nursing shift in a cohort of older patients in a medical intensive care unit."	( Patterns of opiate, benzodiazepine, and antipsychotic drug dosing in older patients in a medical intensive care unit. Akgün, KM; Araujo, KL; Bramley, K; Murphy, TE; Pisani, MA; Vest, MT, 2013)	0.64
" Although dosing with fentanyl did not differ according to shift, doses of both lorazepam and haloperidol were higher during the evening shifts (4 pm to midnight) than during the day or night shifts."	( Patterns of opiate, benzodiazepine, and antipsychotic drug dosing in older patients in a medical intensive care unit. Akgün, KM; Araujo, KL; Bramley, K; Murphy, TE; Pisani, MA; Vest, MT, 2013)	0.7
" Eighty per cent of patients were not asked about their ability to swallow solid, oral dosage forms by their physician."	( Challenges of treating patients with chronic pain with dysphagia (CPD): physician and patient perspectives. Carlson, DR; Kopecky, EA; Nalamachu, S; Pergolizzi, JV; Raffa, RB; Taylor, R; Varanasi, RK, 2014)	0.4
"A proportion of patients with chronic pain have dysphagia and cannot swallow solid, oral dosage forms, which creates a serious treatment challenge for pain specialists and other healthcare providers."	( Challenges of treating patients with chronic pain with dysphagia (CPD): physician and patient perspectives. Carlson, DR; Kopecky, EA; Nalamachu, S; Pergolizzi, JV; Raffa, RB; Taylor, R; Varanasi, RK, 2014)	0.4
" Each patient's demographic and clinical characteristics, the need for ventilatory support, the use and dosage of medications, the number of nursing staff per bed, the time elapsed from admission to the intensive care unit until the effective start of enteral feeding, and the causes for nonadministration were recorded."	( Nurse to bed ratio and nutrition support in critically ill patients. Azevedo, LC; Bafi, AT; Castro, I; Freitas, FG; Honda, CK; Machado, FR; Mazza, BF; Nascente, AP; Stanich, P, 2013)	0.39
" Conclusion Achievement of daily calorie goals was inadequate, and the main factors associated with this failure were the use and dosage of midazolam and the number of nurses available."	( Nurse to bed ratio and nutrition support in critically ill patients. Azevedo, LC; Bafi, AT; Castro, I; Freitas, FG; Honda, CK; Machado, FR; Mazza, BF; Nascente, AP; Stanich, P, 2013)	0.39
" Postoperative apnea was rationalized as follows; tardy respiratory depression with the epidural administration, and unexpected dosage of the residual fentanyl in the catheter."	( [A case of tracheal intubation for apnea with epidural opioid in recovery room after operation under general anesthesia]. Ouchi, K; Sugiyama, K; Uno, H, 2013)	0.59
"Our model predicts that even with maximal clinical dosing regimens of epidural fentanyl over 24 h, ritonavir-induced cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition is unlikely to produce plasma fentanyl concentrations associated with a decrease in minute ventilation."	( Effect of ritonavir-induced cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibition on plasma fentanyl concentrations during patient-controlled epidural labor analgesia: a pharmacokinetic simulation. Avram, MJ; Cambic, CR; Gupta, DK; Wong, CA, 2014)	0.86
" Dose-response curves for individual drugs were fitted to a hyperbolic dose-response model using nonlinear regression."	( Synergistic interaction between fentanyl and bupivacaine given intrathecally for labor analgesia. Khaw, KS; Lee, A; Ng, FF; Ng, KK; Ngan Kee, WD; So, R, 2014)	0.69
"The derived dose-response models for individual drugs (doses in micrograms) at 15 min were: Effect = 100 × dose / (13."	( Synergistic interaction between fentanyl and bupivacaine given intrathecally for labor analgesia. Khaw, KS; Lee, A; Ng, FF; Ng, KK; Ngan Kee, WD; So, R, 2014)	0.69
" Despite heterogeneity between trials, clonidine premedication in an adequate dosage (4 µg/kg) was likely to have a beneficial effect on postoperative pain in children."	( Clonidine premedication for postoperative analgesia in children. Cyna, AM; Knight, N; Lambert, P; Middleton, P, 2014)	0.4
"To evaluate the effect and safety of propofol target controlled infusion (TCI) with a small dosage of fentanyl intravenous sedation on the removal of the third impacted molar tooth."	( [Evaluation of propofol target controlled infusion with fentanyl intravenous sedation on the removal of impacted wisdom tooth]. Guan, M; Liu, Y; Wang, EB; Zhang, W, 2014)	0.86
"Propofol TCI with a small dosage of fentanyl intravenous sedation on the removal of impacted wisdom tooth is effective and safe."	( [Evaluation of propofol target controlled infusion with fentanyl intravenous sedation on the removal of impacted wisdom tooth]. Guan, M; Liu, Y; Wang, EB; Zhang, W, 2014)	0.92
"A "reliable degree of sedation" was observed up to T = 210-240 min, consistent with the selected dosing regimen and the observed fentanyl plasma levels."	( Evaluation of fentanyl disposition and effects in newborn piglets as an experimental model for human neonates. Encinas, E; Lukas, JC; Mielgo, V; Rey-Santano, C; Suárez, E; Valls-I-Soler, A; Vozmediano, V, 2014)	0.97
"In this study we compared the effect of 2 enantiomers; namely racemic preparation of bupivacaine with pure formulation of its levorotatory form levobupivacaine on the dosage requirements for general anesthesia propofol in a series of 273 patients admitted to hospital of China for nephrectomy."	( The effect of L-bupivacaine on BIS levels in the maintenance doses of propofol and fentanyl during general anesthesia in Chinese people. Cai, M; Li, X, 2014)	0.63
" For constipation, M6G, fentanyl and buprenorphine were full agonists, oxycodone was a partial agonist, morphine produced a bell-shaped dose-response curve, whereas DPDPE and U69,593 were inactive."	( In vivo profiling of seven common opioids for antinociception, constipation and respiratory depression: no two opioids have the same profile. Kuo, A; Meutermans, W; Smith, MT; Wyse, BD, 2015)	0.72
" The primary outcome was improvement in PID during the first 60 min after dosing (15-60 min)."	( Various formulations of oral transmucosal fentanyl for breakthrough cancer pain: an indirect mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis. Fullarton, J; Jandhyala, R, 2012)	0.64
" The median intraoperative fentanyl equivalents dosage was 10."	( A retrospective analysis of the effect of intraoperative opioid dose on cancer recurrence after non-small cell lung cancer resection. Cata, JP; Engle, M; Feng, L; Gottumukkala, V; Keerty, D; Keerty, V; Mehran, JR; Norman, PH, 2014)	0.7
" The objective of this study was to observe whether the dosing time of 6 narcotic analgesics in mice affected their efficacy, pain tolerance and recovery of tolerance."	( Chronopharmacology of analgesic effect and tolerance induced by six narcotic analgesics in mice. Chang, MJ; Jin, JJ; Li, XP; Liu, D; Luo, L; Xu, YJ; Yu, ZQ; Zhang, CL, 2015)	0.42
" The best dosage of this drug for postoperative analgesia remains to be elucidated."	( [Efficacy and safety of remifentanil-based regimen for postoperative pain management in abdominal surgery patients: a double-blind study with low-dose remifentanil infusion of 0.02 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)]. Hirano, H; Kaida, T; Machino, A; Nagasaka, Y; Shirasaki, R; Wakamatsu, M, 2014)	0.4
" The dosage for anesthesia maintenance, recovery time of awareness, extubation time, incidences of nausea, vomiting and chill and irritation of urethral catheters were observed and recorded."	( [Effects of assisted-electroacupuncture on recovery of fast tracking anesthesia in mPCNL]. Chen, YH; Lin, CQ; Luo, FR; Ou, JY; Xie, LC; Yan, J; Yang, YB; Zhang, CZ; Zhang, SL; Zhong, SQ, 2014)	0.4
"The assisted-electroacupuncture anesthesia could reduce the dosage of remifentanil and sevoflurane in mPCNL fast tracking anesthesia in urinary surgery, reduce the incidences of nausea, vomiting, chill and irritation of urethral catheters during recovery stage, and prompt recovery of mPCNL patients."	( [Effects of assisted-electroacupuncture on recovery of fast tracking anesthesia in mPCNL]. Chen, YH; Lin, CQ; Luo, FR; Ou, JY; Xie, LC; Yan, J; Yang, YB; Zhang, CZ; Zhang, SL; Zhong, SQ, 2014)	0.4
" fentanyl dosing schedule in foals aged 5-13 days and describe selected, associated dose- and time-related behavioural and physiological responses to plasma fentanyl concentration."	( Disposition, behavioural and physiological effects of escalating doses of intravenously administered fentanyl to young foals. Casbeer, HC; Knych, HK; Mitchell, MM; Steffey, EP, 2015)	1.54
" Our objective was to evaluate the impact of CPOE implementation on analgesic prescribing and dosing practices for renal colic presentations."	( Computerized physician order entry and decision support improves ED analgesic ordering for renal colic. Lang, E; Lonergan, K; McRae, A; Netherton, SJ; Wang, D, 2014)	0.4
" The dosage of propofol needed for induction, consumption during maintenance and recovery time were recorded."	( Impact of malnutrition on propofol consumption and recovery time among patients undergoing laparoscopic gastrointestinal surgery. Bu, H; Fan, Y; Gao, F; Manyande, A; Tian, X; Tian, Y; Xiang, Y; Yang, H, 2014)	0.4
"The present results indicate that the dosage and recovery time of propofol does change in malnourished individuals."	( Impact of malnutrition on propofol consumption and recovery time among patients undergoing laparoscopic gastrointestinal surgery. Bu, H; Fan, Y; Gao, F; Manyande, A; Tian, X; Tian, Y; Xiang, Y; Yang, H, 2014)	0.4
" Although the recommended dosing interval is 72 hours, many references discuss the use of 48-hour intervals in select patients, and no published reference recommends dosing intervals shorter than 48 hours."	( Daily application of transdermal fentanyl patches in patients receiving hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Pawasauskas, J; Perdrizet, G, 2014)	0.68
"These findings highlight the importance of titrating the dose of fentanyl sublingual spray to optimize dosing for individual patients."	( Lack of correlation between the effective dose of fentanyl sublingual spray for breakthrough cancer pain and the around-the-clock opioid dose. Dillaha, L; Nalamachu, SR; Parikh, N; Rauck, R, )	0.62
" These dosage forms offer overlapping yet distinct pharmacokinetic advantages to allow more choices for physicians and patients in the management of breakthrough cancer pain."	( Clinical and pharmacokinetic considerations of novel formulations of fentanyl for breakthrough cancer pain. Chen, C; Gupta, A, 2014)	0.64
" The average Ramsay score, the frequency of propofol, the highest score of NRS, the total dosage of fentanyl and recovery time were compared."	( [Sedative effects of dexmedetomidine in post-operative elder patients on mechanical ventilation]. Huang, F; Jin, J; Kong, J; Liu, S; Wang, J; Xu, H; Yang, X, 2014)	0.62
"05), the total dosage of fentanyl significantly decreased (427."	( [Sedative effects of dexmedetomidine in post-operative elder patients on mechanical ventilation]. Huang, F; Jin, J; Kong, J; Liu, S; Wang, J; Xu, H; Yang, X, 2014)	0.71
" The aim of this study was to characterize fentanyl pharmacokinetics in pregnant sheep after intravenous and transdermal dosing during surgical procedure performed to ewe and foetus."	( Fentanyl Pharmacokinetics in Pregnant Sheep after Intravenous and Transdermal Administration to the Ewe. Acharya, G; Erkinaro, T; Haapala, L; Haapsamo, M; Hautajärvi, H; Heikkinen, AT; Heikkinen, EM; Kokki, H; Kokki, M; Laaksonen, S; Räsänen, J; Voipio, HM, 2015)	2.12
" The modification of propofol dosage in the group of patients under study is not necessary when TCI-guided administration of propofol by means of the Schnider model is used."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in cancer patients undergoing major lung surgery. Bienert, A; Grześkowiak, E; Kaliszan, R; Kut, K; Plenzler, E; Przybyłowski, K; Szczesny, D; Tyczka, J; Wiczling, P, 2015)	0.42
" Clinically fentanyl dosage adjustments may become necessary when ketoconazole or other strong CYP3A inhibitors are given simultaneously."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of intravenous fentanyl with ketoconazole. Haefeli, WE; König, SK; Mahlke, NS; Mikus, G; Skopp, G; Ziesenitz, VC, 2015)	1.06
" Since then, the fentanyl dosage has been gradually increased."	( [A case of recurrent colon cancer with improvement in prognosis and cancer pain after surgical intervention]. Fujisaki, S; Sakurai, K; Takashina, M; Takayama, T; Tomita, R, 2014)	0.74
" Except for benzodiazepines, which were dosed higher in women than men, equal doses of sedation were given to female and male patients."	( Practice patterns of sedation for colonoscopy. Childers, RE; Sonnenberg, A; Williams, JL, 2015)	0.42
"To evaluate the effects of different dosing intervals on multiple-dose pharmacokinetics, and safety and tolerability of fentanyl pectin nasal spray (FPNS)."	( Effect of dosing interval on pharmacokinetics of fentanyl pectin nasal spray from a crossover study. Bujanover, S; Chen, C; Gupta, A, )	0.59
" In addition to comparison of dosing between the groups, associations between total body weight (TBW), BMI, and lean body mass (LBM) values and doses of DEX (mcg/h), between BMI and various indices (i."	( THE EFFECT OF OBESITY ON DOSE OF DEXMEDETOMIDINE WHEN ADMINISTERED WITH FENTANYL DURING POSTOPERATIVE MECHANICAL VENTILATION--RETROSPECTIVE. Hakozaki, T; Hosono, A; Imaizumi, T; Iseki, Y; Isosu, T; Mogami, M; Morimoto, I; Murakawa, M; Nakano, Y; Obara, S; Oishi, R, 2015)	0.65
" After institutional ethics committee approval, 26 pigs were randomly allocated to receive either 20 μg/kg fentanyl (n = 10; fentanyl group) administered 5 min before five doses of adrenaline (20 μg/kg), equivalent-volume saline (n = 10; saline group) using the same adrenaline dosing protocol, or neither fentanyl nor adrenaline (n = 6; sham group)."	( Myocardial protection induced by fentanyl in pigs exposed to high-dose adrenaline. Caldini, EG; Carmona, MJ; da Luz, VF; Damaceno-Rodrigues, NR; Gonzalez, MM; Malbouisson, LM; Negri, EM; Otsuki, DA; Vane, MF; Viana, BG, 2015)	0.91
"This study aims to explore the clinical efficacy of dexmedetomidine (DEX) in the diminution of fentanyl dosage in pediatric cardiac surgery based on some clinical and biochemical parameters."	( Clinical efficacy of dexmedetomidine in the diminution of fentanyl dosage in pediatric cardiac surgery. Li, Y; Sun, Y; Wang, X; Xia, Y; Ye, H; Yuan, X, 2017)	0.92
"Fifty pediatric patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists II), 1-6 years old, were randomly allocated into two groups: group F (control group), in which patients received normal saline and high dosage of fentanyl (30 μg/kg), and group D, in which patients were given DEX and low dosage of fentanyl (15 μg/kg)."	( Clinical efficacy of dexmedetomidine in the diminution of fentanyl dosage in pediatric cardiac surgery. Li, Y; Sun, Y; Wang, X; Xia, Y; Ye, H; Yuan, X, 2017)	0.89
"The results indicated that low dosage of fentanyl supplemented with DEX almost had the same anesthesia effects and inflammation extent compared with high dose of fentanyl, which suggested that infusion DEX might decrease fentanyl consumption in pediatric cardiac surgery."	( Clinical efficacy of dexmedetomidine in the diminution of fentanyl dosage in pediatric cardiac surgery. Li, Y; Sun, Y; Wang, X; Xia, Y; Ye, H; Yuan, X, 2017)	0.97
" Differences exist between TIRFs regarding formulation design and dosing to treat BTCP."	( Transmucosal Immediate-Release Fentanyl for Breakthrough Cancer Pain: Opportunities and Challenges for Use in Palliative Care. Atayee, RS; Chang, A; Ma, JD; Revta, C; Roeland, EJ, 2015)	0.7
" There were statistically significant differences between new and experienced providers in the distribution of responses for survey items regarding how the importance of treating pain in children was learned, overall comfort with pediatric patients, receiving negative responses from superiors about giving pediatric patients analgesics, and usefulness of the Broselow tape for dosing fentanyl for children."	( An Assessment of Newly Identified Barriers to and Enablers for Prehospital Pediatric Pain Management. Cushman, JT; Jones, CMC; Li, T; Shah, MN; Whitley, DE; Williams, DM, 2017)	0.62
"In this study, fentanyl pharmacokinetics during critical illness were strongly influenced by severe liver disease, congestive heart failure, and weight, factors that should be considered when dosing fentanyl in the ICU."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Fentanyl in the Critically Ill. Choi, L; Ely, EW; Ferrell, BA; Girard, TD; Heltsley, R; Pandharipande, PP; Stein, CM; Vasilevskis, EE, 2016)	1.07
" A separate dose-response experiment showed that the serototoxic effect of fentanyl was dose-dependent."	( Effects of fentanyl on serotonin syndrome-like behaviors in rats. Kaminaga, S; Kawano, T; Kitamura, S; Locatelli, FM; Tateiwa, H; Yamanaka, D; Yokoyama, M, 2016)	1.05
" Acetylfentanyl can be managed effectively with naloxone, although higher than conventional dosing may be required to achieve therapeutic effect."	( Acetylfentanyl: An Emerging Drug of Abuse. Hoot, NR; Rehrer, SJ; Rogers, JS, 2016)	1.37
" Compared with the alcohol and control groups, the opioid group used a statistically higher mean medication dosage to achieve sedation."	( Chronic Opioid Users Are More Difficult to Sedate than Alcoholics and Controls. Clayton, S; Gill, J; Patel, R; Quintero, E, 2015)	0.42
" Thus, the authors investigated the effect of fentanyl dosing on pain perception and central sensitization in healthy volunteers using established pain models."	( Does Fentanyl Lead to Opioid-induced Hyperalgesia in Healthy Volunteers?: A Double-blind, Randomized, Crossover Trial. Bandschapp, O; Dolder, P; Filitz, J; Mauermann, E; Rentsch, KM; Ruppen, W, 2016)	1.21
"One of the key issues in the treatment of pain is to choose the appropriate route and dosage form of analgesics for each individual patient in pain."	( [Understanding Oral and Nasal Mucosal Absorption of Fentanyl, and Rectal Absorption of Buprenorphine]. Kato, Y; Kubota, Y; Shimoyama, M; Shimoyama, N, 2015)	0.67
"The pharmacokinetics of the sublingual fentanyl orally disintegrating tablet appear to be negatively affected by the presence of salivary gland hypofunction, although the moistening of the oral cavity before dosing results in a pharmacokinetic profile similar to that seen with the giving of pilocarpine hydrochloride."	( The Influence of Low Salivary Flow Rates on the Absorption of a Sublingual Fentanyl Citrate Formulation for Breakthrough Cancer Pain. Buchanan, A; Davies, A; Mundin, G; Vriens, J; Waghorn, M; Webber, K, 2016)	0.93
"Bolus dosing of fentanyl and midazolam fails to reduce the intracranial hypertension burden when administered for episodic intracranial hypertension."	( Fentanyl and Midazolam Are Ineffective in Reducing Episodic Intracranial Hypertension in Severe Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury. Doctor, A; Kharasch, ED; Leonard, JR; Pineda, JA; Wallendorf, MJ; Welch, TP, 2016)	2.22
" Opioids were not dosed in an equipotent manner."	( The Changing Use of Intravenous Opioids in an Emergency Department. Albertson, TE; Chenoweth, JA; Clarke, SO; Gutierrez, R; Roche, BM; Sutter, ME; Wintemute, GJ, 2015)	0.42
" The JCAHO program likely was at least indirectly responsible for this change in relative dosing of the opioids."	( The Changing Use of Intravenous Opioids in an Emergency Department. Albertson, TE; Chenoweth, JA; Clarke, SO; Gutierrez, R; Roche, BM; Sutter, ME; Wintemute, GJ, 2015)	0.42
" Pharmacokinetic model-based dosing schemes can quantitatively describe the time course of drug effects and achieve optimal drug therapy."	( Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of a Pharmacokinetic Model-Based Dosing Scheme Versus a Conventional Fentanyl Dosing Regimen For Patient-Controlled Analgesia Immediately Following Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy: A Randomized Clinical Tria Chin, JH; Hwang, JH; Jin, SJ; Kim, YK; Kwon, YJ; Lim, HS; Park, SU; Yi, JM, 2016)	0.65
"Administration of sedatives according to simulating circadian time could decrease the duration of mechanical ventilation, extubation time, and the length of ICU stay, decrease the dosage of sedative drugs, and reduce the incidence of delirium."	( [Study of prevention and control of delirium in ventilated patients by simulating blockage of circadian rhythm with sedative in intensive care unit]. Dong, C; Feng, F; Li, J; Qi, Y; Song, R; Yang, J; Yang, Z; Zhang, H, 2016)	0.43
"We measured fentanyl concentrations in plasma from leftover clinically-obtained specimens in 130 paediatric cardiac surgery patients and successfully generated a PK dataset using drug dosing data extracted from electronic medical records."	( Pragmatic pharmacology: population pharmacokinetic analysis of fentanyl using remnant samples from children after cardiac surgery. Beck, C; Caprioli, RM; Choi, L; Crum, K; Hachey, B; Kannankeril, PJ; Marshall, MD; Owen, J; Smith, AH; Van Driest, SL; Woodworth, A, 2016)	1.05
" In simulation studies, model-driven weight-adjusted per kg fentanyl dosing led to more consistent therapeutic fentanyl concentrations than fixed per kg dosing."	( Pragmatic pharmacology: population pharmacokinetic analysis of fentanyl using remnant samples from children after cardiac surgery. Beck, C; Caprioli, RM; Choi, L; Crum, K; Hachey, B; Kannankeril, PJ; Marshall, MD; Owen, J; Smith, AH; Van Driest, SL; Woodworth, A, 2016)	0.92
"We show here that population PK modelling using sparse remnant samples and electronic medical records data provides a powerful tool for assessment of drug kinetics and generation of individualized dosing regimens."	( Pragmatic pharmacology: population pharmacokinetic analysis of fentanyl using remnant samples from children after cardiac surgery. Beck, C; Caprioli, RM; Choi, L; Crum, K; Hachey, B; Kannankeril, PJ; Marshall, MD; Owen, J; Smith, AH; Van Driest, SL; Woodworth, A, 2016)	0.67
" Nonetheless, careful deliberation is necessary because of the slow effects and difficulty with dosage adjustment."	( [Use of Transdermal Fentanyl in a Hospital]. Kikuchi, N; Sako, A; Watanabe, A; Yoshida, S; Yoshikawa, Y, 2016)	0.76
"Preoperatively, 95% of the patients received morphine versus 100% postoperatively, with a median dosage of 10."	( Infants Operated on for Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Towards Evidence-Based Pain Guidelines. Keyzer-Dekker, CM; Knibbe, CA; Meesters, NJ; Simons, SH; Tibboel, D; van Dijk, M, 2016)	0.43
" These patients required higher dosing and prolonged infusions of naloxone."	( Fatal Fentanyl: One Pill Can Kill. Adams, AJ; Albertson, TE; Black, HB; Chenoweth, JA; Colby, DK; Davis, MT; Ford, JB; Gerona, RR; Owen, KP; Roche, BM; Sutter, ME, 2017)	0.94
" The total dosage of used propofol was also recorded."	( A comparison between the effects of propofol-fentanyl with propofol-ketamine for sedation in patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography outside the operating room. Akhondzadeh, R; Ghomeishi, A; Nesioonpour, S; Nourizade, S, 2016)	0.69
" It is necessary to pay attention to the correct dosage and to the half life of these drugs, that results prolonged in the chronic renal insufficiency."	( [Nonconvulsive status epilepticus due to Fentanyl intoxication in hemodialysed patients: two case reports and review of the literature]. Caretta, E; Farfaglia, P; Figliola, C; Jovane, C; Laudi, C; Pogliani, D; Pozzi, A; Rimoldi, L; Sogni, E; Zarcone, D, )	0.4
" Multiple pairwise comparisons were conducted using Welch t tests for continuous variables to determine whether dosing was different for the older groups vs the younger group; separate analyses were performed within and across ASA-PS class."	( Does intravenous induction dosing among patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgical procedures follow current recommendations: a study of contemporary practice. Akhtar, S; Burg, MM; Dai, F; Heng, J; Liu, J; Schonberger, RB, 2016)	0.43
"No significant decrease in dosing between age groups was observed for fentanyl and midazolam."	( Does intravenous induction dosing among patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgical procedures follow current recommendations: a study of contemporary practice. Akhtar, S; Burg, MM; Dai, F; Heng, J; Liu, J; Schonberger, RB, 2016)	0.67
"Weight-adjusted anesthetic induction dosing, age-associated differences in dosing by ASA-PS (American Society of Anesthesiology-Physical Status), and hemodynamic outcomes between younger (18-64 years, n = 537) and older (≥65 years, n = 231) female patients were analyzed."	( A Retrospective Observational Study of Anesthetic Induction Dosing Practices in Female Elderly Surgical Patients: Are We Overdosing Older Patients? Akhtar, S; Burg, MM; Dai, F; Heng, J; Schonberger, RB, 2016)	0.43
" Sedative and analgesic dosing was not clinically significantly higher in obese patients than in non-obese patients."	( Sedation for Bronchoscopy and Complications in Obese Patients. Bellinger, CR; Chatterjee, AB; Haponik, E; Khan, I, 2016)	0.43
" Spinal, epidural and intravenous fentanyl has been studied in pregnant women and neonates, but foetal safety of fentanyl dosing with transdermal patch during pregnancy and labour is not sufficiently studied."	( Foetal Fentanyl Exposure and Ion Trapping after Intravenous and Transdermal Administration to the Ewe. Heikkinen, A; Heikkinen, EM; Kokki, H; Kokki, M; Ranta, VP; Räsänen, J; Voipio, HM, 2017)	1.19
" This study investigated the patterns of opioid prescribing and characterized the dosing and duration of opioid use in patients with noncancer and cancer pain."	( Dose and Duration of Opioid Use in Patients with Cancer and Noncancer Pain at an Outpatient Hospital Setting in Malaysia. Choy, LW; Ismail, CR; Rahman, NA; Zin, CS, 2017)	0.46
" We hypothesized that there is an optimal desflurane-fentanyl dosing regimen that can provide a faster and more predictable wake-up time, while also ensuring adequate analgesia during wake-up testing."	( A desflurane and fentanyl dosing regimen for wake-up testing during scoliosis surgery: Implications for the time-course of emergence from anesthesia. Chen, PT; Liou, JY; Teng, WN; Ting, CK; Tsou, MY; Westenskow, DR; Yu, L, 2017)	1.04
" Fentanyl and ketorolac dose-response relationships were evaluated for selected outcome variables."	( Intramuscular Fentanyl and Ketorolac Associated with Superior Pain Control After Pediatric Bilateral Myringotomy and Tube Placement Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Cook-Sather, SD; Jantzen, EC; Jawad, AF; Li, Y; Long, AS; Muhly, WT; Polansky, M; Stricker, PA, 2017)	1.73
" The temperature of the abdominal skin surface was assessed before dosing and at 10, 20, and 60 minutes after dosing."	( Effect of Modulated Electrohyperthermia on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Transmucosal Fentanyl Citrate in Healthy Volunteers. Kim, MG; Lee, SY, 2016)	0.66
" OTFC can be administered without limitations in combination with mEHT, and it is not necessary to modify the dosing regimen."	( Effect of Modulated Electrohyperthermia on the Pharmacokinetics of Oral Transmucosal Fentanyl Citrate in Healthy Volunteers. Kim, MG; Lee, SY, 2016)	0.66
"FBT at the initial 200 μg dosage was well-tolerated and effective as a BTP management strategy in Korean cancer patients."	( Initial titration with 200 μg fentanyl buccal tablets: a retrospective safety analysis in Korean cancer patients. Cho, HN; Koo, DH; Kwon, MY; Lee, SS; Lee, YG; Oh, S, 2018)	0.77
" Although fentanyl is a commonly used narcotic during surgery, there are no pharmacokinetic (PK) data available for optimal dosing of fentanyl in adolescents with clinically severe obesity."	( Use of Fentanyl in Adolescents with Clinically Severe Obesity Undergoing Bariatric Surgery: A Pilot Study. Bachmann, R; Mikus, G; Mushtaq, A; Skopp, G; van den Anker, JN; Vaughns, JD; Weiss, J; Williams, EF; Ziesenitz, VC, 2017)	1.31
" With the exception of a higher body mass index in the CWIS group, the other variables, such as the dosage and usage time of fentanyl citrate, use of additional painkillers, and side effects, including wound complications, did not differ between groups."	( Continuous wound infiltration system for postoperative pain management in gynecologic oncology patients. Ahn, S; Kim, K; Kim, YB; Lee, B; No, JH; Shin, HJ; Suh, DH, 2017)	0.66
" This literature review reveals that variants in ABCB1, OPRM1, and COMT have been replicated for opioid dosing and variants in ABCB1 have been replicated for both treatment response and adverse effects."	( Pharmacogenomics and Patient Treatment Parameters to Opioid Treatment in Chronic Pain: A Focus on Morphine, Oxycodone, Tramadol, and Fentanyl. Hall, C; Hotham, E; Lloyd, RA; Suppiah, V; Williams, M, 2017)	0.66
" Approximately 35% of decedents filled an opioid prescription within 90 days of death; of these, one-third had a mean daily dosage greater than 100 morphine milligram equivalents (MME/day)."	( Increase in Drug Overdose Deaths Involving Fentanyl-Rhode Island, January 2012-March 2014. Bohm, MK; Mercado, MC; Spelke, MB; Stanley, C; Sugerman, DE; Sumner, SA, 2018)	0.74
"In a retrospective study of patients undergoing colonoscopy, we found that compared with titrated administration of sedative, bolus dosing improves endoscopy unit efficiency and safety and decreases the amount of sedative required."	( Bolus Administration of Fentanyl and Midazolam for Colonoscopy Increases Endoscopy Unit Efficiency and Safety Compared With Titrated Sedation. Boyd, A; Finn, RT; Gellad, ZF; Lin, L, 2017)	0.76
" ABCB1 genotype has been previously associated with patient opioid requirements and may influence fentanyl dosing requirements in critically ill children."	( ABCB1 genotype is associated with fentanyl requirements in critically ill children. Au, AK; Clark, RSB; Conley, YP; Empey, PE; Horvat, CM; Kochanek, PM; Li, L; Poloyac, SM, 2017)	0.95
" In particular, we compared the occurrence of complications and the dosage of administered sedative drugs between the groups."	( Analogosedation during flexible bronchoscopy using a combination of midazolam, propofol and fentanyl - A retrospective analysis. Cornelissen, CG; Dreher, M; Krüger, S; Müller, T; Thümmel, K, 2017)	0.68
" The dosage of midazolam was lower in the MFP compared to the MF or MP group (MFP vs."	( Analogosedation during flexible bronchoscopy using a combination of midazolam, propofol and fentanyl - A retrospective analysis. Cornelissen, CG; Dreher, M; Krüger, S; Müller, T; Thümmel, K, 2017)	0.68
"In summary we were able to demonstrate that triple sedation can safely be administered during flexible bronchoscopy and is associated with a reduced dosage of midazolam and propofol."	( Analogosedation during flexible bronchoscopy using a combination of midazolam, propofol and fentanyl - A retrospective analysis. Cornelissen, CG; Dreher, M; Krüger, S; Müller, T; Thümmel, K, 2017)	0.68
"Balanced anesthesia allows for a reduced dosage of each component, while inducing general anesthesia of sufficient depth with potentially fewer side effects."	( Premedication with fentanyl-midazolam improves sevoflurane anesthesia for surgical intervention in laboratory mice. Arras, M; Cesarovic, N; Jirkof, P; Lipiski, M, 2017)	0.78
" Five studies and guidelines also suggest that oral opioids (not including TIRF products) be dosed proportionally to baseline opioids at 10%-20% of the 24-hour, around-the-clock dose."	( Breakthrough Cancer Pain: A Systematic Review of Pharmacologic Management . Brant, JM; Gallagher, E; Rodgers, BB; Sundaramurthi, T, 2017)	0.46
"The relationship between initial fentanyl infusion dosage and time to goal sedation in nonobese and obese critically ill children was examined."	( Relationship between rate of fentanyl infusion and time to achieve sedation in nonobese and obese critically ill children. Golding, CL; Johnson, PN; Miller, JL; Owora, AH; Skrepnek, GH; Thomas, AN, 2017)	1.03
" The primary outcomes of the study included the time to goal sedation and fentanyl dosage characteristics (i."	( Relationship between rate of fentanyl infusion and time to achieve sedation in nonobese and obese critically ill children. Golding, CL; Johnson, PN; Miller, JL; Owora, AH; Skrepnek, GH; Thomas, AN, 2017)	0.98
" Among nonobese children, every 10-μg/hr increase in initial fentanyl dosage was associated with a 19% lower probability of achieving goal sedation at any point in time."	( Relationship between rate of fentanyl infusion and time to achieve sedation in nonobese and obese critically ill children. Golding, CL; Johnson, PN; Miller, JL; Owora, AH; Skrepnek, GH; Thomas, AN, 2017)	0.99
" Dosing occurred following a 10-h fast, with fasting continuing for 4 h post-dose."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of fentanyl sublingual spray and fentanyl citrate intravenous: a single ascending dose study in opioid-naïve healthy volunteers. Koch, C; Nalamachu, S; Oh, DA; Parikh, N; Rauck, R; Singla, N; Vetticaden, S; Yu, J, 2017)	0.74
" All three studies utilized a validated patient EOC questionnaire which consists of 23 items grouped into seven subscales (confidence with device, comfort with device, movement, dosing confidence, pain control, knowledge/understanding, and satisfaction)."	( Meta-Analysis of the Ease of Care From a Patients' Perspective Comparing Fentanyl Iontophoretic Transdermal System Versus Morphine Intravenous Patient-Controlled Analgesia in Postoperative Pain Management. Danesi, H; Ding, L; Jones, JB; Lindley, P, 2017)	0.69
" Five of the seven subscales (confidence with device, comfort with device, movement, dosing confidence, and knowledge/understanding) on the patient EOC questionnaire showed a statistically significant advantage for fentanyl ITS versus morphine IV PCA."	( Meta-Analysis of the Ease of Care From a Patients' Perspective Comparing Fentanyl Iontophoretic Transdermal System Versus Morphine Intravenous Patient-Controlled Analgesia in Postoperative Pain Management. Danesi, H; Ding, L; Jones, JB; Lindley, P, 2017)	0.87
" There was no difference in pain score reduction; however, repeat dosing was less frequent for patients receiving INF (16% vs."	( Intranasal Fentanyl and Quality of Pediatric Acute Care. Adelgais, KM; Brent, A; Deakyne, S; Massanari, D; Sills, MR; Tong, S; Wathen, J, 2017)	0.84
" Propofol was initially infused as a slow bolus of 2-4 mg/kg and then continuously during the entire procedure, at 4 mg/kg/hour, increasing the dosage to 6 mg/kg/hour if sedation was not achieved."	( Propofol and fentanyl sedation for laser treatment of retinopathy of prematurity to avoid intubation. Auriti, C; Bersani, I; Capolupo, I; Catena, G; Di Ciommo, V; Di Pede, A; Dotta, A; Lipreri, A; Lozzi, S; Piersigilli, F; Sgrò, S, 2019)	0.88
"No published studies have looked at the dosing and use of rapid onset fentanyl preparations in children."	( The use of rapid onset fentanyl in children and young people for breakthrough cancer pain. Anderson, AK; Burke, K; Coombes, L, 2017)	1
"Sedation during flexible bronchoscopy is desirable, but the drugs and the dosage protocols that are used vary."	( Comparison of midazolam with fentanyl-midazolam combination during flexible bronchoscopy: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Chogtu, B; Magazine, R; Prabhudev, AM, )	0.42
"Drug dosing in infants frequently depends on body weight as a crude indicator for maturation."	( Drug metabolism in early infancy: opioids as an illustration. Allegaert, K; Mian, P; Tibboel, D; Van Den Anker, J; Van Donge, T, 2018)	0.48
"The objective was to compare the safety and efficacy of an algorithm for abortion intravenous sedation dosing (AAID) to standard dosing during first-trimester surgical abortion."	( A randomized comparison of intravenous sedation using a dosing algorithm compared to standard care during first-trimester surgical abortion. Braaten, KP; Fortin, J; Goldberg, AB; Maurer, R; Urman, RD, 2018)	0.48
"This was a randomized, single-blinded, controlled trial in which women undergoing first-trimester surgical abortion received fentanyl and midazolam dosed per either an algorithm or clinic standard."	( A randomized comparison of intravenous sedation using a dosing algorithm compared to standard care during first-trimester surgical abortion. Braaten, KP; Fortin, J; Goldberg, AB; Maurer, R; Urman, RD, 2018)	0.69
" There are advantages and disadvantages in using these 2 opioids which are discussed, and potential dosing strategies are outlined."	( What Parenteral Opioids to Use in Face of Shortages of Morphine, Hydromorphone, and Fentanyl. Behm, B; Davis, MP; Fernandez, C; McPherson, ML; Mehta, Z, 2018)	0.71
" Patients who failed to achieve adequate sedation in any arm were rescued with midazolam dosed at the investigator's discretion."	( A phase III study evaluating the efficacy and safety of remimazolam (CNS 7056) compared with placebo and midazolam in patients undergoing colonoscopy. Barish, CF; Bernstein, D; Bhandari, R; Cash, BD; DeMicco, MP; Desta, T; Etzkorn, K; Pruitt, R; Quirk, D; Rex, DK; Schaeffer, C; Sullivan, S; Tiongco, F, 2018)	0.48
" In major inpatient surgery, intraoperative single-dose methadone produces better analgesia and reduces opioid use compared with conventional repeated dosing of short-duration opioids."	( Intraoperative Methadone in Same-Day Ambulatory Surgery: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Dose-Finding Pilot Study. Blood, J; Brunt, LM; Deych, E; Kharasch, ED; Komen, H, 2019)	0.51
"15 mg/kg ideal body weight) or conventional as-needed dosing of short-duration opioids (eg, fentanyl, hydromorphone; controls)."	( Intraoperative Methadone in Same-Day Ambulatory Surgery: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Dose-Finding Pilot Study. Blood, J; Brunt, LM; Deych, E; Kharasch, ED; Komen, H, 2019)	0.73
"Experimental, dose-response study."	( Dose-dependent effects of isoflurane and dobutamine on cardiovascular function in dogs with experimental mitral regurgitation. Goya, S; Hirao, D; Shimada, K; Tanaka, R; Wada, T, 2018)	0.48
" With multiple doses, systemic exposure increased relative to the first dose; shorter dosing intervals resulted in higher concentrations."	( Pharmacokinetics of Fentanyl Sublingual Spray in Opioid-Naïve Participants: Results of a Phase 1, Multiple Ascending Dose Study. James, S; Koch, C; Nalamachu, S; Oh, DA; Parikh, N; Rauck, RL; Singla, N; Yu, J, 2018)	0.8
"Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is commonly attributed to opioid analgesics; consequently, perioperative opioid dosage reduction is a common practice."	( The impact of preinduction fentanyl dosing strategy on postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Choudhary, P; Chugh, PT; Dutta, A; Panday, BC; Sethi, N; Sood, J, )	0.43
"We show that PCS is non-inferior to RCS in terms of dosage given and degree of sedation."	( Randomized and controlled study comparing patient controlled and radiologist controlled intra-procedural conscious sedation, using midazolam and fentanyl, for patients undergoing insertion of a central venous line. Clements, W; Goh, GS; Joseph, T; Kavnoudias, H; Koukounaras, J; Sneddon, D; Snow, T, 2018)	0.68
" TIRF use was mainly related to background opioid dosage and the patient's self-sufficiency in taking medication."	( Breakthrough cancer pain tailored treatment: which factors influence the medication choice? An observational, prospective and cross-sectional study in patients with terminal cancer. Calvieri, A; Casale, G; Dardeli, A; Eusepi, G; Giannarelli, D; Magnani, C; Mastroianni, C; Restuccia, MR, 2018)	0.48
"5 K: the standard dosage of ketamine (0."	( [Evaluation of Anesthesia Method to Minimize Intraoperative Body Movement and Respiratory Depression for Dilatation and Curettage A Retrospective Study]. Kitamura, J; Yamaguchi, S, 2016)	0.43
"To analyse the effects of combined acupuncture anesthesia on surgical dosage and serum interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10) of pneumonectomy patients."	( Effect of Combined Acupuncture Anesthesia on Surgical Dosage and Serum IL-4, IL-10 of Pneumonectomy Patients. Shi, X; Xie, D; Zhang, Y, 2018)	0.48
" Acute opioid tolerance would be developed by higher concentration of remifentanil than dosage of common anesthetic practice."	( High-dose intraoperative remifentanil infusion increases early postoperative analgesic consumption: a prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled study. Jeong, W; Kim, D; Kim, MJ; Ko, S; Lim, HS, 2018)	0.48
" The purpose of this study is to identify the proportion of new FTS users who had evidence of prior opioid tolerance, by dosage strength, in FDA's Sentinel System."	( Assessment of prior opioid tolerance among new users of fentanyl transdermal system in FDA's Sentinel System. Cocoros, NM; Ju, J; Kornegay, C; Larochelle, MR; Petrone, AB; Popovic, J; Racoosin, JA, 2019)	0.76
" We assessed the proportion of users with prior tolerance stratified by dosage strength of FTS using four definitions of opioid tolerance: ≥30-mg oxycodone equivalents/day in each of 7 consecutive days immediately prior to index; ≥30-mg oxycodone equivalents/day for any 7 days in the 30 days prior to index (secondary); any dose in each of 7 days in the 7 consecutive days immediately prior to index (tertiary); and any dose for any 7 days in the 30 days prior to index (quaternary)."	( Assessment of prior opioid tolerance among new users of fentanyl transdermal system in FDA's Sentinel System. Cocoros, NM; Ju, J; Kornegay, C; Larochelle, MR; Petrone, AB; Popovic, J; Racoosin, JA, 2019)	0.76
" The duration of propofol infusion and total dosage of propofol were recorded as well."	( Impact of CYP3A4*1G Polymorphism on Fentanyl Analgesia Assessed by Analgesia Nociception Index in Chinese Patients Undergoing Hysteroscopy. An, HY; Ding, N; E, W; Feng, Y; Gao, L; Su, Y; Wang, Y; Yan, Q; Zhang, HY, 2018)	0.76
" Vaccination with F-sKLH shifted the dose-response curves to the right for both fentanyl-induced antinociception and respiratory depression."	( A Fentanyl Vaccine Alters Fentanyl Distribution and Protects against Fentanyl-Induced Effects in Mice and Rats. Baruffaldi, F; Harmon, TM; Le Naour, M; Pentel, PR; Peterson, SJ; Pravetoni, M; Raleigh, MD; Vigliaturo, JR, 2019)	1.46
" Because of its strong analgesic activity and dosage form, fentanyl has become one of the first choices for severe and moderate pain in clinical practice."	( Comparison of the use of different analgesics in the course of anesthesia care based on pharmacoeconomics. Jing, C; Ping, Y; Qing, J, 2018)	0.72
" Mean initial buprenophine dosage did not differ between groups."	( Impact of Fentanyl Use on Buprenorphine Treatment Retention and Opioid Abstinence. Chang, Y; Flood, J; Metlay, J; Regan, S; Rigotti, N; Wakeman, SE; Yu, L, )	0.53
" Vital signs before and after dosing were not significantly different."	( Intranasal midazolam and fentanyl for procedural sedation and analgesia in infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Bidegain, M; Cotten, CM; Fisher, K; Goldberg, RN; Greenberg, RG; Hornik, CD; Ku, LC; Simmons, C; Smith, PB, 2019)	0.82
"Simply reducing the number of prescriptions may not be effective in reducing prescription related mortality; although opioid prescription dosing information should be made available to engender a better evaluation of the epidemic."	( Geographic patterns of prescription opioids and opioid overdose deaths in New York State, 2013-2015. Labriola, J; Meliker, JR; Romeiser, JL, 2019)	0.51
" To ensure patient safety, ambulance personnel are therefore provided with treatment protocols with dosing restrictions, however, with the concomitant risk of insufficient pain treatment of the patients."	( Prehospital intravenous fentanyl administered by ambulance personnel: a cluster-randomised comparison of two treatment protocols. Christensen, EF; Friesgaard, KD; Giebner, M; Kirkegaard, H; Nikolajsen, L; Rasmussen, CH, 2019)	0.82
" Wilcoxon non-paired signed rank test was used to examine the change in fentanyl dosage and IV:IT conversion ratio."	( Conversion of Intrathecal Opioids to Fentanyl in Chronic Pain Patients With Implantable Pain Pumps: A Retrospective Study. Kim, DD; Patel, A; Sibai, N, 2019)	1.02
" A decision analytic model based on the hospital's perspective was constructed to follow possible consequences of the initial dosing of analgesia, before potential titration."	( Clinical and Economic Analysis of Morphine Versus Fentanyl in Managing Ventilated Neonates With Respiratory Distress Syndrome in the Intensive Care Setting. AbouNahia, F; Abushanab, D; Al-Badriyeh, D; Alsoukhni, O, 2019)	0.77
" With utility of these PK/PD models we created an algorithm to optimize the intraoperative dosing regimen."	( Optimizing intraoperative administration of propofol, remifentanil, and fentanyl through pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic simulations to increase the postoperative duration of analgesia. Johnson, K; Syroid, N; Tams, C; Vasilopoulos, T, 2019)	0.75
" It is a single-strength tablet housed in a single-dose applicator (which may minimize the likelihood of dosing errors) and is strictly for use in medically supervised/monitored settings."	( Sufentanil 30 µg Sublingual Tablet: A Review in Acute Pain. Deeks, ED, 2019)	0.51
" A strong consensus was achieved regarding which pharmacological treatment (transmucosal fentanyl) and dosing method (start low and go slow) are the most suitable for the older population."	( Expert consensus on the management of breakthrough cancer pain in older patients. A Delphi study. Alarcón, MDL; Cabezón-Gutiérrez, L; Estévez, FV; Jiménez-López, AJ; Martín-Arroyo, JMT; Padrós, MC; Rebollo, MA; Sanz-Yagüe, A, 2019)	0.74
" Predictors of poorer neurocognitive function were midazolam dosage >3 mg (P<0."	( Comparison of the Effects of Midazolam/Fentanyl, Midazolam/Propofol, and Midazolam/Fentanyl/Propofol on Cognitive Function After Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Riordan, S; Seck, V; Thompson, R; Wong, S, 2019)	0.78
"The medical condition and baseline opioid requirements must all be carefully considered when dosing a fentanyl patch."	( Consensus Perioperative Management Best Practices for Patients on Transdermal Fentanyl Patches Undergoing Surgery. Cornett, EM; Ehrhardt, KP; Fox, CJ; Gennuso, SA; Kaye, AD; Menard, BL; Okereke, EC; Tirumala, SR, 2019)	0.96
"Prophylactic FSS was well tolerated and demonstrated a dose-response relationship in improving both dyspnea and walk distance."	( Prophylactic Fentanyl Sublingual Spray for Episodic Exertional Dyspnea in Cancer Patients: A Pilot Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Azhar, A; Bruera, E; Dalal, S; Dev, R; Driver, L; Haider, A; Hernandez, F; Hui, D; Kilgore, K; Larsson, L; Liu, D; Naberhuis, J; Reddy, A; Reddy, S; Virgilio, A, 2019)	0.88
" Furthermore, enduring exacerbation of nociceptive hypersensitivity is also observed when the same dosing regimen for either morphine, fentanyl, or oxycodone begins 1 month after nerve injury."	( Oxycodone, fentanyl, and morphine amplify established neuropathic pain in male rats. Ball, JB; Fabisiak, T; Grace, PM; Green-Fulgham, SM; Kwilasz, AJ; Maier, SF; Watkins, LR, 2019)	1.11
" Further evaluation of naloxone stocking and dosing protocols is needed."	( Naloxone Dosing After Opioid Overdose in the Era of Illicitly Manufactured Fentanyl. Atti, S; Carpenter, J; Moran, TP; Morgan, B; Murray, BP; Yancey, A, 2020)	0.79
" Due to very limited pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data, fentanyl dosing is mostly based on bodyweight."	( Rapidly maturing fentanyl clearance in preterm neonates. Allegaert, K; Andriessen, P; Flint, RB; Knibbe, CAJ; Koch, BCP; Liem, KD; Simons, SHP; Völler, S; Zimmermann, LJI, 2019)	1.09
" Opioid dosing remains challenging in burn patients, particularly in children, due to the immense variability in efficacy between patients."	( Characterizing Fentanyl Variability Using Population Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Burn Patients. Grimsrud, KN; Lima, KM; Palmieri, TL; Tran, NK, 2020)	0.91
" Steady-state concentrations of the obese children using similar weight-based dosing increased by 25%, 77%, and 44% in comparison to nonobese children 4-, 9-, and 15-year-olds, respectively."	( Prediction and Comparison of Fentanyl Infusion Pharmacokinetics in Obese and Nonobese Children. Henry, ED; Johnson, PN; Lim, SY; Miller, JL; Skrepnek, GH; Woo, S, 2019)	0.81
" Weight-based dosing in obese children may cause an increase in steady-state concentration while prolonging the time to steady state."	( Prediction and Comparison of Fentanyl Infusion Pharmacokinetics in Obese and Nonobese Children. Henry, ED; Johnson, PN; Lim, SY; Miller, JL; Skrepnek, GH; Woo, S, 2019)	0.81
"The average weight-based dosage of propofol was similar in both groups but was lower in the high-body mass index group for midazolam and fentanyl."	( Perioperative Risks Are Similar for Normal versus Selected High-Body Mass Index Patients Undergoing Outpatient Hand and Elbow Surgery. Banner, L; Beredjiklian, PK; Jones, C; Lutsky, K; Selverian, S; Warrender, W, 2019)	0.72
"7%) reduced benzodiazepines dosage when prescribing potent opioids."	( Strong opioids and non-cancer chronic pain in Catalonia. An analysis of the family physicians prescription patterns. Adriyanov, B; Álvarez Carrera, MA; Dürsteler, C; Perelló Bratescu, A; Riera Nadal, N; Sisó-Almirall, A, 2020)	0.56
" TDS are dosage forms designed to deliver a therapeutically effective amount of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) across a patient's skin."	( Raman mapping of fentanyl transdermal delivery systems with off-label modifications. Keire, DA; Rodriguez, JD; Strasinger, C; Willett, DR; Wokovich, AM; Xu, T; Yilmaz, H, 2020)	0.9
" However, Group F required less dosage of ephedrine for stable hemodynamics and longer time to use the primary postoperative analgesic in comparison to Group B (p<0."	( Effects of Intrathecal Bupivacaine and Bupivacaine Plus Fentanyl in Elderly Patients Undergoing Total Hip Arthroplasty. Peng, X; Wang, H; Xiao, Y; Zhan, L; Zhao, B, 2019)	0.76
" High-quality comparative naloxone dosing studies assessing effectiveness and safety are needed."	( Naloxone dosing in the era of ultra-potent opioid overdoses: a systematic review. Brasher, PMA; Buxton, JA; Curran, J; Doyle-Waters, MM; Godwin, J; Hau, JP; Hohl, CM; Moe, J; O'Sullivan, F; Purssell, E; Purssell, R, 2020)	0.56
" The mean dosage of propofol in group A was significantly higher (62."	( Pre-endoscopic tachycardia predicts increased sedation dose and lower adenoma detection rate in patients undergoing endoscopic procedures: a case control study. Ahmad, HS; Baker, FA; Kadah, A; Khoury, T; Mahajnah, M; Mahamid, M; Mari, A; Pellicano, R; Sbeit, W, 2020)	0.56
"Tachycardia prior to endoscopic procedures was associated with higher sedative dosage and lower adenoma detection rate, however no major complications were recorded."	( Pre-endoscopic tachycardia predicts increased sedation dose and lower adenoma detection rate in patients undergoing endoscopic procedures: a case control study. Ahmad, HS; Baker, FA; Kadah, A; Khoury, T; Mahajnah, M; Mahamid, M; Mari, A; Pellicano, R; Sbeit, W, 2020)	0.56
" Among those with sufficient time exposure, 3,971 (82%) had adequate opioid exposure based on the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) package insert dosing guidance."	( Initiation of Transdermal Fentanyl Among US Commercially Insured Patients Between 2007 and 2015. Costantino, RC; Fudin, J; Gressler, LE; McPherson, ML; Onukwugha, E; Slejko, JF; Villalonga-Olives, E, 2020)	0.86
"Primary: 1) Treatment retention; 2) sustained remission (defined as 3 consecutive negative screens); 3) return to use; 4) methadone dosage required; and 5) number of days to achieve remission."	( One year of methadone maintenance treatment in a fentanyl endemic area: Safety, repeated exposure, retention, and remission. Carroll, JJ; Green, TC; Rich, JD; Stone, AC, 2020)	0.81
" In this study, recombinant CHO-K1 cells (AequoScreen) expressing the human μ-opioid receptor were used to establish dose-response curves via luminescent analysis for cyclopropyl-, cyclobutyl-, cyclopentyl-, cyclohexyl-, and 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropylfentanyl (TMCPF), on three separate occasions, using eight different concentrations in an eight-fold serial dilution in triplicates starting at ~60 μM."	( Activation of the μ-opioid receptor by alicyclic fentanyls: Changes from high potency full agonists to low potency partial agonists with increasing alicyclic substructure. Åstrand, A; Björn, N; Gréen, H; Jakobsen, I; Kronstrand, R; Vikingsson, S, 2021)	1.06
" Since information about potency and lethal dosage are frequently unknown, it is important to identify the new trends for further investigation on therapeutic use, toxicity and fatal doses, and implement public health measures."	( A 2017-2019 Update on Acute Intoxications and Fatalities from Illicit Fentanyl and Analogs. Brunetti, P; Busardò, FP; Carlier, J; Giorgetti, R; Lo Faro, AF; Pirani, F, 2021)	0.86
" Objective guidance of opioid dosing using the Nociception Level (NOL) index, a multiparameter artificial intelligence-driven index designed to monitor nociception during surgery, may lead to a more appropriate analgesic regimen, with effects beyond surgery."	( Reduced postoperative pain using Nociception Level-guided fentanyl dosing during sevoflurane anaesthesia: a randomised controlled trial. Aarts, L; Boon, M; Calis, P; Dahan, A; Honing, M; Martini, C; Meijer, F; Niesters, M; Olofsen, E; Roor, T; Toet, S; van Velzen, M, 2020)	0.8
"In this two-centre RCT, 50 patients undergoing abdominal surgery under fentanyl/sevoflurane anaesthesia were randomised to NOL-guided fentanyl dosing or standard care in which fentanyl dosing was based on haemodynamics."	( Reduced postoperative pain using Nociception Level-guided fentanyl dosing during sevoflurane anaesthesia: a randomised controlled trial. Aarts, L; Boon, M; Calis, P; Dahan, A; Honing, M; Martini, C; Meijer, F; Niesters, M; Olofsen, E; Roor, T; Toet, S; van Velzen, M, 2020)	1.04
" We attribute this to NOL-driven rather than BP- and HR-driven fentanyl dosing during anaesthesia."	( Reduced postoperative pain using Nociception Level-guided fentanyl dosing during sevoflurane anaesthesia: a randomised controlled trial. Aarts, L; Boon, M; Calis, P; Dahan, A; Honing, M; Martini, C; Meijer, F; Niesters, M; Olofsen, E; Roor, T; Toet, S; van Velzen, M, 2020)	1.04
" Additionally, after performing the Pearson chi-Square test we found that bronchospasm and laryngospasm were significantly more frequent among patients from group 1 infused with lower dosage of fentanyl in comparison to the infants that were administered with a higher dose of this medication (p = ."	( Higher doses of fentanyl during bronchoscopy in infants significantly reduces perioperative complication rates. Belitova, M; Popov, TM; Ts, M, 2020)	1.09
"Gene polymorphism is an important factor affecting the efficacy and dosage of opioids."	( Resistin Gene Polymorphism Is an Influencing Factor of Postoperative Pain for Chinese Patients. Chen, Z; Fan, Q; Ge, W; Li, D; Ma, Z; Shu, Q; Xie, H, 2020)	0.56
"Compared with a conservative dosing approach, this individualized protocol may improve analgesia without a significant increase in respiratory adverse events."	( Effects of an individualized analgesia protocol on the need for medical interventions after adenotonsillectomy in children: a randomized controlled trial. Guo, J; Liu, K; Wan, Y; Wang, X; Zhuang, P, 2021)	0.62
"Different weight-based fentanyl dosing rates may be required for infants and children of different ages to achieve similar plasma concentrations."	( Analysis of fentanyl pharmacokinetics, and its sedative effects and tolerance in critically ill children. Heltsley, R; Henry, E; Johnson, PN; Lim, SY; Miller, JL; Woo, S, 2021)	1.31
" We included any duration of drug treatment and any dosage given continuously or as bolus; we excluded studies that gave opioids to ventilated infants for procedures."	( Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation. Bellù, R; Bruschettini, M; de Waal, KA; Nava, C; Romantsik, O; Zanini, R, 2021)	0.62
" Linear mixed models were used to determine if the mean cumulative opioid/sedative dosing differed from the day of conversion versus three 24-hour periods prior to conversion."	( Conversion From Continuous Infusion Fentanyl to Continuous Infusion Hydromorphone in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Harkin, M; Johnson, PN; Lim, SY; Miller, JL; Neely, SB; Walsh, CK, 2021)	0.9
" Patients had a significant decrease in opioid dosing on the day of conversion versus the 24-hour period prior to conversion but no changes in sedative dosing following conversion."	( Conversion From Continuous Infusion Fentanyl to Continuous Infusion Hydromorphone in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Harkin, M; Johnson, PN; Lim, SY; Miller, JL; Neely, SB; Walsh, CK, 2021)	0.9
"This case demonstrates how patient-centered dose responses with a focus on functional outcomes supersede existing opioids agonist treatment dosing ranges, especially in the context of a patient with a higher than typical opioid tolerance."	( Patient With Very High Opioid Tolerance Enrolled in Opioid Agonist Treatment: A Case Report. Lim, R; Wilson, P, )	0.13
" Pretreatment with antagonists selective for nociceptin and μ receptors, but not δ and κ receptor antagonists, caused rightward shifts of the antinociceptive dose-response curve of cebranopadol with dose ratios of 2 and 9, respectively."	( Functional Profile of Systemic and Intrathecal Cebranopadol in Nonhuman Primates. Caló, G; Ding, H; Hsu, FC; Kiguchi, N; Ko, MC; Trapella, C, 2021)	0.62
"To assess sedation medication dosage differences between patients with and without opioid use disorder at the time of surgical abortion."	( Pain medication requirements in patients with opioid use disorder at the time of surgical abortion: An exploratory study. Ramanadhan, S; Srikanth, P; White, KO; Woodhams, E, 2021)	0.62
" In a locale where fentanyl is responsible for the majority of non-fatal opioid overdoses, we compared the concentration of fentanyl in blood to naloxone dosing in the presence and absence of a concurrent sedative-hypnotic exposure."	( Sentanyl: a comparison of blood fentanyl concentrations and naloxone dosing after non-fatal overdose. Babu, KM; Chapman, BP; Devin-Holcombe, K; Fogarty, MF; Krotulski, AJ; Logan, BK; Marks, SJ; Merchant, RC; Ontiveros, ST; Trieu, H, 2022)	1.33
" Among the sedative-hypnotic exposed, fentanyl concentrations were lower, but naloxone dosing was similar to those without a concomitant exposure."	( Sentanyl: a comparison of blood fentanyl concentrations and naloxone dosing after non-fatal overdose. Babu, KM; Chapman, BP; Devin-Holcombe, K; Fogarty, MF; Krotulski, AJ; Logan, BK; Marks, SJ; Merchant, RC; Ontiveros, ST; Trieu, H, 2022)	1.28
" Fentanyl is known to cross the placental barrier, but how the route of administration and time after dosing affects maternal-fetal disposition kinetics at different stages of pregnancy is not well characterized."	( Predicting Maternal-Fetal Disposition of Fentanyl Following Intravenous and Epidural Administration Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Isoherranen, N; Shen, DD; Shum, S, 2021)	1.8
" Recent reports, however, suggest that higher doses or repeated dosing of naloxone (due to recurrence of respiratory depression) may be required to reverse fully fentanyl-induced respiratory depression, rendering this treatment inadequate."	( Design, synthesis, and preliminary evaluation of a potential synthetic opioid rescue agent. Baynard, C; Butelman, ER; Hedrick, SL; Horn, J; Jackson, K; Kaska, S; Kreek, MJ; Leggas, M; Luo, D; Niloy, KK; Prisinzano, TE; Sarma, R, 2021)	0.82
" Low dosed opioids have been investigated for refractory dyspnea in COPD and other life-limiting conditions, and some positive effects were demonstrated."	( Opioids in patients with COPD and refractory dyspnea: literature review and design of a multicenter double blind study of low dosed morphine and fentanyl (MoreFoRCOPD). de Hosson, SM; Heller-Baan, R; Kerstjens, HAM; Lam-Wong, WY; Mooren, KJM; Peters, L; Pool, K; van Beurden-Moeskops, WJC; van den Berg, JK; van Dijk, M, 2021)	0.82
" We also analyzed the dose-response relation of fentanyl administered by epidural or IV and early breastfeeding."	( The association between intrapartum opioid fentanyl and early breastfeeding: A prospective observational study. Eskedal, LT; Myr, R; Oddbjørn Tveit, T; Oommen, H; Swanson, DM; Vistad, I, 2021)	1.14
" The overall morphine milligram equivalents (MME) per 24 hours of this dosage form available in the hospital were reduced from 56,073."	( Optimization of the medication-use process for fentanyl patches at a small community hospital. Glowczewski, J; Roberts, P; Wise, C, 2022)	0.98
"Evaluation of the fentanyl patch medication-use process and pharmacy-driven interventions resulted in an increase in appropriate utilization of fentanyl patches and a decrease in accessible MME of this potent dosage form."	( Optimization of the medication-use process for fentanyl patches at a small community hospital. Glowczewski, J; Roberts, P; Wise, C, 2022)	1.31
" Bodyweight-based dosing resulted in large differences in fentanyl concentrations."	( Pre- and Postnatal Maturation are Important for Fentanyl Exposure in Preterm and Term Newborns: A Pooled Population Pharmacokinetic Study. Allegaert, K; Fellman, V; Flint, RB; Knibbe, CAJ; Simons, SHP; Völler, S; Wu, Y, 2022)	1.22
"As both prenatal and postnatal maturation are important for fentanyl exposure, we propose a birthweight- and PNA-based dosage regimen."	( Pre- and Postnatal Maturation are Important for Fentanyl Exposure in Preterm and Term Newborns: A Pooled Population Pharmacokinetic Study. Allegaert, K; Fellman, V; Flint, RB; Knibbe, CAJ; Simons, SHP; Völler, S; Wu, Y, 2022)	1.22
" Fentanyl concentrations were measured from remnant blood specimens and dosing data were extracted from electronic health records."	( Effect of CYP3A5 and CYP3A4 Genetic Variants on Fentanyl Pharmacokinetics in a Pediatric Population. Breeyear, JH; Choi, L; Edwards, TL; Kannankeril, PJ; Van Driest, SL; Williams, ML, 2022)	1.89
" Therefore, the present study aimed to clarify the optimal fentanyl dosage and timing of administration for the anesthetic management during PVI."	( Proper use of fentanyl facilitates anesthesia during pulmonary vein isolation. Banba, K; Hasui, Y; Ii, N; Matsumoto, K; Tachibana, M; Takamatsu, S, 2022)	1.33
"9% saline (placebo) in combination with ketamine and rocuronium, according to a weight-based dosing schedule."	( Fentanyl versus placebo with ketamine and rocuronium for patients undergoing rapid sequence intubation in the emergency department: The FAKT study-A randomized clinical trial. Aneman, A; Burns, B; Buttfield, A; Ferguson, I; Harris, IA; Milligan, J; Reid, C; Shepherd, S, 2022)	2.16
" Regarding the rescue dosage of fentanyl, the results were comparable between the groups."	( A comparison of postoperative pain between transumbilical and suprapubic incision in laparoscopic liver resection. Adachi, T; Eguchi, S; Hara, T; Hidaka, M; Imamura, H; Matsuguma, K; Matsushima, H; Murakami, S; Natsuda, K; Soyama, A; Tanaka, T, 2022)	1
" Children with obesity are commonly prescribed the opioids fentanyl and methadone, and accurate dosing is critical to reducing the risk of serious adverse events associated with overexposure."	( Use of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling to inform dosing of the opioid analgesics fentanyl and methadone in children with obesity. Al-Uzri, A; Atz, AM; Carreño, FO; Delmore, P; Edginton, AN; Ford, JL; Gerhart, JG; Gonzalez, D; Muller, WJ; Perrin, EM; Watt, KM, 2022)	1.18
" Further studies with a larger sample size are needed to assess the ap-propriate dosing strategy for ketamine to produce adequate analgesia when used as a primary analgesic in mechanically ventilated patients."	( Impact of ketamine versus fentanyl continuous infusion on opioid use in patients admitted to a surgical-trauma intensive care unit. Kataria, V; Mooney, J; Nguyen, HL; Pazhani, Y; Ramos, A; Roth, J, )	0.43
" Serological profiling of patients was performed by dosing the serum concentration of nucleotide-binding domain (NOD) and leucine-rich repeat protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes, interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-10 before and two hours after the surgical procedure."	( The perioperative effect of anesthetic drugs on the immune response in total intravenous anesthesia in patients undergoing minimally invasive gynecological surgery. Boldeanu, L; Boldeanu, MV; Dijmărescu, AL; Manolea, MM; Mirea, CS; Neamţu, SD; Niculescu, M; Novac, MB; Radu, L; Rotaru, LT; Şerbănescu, MS; Vîlcea, AM, )	0.13
"Flexible take-home dosing buprenorphine/naloxone or supervised methadone models of care for 24 weeks."	( Impact of fentanyl use on initiation and discontinuation of methadone and buprenorphine/naloxone among people with prescription-type opioid use disorder: secondary analysis of a Canadian treatment trial. Bozinoff, N; Bruneau, J; Choi, JC; Hassan, A; Jutras-Aswad, D; Le Foll, B; Lim, R; Mok, WY; Rehm, J; Socias, ME; Wild, TC; Wood, E, 2022)	1.12
" The dosage of the active principle was measured using high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with ultraviolet detection."	( Impact of Ambient Temperature on 5 Emergency Drugs Aboard an Emergency Medical Car Over a 1-Year Period. Marson, C; Roschel, K; Schneider, S; Stammet, P; Welter, C, 2022)	0.72
" The primary outcome was the dosage of fentanyl-nefopam IV-PCA infused over 24 h postoperatively."	( Effect of remifentanil on post-operative analgesic consumption in patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty after interscalene brachial plexus block: a randomized controlled trial. Bae, H; Kim, JT; Kim, Y; Lim, YJ; Park, SK; Sakura, S; Yoo, S, 2022)	0.99
"The dosage of fentanyl-nefopam IV-PCA was significantly less in C group than R group for postoperative 24 h."	( Effect of remifentanil on post-operative analgesic consumption in patients undergoing shoulder arthroplasty after interscalene brachial plexus block: a randomized controlled trial. Bae, H; Kim, JT; Kim, Y; Lim, YJ; Park, SK; Sakura, S; Yoo, S, 2022)	1.08
" This study aims to describe tolerability and completion of LDI using intravenous (IV) buprenorphine and to define dosing protocols in a cohort of patients hospitalized in an urban academic hospital."	( Development of an intravenous low-dose buprenorphine initiation protocol. Bodnar, AR; Jablonski, LA; Stewart, RW, 2022)	0.72
" Cases were categorized based on adherence to a dosing strategy and LDI indication, including OUD and acute pain, non-prescribed fentanyl exposure, and transition from methadone."	( Development of an intravenous low-dose buprenorphine initiation protocol. Bodnar, AR; Jablonski, LA; Stewart, RW, 2022)	0.93
"4) for the "rapid," "moderate," and "slow" dosing strategies, respectively."	( Development of an intravenous low-dose buprenorphine initiation protocol. Bodnar, AR; Jablonski, LA; Stewart, RW, 2022)	0.72
" Dosing protocols allowed for rapid transition to sublingual buprenorphine."	( Development of an intravenous low-dose buprenorphine initiation protocol. Bodnar, AR; Jablonski, LA; Stewart, RW, 2022)	0.72
" Prior research has assessed the effectiveness of naloxone in the hospital setting; however, it is challenging to assess naloxone dosing regimens in the community/first-responder setting, including reversal of respiratory depression effects of fentanyl and its derivatives (fentanyls)."	( Development of a Translational Model to Assess the Impact of Opioid Overdose and Naloxone Dosing on Respiratory Depression and Cardiac Arrest. Ahmadi, SF; Bloom, S; Chaturbedi, A; Dahan, A; Eshleman, A; Florian, J; Han, X; Janowsky, A; Li, Z; Mann, J; Olofsen, E; Samieegohar, M; Strauss, DG; Swanson, T; Wolfrum, K; Zirkle, J, 2022)	0.9
"Medication errors include the indirect dosing of drugs."	( Accuracy of Spinal Anesthesia Drug Concentrations in Mixtures Prepared by Anesthetists. Heesen, M; Schwappach, D; Steuer, C; Wiedemeier, P, 2022)	0.72
" A need exists to adapt methadone dosing from opioid treatment programs (OTPs) in this era."	( Adapting methadone inductions to the fentanyl era. Buresh, M; Nahvi, S; Steiger, S; Weinstein, ZM, 2022)	0.99
"The scoping review identified 57 studies with most data available on their tolerability (68% local, 54% systemic), clinical effects (82%), details on dosage (96%) and routes of application (100%)."	( Subcutaneous Drugs and Off-label Use in Hospice and Palliative Care: A Scoping Review. Dürr, F; Jean-Petit-Matile, S; Kobleder, A; Meyer-Massetti, C; Wernli, U, 2022)	0.72
"Sedation and analgesia are recommended during targeted temperature management (TTM) after cardiac arrest, but there are few data to provide guidance on dosing to bedside clinicians."	( Cardiac Arrest Treatment Center Differences in Sedation and Analgesia Dosing During Targeted Temperature Management. Ceric, A; Cronberg, T; Dankiewicz, J; Friberg, H; Hassager, C; Haxhija, Z; Kjaergaard, J; Lybeck, A; May, TL; Nielsen, N; Riker, RR; Seder, DB, 2023)	0.91
" We also compared dosing with time to awakening, incidence of clinical seizures, and survival."	( Cardiac Arrest Treatment Center Differences in Sedation and Analgesia Dosing During Targeted Temperature Management. Ceric, A; Cronberg, T; Dankiewicz, J; Friberg, H; Hassager, C; Haxhija, Z; Kjaergaard, J; Lybeck, A; May, TL; Nielsen, N; Riker, RR; Seder, DB, 2023)	0.91
" There were associations between higher dosing at 48 h (p = 0."	( Cardiac Arrest Treatment Center Differences in Sedation and Analgesia Dosing During Targeted Temperature Management. Ceric, A; Cronberg, T; Dankiewicz, J; Friberg, H; Hassager, C; Haxhija, Z; Kjaergaard, J; Lybeck, A; May, TL; Nielsen, N; Riker, RR; Seder, DB, 2023)	0.91
" Sedation and analgesia dosing and titration were associated with delayed awakening, incidence of clinical seizures, and survival, but the causal relation of these findings cannot be proven."	( Cardiac Arrest Treatment Center Differences in Sedation and Analgesia Dosing During Targeted Temperature Management. Ceric, A; Cronberg, T; Dankiewicz, J; Friberg, H; Hassager, C; Haxhija, Z; Kjaergaard, J; Lybeck, A; May, TL; Nielsen, N; Riker, RR; Seder, DB, 2023)	0.91
" Specifically, in patients with chronic fentanyl or other drug exposures, some clinicians are using alternative buprenorphine induction strategies, such as quickly maximizing buprenorphine agonist effects (eg, macrodosing) or, conversely, giving smaller initial doses and slowing the rate of buprenorphine dosing to avoid antagonist/withdrawal effects (eg, microdosing)."	( A Neuropharmacological Model to Explain Buprenorphine Induction Challenges. Azar, P; Greenwald, MK; Herring, AA; Nelson, LS; Perrone, J, 2022)	0.99
" Complete fentanyl dose-response functions were determined during each session."	( A novel long-acting formulation of oral buprenorphine/naloxone produces prolonged decreases in fentanyl self-administration by rhesus monkeys. Comer, SD; Foltin, RW; Nagaraj, N; Scranton, RE; Sykes, KA; Zale, S, 2022)	1.34
" After Institutional Review Board approval and written informed consent, 75 ASA 1-3 adult patients undergoing major abdominal surgery, were randomized to NOL-guided fentanyl dosing (NOL) or standard care (SOC) and completed the study."	( Reduced postoperative pain in patients receiving nociception monitor guided analgesia during elective major abdominal surgery: a randomized, controlled trial. Freundlich, A; Fuica, R; Gozal, Y; Greenman, D; Krochek, C; Weissbrod, R, 2023)	1.11
" We found a large heterogeneity regarding sample size, age and gender distribution, inclusion criteria (different severity scores, if any) and ketamine dosing (bolus and/or continuous infusion)."	( Use of ketamine in patients with refractory severe asthma exacerbations: systematic review of prospective studies. Astuto, M; Brancati, S; Crimi, C; Cuttone, G; Dezio, V; Falcone, M; La Via, L; Sanfilippo, F, 2022)	0.72
" Future studies should investigate the appropriate dosage and route of administration of ketamine to be used while managing pain among children with acute and severe pain in the emergency department."	( The Effectiveness of Ketamine Compared to Opioid Analgesics for management of acute pain in Children in The Emergency Department: systematic Review. Alanazi, E, 2022)	0.72
" Demographic data, visual analog scale (VAS) and Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale (QBPDS) scores, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR), total dosage of fentanyl, satisfaction rate of anesthesia and complications were collected at different timepoints."	( Effect of intradiscal local anesthetic injection on intraoperative pain during percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy: A retrospective study. Duan, L; Kang, JY; Zhang, JH; Zhang, JY; Zhou, HC, 2023)	1.11
" Group L had a lower total dosage of fentanyl (71 [63, 78] μg) and a higher anesthesia satisfaction rate (95."	( Effect of intradiscal local anesthetic injection on intraoperative pain during percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy: A retrospective study. Duan, L; Kang, JY; Zhang, JH; Zhang, JY; Zhou, HC, 2023)	1.18
"Adjusting for covariates, both the total number of drug seizures and amount of cocaine seized (in dosage units per capita) positively predicted next-year opioid- and fentanyl-involved fatal overdose rates."	( Supply-side predictors of fatal drug overdose in the Washington/Baltimore HIDTA region: 2016-2020. Bates, R; Carr, T; Lowder, EM; Peppard, L; Zhou, W, 2022)	0.92
" These findings justify further study into the optimal dosing of fentanyl during RSI in pre-hospital and retrieval medicine."	( The effect of ketamine and fentanyl on haemodynamics during intubation in pre-hospital and retrieval medicine. Aneman, A; Bliss, J; Ferguson, IMC; Harris, IA; Miller, MR; Partyka, C, 2023)	1.45
" Data obtained from the electronic medical records included primary outcomes (visual analog scale [VAS] scores and anesthesia satisfaction rate) and secondary outcomes, including vital signs such as heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), total dosage of fentanyl, operation time, X-ray exposure time, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores, and complications."	( Analgesic effect of epidural anesthesia via the intervertebral foramen approach in percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy: a retrospective study. Cai, Z; Kang, J; Liu, Y; Nie, C; Wang, X; Zhang, J; Zhou, H, 2022)	0.9
" Future studies should evaluate the optimal methadone dosing and overlap time to prevent opioid IWS."	( Characterization of early versus late opioid iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome in critically ill children transitioning from fentanyl -infusions to methadone. Gupta, N; Hintze, TD; Johnson, PN; Lim, SY; Miller, JL; Neely, SB, )	0.34
" Nasal and oromucosal fentanyl dosage forms are so called immediate release fentanyl (IRF)."	( Immediate release fentanyl in general practices: Mostly off-label prescribing. Bouvy, ML; Hek, K; van Dijk, L; Weesie, YM, 2023)	1.56
" Thirty-five patients were assigned to NOL-guided analgesic dosing and 37 to routine care."	( Nociception Level Index-Guided Intraoperative Analgesia for Improved Postoperative Recovery: A Randomized Trial. Bakal, O; Essber, H; Han, Y; Keebler, A; Mascha, EJ; Montalvo, M; Ramachandran, M; Rössler, J; Ruetzler, K; Sessler, DI; Turan, A, 2023)	0.91
" We used whole-body plethysmography to first establish dose-response curves by recording breathing for 60 minutes post-intravenous opioid injection."	( Heroin- and Fentanyl-Induced Respiratory Depression in a Rat Plethysmography Model: Potency, Tolerance, and Sex Differences. Carlson, ER; Frye, EV; Hampson, A; Hastings, LE; Koob, GF; Lewis, SJ; Marchette, RCN; Mejias-Torres, G; Vendruscolo, JCM; Vendruscolo, LF; Volkow, ND, 2023)	1.29
" While low dosing is thought to be a factor limiting naloxone's efficacy, the timing between fentanyl exposure and initiation of naloxone treatment may be another important factor."	( The pattern of brain oxygen response induced by intravenous fentanyl limits the time window of therapeutic efficacy of naloxone. Curay, CM; Irwin, MR; Kiyatkin, EA, 2023)	1.37
" During the dose-response test, females given limited access to fentanyl demonstrated increased motivation to acquire fentanyl compared to males."	( Chronic inflammatory pain promotes place preference for fentanyl in male rats but does not change fentanyl self-administration in male and female rats. Barattini, AE; Edwards, KN; Edwards, S; Gilpin, NW; Montanari, C; Pahng, AR, 2023)	1.4
" We conducted the Kruskal-Wallis H test to evaluate for medication dosing or maximum pain score differences among groups."	( The association of patient age, race, and demographic features on reported pain and sedation dosing during procedural abortion: A retrospective cohort study. Howard, M; Lee, J; Makar, E; Pace, L, 2023)	0.91
" We found no difference in fentanyl or midazolam dosing by age."	( The association of patient age, race, and demographic features on reported pain and sedation dosing during procedural abortion: A retrospective cohort study. Howard, M; Lee, J; Makar, E; Pace, L, 2023)	1.21
" Multiple demographic and psychosocial factors, as well as perhaps provider bias, play into both a patient's perception of pain and the dosage of fentanyl and midazolam they receive during abortion procedures."	( The association of patient age, race, and demographic features on reported pain and sedation dosing during procedural abortion: A retrospective cohort study. Howard, M; Lee, J; Makar, E; Pace, L, 2023)	1.11
" The total propofol and fentanyl dosage requirements, a number of patients who required propofol and fentanyl, side effects, and satisfaction were not different between the groups."	( Popliteal sciatic nerve block for high-risk patients undergoing lower limb angioplasty: A prospective double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Jirativanont, T; Noikham, A; Pongraweewan, O; Puangpunngam, N; Suphathamwit, A; Tivirach, W, 2023)	1.22
" Moreover, OPRM1 A118G wild type gene A was found to be a risk factor for increased dosage of fentanyl in the PACU."	( Is OPRM1 genotype a valuable predictor of VAS in patients undergoing laparoscopic radical resection of colorectal cancer with fentanyl? Cao, L; Gao, Y; Guo, W; Huang, J; Li, Y; Pan, B; Wang, B; Yang, Y; Zhou, Y, 2023)	1.34
" Moreover, it is a risk factor for increased dosage of fentanyl in the PACU."	( Is OPRM1 genotype a valuable predictor of VAS in patients undergoing laparoscopic radical resection of colorectal cancer with fentanyl? Cao, L; Gao, Y; Guo, W; Huang, J; Li, Y; Pan, B; Wang, B; Yang, Y; Zhou, Y, 2023)	1.36
" The objective of this systematic review is to identify and present studies comparing low-dose ketamine to opioids when combined with propofol for procedural sedation in the ED and to describe the dosing regimen, observed efficacy, and side effects."	( Low-dose ketamine or opioids combined with propofol for procedural sedation in the emergency department: a systematic review. De Vries, LJ; Lameijer, H; Van Roon, EN; Veeger, NJGM, 2023)	0.91
" Both exposures were also associated with a reduced probability and reduced total dosage of opioid administration in the PACU."	( Association of Intraoperative Opioid Administration With Postoperative Pain and Opioid Use. Balanza, G; Bharadwaj, KM; Bittner, EA; Das, P; Deng, H; Gutierrez, R; Horgan, C; Houle, TT; Johnson, JJ; Liu, R; Macdonald, T; Pandit, A; Purdon, PL; Santa Cruz Mercado, LA; Stone, TAD; Tou, SLJ, 2023)	0.91
" The analgesic efficacy of pH-dependent opioids has not been studied during the evolution of inflammation, where fluctuating tissue pH and repeated therapeutic dosing could influence analgesia and side effects."	( Evolving acidic microenvironments during colitis provide selective analgesic targets for a pH-sensitive opioid. Alizadeh, E; Bunnett, NW; Degro, CE; Guzman-Rodriguez, M; Hurlbut, D; Jiménez-Vargas, NN; Lomax, AE; Reed, DE; Stein, C; Tsang, Q; Vanner, SJ; Yu, Y, 2023)	0.91
" Variation exists in the recommended agent and dosing strategies."	( Evaluation of Nonintubated Analgesia Practices in Critical Care Transport. Bondurant, M; Esteves, AM; Gilchrist, HE; Markwood, JM; Roginski, MA, )	0.13
" A low dosage continuous propofol infusion provides patients with profound anxiolysis and relaxation while maintaining wakefulness."	( A Review of Novel Anesthetic Technique for Vitreoretinal Surgery. Dodson, S; Todorich, B; Wang, R, 2023)	0.91
"The salivary TDM of fentanyl in newborns can be useful in newborns exposed to intrauterine exposure from parturient females dosed with epidural fentanyl."	( Evaluating the Pharmacokinetics of Fentanyl in the Brain Extracellular Fluid, Saliva, Urine, and Plasma of Newborns from Transplacental Exposure from Parturient Mothers Dosed with Epidural Fentanyl Utilizing PBPK Modeling. Alsmadi, MM, 2023)	1.51
"In this cohort study of patients admitted to the ED with confirmed opioid overdose testing positive for NPOs, in-hospital naloxone dosing was high compared with patients who tested positive for fentanyl alone."	( Naloxone Use in Novel Potent Opioid and Fentanyl Overdoses in Emergency Department Patients. Abston, S; Aldy, K; Amaducci, A; Brent, J; Campleman, SL; Culbreth, RE; Krotulski, A; Li, S; Logan, B; Manini, AF; Meyn, A; Wax, P, 2023)	1.37
"The aim of this study is to assess the current situation in out of hospital pain management in Germany regarding the substances, indications, dosage and the delegation of the use of analgesics to emergency medical service (EMS) staff."	( Application of analgesics in emergency services in Germany: a survey of the medical directors. Scharonow, M; Scharonow, O; Vilcane, S; Weilbach, C, 2023)	0.91
" However, current US Food and Drug Administration buprenorphine dosing guidelines are based on studies among people using heroin, prior to the emergence of fentanyl in the illicit drug supply."	( Buprenorphine Dose and Time to Discontinuation Among Patients With Opioid Use Disorder in the Era of Fentanyl. Beaudoin, FL; Berk, J; Chambers, LC; Gaither, R; Hallowell, BD; Hampson, AJ; Paiva, TJ; Wightman, RS; Zullo, AR, 2023)	1.32
" However, patients frequently face a dose limit of 16 or 24 mg/d based on dosing guidelines on the Food and Drug Administration's package label."	( Evidence on Buprenorphine Dose Limits: A Review. Cundiff, D; Grande, LA; Greenwald, MK; Martin, SA; Murray, M; Wright, TE, )	0.13
" An update to the buprenorphine package label with recommended dosing up to 32 mg/d and elimination of the 16 mg/d target dose would improve treatment effectiveness and save lives."	( Evidence on Buprenorphine Dose Limits: A Review. Cundiff, D; Grande, LA; Greenwald, MK; Martin, SA; Murray, M; Wright, TE, )	0.13
" However, published regimens vary in duration, dosage forms used, and timing of full opioid agonist discontinuation."	( Survey of Buprenorphine Low-dose Regimens Used by Healthcare Institutions. Grable, S; Hardy, M; Otley, R; Pershing, M, )	0.13
" Appropriate dosing will be determined based on the participant's gestational age."	( Intravenous acetaminophen for postoperative pain in the neonatal intensive care unit: A protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial (IVA POP). Archer, VA; Braga, LH; Briatico, D; Farrokyhar, F; Samiee-Zafarghandy, S; Walton, JM, 2023)	0.91