Compounds > carvedilol
Page last updated: 2024-11-04

carvedilol

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Carvedilol is a nonselective beta blocker with vasodilating properties. It is used to treat hypertension and heart failure. Carvedilol is synthesized through a multi-step process involving reactions like alkylation, condensation, and cyclization. It acts by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart and blood vessels, which reduces heart rate, blood pressure, and myocardial oxygen demand. Carvedilol's vasodilating effect is attributed to its ability to block alpha1-adrenergic receptors, leading to smooth muscle relaxation. The importance of carvedilol lies in its efficacy in treating both hypertension and heart failure, and its favorable side effect profile compared to other beta-blockers. Carvedilol is studied extensively to understand its mechanisms of action, optimize its therapeutic benefits, and explore its potential applications in other cardiovascular diseases.'

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID2585
CHEMBL ID723
CHEBI ID3441
SCHEMBL ID22293
SCHEMBL ID10082334
SCHEMBL ID13287211
MeSH IDM0127291

Synonyms (182)

Synonym
AC-1641
CHEBI:3441 ,
carvedilolum
1-(9h-carbazol-4-yloxy)-3-{[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propan-2-ol
AKOS005554967
HMS3269N11
HMS3393N03
BRD-A10977446-001-04-8
BRD-A10977446-045-01-1
gtpl551
artist
kredex
dibloc
dilatrend
dq-2466
dimitone
eg-p042
eucardic
coropress
sk&f-105517
querto
1-(9h-carbazol-4-yloxy)-3-[(2-{[2-(methyloxy)phenyl]oxy}ethyl)amino]propan-2-ol
dq 2466
bm-14190
bm 14190
SPECTRUM_001665
coreg
2-propanol, 1-(9h-carbazol-4-yloxy)-3-((2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl)amino)-, (+-)-
hsdb 7044
(+-)-1-(carbazol-4-yloxy)-3-((2-(o-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl)amino)-2-propanol
carvedilolum [latin]
skf 105517
SPECTRUM5_001436
bdbm25759
chembl723 ,
[3-(9h-carbazol-4-yloxy)-2-hydroxypropyl][2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amine
MLS001424092
C06875
CARVEDILOL ,
72956-09-3
smr000449280
MLS000759508
MLS000758299
DB01136
D00255
artist (tn)
coreg (tn)
carvedilol (jp17/usp/inn)
KBIO2_004713
KBIO2_007281
KBIOGR_001252
KBIO3_002323
KBIO2_002145
KBIOSS_002145
SPECTRUM3_001182
SPECTRUM2_001673
SPBIO_001885
SPECTRUM4_000636
NCGC00167832-02
NCGC00167832-01
HMS2089B09
HMS2051N03
HMS2093E12
C2260
1-(9h-carbazol-4-yloxy)-3-[[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino]-2-propanol
NCGC00167832-03
bm 14.190
skf-105517
bm-14-190
c07ag02
bm-14.190
talliton
nsc-758694
korvasan
coronis
L001243
FT-0652640
FT-0664397
1-(9h-carbazol-4-yloxy)-3-[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]propan-2-ol
STK621453
HMS3261E15
0k47ul67f2 ,
carvedilol [usan:usp:inn:ban:jan]
unii-0k47ul67f2
nsc 758694
nsc758694
pharmakon1600-01504257
BCP9000493
CCG-100917
HY-B0006
CS-1194
BCP0726000253
carvedilol-methyl-d3
FT-0603057
FT-0603055
NCGC00167832-04
LP00347
S1831
carvedilol [usan]
carvedilol [mart.]
carvedilol [ep monograph]
1-(carbazol-4-yloxy)-3-((2-(o-methoxy-phenoxy)ethyl)amino)-2-propanol
2-propanol, 1-(9h-carbazol-4-yloxy)-3-((2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl)amino)-, (+/-)-
carvedilol [who-dd]
(+/-)-1-carbazol-4-yloxy)-3-((2-(o-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl)amino)-2-propanol
carvedilol [mi]
carvedilol [orange book]
carvedilol [hsdb]
carvedilol [inn]
carvedilol [jan]
carvedilol [usp monograph]
carvedilol [vandf]
carvedilol [usp-rs]
CCG-207952
AB00639903-07
OGHNVEJMJSYVRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
1-(9h-carbazol-4-yloxy)-3-[2-(2-methoxy-phenoxy)-ethylamino]-propan-2-ol
NC00167
BBL029064
SCHEMBL22293
KS-1037
AB00639903-09
tox21_500347
NCGC00261032-01
1-((9h-carbazol-4-yl)oxy)-3-((2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl)amino)propan-2-ol
SCHEMBL10082334
MLS006011886
Q-200801
SCHEMBL13287211
AB00639903_11
AB00639903_10
AB00639903_12
mfcd00864692
DTXSID8022747 ,
carvedilol, >=98% (hplc), solid
SR-01000759289-5
SR-01000759289-6
sr-01000759289
SR-01000759289-9
carvedilol, united states pharmacopeia (usp) reference standard
HMS3655O14
carvedilol, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
carvedilol for system suitability, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
carvedilol, pharmaceutical secondary standard; certified reference material
carvedilol 1.0 mg/ml in methanol
SBI-0206771.P001
HMS3715D15
SW197547-3
Q412534
SY129821
F19969
HMS3677B14
107741-96-8
BCP23386
HMS3413B14
ethyl 2-(9-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-9h-fluoren-9-yl)acetate
BRD-A10977446-001-05-5
1-(9h-carbazol-4-yloxy)-3-(2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethylamino)propan-2-ol
EX-A5746
SB17441
SDCCGSBI-0206771.P002
HMS3884E12
NCGC00167832-19
AMY40801
HMS3750I15
bm14190
SY283162
mfcd00869664
BC164291
carvedilol - bio-x
(+/-)-carvedilol-d4
carvedilol (ep monograph)
carvedilol (usp-rs)
carvedilolum (latin)
carvedilol (usan:usp:inn:ban:jan)
carvedilol (usp monograph)
carvedilolo
carvedilol (mart.)
(2rs)-1-(9h-carbazol-4-yloxy)-3-((2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl)amino)propan-2-ol
dtxcid602747
1-(9h-carbazol-4-yloxy)-3-((2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl)amino)propan-2-ol
Z1515383337

Research Excerpts

Overview

Carvedilol (CAR) is a widely studied, beta and alpha-1 blocker, antihypertensive drug due to its poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability (25-35%) It is a nonspecific β-blocker clinically used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases but has also been shown to have profound effects on excitation-contraction coupling and Ca signaling.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Carvedilol is a uniquely effective drug for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias in patients with heart failure. "( Novel carvedilol analogues that suppress store-overload-induced Ca2+ release.
Back, TG; Chen, SR; Smith, CD; Vembaiyan, K; Wang, A; Wu, G; Xie, C; Zhang, J; Zhou, Q, 2013)		2.31
"Carvedilol (CAR) is a strategic beta-blocker agent which its application has been limited by its very low water solubility. "( Design of ultra-fine carvedilol nanococrystals: Development of a safe and stable injectable formulation.
Hadidi, M; Iman Ghetmiri, S; Mohammady, M; Yousefi, G, 2021)		2.38
"Carvedilol (CAR) is a widely studied, beta and alpha-1 blocker, antihypertensive drug due to its poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability (25-35%). "( Mixed micelles formulation for carvedilol delivery: In-vitro characterization and in-vivo evaluation.
Arslan, FB; Çalış, S; Öztürk, K; Öztürk, SC, 2022)		2.45
"Carvedilol is a nonspecific β-blocker clinically used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases but has also been shown to have profound effects on excitation-contraction coupling and Ca signaling at the cellular level. "( Mechanism of carvedilol induced action potential and calcium alternans.
Blatter, LA; Kanaporis, G; Martinez-Hernandez, E, 2022)		2.53
"Carvedilol is a commonly used antihypertensive whose oral absorption is limited by low solubility and significant first-pass metabolism. "( Chemometric optimization of salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) combined with LC-MS/MS for the analysis of carvedilol enantiomers in human plasma: Application to clinical pharmacokinetics.
de Gaitani, C; de Moraes, N; Dos Santos, J; Kemp, R; Moreira da Silva, R; Pavan, M; Salgado Junior, W; Sankarankutty, A; Yamamoto, P, 2022)		2.37
"Carvedilol is an adrenergic receptor antagonist with pronouncedantioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity."( Carvedilol attenuates brain damage in mice with hepatic encephalopathy.
Amirshahrokhi, K; Niapour, A, 2022)		2.89
"Carvedilol is a nonselective β & α1 blocker with additional effects as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuro protective properties."( Neuroprotective repositioning and anti-tau effect of carvedilol on rotenone induced neurotoxicity in rats: Insights from an insilico& in vivo anti-Parkinson's disease study.
Ahmed, HI; Albohy, A; Azab, SS; Kamal, RE; Menze, E, 2022)		1.69
"Carvedilol is a non-selective beta-blocker (NSBB) acting on hyperdynamic circulation/splanchnic vasodilation and on intrahepatic resistance."( Carvedilol as the new non-selective beta-blocker of choice in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension.
La Mura, V; Reiberger, T; Turco, L; Vitale, G, 2023)		3.07
"Carvedilol is an adrenergic receptor antagonist."( Remyelinating activities of Carvedilol or alpha lipoic acid in the Cuprizone-Induced rat model of demyelination.
Ahmed, KA; Ibrahim Fouad, G, 2023)		1.93
"Carvedilol (CAR) is a third-generation β-adrenergic receptor antagonist with an α1-blocking effect."( Repurposing of carvedilol to alleviate bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rats: Repressing of TGF-β1/α-SMA/Smad2/3 and STAT3 gene expressions.
Abbas, NAT; Abdelmageed, AF; Afifi, R; Hassan, HA; Mohammed, HO; Nafea, OE; Samy, W, 2023)		1.98
"Carvedilol is a poorly water-soluble drug employed to treat chronic heart failure. "( Synthesis and Characterization of Carvedilol-Etched Halloysite Nanotubes Composites with Enhanced Drug Solubility and Dissolution Rate.
Bruni, G; Capsoni, D; Conti, DM; Ferrara, C; Friuli, V; Maggi, L; Urru, C, 2023)		2.63
"Carvedilol is a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist primarily metabolized by cytochromes P450 (CYP) 2D6. "( Population Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Carvedilol to Evaluate the Effect of Cytochrome P450 2D6 Genotype on the Heart Rate Reduction.
Chung, JY; Hwang, S; Lee, S; Yoon, J, 2023)		2.6
"Carvedilol is a poorly water-soluble drug used to treat cardiovascular problems; it is commercialized in several countries only as solid oral formulations, which are often manipulated at the point of administration to treat pediatric or geriatric patients."( Flexible New Dosage Forms Containing Carvedilol for the Treatment of Patients with Cardiovascular Disorders: Development, Stability, Palatability, and Microbiological Studies.
Leonardi, D; Maggio, R; Operto, MA; Vignaduzzo, S, 2023)		1.9
"Carvedilol is a widely used beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist for multiple cardiovascular indications; however, it may induce cholestasis in patients, but the mechanism for this effect is unclear. "( Carvedilol impairs bile acid homeostasis in mice: implication for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
Alaei Faradonbeh, F; Bayer, RL; Dohnalkova, E; Dusek, J; Faistova, H; Hirsova, P; Hroch, M; Hyspler, R; Kucera, O; Lastuvkova, H; Micuda, S; Mokry, J; Nova, Z; Pavek, P; Schreiberova, J; Stefela, A, 2023)		3.8
"Carvedilol is a nonselective beta-blocker used to reduce portal hypertension. "( Carvedilol Inhibits Angiotensin II-Induced Proliferation and Contraction in Hepatic Stellate Cells through the RhoA/Rho-Kinase Pathway.
Li, Z; Wang, S; Wu, Y; Xiu, A; Zhang, C, 2019)		3.4
"Carvedilol is an FDA-approved β-blocker commonly used for treatment of high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, and cardiac tachyarrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation. "( Effect of carvedilol on atrial excitation-contraction coupling, Ca
Blatter, LA; Martinez-Hernandez, E, 2020)		2.4
"Carvedilol is a third-generation β-adrenoceptor antagonist, which also stimulates β-arrestins. "( Metabolic effects of carvedilol through β-arrestin proteins: investigations in a streptozotocin-induced diabetes rat model and in C2C12 myoblasts.
Güven, B; Kara, Z; Onay-Beşikci, A, 2020)		2.32
"Carvedilol acts as a biased ligand to promote β1AR coupling to a Gi-PI3K-Akt-nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) cascade and induces robust β1AR-cGMP-PKG signal."( Carvedilol induces biased β1 adrenergic receptor-nitric oxide synthase 3-cyclic guanylyl monophosphate signalling to promote cardiac contractility.
Barbagallo, F; Deng, B; Liu, Y; Reddy, GR; Shi, Q; Wang, Q; Wang, Y; Wei, W; West, TM; Xiang, YK; Xu, B, 2021)		2.79
"Carvedilol is a β-blocker used in the management of cardiovascular disorders, anxiety, migraine and chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity."( Carvedilol blocks neural regulation of breast cancer progression in vivo and is associated with reduced breast cancer mortality in patients.
Andreassen, BK; Baker, JG; Botteri, E; Chang, A; Chung, NC; Gillis, RD; Halls, ML; Pon, CK; Shackleford, DM; Sloan, EK; Ziegler, AI, 2021)		2.79
"Carvedilol (CAR) is a non-selective α and β blocker categorized as class II drug with low water solubility. "( Dual Activity of Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin and Water-Soluble Carriers on the Solubility of Carvedilol.
Geng, T; Wang, B; Zoghbi, A, 2017)		2.12
"Carvedilol is an effective additional therapy for the patients with chronic heart failure already receiving Amiodarone."( THE SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF AMIODARONE AND CARVEDILOL COMBINATION IN TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH SEVERE CARDIAC RHYTHM DISORDERS.
Khintibidze, I; Tsetskhladze, E, 2017)		1.44
"Carvedilol is a β-blocker used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure."( Carvedilol abrogates hypoxia-induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in microglial BV2 cells.
Fu, Z; Gao, X; Wu, B; Xu, G; Zhang, Z, 2017)		2.62
"Carvedilol is a rising nonselective beta-blocker used for reducing portal pressure with favorable outcome."( Efficacy of carvedilol versus propranolol versus variceal band ligation for primary prevention of variceal bleeding.
Abd ElRahim, AY; Elsharkawy, A; Fathalah, W; Fouad, R; Khairy, M; Khatamish, H; Khorshid, O; Moussa, M; Seyam, M, 2018)		1.58
"Carvedilol is a good pharmaceutical alternative medicine to propranolol with lesser side-effects."( Efficacy of carvedilol versus propranolol versus variceal band ligation for primary prevention of variceal bleeding.
Abd ElRahim, AY; Elsharkawy, A; Fathalah, W; Fouad, R; Khairy, M; Khatamish, H; Khorshid, O; Moussa, M; Seyam, M, 2018)		1.58
"Carvedilol is a non-selective, third-generation beta-blocker and is one of the cornerstones for treatment for patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). "( Assessment of clinical effect and treatment quality of immediate-release carvedilol-IR versus SLOW release carvedilol-SR in Heart Failure patients (SLOW-HF): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
Choi, DJ; Hong, SJ; Hong, SK; Jeon, ES; Kang, SM; Kim, EJ; Kim, JJ; Kim, MA; Kim, SY; Lee, HY; Park, CS; Park, DG; Park, JJ; Shin, JH; Yoo, BS, 2018)		2.16
"Carvedilol is a non-selective β-adrenoreceptor antagonist and exhibits a wide range of biological activities. "( Characterization and molecular basis for the block of Kv1.3 channels induced by carvedilol in HEK293 cells.
Cheng, N; Li, XT; Liu, XM; Ren, S; Yang, JF, 2018)		2.15
"Carvedilol is a clinically effective β-blocker broadly used for treating congestive heart failure (CHF), and several clinical trials have demonstrated that it shows a favourable effect compared with other β-blockers in patients with CHF. "( Inhibition of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels by β-blocker carvedilol.
Cao, Y; Chen, S; Liang, Y; Liu, S; Pang, J; Wu, T; Zhou, P, 2018)		2.15
"Carvedilol is a negative gating modulator of HCN channels. "( Inhibition of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels by β-blocker carvedilol.
Cao, Y; Chen, S; Liang, Y; Liu, S; Pang, J; Wu, T; Zhou, P, 2018)		2.15
"Carvedilol (CVL) is an α-, β-blocker used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure; however, some benefits beyond decreased blood pressure were observed clinically, suggesting the potential anti-inflammatory activity of CVL."( Repositioning of the β-Blocker Carvedilol as a Novel Autophagy Inducer That Inhibits the NLRP3 Inflammasome.
Chen, A; Cheng, CC; Cheng, SM; Hua, KF; Li, LH; Lin, WY; Rao, YK; Wong, WT; Yang, SP, 2018)		1.49
"Carvedilol is a non-selective beta-blocker with additional intrinsic alpha"( Carvedilol versus traditional, non-selective beta-blockers for adults with cirrhosis and gastroesophageal varices.
Bendtsen, F; Gluud, LL; Hobolth, L; Jeyaraj, R; Morgan, MY; Zacharias, AP, 2018)		2.64
"Carvedilol (CAR) is a β-blocker used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure."( Carvedilol (CAR) combined with carnosic acid (CAA) attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by suppressing excessive oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy.
Yang, JJ; Zhang, HS; Zhang, QL, 2019)		2.68
"Carvedilol is an antioxidant that decreases inflammation in periodontitis. "( Anti-inflammatory potential of a carvedilol gel in the pulpal tissue of rats after dental bleaching: A histopathological evaluation.
Benetti, F; Briso, ALF; Cintra, LTA; de Castilho Jacinto, R; Dezan-Júnior, E; Louzada, LM; Vieira, LB, 2019)		2.24
"Carvedilol is a first‑line pharmacological treatment of PHT."( Carvedilol improves liver cirrhosis in rats by inhibiting hepatic stellate cell activation, proliferation, invasion and collagen synthesis.
Li, G; Li, Z; Ling, L; Meng, D; Wang, G; Zhang, C, 2019)		2.68
"Carvedilol is a nonselective-blocking agent and is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris."( Bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic evaluation of two tablet formulations of carvedilol 25-mg: a single-dose, randomized-sequence, open-label, two-way crossover study in healthy Chinese male volunteers.
Chen, Q; Jia, JY; Liu, GY; Liu, Y; Lu, C; Lu, XP; Wang, W; Yu, C; Zhang, MQ, 2013)		2.06
"Carvedilol is a β-blocker used as a multifunctional neurohormonal antagonist that has been shown to act not only as an anti-oxidant but also as an anti-inflammatory drug."( Carvedilol decrease IL-1β and TNF-α, inhibits MMP-2, MMP-9, COX-2, and RANKL expression, and up-regulates OPG in a rat model of periodontitis.
de Araújo Júnior, RF; de Araújo, AA; de Lucena, HF; de Medeiros, CA; de Souza, LB; do Socorro Costa Feitosa Alves, M; Freitas, Mde L; Souza, TO, 2013)		2.55
"Carvedilol is a non-selective β blocker with alpha-1 adrenergic blocker activity."( Carvedilol vs. esophageal variceal band ligation in the primary prophylaxis of variceal hemorrhage: a multicentre randomized controlled trial.
Abid, S; Azam, Z; Hamid, S; Ismail, FW; Jafri, W; Khalid, A; Munir, SM; Parkash, O; Rauf, J; Shah, HA; Subhan, A, 2014)		2.57
"Carvedilol is a nonselective beta-blocker with a mild anti-alfa-1-adrenergic activity."( Systematic review with meta-analysis: the haemodynamic effects of carvedilol compared with propranolol for portal hypertension in cirrhosis.
D'Amico, G; D'Amico, M; Perricone, G; Sinagra, E; Tinè, F, 2014)		1.36
"Carvedilol is a non-selective β-adrenergic blocker with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and multiple cationic channel blocking properties."( Carvedilol for prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis.
Wang, HS; Wang, ZW; Yin, ZT, 2014)		2.57
"Carvedilol is a vasodilating non-selective β-blocker with alpha-1 receptor and calcium channel antagonism."( Multicentre randomised controlled study comparing carvedilol with variceal band ligation in the prevention of variceal rebleeding.
Dickson, S; Forrest, EH; Gaya, DR; Hayes, PC; Leithead, JA; MacBeth, K; Mills, PR; Smith, L; Stanley, AJ; Suzuki, H; Tripathi, D; Young, D, 2014)		1.38
"Carvedilol is a novel β-adrenoreceptor blocker, with antioxidant properties inhibiting lipid peroxidation and preventing the depletion of endogenous antioxidants. "( Antiapoptotic and antioxidant effects of carvedilol and vitamin E protect against diabetic nephropathy and cardiomyopathy in diabetic Wistar albino rats.
Abdel-Raheem, MH; Al-Rifaay, A; Hasan-Ali, H; Mosad, E; Salama, HS; Salim, SU, 2015)		2.13
"Carvedilol is an anti-hypertensive agent capable of blocking both alph (α) and beta (β) receptors used to preclude cardiac arrhythmias and angina. "( Assessment of sex differences in Pharmacokinetics of carvedilol in human.
Abbas, M; Khan, AM; Nawaz, HA; Riffat, S; Tipu, MY; Usman, M, 2014)		2.09
"Carvedilol is a third-generation β-blocker indicated for congestive heart failure and high blood pressure. "( Dose proportionality and pharmacokinetics of carvedilol sustained-release formulation: a single dose-ascending 10-sequence incomplete block study.
Bae, KS; Choi, HY; Kim, C; Kim, YH; Lee, SH; Lim, HS; Noh, YH, 2015)		2.12
"Carvedilol (CRV) is an antihypertensive drug with both alpha and beta receptor blocking activity used to preclude angina and cardiac arrhythmias. "( Niosomal carriers enhance oral bioavailability of carvedilol: effects of bile salt-enriched vesicles and carrier surface charge.
Arzani, G; Bakhtiari-Kaboutaraki, H; Dadashzadeh, S; Daeihamed, M; Haeri, A, 2015)		2.11
"Carvedilol is an antihypertensive drug with non-selective blockade (moderate selectivity for β1 and β2 adrenoceptors) and vasodilating properties due to α receptor blockade. "( Evaluation and correlation of the physicochemical properties of carvedilol.
Alves, JM; Prado, LD; Rocha, HV, 2016)		2.12
"Carvedilol (CAR) is a potent antihypertensive drug but has poor oral bioavailability (24%). "( Preparation, optimization, and in vitro simulated inhalation delivery of carvedilol nanoparticles loaded on a coarse carrier intended for pulmonary administration.
Abdelbary, AA; Abdelrahim, ME; Al-mahallawi, AM; Ali, AM, 2015)		2.09
"Carvedilol functions as a nonselective β-adrenergic receptor (AR)/α1-AR antagonist that is used for treatment of hypertension and heart failure. "( Carvedilol binding to β2-adrenergic receptors inhibits CFTR-dependent anion secretion in airway epithelial cells.
Maniak, PJ; O'Grady, SM; Peitzman, ER; Zaidman, NA, 2016)		3.32
"Carvedilol is a drug widely used in the treatment of heart failure and associated cardiac arrhythmias. "( Suppression of store overload-induced calcium release by hydroxylated metabolites of carvedilol.
Back, TG; Chen, SR; Malig, T; Xiao, Z, 2016)		2.1
"Carvedilol is an antihypertensive drug, which is available in clinical practice as a racemic mixture. "( Chiral analysis of carvedilol and its metabolites hydroxyphenyl carvedilol and O-desmethyl carvedilol in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Application to a clinical pharmacokinetic study.
Coelho, EB; Lanchote, VL; Marques, MP; Nardotto, GHB, 2016)		2.21
"Carvedilol (CAR) is a poorly water-soluble beta-blocker. "( Novel carvedilol paediatric nanomicelle formulation: in-vitro characterization and in-vivo evaluation.
Bernabeu, E; Bertera, FM; Buontempo, F; Cagel, M; Chiappetta, DA; Höcht, C; Moretton, MA; Parola, L; Taira, CA; Wegmann, M, 2017)		2.38
"Carvedilol is a nonselective beta and alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that has been shown to possess powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties."( Carvedilol attenuates paraquat-induced lung injury by inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokine MCP-1, NF-κB activation and oxidative stress mediators.
Amirshahrokhi, K; Khalili, AR, 2016)		2.6
"Carvedilol is a nonselective third generation β-blocker that does not display the negative effects of traditional β-blockers. "( Role of antioxidant property of carvedilol in mild to moderate hypertensive patients: A prospective open-label study.
Assareh, AR; Ayashi, S; Jalali, MT; Olapour, S; Yaghooti, H, )		1.86
"Carvedilol is a drug of choice in treatment of portal hypertension. "( Antifibrotic Effects of Carvedilol and Impact of Liver Fibrosis on Carvedilol Pharmacokinetics in a Rat model.
Abdel-Sattar, SA; El-Bakly, WM; El-Demerdash, E; Mohamed, EA, 2017)		2.2
"Carvedilol is a drug used to treat heart failure, hypertension, and coronary artery diseases . "( Carvedilol-loaded nanocapsules: Mucoadhesive properties and permeability across the sublingual mucosa.
Beck, RC; Chaves, PD; Frank, LA; Guterres, SS; Ourique, AF; Pohlmann, AR, 2017)		3.34
"Carvedilol is an antihypertensive drug, has also been appreciated for its antioxidant and mitoprotective properties."( Carvedilol prevents functional deficits in peripheral nerve mitochondria of rats with oxaliplatin-evoked painful peripheral neuropathy.
Areti, A; Komirishetty, P; Kumar, A, 2017)		2.62
"Carvedilol (CV) is an antagonist of alpha1 and beta1,beta2 membrane adrenoceptors and also a modulator of cardiac electrophysiological properties. "( HPLC analysis, isolation and identification of a new degradation product in carvedilol tablets.
Antoniadou-Vyza, E; Galanopoulou, O; Rozou, S, 2008)		2.02
"Carvedilol is a non-selective beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist that is also an antagonist at the alpha(1)-adrenoreceptor. "( Carvedilol overdose with quantitative confirmation.
Bouchard, NC; Forde, J; Hoffman, RS, 2008)		3.23
"Carvedilol is a non-selective beta-blocker which, besides its neuroprotective and vasculoprotective properties, has cardioprotective and antioxidant effects."( Carvedilol as a protector against the cardiotoxicity induced by anthracyclines (doxorubicin).
Cabral, A; Gonçalves, L; Machado, V; Monteiro, P; Providência, LA, 2008)		2.51
"Carvedilol is a beta(1)- and beta(2)-adrenergic receptor antagonist with additional vasodilatory alpha(1)-blocking properties. "( Role of carvedilol controlled-release in cardiovascular disease.
Fonarow, GC, 2009)		2.23
"Carvedilol is an option for primary prophylaxis in patients with high-risk esophageal varices."( Randomized controlled trial of carvedilol versus variceal band ligation for the prevention of the first variceal bleed.
Ferguson, JW; Forrest, EH; Hayes, PC; Hislop, WS; Kochar, N; Leithead, JA; McAvoy, NC; Mills, PR; Stanley, AJ; Therapondos, G; Tripathi, D, 2009)		1.36
"Carvedilol is a potent noncardioselective beta-blocker, with weak vasodilating properties because of alpha 1 blockade. "( The role of carvedilol in the management of portal hypertension.
Hayes, PC; Tripathi, D, 2010)		2.18
"Carvedilol is an anti-heart failure agent that is used to induce cardiac reverse remodeling, and its effect is reportedly dose-dependent."( High-dose carvedilol therapy for mechanical circulatory assisted patients.
Kyo, S; Nishimura, T, 2010)		1.48
"Carvedilol is a third-generation beta-blocker, with the S-enantiomer being more active than the R-enantiomer. "( Proteomic profiling of cellular responses to Carvedilol enantiomers in vascular smooth muscle cells by iTRAQ-coupled 2-D LC-MS/MS.
Chen, WN; Ching, CB; Wang, M; Wang, X, 2010)		2.06
"Carvedilol is a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist used for treating chronic heart failure (CHF). "( Population pharmacokinetics of R- and S-carvedilol in Japanese patients with chronic heart failure.
Hanada, K; Kaneko, M; Kawana, J; Mihara, K; Nagayama, M; Ogata, H; Ohno, T; Saito, M; Shiomi, M; Sumiyoshi, T, 2010)		2.07
"Carvedilol is a β-antagonist with strong anti-oxidant effect in lipids, proteins and superoxide production protecting biological membranes from oxidative stress. "( Carvedilol treatment reduces transthyretin deposition in a familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy mouse model.
Batista, AR; Macedo, B; Magalhães, J; Saraiva, MJ, 2010)		3.25
"Carvedilol is a nonselective β-adrenoceptor and selective α(1)-adrenoceptor blocker and is widely used in the treatment of patients with hypertensive and/or chronic heart failure because, unlike classic β-blockers, this drug has additional endothelium-dependent vasodilatory effects. "( The effects of carvedilol administration on cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a rat model of cardiac arrest induced by airway obstruction.
Kurita, A; Taniguchi, T; Yamamoto, K, 2010)		2.16
"Carvedilol is an antihypertensive drug with potent anti-oxidant properties."( Carvedilol protects tubular epithelial cells from ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting oxidative stress.
De Velasco, MA; Hayashi, T; Ishii, T; Nishioka, T; Nose, K; Saitou, Y; Uemura, H, 2010)		2.52
"Carvedilol is a non-selective β-blocker indicated in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. "( Metabolomic profiling of cellular responses to carvedilol enantiomers in vascular smooth muscle cells.
Bai, J; Chen, WN; Ching, CB; Wang, M, 2010)		2.06
"Carvedilol is an antioxidant that inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. "( Two-year clinical outcome after carvedilol-loaded stent implantation in patients with coronary artery disease.
Ahn, Y; Cho, JG; Hong, YJ; Jeong, MH; Kang, JC; Kim, HK; Kim, JH; Kim, KH; Kim, SS; Kim, W; Ko, JS; Lee, MG; Park, HW; Park, JC; Park, KH; Sim, DS; Yoon, HJ; Yoon, NS, 2011)		2.1
"Carvedilol is an effective treatment in hypertension and chronic heart failure. "( Carvedilol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in relation to CYP2D6 and ADRB pharmacogenetics.
Brockmöller, J; Gültepe, S; Meineke, I; Sehrt, D; Tzvetkov, M, 2011)		3.25
"Carvedilol is a drug where CYP2D6-related pharmacokinetic variation is apparently not carried forward into pharmacodynamic variation. "( Carvedilol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in relation to CYP2D6 and ADRB pharmacogenetics.
Brockmöller, J; Gültepe, S; Meineke, I; Sehrt, D; Tzvetkov, M, 2011)		3.25
"Carvedilol is a non-selective β- and α-blocker enantiomer with antioxidant effects that are attributed to its carbazole moiety."( Novel design and synthesis of modified structure of carvedilol.
Hashemzadeh, M; Hill, DN; Movahed, MR; Russu, WA; Soroush, L, 2011)		1.34
"Carvedilol is an antihypertensive drug available as a racemic mixture. "( Analysis of carvedilol enantiomers in human plasma using chiral stationary phase column and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.
Bertucci, C; Coelho, EB; Da Silva, FG; Lanchote, VL; Marques, MP; Poggi, JC, 2012)		2.2
"Carvedilol is a non-selective β-blocker with intrinsic anti-α(1)-adrenergic activity, potentially more effective than propranolol in reducing hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG). "( Carvedilol or propranolol in portal hypertension? A randomized comparison.
Bendtsen, F; Feldager Hansen, E; Grønbæk, H; Hobolth, L; Møller, S; Roelsgaard, K, 2012)		3.26
"Carvedilol is a nonselective β-blocker with α1-adrenergic blocking and antioxidant properties. "( The mechanism of carvedilol in experimental viral myocarditis.
Jia-Feng, L; Li-Sha, G; Xue-Qiang, G; Yue-Chun, L, 2012)		2.16
"Carvedilol (CRV) is an important medicament for heart arrhythmia. "( Solvent effect on the vibrational spectra of Carvedilol.
Billes, F; Marosi, G; Mikosch, H; Pataki, H; Unsalan, O; Vajna, B, 2012)		2.08
"Carvedilol is a vasodilating noncardioselective third-generation β-blocker, without the negative hemodynamic and metabolic effects of traditional β-blockers, which can be used as a cardioprotective agent."( Use of carvedilol in hypertension: an update.
Egan, CG; Leonetti, G, 2012)		1.56
"Carvedilol is a novel third generation non-selective β-blocker."( Combined use of direct renin inhibitor and carvedilol in heart failure with preserved systolic function.
Afonso, L; Ali Kizilbash, M; Badheka, AO; Bharadwaj, A; Rathod, A; Tuliani, TA, 2012)		1.36
"Carvedilol is a non-selective β-blocker with α₁-adrenergic receptor antagonism properties."( A critical review of the use of carvedilol in ischemic heart disease.
Abrencillo, R; Chen-Scarabelli, C; Di Rezze, J; Faggian, G; Gardin, T; Gidwani, UK; Murad, Y; Qureshi, W; Saravolatz, L; Scarabelli, TM; Shieh, WS, 2012)		1.38
"Carvedilol is an adrenergic antagonist which has been safely used in treatment of several cardiovascular disorders."( Carvedilol alleviates adjuvant-induced arthritis and subcutaneous air pouch edema: modulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators.
Arab, HH; El-Sawalhi, MM, 2013)		2.55
"Carvedilol is a medication with both beta-receptor and alpha-receptor blocking properties that has been approved for the treatment of heart failure in adults. "( The Pediatric Randomized Carvedilol Trial in Children with Heart Failure: rationale and design.
Boucek, MM; Burch, GH; Burr, J; Curtin, EL; Hsu, DT; LaSalle, B; Mahony, L; Pahl, E; Schlencker-Herceg, R; Shaddy, RE; Sower, B; Tani, LY, 2002)		2.06
"Carvedilol is a nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with additional alpha 1-receptor-blocking properties."( [Hormonal hyperactivity in heart failure. Differences in beta blockers].
Beuckelmann, DJ, 2002)		1.04
"Carvedilol is a cardiovascular drug of multifaceted therapeutic potential, with beta-blocker and vasodilatative activity. "( Carvedilol: something else than a simple betablocker?
Auteri, A; Calabria, P; Palazzuoli, A; Verzuri, MS, )		3.02
"Carvedilol is a multiple action, non-specific, adrenergic beta-blocker, licensed for the treatment of mild, moderate and severe chronic heart failure. "( Use of carvedilol in the treatment of heart failure.
Coats, A, 2003)		2.22
"Carvedilol is a non-selective beta-blocker with alpha-receptor blockade and antioxidant properties."( Chronic treatment with carvedilol improves ventricular function and reduces myocyte apoptosis in an animal model of heart failure.
Doye, AA; Gwathmey, JK; Hajjar, RJ; Jabbour, G; Laste, N; Lebeche, D; Lee, MX; Okafor, CC; Perreault-Micale, C; Skiroman, K, 2003)		1.35
"Carvedilol is a combined alpha(1)- and beta-adrenoceptor antagonist. "( Carvedilol blockade of rat myocardial alpha1-adrenoceptors.
Bøkenes, J; Osnes, JB; Qvigstad, E; Sandnes, D; Schiander, I; Sjaastad, I; Skomedal, T, 2003)		3.2
"Carvedilol is a beta/alpha1-adrenoceptor blocker. "( Measurement of carvedilol in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.
Kakinoki, S; Machida, M; Nomura, A; Takechi, S; Watanabe, M, 2003)		2.11
"Carvedilol is an alpha(1)/beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with antioxidant, neuroprotective, cardioprotective and vascularprotective properties, and is used to treat hypertension, myocardial ischaemia and congestive heart failure."( Carvedilol improves energy production during acute global myocardial ischaemia.
Duarte, AI; Gonçalves, LM; Monteiro, P; Moreno, A; Providência, LA, 2003)		2.48
"Carvedilol is a safe complement to standard therapy for heart failure in children, allowing a significant reduction of neurohormonal activation with evident benefits on both ventricular function and the clinical condition."( Modulation of neurohormonal activity after treatment of children in heart failure with carvedilol.
Bonvicini, M; Bronzetti, G; Donti, A; Formigari, R; Giardini, A; Picchio, FM; Prandstraller, D, 2003)		1.98
"Carvedilol appears to be a potentially viable option for treating portal hypertension."( Evaluation of carvedilol for the treatment of portal hypertension.
Hemstreet, BA, 2004)		1.41
"Carvedilol is a direct inhibitor of vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation through inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and regulation of cell cycle progression. "( Comparison between a sustained administration of carvedilol versus atenolol to reduce restenosis after coronary stenting.
Cha, KS; Kim, DI; Kim, DS; Kim, HJ; Kim, JS; Kim, JW; Kim, MH, 2004)		2.02
"Carvedilol is a nonselective beta- and alpha(1)-receptor antagonist with additional antioxidant properties in vitro. "( Effects of carvedilol on oxidative stress in human endothelial cells and healthy volunteers.
Böger, RH; Fahlbusch, SA; Frölich, JC; Gutzki, FM; Mehls, C; Stichtenoth, DO; Tsikas, D, 2004)		2.16
"Carvedilol is a third-generation, neurohormonal antagonist with multiple activities. "( Pharmacology of carvedilol.
Abraham, WT; Dulin, B, 2004)		2.11
"Carvedilol is a beta-adrenoceptor blocker with a vasodilatory action that is more effective for the treatment of congestive heart failure than other beta-blockers. "( Beta-adrenoceptor blocker carvedilol provides cardioprotection via an adenosine-dependent mechanism in ischemic canine hearts.
Asakura, M; Asano, Y; Asanuma, H; Hori, M; Kim, J; Kitakaze, M; Kitamura, S; Liao, Y; Minamino, T; Mori, H; Node, K; Ogai, A; Ogita, H; Sanada, S; Shinozaki, Y; Shintani, Y; Takashima, S; Tomoike, H, 2004)		2.07
"Carvedilol is an adrenergic antagonist with nonselective beta- and a1-receptor blocking properties that has demonstrated significant clinical benefit in the management of patients with heart failure and in the post-myocardial infarction setting. "( Carvedilol: beta-blockade and beyond.
Gheorghiade, M; Stroe, AF, 2004)		3.21
"Carvedilol is a useful cardiovascular drug for treating heart failure, however, the in vitro effect on many cell types is unclear. "( Effect of carvedilol on Ca2+ movement and cytotoxicity in human MG63 osteosarcoma cells.
Jan, CR; Liu, CP, 2004)		2.17
"Carvedilol is an adrenergic blocking agent with potent anti-oxidant activity."( Carvedilol prevents doxorubicin-induced free radical release and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes in vitro.
Altieri, P; Ballestrero, A; Barsotti, A; Brunelli, C; Fabbi, P; Garibaldi, S; Ghigliotti, G; Manca, V; Nasti, S; Patrone, F; Rossettin, P; Spallarossa, P, 2004)		2.49
"Carvedilol is a nonselective beta-blocker with alpha(1)-adrenergic blocking activity."( Acute administration of carvedilol is more effective than propranolol plus isosorbide-5-mononitrate in the reduction of portal pressure in patients with viral cirrhosis.
Hou, MC; Huang, YT; Lee, FY; Lee, SD; Lin, HC; Yang, YY, 2004)		1.35
"Carvedilol is an inherently long-acting beta-blocker while the duration of beta blockade for metoprolol is dependent on the salt and formulation, which is used."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of beta blockers in heart failure.
Talbert, RL, 2004)		1.04
"Carvedilol is an antioxidant and adrenergic antagonist with demonstrated benefits in terms of mortality from heart failure (HF). "( [Effects of carvedilol on functional capacity, left ventricular function, catecholamines and oxidative stress in patients with chronic heart failure].
Castro, P; Chiong, M; Corbalán, R; Díaz-Araya, G; Greig, D; Lavandero, S; Moraga, F; Padilla, I; Pérez, O; Troncoso, R; Vukasovic, JL, 2004)		2.15
"Carvedilol is an antioxidant that inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, whereas probucol is a vascular protectant and reduces stent restenosis by improving the lumen dimension at the stent placement site."( Effect of anti-oxidant (carvedilol and probucol) loaded stents in a porcine coronary restenosis model.
Ahn, YK; Cha, KS; Cho, JG; Hong, YJ; Hur, SH; Hyun, DW; Jeong, MH; Kang, JC; Kim, JH; Kim, KB; Kim, MH; Kim, W; Park, HW; Park, JC; Park, JT, 2005)		1.36
"Carvedilol is a neurohormonal antagonist of multiple action which is used in clinical practice for the treatment of congestive heart failure, mild to moderate hypertension and myocardial infarction. "( Advantages in the use of carvedilol versus propranolol for the protection of cardiac mitochondrial function.
Gonçalves, L; Monteiro, P; Moreno, AJ; Oliveira, PJ; Palmeira, CM; Providência, LA; Rolo, AP; Sardão, VA, 2004)		2.07
"Carvedilol is a beta-adrenoceptor blocker and a potent antioxidant that improves cardiac function in patients with heart failure. "( Carvedilol effectively blocks oxidative stress-mediated downregulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 2 gene transcription through modification of Sp1 binding.
Arai, M; Koitabashi, N; Kurabayashi, M; Nagai, R; Niwano, K; Periasamy, M; Takizawa, T; Tomaru, K; Watanabe, A; Wuytack, F; Yokoyama, T, 2005)		3.21
"Carvedilol is a beta- and alpha-adrenergic-blocking drug with clinically important antiarrhythmic properties. "( Carvedilol's antiarrhythmic properties: therapeutic implications in patients with left ventricular dysfunction.
Lukas, MA; Naccarelli, GV, 2005)		3.21
"Carvedilol is a combined alpha(1)- and beta-adrenoceptor antagonist. "( Carvedilol blockade of alpha1- and beta-adrenoceptor induced inotropic responses in rats with congestive heart failure.
Bøkenes, J; Osnes, JB; Qvigstad, E; Schiander, I; Sejersted, OM; Sjaastad, I; Skomedal, T; Solberg, L, 2005)		3.21
"Carvedilol is a beta-blocking agent with antioxidant properties that has been shown to improve survival in chronic heart failure (CHF). "( Effects of carvedilol on myocardial sympathetic innervation in patients with chronic heart failure.
Abergel, E; Berdeaux, A; Cohen-Solal, A; Le Guludec, D; Merlet, P; Rouzet, F; Syrota, A, 2005)		2.16
"Carvedilol (CV) is a beta-blocker with favorable effects on cardiovascular disease. "( Suppression of hyperglycemia-induced superoxide formation and endothelin-1 gene expression by carvedilol.
Haas, MJ; Horani, MH; Mooradian, AD, )		1.79
"Carvedilol is known to be an adrenoreceptor blocker and free radical scavenger, used in hypertension and cardiac failure. "( Carvedilol action is dependent on endogenous production of nitric oxide.
Afonso, RA; Carmo, MM; Macedo, MP; Patarrao, RS, 2006)		3.22
"Carvedilol is a nonselective beta-adrenoceptor blocker with multiple pleiotropic actions. "( Pleiotropic effects of the beta-adrenoceptor blocker carvedilol on calcium regulation during oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes.
Fukagawa, Y; Hara, M; Harada, N; Ikeda, Y; Kametani, R; Kawamura, S; Matsuzaki, M; Miura, T; Shibuya, M; Wang, R, 2006)		2.03
"Carvedilol is a comprehensive beta(1)-, beta(2)-, and alpha(1)-adrenoreceptor blocker marketed as Dilatrend by F. "( Are generic formulations of carvedilol of inferior pharmaceutical quality compared with the branded formulation?
Merazzi, F; Salzmann, U; Smith, JC; Tarocco, G, 2006)		2.07
"Carvedilol is a nonselective beta-blocker with alpha(1)-adrenergic blocking activity. "( Hemodynamic effects of one week of carvedilol administration on cirrhotic rats.
Hou, MC; Huang, YT; Lee, SD; Lee, TY; Lin, HC; Wang, YW; Wei, HC; Yang, YY, 2006)		2.05
"Carvedilol is a non-selective adrenergic blocker with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and multiple cationic channel blocking properties."( Carvedilol versus Metoprolol for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after off-pump coronary bypass surgery: rationale and design of the Carvedilol or Metoprolol Post-Revascularization Atrial Fibrillation Controlled Trial (COMPACT).
Hayashi, Y; Kamei, M; Kanmura, Y; Kuro, M; Morita, S, 2006)		2.5
"Carvedilol is an alpha1 and nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist with antioxidative properties known to protect endothelial function."( Carvedilol preserves endothelial junctions and reduces myocardial no-reflow after acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion.
Cui, C; Gao, R; Yang, Y; you, S; Zhao, J, 2007)		2.5
"Carvedilol is an alpha-and beta-blocking agent with antioxidant properties. "( In vivo chronic carvedilol treatment in rats attenuates ex vivo regional infarction of the heart.
Hegna, S; Johansen, OE; Mjøs, OD; Munch-Ellingsen, J; Starkopf, J; Ytrehus, K, 2006)		2.12
"Carvedilol is a racemic mixture of R(+) and S(-) enantiomers that combines beta(1)-, beta(2)-, and alpha(1)-adrenoceptor blockade."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of controlled-release carvedilol and immediate-release carvedilol at steady state in patients with hypertension.
Baidoo, CA; Boyle, D; Campanile, AM; Danoff, TM; Harter, AH; Henderson, LS; Tenero, DM, 2006)		1.29
"Carvedilol is a beta1-, beta2-, and alpha1-adrenergic blocker that is approved for the treatment of hypertension. "( Controlled-release carvedilol in the treatment of essential hypertension.
Bakris, GL; Fleck, R; Iyengar, M; Sica, DA; Tarka, EA; Weber, MA, 2006)		2.1
"Carvedilol is a beta- and alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist. "( Effects of carvedilol on transient outward and ultra-rapid delayed rectifier potassium currents in human atrial myocytes.
Deng, C; Kuang, S; Lin, S; Qian, W; Shan, Z; Wu, S; Yang, M; Yu, X; Zhang, K; Zhang, W; Zhou, Z, 2007)		2.17
"Carvedilol is a third-generation beta(1)- and beta(2)-blocker that also possesses alpha(1)-adrenergic-blocking properties. "( Profile of carvedilol controlled-release: a new once-daily formulation of carvedilol.
Fonarow, GC, 2006)		2.17
"Carvedilol is a beta-adrenergic antagonist with vasodilatory properties (alpha1-antagonism), which has been extensively evaluated in the treatment of patients with heart failure. "( Carvedilol: use in chronic heart failure.
Doughty, RN; White, HD, 2007)		3.23
"Carvedilol is a beta-blocker with similar affinity for beta1- and beta2 receptors, while bisoprolol has higher beta1 affinity. "( Lung function with carvedilol and bisoprolol in chronic heart failure: is beta selectivity relevant?
Agostoni, P; Apostolo, A; Bussotti, M; Cattadori, G; Contini, M; Fiorentini, C; Palermo, P; Sciomer, S, 2007)		2.11
"Carvedilol is a beta(1)-, beta(2)-, and alpha(1)-adrenoreceptor blocker indicated for treatment of hypertension and mild-to-severe congestive heart failure. "( Population pharmacokinetics of S(-)-carvedilol in healthy volunteers after administration of the immediate-release (IR) and the new controlled-release (CR) dosage forms of the racemate.
Boyle, DA; Eddington, ND; Fossler, MJ; Othman, AA; Tenero, DM, 2007)		2.06
"Carvedilol is a nonselective ss-adrenergic receptor antagonist that also blocks alpha1-adrenergic receptors and is a potent antioxidant."( Prominent cardioprotective effects of third generation beta blocker nebivolol against anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity using the model of isolated perfused rat heart.
Casamassimi, A; de Nigris, F; Fiorito, C; Napoli, C; Rienzo, M; Schiano, C, 2008)		1.07
"Carvedilol (BM 14190) is a new compound with combined nonselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking activity, devoid of ISA, and a precapillary vasodilating effect. "( Acute haemodynamic effects of carvedilol (BM 14190), a new combined beta-adrenoceptor blocker and precapillary vasodilating agent, in hypertensive patients.
Andrén, L; Eggertsen, R; Hansson, L; Sivertsson, R, 1984)		2
"Carvedilol (BM 14190) is a new antihypertensive compound which combines beta-adrenoceptor blocking and precapillary vasodilating properties but is devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. "( Haemodynamic effects of carvedilol, a new beta-adrenoceptor blocker and precapillary vasodilator in essential hypertension.
Andrén, L; Eggertsen, R; Hansson, L; Sivertsson, R, 1984)		2.02
"Carvedilol is a safe, efficient, once/day choice as monotherapy for mild to moderate essential hypertensive patients."( [Use of carvedilol compared to nifedipine in the treatment of mild and moderate essential arterial hypertension].
Dantas, M; Freitas, AF; Furtado, MR; Kohlmann, NE; Kohlmann, O; Plavnik, FL; Portela, JE; Spritzer, N; Spritzer, T, 1994)		2.17
"Carvedilol is a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist which also causes peripheral vasodilation primarily via alpha 1-adrenergic blockade. "( Carvedilol. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy.
Campoli-Richards, D; McTavish, D; Sorkin, EM, 1993)		3.17
"Carvedilol is an antihypertensive agent which displays unselective beta-blocking, alpha 1-blocking and antioxidant properties. "( Antihypertensive treatment with a vasodilating beta-blocker, carvedilol, in chronic hemodialysis patients.
Deetjen, A; Heidland, A; Meyer-Sabellek, W; Pangerl, A; Schaefer, RM, 1995)		1.98
"Carvedilol is a mildly beta 1-selective beta-adrenergic blocking agent with vasodilator properties. "( Carvedilol improves left ventricular function and symptoms in chronic heart failure: a double-blind randomized study.
Bristow, MR; Gilbert, EM; Olsen, SL; Renlund, DG; Taylor, DO; Yanowitz, FD, 1995)		3.18
"Carvedilol is a mixed alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist that is administered as a racemic mixture. "( Stereoselective disposition of carvedilol is determined by CYP2D6.
Wood, AJ; Zhou, HH, 1995)		2.02
"Carvedilol is a new cardiovascular compound with the combined pharmacologic properties of nonselective beta-blockade and vasodilation. "( Comparison of a new vasodilating beta-blocker, carvedilol, with atenolol in the treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension.
Ruilope, LM, 1994)		1.99
"Carvedilol is an arylethanolamine that is a racemic mixture of 2 enantiomers. "( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of carvedilol.
Morgan, T, 1994)		1.98
"Carvedilol is a nonselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking vasodilator drug that may be a promising new agent in the management of cardiovascular disease. "( A risk-benefit assessment of carvedilol in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders.
Conway, EL; Krum, H; Louis, WJ, 1994)		2.02
"Carvedilol is a beta-adrenergic blocking agent with vasodilator activity that might be well tolerated in patients with heart failure."( Effects of short- and long-term carvedilol administration on rest and exercise hemodynamic variables, exercise capacity and clinical conditions in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
Dei Cas, L; Giubbini, R; Metra, M; Nardi, M, 1994)		2.01
"Carvedilol is a multiple action antihypertensive drug with potential use in angina and congestive heart failure. "( Myocardial protection by the novel vasodilating beta-blocker, carvedilol: potential relevance of anti-oxidant activity.
Cheng, HY; Feuerstein, GZ; Ruffolo, RR; Yue, TL, 1993)		1.97
"Carvedilol is a nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity and possessing selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor-blocking activity, although this is considerably weaker than its beta-adrenoceptor antagonistic activity."( Pharmacodynamic profile of carvedilol.
van Zwieten, PA, 1993)		1.3
"Carvedilol is a multiple-action cardiovascular agent that is a nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist and a vasodilator. "( Cardioprotective potential of carvedilol.
Bril, A; Feuerstein, GZ; Ruffolo, RR, 1993)		2.02
"Carvedilol is a beta blocker with alpha-blocking activity and its profile of action is similar to that of a combination of a beta blocker and a diuretic."( Carvedilol in hypertension.
Raftery, EB, 1993)		2.45
"Carvedilol, which is a nonselective beta-blocking and alpha 1-blocking drug, with additional Ca(2+)-antagonistic properties, is being developed as an antihypertensive, antianginal drug and as an adjunct therapy in congestive heart failure."( Development of a multiaction beta blocker. Scientific challenges and regulatory needs.
Lessem, JN; Lukas, MA, 1993)		1.01
"Carvedilol is a cardiovascular drug currently used for the treatment of hypertension. "( Carvedilol, a cardiovascular drug, prevents vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, and neointimal formation following vascular injury.
Arleth, A; Douglas, SA; Feuerstein, GZ; Louden, C; Ohlstein, EH; Poste, G; Ruffolo, RR; Sung, CP; Yue, TL, 1993)		3.17
"Carvedilol is a novel multiple-action cardiovascular drug that has recently been introduced to the market for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension. "( Preclinical and clinical pharmacology of carvedilol.
Boyle, DA; Lukas, MA; Ruffolo, RR; Venuti, RP, 1993)		1.99
"Carvedilol is a non-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with vasodilating properties which has been shown to be effective in the management both of hypertension and of stable angina pectoris. "( Vasodilating beta-blockers in heart failure.
Raftery, EB, 1995)		1.73
"Carvedilol is a vasodilating, beta-adrenoceptor antagonist currently marketed for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension. "( Carvedilol, a novel multiple action antihypertensive agent with antioxidant activity and the potential for myocardial and vascular protection.
Feuerstein, GZ; Ruffolo, RR, 1995)		3.18
"Carvedilol is an adrenoceptor antagonist which modulates the activity not only of beta 1 and beta 2 but also of alpha 1 adrenergic receptors present on the cell surface membrane of the human cardiac myocyte. "( Cardiac adrenergic receptor effects of carvedilol.
Asano, K; Bouvier, M; Bristow, MR; Chidiak, P; Dutcher, D; Minobe, W; Port, JD; Roden, RL; Tremmel, KD; Yoshikawa, T, 1996)		2.01
"Carvedilol is a vasodilating beta-blocker currently marketed for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension and application is being filed to the FDA for treatment of congestive heart failure. "( Carvedilol, a novel vasodilating beta-blocker with the potential for cardiovascular organ protection.
Feuerstein, GZ; Ruffolo, RR, 1996)		3.18
"Carvedilol is a new beta-adrenoceptor antagonist which also causes peripheral vasodilation primarily via alpha 1-adrenergic blockade."( [Balanced beta--alpha-blocker treatment with carvedilol in mild-moderate arterial hypertension].
Barra, M; Gigli, G; Orlandi, S; Perocchio, M; Rosolen, GA; Sacchetti, R; Vallebona, A, 1996)		1.28
"Carvedilol is a multiple-acting compound with non-selective beta-adrenoceptor and selective alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocking activity, calcium channel blocking and anti-oxidant activity."( Carvedilol and its metabolites suppress endothelin-1 production in human endothelial cell culture.
Fyhrquist, F; Metsärinne, K; Saijonmaa, O, 1997)		2.46
"Carvedilol is a novel, multiple-action cardiovascular drug that is currently approved in many countries for the treatment of hypertension. "( Pharmacology of carvedilol: rationale for use in hypertension, coronary artery disease, and congestive heart failure.
Feuerstein, GZ; Ruffolo, RR, 1997)		2.09
"Carvedilol is a non selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist which also causes peripheral vasodilation primarily via alpha 1-adrenergic blockade (Strein et al., 1987, McTavish et al., 1993). "( Carvedilol overdose.
Hantson, P; Lambermont, JY; Mahieu, P; Simoens, G, 1997)		3.18
"Carvedilol is a novel beta blocker that is highly effective in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure, and combines in one molecule a number of important pharmacologic properties."( Protective effects of carvedilol in the myocardium.
Bril, A; Feuerstein, GZ; Ruffolo, RR, 1997)		1.33
"Carvedilol is a third-generation vasodilating beta-blocker initially approved for the treatment of hypertension. "( Recent observations with beta-adrenoceptor blockade. Beneficial effects in hypertension and heart failure.
Feuerstein, GZ; Ohlstein, EH; Ruffolo, RR, 1998)		1.74
"Carvedilol is a new beta-blocker antihypertensive agent with vasodilating properties secondary to alpha 1-blocking activity. "( Results of therapy with carvedilol, a beta-blocker vasodilator with antioxidant properties, in hypertensive patients.
Frishman, W; Moser, M, 1998)		2.05
"Carvedilol is a novel multiple-action neurohormonal antagonist that has been shown to be effective in the management of congestive heart failure."( Carvedilol: preclinical profile and mechanisms of action in preventing the progression of congestive heart failure.
Feuerstein, GZ; Ruffolo, RR, 1998)		2.46
"Carvedilol is a novel antihypertensive agent. "( Carvedilol in the treatment of hypertension--a review of the clinical data base.
Hansson, L; Himmelmann, A, 1998)		3.19
"Carvedilol is a recently introduced drug with multiple action with a non-selective beta-antiadrenergic and selective alpha1-antiadrenergic action used for treatment of mild to medium severe hypertension. "( [The effects of Carvedilol, a beta-blocker, in experimental ischemia-reperfusion kidney injury].
Bartosíková, L; Drápelová, L; Husek, K; Kuchtícková, S; Necas, J; Pavlícek, V, 1997)		2.09
"Carvedilol is a novel cardiovascular drug of proven efficacy in the treatment of hypertension, angina, and heart failure. "( Novel mechanisms in the treatment of heart failure: inhibition of oxygen radicals and apoptosis by carvedilol.
Feuerstein, G; Ma, X; Ruffolo, RR; Yue, TL, )		1.79
"Carvedilol is a multiple-action neurohormonal antagonist that is effective in slowing the progression of CHF."( Neurohormonal activation, oxygen free radicals, and apoptosis in the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure.
Feuerstein, GZ; Ruffolo, RR, 1998)		1.02
"Carvedilol is a nonselective beta-receptor antagonist with vasodilating properties primarily due to selective alpha-1 antagonism. "( Effectiveness of three different doses of carvedilol for exertional angina. Carvedilol-Angina Study Group.
Dennish, G; Ferry, D; Krug-Gourley, S; Lukas, MA; Pickering, E; Smith, LK; Weiss, R, 1998)		2.01
"Carvedilol is a non-selective beta-adrenergic blocking drug with vasodilatory properties that has been recently approved by the U.S."( Beta-blockers in heart failure. Do they improve the quality as well as the quantity of life?
Fowler, MB, 1998)		1.02
"Carvedilol is a useful additional therapy for patients with chronic heart failure already receiving amiodarone. "( Efficacy and safety of carvedilol in patients with chronic heart failure receiving concomitant amiodarone therapy. Australia/New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group.
Krum, H; MacMahon, S; Sharpe, N; Shusterman, N, 1998)		2.05
"Carvedilol is a vasodilating beta-blocker and antioxidant approved for treatment of mild to moderate hypertension, angina, and congestive heart failure. "( Neuroprotective activities of carvedilol and a hydroxylated derivative: role of membrane biophysical interactions.
Feuerstein, G; Lysko, KA; Lysko, PG; Mason, PE; Mason, RP; Walter, MF; Webb, CL, 1998)		2.03
"Carvedilol is a non-selective beta-blocker, and the only one, in recent clinical trials, to have shown a clear reduction in mortality. "( Carvedilol for heart failure: more than just a beta-blocker?
Cleland, JG, )		3.02
"Carvedilol (CAR) is a vasodilating beta-blocker which also has antioxidant properties. "( Protective effects of carvedilol against doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy in rats.
Hayakawa, T; Matsui, H; Morishima, I; Numaguchi, Y; Okumura, K; Toki, Y, 1999)		2.06
"Carvedilol is an alpha1 and nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist with antioxidative properties known to protect against reperfusion injury in the heart, brain, and kidneys. "( Carvedilol reduces ischaemic skeletal muscle necrosis.
Hvaal, K; Kirkeby, OJ; Mathisen, SR; Skjeldal, S; Svindland, A, 1999)		3.19
"Carvedilol is an antihypertensive drug with properties that may be potentially beneficial for kidney graft recipients. "( Carvedilol treatment of kidney graft recipients with chronic rejection.
Backman, U; Fellström, B; Larsson, E; Vessby, B; Zezina, L, 1999)		3.19
"Carvedilol is a noncompetitive inhibitor of this external NADH dehydrogenase with a K(i) of 15 microM."( Carvedilol inhibits the exogenous NADH dehydrogenase in rat heart mitochondria.
Moreno, AJ; Oliveira, PJ; Santos, DJ, 2000)		2.47
"Carvedilol is a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with multiple actions, which may contribute to superior cardioprotection in heart failure and myocardial infarction. "( Differential effects of carvedilol on norepinephrine release in normoxic and ischemic heart.
Görge, B; Hartmann, F; Katus, HA; Kurz, T; Richardt, D; Richardt, G; Tölg, R, 2000)		2.06
"Carvedilol is a new-generation vasodilating beta-blocker with additional alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonism and an antiproliferative action, but it is not known if it is more beneficial than standard selective beta-blockers."( Effect of carvedilol in comparison with metoprolol on myocardial collagen postinfarction.
Chow, LT; Sanderson, JE; Wei, S, 2000)		1.43
"Carvedilol is a relatively new drug with beta- and alpha 1-receptor blocking activity and antioxidant effects recently approved for the treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF). "( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of carvedilol and its enantiomers in patients with congestive heart failure.
Boike, S; Boyle, D; Brozena, S; Fesniak, HF; Ilson, B; Jorkasky, D; Tenero, D, 2000)		2.03
"Carvedilol is a vasodilating beta-blocker and antioxidant approved for treatment of mild to moderate hypertension. "( A comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol antioxidant activities in vitro.
Gu, JL; Lysko, PG; Ohlstein, EH; Ruffolo, RR; Webb, CL; Yue, TL, 2000)		2.1
"Carvedilol is a novel beta-blocker that also shows an antioxidant effect in vitro."( Carvedilol improves endothelium-dependent dilatation in patients with coronary artery disease.
Akita, H; Kanazawa, K; Matsuda, Y; Shiga, N; Terashima, M; Yokoyama, M, 2000)		2.47
"Carvedilol is a beta-blocker with ancillary properties. "( Carvedilol versus other beta-blockers in heart failure.
Doggrell, SA, 2001)		3.2
"Carvedilol is a unique cardiovascular drug of multifaceted therapeutic potential. "( Carvedilol: molecular and cellular basis for its multifaceted therapeutic potential.
Cheng, J; Kamiya, K; Kodama, I, 2001)		3.2
"Carvedilol is a non-selective vasodilating beta-blocker with weak alpha1 receptor antagonism. "( Haemodynamic effects of acute and chronic administration of low-dose carvedilol, a vasodilating beta-blocker, in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension.
Hayes, PC; Lui, HF; Stanley, AJ; Therapondos, G; Tripathi, D, 2002)		1.99
"Carvedilol is a relatively safe, effective portal hypotensive agent, both acutely and over 7 days, but not superior to propranolol, at least in Indians. "( Acute and 7-day portal pressure response to carvedilol and propranolol in cirrhotics.
Biswas, PK; Das, D; De, BK; Maity, AK; Majumdar, D; Mandal, SK; Sen, S, 2002)		2.02
"Carvedilol is a novel non-selective beta-blocker without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA) and has vasodilating effect through blocking alpha 1 receptor."( [Effects of carvedilol on the hemodynamics and its tolerance in elderly patients].
Asai, T; Iguchi, A; Kanda, S; Koike, A; Kuzuya, M; Maeda, K, 2002)		1.41
"Carvedilol is an adrenoceptor antagonist, which inhibits beta(1)-, beta(2)-, and alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors."( Rationale and design of the carvedilol or metoprolol European trial in patients with chronic heart failure: COMET.
Cleland, JG; Di Lenarda, A; Hanrath, P; J Remme, W; Komajda, M; Metra, M; Poole-Wilson, PA; Swedberg, K; Torp-Pedersen, C, 2002)		1.33
"Carvedilol is a non-selective beta blocker with antioxidant properties approved for use in congestive heart failure."( Carvedilol: a nonselective beta blocking agent with antioxidant properties.
Book, WM, )		2.3
"Carvedilol is a beta-blocker with additional vasodilating activity. "( Oral administration of carvedilol and prazosin inhibits the prostaglandin F2 alpha- and noradrenaline-induced contraction of human hand veins in vivo.
Beermann, C; Belz, GG; Schloos, J, 1992)		2.04
"Carvedilol is a new multiple action agent displaying nonselective beta-blockade without intrinsic sympathicomimetic activity, alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockade (probably responsible for its vasodilator activity), and possibly also calcium antagonist properties."( Carvedilol and the kidney.
Dupont, AG, 1992)		2.45
"Carvedilol is a new beta-blocking agent without ISA, which causes vasodilation primarily through an alpha 1-blockade."( Antihypertensive profile of carvedilol.
Agrawal, B; Meyer-Sabellek, W, 1992)		1.3
"Carvedilol is a novel non-selective beta-blocker without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity possessing vasodilatory properties primarily due to an alpha 1-antagonism in the same dose range."( Comparison of the antihypertensive effects of carvedilol and metoprolol on resting and exercise blood pressure.
Agrawal, B; Franz, IW; Ketelhut, R; Wiewel, D, 1992)		1.26
"Carvedilol is a vasodilating, beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent."( Carvedilol, a new antihypertensive, prevents oxidation of human low density lipoprotein by macrophages and copper.
Feuerstein, GZ; Lysko, PG; McKenna, PJ; Ruffolo, RR; Yue, TL, 1992)		2.45
"Carvedilol is a nonselective beta-blocker with alpha-mediated vasodilating properties that has been shown to be effective in systemic hypertension, stable angina, and congestive heart failure (CHF). "( Effects of carvedilol on ventricular arrhythmias.
DasGupta, P; Lahiri, A; Müller-Beckmann, B; Senior, R; van der Does, R, 1992)		2.12
"Carvedilol is a multiple-action cardiovascular agent that is both a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist and a vasodilator and has recently been made available for the treatment of mild-to-moderate hypertension. "( Myocardial protection with carvedilol.
Bril, A; Feuerstein, GZ; Hamburger, SA; Ruffolo, RR; Smith, EF, 1992)		2.02
"Carvedilol is a beta-adrenergic-blocking drug with vasodilating properties. "( Alpha 1-blocking properties of carvedilol during acute and chronic administration.
Carugo, S; Cattaneo, BM; Giannattasio, C; Grassi, G; Mancia, G; Mangoni, AA; Seravalle, G; Zanchetti, A, 1992)		2.01
"Carvedilol is an effective antihypertensive agent, and the hemodynamic mode of action reflects alpha 1- and beta 1-blocking activities."( Carvedilol in hypertension: effects on hemodynamics and 24-hour blood pressure.
Lund-Johansen, P; Nordrehaug, JE; Omvik, P; White, W, 1992)		2.45
"Carvedilol is a dual-acting drug designed to produce two complementary effects: beta-blockade and vasodilation. "( Vasodilatory action of carvedilol.
Bartsch, W; Müller-Beckmann, B; Sponer, G; Strein, K, 1992)		2.04
"Carvedilol is a high-affinity, slightly beta 1-selective competitive beta-blocking agent, with a KD for beta 1-receptors of approximately 4-5 nM and a selectivity of sixfold to 39-fold for beta 1-receptors rather than beta 2-receptors, depending on the method used to assess subtype potency."( Receptor pharmacology of carvedilol in the human heart.
Bristow, MR; Handwerger, D; Klein, J; Larrabee, P; Minobe, W; Müller-Beckmann, B; Port, JD; Roden, R; Skerl, L, 1992)		1.31
"Carvedilol (Kredex) is a multiple action, antihypertensive agent that may also prove to be useful in the treatment of angina and congestive heart failure. "( Carvedilol (Kredex) reduces infarct size in a canine model of acute myocardial infarction.
Barone, FC; Feuerstein, GZ; Hamburger, SA; Ruffolo, RR, 1991)		3.17
"Carvedilol is a new drug which possesses a balanced combination of vasodilatation and beta-blockade."( The effects of intravenous carvedilol, a new multiple action vasodilatory beta-blocker, in congestive heart failure.
Broadhurst, P; DasGupta, P; Lahiri, A, 1991)		1.3
"Carvedilol is a novel treatment for hypertension, having a balanced pharmacology of vasodilation and beta-receptor blockade. "( A comparative study of carvedilol, slow-release nifedipine, and atenolol in the management of essential hypertension.
Ball, SG; Dixon, S; Hall, S; Hallman, RJ; Harvey, RE; Prescott, RI, 1991)		2.03
"Carvedilol is a third-generation vasodilating beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with advantageous ancillary pharmacologic properties for the treatment of the patient with high blood pressure complicated by CAD."( Hypertension and coronary artery disease: a therapeutic challenge.
Taylor, SH, 1991)		1
"Carvedilol is an effective antihypertensive drug that lowers blood pressure equally well in the young and the old."( The use of carvedilol in elderly hypertensive patients.
Adam, W; Anderson, A; Cripps, J; Morgan, TO, 1990)		1.39
"Carvedilol is an alternative substance for lowering high blood pressure in elderly hypertensive patients."( Blood-pressure-lowering effect of carvedilol vs nitrendipine in geriatric hypertensives.
Hennig, M; Krönig, B; Machwirth, M; Müller-Beckmann, B; Staiger, C; Stienen, U; Widmann, L, 1990)		1.28
"Carvedilol is a potent antihypertensive agent with a dual mechanism of action. "( The pharmacology of carvedilol.
Gellai, M; Hieble, JP; Nichols, AJ; Ruffolo, RR; Willette, RN, 1990)		2.05
"Carvedilol is a new beta-blocking agent with vasodilating activities, which is a racemic mixture of R(+)- and S(-)-enantiomers. "( Assay and disposition of carvedilol enantiomers in humans and monkeys: evidence of stereoselective presystemic metabolism.
Fujimaki, M; Hakusui, H; Murakoshi, Y, 1990)		2.03
"Carvedilol is an effective antihypertensive agent that can be used in people with essential hypertension in all age groups."( Pharmacokinetics of carvedilol in older and younger patients.
Adam, W; Anderson, A; Cripps, J; Morgan, T, 1990)		1.32
"Carvedilol is a new beta-receptor blocking and vasodilating drug that is presently undergoing clinical trials in hypertension and coronary heart disease. "( Pharmacological profile of carvedilol as a beta-blocking agent with vasodilating and hypotensive properties.
Bartsch, W; Böhm, E; Müller-Beckmann, B; Sponer, G; Strein, K, 1987)		2.01
"Carvedilol (BM 14190) is a new potent and well-tolerated beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with vasodilating properties. "( Circadian antihypertensive profile of carvedilol (BM 14190).
Distler, A; Gotzen, R; Meyer-Sabellek, W; Schulte, KL, 1987)		1.99
"Carvedilol is a new compound that combines beta-receptor blockade and vasodilation in one molecule."( Antihypertensive compounds with combined actions.
Rahn, KH, 1987)		0.99
"Carvedilol is a new substance displaying beta-sympatholytic and vasodilating activities in the same dose range. "( A new molecule with vasodilating and beta-adrenoceptor blocking properties.
Abshagen, U, 1987)		1.72
"Carvedilol is a recently developed antihypertensive drug that combines in the same molecule a nonselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking effect and a vasodilating precapillary activity. "( Resting and postexercise hemodynamic effects of carvedilol, a beta-adrenergic blocker and precapillary vasodilator in hypertensive patients.
Boselli, L; Cuspidi, C; Leonetti, G; Rupoli, L; Sampieri, L; Terzoli, L; Zanchetti, A, 1987)		1.97
"Carvedilol is an effective anti-anginal therapy and improves the quality of life."( Multiple action compounds in angina pectoris.
Freedman, SB; Kelly, DT, 1989)		1
"Carvedilol (BM14190) is a new compound with combined properties of nonselective beta-adrenoceptor blockade, devoid of ISA, and precapillary vasodilatation. "( Hemodynamic effects of combined beta-adrenoceptor blockade and precapillary vasodilatation in hypertension.
Andrén, L; Eggertsen, R; Hansson, L; Sivertsson, R, 1985)		1.71

Effects

Carvedilol has a significant effect on alleviating the biliary cirrhosis in mice, and its relevant mechanism may be that carvedilol inhibits the endoplasmic reticulum stress through the negative regulation of ATF4-CHOP, ATF6-CHop and IRE1-pJNK signaling pathways. CarvedilOL has a powerful antiarrhythmic effect after AMI, even in patients already treated with an ACE inhibitor.

Carvedilol CR has a clinically meaningful defined dose-dependent antihypertensive effect that persists throughout a 24-hour period. It has vasodilatory, antioxidant stress and anti-inflammatory effects and poses a vital role in addressing the issue of diabetic complications.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Carvedilol has a significant effect on alleviating the biliary cirrhosis in mice, and its relevant mechanism may be that carvedilol inhibits the endoplasmic reticulum stress through the negative regulation of ATF4-CHOP, ATF6-CHOP and IRE1-pJNK signaling pathways, which needs to be confirmed by further in vitro experiments."( Carvedilol alleviates the biliary cirrhosis through inhibiting the endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Gao, P; Meng, RR; Si, JY; Yang, B; Yu, HY, 2017)		3.34
"Carvedilol has an anti-angiogenic effect on HUVECs. "( Carvedilol may attenuate liver cirrhosis by inhibiting angiogenesis through the VEGF-Src-ERK signaling pathway.
Ding, Q; Li, Y; Tian, XG; Wang, QZ; Zhang, CQ, 2015)		3.3
"Carvedilol has a statistically significant therapeutic effect, especially on functional recovery, and we found that carvedilol reduced secondary damage by inhibiting apoptosis and regulating the oxidant and antioxidant status."( Effect of Carvedilol on Secondary Damage in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury in Rats.
Cengiz, SL; Esen, H; Karatas, Y; Savas, C; Toker, A, 2015)		2.26
"Carvedilol has a powerful antiarrhythmic effect after AMI, even in patients already treated with an ACE inhibitor. "( Antiarrhythmic effect of carvedilol after acute myocardial infarction: results of the Carvedilol Post-Infarct Survival Control in Left Ventricular Dysfunction (CAPRICORN) trial.
Colucci, W; Dargie, H; Ford, I; Køber, L; Lopez-Sendon, J; McMurray, J; Remme, W; Robertson, M; Sharpe, DN, 2005)		2.07
"Carvedilol has a class III antiarrhythmic effect, which may provide the rationale for a favourable clinical outcome compared with other beta-blockers as suggested in the recent COMET (Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial) substudy."( Comparison of HERG channel blocking effects of various beta-blockers-- implication for clinical strategy.
Abe, H; Anson, BD; Delisle, BP; January, CT; Kawakami, K; Kikuchi, K; Nagatomo, T; Nakashima, Y; Takemasa, H, 2006)		1.06
"Carvedilol CR has a clinically meaningful defined dose-dependent antihypertensive effect that persists throughout a 24-hour period."( Efficacy of a once-daily formulation of carvedilol for the treatment of hypertension.
Bakris, GL; Fleck, R; Iyengar, M; Sica, DA; Tarka, EA; Weber, MA, 2006)		1.32
"Carvedilol has a high safety profile and the clinical benefits appear maintained across a wide range of patients with comorbidities such as diabetes and renal failure."( Carvedilol: use in chronic heart failure.
Doughty, RN; White, HD, 2007)		2.5
"Carvedilol has a neutral effect on lipids and glucose metabolism."( Results of therapy with carvedilol, a beta-blocker vasodilator with antioxidant properties, in hypertensive patients.
Frishman, W; Moser, M, 1998)		1.33
"Carvedilol has a good metabolic profile and seems to improve insulin sensitivity."( Betablockers: old concept in a modern approach.
Hansson, BG, 1998)		1.02
"Carvedilol (CAR) has vasodilatory, antioxidant stress and anti-inflammatory effects and poses a vital role in addressing the issue of diabetic complications."( Carvedilol activates nuclear factor E2-related factor 2/ antioxidant response element pathway to inhibit oxidative stress and apoptosis of retinal pigment epithelial cells induced by high glucose.
He, S; Li, M; Wang, W; Zhang, Y, 2022)		2.89
"Carvedilol has been shown to protect against R-IRI."( Quercetin and lithium chloride potentiate the protective effects of carvedilol against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in high-fructose, high-fat diet-fed Swiss albino mice independent of renal lipid signaling.
Ibrahim, IAAE; Mahmoud, AAA; Mahmoud, MF; Rezk, AM, 2021)		1.58
"Carvedilol has been shown to be cardioprotective by reducing cardiac pro-inflammatory cytokines present in oxidative stress in certain heart diseases."( Carvedilol Inhibits Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Activation in Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis: Possibilities of Cardioprotective Application.
Biczysko, W; Ceremuga, I; Dziegiel, P; Haczkiewicz, K; Kobierzycki, C; Kwiatkowska, J; Piasecki, T; Podhorska-Okolow, M; Sapa, A; Skrzypiec-Spring, M; Szelag, A; Wozniak, M, 2018)		2.64
"Carvedilol has a significant effect on alleviating the biliary cirrhosis in mice, and its relevant mechanism may be that carvedilol inhibits the endoplasmic reticulum stress through the negative regulation of ATF4-CHOP, ATF6-CHOP and IRE1-pJNK signaling pathways, which needs to be confirmed by further in vitro experiments."( Carvedilol alleviates the biliary cirrhosis through inhibiting the endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Gao, P; Meng, RR; Si, JY; Yang, B; Yu, HY, 2017)		3.34
"Carvedilol has been identified as a promising agent for the treatment of liver fibrosis. "( Carvedilol attenuates liver fibrosis by suppressing autophagy and promoting apoptosis in hepatic stellate cells.
Li, Z; Ling, L; Meng, D; Wang, G; Wu, Y; Zhang, C, 2018)		3.37
"Carvedilol has potential utility for treating early-stage liver cirrhosis."( Carvedilol Ameliorates Intrahepatic Angiogenesis, Sinusoidal Remodeling and Portal Pressure in Cirrhotic Rats.
Li, G; Ling, L; Meng, D; Wang, S; Zhang, C, 2018)		2.64
"Carvedilol gel has the potential of minimizing H"( Anti-inflammatory potential of a carvedilol gel in the pulpal tissue of rats after dental bleaching: A histopathological evaluation.
Benetti, F; Briso, ALF; Cintra, LTA; de Castilho Jacinto, R; Dezan-Júnior, E; Louzada, LM; Vieira, LB, 2019)		2.24
"Carvedilol has been shown to possess multiple biological and pharmacological properties."( Carvedilol promotes neurological function, reduces bone loss and attenuates cell damage after acute spinal cord injury in rats.
Fu, Q; Huang, Y; Jia, C; Li, B; Liang, F; Liu, D, 2015)		2.58
"Carvedilol has an anti-angiogenic effect on HUVECs. "( Carvedilol may attenuate liver cirrhosis by inhibiting angiogenesis through the VEGF-Src-ERK signaling pathway.
Ding, Q; Li, Y; Tian, XG; Wang, QZ; Zhang, CQ, 2015)		3.3
"Carvedilol has been shown to function as an inverse agonist, inhibiting G protein activation while stimulating β-arrestin-dependent signaling and inducing receptor desensitization."( Carvedilol binding to β2-adrenergic receptors inhibits CFTR-dependent anion secretion in airway epithelial cells.
Maniak, PJ; O'Grady, SM; Peitzman, ER; Zaidman, NA, 2016)		2.6
"Carvedilol has a statistically significant therapeutic effect, especially on functional recovery, and we found that carvedilol reduced secondary damage by inhibiting apoptosis and regulating the oxidant and antioxidant status."( Effect of Carvedilol on Secondary Damage in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury in Rats.
Cengiz, SL; Esen, H; Karatas, Y; Savas, C; Toker, A, 2015)		2.26
"Carvedilol has established its evidence to improve prognosis and facilitate left ventricular reverse remodeling (LVRR) in heart failure patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and many studies have supported its dose-dependency. "( High Dose β-Blocker Therapy Triggers Additional Reverse Remodeling in Patients With Idiopathic Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy.
Imamura, T; Kato, NP; Kinugawa, K; Komuro, I; Nitta, D, 2016)		1.88
"Carvedilol, which has potent antioxidant activity in addition to functioning as an adrenergic blocker, prevents nitrate tolerance by a still to be elucidated mechanism."( Coadministration of carvedilol attenuates nitrate tolerance by preventing cytochrome p450 depletion.
Funae, Y; Hirai, H; Minamiyama, Y; Nakahira, A; Okada, S; Sasaki, Y; Suehiro, S; Takemura, S, 2010)		1.41
"Carvedilol in SHR rats has decreased blood pressure, and normalized physiological, biochemical and morphological indexes in the cardiac muscle."( [Effect of carvedilol in the combination with quercetine and tiotriazoline on the nucleus density and RNA concentration in the nucleus of cardiac myocytes of spontaneous hypertensive rats].
Zahorodnyĭ, MI, )		1.24
"Carvedilol has theoretical advantages in patients who use cocaine, but there are no controlled studies confirming the superior efficacy of this agent. "( Carvedilol therapy after cocaine-induced myocardial infarction in patients with asthma.
Mancell, J; Rogers, ML; Self, T; Soberman, JE, 2011)		3.25
"Carvedilol has been the most effective beta-blocker in the treatment of the systolic heart failure."( Novel design and synthesis of modified structure of carvedilol.
Hashemzadeh, M; Hill, DN; Movahed, MR; Russu, WA; Soroush, L, 2011)		1.34
"Carvedilol has been shown to be superior to metoprolol tartrate to improve clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF), yet the mechanisms responsible for these differences remain unclear. "( Endothelial function is unaffected by changing between carvedilol and metoprolol in patients with heart failure--a randomized study.
Christiansen, B; Dominguez, H; Falskov, B; Hermann, TS; Køber, L; Major-Pedersen, A; Rask-Madsen, C; Raunsø, J; Torp-Pedersen, C, 2011)		2.06
"Carvedilol has been shown to improve endothelial cell function in vivo and to block endothelin-1 release in vitro."( Probing the mechanisms of intradialytic hypertension: a pilot study targeting endothelial cell dysfunction.
Inrig, JK; Kim, C; Povsic, TJ; Toto, R; Van Buren, P; Vongpatanasin, W, 2012)		1.1
"Carvedilol has been shown to be more effective than propranolol in decreasing portal pressure. "( Randomized, controlled trial of carvedilol versus nadolol plus isosorbide mononitrate for the prevention of variceal rebleeding.
Chen, WC; Lo, GH; Wang, HM; Yu, HC, 2012)		2.11
"Carvedilol has been used in a limited number of studies examining oxidative injury."( The effect of carvedilol on serum and tissue oxidative stress parameters in partial ureteral obstruction induced rat model.
Atilgan, D; Erdemir, F; Firat, F; Koseoglu, RD; Parlaktas, BS; Saylan, O; Yasar, A, 2013)		1.47
"Carvedilol has beneficial effects on cardiac function in patients with heart failure but its effect on ovariectomy-induced myocardial contractile dysfunction remains unclear. "( Carvedilol prevents ovariectomy-induced myocardial contractile dysfunction in female rat.
Fernandes, AA; Fiorim, J; Forechi, L; Lima, FL; Pavan, BM; Potratz, FF; Ribeiro, RF; Stefanon, I; Vassallo, DV, 2013)		3.28
"Carvedilol has hypotensive effects and inhibits agonist-induced cell proliferation of vascular smooth muscle and then prevents vascular remodeling. "( Inhibitory effects of carvedilol on calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle cells.
Iida, H; Iwasawa, K; Jo, T; Ma, J; Nagai, R; Nakajima, T; Omata, M, 2003)		2.08
"Carvedilol has non-selective beta-adrenoceptor and selective alpha1-adrenoceptor blocking activity, calcium channel blocking, and anti-oxidant activity."( Carvedilol inhibits basal and stimulated ACE production in human endothelial cells.
Fyhrquist, F; Nyman, T; Saijonmaa, O, 2004)		2.49
"Carvedilol has been found to prevent progressive adverse ventricular remodeling in both conditions."( Cardiac remodeling in coronary artery disease.
Sharpe, N, 2004)		1.04
"Carvedilol has been shown to improve survival and morbidity in patients with heart failure. "( Relation of dose of carvedilol to reduction in QT dispersion in patients with mild to moderate heart failure secondary to ischemic or to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
Bristow, MR; Gill, EA; Holcslaw, TL; Pittenger, B, 2004)		2.09
"Carvedilol has a powerful antiarrhythmic effect after AMI, even in patients already treated with an ACE inhibitor. "( Antiarrhythmic effect of carvedilol after acute myocardial infarction: results of the Carvedilol Post-Infarct Survival Control in Left Ventricular Dysfunction (CAPRICORN) trial.
Colucci, W; Dargie, H; Ford, I; Køber, L; Lopez-Sendon, J; McMurray, J; Remme, W; Robertson, M; Sharpe, DN, 2005)		2.07
"Carvedilol has been shown to inhibit neutrophil O(2)(*-) generation in patients with stable angina."( Neutrophils superoxide anion generation during carvedilol therapy in patients with stable angina.
Błaszczyk, J; Cegliński, T; Irzmański, R; Kowalczyk, E; Kowalska, E; Kowalski, J; Pawlicki, L; Petecka, E, 2005)		1.31
"Carvedilol has a class III antiarrhythmic effect, which may provide the rationale for a favourable clinical outcome compared with other beta-blockers as suggested in the recent COMET (Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial) substudy."( Comparison of HERG channel blocking effects of various beta-blockers-- implication for clinical strategy.
Abe, H; Anson, BD; Delisle, BP; January, CT; Kawakami, K; Kikuchi, K; Nagatomo, T; Nakashima, Y; Takemasa, H, 2006)		1.06
"Carvedilol use has been adapted into pediatric heart failure practice although data supporting its efficacy in infants and children are scarce."( The use of carvedilol in pediatric heart failure.
Benson, LN; Greenway, SC, 2006)		1.45
"Carvedilol CR has a clinically meaningful defined dose-dependent antihypertensive effect that persists throughout a 24-hour period."( Efficacy of a once-daily formulation of carvedilol for the treatment of hypertension.
Bakris, GL; Fleck, R; Iyengar, M; Sica, DA; Tarka, EA; Weber, MA, 2006)		1.32
"Carvedilol has a high safety profile and the clinical benefits appear maintained across a wide range of patients with comorbidities such as diabetes and renal failure."( Carvedilol: use in chronic heart failure.
Doughty, RN; White, HD, 2007)		2.5
"Carvedilol has been shown to possess both ROS-scavenging and ROS-suppressive effects, and its use is associated with a reduction in oxidative stress."( Antioxidant activity of carvedilol in cardiovascular disease.
Brooks, DP; Dandona, P; Ghanim, H, 2007)		1.37
"Carvedilol has previously been demonstrated to be beneficial in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. "( Randomized active-controlled study comparing effects of treatment with carvedilol versus metoprolol in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction.
Asanin, MR; Jelena, MM; Lasica, RM; Matic, MD; Mrdovic, IB; Ostojic, MC; Perunicic, JP; Savic, LZ; Vasiljevic, ZM, 2007)		2.02
"Carvedilol has been made into a novel osmotic pump tablet which includes Gelucire 44/14, Lutrol F68, Transcutol P, silicon dioxide, mannitol, citric acid, and sodium hydrogen carbonate. "( Investigations of a novel self-emulsifying osmotic pump tablet containing carvedilol.
Guo, L; Li, J; Liu, H; Nie, S; Pan, W; Sun, P; Wei, L, 2007)		2.01
"Carvedilol therapy has been reported to be more effective than other beta-blockers in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). "( Combined therapy with carvedilol and amiodarone is more effective in improving cardiac symptoms, function, and sympathetic nerve activity in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: comparison with carvedilol therapy alone.
Adachi, H; Hoshizaki, H; Isobe, N; Kasama, S; Oshima, S; Taniguchi, K; Toyama, T; Yoshimura, Y, )		1.89
"Carvedilol has been used in small numbers of patients with cardiac failure."( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of carvedilol.
Morgan, T, 1994)		1.26
"Carvedilol has beneficial haemodynamic effects in patients with congestive heart failure."( A risk-benefit assessment of carvedilol in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders.
Conway, EL; Krum, H; Louis, WJ, 1994)		1.3
"Carvedilol has been shown to improve exercise tolerance in patients with angina pectoris and reduce the occurrence of episodes of silent myocardial ischaemia."( Carvedilol in ischaemic heart disease.
Prichard, BN, 1993)		2.45
"Carvedilol has improved the symptomatic status of patients with moderate to severe heart failure in single-center studies, but its clinical effects have not been evaluated in large, multicenter trials."( Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of carvedilol in patients with moderate to severe heart failure. The PRECISE Trial. Prospective Randomized Evaluation of Carvedilol on Symptoms and Exercise.
Cody, RJ; Colucci, WS; Freeman, I; Goldscher, DA; Gottlieb, SS; Gregory, JJ; Kantrowitz, NE; Kinhal, V; Klapholz, M; Kukin, ML; LeJemtel, TH; Liang, CS; Lukas, MA; Packer, M; Pearle, D; Sackner-Bernstein, JD; Shusterman, NH; Udelson, JE; Young, ST, 1996)		1.98
"Carvedilol has similar efficacy to other beta-blocking agents, calcium antagonists, ACE inhibitors and hydrochlorothiazide."( Carvedilol. A reappraisal of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in cardiovascular disorders.
Dunn, CJ; Lea, AP; Wagstaff, AJ, 1997)		2.46
"Carvedilol has been shown to determine a significant improvement in left ventricular function, symptoms, clinical course and prognosis of patients with chronic heart failure. "( [The effects of mid- and long-term administration (3-4 years) of carvedilol in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy].
Boldi, E; Dei Cas, L; Garbellini, M; Giubbini, R; Metra, M; Milan, E; Nodari, S; Rosselli, F, 1997)		1.98
"Carvedilol has a neutral effect on lipids and glucose metabolism."( Results of therapy with carvedilol, a beta-blocker vasodilator with antioxidant properties, in hypertensive patients.
Frishman, W; Moser, M, 1998)		1.33
"Carvedilol has a good metabolic profile and seems to improve insulin sensitivity."( Betablockers: old concept in a modern approach.
Hansson, BG, 1998)		1.02
"Carvedilol, which has beta-blocking, alpha-blocking, and antioxidant properties, is associated with a reduction in hospitalizations and symptoms and improvements in ejection fraction it also appears to reduce mortality, although confirmatory studies are needed."( Catecholamines and their blockade in congestive heart failure.
White, CM, 1998)		1.02
"Carvedilol has been shown to be effective in systemic hypertension and coronary artery disease in patients with end-stage renal disease, on maintenance hemodialysis. "( [Complex ventricular arrhythmias and carvedilol: efficacy in hemodialyzed uremic patients].
Cice, G; Di Benedetto, A; Ferrara, L; Iacono, A; Tagliamonte, E, 1998)		2.02
"Carvedilol has been known to combine alpha/beta-blockade with antioxidant properties."( Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of carvedilol on the prevention of nitrate tolerance in patients with chronic heart failure.
Kakihana, M; Ohtsuka, S; Sugishita, Y; Watanabe, H, 1998)		1.27
"Carvedilol has been known to combine alpha- and beta-blockade with antioxidant properties."( Preventive effects of carvedilol on nitrate tolerance--a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparative study between carvedilol and arotinolol.
Kakihana, M; Ohtsuka, S; Sugishita, Y; Watanabe, H, 1998)		1.34
"Carvedilol also has neuroprotective capacity with modulatory actions at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and Na+ channels."( Neuroprotective activities of carvedilol and a hydroxylated derivative: role of membrane biophysical interactions.
Feuerstein, G; Lysko, KA; Lysko, PG; Mason, PE; Mason, RP; Walter, MF; Webb, CL, 1998)		1.31
"Carvedilol has beneficial effects on splanchnic haemodynamics following acute and chronic administration in cirrhosis, without compromising hepatic blood flow or renal function. "( Acute and chronic haemodynamic and renal effects of carvedilol in patients with cirrhosis.
Hayes, PC; Helmy, A; Stanley, AJ; Therapondos, G, 1999)		2
"Carvedilol has been investigated in numerous in vivo studies and thus comparisons of in vitro results to in vivo observations are possible."( In vitro absorption studies with carvedilol using a new model with porcine intestine called BM-RIMO (Boehringer-Mannheim ring model).
Backfisch, G; Neidlein, R; Nolte, K, 1999)		1.31
"Carvedilol has been shown to be beneficial for patients with heart failure, but it is not clear how it should be initiated in routine clinical practice, particularly in the elderly. "( Experience of commencing Carvedilol in elderly patients with heart failure in a routine outpatient clinic.
Owen, A, 2000)		2.05
"Carvedilol has been shown to decrease the progression of heart failure and improve left ventricular function and survival in patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) less than 35%. "( Predicting response to carvedilol for the treatment of heart failure: a multivariate retrospective analysis.
Abraham, WT; Bristow, MR; Ferguson, D; Lindenfeld, JA; Lowes, BD; Schleman, KA; Wolfel, EE; Zisman, LS, 2001)		2.06
"Carvedilol has broader antiadrenergic effects than metoprolol, but it is not clear whether this characteristic is associated with greater benefits on cardiac function during long-term treatment."( Comparative effects of carvedilol and metoprolol on left ventricular ejection fraction in heart failure: results of a meta-analysis.
Antonopoulos, GV; Berlin, JA; Chittams, J; Konstam, MA; Packer, M; Udelson, JE, 2001)		1.34
"Carvedilol has proven to be beneficial in a majority of adult patients with congestive heart failure. "( Efficacy and safety of carvedilol in infants with dilated cardiomyopathy: a preliminary report.
Farzana, F; Gachara, N; Krishnan, U; Prabhakaran, S; Shah, MJ; Srinivas, S, )		1.88
"Carvedilol has been shown to improve morbidity and mortality in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). "( Carvedilol titration in patients with congestive heart failure receiving inotropic therapy.
Antonio, C; Choudhary, G; Heaney, L; Jain, A; Just, V; Kumar, A; Papp, MA, 2001)		3.2
"Carvedilol has additional metabolic and antioxidant properties."( Rationale and design of the carvedilol or metoprolol European trial in patients with chronic heart failure: COMET.
Cleland, JG; Di Lenarda, A; Hanrath, P; J Remme, W; Komajda, M; Metra, M; Poole-Wilson, PA; Swedberg, K; Torp-Pedersen, C, 2002)		1.33
"Carvedilol has been shown to be effective and safe in patients with essential hypertension when given as monotherapy. "( Safety and antihypertensive efficacy of carvedilol and atenolol alone and in combination with hydrochlorothiazide.
Hörrmann, M; Machwirth, M; van der Does, R; Widmann, L, 1990)		1.99
"Carvedilol (BM 14.190) has been shown to have beta-adrenergic blocking and vasodilating activity. "( Clinical pharmacologic investigations with carvedilol, a new beta-blocker with direct vasodilator activity.
Abshagen, U; Akpan, W; Neugebauer, G; Schröter, E; von Möllendorff, E, 1986)		1.98

Actions

Carvedilol (CAR) can inhibit cell growth and induce cell apoptosis in breast cancer in vitro. Both carvedilol and nebivolol produce hemodynamic and clinical benefits in chronic heart failure. It is unknown whether their peculiar pharmacologic properties produce different effects on LV function.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Carvedilol succeeded to enhance antioxidants in gastric tissue, attenuated lipid peroxidative parameters, and suppressed the release of inflammatory mediators."( Carvedilol safeguards against aspirin-induced gastric damage in rats.
Ahmed, I; Ahmed, N; Bazarbay, AA; El-Agamy, DS; Elkablawy, MA, 2020)		2.72
"Carvedilol (CAR) can inhibit cell growth and induce cell apoptosis in breast cancer in vitro. "( Carvedilol suppresses migration and invasion of malignant breast cells by inactivating Src involving cAMP/PKA and PKCδ signaling pathway.
Dezong, G; Qinye, F; Zhigang, Y; Zhongbing, M, )		3.02
"Carvedilol may suppress atherosclerosis via reducing superoxide production, in addition to the hemodynamic modifications in this animal model."( Carvedilol reduces the severity of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice via reducing superoxide production.
Fujita, M; Hirano, E; Kimura, T; Kishimoto, C; Shimada, K, 2012)		2.54
"Carvedilol did not inhibit the Ca2+ release, but significantly suppressed the sustained rise due to Ca2+ entry concentration-dependently."( Inhibitory effects of carvedilol on calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle cells.
Iida, H; Iwasawa, K; Jo, T; Ma, J; Nagai, R; Nakajima, T; Omata, M, 2003)		1.35
"Carvedilol can inhibit this process."( [The effect of carvedilol on cardiac function and autoantibodies against the cardiac receptors].
Chen, J; Hu, DY; Li, J; Liu, XL; Wu, YF; Zhang, L, 2005)		1.4
"Both carvedilol and nebivolol produce hemodynamic and clinical benefits in chronic heart failure, but it is unknown whether their peculiar pharmacologic properties produce different effects on LV function."( Effects of nebivolol versus carvedilol on left ventricular function in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left ventricular systolic function.
Abrignani, MG; Braschi, A; De Castro, S; Lombardo, RM; Reina, C; Rizzo, PA, 2006)		1.08
"Carvedilol resulted in a lower perceived burden of diabetes-related symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension. "( beta-blocker use and diabetes symptom score: results from the GEMINI study.
Anderson, KM; Bakris, GL; Bell, DS; Dalal, MR; Fonseca, V; Iyengar, M; Katholi, RE; Lukas, MA; McGill, JB; Messerli, FH; Phillips, RA; Raskin, P; Wright, JT, 2007)		1.78
"Carvedilol inhibited the increase in cell number induced by foetal calf serum (FCS) in 86% (18 of 21) of human VSMC grown both from saphenous vein (17.6 +/- 3.5% inhibition, mean +/- SEM, n = 15) and restenotic lesions (31.4 +/- 5.5% inhibition, mean +/- SEM, n = 5)."( Inhibition of human vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by the novel multiple-action antihypertensive agent carvedilol.
Betteridge, LJ; Chan, P; Patel, MK; Schachter, M; Sever, PS, 1995)		1.22
"Carvedilol appears to increase digoxin's oral bioavailability as well as renal elimination."( Effects of long-term oral carvedilol on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of oral digoxin in patients with mild to moderate hypertension.
Boyle, DA; Chandler, MH; Clifton, GD; Field, CJ; Smith, DA; Wermeling, DP, )		1.15
"Carvedilol reduced all-cause mortality but had no effects on the Minnesota Living With Heart Failure scale, the distance walked in 9 minutes on a self-powered treadmill, or cardiothoracic index."( Carvedilol inhibits clinical progression in patients with mild symptoms of heart failure. US Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group.
Bowers, JA; Bristow, MR; Cohn, JN; Colucci, WS; Fowler, MB; Gilbert, EM; Hershberger, R; Holcslaw, TL; Krueger, SK; Lukas, MA; Packer, M; Sackner-Bernstein, JD; Uretsky, BF; Young, ST, 1996)		2.46
"Carvedilol at a lower dose (7.5 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) and lacidipine 1 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) had only moderate and nonsignificant effects on carotid pressure but largely prevented left ventricular hypertrophy (P<0.01) and preproendothelin-1 overexpression (P<0.05)."( Carvedilol and lacidipine prevent cardiac hypertrophy and endothelin-1 gene overexpression after aortic banding.
Donckier, J; Godfraind, T; Heyndrickx, GR; Kyselovic, J; Massart, PE; Wibo, M, 1999)		2.47
"Carvedilol did not increase CVC, blunt the calf vasoconstrictor response to handgrip or attenuate the gain of the neuroeffector transfer function, indicating the absence of functionally important peripheral alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonism during long-term treatment of CHF."( Lack of evidence for peripheral alpha(1)- adrenoceptor blockade during long-term treatment of heart failure with carvedilol.
Azevedo, ER; Floras, JS; Kubo, T; Newton, GE; Parker, JD, 2001)		1.96
"Carvedilol may cause pruritus and elevated liver function test results. "( Hepatotoxicity associated with carvedilol.
Hagmeyer, KO; Stein, J, 2001)		2.04
"Carvedilol does not enhance the hyperkalemic effect of moderate physical exercise in anuric hemodialysis patients."( Carvedilol does not modulate moderate exercise-induced hyperkalemia in hemodialysis patients.
Klimek, D; Kokot, F; Nowicki, M; Szewczyk-Seifert, G, 2002)		3.2
"The carvedilol-induced increase of [(3)H]STX binding was abolished by brefeldin A and H-89, inhibitors of intracellular vesicular trafficking of proteins from the trans-Golgi network and of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A), respectively."( Differential effects of short and prolonged exposure to carvedilol on voltage-dependent Na(+) channels in cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells.
Izumi, F; Kajiwara, K; Nakashima, Y; Wada, A; Yanagihara, N; Yanagita, T, 2002)		1.04
"Carvedilol did not cause significant changes in glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, blood urea nitrogen, or serum creatinine."( Effect of long-term carvedilol therapy on renal function in essential hypertension.
Marumo, F; Tomita, K, 1992)		1.33
"Carvedilol may also produce an improvement of the LV contractile status in patients with CHD and impaired LV function, mainly due to afterload reduction, in addition to its antianginal effect, which is due mainly to the beta-blocking properties of this substance."( Hemodynamic profile of carvedilol.
Eggeling, T; Haerer, W; Höher, M; Hombach, V; Kochs, M; Schmidt, A; Wieshammer, S, 1990)		1.31

Treatment

Carvedilol treatment decreased brain levels of oxidative stress markers and induced Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Pretreatment of carvedilol orally at a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight for 2 weeks significantly prevented initial reduction in serum electrolyte levels induced by adrenaline.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Carvedilol treatment decreased the brain levels of oxidative stress markers and induced Nrf2/HO-1 pathway."( Carvedilol attenuates brain damage in mice with hepatic encephalopathy.
Amirshahrokhi, K; Niapour, A, 2022)		2.89
"Carvedilol treatment decreased the detrimental effects induced by R-IRI."( Quercetin and lithium chloride potentiate the protective effects of carvedilol against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in high-fructose, high-fat diet-fed Swiss albino mice independent of renal lipid signaling.
Ibrahim, IAAE; Mahmoud, AAA; Mahmoud, MF; Rezk, AM, 2021)		1.58
"Carvedilol treatment led to the downregulation of phosphor-cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)."( Carvedilol, an Adrenergic Blocker, Suppresses Melanin Synthesis by Inhibiting the cAMP/CREB Signaling Pathway in Human Melanocytes and Ex Vivo Human Skin Culture.
Chang, SE; Choi, ME; Lee, HR; Lee, WJ; Moon, IJ; Song, Y; Yoo, H, 2020)		2.72
"Late carvedilol treatment did not lead to recovery of RV function."( [
Ahmadi, A; Beanlands, R; deKemp, RA; Mielniczuk, LM; Schock, S; Staines, WA; Stewart, DJ; Zelt, JGE, 2021)		1.08
"Carvedilol treatment was a strong predictor for being on target dose of BB at time of implant, as was treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and/or spironolactone, no history of myocardial infarction, younger age and less pronounced heart failure symptoms."( The use of guideline recommended beta-blocker therapy in primary prevention implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients: insight from Danish nationwide registers.
Gislason, GH; Johansen, JB; Jøns, C; Nielsen, JC; Petersen, HH; Riahi, S; Ruwald, AC; Torp-Pedersen, C; Vinther, M, 2018)		1.2
"Carvedilol and vitamin E treatments were associated with better renal function and less myocardial damage, lower blood glucose, and lipid peroxidation, higher antioxidant capacity, better serum lipids, and higher expression of Bcl-2 protein in diabetic rats."( Antiapoptotic and antioxidant effects of carvedilol and vitamin E protect against diabetic nephropathy and cardiomyopathy in diabetic Wistar albino rats.
Abdel-Raheem, MH; Al-Rifaay, A; Hasan-Ali, H; Mosad, E; Salama, HS; Salim, SU, 2015)		1.4
"Carvedilol pretreatment significantly attenuated the potassium dichromate-induced DNA damage, decreased the p53, Bax and cleaved caspase-3 expression and increased the Bcl-2 expression."( Chromium-induced nephrotoxicity and ameliorative effect of carvedilol in rats: Involvement of oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation.
Bijargi, SR; Koneru, M; Kota, A; Sahu, BD; Sistla, R, 2014)		1.37
"Carvedilol treatment prevented many of these deleterious effects."( Effects of carvedilol on ventricular remodeling and the expression of β3-adrenergic receptor in a diabetic rat model subjected myocardial infarction.
Fu, L; Kang, X; Shen, J; Wang, F; Wang, Y; Yu, P; Zhang, R, 2016)		1.55
"Carvedilol treatment also significantly reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 in the lung tissue."( Carvedilol attenuates paraquat-induced lung injury by inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokine MCP-1, NF-κB activation and oxidative stress mediators.
Amirshahrokhi, K; Khalili, AR, 2016)		2.6
"Carvedilol co-treatment in CCl4-intoxicated rats for 6 weeks significantly counteracted the changes in hepatotoxicity markers and histopathological lesions induced by CCl4."( Antifibrotic Effects of Carvedilol and Impact of Liver Fibrosis on Carvedilol Pharmacokinetics in a Rat model.
Abdel-Sattar, SA; El-Bakly, WM; El-Demerdash, E; Mohamed, EA, 2017)		1.48
"Carvedilol co-treatment in CCl4-intoxicated rats for 6 weeks recovered its pharmacokinetic profile, which is mainly attributed to the impact of pharmacodynamic antifibrotic effects of carvedilol on its own kinetics."( Antifibrotic Effects of Carvedilol and Impact of Liver Fibrosis on Carvedilol Pharmacokinetics in a Rat model.
Abdel-Sattar, SA; El-Bakly, WM; El-Demerdash, E; Mohamed, EA, 2017)		1.48
"Carvedilol co-treatment did not reduce the anti-tumor effects of oxaliplatin in human colon cancer cells (HT-29), but exhibited free radical scavenging activity against oxaliplatin-induced oxidative stress in neuronal cells (Neuro-2a)."( Carvedilol prevents functional deficits in peripheral nerve mitochondria of rats with oxaliplatin-evoked painful peripheral neuropathy.
Areti, A; Komirishetty, P; Kumar, A, 2017)		2.62
"Carvedilol treatment restored the IS reduction by postconditioning, possibly via other mechanism(s) of the ERK and Akt pathways."( Attenuation of cardioprotective effect by postconditioning in coronary stenosed rat heart and its restoration by carvedilol.
Maruyama, Y; Oikawa, M; Watanabe, K; Yaoita, H, 2008)		1.28
"Carvedilol treatment also resulted in improved hemodynamics and relieved right ventricular hypertrophy."( [B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels and the effects of carvedilol on BNP levels in juvenile rats with right heart failure].
An, JD; Feng, S; Liang, F, 2009)		1.32
"Carvedilol pretreatment is associated with a reduction in both the QTd and LF/HF ratio, raising the possibility that the cardiac sympathovagal balance shift may be responsible for the impaired homogeneity of myocardial repolarization, and that beta-blocker pretreatment may decrease the mortality risk during alcoholic withdrawal."( QT interval dispersion and cardiac sympathovagal balance shift in rats with acute ethanol withdrawal.
Fujimiya, T; Hamada, K; Liu, J; Okamura, N; Shirafuji, S, 2010)		1.08
"With carvedilol treatment, LVMI was lower (p<0.05), endothelium function of the brachial artery was higher (p<0.05), and peak diastolic coronary flow velocity at rest and at maximal vasodilation after dipyridamole infusion was significantly higher (p<0.05) than with metoprolol treatment, which led to a significantly higher CFR (p<0.05)."( Effect of carvedilol on coronary flow reserve in patients with hypertensive left-ventricular hypertrophy.
Mei, Z; Xiaozhen, H; Yu, S; Yun, Z, 2010)		1.22
"Carvedilol treatment fully prevented damage to the heart and kidney and attenuated liver lesions induced by the Ang II infusion."( Protective effects of carvedilol on systemic vascular damage induced by angiotensin II: organ-specific effects independent of antihypertensive effects.
Matsubara, BB; Matsubara, LS; Padovani, CR; Rocha, NS; Schwartz, DS; Vailati, Mdo C, 2010)		1.4
"Carvedilol treatment was started after establishment of pulmonary hypertension and right heart dysfunction."( Adrenergic receptor blockade reverses right heart remodeling and dysfunction in pulmonary hypertensive rats.
Abbate, A; Bogaard, HJ; Chang, PJ; Chau, VQ; Hoke, NN; Kasper, M; Kraskauskas, D; Mizuno, S; Natarajan, R; Salloum, FN; Voelkel, NF, 2010)		1.08
"Carvedilol treatment was associated with enhancement of RV fetal gene reactivation, increased protein kinase G (PKG) activity, and a reduction in capillary rarefaction and fibrosis."( Adrenergic receptor blockade reverses right heart remodeling and dysfunction in pulmonary hypertensive rats.
Abbate, A; Bogaard, HJ; Chang, PJ; Chau, VQ; Hoke, NN; Kasper, M; Kraskauskas, D; Mizuno, S; Natarajan, R; Salloum, FN; Voelkel, NF, 2010)		1.08
"Carvedilol treatment produced a significant increase in basal synaptic transmission and LTP in TgCRND8 mice, as compared to their vehicle-treated slices, in which basal neuronal transmission and LTP decreased."( Carvedilol reestablishes long-term potentiation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
Arrieta-Cruz, I; Pasinetti, GM; Pavlides, C; Wang, J, 2010)		2.52
"Carvedilol treatment resulted in less left ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation."( Usefulness of carvedilol in the treatment of chronic aortic valve regurgitation.
Arsenault, M; Couet, J; Lachance, D; Roussel, E; Zendaoui, A, 2011)		1.45
"Carvedilol treatment fully prevented diet-induced insulin resistance and hypertension, mimicking the effect of caffeine."( Chronic caffeine intake decreases circulating catecholamines and prevents diet-induced insulin resistance and hypertension in rats.
Conde, SV; Gonzalez, C; Guarino, MP; Monteiro, EC; Mota Carmo, M; Nunes da Silva, T, 2012)		1.1
"Carvedilol treatment resulted in significant improvements in LVEF, shortening fraction, and velocity of circumferential shortening (VCF(c))."( New insights into mechanisms of action of carvedilol treatment in chronic heart failure patients--a matter of time for contractility.
Ather, S; Bolos, M; Bozkurt, B; Carabello, B; Chan, W; Deswal, A; Mann, DL, 2012)		1.36
"Carvedilol treatment significantly attenuated the binge-induced transient increases in BP at 4 and 5 weeks."( Cardiovascular responses and differential changes in mitogen-activated protein kinases following repeated episodes of binge drinking.
Chowdhury, SA; Fink, AM; Geenen, DL; Gu, L; Piano, MR, )		0.85
"Carvedilol treatment in the OVX animals: prevented weight gain and slight hypertrophy, restored the reduced positive inotropic responses to Ca(2+) and isoproterenol, prevented the reduction in SERCA2a expression, abolished the increase in superoxide anion production, normalized the increase in p22(phox) expression, and decreased serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity."( Carvedilol prevents ovariectomy-induced myocardial contractile dysfunction in female rat.
Fernandes, AA; Fiorim, J; Forechi, L; Lima, FL; Pavan, BM; Potratz, FF; Ribeiro, RF; Stefanon, I; Vassallo, DV, 2013)		2.55
"Carvedilol treatment was even cost-effective in severe disease."( [Beta blockers in heart failure therapy with special reference to the COPERNICUS Study].
Hartmann, F; Katus, HA, 2002)		1.04
"Carvedilol treatment abolished the increase in heart rate, SVI, and CI and caused a rise, rather than a decline, in PAP, PWP, systemic vascular resistance, and pulmonary vascular resistance during dobutamine infusion."( Beta-blocker therapy influences the hemodynamic response to inotropic agents in patients with heart failure: a randomized comparison of dobutamine and enoximone before and after chronic treatment with metoprolol or carvedilol.
Bristow, MR; D'Aloia, A; Dei Cas, L; Metra, M; Muneretto, C; Nodari, S; Robertson, AD, 2002)		1.22
"Carvedilol-treated patients were also less likely than placebo-treated patients to experience a serious adverse event (P=0.002), especially worsening heart failure, sudden death, cardiogenic shock, or ventricular tachycardia."( Effect of carvedilol on the morbidity of patients with severe chronic heart failure: results of the carvedilol prospective randomized cumulative survival (COPERNICUS) study.
Amann-Zalan, I; Coats, AJ; DeMets, DL; Fowler, MB; Holcslaw, TL; Katus, HA; Krum, H; Mohacsi, P; Packer, M; Roecker, EB; Rouleau, JL; Staiger, C; Tendera, M, 2002)		1.44
"Carvedilol treatment reduces the mortality rate in patients with congestive heart failure. "( Carvedilol improves left ventricular function in heart failure patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and a wide range of sympathetic nervous system function as measured by iodine 123 metaiodobenzylguanidine.
Abraham, WT; Craft, LL; Gerson, MC; McGuire, N; Suresh, DP; Wagoner, LE, )		3.02
"Carvedilol treatment can improve cardiac function, symptoms, and cardiac sympathetic nerve activity in patients with DCM to a similar extent as metoprolol treatment. "( Efficacy of carvedilol treatment on cardiac function and cardiac sympathetic nerve activity in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: comparison with metoprolol therapy.
Adachi, H; Hoshizaki, H; Isobe, N; Naito, S; Oshima, S; Seki, R; Taniguchi, K; Toyama, T, 2003)		2.14
"Carvedilol treatment for CHF patients is a highly cost-effective method of therapy in the Japanese medical environment."( Cost-effectiveness analysis of carvedilol for the treatment of chronic heart failure in Japan.
Inomata, T; Izumi, T; Kobayashi, M, 2004)		2.05
"Carvedilol treatment significantly blocked adrenoceptors during the treatment period, delayed development (eye opening), reduced growth, and reduced arterial pressure and heart rate."( Pre-weaning carvedilol treatment in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Anderson, WP; Boesen, EI; Kett, MM; Lambert, GW, 2004)		1.42
"Carvedilol pre-treatment blunted both the decrease of Bcl-2 (P < 0.01) and the increase of Bax-alpha mRNA expression (P < 0.01)."( Carvedilol prevents doxorubicin-induced free radical release and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes in vitro.
Altieri, P; Ballestrero, A; Barsotti, A; Brunelli, C; Fabbi, P; Garibaldi, S; Ghigliotti, G; Manca, V; Nasti, S; Patrone, F; Rossettin, P; Spallarossa, P, 2004)		2.49
"Carvedilol treatment was started with 3.125 mg twice daily and slowly uptitrated in 2-week intervals to 2x25 mg per day."( Betablockers in heart failure: Carvedilol Safety Assessment (CASA 2-trial).
Hess, OM; Müller, K; Rickli, H; Steiner, S, 2004)		1.33
"Carvedilol treatment in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients has been demonstrated to reduce mortality by improving cardiac systolic function and reducing left ventricular adverse remodeling. "( Left ventricular diastolic function improvement by carvedilol therapy in advanced heart failure.
Calabria, P; Gennari, L; Martini, G; Nuti, R; Palazzuoli, A; Quatrini, I; Vecchiato, L, 2005)		2.02
"In carvedilol-treated mice, a significant improvement in left ventricular function was documented 10 days post infection."( Carvedilol improves left ventricular function in murine coxsackievirus-induced acute myocarditis association with reduced myocardial interleukin-1beta and MMP-8 expression and a modulated immune response.
Chandrasekharan, K; Li, J; Noutsias, M; Pauschinger, M; Peter Schwimmbeck, L; Poller, W; Rutschow, S; Schultheiss, HP; Tschope, C; Weitz, A; Westermann, D; Zeichhardt, H, 2005)		2.29
"Carvedilol treatment in experimental myocarditis leads to reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines and MMPs, which contributes to reduced matrix degradation and ultimately to improved structural integrity of the heart. "( Carvedilol improves left ventricular function in murine coxsackievirus-induced acute myocarditis association with reduced myocardial interleukin-1beta and MMP-8 expression and a modulated immune response.
Chandrasekharan, K; Li, J; Noutsias, M; Pauschinger, M; Peter Schwimmbeck, L; Poller, W; Rutschow, S; Schultheiss, HP; Tschope, C; Weitz, A; Westermann, D; Zeichhardt, H, 2005)		3.21
"Carvedilol treatment caused a significant reduction in CANESP while metoprolol had a neutral effect (-95+/-27 vs."( Selective versus nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in chronic heart failure: differential effects on myocardial energy substrate utilization.
Al-Hesayen, A; Azevedo, ER; Floras, JS; Hollingshead, S; Lopaschuk, GD; Parker, JD, 2005)		1.05
"Carvedilol treatment caused a 20% reduction in myocardial free fatty acid extraction while metoprolol had a neutral effect. "( Selective versus nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor blockade in chronic heart failure: differential effects on myocardial energy substrate utilization.
Al-Hesayen, A; Azevedo, ER; Floras, JS; Hollingshead, S; Lopaschuk, GD; Parker, JD, 2005)		1.77
"Carvedilol pretreatment followed by epinephrine treatment reduced early postresuscitation ventricular ectopy (116 +/- 147 vs 834 +/- 380, P < .01) and minimized increases in arterial blood lactate at 5 minutes after resuscitation (10.9 +/- 2.1 mmol/L vs 17.4 +/- 3.5 mmol/L, P < .01)."( Carvedilol mitigates adverse effects of epinephrine during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Fang, X; Huang, L; Sun, S; Tang, W; Weil, MH, 2005)		2.49
"Carvedilol treatment in chronic heart failure (CHF) demonstrated to reduce mortality and rehospitalisation, and improvement of cardiac systolic function with reduction of left ventricular volumes and remodelling. "( Effects of carvedilol on left ventricular diastolic function and chamber volumes in advanced heart failure.
De Paola, V; Iovine, F; Martini, G; Nuti, R; Palazzuoli, A; Quatrini, I; Scali, C; Vecchiato, L, 2005)		2.16
"Carvedilol treatment improve diastolic function in CHF with severe diastolic impairment driving restrictive or pseudonormal filling pattern towards altered pattern at early time. "( Effects of carvedilol on left ventricular diastolic function and chamber volumes in advanced heart failure.
De Paola, V; Iovine, F; Martini, G; Nuti, R; Palazzuoli, A; Quatrini, I; Scali, C; Vecchiato, L, 2005)		2.16
"Carvedilol treatment of hibernating myocardium results in improved functional recovery after revascularization compared with metoprolol tartrate, and this might partially be related to reduced cardiomyocyte degeneration."( Carvedilol improves myocardial contractility compared with metoprolol in patients with chronic hibernating myocardium after revascularization.
Diep, TP; Grohmann, B; Gupta, R; Kostin, S; Nowak, B; Schaper, J; Schwarz, ER; Uretsky, BF, 2005)		3.21
"Carvedilol treatment in patients with CHF results in reduced oxidative stress without restoration of the chronotropic responsiveness index."( Effects of carvedilol on oxidative stress and chronotropic response to exercise in patients with chronic heart failure.
Alcaino, H; Castro, P; Chiong, M; Copaja, M; Corbalan, R; Díaz-Araya, G; Greig, D; Lavandero, S; Pérez, O; Valenzuela, R; Vukasovic, JL, 2005)		2.16
"Carvedilol treatment did not affect serum biochemistry in either sham-operated or cirrhotic rats. "( Hemodynamic effects of one week of carvedilol administration on cirrhotic rats.
Hou, MC; Huang, YT; Lee, SD; Lee, TY; Lin, HC; Wang, YW; Wei, HC; Yang, YY, 2006)		2.05
"Carvedilol treatment increased activities of antioxidant enzymes and expression of Bcl-2 in healthy rats as well as diabetic rats."( Carvedilol improved diabetic rat cardiac function depending on antioxidant ability.
Huang, H; Pan, XH; Qian, LB; Shan, J; Wang, HP; Xia, Q, 2007)		2.5
"Carvedilol treatment increased activities of antioxidant enzymes and expression of Bcl-2 in healthy rats as well as diabetic rats."( Carvedilol protected diabetic rat hearts via reducing oxidative stress.
Huang, H; Pan, XH; Qian, LB; Shan, J; Wang, HP, 2006)		2.5
"Carvedilol treatment attenuated the nicotine-induced heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure increases."( Adrenergic blocker carvedilol attenuates the cardiovascular and aversive effects of nicotine in abstinent smokers.
Kosten, T; Mouratidis, M; Sofuoglu, M; Yoo, S, 2006)		1.38
"Carvedilol pretreated patients had higher amount of serum UA (p<0.05) comparing to non-treated patients. "( Elevated serum uric acid reduce heart damage in patients undergoing opern-heart surgery.
Blagojevć, D; Davidović, B; Kastratović, D; Mijalković, D; Nikolić, A; Spasić, M, 2006)		1.78
"Carvedilol treatment improved maximal DT and significantly decreased tension-dependent ATP consumption without altering myofibrillar Ca(2+) sensitivity."( Chronic treatment with carvedilol improves Ca(2+)-dependent ATP consumption in triton X-skinned fiber preparations of human myocardium.
Bloch, W; Boelck, B; Brixius, K; Grafweg, S; Hoyer, F; Lu, R; Mehlhorn, U; Pott, C; Schwinger, RH, 2007)		1.37
"Carvedilol treatment reversed thyroxin induced hypertriglyceridemia, whereas propranolol treatment had no effect."( Comparative effectiveness of carvedilol and propranolol on glycemic control and insulin resistance associated with L-thyroxin-induced hyperthyroidism--an experimental study.
Bhatt, P; Goyal, R; Makwana, D; Santani, D, 2007)		1.35
"The carvedilol group was treated with mean daily dose of 46 +/- 9 mg and metoprolol group with mean daily dose of 93 +/- 11 mg."( Optimal beta-blocker for prevention of atrial fibrillation after on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: carvedilol versus metoprolol.
Alizadeh, A; Emkanjoo, Z; Fazelifar, AF; Ghafarinejad, MH; Givtaj, N; Haghjoo, M; Hashemi, MJ; Hosseini, S; Khamoushi, AJ; Sadr-Ameli, MA; Saravi, M, 2007)		1.03
"Carvedilol treatment for 4 months resulted in a significant improvement of RVEF, which paralleled the improvement of LVEF and the decreasing of TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels in patients with systolic HF."( Effects of carvedilol on right ventricular ejection fraction and cytokines levels in patients with systolic heart failure.
Aktoz, M; Buyuklu, M; Kurum, T; Tatli, E, 2008)		2.18
"Carvedilol treatment did not result in significant changes in neurohormonal activation, radiographic heart size, heart rate, or owner perceived quality-of-life."( Carvedilol in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy.
Bulmer, BJ; Fuentes, VL; Luethy, MW; Oyama, MA; Prosek, R; Sisson, DD, )		2.3
"Carvedilol treatment did not significantly alter nerve conduction in non-diabetic rats."( Neuroprotective effects of carvedilol in diabetic rats: prevention of defective peripheral nerve perfusion and conduction velocity.
Cameron, NE; Cotter, MA, 1995)		1.31
"Carvedilol-treated patients also reported a significant lessening of heart failure symptoms (p < 0.05 vs."( Carvedilol improves left ventricular function and symptoms in chronic heart failure: a double-blind randomized study.
Bristow, MR; Gilbert, EM; Olsen, SL; Renlund, DG; Taylor, DO; Yanowitz, FD, 1995)		2.46
"Carvedilol-treated SHR had significantly reduced systolic blood pressures and heart rates throughout the duration of the experiment, and had significantly reduced ventricle/body weights by approximately 9.0%."( Carvedilol, a novel cardiovascular agent, inhibits development of vascular and ventricular hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Arleth, A; Barone, F; Camden, A; McCartney, L; Ohlstein, EH; Sung, CP; Vickery, L, 1994)		2.45
"Carvedilol treatment, however, resulted in a small amelioration of insulin resistance and a better lipid profile [corrected]."( Differential effect of chronic treatment with two beta-blocking agents on insulin sensitivity: the carvedilol-metoprolol study.
Agrawal, B; Augustin, HJ; Dietze, GJ; Jacob, S; Rett, K; Wicklmayr, M, 1996)		1.23
"Carvedilol treatment also reduced the extent of in vivo LDL oxidation, as reflected by the decrease in antioxidized LDL autoantibody titer."( Protective effects of carvedilol, a vasodilating beta-adrenoceptor blocker, against in vivo low density lipoprotein oxidation in essential hypertension.
Bellomo, G; Covini, D; Maggi, E; Marchesi, E; Negro, C; Perani, G, 1996)		1.33
"Carvedilol treatment improved the impairment in the preparation from SHRSP."( Effects of chronic treatment with carvedilol on abnormalities of endothelium-dependent relaxation and structure of endothelium in resistance arteries of SHRSP.
Hashimoto, H; Sasaki, F; Shibutani, T; Shimamura, K; Sunano, S; Tanaka, M; Yamamoto, K, 1995)		1.29
"Carvedilol treatment resulted in a significant improvement of RV ejection fraction and systolic performance, which paralleled the improvement of systolic function demonstrated in the left ventricle."( Effects of carvedilol on right ventricular function in chronic heart failure.
Bristow, MR; Christian, PE; Datz, FL; Gilbert, EM; Quaife, RA; Volkman, K, 1998)		1.41
"Carvedilol treatment resulted in sustained reduction of pressure-rate-index and significantly smaller infarcts (22.0+/-2.5%, P < 0.01 vs."( Comparison of metoprolol and carvedilol pharmacology and cardioprotection in rabbit ischemia and reperfusion model.
Arch, JR; Cheng, HY; Feuerstein, G; Hieble, JP; Liu, GL; Ma, XL; Ruffolo, RR; Yue, TL, 1998)		1.31
"Carvedilol treatment had a beneficial effect on lipid pattern and reduced lipid oxidation, but there was no obvious effect on progression of chronic rejection."( Carvedilol treatment of kidney graft recipients with chronic rejection.
Backman, U; Fellström, B; Larsson, E; Vessby, B; Zezina, L, 1999)		2.47
"Carvedilol treatment improved ventricular function and reduced the incidence of arrhythmic episodes."( Efficacy of carvedilol on complex ventricular arrhythmias in dilated cardiomyopathy: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study.
Cice, G; Ferrara, L; Iacono, A; Tagliamonte, E, 2000)		1.41
"Carvedilol treatment resulted in sustained reduction of the pressure-rate-index and significantly smaller infarcts (30+/-2.9, P<0.01 vs."( Comparison of bisoprolol and carvedilol cardioprotection in a rabbit ischemia and reperfusion model.
Chen, J; Christopher, TA; Gao, F; Gu, J; Lopez, BL; Lysko, P; Ma, XL; Ohlstein, EH; Ruffolo, RR; Yue, TL, 2000)		1.32
"Carvedilol treatment improved left ventricular (LV) function. "( Dilated cardiomyopathy in dialysis patients--beneficial effects of carvedilol: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Cice, G; Di Benedetto, A; Ferrara, L; Iacono, A; Marinelli, G; Pavese, F; Russo, PE, 2001)		1.99
"Carvedilol treatment in patients with heart failure results in a 57% decrease in myocardial FFA use without a significant change in glucose use. "( Myocardial free fatty acid and glucose use after carvedilol treatment in patients with congestive heart failure.
DeGrado, TR; Nickles, RJ; Russell, DC; Stanko, P; Stone, CK; Taylor, M; Wallhaus, TR, 2001)		2.01
"2. Carvedilol treatment for 11 to 18 weeks did not alter systolic blood pressure in SHR-SP rats, however, it resulted in a significant reduction in heart rate."( Renoprotective effects of carvedilol in hypertensive-stroke prone rats may involve inhibition of TGF beta expression.
Barone, F; Brooks, DP; Campbell, WG; Contino, LC; Gygielko, E; Laping, NJ; Nelson, AH; Olson, BA; Wong, VY, 2001)		1.12
"Carvedilol-treated patients had less frequent hospital admissions and shorter lengths of stay compared with patients not receiving carvedilol."( Medical resource use and costs of congestive heart failure after carvedilol use.
Antell, L; Goldberg Arnold, RJ; Kaniecki, DJ; Najib, MM; Pettit, KG; Roth, D; Xuan, J, )		1.09
"Carvedilol treatment reduced the rate-pressure product (8,781 +/- 2,672 vs 6,342 +/- 1,346, p <0.01) and improved ejection fraction (29 +/- 7% vs 37 +/- 11%, p <0.001), whereas no changes were observed in the control group."( Effect of carvedilol on microcirculatory and glucose metabolic regulation in patients with congestive heart failure secondary to ischemic cardiomyopathy.
Andreasen, F; Bøttcher, M; Gøtzsche, O; Nielsen, TT; Refsgaard, J, 2002)		1.44
"Carvedilol-treated animals exhibited a 78% reduction in infarct size compared to vehicle controls, such that the percentage of the left ventricle infarcted was reduced significantly from 16.2 +/- 4.1% in control animals to 3.6 +/- 1.3% in animals treated with carvedilol (p = 0.017, n = 6)."( Carvedilol (Kredex) reduces infarct size in a canine model of acute myocardial infarction.
Barone, FC; Feuerstein, GZ; Hamburger, SA; Ruffolo, RR, 1991)		2.45
"Carvedilol is a novel treatment for hypertension, having a balanced pharmacology of vasodilation and beta-receptor blockade. "( A comparative study of carvedilol, slow-release nifedipine, and atenolol in the management of essential hypertension.
Ball, SG; Dixon, S; Hall, S; Hallman, RJ; Harvey, RE; Prescott, RI, 1991)		2.03
"Treatment with carvedilol and nebivolol resulted in a significant reduction in calcium handling abnormalities in the RYR2-hiPSC-CMs."( Characterization of the mechanism by which a nonsense variant in RYR2 leads to disordered calcium handling.
Arbel, G; Bates, N; Brown, B; Gepstein, A; Gepstein, L; Hopton, C; Huber, I; Kimber, SJ; Maizels, L; Newman, WG; Tijsen, AJ; Venetucci, L, 2022)		1.06
"Treatment with carvedilol had an inverse relation with SDANN."( Heart rate variability is associated with disease severity and portal hypertension in cirrhosis.
Amodio, E; Basso, MG; Cabibbo, G; Calvaruso, V; Casuccio, A; Craxì, A; Daidone, M; Di Raimondo, D; Licata, M; Miceli, G; Pennisi, G; Petta, S; Pinto, A; Pintus, C; Simone, F; Tuttolomondo, A; Velardo, M, 2023)		1.25
"Treatment with carvedilol blocked the effects of sympathetic nervous system activation, reducing primary tumour growth and metastasis in a mouse model of breast cancer and preventing invasion by breast cancer cell lines. "( Carvedilol blocks neural regulation of breast cancer progression in vivo and is associated with reduced breast cancer mortality in patients.
Andreassen, BK; Baker, JG; Botteri, E; Chang, A; Chung, NC; Gillis, RD; Halls, ML; Pon, CK; Shackleford, DM; Sloan, EK; Ziegler, AI, 2021)		2.42
"Treatment with carvedilol or amlodipine completely prevented left ventricular collagen deposition and morphometric alterations in aorta."( Effects of carvedilol or amlodipine on target organ damage in L-NAME hypertensive rats: their relationship with blood pressure variability.
Berg, G; Bertera, FM; Carranza, A; Chiappetta, DA; Del Mauro, JS; Donato, M; Fernandez Machulsky, N; Gelpi, RJ; González, GE; Gorzalczany, SB; Höcht, C; Morales, C; Morettón, MA; Prince, PD; Taira, CA, 2017)		1.18
"Treatment with carvedilol directly improved the systolic function of the right and left ventricles."( Regular Treatment Strategy with a Large Amount of Carvedilol for Heart Failure Improves Biventricular Systolic Failure in a Patient with Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot.
Hirata, Y; Inaba, T; Ishikawa, Y; Komuro, I; Saito, A; Soma, K; Yao, A, 2018)		1.07
"Treatment with carvedilol restored VMH lactate levels and improved the adrenaline (epinephrine) responses."( Carvedilol prevents counterregulatory failure and impaired hypoglycaemia awareness in non-diabetic recurrently hypoglycaemic rats.
Chan, O; Farhat, R; Fisher, SJ; Knight, N; Sejling, AS; Su, G, 2019)		2.3
"Treatment with carvedilol was associated with a significantly decreased risk of hospitalization for HF or death when compared with metoprolol (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.70, [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.57 to 0.87], p = 0.001)."( Effect of metoprolol versus carvedilol on outcomes in MADIT-CRT (multicenter automatic defibrillator implantation trial with cardiac resynchronization therapy).
Alexis, J; Jons, C; McNitt, S; Moss, AJ; Ruwald, AC; Ruwald, MH; Zareba, W, 2013)		1.02
"Treatment with carvedilol is an established primary therapy for patients with heart failure (HF). "( Switching from carvedilol to bisoprolol ameliorates adverse effects in heart failure patients with dizziness or hypotension.
Asano, Y; Ichibori, Y; Kanzaki, M; Komuro, I; Minamiguchi, H; Mizote, I; Ohtani, T; Sakata, Y; Taniguchi, T, 2013)		1.1
"Treatment with carvedilol was associated with a significantly decreased risk of inappropriate therapy compared with metoprolol (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.64 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.48 to 0.85]; p = 0.002)."( Impact of carvedilol and metoprolol on inappropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy: the MADIT-CRT trial (Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation With Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy).
Abu-Zeitone, A; Jons, C; Kutyifa, V; McNitt, S; Moss, AJ; Ruwald, AC; Ruwald, MH; Zareba, W, 2013)		1.13
"Treatment with carvedilol had no adverse events."( Effect of Carvedilol on Serum Heart-type Fatty Acid-binding Protein, Brain Natriuretic Peptide, and Cardiac Function in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure.
Li, DH; Ma, SC; Qiao, LY; Shan, RB; Sun, YP; Wei, CP; Zhang, YF, 2015)		1.16
"Pretreatment with carvedilol attenuated LPO elevation, mucus content and sulfhydryl group inhibitions."( Carvedilol attenuates inflammatory biomarkers and oxidative stress in a rat model of ulcerative colitis.
Abuohashish, HM; Ahmed, MM; Al-Hosaini, KA; Al-Rejaie, SS; Fatani, AJ; Parmar, MY, 2015)		2.18
"Treatment with carvedilol prevented the MI-induced decrease in total and phosphorylated Cx43 levels (91 +/- 17% and 80 +/- 20%, both P < 0.05), respectively, which were similar to the levels of sham animals."( Carvedilol ameliorates the decreases in connexin 43 and ventricular fibrillation threshold in rats with myocardial infarction.
Chen, J; He, B; Hu, X; Jiang, H; Lu, Z; Wen, H; Zhao, D, 2009)		2.14
"Treatment with carvedilol did not change insulin-stimulated endothelial function."( Metoprolol compared to carvedilol deteriorates insulin-stimulated endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes - a randomized study.
Christiansen, B; Dominguez, H; Hermann, TS; Kveiborg, B; Køber, L; Major-Pedersen, A; Rask-Madsen, C; Raunsø, J; Torp-Pedersen, C, 2010)		1.01
"Pretreatment of carvedilol orally at a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight for 2 weeks significantly prevented initial reduction in serum electrolyte levels induced by adrenaline."( Effect of carvedilol on adrenaline-induced changes in serum electrolytes in rat.
Akhter, N; Nahar, N, 2009)		1.09
"Treatment with carvedilol significantly decreased plasma creatinine levels after IRI (up to 168 hr) compared to controls (P < 0.001), suggesting an improvement in renal function. "( Carvedilol protects tubular epithelial cells from ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting oxidative stress.
De Velasco, MA; Hayashi, T; Ishii, T; Nishioka, T; Nose, K; Saitou, Y; Uemura, H, 2010)		2.16
"Treatment with carvedilol, BM 91.0228, and tocopherol significantly improved antioxidative status of allograft kidney recipients."( Oxidative stress in chronic renal allograft nephropathy in rats: effects of long-term treatment with carvedilol, BM 91.0228, or alpha-tocopherol.
Back, WE; Braun, C; Göttmann, U; Knoll, T; Oltersdorf, J; Schaub, M; van der Woude, FJ, 2003)		0.87
"Treatment with carvedilol resulted in a significant improvement in E:A ratio in patients with heart failure due to a LV relaxation abnormality. "( Effect of carvedilol on diastolic function in patients with diastolic heart failure and preserved systolic function. Results of the Swedish Doppler-echocardiographic study (SWEDIC).
Andersson, B; Bergström, A; Dahlström, U; Edner, M; Nylander, E; Persson, H, 2004)		1.08
"Pre-treatment with carvedilol significantly attenuated the doxorubicin-induced increases in DCF (P < 0.001 compared to cells not pre-treated with carvedilol) and HE (P < 0.01) fluorescence."( Carvedilol prevents doxorubicin-induced free radical release and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes in vitro.
Altieri, P; Ballestrero, A; Barsotti, A; Brunelli, C; Fabbi, P; Garibaldi, S; Ghigliotti, G; Manca, V; Nasti, S; Patrone, F; Rossettin, P; Spallarossa, P, 2004)		2.09
"The treatment of carvedilol was initiated in a majority of cases by hospital specialists (87%, n = 735), however, for most of them, further supervision of treatment was done under shared care between GPs and hospitals (70%, n = 595)."( Observational cohort study to monitor the use and safety of carvedilol in the treatment of heart failure in clinical practice in England--1st interim report.
Acharya, NV; Shakir, SA; Wilton, LV, 2005)		0.9
"Treatment with carvedilol in the shunt group reversed the heart weight and ventricular dimension to the baseline values."( Carvedilol modulates the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor in a rat model of volume-overload heart failure.
Chang, H; Kuan, P; Lu, MJ; Shyu, KG; Sun, HY; Wang, BW, 2005)		2.11
"Treatment with carvedilol is associated with a reversal of abnormal regulation of HIF-1alpha and VEGF in the failing ventricular myocardium."( Carvedilol modulates the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor in a rat model of volume-overload heart failure.
Chang, H; Kuan, P; Lu, MJ; Shyu, KG; Sun, HY; Wang, BW, 2005)		2.11
"Treatment with carvedilol compared with metoprolol offers additional benefits among patients with atrial fibrillation."( Prognostic relevance of atrial fibrillation in patients with chronic heart failure on long-term treatment with beta-blockers: results from COMET.
Charlesworth, A; Cleland, J; Hanrath, P; Komajda, M; Metra, M; Olsson, LG; Poole-Wilson, P; Swedberg, K; Torp-Pedersen, C, 2005)		0.67
"Treatment with carvedilol reversed both protein and mRNA of HIF-1alpha, VEGF, BNP, and NGF-beta to the baseline values."( Carvedilol prevents cardiac hypertrophy and overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor in pressure-overloaded rat heart.
Chang, H; Fang, WJ; Liou, JY; Shyu, KG; Wang, BW, 2005)		2.11
"Pre-treatment with carvedilol or dexrazoxane prevented these effects."( Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 are induced differently by doxorubicin in H9c2 cells: The role of MAP kinases and NAD(P)H oxidase.
Altieri, P; Ballestrero, A; Barisione, C; Barsotti, A; Brunelli, C; Fabbi, P; Garibaldi, S; Ghigliotti, G; Manca, V; Spallarossa, P, 2006)		0.65
"Treatment with carvedilol 1) reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines and fibrogenic cytokine TGF-beta1 levels in myocardium and was associated with the amelioration of the elevated left ventricular diastolic pressure. "( Effects of carvedilol on cardiac cytokines expression and remodeling in rat with acute myocardial infarction.
Cheng, X; Ge, H; Guo, H; Li, B; Liao, YH; Wang, M, 2006)		1.08
"Treatment with carvedilol was associated with significant increases in total frequency power, very low frequency power, high frequency power, SDNN, the root-mean square of difference of successive RRs, and pNN50."( Changes in heart rate variability are correlated to hemodynamic improvement with chronic CARVEDILOL therapy in heart failure.
Alharethi, R; Bristow, MR; Bullinga, JR; Gilbert, EM; Schram, MS, 2005)		0.89
"Pretreatment with carvedilol preserves endothelial junctions and reduces myocardial no-reflow after acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion. "( Carvedilol preserves endothelial junctions and reduces myocardial no-reflow after acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion.
Cui, C; Gao, R; Yang, Y; you, S; Zhao, J, 2007)		2.12
"Treatment with carvedilol might be effective for decreasing the oxidative DNA damage."( Elevated levels of oxidative DNA damage in serum and myocardium of patients with heart failure.
Banba, K; Kimura, H; Kono, Y; Kusano, KF; Matsubara, H; Miura, A; Nagase, S; Nakamura, K; Nishii, N; Ohe, T; Sakuragi, S; Watanabe, A, 2006)		0.67
"Treatment with carvedilol in the shunt group reversed the increase in heart weight and ventricular dimension to the baseline values."( Myostatin expression in ventricular myocardium in a rat model of volume-overload heart failure.
Chang, H; Lu, MJ; Shyu, KG; Sun, HY; Wang, BW, 2006)		0.67
"Treatment with carvedilol is associated with a limitation of increased myostatin expression in the failing ventricular myocardium."( Myostatin expression in ventricular myocardium in a rat model of volume-overload heart failure.
Chang, H; Lu, MJ; Shyu, KG; Sun, HY; Wang, BW, 2006)		0.67
"Treatment with carvedilol dramatically improved isometric tetanic force production at stimulus frequencies from 40 to 100 Hz (P < 0.05)."( Myofibrillar protein oxidation and contractile dysfunction in hyperthyroid rat diaphragm.
Matsunaga, S; Mishima, T; Sakamoto, M; Sugiyama, M; Wada, M; Yamada, T, 2007)		0.68
"Treatment with carvedilol was associated with a trend toward an increase in LVEF (absolute difference between groups, 2.3%; P = .094)."( A randomized trial of carvedilol after renin-angiotensin system inhibition in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy.
Botoni, FA; Dantas, JB; Ferreira, CS; Okonko, DO; Oliveira, BM; Pinto, AS; Poole-Wilson, PA; Reis, AM; Ribeiro, AL; Rocha, MO; Tavares, WC; Teixeira, AL; Teixeira, MM, 2007)		0.99
"Treatment with carvedilol for 5 weeks prevented the inhibition of endothelium-dependent relaxation and the decrease of serum NO levels caused by diabetes."( Carvedilol ameliorates endothelial dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Chen, F; Fu, GS; Huang, H; Ke, XY; Qian, LB; Wang, HP; Xia, Q, 2007)		2.12
"Treatment with carvedilol, in comparison to that with metoprolol in patients with AMI and LV dysfunction, did not differ significantly in regard to the primary end point of t-CAE or to the secondary end point of t-CHE but resulted in better long-term quality of life and favorable early safety profile."( Randomized active-controlled study comparing effects of treatment with carvedilol versus metoprolol in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction.
Asanin, MR; Jelena, MM; Lasica, RM; Matic, MD; Mrdovic, IB; Ostojic, MC; Perunicic, JP; Savic, LZ; Vasiljevic, ZM, 2007)		0.93
"Treatment with carvedilol reduced IS more than did treatment with propranolol/doxazosin (p < 0.05)."( Carvedilol protects against lethal reperfusion injury through antiadrenergic mechanisms.
Berge, RK; Brunvand, H; Grong, K; Kvitting, PM; Rynning, SE, 1996)		2.08
"Pretreatment with carvedilol retarded loss of contraction in both axes."( Carvedilol retards sudden loss of contraction during early regional myocardial ischemia in feline hearts.
Brunvand, H; Grong, K, 1997)		2.06
"Pretreatment with carvedilol was followed by a more pronounced contrast intensity than was with metoprolol."( [The effect of carvedilol on contrast echocardiography in comparison to metoprolol in conscious dogs].
Beller, KD; Diedrich, F; Sponer, G, 1999)		0.98
"Treatment with carvedilol resulted in significantly lower urinary protein excretion (37+/-15 mg day(-1))."( Renoprotective effects of carvedilol in hypertensive-stroke prone rats may involve inhibition of TGF beta expression.
Barone, F; Brooks, DP; Campbell, WG; Contino, LC; Gygielko, E; Laping, NJ; Nelson, AH; Olson, BA; Wong, VY, 2001)		0.95
"Treatment with carvedilol was associated with a significant decrease in the risk of any hospitalization (adjusted odds ratio 0.35, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.63; p <0.001)."( Reimbursement claims analysis of outcomes with carvedilol and metoprolol.
Antell, LA; Chang, LL; Luzier, AB; Roth, DA; Xuan, J, 2002)		0.91
"The treatment with carvedilol caused a significant decrease in blood pressure. "( Carvedilol does not modulate moderate exercise-induced hyperkalemia in hemodialysis patients.
Klimek, D; Kokot, F; Nowicki, M; Szewczyk-Seifert, G, 2002)		2.09
"Treatment with carvedilol produced a significant decrease in blood pressure from 172/101 to 150/87mm Hg (p less than 0.01), but it did not cause orthostatic hypotension."( Therapeutic benefits and safety of carvedilol in the treatment of renal hypertension. An open, short term study. Carvedilol Renal Hypertension Study Group in Japan.
Fujishima, M; Fukiyama, K; Ishii, M; Kohno, M; Kubo, S; Mizuno, Y; Saruta, T; Takeda, T; Yoshimura, M, 1988)		0.89

Toxicity

Carvedilol has been shown to be effective and safe in patients with essential hypertension when given as mono. No events were identified as new signals (according to the ID1-ID2 statistic) of adverse events associated with carvedilol.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Adverse events on treatment, particularly those correlated to vasodilation, were less frequent in the carvedilol group."( Efficacy and safety of carvedilol in comparison with nifedipine sustained-release in chronic stable angina.
Derr, I; Eberhardt, R; Ehmer, B; van der Does, R, 1992)		0.81
"Carvedilol has been shown to be effective and safe in patients with essential hypertension when given as monotherapy."( Safety and antihypertensive efficacy of carvedilol and atenolol alone and in combination with hydrochlorothiazide.
Hörrmann, M; Machwirth, M; van der Does, R; Widmann, L, 1990)		1.99
" Nine patients experienced adverse events during combination treatment."( The safety of adding carvedilol to hypertensive patients inadequately treated with diuretics.
Dupont, AG; Schoors, DF; Venuti, RP, 1990)		0.6
" These results suggest that carvedilol is a useful and safe drug for the treatment of renal hypertension."( Therapeutic benefits and safety of carvedilol in the treatment of renal hypertension. An open, short term study. Carvedilol Renal Hypertension Study Group in Japan.
Fujishima, M; Fukiyama, K; Ishii, M; Kohno, M; Kubo, S; Mizuno, Y; Saruta, T; Takeda, T; Yoshimura, M, 1988)		0.85
" Beta-blockers have often been viewed as contraindicated in this group because of their potential adverse short-term effects on cardiac function."( Safety and efficacy of carvedilol in severe heart failure. The U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group.
Bristow, MR; Cohn, JN; Colucci, WS; Fowler, MB; Gilbert, EM; Holcslaw, TL; Kinhal, V; Krueger, SK; Lejemtel, T; Lukas, MA; Narahara, KA; Packer, M; Young, ST, 1997)		0.61
" Ten patients (8%) did not complete the open-label period because of adverse events and 11."( Safety and efficacy of carvedilol in severe heart failure. The U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group.
Bristow, MR; Cohn, JN; Colucci, WS; Fowler, MB; Gilbert, EM; Holcslaw, TL; Kinhal, V; Krueger, SK; Lejemtel, T; Lukas, MA; Narahara, KA; Packer, M; Young, ST, 1997)		0.61
" The main adverse events during this double-blind period were worsened heart failure, hypotension/dizziness, bradycardia/atrioventricular block, and aggravation of angina."( Efficacy and safety of carvedilol in patients with chronic heart failure receiving concomitant amiodarone therapy. Australia/New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group.
Krum, H; MacMahon, S; Sharpe, N; Shusterman, N, 1998)		0.61
" Carvedilol can be added to amiodarone in these patients without expectation of increased adverse effects or loss of clinical efficacy."( Efficacy and safety of carvedilol in patients with chronic heart failure receiving concomitant amiodarone therapy. Australia/New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group.
Krum, H; MacMahon, S; Sharpe, N; Shusterman, N, 1998)		1.52
" Carvedilol low dose/high dose was shown to be at least as safe and well tolerated as metoprolol low dose/high dose both in younger and elderly patients."( Comparison of safety and efficacy of carvedilol and metoprolol in stable angina pectoris.
Griffiths, M; Hauf-Zachariou, U; Holtbrügge, W; König, S; Lahiri, A; Pfarr, E; van der Does, R, 1999)		1.49
" Carvedilol and verapamil (10 micromol/L) reduced the LD50 (dose which results in the death of half the number of cells) of the Hs578T-Dox subline from 200 mg/L to approx."( Increase in doxorubicin cytotoxicity by carvedilol inhibition of P-glycoprotein activity.
Behnam-Motlagh, P; Grankvist, K; Henriksson, R; Jonsson, O; Persson, M, 1999)		1.48
" The purpose of this study was to assess whether treatment with carvedilol is efficacious and safe for infants with dilated cardiomyopathy who do not show satisfactory clinical improvement despite treatment with conventional medications."( Efficacy and safety of carvedilol in infants with dilated cardiomyopathy: a preliminary report.
Farzana, F; Gachara, N; Krishnan, U; Prabhakaran, S; Shah, MJ; Srinivas, S, )		0.68
" No adverse events related to carvedilol administration occurred."( Efficacy and safety of carvedilol in infants with dilated cardiomyopathy: a preliminary report.
Farzana, F; Gachara, N; Krishnan, U; Prabhakaran, S; Shah, MJ; Srinivas, S, )		0.73
"To the best of our knowledge, the adverse reaction presented in this case report is rare."( Hepatotoxicity associated with carvedilol.
Hagmeyer, KO; Stein, J, 2001)		0.6
"Beta-blockers substantially improve survival in patients with chronic heart failure (HF) with left ventricular systolic dysfunction, but concerns about cardiovascular adverse effects may deter physicians from prescribing this therapy."( Adverse effects of beta-blocker therapy for patients with heart failure: a quantitative overview of randomized trials.
Coffey, CS; Curtis, JP; Foody, JM; Hebert, PR; Ko, DT; Krumholz, HM; Sedrakyan, A, 2004)		0.32
" 59 patients (41%) experienced minor and nine (6%) serious adverse events."( Betablockers in heart failure: Carvedilol Safety Assessment (CASA 2-trial).
Hess, OM; Müller, K; Rickli, H; Steiner, S, 2004)		0.61
" Serious adverse events and hospitalisations are rare."( Betablockers in heart failure: Carvedilol Safety Assessment (CASA 2-trial).
Hess, OM; Müller, K; Rickli, H; Steiner, S, 2004)		0.61
" The utilization of carvedilol, management of adverse events in the community and the symptomatic progression of heart failure were examined."( Observational cohort study to monitor the use and safety of carvedilol in the treatment of heart failure in clinical practice in England--1st interim report.
Acharya, NV; Shakir, SA; Wilton, LV, 2005)		0.89
" No events were identified as new signals (according to the ID1-ID2 statistic) of adverse events associated with carvedilol."( Observational cohort study to monitor the use and safety of carvedilol in the treatment of heart failure in clinical practice in England--1st interim report.
Acharya, NV; Shakir, SA; Wilton, LV, 2005)		0.78
"Earlier studies have implicated the adverse effects of beta- and alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)."( Carvedilol mitigates adverse effects of epinephrine during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Fang, X; Huang, L; Sun, S; Tang, W; Weil, MH, 2005)		1.77
"5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects."( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004)		0.32
" Carvedilol was well tolerated, and no serious adverse events were identified."( Safety and efficacy of carvedilol therapy for patients with dilated cardiomyopathy secondary to muscular dystrophy.
Colan, SD; Darras, BT; Geva, T; Jenkins, KJ; Margossian, R; Powell, AJ; Rhodes, J, 2008)		1.57
"Carvedilol therapy appears to be safe for patients with DCM secondary to muscular dystrophy and produces a modest improvement in systolic and diastolic function."( Safety and efficacy of carvedilol therapy for patients with dilated cardiomyopathy secondary to muscular dystrophy.
Colan, SD; Darras, BT; Geva, T; Jenkins, KJ; Margossian, R; Powell, AJ; Rhodes, J, 2008)		2.1
"Clozapine is contraindicated in patients who experienced cardiac adverse effects during therapy."( Beta-blocker and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor may limit certain cardiac adverse effects of clozapine.
Di Norscia, G; Gensini, GF; Placidi, GF; Rostagno, C, )		0.13
" Therefore, oral loading with propafenone (as "pill-in-the-pocket" treatment of recent-onset atrial fibrillation) in a patient on concurrent carvedilol treatment may lead to a pharmacokinetic interaction, with high plasma levels of propafenone and potential drug-related adverse effects."( Atrial fibrillation: adverse effects of "pill-in-the-pocket" treatment and propafenone-carvedilol interaction.
Biffi, M; Boriani, G; Diemberger, I; Domenichini, G; Martignani, C; Marziali, A, 2010)		0.78
" This study retrospectively assessed the efficacy and adverse reactions based on changes of symptoms, cardiothoracic ratio (CTR), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and human atrial natriuretic peptide (hANP)/b-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) blood levels."( Efficacy and safety of carvedilol for heart failure in children and patients with congenital heart disease.
Ando, M; Hatai, Y; Mori, K; Murakami, Y; Nishiyama, M; Park, IS; Takahashi, Y; Yoshikawa, T, 2009)		0.66
" We assessed whether treatment of systolic HF with carvedilol is efficacious and safe in adults with CKD."( Efficacy and safety of carvedilol in treatment of heart failure with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis of randomized trials.
Beck, GJ; Berl, T; Chartyan, DM; Cheung, AK; Chonchol, M; Cooper, C; Henrich, WL; Himmelfarb, J; Iyengar, M; Lukas, MA; Wali, RK; Weir, MR, 2011)		0.93
" We aimed to evaluate the relation between SRH and adverse events during titration of beta-blockers in elderly patients with heart failure."( Self-rated health predicts adverse events during β-blocker treatment: the CIBIS-ELD randomised trial analysis.
Anker, SD; Apostolovic, S; Düngen, HD; Farkas, J; Gelbrich, G; Haverkamp, W; Herrmann-Lingen, C; Inkrot, S; Lainscak, M; Neskovic, AN; Rau, T; Tahirovic, E; Töpper, A, 2013)		0.39
" Adverse events were experienced by 64% patients and 38% experienced > 1 adverse event or serious adverse event, with higher prevalence in lower SRH categories."( Self-rated health predicts adverse events during β-blocker treatment: the CIBIS-ELD randomised trial analysis.
Anker, SD; Apostolovic, S; Düngen, HD; Farkas, J; Gelbrich, G; Haverkamp, W; Herrmann-Lingen, C; Inkrot, S; Lainscak, M; Neskovic, AN; Rau, T; Tahirovic, E; Töpper, A, 2013)		0.39
"SRH is an independent predictor of adverse events during titration of beta-blockers and correlates with the proportion and number of adverse events per patient."( Self-rated health predicts adverse events during β-blocker treatment: the CIBIS-ELD randomised trial analysis.
Anker, SD; Apostolovic, S; Düngen, HD; Farkas, J; Gelbrich, G; Haverkamp, W; Herrmann-Lingen, C; Inkrot, S; Lainscak, M; Neskovic, AN; Rau, T; Tahirovic, E; Töpper, A, 2013)		0.39
" The two referred examples result in important take-home messages: a) drug-induced cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction is an important contributor for drug-associated organ failure, b) protection of mitochondrial function is involved in the beneficial impact of some clinically-used drugs and c) a more accurate prediction of toxic vs."( Drug-induced cardiac mitochondrial toxicity and protection: from doxorubicin to carvedilol.
Carvalho, FS; Diogo, CV; Monteiro, P; Oliveira, PJ; Pereira, GC; Silva, AM, 2011)		0.6
"Aluminium, is a trace element available in the Earth's crust naturally and has a toxic potential for humans."( Neuroprotective effect of carvedilol against aluminium induced toxicity: possible behavioral and biochemical alterations in rats.
Dogra, S; Kumar, A; Prakash, A, 2011)		0.67
" During the primary evaluation period, 7/19 (37%) and 4/22 (18%) patients experienced drug-related adverse events in the CR and IR groups, respectively, the characteristics of which were similar between groups."( Safety and tolerability of once-daily controlled-release carvedilol 10-80 mg in Japanese patients with chronic heart failure.
Ando, H; Kitakaze, M; Nakajima, H; Sakamoto, T; Sarai, N, 2012)		0.62
" However, its most common adverse effects, dizziness and hypotension, often discourage continuation or dosage increase."( Switching from carvedilol to bisoprolol ameliorates adverse effects in heart failure patients with dizziness or hypotension.
Asano, Y; Ichibori, Y; Kanzaki, M; Komuro, I; Minamiguchi, H; Mizote, I; Ohtani, T; Sakata, Y; Taniguchi, T, 2013)		0.74
"All 13 patients with dizziness (100%) and 9 of 16 with hypotension (56%) were relieved of adverse symptoms or signs."( Switching from carvedilol to bisoprolol ameliorates adverse effects in heart failure patients with dizziness or hypotension.
Asano, Y; Ichibori, Y; Kanzaki, M; Komuro, I; Minamiguchi, H; Mizote, I; Ohtani, T; Sakata, Y; Taniguchi, T, 2013)		0.74
"Switching from carvedilol to bisoprolol may help with continuation of β-blocker treatment as well as dosage increase in HF patients with adverse symptoms or signs, allowing them to reach the target dose."( Switching from carvedilol to bisoprolol ameliorates adverse effects in heart failure patients with dizziness or hypotension.
Asano, Y; Ichibori, Y; Kanzaki, M; Komuro, I; Minamiguchi, H; Mizote, I; Ohtani, T; Sakata, Y; Taniguchi, T, 2013)		1.1
"The use of antracycline (ANT) in breast cancer has been associated with adverse cardiac events."( Effect of carvedilol on silent anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity assessed by strain imaging: A prospective randomized controlled study with six-month follow-up.
Bugra, Z; Ciftci, R; Cizgici, AY; Elitok, A; Kilic, L; Mercanoglu, F; Oflaz, H; Oncul, A; Oz, F; Sen, F, 2014)		0.8
"Nephrotoxicity is a major adverse effect of chromium poisoning."( Chromium-induced nephrotoxicity and ameliorative effect of carvedilol in rats: Involvement of oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation.
Bijargi, SR; Koneru, M; Kota, A; Sahu, BD; Sistla, R, 2014)		0.65
" The present data suggest that oxidative damage and genotoxicity play different roles in the toxicity of cisplatin on kidneys and tumors and therefore, some antioxidants might be safe as chemoprotectors."( Carvedilol protects the kidneys of tumor-bearing mice without impairing the biodistribution or the genotoxicity of cisplatin.
Antunes, LM; Baffa, O; Barbosa, F; Carvalho Rodrigues, MA; da Silva Faria, MC; dos Santos, AC; dos Santos, NA; Gobe, GC; Kinoshita, A; Rodrigues, JL, 2016)		1.88
"Clinical efficacy and adverse effects of the β-blocking agents, carvedilol, bisoprolol, and metoprolol were analyzed theoretically, and then compared quantitatively, for the purpose of determining their proper use for chronic heart failure."( Analysis of Clinical Efficacy and Adverse Effects of β-Blocking Agents Used Clinically for Chronic Heart Failure.
Fujito, K; Kimura, K; Takayanagi, R; Yamada, Y, 2017)		0.69
" Carvedilol can be added to Amiodarone in patients with severe ventricular rhythm disorders and increased risk of sudden death without expecting of increase adverse events (than either drug alone) or loss of clinical efficacy."( THE SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF AMIODARONE AND CARVEDILOL COMBINATION IN TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH SEVERE CARDIAC RHYTHM DISORDERS.
Khintibidze, I; Tsetskhladze, E, 2017)		1.63
"Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal with several harmful effects including cardiotoxicity."( Mechanisms mediating the cardioprotective effect of carvedilol in cadmium induced cardiotoxicity. Role of eNOS and HO1/Nrf2 pathway.
Bayoumi, AMA; El-Hussieny, M; Refaie, MMM; Shehata, S, 2019)		0.76
" Secondary endpoints include other imaging, biomarkers and the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events during follow-up."( Prevention of doxorubicin-induced Cardiotoxicity by pharmacological non-hypoxic myocardial preconditioning based on Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) and carvedilol direct antioxidant effects: study protocol for a pilot, randomized, double-blind, controlled tria
Aguayo, R; Carrasco, R; Cortés, I; Erazo, M; Gormaz, JG; Hasson, D; Henriquez, P; Morales, M; Nes, K; Ramirez, MC; Ramos, C; Salas, C; Schuster, A; Sotomayor, CG, 2020)		0.76
"Cardiac dysfunction is a major side effect of trastuzumab therapy for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer."( In Vivo Evaluation of Carvedilol Cardiac Protection Against Trastuzumab Cardiotoxicity.
Ardakani, EM; Beiranvand, E; Ostad, SN; Sardari, S; Torkashvand, F; Vaziri, B, 2020)		0.87
" In conclusion, the NCC technology could produce the first safe soluble form of CAR for treating hypertension urgencies easy for industrial scale-up."( Design of ultra-fine carvedilol nanococrystals: Development of a safe and stable injectable formulation.
Hadidi, M; Iman Ghetmiri, S; Mohammady, M; Yousefi, G, 2021)		0.94

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetic parameters of a single dose of carvedilol are altered in liver fibrosis, manifested as delayed clearance. The analytical method was successfully applied to a Pharmacokinetic interaction study of vortioxetine and carveilol in rats.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The pharmacokinetic and acute systemic haemodynamic effects of a single oral dose of 50 mg carvedilol has been studied in 24 hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure."( Pharmacokinetic and blood pressure effects of carvedilol in patients with chronic renal failure.
Erley, CM; Krämer, BK; Ress, KM; Risler, T, 1992)		0.76
" Clinical and pharmacokinetic responses to 12."( Pharmacokinetics of carvedilol in older and younger patients.
Adam, W; Anderson, A; Cripps, J; Morgan, T, 1990)		0.6
" For the 50 mg capsule Cmax was 66 micrograms."( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of carvedilol, a vasodilating beta-blocker.
Neugebauer, G; Reiff, K; von Möllendorff, E, 1987)		0.54
" Carvedilol and labetalol are the best known examples of such combined alpha/beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, although their pharmacodynamic profile is a result of different receptor selectivity of their component stereoisomers, rather than combined alpha/beta-blocking activity in a single chemical entity."( An overview of the pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic potential of combined alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor antagonists.
van Zwieten, PA, 1993)		1.2
"To evaluate the pharmacodynamic properties of carvedilol across a broad range of doses in relation to its enantiospecific kinetics and adrenergic receptor occupancies, relative to placebo and propranolol."( Dose-effect and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships of the beta 1-adrenergic receptor blocking properties of various doses of carvedilol in healthy humans.
Belz, GG; Breithaupt, K; de Mey, C; Neugebauer, G; Palm, D; Schloos, J, 1994)		0.75
" It reaches a peak concentration 1 to 2 hours postdose and has an elimination half-life of about 4 to 7 hours."( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of carvedilol.
Morgan, T, 1994)		0.54
"The possibility of a pharmacokinetic interaction between carvedilol and digitoxin (Study I) or phenprocoumon (Study II) has been evaluated in groups of 12 healthy volunteers."( Lack of a pharmacokinetic interaction between carvedilol and digitoxin or phenprocoumon.
Brei, R; Caspary, S; Harder, S; Merz, PG, 1993)		0.79
" These drugs must be administered parenterally and have a half-life of only a few minutes."( Clinical pharmacokinetics of vasodilators. Part II.
Heintz, B; Kirsten, D; Kirsten, R; Nelson, K, 1998)		0.3
" Mean with (SD) Cmax (ng x ml(-1)) for carvedilol were 53."( The pharmacokinetics of carvedilol and its metabolites after single and multiple dose oral administration in patients with hypertension and renal insufficiency.
Boyle, DA; Gehr, TW; Qian, Y; Shusterman, NH; Sica, DA; Tenero, DM, 1999)		0.88
" Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed, using 2 conscious dogs given 160 microg of carvedilol/kg as a single IV injection."( Acute cardiovascular effects and pharmacokinetics of carvedilol in healthy dogs.
Hamlin, RL; Miyamoto, M; Nakayama, T; Sawangkoon, S, 2000)		0.78
" Mean AUC and Cmax values for carvedilol were up to twofold higher in patients with Class IV CHF as compared to those with Class III CHF."( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of carvedilol and its enantiomers in patients with congestive heart failure.
Boike, S; Boyle, D; Brozena, S; Fesniak, HF; Ilson, B; Jorkasky, D; Tenero, D, 2000)		0.88
"The objective of this study was to examine the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic consequences of concomitant administration of fluoxetine and carvedilol in heart failure patients."( Effect of fluoxetine on carvedilol pharmacokinetics, CYP2D6 activity, and autonomic balance in heart failure patients.
Adams, KF; Carson, SW; Cascio, WE; Graff, DW; Patterson, JH; Pieper, JA; Williamson, KM, 2001)		0.82
" Pharmacokinetic profiles of carvedilol were determined over the first 12-hour period after the initial dose in study patients, and for comparison, in 9 healthy adult volunteers."( Carvedilol therapy in pediatric patients with congestive heart failure: a study investigating clinical and pharmacokinetic parameters.
Behn, F; Eiselt, M; Läer, S; Meibohm, B; Mir, TS; Scholz, H; Venzke, A; Weil, J, 2002)		2.05
" Elimination half-life was about 50% shorter in pediatric CHF patients compared with healthy adult volunteers (2."( Carvedilol therapy in pediatric patients with congestive heart failure: a study investigating clinical and pharmacokinetic parameters.
Behn, F; Eiselt, M; Läer, S; Meibohm, B; Mir, TS; Scholz, H; Venzke, A; Weil, J, 2002)		1.76
" Following a single oral administration of 25-mg carvedilol to 11 healthy, male volunteers, stereoselective pharmacokinetic analysis was undertaken."( Enantioselective pharmacokinetics of carvedilol in human volunteers.
Choi, JK; Kang, JS; Kwon, KI; Lee, BJ; Phuong, NT, 2004)		0.85
"Beta-blockers differ in their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of beta blockers in heart failure.
Talbert, RL, 2004)		0.32
" The pharmacokinetic parameters in individual subjects were estimated by the Bayesian method using the nonlinear mixed effects model (NONMEM) program."( Effect of CYP2D6*10 on the pharmacokinetics of R- and S-carvedilol in healthy Japanese volunteers.
Arakawa, R; Hashimoto, Y; Honda, M; Igarashi, N; Inoue, H; Nozawa, T; Ogura, Y; Okabe, H; Taguchi, M, 2005)		0.57
" Plasma drug concentration versus time curves were subjected to noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis."( Pharmacokinetics of carvedilol after intravenous and oral administration in conscious healthy dogs.
Arsenault, WG; Boothe, DM; Chalkley, JR; Gordon, SG; Miller, MW; Petrikovics, I, 2005)		0.65
"The median peak concentration (extrapolated) of carvedilol after IV administration was 476 ng/mL (range, 203 to 1,920 ng/mL), elimination half-life (t(1/2)) was 282 minutes (range, 19 to 1,021 minutes), and mean residence time (MRT) was 360 minutes (range, 19 to 819 minutes)."( Pharmacokinetics of carvedilol after intravenous and oral administration in conscious healthy dogs.
Arsenault, WG; Boothe, DM; Chalkley, JR; Gordon, SG; Miller, MW; Petrikovics, I, 2005)		0.91
"Although results suggested a 3-hour dosing interval on the basis of MRT, pharmacodynamic studies investigating the duration of beta-adrenoreceptor blockade provide a more accurate basis for determining the dosing interval of carvedilol."( Pharmacokinetics of carvedilol after intravenous and oral administration in conscious healthy dogs.
Arsenault, WG; Boothe, DM; Chalkley, JR; Gordon, SG; Miller, MW; Petrikovics, I, 2005)		0.84
" Pharmacodynamic data were evaluated in conscious, unrestrained, healthy hound dogs at baseline and after long-term oral administration of carvedilol (1."( Pharmacodynamics of carvedilol in conscious, healthy dogs.
Arsenault, WG; Boothe, DM; Chalkley, J; Gordon, SG; Longnecker, M; Miller, MW, )		0.66
" The pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles were compared between patients receiving carvedilol CR and carvedilol IR."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of controlled-release carvedilol and immediate-release carvedilol at steady state in patients with hypertension.
Baidoo, CA; Boyle, D; Campanile, AM; Danoff, TM; Harter, AH; Henderson, LS; Tenero, DM, 2006)		0.78
" The pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) relation between S(-)-carvedilol concentration-the enantiomer with beta-blocking activity-and change in exercise-induced heart rate was defined in healthy subjects and was best described using a direct effect inhibitory E(max) model (with E(max) being the maximum effect)."( Development of a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for carvedilol to predict beta1-blockade in patients with congestive heart failure.
Baidoo, CA; Boyle, D; Campanile, AM; Henderson, LS; Tenero, DM, 2006)		0.81
"We compared the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of repeated dosing with the currently available immediate-release (IR) carvedilol (given twice daily) and a newly developed controlled-release (CR) formulation (given once daily) in patients with left ventricular dysfunction (LVD)."( Pharmacokinetic profile of controlled-release carvedilol in patients with left ventricular dysfunction associated with chronic heart failure or after myocardial infarction.
Baidoo, CA; Greenberg, BH; Lukas, MA; Packer, M; Tenero, DM, 2006)		0.8
" The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the polymorphism on pharmacokinetics of carvedilol by population pharmacokinetic analysis."( Evaluation of effects of polymorphism for metabolic enzymes on pharmacokinetics of carvedilol by population pharmacokinetic analysis.
Kitabatake, A; Kiyokawa, M; Okamoto, H; Sugawara, M; Takekuma, Y; Takenaka, T; Tsutsui, H; Yamazaki, K, 2007)		0.78
" The assay utility was demonstrated in the analysis of carvedilol pharmacokinetic profiles in beagle dogs following oral carvedilol administration."( Single quadrupole mass spectrometry for pre-clinical pharmacokinetic analysis: quantitation of carvedilol in dog plasma.
Carlson, BJ; McIntosh, MP; Rajewski, RA; Schorno, KS, 2007)		0.81
" In a randomized, open-label, 4-period cross-over study, the pharmacokinetic profiles of R(+) and S(-) carvedilol were compared after a single oral dose of carvedilol controlled-release formulation (administered following a standard meal) was given alone or concomitantly with ethanol."( Ethanol does not alter the pharmacokinetic profile of the controlled-release formulation of carvedilol.
Baidoo, CA; Campanile, AM; Danoff, TM; Henderson, LS; Tenero, DM, 2007)		0.77
"* Applying in silico tools such as population pharmacokinetic analysis and simulation will help to find adequate dosing strategies and increase the probability of success for a randomized controlled trial."( Population pharmacokinetics and dose simulation of carvedilol in paediatric patients with congestive heart failure.
Albers, S; Läer, S; Meibohm, B; Mir, TS, 2008)		0.6
" The population pharmacokinetic model was further utilized for simulations of different carvedilol dosing strategies."( Population pharmacokinetics and dose simulation of carvedilol in paediatric patients with congestive heart failure.
Albers, S; Läer, S; Meibohm, B; Mir, TS, 2008)		0.82
" pharmacokinetic data on 670 drugs representing, to our knowledge, the largest publicly available set of human clinical pharmacokinetic data."( Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Waters, NJ, 2008)		0.35
"Neither urethane-chloralose nor L-NAME modified estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters of carvedilol."( Is urethane-chloralose anaesthesia appropriate for pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic assessment? Studies with carvedilol.
Bertera, FM; Bramuglia, GF; Di Verniero, CA; Höcht, C; Mayer, MA; Taira, CA, )		0.56
" Anaesthesia did not modify pharmacokinetic behaviour of carvedilol in both normotensive and L-NAME hypertensive rats."( Is urethane-chloralose anaesthesia appropriate for pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic assessment? Studies with carvedilol.
Bertera, FM; Bramuglia, GF; Di Verniero, CA; Höcht, C; Mayer, MA; Taira, CA, )		0.59
"To compare the pharmacokinetic properties and bioavailability following oral and IV administration of bisoprolol, a second-generation beta1-adrenoceptor-selective blocking agent, with those of carvedilol, a third-generation beta1/beta2 and alpha1-adrenoceptor blocking agent, in dogs."( Comparison of the pharmacokinetic properties of bisoprolol and carvedilol in healthy dogs.
Beddies, G; Fox, PR; Kanikanti, VR; Keene, BW; Krebber, R; Papich, MD, 2008)		0.78
" Blood samples were collected before and after drug administration, and serum concentrations, pharmacokinetic variables, and bioavailability for each agent were assessed."( Comparison of the pharmacokinetic properties of bisoprolol and carvedilol in healthy dogs.
Beddies, G; Fox, PR; Kanikanti, VR; Keene, BW; Krebber, R; Papich, MD, 2008)		0.59
" Collectively, these differences suggested that, in dogs, bisoprolol has less interindividual pharmacokinetic variability, compared with carvedilol."( Comparison of the pharmacokinetic properties of bisoprolol and carvedilol in healthy dogs.
Beddies, G; Fox, PR; Kanikanti, VR; Keene, BW; Krebber, R; Papich, MD, 2008)		0.79
"The paper is aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic (PK) and the pharmacodynamic (PD) properties of carvedilol using indirect response and effect-compartment link models, and compare the fitness of PK-PD models."( Comparison of different pharmacodynamic models for pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling of carvedilol.
Guo, RC; Liu, XY; Wang, BJ; Yuan, GY, 2009)		0.78
"Carvedilol showed enantioselective non-linear pharmacokinetic properties in both groups."( Enantioselective pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of carvedilol in a N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester rat model of secondary hypertension.
Bernabeu, E; Bertera, F; Bramuglia, GF; Buontempo, F; Chiappetta, D; Di Verniero, CA; Höcht, C; Mayer, MA; Taira, CA, 2010)		2.04
" The data from both studies were used to estimate the population pharmacokinetic parameters and covariates using the nonlinear mixed effects model program."( Population pharmacokinetics of R- and S-carvedilol in Japanese patients with chronic heart failure.
Hanada, K; Kaneko, M; Kawana, J; Mihara, K; Nagayama, M; Ogata, H; Ohno, T; Saito, M; Shiomi, M; Sumiyoshi, T, 2010)		0.63
"to assess the impact of paroxetine coadministration on the stereoselective pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of carvedilol."( The impact of paroxetine coadministration on stereospecific carvedilol pharmacokinetics.
Bleske, BE; Brook, R; Kerber, K; Nielsen, J; Shea, M; Stout, SM; Welage, LS, 2010)		0.81
"After carvedilol 25 mg was administered to 110 volunteers, concentrations were enantioselectively quantified and effects on resting and exercise-induced heart rate and blood pressure were analyzed using population pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and pharmacogenetic modeling."( Carvedilol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in relation to CYP2D6 and ADRB pharmacogenetics.
Brockmöller, J; Gültepe, S; Meineke, I; Sehrt, D; Tzvetkov, M, 2011)		2.29
"Carvedilol is a drug where CYP2D6-related pharmacokinetic variation is apparently not carried forward into pharmacodynamic variation."( Carvedilol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in relation to CYP2D6 and ADRB pharmacogenetics.
Brockmöller, J; Gültepe, S; Meineke, I; Sehrt, D; Tzvetkov, M, 2011)		3.25
" Carvedilol showed enantioselective pharmacokinetic properties with increased distribution in F rats compared with normotensive animals."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of carvedilol in fructose hypertensive rats.
Bertera, F; Buontempo, F; Chiappetta, D; Di Verniero, CA; Höcht, C; Mayer, MA; Polizio, AH; Taira, CA, 2012)		1.07
" Tablets were evaluated for physicochemical parameters, in vitro drug release, in vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies."( Mucoadhesive bilayer buccal tablet of carvedilol-loaded chitosan microspheres: in vitro, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigations.
Dhiman, MK; Petkar, K; Sawant, K; Yedurkar, P, 2012)		0.65
" Although pharmacokinetic properties of carvedilol remained mainly unaffected in SH rats with regard to WKY rats, hypertensive animals showed a reduction in drug clearance of R- and S-carvedilol after administration of 1 mg kg(-1) compared with WKY rats."( Enantioselective pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of carvedilol in spontaneously hypertensive rats: focus on blood pressure variability.
Bertera, FM; Buontempo, F; Chiappetta, D; Del Mauro, JS; Höcht, C; Polizio, AH; Taira, CA, 2012)		0.88
" The validated assay was successfully applied to the quantification of the (R)- and (S)-enantiomers of both carvedilol and its pharmacologically active 4'-hydroxyphenyl metabolite in human plasma in support of a human pharmacokinetic study."( A validated enantioselective LC-MS/MS assay for the simultaneous determination of carvedilol and its pharmacologically active 4'-hydroxyphenyl metabolite in human plasma: application to a clinical pharmacokinetic study.
Furlong, MT; He, B; Mariannino, T; Mylott, W; Shen, J; Stouffer, B; Zhao, S, 2012)		0.82
" blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature) can be reduced, possibly due to a pharmacodynamic interaction at the serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT)."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): interindividual differences due to polymorphisms and drug-drug interactions.
Hondebrink, L; Meulenbelt, J; Rietjens, SJ; Westerink, RH, 2012)		0.38
" Statistical analysis of the pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax, AUC0-24, and AUC0-∞ was conducted to determine bioequivalence."( Bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic evaluation of two tablet formulations of carvedilol 25-mg: a single-dose, randomized-sequence, open-label, two-way crossover study in healthy Chinese male volunteers.
Chen, Q; Jia, JY; Liu, GY; Liu, Y; Lu, C; Lu, XP; Wang, W; Yu, C; Zhang, MQ, 2013)		0.62
"The aim of this study was to derive population pharmacokinetic (PK) model for clearance (CL) of carvedilol in adult patients with chronic heart failure (CHF)."( Population pharmacokinetics of carvedilol in patients with congestive heart failure.
Apostolović, S; Djuric, J; Jankovic, SM; Jevtovic-Stoimenov, T; Markovic, V; Milovanovic, JR; Nikolic, VN; Pesic, S; Stanojevic, D; Stefanovic, N; Velickovic-Radovanović, R; Zivanovic, S, 2013)		0.89
" Plasma concentration-time curve was used for calculation of pharmacokinetic parameters using two-compartment open model."( Assessment of sex differences in Pharmacokinetics of carvedilol in human.
Abbas, M; Khan, AM; Nawaz, HA; Riffat, S; Tipu, MY; Usman, M, 2014)		0.65
" The validated assay was successfully applied to the quantification of carvedilol and its pharmacologically active metabolites in rat pharmacokinetic study."( Simultaneous quantification of carvedilol and its metabolites in rat plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and pharmacokinetic application.
Chen, M; Ge, R; Gu, E; Hu, G; Li, J; Wang, L; Wang, S, 2015)		0.94
"Chronic diseases are associated with pathophysiological changes that could have profound impacts on drug pharmacokinetic behaviour, with a potential need to modify the administered drug therapy."( A physiologically based pharmacokinetic drug-disease model to predict carvedilol exposure in adult and paediatric heart failure patients by incorporating pathophysiological changes in hepatic and renal blood flows.
Khalil, F; Läer, S; Rasool, MF, 2015)		0.65
" The mean ratio(Obs/Pred) values for the pharmacokinetic parameters were not improved after incorporation of reduced blood flows in paediatric patients, except in those above 17 years of age, who were categorized according to the New York Heart Association classification of CHF, where the CL/F ratio(Obs/Pred) values in two patients were closer to unity."( A physiologically based pharmacokinetic drug-disease model to predict carvedilol exposure in adult and paediatric heart failure patients by incorporating pathophysiological changes in hepatic and renal blood flows.
Khalil, F; Läer, S; Rasool, MF, 2015)		0.65
" The relative pharmacokinetic parameters of the optimized CVD-ODTs were compared with those of the marketed CVD tablet."( Development and optimization of carvedilol orodispersible tablets: enhancement of pharmacokinetic parameters in rabbits.
Ahmed, OA; Aljimaee, YH; El-Helw, AR; El-Say, KM, 2015)		0.7
" The pharmacokinetic data for the optimized CVD-ODT showed a significant (P<0."( Development and optimization of carvedilol orodispersible tablets: enhancement of pharmacokinetic parameters in rabbits.
Ahmed, OA; Aljimaee, YH; El-Helw, AR; El-Say, KM, 2015)		0.7
" Pharmacokinetic parameters including the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) from time 0 to the last measurable time (AUClast), AUC extrapolated to infinity (AUCinf), and the measured peak plasma concentration (C max) were obtained by noncompartmental analysis."( Dose proportionality and pharmacokinetics of carvedilol sustained-release formulation: a single dose-ascending 10-sequence incomplete block study.
Bae, KS; Choi, HY; Kim, C; Kim, YH; Lee, SH; Lim, HS; Noh, YH, 2015)		0.68
"5 folds), delayed Tmax and prolonged MRT(0-∞) unraveled the dual-potential of F4 sponges for water-insoluble drugs, like CVD, in improving drug oral bioavailability and in controlling drug release kinetics via buccal mucosa."( Laminated sponges as challenging solid hydrophilic matrices for the buccal delivery of carvedilol microemulsion systems: Development and proof of concept via mucoadhesion and pharmacokinetic assessments in healthy human volunteers.
Abd-Elbary, A; Alaa-Eldin, AA; Makky, AM; Tadros, MI, 2016)		0.66
" For such a drug, the pathophysiological changes occurring in CHF can have a profound impact on PK, and thus the resulting pharmacodynamic response, of both enantiomers."( Predicting Stereoselective Disposition of Carvedilol in Adult and Pediatric Chronic Heart Failure Patients by Incorporating Pathophysiological Changes in Organ Blood Flows-A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Approach.
Khalil, F; Läer, S; Rasool, MF, 2016)		0.7
"The study aimed at in vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation of carvedilol loaded nanocapsules (CLN) followed by in silico predictions and establishment of IVIVC."( In vivo in silico pharmacokinetic simulation studies of carvedilol-loaded nanocapsules using GastroPlus.
George, JK; Singh, SK; Verma, PR, 2016)		0.93
"LC/MS-MS method was developed and validated to estimate the pharmacokinetic profile of CLN."( In vivo in silico pharmacokinetic simulation studies of carvedilol-loaded nanocapsules using GastroPlus.
George, JK; Singh, SK; Verma, PR, 2016)		0.68
" In 3 separate studies, pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions (DDIs) potential was assessed when LCZ696 was coadministered with hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), amlodipine, or carvedilol."( Pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction assessment between LCZ696, an angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor, and hydrochlorothiazide, amlodipine, or carvedilol.
Greeley, M; Hsiao, HL; Langenickel, TH; Pal, P; Rajman, I; Rebello, S; Roberts, J; Sunkara, G; Zhou, W, 2015)		0.81
" The analytical method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic interaction study of vortioxetine and carvedilol after oral administration vortioxetine and carvedilol in rats."( Simultaneous quantification of vortioxetine, carvedilol and its active metabolite 4-hydroxyphenyl carvedilol in rat plasma by UPLC-MS/MS: Application to their pharmacokinetic interaction study.
Huang, Y; Li, T; Pan, Y; Shao, MM; Xu, ZS; Zheng, S, 2016)		0.91
" The present study was designed to elucidate the potential role of antifibrotic effects of carvedilol in improving hepatic efficiency and the carvedilol oral pharmacokinetic changes during induction of liver fibrosis."( Antifibrotic Effects of Carvedilol and Impact of Liver Fibrosis on Carvedilol Pharmacokinetics in a Rat model.
Abdel-Sattar, SA; El-Bakly, WM; El-Demerdash, E; Mohamed, EA, 2017)		0.98
" In addition, the pharmacokinetic parameters of a single dose of carvedilol are altered in liver fibrosis, manifested as delayed clearance."( Antifibrotic Effects of Carvedilol and Impact of Liver Fibrosis on Carvedilol Pharmacokinetics in a Rat model.
Abdel-Sattar, SA; El-Bakly, WM; El-Demerdash, E; Mohamed, EA, 2017)		1
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of carvedilol were analyzed by the noncompartmental method."( The Pharmacokinetic Interaction Study between Carvedilol and Bupropion in Rats.
Abrudan, MB; Gheldiu, AM; Muntean, DM; Neag, MA; Vlase, L, 2017)		0.99
" This study aims to investigate the implications of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) on the pharmacokinetics of carvedilol enantiomers using an integrated population pharmacokinetic modelling approach."( Population pharmacokinetics of carvedilol enantiomers and their metabolites in healthy subjects and type-2 diabetes patients.
Coelho, EB; Della Pasqua, O; Lanchote, VL; Nardotto, GHB, 2017)		0.96
" The one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination was sufficient to explain the pharmacokinetic characters after single oral administration of carvedilol to both vehicle-pretreated and dronedarone-pretreated rats."( Effect of dronedarone on the pharmacokinetics of carvedilol following oral administration to rats.
Baek, IH; Kim, MS, 2018)		0.93
" The present study aimed to develop a novel amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) of CAR with acidic counter ions for pH modifications in microenvironment to improve the pharmacokinetic properties under hypochlorhydric conditions."( Amorphous solid dispersions of carvedilol along with pH-modifiers improved pharmacokinetic properties under hypochlorhydoria.
Halder, S; Onoue, S; Sato, H; Seto, Y; Tabata, A, 2018)		0.77
" The pharmacokinetic results revealed that the optimized chitosan nanoparticles formulation have higher bioavailability than marketed tablet formulation which indicates CAR-CS NPs as an effective strategy to delivery poorly water soluble drugs."( Enhancement of oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble carvedilol by chitosan nanoparticles: Optimization and pharmacokinetic study.
Jain, DK; Saraf, A; Sharma, M; Sharma, R, 2019)		0.76
" In vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic study parameters were compared between carvedilol loaded NLC transdermal patch and a conventional formulation (Coreg CR)."( Application of Statistical Tooling Techniques for Designing of Carvedilol Nanolipid Transferosomes and its Dermatopharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Studies.
Kesavan, BR; Palagati, S; Selvaraj, BR; Sridhar, SK, 2020)		1.02
"Evidence-based pharmacotherapy with carvedilol and enalapril in children suffering from heart failure is insufficient owing to limited pharmacokinetic data."( Low-volume LC-MS/MS method for the pharmacokinetic investigation of carvedilol, enalapril and their metabolites in whole blood and plasma: Application to a paediatric clinical trial.
Burckhardt, BB; Gangnus, T, 2021)		1.13
" Method development and validation were driven for application in pharmacokinetic studies."( Chemometric optimization of salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) combined with LC-MS/MS for the analysis of carvedilol enantiomers in human plasma: Application to clinical pharmacokinetics.
de Gaitani, C; de Moraes, N; Dos Santos, J; Kemp, R; Moreira da Silva, R; Pavan, M; Salgado Junior, W; Sankarankutty, A; Yamamoto, P, 2022)		0.93

Compound-Compound Interactions

The use of low-dose carvedilol combined with candesartan can reduce the acute and chronic cardiotoxicity of anthracycline drugs, and with tolerable toxicities.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The patients who received carvedilol in combination with HCTZ and were evaluated for efficacy (n = 38) showed a decrease in SBP/DBP from 156/97 at the end of monotherapy to 145/88 mmHg after 10 weeks; the combination of atenolol with HCTZ (n = 44) reduced BP from 162/97 to 147/88."( Safety and antihypertensive efficacy of carvedilol and atenolol alone and in combination with hydrochlorothiazide.
Hörrmann, M; Machwirth, M; van der Does, R; Widmann, L, 1990)		0.84
" We report the use of a short-acting intravenous beta blocker in combination with inotropic therapy as a means to bridge five patients with advanced heart failure to chronic oral beta blockade; two of these patients had been chronically managed with intravenous inotrope."( Novel use of a short-acting intravenous beta blocker in combination with inotropic therapy as a bridge to chronic oral beta blockade in patients with advanced heart failure.
Hauptman, PJ; Prirzker, MR; Woods, D, 2002)		0.31
"In an open prospective 16-week study we carried out assessment of clinical efficacy, vaso- and cardioprotective properties of nonselective alpha and beta-adrenoblocker carvedilol used as monotherapy and in combination with nifedipine or as combination of these drugs with metformin and simvastatin."( [Provision of complex cardioprotection with the help of carvedilol in 1-2 degree arterial hypertension combined with metabolic syndrome].
Eliseeva, IV; Gusakovskaia, LI; Matrosova, IB; Oleĭnikov, VE; Tomashevskaia, IuA, 2009)		0.79
"Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), combined with optimal medical therapy (OMT), is an established treatment for patients with advanced chronic heart failure (ACHF)."( CArdiac resynchronization in combination with beta blocker treatment in advanced chronic heart failure (CARIBE-HF): the results of the CARIBE-HF study.
Bisetti, S; Cantù, F; De Luca, A; De Santo, T; Gavazzi, A; Gori, M; Grosu, A; Iacovoni, A; Senni, M, 2011)		0.37
"To investigate the effect of low-dose carvedilol combined with candesartan in the prevention of acute and chronic cardiotoxicity of anthracycline drugs in adjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancer."( [Preventive effect of low-dose carvedilol combined with candesartan on the cardiotoxicity of anthracycline drugs in the adjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancer].
Han, YL; Liang, XF; Liu, L; Liu, YY; Liu, ZZ; Xie, XD; Zheng, ZD, 2013)		0.95
"Forty patients were randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group with chemotherapy plus low-dose carvedilol combined with candesartan (20 cases) and control group with chemotherapy alone (20 cases)."( [Preventive effect of low-dose carvedilol combined with candesartan on the cardiotoxicity of anthracycline drugs in the adjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancer].
Han, YL; Liang, XF; Liu, L; Liu, YY; Liu, ZZ; Xie, XD; Zheng, ZD, 2013)		0.89
"The use of low-dose carvedilol combined with candesartan can reduce the acute and chronic cardiotoxicity of anthracycline drugs, and with tolerable toxicities."( [Preventive effect of low-dose carvedilol combined with candesartan on the cardiotoxicity of anthracycline drugs in the adjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancer].
Han, YL; Liang, XF; Liu, L; Liu, YY; Liu, ZZ; Xie, XD; Zheng, ZD, 2013)		1
" In 3 separate studies, pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions (DDIs) potential was assessed when LCZ696 was coadministered with hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), amlodipine, or carvedilol."( Pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction assessment between LCZ696, an angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor, and hydrochlorothiazide, amlodipine, or carvedilol.
Greeley, M; Hsiao, HL; Langenickel, TH; Pal, P; Rajman, I; Rebello, S; Roberts, J; Sunkara, G; Zhou, W, 2015)		0.81
" GNPs were identified within the cell near to the nucleus when combined with carvedilol."( Apoptosis in human liver carcinoma caused by gold nanoparticles in combination with carvedilol is mediated via modulation of MAPK/Akt/mTOR pathway and EGFR/FAAD proteins.
Araújo, AA; Brito, GAC; Cavalcante, RS; Chan, AB; Cruz, LJ; De Araújo, RF; De Castro Miguel, E; Gasparotto, LHS; Guedes, PMM; Pessoa, JB; Silva, HFO, 2018)		0.93
"After 4 months of observation, it was noted that CHF patients with IHD in combination with BPO flows less favorably."( [CLINICAL EFFICACY OF THE RECEPTOR BETA AND ALPHA BLOCKERS - CARVEDILOL AND ORNITHINE-ASPARTATE IN PATIENTS WITH CHD AND CHF COMBINED WITH ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE].
Evdokimov, VV; Evdokimova, AG; Tereshchenko, OI; Tomova, AV; Zhukolenko, LV, )		0.37
"Ivabradine combined with carvedilol improves LVDD, achieves THR more often and reduces risk of encephalopathy, acute kidney injury with improved survival in patients with cirrhosis."( Carvedilol Combined With Ivabradine Improves Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction, Clinical Progression, and Survival in Cirrhosis.
Goyal, R; Khumuckham, JS; Kumar, G; Premkumar, M; Rangegowda, D; Sarin, SK; Shasthry, SM; Thomas, SS; Vyas, T, 2020)		2.3
"This paper aims to investigate the curative effect of carvedilol combined with conventional therapy in treatment of chronic heart failure."( The curative effect of carvedilol combined with conventional therapy in treatment of chronic heart failure.
Li, X; Qu, W; Yu, Z, 2019)		1.07
" Clinician's erythema assessment (CEA) and Demodex density were evaluated before and after topical ivermectin alone or combined with oral carvedilol."( Rosacea with persistent facial erythema and high Demodex density effectively treated with topical ivermectin alone or combined with oral carvedilol.
Hsu, CK; Huang, HP; Lee, JY, 2021)		1.03
" This work aimed to apply chemometrics for the optimization of a salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) combined with LC-MS/MS to analyze carvedilol enantiomers in plasma samples."( Chemometric optimization of salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) combined with LC-MS/MS for the analysis of carvedilol enantiomers in human plasma: Application to clinical pharmacokinetics.
de Gaitani, C; de Moraes, N; Dos Santos, J; Kemp, R; Moreira da Silva, R; Pavan, M; Salgado Junior, W; Sankarankutty, A; Yamamoto, P, 2022)		1.13

Bioavailability

Carvedilol in its pure state has low aqueous solubility and extremely poor bioavailability. A solidified self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (solidified SNEDDS) and surface-modified microspheres were developed for enhancing the oral bioavailability of carvedilol.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"1%) the absolute bioavailability than the S(-) form (15."( Disposition of carvedilol enantiomers in patients with liver cirrhosis: evidence for disappearance of stereoselective first-pass extraction.
Gabor, M; Neugebauer, G; Reiff, K, 1992)		0.64
" administration, the absolute bioavailability (31."( Stereoselective disposition of carvedilol in man after intravenous and oral administration of the racemic compound.
Akpan, W; Kaufmann, B; Neugebauer, G; Reiff, K, 1990)		0.57
" Therefore, the absolute bioavailability of 24% indicates some degree of first-pass extraction."( A new molecule with vasodilating and beta-adrenoceptor blocking properties.
Abshagen, U, 1987)		0.27
" The absolute bioavailability reaches 24% probably due to a first-pass effect."( Pharmacokinetics and disposition of carvedilol in humans.
Akpan, W; Neubert, P; Neugebauer, G; Reiff, K; von Möllendorff, E, 1987)		0.55
" Carvedilol was absorbed rapidly after oral administration with a bioavailability of approximately 45% and obeyed linear pharmacokinetics over the dose range 25-50 mg."( A pharmacokinetic study of carvedilol (BM 14.190) in elderly subjects: preliminary report.
Conway, EL; Drummer, OH; Louis, WJ; McNeil, JJ; Workman, BS, 1987)		1.48
"The pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of carvedilol have been studied in 20 male healthy volunteers in a randomised 4-period, cross-over trial."( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of carvedilol, a vasodilating beta-blocker.
Neugebauer, G; Reiff, K; von Möllendorff, E, 1987)		0.79
" It has also proved valuable in determining the relative bioavailability of representatives of this class of drugs."( Digital pulse plethysmography--a tool for investigating vasoactive substances.
Neugebauer, G; von Möllendorff, E, 1985)		0.27
" However, bioavailability of the oral medication is greatly increased in patients with liver disease."( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of carvedilol.
Morgan, T, 1994)		0.54
" Carvedilol appears to increase digoxin's oral bioavailability as well as renal elimination."( Effects of long-term oral carvedilol on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of oral digoxin in patients with mild to moderate hypertension.
Boyle, DA; Chandler, MH; Clifton, GD; Field, CJ; Smith, DA; Wermeling, DP, )		1.34
"The time course of pharmacodynamic effects allow to resolve bioavailability relevant pharmacokinetic information, provided simple assumptions can be made about their interrelation."( Inverse PK/PD: estimation and differentiation of bioavailability from effect kinetics--observations with beta-adrenoceptor antagonists.
De Mey, C, 1997)		0.3
"The quantitative structure-bioavailability relationship of 232 structurally diverse drugs was studied to evaluate the feasibility of constructing a predictive model for the human oral bioavailability of prospective new medicinal agents."( QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
Topliss, JG; Yoshida, F, 2000)		0.31
"The aim of this study was to compare the extent and rate of absorption of two different carvedilol (CAS 72956-09-3) tablet formulations: 25 mg tablets, as the test formulation and the reference innovator product (25 mg tablets)."( Bioequivalence study of two different tablet formulations of carvedilol in healthy volunteers.
Almeida, S; Filipe, A; Portolés, A; Terleira, A; Vallée, F; Vargas, E, 2005)		0.79
" Pharmacokinetic parameters representing the extent and/or rate of absorption (AUCinf, AUClast, and Cmax) were obtained."( Bioequivalence study of two different tablet formulations of carvedilol in healthy volunteers.
Almeida, S; Filipe, A; Portolés, A; Terleira, A; Vallée, F; Vargas, E, 2005)		0.57
" The oral clearance was highly correlated with the apparent volume of distribution among the subjects, suggesting that the interindividual difference in bioavailability was largely responsible for the pharmacokinetic variability of carvedilol."( Effect of CYP2D6*10 on the pharmacokinetics of R- and S-carvedilol in healthy Japanese volunteers.
Arakawa, R; Hashimoto, Y; Honda, M; Igarashi, N; Inoue, H; Nozawa, T; Ogura, Y; Okabe, H; Taguchi, M, 2005)		0.76
"A new self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) and self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) have been developed to increase the solubility, dissolution rate, and, ultimately, oral bioavailability of a poorly water soluble drug, carvedilol."( Preparation and evaluation of SEDDS and SMEDDS containing carvedilol.
Nie, S; Pan, W; Sun, P; Wei, L, 2005)		0.75
" The oral clearance (CL/F) and also apparent volume of distribution (V/F) of both enantiomers were significantly lower in the subjects with the CYP2D6*10 allele than those with the CYP2D6*1/*1, *1/*2, or *2/*2 genotype, confirming our previous finding that the bioavailability (F) and systemic clearance (CL) of R- and S-carvedilol in the liver is significantly altered in Japanese with the CYP2D6*10 allele."( Multiple regression analysis of pharmacogenetic variability of carvedilol disposition in 54 healthy Japanese volunteers.
Hashimoto, Y; Honda, M; Inoue, H; Nozawa, T; Ogura, Y; Taguchi, M; Toyoda, W, 2006)		0.75
" For both carvedilol CR and IR, the attenuation of exercise-induced heart rate in patients with hypertension was maintained over the entire 24-hour period, and the 2 formulations demonstrated equivalent beta(1)-blocking effects at trough (end of the dosing interval [PD(min)]), suggesting that the rate of absorption does not interfere with the PD effect."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of controlled-release carvedilol and immediate-release carvedilol at steady state in patients with hypertension.
Baidoo, CA; Boyle, D; Campanile, AM; Danoff, TM; Harter, AH; Henderson, LS; Tenero, DM, 2006)		0.97
" Bioavailability studies in healthy pigs reveal that carvedilol has got good buccal absorption."( Development of mucoadhesive patches for buccal administration of carvedilol.
Chandrasekhar, K; Ramesh, G; Rao, YM; Vishnu, YV, 2007)		0.83
" The bioavailability studies in rats indicated that the carvedilol transdermal patches provided steady-state plasma concentrations with minimal fluctuations and improved bioavailability of 71% (for F3) and 62% (for F6) in comparison with oral administration."( Transdermal therapeutic system of carvedilol: effect of hydrophilic and hydrophobic matrix on in vitro and in vivo characteristics.
Ahmad, FJ; Khar, RK; Reddy, MV; Ruckmani, K; Ubaidulla, U, 2007)		0.86
" It could improve the bioavailability of carvedilol by self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS), control the release rate and make the plasma concentrations more stable by elementary osmotic pump tablet."( Investigations of a novel self-emulsifying osmotic pump tablet containing carvedilol.
Guo, L; Li, J; Liu, H; Nie, S; Pan, W; Sun, P; Wei, L, 2007)		0.84
" Co-administration with carvedilol increased ciclosporin bioavailability from 33% to 70%."( Carvedilol increases ciclosporin bioavailability by inhibiting P-glycoprotein-mediated transport.
Amioka, K; Ejiri, M; Kushihara, H; Kuzuya, T; Nabeshima, T; Nitta, A, 2007)		2.09
" CL/F and V/F values of R- and S-carvedilol in the subjects with one UGT2B7*3 allele were similar to those without the UGT2B7*3 allele, indicating that the UGT2B7*3 allele did not significantly affect the systemic clearance (CL) and bioavailability (F) of the two enantiomers."( UGT2B7*3 did not affect the pharmacokinetics of R- and S-carvedilol in healthy Japanese.
Hashimoto, Y; Honda, M; Horiuchi, I; Inoue, H; Kayano, Y; Nozawa, T; Shimizu, T; Taguchi, M; Toyoda, W, 2007)		0.87
" Its oral bioavailability is 25-35% because of first pass metabolism."( Design and in vivo evaluation of carvedilol buccal mucoadhesive patches.
Babu, P; Pandey, G; Thimmasetty, J, 2008)		0.63
"To compare the pharmacokinetic properties and bioavailability following oral and IV administration of bisoprolol, a second-generation beta1-adrenoceptor-selective blocking agent, with those of carvedilol, a third-generation beta1/beta2 and alpha1-adrenoceptor blocking agent, in dogs."( Comparison of the pharmacokinetic properties of bisoprolol and carvedilol in healthy dogs.
Beddies, G; Fox, PR; Kanikanti, VR; Keene, BW; Krebber, R; Papich, MD, 2008)		0.78
" Blood samples were collected before and after drug administration, and serum concentrations, pharmacokinetic variables, and bioavailability for each agent were assessed."( Comparison of the pharmacokinetic properties of bisoprolol and carvedilol in healthy dogs.
Beddies, G; Fox, PR; Kanikanti, VR; Keene, BW; Krebber, R; Papich, MD, 2008)		0.59
" Oral bioavailability of bisoprolol was 91."( Comparison of the pharmacokinetic properties of bisoprolol and carvedilol in healthy dogs.
Beddies, G; Fox, PR; Kanikanti, VR; Keene, BW; Krebber, R; Papich, MD, 2008)		0.59
" Prepared self-nanoemulsifying tablet produced acceptable properties of immediate-release dosage forms and expected to increase the bioavailability of carvedilol."( Preparation and evaluation of self-nanoemulsifying tablets of carvedilol.
Bendas, ER; Mahmoud, EA; Mohamed, MI, 2009)		0.79
"The present work aimed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of poloxamer 188, a surfactant, on lymphatic uptake of carvedilol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for oral bioavailability enhancement."( Effect of poloxamer 188 on lymphatic uptake of carvedilol-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles for bioavailability enhancement.
Alka, A; Javed, A; Sanjula, B; Shah, FM, 2009)		0.81
"Carvedilol a poorly water soluble drug undergoes extensive first pass metabolism, which reduces its bioavailability to 25-30%."( Studies on formulation development of mouth dissolving tablets of Carvedilol.
Dhar, S; Mandpe, L; Pokharkar, V, )		1.81
"Oral bioavailability (F) is a product of fraction absorbed (Fa), fraction escaping gut-wall elimination (Fg), and fraction escaping hepatic elimination (Fh)."( Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
Chang, G; El-Kattan, A; Miller, HR; Obach, RS; Rotter, C; Steyn, SJ; Troutman, MD; Varma, MV, 2010)		0.36
" However, there is a limitation in terms of its dose due to its low bioavailability (approximately 25%)."( Clinical updates on carvedilol: a first choice beta-blocker in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
Chakraborty, S; Mishra, B; Shukla, D; Singh, S, 2010)		0.68
"The aim of the present study was to develop and characterize chitosan mucoadhesive microspheres of carvedilol (CRV) for nasal delivery to improve bioavailability for treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris."( Mucoadhesive chitosan microspheres of carvedilol for nasal administration.
Babbar, A; Mathur, R; Mishra, A; Patil, S; Sawant, K, 2010)		0.85
" It compares the bioavailability of these two study drugs from a TDDS with conventional immediate release oral tablets in healthy volunteers."( Randomised, cross-over, comparative bioavailability trial of matrix type transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) of carvedilol and hydrochlorothiazide combination in healthy human volunteers: a pilot study.
Aggarwal, A; Agrawal, SS, 2010)		0.57
" A one-compartment model with a first-order absorption rate was established, in which body weight and alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein were significant covariates."( Population pharmacokinetics of R- and S-carvedilol in Japanese patients with chronic heart failure.
Hanada, K; Kaneko, M; Kawana, J; Mihara, K; Nagayama, M; Ogata, H; Ohno, T; Saito, M; Shiomi, M; Sumiyoshi, T, 2010)		0.63
" Therefore, the objective of this work was to study the enhancement in bioavailability of carvedilol phosphate (basic drug) by providing an alkaline gastric environment to drug-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles."( Effective in-vivo utilization of lipid-based nanoparticles as drug carrier for carvedilol phosphate.
Chakraborty, S; Mishra, B; Shukla, D; Singh, S; Vuddanda, PR, 2011)		0.82
"The formulation administered orally exhibited enhanced bioavailability (∼27%) when compared with drug suspension and sustained release behaviour when compared with formulation under ideal gastric conditions."( Effective in-vivo utilization of lipid-based nanoparticles as drug carrier for carvedilol phosphate.
Chakraborty, S; Mishra, B; Shukla, D; Singh, S; Vuddanda, PR, 2011)		0.6
"Carvedilol, a widely prescribed cardiovascular drug for hypertension and congestive heart failure, exhibits low and variable bioavailability owing to poor absorption and extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism."( Development of optimized self-nano-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) of carvedilol with enhanced bioavailability potential.
Bandyopadhyay, S; Kapil, R; Katare, OO; Khurana, L; Singh, B, 2011)		2.04
"A multiple-unit system comprising mucoadhesive bilayer buccal tablets of carvedilol-loaded chitosan microspheres (CMs) was developed to improve bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of carvedilol."( Mucoadhesive bilayer buccal tablet of carvedilol-loaded chitosan microspheres: in vitro, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigations.
Dhiman, MK; Petkar, K; Sawant, K; Yedurkar, P, 2012)		0.88
"Mucoadhesive alginate microspheres of carvedilol (CRV) for nasal administration intended to avoid first pass metabolism and to improve bioavailability were prepared and evaluated."( In vivo evaluation of alginate microspheres of carvedilol for nasal delivery.
Babbar, A; Kaul, A; Mathur, R; Mishra, A; Patil, SB; Sawant, KK, 2012)		0.91
"As an inhibitor of CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and P-gp, myricetin might affect the bioavailability of carvedilol when myricetin and carvedilol are used concomitantly for the prevention or therapy of cardiovascular diseases as a combination therapy."( Effects of myricetin on the bioavailability of carvedilol in rats.
Choi, JS; Lee, W; Woo, ER, 2012)		0.86
"The enhanced oral bioavailability of carvedilol may result from both inhibition of CYP2C9 or CYP2D6-mediated metabolism and P-gp-mediated efflux of carvedilol in small intestine and/or in liver by myricetin rather than reducing renal elimination."( Effects of myricetin on the bioavailability of carvedilol in rats.
Choi, JS; Lee, W; Woo, ER, 2012)		0.91
"The transdermal drug delivery system was prepared and the bioavailability of the selected drug was enhanced by reducing first-pass metabolism."( Development and evaluation of carvedilol-loaded transdermal drug delivery system: In-vitro and in-vivo characterization study.
Bhalekar, MR; Kshirsagar, SJ; Mohapatra, SK, 2012)		0.67
"The objective of this study was to enhance the bioavailability of carvedilol through transdermal patches."( Development and evaluation of carvedilol-loaded transdermal drug delivery system: In-vitro and in-vivo characterization study.
Bhalekar, MR; Kshirsagar, SJ; Mohapatra, SK, 2012)		0.9
" The bioavailability studies in rats indicated that the carvedilol-loaded transdermal patches provided steady-state plasma concentration and improved bioavailability of 72% in comparison to oral administration."( Development and evaluation of carvedilol-loaded transdermal drug delivery system: In-vitro and in-vivo characterization study.
Bhalekar, MR; Kshirsagar, SJ; Mohapatra, SK, 2012)		0.91
"The developed patch increases the efficacy of carvedilol through enhancement of bioavailability for the therapy of hypertension."( Development and evaluation of carvedilol-loaded transdermal drug delivery system: In-vitro and in-vivo characterization study.
Bhalekar, MR; Kshirsagar, SJ; Mohapatra, SK, 2012)		0.93
"Solid lipid nanoparticles are most promising delivery systems for the enhancement of bioavailability of highly lipophilic drugs those prone to the first pass metabolism."( Design and evaluation of polymer coated carvedilol loaded solid lipid nanoparticles to improve the oral bioavailability: a novel strategy to avoid intraduodenal administration.
Adepu, L; Chede, R; Diwan, PV; Komuravelli, R; Sistla, R; Venishetty, VK, 2012)		0.65
"2%) indicated significant enhancement in the rate and extent of bioavailability by the S-SNEDDS formulation compared to pure drug."( Optimized nanoemulsifying systems with enhanced bioavailability of carvedilol.
Bandyopadhyay, S; Garg, B; Kapil, R; Singh, B; Singh, R, 2013)		0.63
" Pharmacokinetic and bioavailability aspects were also discussed."( Novel chitosan-functionalized spherical nanosilica matrix as an oral sustained drug delivery system for poorly water-soluble drug carvedilol.
Jiang, T; Sun, C; Sun, J; Sun, L; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Zhang, J; Zheng, X, 2013)		0.59
"The objective of the present investigation was to develop in situ gelling nasal spray formulation of carvedilol (CRV) nanosuspension to improve the bioavailability and therapeutic efficiency."( Nanosuspension based in situ gelling nasal spray of carvedilol: development, in vitro and in vivo characterization.
Pagar, KP; Saindane, NS; Vavia, PR, 2013)		0.86
" The relative bioavailability of the test formulation to reference formulation was 100."( Bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic evaluation of two tablet formulations of carvedilol 25-mg: a single-dose, randomized-sequence, open-label, two-way crossover study in healthy Chinese male volunteers.
Chen, Q; Jia, JY; Liu, GY; Liu, Y; Lu, C; Lu, XP; Wang, W; Yu, C; Zhang, MQ, 2013)		0.62
"Formulation and evaluation of nanosuspension incorporated mucoadhesive buccal films of carvedilol for bioavailability enhancement by avoiding first-pass metabolism."( Formulation and evaluation of mucoadhesive buccal films impregnated with carvedilol nanosuspension: a potential approach for delivery of drugs having high first-pass metabolism.
Murthy, RS; Rana, P, )		0.59
" In vivo studies conducted in rabbit model showed 916% increase in the relative bioavailability in comparison to marketed oral tablet formulation."( Formulation and evaluation of mucoadhesive buccal films impregnated with carvedilol nanosuspension: a potential approach for delivery of drugs having high first-pass metabolism.
Murthy, RS; Rana, P, )		0.36
" After loading CAR into c-MCMs, its oral bioavailability was compared with the marketed product in dogs."( Carboxylated mesoporous carbon microparticles as new approach to improve the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble carvedilol.
Gao, J; Li, X; Song, Y; Zhang, Y; Zhi, Z, 2013)		0.6
"Carvedilol used in cardiovascular diseases has systemic bioavailability of 25-35%."( Novel lectin-modified poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) mucoadhesive nanoparticles of carvedilol: preparation and in vitro optimization using a two-level factorial design.
Moazen, E; Varshosaz, J, 2014)		2.07
"Present invention relates to design of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) to augment oral bioavailability of Carvedilol (CAR)."( Nanostructured lipid carriers as a potential vehicle for Carvedilol delivery: Application of factorial design approach.
Bari, SB; Deshmukh, PK; Patil, GB; Patil, ND; Patil, PO, 2016)		0.89
" Overall, bioavailability of carvedilol was somewhat higher in females than in males, but these differences could be expounded by the lower body weight of female."( Assessment of sex differences in Pharmacokinetics of carvedilol in human.
Abbas, M; Khan, AM; Nawaz, HA; Riffat, S; Tipu, MY; Usman, M, 2014)		0.94
" The in vivo test in beagle dogs demonstrated that the relative bioavailability of the novel system was 203."( Controlled delivery of carvedilol nanosuspension from osmotic pump capsule: in vitro and in vivo evaluation.
Bai, C; Ge, H; Liu, D; Lyu, C; Pan, W; Yang, X; Yu, S; Zhu, Z, 2014)		0.71
"The nanotransfersomal vesicles were significantly more efficient in nasal delivery of carvedilol with absolute bioavailability of 63."( Nanotransfersomes of carvedilol for intranasal delivery: formulation, characterization and in vivo evaluation.
Aboud, HM; Ali, AA; El-Menshawe, SF; Elbary, AA, 2016)		0.98
" Due to its lower aqueous solubility and extensive first-pass metabolism, the absolute bioavailability of CVD does not exceed 30%."( Development and optimization of carvedilol orodispersible tablets: enhancement of pharmacokinetic parameters in rabbits.
Ahmed, OA; Aljimaee, YH; El-Helw, AR; El-Say, KM, 2015)		0.7
" To overcome the low, variable oral bioavailability of CRV, niosomal formulations were prepared and characterized: plain niosomes (without bile salts), bile salt-enriched niosomes (bilosomes containing various percentages of sodium cholate or sodium taurocholate), and charged niosomes (negative, containing dicetyl phosphate and positive, containing hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide)."( Niosomal carriers enhance oral bioavailability of carvedilol: effects of bile salt-enriched vesicles and carrier surface charge.
Arzani, G; Bakhtiari-Kaboutaraki, H; Dadashzadeh, S; Daeihamed, M; Haeri, A, 2015)		0.67
" Consequently, the relative bioavailability (R."( Effects of cilostazol on the pharmacokinetics of carvedilol after oral and intravenous administration in rats.
Cho, YA; Choi, DH; Lim, TH, 2015)		0.67
"Carvedilol (CAR) is a potent antihypertensive drug but has poor oral bioavailability (24%)."( Preparation, optimization, and in vitro simulated inhalation delivery of carvedilol nanoparticles loaded on a coarse carrier intended for pulmonary administration.
Abdelbary, AA; Abdelrahim, ME; Al-mahallawi, AM; Ali, AM, 2015)		2.09
" Particle size reduction to form nanosized particles was found to be an efficient method for improving the oral bioavailability of carvedilol."( Effect of particle size on oral absorption of carvedilol nanosuspensions: in vitro and in vivo evaluation.
He, F; Li, J; Liu, D; Pan, H; Pan, W; Wang, X; Yang, X, 2015)		0.88
" As a consequence of these CYP2D6 metabolizer phenotypes, pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of carvedilol and metoprolol can range from therapeutically ineffective levels (in the UM patients) to excessive (overdose) and potentially toxic concentrations (in PM patients)."( Impact of CYP2D6 Genetic Variation on the Response of the Cardiovascular Patient to Carvedilol and Metoprolol.
Brill, A; Lymperopoulos, A; McCrink, KA, 2015)		0.86
"Carvedilol (CVD) suffers from low absolute bioavailability (25%) due to its limited aqueous solubility and hepatic first-pass metabolism."( Laminated sponges as challenging solid hydrophilic matrices for the buccal delivery of carvedilol microemulsion systems: Development and proof of concept via mucoadhesion and pharmacokinetic assessments in healthy human volunteers.
Abd-Elbary, A; Alaa-Eldin, AA; Makky, AM; Tadros, MI, 2016)		2.1
" Thus, a stable, floating, multiparticulate GMO/Eudragit E100 nanostructures having ability to release the drug in sustained manner with enhanced oral bioavailability can prove to be a promising carrier system for poorly water soluble drugs."( Fabrication of novel GMO/Eudragit E100 nanostructures for enhancing oral bioavailability of carvedilol.
Choudhary, B; Mahadik, KR; Patil, SS; Roy, K, 2016)		0.65
"09% increase in bioavailability of carvedilol over aqueous suspension."( In vivo in silico pharmacokinetic simulation studies of carvedilol-loaded nanocapsules using GastroPlus.
George, JK; Singh, SK; Verma, PR, 2016)		0.96
" In-vivo CAR oral bioavailability from NMs dispersions and drug control solution was evaluated in Wistar rats."( Novel carvedilol paediatric nanomicelle formulation: in-vitro characterization and in-vivo evaluation.
Bernabeu, E; Bertera, FM; Buontempo, F; Cagel, M; Chiappetta, DA; Höcht, C; Moretton, MA; Parola, L; Taira, CA; Wegmann, M, 2017)		0.94
" The improvement on drug oral bioavailability contributes to the potential of this NMs formulation to enhance CAR paediatric treatment."( Novel carvedilol paediatric nanomicelle formulation: in-vitro characterization and in-vivo evaluation.
Bernabeu, E; Bertera, FM; Buontempo, F; Cagel, M; Chiappetta, DA; Höcht, C; Moretton, MA; Parola, L; Taira, CA; Wegmann, M, 2017)		0.94
" However, it has low oral bioavailability (25-35%) due to its high first-pass hepatic metabolism."( Carvedilol-loaded nanocapsules: Mucoadhesive properties and permeability across the sublingual mucosa.
Beck, RC; Chaves, PD; Frank, LA; Guterres, SS; Ourique, AF; Pohlmann, AR, 2017)		1.9
" This study provides a new successful combination of two polymers with the dual action of HPβCD and PLX/PVP on water solubility and bioavailability of CAR."( Dual Activity of Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin and Water-Soluble Carriers on the Solubility of Carvedilol.
Geng, T; Wang, B; Zoghbi, A, 2017)		0.67
"Carvedilol (CAR) in its pure state has low aqueous solubility and extremely poor bioavailability which largely limit its clinical application."( Comparative study on stabilizing ability of food protein, non-ionic surfactant and anionic surfactant on BCS type II drug carvedilol loaded nanosuspension: Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic investigation.
Banerjee, P; Geng, T; Li, T; Lu, Z; Wang, B; Zoghbi, A, 2017)		2.11
"Polymer nanofibers have become increasingly important for improvement of dissolution and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs, representing a great challenge in pharmaceutical development."( Preparation of poloxamer-based nanofibers for enhanced dissolution of carvedilol.
Kajdič, S; Kocbek, P; Vrečer, F, 2018)		0.71
"A novel delivery system based on self-assembled liposome from multi-layered fibrous mucoadhesive membrane has been developed to improve the bioavailability of Carvedilol (Car)."( Self-assembled liposome from multi-layered fibrous mucoadhesive membrane for buccal delivery of drugs having high first-pass metabolism.
Chen, J; Duan, H; Pan, H; Pan, W; Xiong, S; Yang, X; Yang, Y, 2018)		0.68
"The purpose of the current study was to develop a novel liposomal formulation to improve the oral bioavailability of carvedilol, a Biopharmaceutics Classification System class II with poor aqueous solubility and extensive presystemic metabolism."( Labrasol-Enriched Nanoliposomal Formulation: Novel Approach to Improve Oral Absorption of Water-Insoluble Drug, Carvedilol.
Dadashzadeh, S; Ghassemi, S; Haeri, A; Shahhosseini, S, 2018)		0.9
"Co-amorphous drug delivery systems are attracting increasing attention in the pharmaceutical field, due to their promising potential to improve the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs."( Organic acids as co-formers for co-amorphous systems - Influence of variation in molar ratio on the physicochemical properties of the co-amorphous systems.
Grohganz, H; Löbmann, K; Rades, T; Ueda, H; Wu, W, 2018)		0.48
" Therefore, the study aimed at developing carvedilol (CVD) in SLNs to control its release and enhance its bioavailability in the management of hypertension, and cardiac diseases."( Optimization of carvedilol solid lipid nanoparticles: An approach to control the release and enhance the oral bioavailability on rabbits.
El-Say, KM; Hosny, KM, 2018)		1.09
"The sublingual cavity is an interesting route for administration of drugs with limited oral bioavailability due to hepatic first pass metabolism."( SCC4 cell monolayers as an alternative sublingual barrier model: influence of nanoencapsulation on carvedilol transport.
Beck, RCR; Buffon, A; Dos Santos Chaves, P; Raffin Pohlmann, A; Stanisçuaski Guterres, S; Visioli, F, 2019)		0.73
"Mesoporous carriers have been extensively applied to improve the dissolution velocity and bioavailability of insoluble drugs."( A Comparative Study of the Use of Mesoporous Carbon and Mesoporous Silica as Drug Carriers for Oral Delivery of the Water-Insoluble Drug Carvedilol.
Dong, Y; Han, C; Huang, H; Jian, B; Sui, X; Zhu, W, 2019)		0.72
" The pharmacokinetic results revealed that the optimized chitosan nanoparticles formulation have higher bioavailability than marketed tablet formulation which indicates CAR-CS NPs as an effective strategy to delivery poorly water soluble drugs."( Enhancement of oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble carvedilol by chitosan nanoparticles: Optimization and pharmacokinetic study.
Jain, DK; Saraf, A; Sharma, M; Sharma, R, 2019)		0.76
"Self-(micro)emulsifying drug delivery systems (S(M)EDDS) have emerged as effective vehicles for enhancing bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs, however solidification of the systems represents a major challenge."( Solidification of carvedilol loaded SMEDDS by swirling fluidized bed pellet coating.
Gašperlin, M; Luštrik, M; Mandić, J; Vrečer, F; Zvonar Pobirk, A, 2019)		0.85
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51
"Coamorphous drug formulations are a promising approach to improve solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs."( Determination of the Optimal Molar Ratio in Amino Acid-Based Coamorphous Systems.
Grohganz, H; Liu, J; Rades, T, 2020)		0.56
"56-fold increase in the relative bioavailability of CAR was observed for the CAR PI-SNEDDS (397."( A Soluplus/Poloxamer 407-based self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system for the weakly basic drug carvedilol to improve its bioavailability.
Ge, L; Han, H; Li, Y; Long, K; Peng, Z; Wang, W; Webster, TJ; Zheng, C, 2020)		0.77
" Carvedilol bioavailability was significantly increased by formulating solid dispersions, while the analysis of serum biochemical parameters excluded damage on liver and kidney function and the lipid profile of animals exposed to investigated drug delivery system."( Binary polymeric amorphous carvedilol solid dispersions: In vitro and in vivo characterization.
Krstić, M; Manić, L; Martić, N; Mračević, SĐ; Rašković, A; Vasiljević, D; Vukmirović, S, 2020)		1.77
" After oral administration, CD is rapidly absorbed with an absolute bioavailability of 18-25% because of low solubility and extensive first-pass metabolism."(
Dudhipala, N; Krishna, VM; Kumar, VB, 2020)		0.56
" Formulations were characterized for physical characteristics, invitro release in simulated and biorelevant dissolution media, intestinal permeability and bioavailability studies in Wistar rats."(
Dudhipala, N; Krishna, VM; Kumar, VB, 2020)		0.56
" The results from permeability and in-vivo studies demonstrated an enhancement in permeability and bioavailability from supersaturated SEDDS in comparison with control."(
Dudhipala, N; Krishna, VM; Kumar, VB, 2020)		0.56
" However, further development is restricted because of its poor bioavailability caused by its low solubility and high first-pass effect."( Optimization of lipid materials in the formulation of S-carvedilol self-microemulsifying drug-delivery systems.
Cai, Z; Guo, K; Huang, B; Lin, Z; Wang, X; Zhang, Q, 2020)		0.8
"The SMEDDS using ionic lipids (oleic acid or soybean lecithin) as oil phase can increase the oral bioavailability of S-CAR by increasing the solubility and reducing the first-pass effect."( Optimization of lipid materials in the formulation of S-carvedilol self-microemulsifying drug-delivery systems.
Cai, Z; Guo, K; Huang, B; Lin, Z; Wang, X; Zhang, Q, 2020)		0.8
"The hypothesis is to augment the bioavailability and therapeutic potential of low bioavailable Carvedilol (25-35%) through Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) loaded Transdermal patch (Nanolipid Transferosomes)."( Application of Statistical Tooling Techniques for Designing of Carvedilol Nanolipid Transferosomes and its Dermatopharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Studies.
Kesavan, BR; Palagati, S; Selvaraj, BR; Sridhar, SK, 2020)		1.02
" This data reveals the impact of NLC on the enhancement of bioavailability through a transdermal patch."( Application of Statistical Tooling Techniques for Designing of Carvedilol Nanolipid Transferosomes and its Dermatopharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Studies.
Kesavan, BR; Palagati, S; Selvaraj, BR; Sridhar, SK, 2020)		0.8
"This research data concludes that NLC loaded transdermal patch (Nanolipid Transferosomes) was a suitable candidate to enhance the bioavailability of low bioavailable drug-like Carvedilol."( Application of Statistical Tooling Techniques for Designing of Carvedilol Nanolipid Transferosomes and its Dermatopharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Studies.
Kesavan, BR; Palagati, S; Selvaraj, BR; Sridhar, SK, 2020)		0.99
" In this study, carvedilol and its enantiomers were compared in terms of solubility, permeability, and biliary excretion, and reasons for the poor bioavailability were discussed."( Determination and Comparison of the Solubility, Oil-Water Partition Coefficient, Intestinal Absorption, and Biliary Excretion of Carvedilol Enantiomers.
Cai, Z; Huang, B; Lin, Z; Wang, X; Xue, H; Zhang, Q, 2021)		1.17
"In this study, a solidified self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (solidified SNEDDS) and surface-modified microspheres were developed for enhancing the oral bioavailability of carvedilol."( Effects of different physicochemical characteristics and supersaturation principle of solidified SNEDDS and surface-modified microspheres on the bioavailability of carvedilol.
Baek, K; Choi, HG; Choi, JE; Choi, MJ; Jin, SG; Kim, JO; Kim, JS; Woo, MR, 2021)		1.01
"Carvedilol, the anti-hypertensive drug, has poor bioavailability when administered orally."( Central composite design for the development of carvedilol-loaded transdermal ethosomal hydrogel for extended and enhanced anti-hypertensive effect.
Alle, M; Amarachinta, PR; Chettupalli, AK; Kim, JC; Samed, N; Sharma, G, 2021)		2.32
"Carvedilol (CAR) is a widely studied, beta and alpha-1 blocker, antihypertensive drug due to its poor water solubility and low oral bioavailability (25-35%)."( Mixed micelles formulation for carvedilol delivery: In-vitro characterization and in-vivo evaluation.
Arslan, FB; Çalış, S; Öztürk, K; Öztürk, SC, 2022)		2.45
" Co-administration of linagliptin with either carvedilol or atorvastatin can modulate the oral bioavailability of linagliptin."( Investigation of the effect of concurrently administered carvedilol, atorvastatin and bile salts on intestinal absorption of linagliptin.
El Maghraby, GM; Embaby, MA; Osman, MA; Sultan, AA, 2023)		1.41
"Carvedilol, a β-blocker prescribed for chronic heart failure, suffers from poor bioavailability and rapid first pass metabolism when administered orally."( Tip loaded cyclodextrin-carvedilol complexes microarray patches.
Anjani, QK; Donnelly, RF; Hamid, KA; Li, H; Moreno-Castellanos, N; Sabri, AHB, 2023)		2.66

Dosage Studied

Carvedilol has a 3-hour dosing interval on the basis of MRT. The long acting highly selective beta1-blocker betaxolol in an adequate dosage is not inferior to carvedilol in terms of exercise tolerance and safety.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Increasing dosages of the vasoconstrictors below their threshold of systemic activity were employed in order to obtain dose-response curves of the hand veins congested at a venous occlusion pressure of 40 mmHg."( Oral administration of carvedilol and prazosin inhibits the prostaglandin F2 alpha- and noradrenaline-induced contraction of human hand veins in vivo.
Beermann, C; Belz, GG; Schloos, J, 1992)		0.59
" Carvedilol shifts the dose-response curve to isoprenaline to the right, as well as to alpha-stimulants such as phenylephrine."( Clinical pharmacology of carvedilol.
Graham, BR; Prichard, BN; Tomlinson, B; Walden, RJ, 1992)		1.5
" Since ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in a cross-over trial design can reliably detect differences of 5 mmHg with less than 20 subjects, we have used this technique to assess the dose-response curve of a new beta-blocker, carvedilol."( Antihypertensive effect of carvedilol: a preliminary dose-response study.
Bird, R; Casadei, B; Coats, AJ; Conway, J, 1992)		0.76
" As an example, this paper presents the aggregated dose-response relationship of efficacy data and a last-value analysis of laboratory data across all studies of the antihypertensive drug project carvedilol."( Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of carvedilol: a meta-analysis approach.
Meyer-Sabellek, W; Stienen, U, 1992)		0.75
" After the administration of carvedilol on day 8, the cirazoline vasopressor response was 2 +/- 1 mmHg and the isoproterenol-induced tachycardia was 4 +/- 3 beats/min, indicating effective alpha 1- and beta-adrenergic blockade after chronic dosing with carvedilol."( Single and repeated doses of the vasodilator/beta-adrenergic antagonist, carvedilol, block cirazoline- and isoproterenol-mediated hemodynamic responses in the conscious rat.
Gagnon, R; Slivjak, MJ; Smith, EF, 1992)		0.81
" These results indicate that carvedilol is an effective and safe agent for hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure and for hemodialysis patients with hypertension and that dosage adjustments are probably not required in these clinical situations."( Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of carvedilol in hypertensive patients with chronic renal failure and hemodialysis patients.
Abe, Y; Kaifu, Y; Kitajima, W; Masumura, H; Miki, S, 1992)		0.86
" Oral administration of 50 mg carvedilol led to a rightward shift in the dose-response curves of angiotensin II, norepinephrine, and PGF2 alpha."( Constriction of human dorsal hand veins in vivo with several vasoconstrictors and the influence of oral administration of carvedilol.
Beermann, C; Belz, GG; Schloos, J, 1992)		0.78
" As an example, this article presents the aggregated dose-response relationship and a subgroup analysis (by age) over all studies of the antihypertensive drug carvedilol."( The once-daily dose regimen of carvedilol: a meta-analysis approach.
Stienen, U, 1992)		0.77
" Dosing with 25 mg carvedilol once daily or 20 mg nifedipine SR twice daily resulted in mean peak reductions in supine blood pressure of 21/11 and 20/16 mm Hg, respectively, after 1 week of treatment with each respective monotherapy."( Safety of the coadministration of carvedilol and nifedipine sustained-release in the treatment of essential hypertension.
de Vries Robles, P; Juttmann, JR; Venuti, RP, 1992)		0.89
"The efficacy and safety of carvedilol, a beta-blocker with vasodilating properties, were compared at a dosage of 25 to 50 mg once daily with those of atenolol at a dosage of 50-100 mg once daily in a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, multicenter study."( A comparison of carvedilol with atenolol in the treatment of mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. INT-CAR-07 (U.K.) Study Group.
Young, PH, 1992)		0.93
" If the effect was insufficient, the dosage was successively increased to 10 or 20 mg once daily."( Effect of long-term carvedilol therapy on renal function in essential hypertension.
Marumo, F; Tomita, K, 1992)		0.61
" Hemodynamic parameters, including supine and standing DBP, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and heart rate (HR), were measured and safety was evaluated at baseline and at days 14, 28, and 56 at the end of the dosing interval."( Safety and efficacy of once-daily carvedilol vs twice-daily labetalol in mild to moderate hypertension.
Bussiere, JL; Durier, P; Gayet, JL; Ollivier, JP, 1990)		0.56
" This activity can be demonstrated in vivo at doses that represent the higher end of the antihypertensive dose-response curve."( The pharmacology of carvedilol.
Gellai, M; Hieble, JP; Nichols, AJ; Ruffolo, RR; Willette, RN, 1990)		0.6
" Exercise testing, radionuclide ventriculography, and right-sided cardiac catheterization were performed and intraarterial blood pressure measured before and after 8 weeks of carvedilol therapy in a dosage of 12."( Value of carvedilol in congestive heart failure secondary to coronary artery disease.
Broadhurst, P; Das Gupta, P; Lahiri, A; Raftery, EB, 1990)		0.89
" dosage indicating a stereoselective first-pass effect with higher extraction of the levorotatory enantiomer, which is more potent with respect to beta-adrenoceptor antagonistic activity."( Measurement of carvedilol enantiomers in human plasma and urine using S-naproxen chloride for chiral derivatization.
Henke, W; Langguth, P; Mutschler, E; Schloos, J; Spahn, H, 1990)		0.63
" Carvedilol appears to be effective in preventing or reducing effort angina due to reduced myocardial oxygen demand, and it exhibits an important dose-response effect."( Antianginal efficacy of carvedilol, a new beta-blocker with vasodilating action.
Carter, G; Freedman, SB; Harris, PJ; Jamal, SM; Kelly, DT; Thomson, A, 1987)		1.49
"Carvedilol, a new beta-blocker with vasodilating activity, was given orally to 9 hypertensive inpatients with impaired renal function in a dosage regimen of 5 to 20mg once daily to evaluate its clinical efficacy and safety."( Therapeutic benefits and safety of carvedilol in the treatment of renal hypertension. An open, short term study. Carvedilol Renal Hypertension Study Group in Japan.
Fujishima, M; Fukiyama, K; Ishii, M; Kohno, M; Kubo, S; Mizuno, Y; Saruta, T; Takeda, T; Yoshimura, M, 1988)		1.99
" The patients received either carvedilol 25mg twice daily or metoprolol 50mg twice daily for a period of 4 weeks; if diastolic blood pressure was over 90mm Hg at this time, the dosage was doubled for the subsequent 4 weeks."( Influence of carvedilol on blood glucose and glycohaemoglobin A1 in non-insulin-dependent diabetics.
Ehmer, B; Rudorf, J; van der Does, R, 1988)		0.93
" Labetalol and prazosin also significantly shifted the dose-response curve to the right for phenylephrine but not for angiotensin II."( Analysis of the mechanism underlying the vasodilator action of carvedilol in pithed spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Akashi, A; Hashimoto, H; Kanda, A; Tanaka, M, 1988)		0.51
" Dose-response studies (required to increase heart rate or systolic blood pressure by 25 beats/min and 20mm Hg, respectively) were performed with phenylephrine, angiotensin and isoprenaline after each drug, and placebo administration and the effects of physiological pressor stimuli were compared."( Vasodilating mechanism and response to physiological pressor stimuli of acute doses of carvedilol compared with labetalol, propranolol and hydralazine.
Bompart, F; Graham, BR; Liu, JB; Prichard, BN; Tomlinson, B, 1988)		0.5
"Indirect automatic 24-hour blood pressure monitoring has been found to be reliable and valid and thus has been introduced for the evaluation of dosage and efficacy of antihypertensive drugs."( Follow-up of a method of twenty-four-hour indirect blood pressure monitoring: evaluation of carvedilol, a new antihypertensive agent.
Distler, A; Gotzen, R; Meyer-Sabellek, W; Schulte, KL, 1987)		0.49
" Following 4 weeks of wash-out/run-in period, patients from the carvedilol group received this drug once a day at a dosage of 25 mg/day for 8 consecutive weeks."( [Use of carvedilol compared to nifedipine in the treatment of mild and moderate essential arterial hypertension].
Dantas, M; Freitas, AF; Furtado, MR; Kohlmann, NE; Kohlmann, O; Plavnik, FL; Portela, JE; Spritzer, N; Spritzer, T, 1994)		0.96
" After 4 weeks, the dosage was doubled if there was inadequate response."( Comparison of a new vasodilating beta-blocker, carvedilol, with atenolol in the treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension.
Ruilope, LM, 1994)		0.55
" dosage increased in rats with pcs due to the reduced hepatic metabolism."( Rats with portacaval shunt as a potential experimental pharmacokinetic model for liver cirrhosis: application to carvedilol stereopharmacokinetics.
Baumgartner, U; Henke, D; Mutschler, E; Schölmerich, J; Spahn-Langguth, H; Stahl, E, 1993)		0.5
" The dose of isoprenaline required to increase heart rate by 25 beats min-1 (I25) and the dose of phenylephrine required to increase systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 20 mm Hg (PS20 and PD20) were calculated using a quadratic fit to individual dose-response curves."( The dose dependency of the alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor antagonist activity of carvedilol in man.
Guy, S; McDermott, BJ; Riddell, JG; Shanks, RG; Tham, TC, 1995)		0.52
" During long-term treatment, adjustments in beta-blocker dosage may be required in the event of an exacerbation of heart failure."( Use of carvedilol in chronic heart failure: challenges in therapeutic management.
Sackner-Bernstein, JD, )		0.59
"Thirty consecutive DCM patients with persistent LV dysfunction (ejection fraction < or =40%) and reduced exercise tolerance (peak oxygen consumption <25 ml/kg/min) despite chronic (>1 year) tailored treatment with metoprolol and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors were enrolled in a 12-month, open-label, parallel trial and were randomized either to continue on metoprolol (n = 16, mean dosage 142+/-44 mg/day) or to cross over to maximum tolerated dosage of carvedilol (n = 14, mean dosage 74+/-23 mg/day)."( Long-term effects of carvedilol in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy with persistent left ventricular dysfunction despite chronic metoprolol. The Heart-Muscle Disease Study Group.
Camerini, F; Ciani, F; Di Lenarda, A; Gregori, D; Klugmann, S; Mestroni, L; Muzzi, A; Pinamonti, B; Sabbadini, G; Salvatore, L; Sinagra, G, 1999)		0.79
" Although the present study cannot provide a final conclusion, based on the results of the present study, no changes in dosing recommendations for carvedilol are warranted in patients with moderate/severe renal insufficiency."( The pharmacokinetics of carvedilol and its metabolites after single and multiple dose oral administration in patients with hypertension and renal insufficiency.
Boyle, DA; Gehr, TW; Qian, Y; Shusterman, NH; Sica, DA; Tenero, DM, 1999)		0.81
" It is also necessary to define the initiation and increase of dosage and the target dose of the beta-blocker."( [Beta-blockers in the treatment of chronic heart failure. How should results of clinical studies be introduced into clinical practice].
Spinar, J; Vítovec, J, 2000)		0.31
" Plasma was collected over the 12-hour carvedilol dosing interval, and the concentrations of the R(+) and S(-) enantiomers of carvedilol were measured."( Effect of fluoxetine on carvedilol pharmacokinetics, CYP2D6 activity, and autonomic balance in heart failure patients.
Adams, KF; Carson, SW; Cascio, WE; Graff, DW; Patterson, JH; Pieper, JA; Williamson, KM, 2001)		0.89
" Optimal timing of starting therapy, dosage and long-term effects need to be investigated with multi-institutional trials."( Efficacy and safety of carvedilol in infants with dilated cardiomyopathy: a preliminary report.
Farzana, F; Gachara, N; Krishnan, U; Prabhakaran, S; Shah, MJ; Srinivas, S, )		0.44
" Patients who could not be dosed with up to 40 mg daily of metoprolol or 20 mg daily of carvedilol were defined as intolerant."( Comparative left ventricular functional and neurohumoral effects of chronic treatment with carvedilol versus metoprolol in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.
Hanatani, A; Hirooka, K; Hori, M; Ishida, Y; Komamura, K; Miyatake, K; Nakatani, S; Yamagishi, M; Yasumura, Y, 2001)		0.75
"We retrospectively evaluated patients entered into the Multicenter Oral Carvedilol Heart failure Assessment (MOCHA) trial, a 6-month, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter, dose-response evaluation of carvedilol in patients with chronic stable symptomatic heart failure."( Aspirin impairs reverse myocardial remodeling in patients with heart failure treated with beta-blockers.
Bristow, MR; Lindenfeld, J; Lowes, BD; Robertson, AD, 2001)		0.54
" Among them, only the once-daily dosing of aminoglycosides has been brought to the clinic and physicians are now increasingly adopting this approach to reduce the toxicity of these agents."( Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity: do time and frequency of administration matter?
Beauchamp, D; Labrecque, G, 2001)		0.31
"In this prospective, open intervention trial with blinded interpretation of selected end points, patients with CHF who did not improve on standard therapy, including digoxin, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and diuretics, were treated with oral carvedilol in a ramped dosing scheme."( Carvedilol therapy in pediatric patients with congestive heart failure: a study investigating clinical and pharmacokinetic parameters.
Behn, F; Eiselt, M; Läer, S; Meibohm, B; Mir, TS; Scholz, H; Venzke, A; Weil, J, 2002)		1.94
" The observed increased elimination of carvedilol in children suggests that optimal dosing strategies need to be further defined among the pediatric population."( Carvedilol therapy in pediatric patients with congestive heart failure: a study investigating clinical and pharmacokinetic parameters.
Behn, F; Eiselt, M; Läer, S; Meibohm, B; Mir, TS; Scholz, H; Venzke, A; Weil, J, 2002)		2.03
" Little is known about its safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and dosing profile in children."( The Pediatric Randomized Carvedilol Trial in Children with Heart Failure: rationale and design.
Boucek, MM; Burch, GH; Burr, J; Curtin, EL; Hsu, DT; LaSalle, B; Mahony, L; Pahl, E; Schlencker-Herceg, R; Shaddy, RE; Sower, B; Tani, LY, 2002)		0.62
"While receiving placebo (2 months) and a full dosage of carvedilol (4 months), 15 chronic heart failure patients were evaluated by quality-of-life questionnaire, pulmonary function tests, cardiopulmonary exercise tests with constant workload, and a ramp protocol."( Carvedilol reduces the inappropriate increase of ventilation during exercise in heart failure patients.
Agostoni, P; Bussotti, M; De Vita, S; Guazzi, M; Palermo, P, 2002)		2
"2%) and 4 others who were subsequently unable to withstand the progressive stepping up of drug dosage (8."( [Tolerance and efficacy of carvedilol prescription in patients with mild to moderated chronic heart failure].
Barnay, P; Gelisse, R; Levy, S; Maixent, JM; Paganelli, F; Saadjian, A; Sbragia, P, 2000)		0.6
" All centres were provided with carvedilol, metoprolol, and bisoprolol at appropriate doses; the choice of the drug and dosage was left to the responsible clinician."( Treatment of chronic heart failure with beta adrenergic blockade beyond controlled clinical trials: the BRING-UP experience.
Balli, E; Geraci, E; Gorini, M; Gronda, E; Lucci, D; Maggioni, AP; Opasich, C; Sinagra, G; Tavazzi, L; Tognoni, G, 2003)		0.6
" Starting treatment with beta blockers did not affect the prescription or dosage of other recommended drugs."( Treatment of chronic heart failure with beta adrenergic blockade beyond controlled clinical trials: the BRING-UP experience.
Balli, E; Geraci, E; Gorini, M; Gronda, E; Lucci, D; Maggioni, AP; Opasich, C; Sinagra, G; Tavazzi, L; Tognoni, G, 2003)		0.32
" No adverse effects needing reduction or interruption in the dosage were noted in the run-in phase, nor in the period of maintenance."( Modulation of neurohormonal activity after treatment of children in heart failure with carvedilol.
Bonvicini, M; Bronzetti, G; Donti, A; Formigari, R; Giardini, A; Picchio, FM; Prandstraller, D, 2003)		0.54
" Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses, however, indicate that the dosing regimen of metoprolol selected for use in the COMET trial produces a magnitude and time course of beta(1)-blockade during a 24-hour period that is similar to the dose of carvedilol targeted for use in the trial."( Do beta-blockers prolong survival in heart failure only by inhibiting the beta1-receptor? A perspective on the results of the COMET trial.
Packer, M, 2003)		0.5
" We analyze the problems with the trial design of COMET from the standpoint of comparing 2 therapeutic agents at different positions on a common dose-response curve, and discuss the theoretical reasons why postjunctional adrenergic receptor blockade that is in addition to beta1-receptor antagonism will likely produce only minimal or no incremental benefit in chronic heart failure."( Selective versus nonselective beta-blockade for heart failure therapy: are there lessons to be learned from the COMET trial?
Adams, KF; Bristow, MR; Feldman, AM; Goldstein, S, 2003)		0.32
" These include the choice of dose and dosage regimen of immediate-release metoprolol tartrate, a dosage form that has never been shown to reduce mortality in patients with heart failure."( Pharmacodynamics of beta-blockers in heart failure: lessons from the carvedilol or metoprolol European trial.
Bauman, JL; Talbert, RL, 2004)		0.56
"10, NYHA III-IV 29%) to treatment with either bisoprolol or carvedilol, in order to assess and compare the maximally achievable number of patients on treatment with these BB and the maximally achieved dosage during a minimum of 2 months attendance at our out patient heart failure clinic."( Tolerability of beta-blocker initiation and titration with bisoprolol and carvedilol in congestive heart failure -- a randomized comparison.
Atar, D; Galatius, S; Gustafsson, F; Hildebrandt, PR, 2004)		0.8
"35 +/- 1 months, the daily dosage of carvedilol was 49."( Effects of carvedilol on ventriculo-arterial coupling in patients with heart failure.
Boffa, GM; Iliceto, S; Orlando, S; Razzolini, R; Tarantini, G, 2004)		0.99
" Results from the recently published trials are summarized to emphasize the proper selection and dosage of beta blocker therapy to optimize the care of this high risk population."( The effects of beta blockers on morbidity and mortality in heart failure.
Jafri, SM, 2004)		0.32
" Furthermore, the dosing of metoprolol tartrate in COMET may have been inadequate based on prior studies."( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of beta blockers in heart failure.
Talbert, RL, 2004)		0.32
" The developed method was used for the determination of carvedilol in tablet dosage form."( Differential pulse voltammetric determination of carvedilol in tablets dosage form using glassy carbon electrode.
Elmogy, T; Radi, A, 2005)		0.83
"Twenty chronic ischemic heart failure patients, 11 males and 9 females, aged 58 +/- 13, with the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 45% by echocardiography and New York Heart Association (NYHA) cardiac function classification II-III, were treated with carvedilol for 6 months with a target dosage of 50 mg/d."( [The effect of carvedilol on apoptosis gene PDCD5 expression in chronic heart failure patients].
Hu, DY; Lu, PN; Luo, L; Nie, XY; Wu, Y; Zhang, GQ, 2005)		0.86
" In 6 months maintenance treatment, 14 (70%) patients reached the dosage 50 mg/d, 4 (20%) reached 25 mg/d, and 2 (10%) reached 12."( [The effect of carvedilol on apoptosis gene PDCD5 expression in chronic heart failure patients].
Hu, DY; Lu, PN; Luo, L; Nie, XY; Wu, Y; Zhang, GQ, 2005)		0.68
" The relationship between these two phenomena and the suitable dosage of carvedilol remains unclear."( Comparison of low and high doses of carvedilol on restoration of cardiac function and calcium-handling proteins in rat failing heart.
Hu, SJ; Hu, Y; Sun, YL; Wang, LH; Zhou, JY, 2005)		0.83
"The Carvedilol or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET) compared the effects of a comprehensive adrenergic antagonist, carvedilol (target dosage 25 mg twice daily), with a beta-1-selective agent, metoprolol tartrate (target dosage 50 mg twice daily), in 3029 patients with chronic heart failure caused by left ventricular systolic dysfunction."( Comprehensive adrenergic receptor blockade with carvedilol is superior to beta-1-selective blockade with metoprolol in patients with heart failure: COMET.
Cleland, JG, 2004)		1.14
" Therefore we analyzed 24-h ECG Holter recordings from a study which compared the long-term clinical efficacy of metoprolol tartrate to carvedilol in chronic heart failure patients using the same dosing regimen as in COMET."( Do metoprolol and carvedilol have equivalent effects on diurnal heart rate in patients with chronic heart failure?
Chan, SK; Fung, JW; Leung, LY; Sanderson, JE; Yip, GW; Yu, CM, 2005)		0.87
" The dosage of beta-blockers were increased gradually to target or the tolerant dosages (bisoprolol 10 mg qd, carvedilol 25 mg bid) during 3 months in 36 patients."( [Beneficial neurohormonal profiles of beta-blockades in chronic left heart failure].
Bian, WY; Duan, B; Jia, X; Li, W; Li, YS; Wang, F; Wang, L; Xu, ZM, 2005)		0.54
"The long acting highly selective beta1-blocker betaxolol in an adequate dosage is not inferior to carvedilol in terms of exercise tolerance, safety and effects on left ventricular function."( Betaxolol is equivalent to carvedilol in patients with heart failure NYHA II or III: result of a randomized multicenter trial (BETACAR Trial).
Chochola, J; Figulla, HR; Fridl, P; Kalmbach, C; Krzeminska-Pakula, M; Wrabec, K, 2006)		0.85
" The target carvedilol dosage (50 mg/d) was achieved by 55."( Titration of carvedilol in elderly heart failure patients.
Creech, S; Karim, FM; Khan, E; Lawless, CE; Shah, R; Tamlyn, T, )		0.88
"Although results suggested a 3-hour dosing interval on the basis of MRT, pharmacodynamic studies investigating the duration of beta-adrenoreceptor blockade provide a more accurate basis for determining the dosing interval of carvedilol."( Pharmacokinetics of carvedilol after intravenous and oral administration in conscious healthy dogs.
Arsenault, WG; Boothe, DM; Chalkley, JR; Gordon, SG; Miller, MW; Petrikovics, I, 2005)		0.84
"The purpose of the study reported here was to determine the magnitude and duration of beta-blocking efficacy, determine an effective dose and dosing interval, and document safety and tolerability of carvedilol given orally in clinically normal dogs."( Pharmacodynamics of carvedilol in conscious, healthy dogs.
Arsenault, WG; Boothe, DM; Chalkley, J; Gordon, SG; Longnecker, M; Miller, MW, )		0.64
" After small and large dosage (1 or 10mg/kg/d) carvedilol-administrated for 5 weeks, hemodynamic parameters, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and expression of Bcl-2 mRNA in the cardiac tissues of all six groups were measured."( Carvedilol improved diabetic rat cardiac function depending on antioxidant ability.
Huang, H; Pan, XH; Qian, LB; Shan, J; Wang, HP; Xia, Q, 2007)		2.04
" Carvedilol is excreted by the liver and there were minimal fluctuations between hemodialysis, so, theoretically, drug dosage of the agent should be the same as in non-hemodialysis patients."( [Efficacy of additional low-dose carvedilol in maintenance hemodialysis patients with asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction].
Ishii, A; Nakano, H; Nakayama, M; Takeguchi, F, 2006)		1.53
" After small and large dosage carvedilol-administered for 5 weeks, hemodynamic parameters, the levels of malondialdehyde, activities of antioxidant enzymes and expression of Bcl-2 mRNA in the cardiac tissues were measured."( Carvedilol protected diabetic rat hearts via reducing oxidative stress.
Huang, H; Pan, XH; Qian, LB; Shan, J; Wang, HP, 2006)		2.07
" The availability of once-daily dosing is expected to improve treatment adherence and thereby enhance the effectiveness of carvedilol in routine clinical use."( Pharmacokinetic properties of a new controlled-release formulation of carvedilol.
Baidoo, CA; Boyle, D; Campanile, AM; Danoff, TM; Harter, AH; Henderson, LS; Tenero, DM, 2006)		0.77
" A controlled-release (CR) formulation of carvedilol that allows once-daily dosing has recently been developed."( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of controlled-release carvedilol and immediate-release carvedilol at steady state in patients with hypertension.
Baidoo, CA; Boyle, D; Campanile, AM; Danoff, TM; Harter, AH; Henderson, LS; Tenero, DM, 2006)		0.83
"We compared the pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of repeated dosing with the currently available immediate-release (IR) carvedilol (given twice daily) and a newly developed controlled-release (CR) formulation (given once daily) in patients with left ventricular dysfunction (LVD)."( Pharmacokinetic profile of controlled-release carvedilol in patients with left ventricular dysfunction associated with chronic heart failure or after myocardial infarction.
Baidoo, CA; Greenberg, BH; Lukas, MA; Packer, M; Tenero, DM, 2006)		0.8
" The currently available preparation of carvedilol needs to be taken twice daily; however, studies have shown that the need for twice-daily dosing may decrease adherence."( Profile of carvedilol controlled-release: a new once-daily formulation of carvedilol.
Fonarow, GC, 2006)		0.99
"Bioequivalence data for two pharmaceutical formulations (solid oral dosage forms) containing carvedilol is presented for both racemic and enantiomers of the active substance."( Achiral-chiral LC/LC-FLD coupling for determination of carvedilol in plasma samples for bioequivalence purposes.
Albu, F; David, V; Galaon, T; Georgita, C; Medvedovici, A; Sora, DI; Udrescu, S, 2007)		0.81
" Tolerability, defined as patients receiving > or =3 months of carvedilol and achieving a maintenance dosage > or =12."( The impact of baseline HR and BP on the tolerability of carvedilol in the elderly: the COLA (Carvedilol Open Label Assessment) II Study.
Hill, J; Krum, H; Macdonald, PS, 2006)		0.82
" This analysis compares characteristics, outcomes, and carvedilol dosing of blacks and whites in COHERE."( Tolerability, safety, and efficacy of beta-blockade in black patients with heart failure in the community setting: insights from a large prospective beta-blocker registry.
Abraham, WT; Fowler, MB; Franciosa, JA; Gilbert, EM; Greenberg, B; Lottes, SR; Lukas, MA; Massie, BM; Nelson, JJ, )		0.38
" Based on this evidence, it is now recommended to add beta-blockers such as metoprolol CR/XL with an escalating dosage regimen to the treatment of patients with symptomatic heart failure who already are receiving a stable medical regimen including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, diuretics, vasodilators, or digitalis."( The use of metoprolol CR/XL in the treatment of patients with diabetes and chronic heart failure.
De Freitas, O; Fornoni, A; Lenz, O; Materson, BJ, 2006)		0.33
" Beta-blocker dosages were titrated, and three patients achieved the target beta-blocker dosage established for stage A-C heart failure."( Tolerability of beta-blockers in outpatients with refractory heart failure who were receiving continuous milrinone.
Earl, GL; Fitzpatrick, JM; Narula, J; Verbos-Kazanas, MA, 2007)		0.34
"Beta-blocker dosing in community HF appears lower than in randomized clinical trials, especially when prescribed by noncardiologists."( Beta-blocker dosing in community-based treatment of heart failure.
Abraham, WT; Fowler, MB; Franciosa, JA; Gilbert, EM; Greenberg, B; Lottes, SR; Lukas, MA; Massie, BM; Nelson, JJ, 2007)		0.34
"5 mg/day, with the dosage titrated to 25 mg/day if tolerated."( Association of beta-blocker dose with serum procollagen concentrations and cardiac response to spironolactone in patients with heart failure.
Camp, JR; Cavallari, LH; Groo, VL; Momary, KM; Stamos, TD; Viana, MA, 2007)		0.34
"4% for those with a reduced dosage (n."( Should beta-blocker therapy be reduced or withdrawn after an episode of decompensated heart failure? Results from COMET.
Cleland, JG; Dei Cas, L; Di Lenarda, A; Komajda, M; Metra, M; Poole-Wilson, PA; Remme, WJ; Spark, P; Swedberg, K; Torp-Pedersen, C, 2007)		0.34
" The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a single population model that describes S(-)-carvedilol pharmacokinetics from both the immediate-release (IR) and the new controlled-release dosage forms of the racemate."( Population pharmacokinetics of S(-)-carvedilol in healthy volunteers after administration of the immediate-release (IR) and the new controlled-release (CR) dosage forms of the racemate.
Boyle, DA; Eddington, ND; Fossler, MJ; Othman, AA; Tenero, DM, 2007)		0.83
" We assessed the efficacy, tolerability and achieved dosage of carvedilol."( Treatment of chronic heart failure with carvedilol in daily practice: the SATELLITE survey experience.
Lainscak, M; Moullet, C; Schön, N; Tendera, M, 2007)		0.85
"Patients were randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio to twice-daily dosing with placebo, low-dose carvedilol (0."( Carvedilol for children and adolescents with heart failure: a randomized controlled trial.
Blume, ED; Boucek, MM; Boucek, RJ; Burr, J; Canter, CE; Dodd, DA; Holubkov, R; Hsu, DT; LaSalle, B; Lukas, MA; Mahony, L; Pahl, E; Rosenthal, DN; Ross, RD; Shaddy, RE; Tani, LY, 2007)		2.01
" As comparisons to metoprolol succinate as well as to optimally dosed metoprolol tartrate are missing, a definite superiority of carvedilol cannot be assumed."( [Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists and ACE-inhibitors. Carvedilol compared with metoprolol as combination partner in cases of diabetes and hypertension].
Frese, T; Sandholzer, H, 2007)		0.8
"The concomitant ingestion of alcohol may alter the release of a drug from a modified-release dosage form, posing a potential risk to patients."( Ethanol does not alter the pharmacokinetic profile of the controlled-release formulation of carvedilol.
Baidoo, CA; Campanile, AM; Danoff, TM; Henderson, LS; Tenero, DM, 2007)		0.56
"* Applying in silico tools such as population pharmacokinetic analysis and simulation will help to find adequate dosing strategies and increase the probability of success for a randomized controlled trial."( Population pharmacokinetics and dose simulation of carvedilol in paediatric patients with congestive heart failure.
Albers, S; Läer, S; Meibohm, B; Mir, TS, 2008)		0.6
" * Simulations revealed that an age-adjusted carvedilol dosing strategy with higher doses for younger patients with respect to body weight is preferable to a uniform one."( Population pharmacokinetics and dose simulation of carvedilol in paediatric patients with congestive heart failure.
Albers, S; Läer, S; Meibohm, B; Mir, TS, 2008)		0.86
"To investigate the ontogeny of carvedilol pharmacokinetics and to develop an age-appropriate carvedilol dosing strategy for paediatric patients."( Population pharmacokinetics and dose simulation of carvedilol in paediatric patients with congestive heart failure.
Albers, S; Läer, S; Meibohm, B; Mir, TS, 2008)		0.88
" The population pharmacokinetic model was further utilized for simulations of different carvedilol dosing strategies."( Population pharmacokinetics and dose simulation of carvedilol in paediatric patients with congestive heart failure.
Albers, S; Läer, S; Meibohm, B; Mir, TS, 2008)		0.82
"KEOPS study suggests an improvement of usual conditions of carvedilol compared to the last investigation but the persistence of prescription outside medical authorization and less dosage of this product compared with clinical studies."( [Treating heart failure with carvedilol in private practice (initiating treatment and follow-up at one year. The KEOPS study].
Amouyel, P; Bergougnoux, L; Cohen-Solal, A; de Groote, P; Jaillon, P; Johnson, N; Komajda, M; Laperche, T, 2007)		0.87
" Accordingly, the authors have investigated dosing equivalency by examining baseline and peak exercise heart rates and norepinephrine levels in subjects with chronic heart failure treated with carvedilol or metoprolol."( Differential effects of carvedilol and metoprolol succinate on plasma norepinephrine release and peak exercise heart rate in subjects with chronic heart failure.
Ahuja, K; Hirsh, DS; Jorde, UP; Kasper, ME; Khandwalla, RM; Tseng, CH; Vittorio, TJ; Zolty, R, 2008)		0.84
" Patients without noticeable changes in left ventricular ejection fraction with a low to moderate carvedilol dosage show an increase in NT Pro BNP plasma levels."( N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide plasma levels in heart failure are affected both directly and indirectly by carvedilol.
Cokkinos, DV; Dritsas, A; Kallistratos, MS; Laoutaris, ID, )		0.56
" During stability testing of CV solid dosage forms an unknown degradation product referred as UP, exceeded the identification thresholds of ICH Q3B guidelines."( HPLC analysis, isolation and identification of a new degradation product in carvedilol tablets.
Antoniadou-Vyza, E; Galanopoulou, O; Rozou, S, 2008)		0.58
" In the first 60 to 90 days after hospital discharge, little up-titration in beta-blocker dosing occurs."( Dosing of beta-blocker therapy before, during, and after hospitalization for heart failure (from Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure).
Abraham, WT; Albert, NM; Fonarow, GC; Gheorghiade, M; Greenberg, BH; O'Connor, CM; Stough, WG; Sun, JL; Yancy, CW; Young, JB, 2008)		0.35
"2% of patients were prescribed the recommended starting dosage of carvedilol (6."( Use and risk management of carvedilol for the treatment of heart failure in the community in England: results from a modified prescription-event monitoring study.
Aurich-Barrera, B; Shakir, SA; Wilton, LV, 2009)		0.89
"The purpose of this study was to combine the advantages of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems and tablets as a conventional dosage form emphasizing the excipients' effect on the development of a new dosage form."( Preparation and evaluation of self-nanoemulsifying tablets of carvedilol.
Bendas, ER; Mahmoud, EA; Mohamed, MI, 2009)		0.59
" Dose-response relationships were determined in terms of reduction/elevation in the magnitude of renal blood flow in response to intrarenal arterial injection of dopamine, phenylephrine and isoprenaline."( Chronic treatment with losartan and carvedilol differentially modulates renal vascular responses to sympathomimetics compared to treatment with individual agents in normal Wistar Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Abdallah, HH; Abdulla, MH; Abdullah, NA; Johns, EJ; Khan, MA; Sattar, MA, 2009)		0.63
" The convenience of once-daily dosing is expected to contribute to patient adherence, thereby potentially improving long-term clinical outcomes."( Role of carvedilol controlled-release in cardiovascular disease.
Fonarow, GC, 2009)		0.79
" By simplifying the medical regimen, once-daily dosing can potentially improve compliance."( Adherence with once daily versus twice daily carvedilol in patients with heart failure: the Compliance And Quality of Life Study Comparing Once-Daily Controlled-Release Carvedilol CR and Twice-Daily Immediate-Release Carvedilol IR in Patients with Heart F
Hauptman, PJ; Lukas, MA; Massaro, J; Ordronneau, P; Pressler, SJ; Sackner-Bernstein, J; Udelson, JE, 2009)		0.61
" Sample size estimates were based on assumptions of 75% compliance with BID dosing and 90% compliance with QD dosing."( Adherence with once daily versus twice daily carvedilol in patients with heart failure: the Compliance And Quality of Life Study Comparing Once-Daily Controlled-Release Carvedilol CR and Twice-Daily Immediate-Release Carvedilol IR in Patients with Heart F
Hauptman, PJ; Lukas, MA; Massaro, J; Ordronneau, P; Pressler, SJ; Sackner-Bernstein, J; Udelson, JE, 2009)		0.61
"We performed a study to examine the clinical use of carvedilol, its dosage and its effects on systolic functions in children."( Treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy with carvedilol in children.
Alehan, D; Celiker, A; Erdoğan, I; Karagöz, T; Ozer, S; Ozkutlu, S, )		0.65
" The inhibitory effect of carvedilol on I(K) was not affected by the adrenoceptor agonists phenylephrine and prazosin or the adrenoceptor antagonist isoproterenol, but propranolol was able to shift the dose-response curve of carvedilol for I(K) to the right."( Effects of carvedilol on delayed rectifier and transient inactivating potassium currents in rat hippocampal CA1 neurons.
Chen, RZ; Deng, CY; Duan, JJ; Kuang, SJ; Tao, L; Wang, Q, 2010)		1.05
"There is an evident need for solid oral dosage forms allowing patients' tailor-made dosing due to variations in metabolization or small therapeutic indexes of drug substances."( Novel delivery device for monolithical solid oral dosage forms for personalized medicine.
Breitkreutz, J; Wening, K, 2010)		0.36
" Prediction of exposure to free plasma carvedilol is important for dosage adjustment of beta-blocker therapy in patients with CHF."( Population pharmacokinetics of R- and S-carvedilol in Japanese patients with chronic heart failure.
Hanada, K; Kaneko, M; Kawana, J; Mihara, K; Nagayama, M; Ogata, H; Ohno, T; Saito, M; Shiomi, M; Sumiyoshi, T, 2010)		0.9
" The validated HPLC methods were successfully applied to the analysis of their commercial tablet dosage forms, for which no interfering peaks were encountered from common pharmaceutical adjuvants."( Validated HPLC determination of the two fixed dose combinations (chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride and mebeverine hydrochloride; carvedilol and hydrochlorothiazide) in their tablets.
Belal, TS; Haggag, RS; Shaalan, RA, )		0.34
" The number and type of antihypertensive drugs have increased dramatically from 28 diuretics in 1972 to over 125 agents today, including fixed dose combination dosage forms."( The foundation role of beta blockers across the cardiovascular disease spectrum: a year 2009 update.
Black, HR; Greenberg, BH; Weber, MA, 2010)		0.36
" Dose-response relationships for the elevation of mean arterial pressure or change in heart rate (HR) in response to intravenous injections of noradrenaline (NA), phenylephrine (PE), methoxamine (ME) and Ang II were determined."( The effect of losartan and carvedilol on vasopressor responses to adrenergic agonists and angiotensin II in the systemic circulation of Sprague Dawley rats.
Abdulla, MH; Abdullah, NA; Anand Swarup, KR; Johns, EJ; Khan, MA; Sattar, MA, )		0.43
" Although potentially of major public health importance, whether one agent is superior in terms of tolerability and optimal dosing has not been investigated."( Titration to target dose of bisoprolol vs. carvedilol in elderly patients with heart failure: the CIBIS-ELD trial.
Anker, SD; Apostolovic, S; Dietz, R; Doehner, W; Düngen, HD; Edelmann, F; Eschenhagen, T; Gelbrich, G; Herrmann-Lingen, C; Inkrot, S; Krotin, M; Lainscak, M; Mehrhof, F; Neskovic, AN; Prettin, C; Putnikovic, B; Rau, T; Sakac, D; Tahirovic, E; Töpper, A; Waagstein, F; Wachter, R, 2011)		0.63
" An attempt at quantitation of carvedilol in the dosage forms was made."( Application of 13C CPMAS NMR for qualitative and quantitative characterization of carvedilol and its commercial formulations.
Pisklak, DM; Wawer, I; Zielińska-Pisklak, M, 2012)		0.89
"During the mean 3-year follow-up, resting heart rate (HR) and BNP were significantly reduced with dose-response relations in the early period but without dose-response relations in the late period."( Minimal dose for effective clinical outcome and predictive factors for responsiveness to carvedilol: Japanese chronic heart failure (J-CHF) study.
Azuma, J; Fujio, Y; Hori, M; Izumi, T; Kitabatake, A; Matsuzaki, M; Nagai, R; Nonen, S; Ohashi, Y; Okamoto, H; Tsutsui, H; Yamazaki, T; Yoshikawa, T, 2013)		0.61
" Carvedilol maintenance dosage was lower in patients with preserved EF (7."( Clinical status and outcome of Japanese heart failure patients with reduced or preserved ejection fraction treated with carvedilol.
Hiramatsu, K; Kobayashi, F; Mori, Y; Nishikawa, Y, 2013)		1.51
" However, its most common adverse effects, dizziness and hypotension, often discourage continuation or dosage increase."( Switching from carvedilol to bisoprolol ameliorates adverse effects in heart failure patients with dizziness or hypotension.
Asano, Y; Ichibori, Y; Kanzaki, M; Komuro, I; Minamiguchi, H; Mizote, I; Ohtani, T; Sakata, Y; Taniguchi, T, 2013)		0.74
"Data were retrospectively collected from 23 patients with HF [age 57±18 years, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 33±15%] who could not increase the dosage of carvedilol because of dizziness or hypotension, defined as systolic blood pressure<90 mmHg."( Switching from carvedilol to bisoprolol ameliorates adverse effects in heart failure patients with dizziness or hypotension.
Asano, Y; Ichibori, Y; Kanzaki, M; Komuro, I; Minamiguchi, H; Mizote, I; Ohtani, T; Sakata, Y; Taniguchi, T, 2013)		0.94
"Switching from carvedilol to bisoprolol may help with continuation of β-blocker treatment as well as dosage increase in HF patients with adverse symptoms or signs, allowing them to reach the target dose."( Switching from carvedilol to bisoprolol ameliorates adverse effects in heart failure patients with dizziness or hypotension.
Asano, Y; Ichibori, Y; Kanzaki, M; Komuro, I; Minamiguchi, H; Mizote, I; Ohtani, T; Sakata, Y; Taniguchi, T, 2013)		1.1
" The validated CE method was successfully applied to the analysis of two commercial tablet dosage forms."( Validated stability-indicating capillary electrophoresis method for the separation and determination of a fixed-dose combination of carvedilol and hydrochlorothiazide in tablets.
Al-Shehri, MM; Alzoman, NZ; Maher, HM; Olah, IV; Sultan, MA, )		0.34
" Furthermore, if such a drug candidate is intended for the therapy of a specific group of the population, such as geriatric or pediatric, the formulation challenge is even greater, with the need to produce a dosage form that is acceptable for specific patients."( Electrospun polycaprolactone nanofibers as a potential oromucosal delivery system for poorly water-soluble drugs.
Baumgartner, S; Kocbek, P; Kristl, J; Lavrič, Z; Planinšek, O; Potrč, T; Roškar, R, 2015)		0.42
" The dosage of carvedilol had no detectable effect and there were no unexpected safety issues."( Effect of Combining Ivabradine and β-Blockers: Focus on the Use of Carvedilol in the SHIFT Population.
Bocchi, EA; Böhm, M; Borer, JS; Ford, I; Komajda, M; Swedberg, K; Tavazzi, L, 2015)		1.01
"There is not enough evidence to support or discourage the use of beta-blockers in children with congestive heart failure, or to propose a paediatric dosing scheme."( Beta-blockers for congestive heart failure in children.
Al Dakhoul, S; Alabed, S; Bdaiwi, Y; Frobel-Mercier, AK; Sabouni, A, 2016)		0.43
" After adjustment for age, sex, comorbidities, and severity of HF and COPD, bisoprolol use showed a dose-response survival benefit [low dose: adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 0."( Carvedilol, Bisoprolol, and Metoprolol Use in Patients With Coexistent Heart Failure and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
Chang, YS; Chen, TJ; Chou, KT; Hu, YW; Hung, MH; Lee, FY; Liu, CJ; Ou, SM; Perng, DW; Su, VY; Yang, KY, 2016)		1.88
" However, the appropriate dosage and efficacy of carvedilol in Japanese AF patients are yet to be clarified."( Heart rate control by carvedilol in Japanese patients with chronic atrial fibrillation: The AF Carvedilol study.
Atarashi, H; Fukuzawa, M; Inoue, H; Kimura, T; Okumura, K; Shiosakai, K; Yamashita, T, 2017)		1.02
" To evaluate the efficacy of each dosage regimen and the dose-response relationship, changes in 24-h mean HR (mHR) on Holter electrocardiograms from baseline to weeks 2, 4, and 6 were determined as primary endpoints."( Heart rate control by carvedilol in Japanese patients with chronic atrial fibrillation: The AF Carvedilol study.
Atarashi, H; Fukuzawa, M; Inoue, H; Kimura, T; Okumura, K; Shiosakai, K; Yamashita, T, 2017)		0.77
"The findings suggested that FB is the best alternative for large-scale production of solid dosage forms containing CARV."( Development of carvedilol-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes using fluid-bed granulation: a novel solid-state complexation alternative with technological advantages.
Alonso, EC; Cunha-Filho, MS; Durig, T; Galter, D; Lima, EM; Marreto, RN; Martins, FT; Riccomini, K; Silva, LA; Taveira, SF, 2016)		0.79
" The versatility of this method was demonstrated by different examples, including the excipients mixture and commercial solid dosage forms (e."( Application of
Pisklak, DM; Szeleszczuk, Ł; Zielińska-Pisklak, M, 2016)		0.43
" This study highlighted the suitability of using CAR-loaded nanocapsules in the development of innovative sublingual dosage forms."( Carvedilol-loaded nanocapsules: Mucoadhesive properties and permeability across the sublingual mucosa.
Beck, RC; Chaves, PD; Frank, LA; Guterres, SS; Ourique, AF; Pohlmann, AR, 2017)		1.9
" The present study aimed to investigate in a large database of HFrEF patients (MECKI score database) the association of β-blocker treatment with a composite outcome of cardiovascular death, urgent heart transplantation or left ventricular assist device implantation, addressing the role of β-selectivity and dosage regimens."( Prognostic role of β-blocker selectivity and dosage regimens in heart failure patients. Insights from the MECKI score database.
Agostoni, P; Apostolo, A; Badagliacca, R; Battaia, E; Belardinelli, R; Binno, S; Bonomi, A; Bussotti, M; Caravita, S; Carubelli, V; Cattadori, G; Cicoira, M; Clemenza, F; Contini, M; Corrà, U; Correale, M; Di Lenarda, A; Emdin, M; Frigerio, M; Gentile, P; Guazzi, M; Iorio, A; Lagioia, R; Limongelli, G; Lombardi, C; Magrì, D; Mapelli, M; Marchese, G; Metra, M; Mezzani, A; Minà, C; Oliva, F; Pacileo, G; Palermo, P; Paolillo, S; Parati, G; Passantino, A; Passino, C; Pastormerlo, L; Perrone Filardi, P; Piepoli, M; Raimondo, R; Re, F; Ricci, R; Salvioni, E; Scardovi, AB; Sciomer, S; Scrutino, D; Sinagra, G; Spadafora, E; Veglia, F; Zambon, E, 2017)		0.46
"Understanding properties and mechanisms that govern drug degradation in the solid state is of high importance to ensure drug stability and safety of solid dosage forms."( Drug-Excipient Interactions in the Solid State: The Role of Different Stress Factors.
Brunsteiner, M; Davis, A; Gressl, C; Gruber-Woelfler, H; Khinast, JG; Landis, M; Paudel, A; Pencheva, K; Scrivens, G; Sluggett, GW; Wood, GPF, 2017)		0.46
"8 months was analysed with respect to beta blocker dosing and resting HR."( Beta blockers and chronic heart failure patients: prognostic impact of a dose targeted beta blocker therapy vs. heart rate targeted strategy.
Corletto, A; Frankenstein, L; Fröhlich, H; Hochadel, M; Katus, HA; Kilkowski, C; Senges, J; Täger, T; Winkler, R; Zahn, R, 2018)		0.48
"A PK/PD study for a single and multiple dosing of carvedilol were conducted."( Influence of
Jeong, HS; Jung, E; Kim, JM; Lee, J; Lee, JG; Oh, WY; Park, Z; Ryu, S; Seo, DW; Yi, JY, 2018)		0.73
"With the use of the cohort of 15,205 Medicare beneficiaries hospitalized for HFrEF from 2007 to 2013 in the 5% Medicare random sample, we described prescription fills (30 days after discharge) and dosage patterns (1 year after discharge) for beta-blockers."( Low Utilization of Beta-Blockers Among Medicare Beneficiaries Hospitalized for Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction.
Brown, TM; Chen, L; Durant, RW; Kilgore, ML; Levitan, EB; Loop, MS; Safford, MM; van Dyke, MK, 2019)		0.51
" In addition to the increased drug release rate, solid dispersions should have proper mechanical attributes in order to be successfully formulated in the final solid dosage form such as tablet."( Selection of the suitable polymer for supercritical fluid assisted preparation of carvedilol solid dispersions.
Dapčević, A; Djuris, J; Dobricic, V; Ibric, S; Medarevic, D; Milovanovic, S, 2019)		0.74
" The ability for intestinal mucus to stabilize drug supersaturation and delay drug precipitation is potentially useful in enhancing the absorption of orally dosed compounds from drug delivery systems that generate supersaturation within the gastrointestinal tract (e."( Intestinal mucus is capable of stabilizing supersaturation of poorly water-soluble drugs.
Carrier, RL; Lerkvikarn, S; Lock, J; Nguyen, N; Semin, T; Yeap, YY, 2019)		0.51
" The continuous production was accomplished using our recently developed continuous model system by controlled deposition of the nanofibers onto the carrier film strained to a wheel collector and followed by cutting into final dosage units."( Continuous manufacturing of orally dissolving webs containing a poorly soluble drug via electrospinning.
Balogh, A; Dénes, D; Domokos, A; Farkas, B; Marosi, G; Nagy, ZK; Nyerges, G; Ződi, L, 2019)		0.51
"Oral administration of a solid dosage form requires drug dissolution in the gastrointestinal tract before absorption."( Topography of Simulated Intestinal Equilibrium Solubility.
Dunn, C; Halbert, GW; Khadra, I; Perrier, J; Wilson, CG, 2019)		0.51
" DIF was collected from duodenal stomas after dosing of water and two levels (1 g and 2 g) of LBF."( Effect of lipids on absorption of carvedilol in dogs: Is coadministration of lipids as efficient as a lipid-based formulation?
Abrahamsson, B; Alskär, LC; Bergström, CAS; Johansson, P; Keemink, J; Parrow, A, 2019)		0.79
"In this study, we investigate the viability of three-dimensional (3D) inkjet printing with UV curing to produce solid dosage forms containing a known poorly soluble drug, carvedilol."( Making tablets for delivery of poorly soluble drugs using photoinitiated 3D inkjet printing.
Alexander, MR; Clark, EA; Irvine, DJ; Roberts, CJ; Wallace, MJ; Wildman, RD; Yoo, J, 2020)		0.75
"There is not enough evidence to support or discourage the use of beta-blockers in children with congestive heart failure, or to propose a paediatric dosing scheme."( Beta-blockers for congestive heart failure in children.
Al Dakhoul, S; Alabed, S; Bdaiwi, Y; Sabouni, A, 2020)		0.56
"05) in the parameter (increased AUC0-α, MRT with decreased Cmax, Tmax) when administered through the transdermal patch and on compared to the conventional dosage form."( Application of Statistical Tooling Techniques for Designing of Carvedilol Nanolipid Transferosomes and its Dermatopharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Studies.
Kesavan, BR; Palagati, S; Selvaraj, BR; Sridhar, SK, 2020)		0.8
" Beta-blocker dosage groups were >0% to12."( Comparison of Metoprolol Versus Carvedilol After Acute Myocardial Infarction.
Fintel, DJ; Germano, JJ; Goldberger, JJ; Shani, J; Subacius, H; Zaatari, G, 2021)		0.9
" The former dosage of ACEis/ARBs was continued in one group while in another group, the ACEis/ARBs were replaced by amlodipine ± carvedilol according to the dose equivalents."( Effects of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Inhibitors on Early Outcomes of Hypertensive COVID-19 Patients: A Randomized Triple-Blind Clinical Trial.
Ashraf, H; Bahreini, M; Ghoghaei, M; Najmeddin, F; Rasooli, F; Salehi, M; Soleimani, A; Solhjoo, M, 2021)		0.83
" Carvedilol-specific experience was also influenced by the manifestation of side effects and patient dosage routine."( Exploring patients' perceptions and experiences of treatments for the prevention of variceal bleeding: a qualitative study.
Mathers, J; Poyner, C; Tripathi, D, 2021)		1.53
" To tackle this issue, we established embryonic zebrafish models of doxorubicin-, adrenaline- and terfenadine-induced cardiotoxicity with unified dosing regimen which eventually enabled head-to-head comparison of the drugs."( Pharmacological assessment of zebrafish-based cardiotoxicity models.
Maciag, M; Mierzejewska, M; Plazinska, A; Wnorowski, A, 2022)		0.72
" The dose-response relationship between the administered beta blockers and respiratory rates was examined using multivariable regression models."( Impact of beta blockers on resting respiratory rate in older adults: A cross-sectional study.
Nagamine, T; Takayama, A; Yoshioka, T, 2023)		0.91
" This study assesses the impact of β-blocker type and dosing on survival in patients with DM after MI."( Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Benefit of β-Blocker Therapy After Myocardial Infarction.
Abbott, JD; Bello, D; Blandon, C; Goldberger, JJ; Subačius, H; Zaatari, G, 2023)		0.91
" The purpose of this work was to obtain a new dosage form of Carvedilol using safe excipients, suitable for administration to pediatric and geriatric patients."( Flexible New Dosage Forms Containing Carvedilol for the Treatment of Patients with Cardiovascular Disorders: Development, Stability, Palatability, and Microbiological Studies.
Leonardi, D; Maggio, R; Operto, MA; Vignaduzzo, S, 2023)		1.42
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (5)

RoleDescription
beta-adrenergic antagonistAn agent that binds to but does not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous beta-adrenergic agonists. beta-Adrenergic antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches and anxiety.
antihypertensive agentAny drug used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular hypertension regardless of pharmacological mechanism.
alpha-adrenergic antagonistAn agent that binds to but does not activate alpha-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous alpha-adrenergic agonists. alpha-Adrenergic antagonists are used in the treatment of hypertension, vasospasm, peripheral vascular disease, shock, and pheochromocytoma.
vasodilator agentA drug used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.
cardiovascular drugA drug that affects the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter or blood volume.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (3)

ClassDescription
carbazoles
secondary alcoholA secondary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has two other carbon atoms attached to it.
secondary amino compoundA compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing two hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (1)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
Carvedilol Action Pathway488

Protein Targets (61)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASEHomo sapiens (human)Potency70.79460.004023.8416100.0000AID485290
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate OxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)Potency25.11890.177814.390939.8107AID2147
phosphopantetheinyl transferaseBacillus subtilisPotency50.11870.141337.9142100.0000AID1490
ATAD5 protein, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency31.44660.004110.890331.5287AID493106; AID493107
Microtubule-associated protein tauHomo sapiens (human)Potency22.38720.180013.557439.8107AID1460
EWS/FLI fusion proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency15.40160.001310.157742.8575AID1259252; AID1259253; AID1259255
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency21.13170.001530.607315,848.9004AID1224819; AID1224820
bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 2BHomo sapiens (human)Potency44.96470.707936.904389.1251AID504333
arylsulfatase AHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.02691.069113.955137.9330AID720538
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency8.91250.035520.977089.1251AID504332
lysosomal alpha-glucosidase preproproteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency11.22020.036619.637650.1187AID1466; AID2242
D(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency5.75270.02245.944922.3872AID488982; AID488983
chromobox protein homolog 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency39.81070.006026.168889.1251AID488953
mitogen-activated protein kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency39.81070.039816.784239.8107AID1454
serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency14.68920.00378.618923.2809AID2667; AID2668
histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A isoform 2 precursorHomo sapiens (human)Potency25.11890.010323.856763.0957AID2662
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1Mus musculus (house mouse)Potency10.89930.00798.23321,122.0200AID2546; AID2551
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency11.22023.548118.039535.4813AID1466
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency11.22023.548118.039535.4813AID1466
D(1A) dopamine receptorSus scrofa (pig)Potency14.68920.00378.108123.2809AID2667
Ataxin-2Homo sapiens (human)Potency19.95260.011912.222168.7989AID588378
ATP-dependent phosphofructokinaseTrypanosoma brucei brucei TREU927Potency8.49210.060110.745337.9330AID485368
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Toll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)32.22000.00240.78061.4000AID1360106
Solute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)7.50000.40003.10009.7000AID721751
Solute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)3.40000.21005.553710.0000AID1442001
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.63154.45319.3000AID1473740
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.20005.677410.0000AID1473741
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)IC50 (µMol)0.11500.00011.00768.7800AID625218
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)Ki0.06000.00000.887110.0000AID625218
Potassium channel subfamily K member 2Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)10.95000.40003.92279.0000AID1307726; AID1307731
Bile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00000.11007.190310.0000AID1473738
Amyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)30.00000.00053.889510.0000AID748695
Beta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.00020.00020.93267.2000AID625205
Beta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.00020.00000.66359.5499AID625205
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.53800.00041.877310.0000AID625207
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.53300.00322.28879.3160AID625207
ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)5.73330.00022.318510.0000AID681126; AID681127; AID681131
Beta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.00020.00021.46819.0000AID625204
Beta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.00010.00011.33919.9840AID625204
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.10600.00001.44217.3470AID625201
Alpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.04000.00010.807410.0000AID625201
Angiotensin-converting enzymeOryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit)IC50 (µMol)4.11930.00001.612910.0000AID625171
Angiotensin-converting enzymeOryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit)Ki3.37490.00042.03378.6606AID625171
Beta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.00420.00233.24158.0600AID625206
Beta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.00310.00302.30986.0450AID625206
D(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.14600.00000.74728.0000AID625253
D(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.04900.00000.651810.0000AID625253
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.09400.00001.23808.1590AID625202
Alpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.04300.00020.725710.0000AID625202
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.09000.00001.47257.8980AID625203
Alpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.01300.00030.483410.0000AID625203
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1ARattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.00580.00031.38338.4000AID625190
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1ARattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.00330.00010.739610.0000AID4411; AID625190
D(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1.49800.00031.84739.2250AID625252
D(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.74900.00010.836310.0000AID625252
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)19.50000.30003.25807.3000AID1222388; AID1222389
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.53800.00081.541620.0000AID625207
Sodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.53300.00031.465610.0000AID625207
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.00180.00020.75688.8970AID625200
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.00090.00000.360910.0000AID625200
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.41000.00010.88018.8500AID625192
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.11700.00000.385510.0000AID625192
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.11500.00011.03029.0000AID625218
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.06000.00010.954910.0000AID625218
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.00580.00051.48357.8000AID625190
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1BRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Ki0.00330.00031.29679.2440AID625190
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.22100.00010.86458.7096AID625222
Sodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.11800.00000.70488.1930AID625222
D(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.57700.00011.01788.7960AID625254
D(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.19600.00000.602010.0000AID625254
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.02300.00011.18738.9125AID625217
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.01500.00030.769310.0000AID625217
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1.51900.00170.83815.4200AID625221
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.70500.00020.522910.0000AID625221
Potassium channel subfamily K member 10Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)15.80007.60007.60007.6000AID1307735; AID1307736
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.84500.00071.841946.0000AID625256
Sodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.67100.00021.11158.0280AID625256
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)8.07870.00091.901410.0000AID161281; AID240820; AID243151; AID408340; AID576612; AID625171
Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)Ki3.37490.00211.840710.0000AID625171
Cytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1.10000.00130.86969.9000AID1737231
Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 3 Bos taurus (cattle)IC50 (µMol)4.11930.10482.83988.3173AID625171
Nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 3 Bos taurus (cattle)Ki3.37490.08582.95428.6606AID625171
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)133.00002.41006.343310.0000AID1473739
Multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)92.40000.01002.765610.0000AID721754
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
short transient receptor potential channel 6 isoform 1Mus musculus (house mouse)EC50 (µMol)44.67000.020020.518970.7900AID2696
Beta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Kd0.00180.00000.62888.9130AID1576808; AID1798580
Beta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Kd0.00240.00010.803910.0000AID1798580
Beta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)Kd0.00240.00010.76318.9130AID1798580
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (610)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathwayToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAP kinase activityToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activityToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathwayToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
response to lipopolysaccharideToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activityToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
toll-like receptor signaling pathwayToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
wound healing involved in inflammatory responseToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
B cell proliferation involved in immune responseToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
nitric oxide production involved in inflammatory responseToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dendritic cell cytokine productionToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathwayToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
nitric oxide biosynthetic processToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
phagocytosisToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
immune responseToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
I-kappaB phosphorylationToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
JNK cascadeToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
gene expressionToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of platelet activationToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
astrocyte developmentToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
microglia differentiationToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell migrationToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
detection of fungusToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of B cell proliferationToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
response to lipopolysaccharideToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
detection of lipopolysaccharideToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of type II interferon productionToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of interleukin-17 productionToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of interleukin-23 productionToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of interleukin-6 productionToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor productionToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of chemokine productionToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interferon-alpha productionToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interferon-beta productionToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of type II interferon productionToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta productionToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-1 productionToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-10 productionToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-12 productionToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-6 productionToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-8 productionToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor productionToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascadeToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathwayToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathwayToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to platelet-derived growth factor stimulusToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
T-helper 1 type immune responseToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
macrophage activationToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
defense response to bacteriumToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of macrophage activationToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transductionToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
MHC class II biosynthetic processToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic processToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic processToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of osteoclast differentiationToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of JNK cascadeToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferationToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of inflammatory responseToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
defense response to Gram-negative bacteriumToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activityToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
stress-activated MAPK cascadeToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic processToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
intestinal epithelial structure maintenanceToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of macrophage cytokine productionToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
ERK1 and ERK2 cascadeToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascadeToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascadeToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 signaling pathwayToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 signaling pathwayToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathwayToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathwayToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to lipopolysaccharideToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to lipoteichoic acidToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to mechanical stimulusToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to type II interferonToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesisToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to oxidised low-density lipoprotein particle stimulusToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory responseToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome complex assemblyToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transductionToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic processToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulusToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of matrix metallopeptidase secretionToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to amyloid-betaToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 productionToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
inflammatory responseToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic processSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
organic cation transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic cation transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
serotonin transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
body fluid secretionSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
organic cation transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
quaternary ammonium group transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
amine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
putrescine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
spermidine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
choline transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
epinephrine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
histamine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
serotonin uptakeSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
histamine uptakeSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine uptakeSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
thiamine transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
purine-containing compound transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid import across plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptakeSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
L-arginine import across plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
export across plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
L-alpha-amino acid transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
spermidine transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
L-arginine transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
cellular detoxificationSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport across blood-brain barrierSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
serotonin transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
establishment or maintenance of transmembrane electrochemical gradientSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
organic cation transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
quaternary ammonium group transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
putrescine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
spermidine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
thiamine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
epinephrine transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
serotonin uptakeSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine uptakeSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
thiamine transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
metanephric proximal tubule developmentSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
purine-containing compound transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptakeSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic cation transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
(R)-carnitine transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
acyl carnitine transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
spermidine transmembrane transportSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
cellular detoxificationSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport across blood-brain barrierSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin secretionMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
cilium assemblyMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
platelet degranulationMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
urate transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
export across plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transportMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac ventricle developmentPotassium channel subfamily K member 2Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayPotassium channel subfamily K member 2Homo sapiens (human)
memoryPotassium channel subfamily K member 2Homo sapiens (human)
response to mechanical stimulusPotassium channel subfamily K member 2Homo sapiens (human)
response to axon injuryPotassium channel subfamily K member 2Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferationPotassium channel subfamily K member 2Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxiaPotassium channel subfamily K member 2Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion transmembrane transportPotassium channel subfamily K member 2Homo sapiens (human)
cochlea developmentPotassium channel subfamily K member 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular response to hypoxiaPotassium channel subfamily K member 2Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA biosynthetic processPotassium channel subfamily K member 2Homo sapiens (human)
stabilization of membrane potentialPotassium channel subfamily K member 2Homo sapiens (human)
fatty acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid biosynthetic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stressBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compoundBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
protein ubiquitinationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidationBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid signaling pathwayBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cholesterol homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to estrogenBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
lipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipid homeostasisBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bile acid secretionBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of bile acid metabolic processBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of gene expressionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cognitionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycleAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
microglial cell activationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein phosphorylationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
suckling behaviorAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
astrocyte activation involved in immune responseAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of translationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
protein phosphorylationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular copper ion homeostasisAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
endocytosisAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stressAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cell adhesionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activityAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Notch signaling pathwayAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
axonogenesisAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
learning or memoryAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
learningAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
mating behaviorAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
locomotory behaviorAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
axo-dendritic transportAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cholesterol metabolic processAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
adult locomotory behaviorAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
visual learningAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of gene expressionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycleAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
microglia developmentAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
axon midline choice point recognitionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
neuron remodelingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
dendrite developmentAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of Wnt signaling pathwayAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular matrix organizationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
forebrain developmentAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
neuron projection developmentAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of chemokine productionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta productionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-6 productionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor productionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathwayAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of multicellular organism growthAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuron differentiationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of glycolytic processAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitotic cell cycleAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of JNK cascadeAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
astrocyte activationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticityAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
collateral sprouting in absence of injuryAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of inflammatory responseAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of synapse structure or activityAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
synapse organizationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of calcium-mediated signalingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular process controlling balanceAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junctionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein metabolic processAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic processAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
smooth endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasisAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascadeAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
response to interleukin-1Amyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
modulation of excitatory postsynaptic potentialAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
NMDA selective glutamate receptor signaling pathwayAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of spontaneous synaptic transmissionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolic mRNA polyadenylationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of long-term synaptic potentiationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transductionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to amyloid-betaAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynapse assemblyAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of amyloid fibril formationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
amyloid fibril formationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
neuron projection maintenanceAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of T cell migrationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
central nervous system developmentAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
diet induced thermogenesisBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of sodium ion transportBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
transcription by RNA polymerase IIBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor-mediated endocytosisBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
smooth muscle contractionBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathwayBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activityBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
endosome to lysosome transportBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to coldBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein kinase A signalingBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bone mineralizationBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
heat generationBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of multicellular organism growthBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
bone resorptionBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of smooth muscle contractionBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
brown fat cell differentiationBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mini excitatory postsynaptic potentialBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activityBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesisBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of autophagosome maturationBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of lipophagyBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to amyloid-betaBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to psychosocial stressBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activityBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of AMPA receptor activityBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine-epinephrine-mediated vasodilation involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressureBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycleATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipid translocationATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
terpenoid transportATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of response to osmotic stressATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
transepithelial transportATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
stem cell proliferationATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
ceramide translocationATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
export across plasma membraneATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of anion channel activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
carboxylic acid transmembrane transportATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic detoxification by transmembrane export across the plasma membraneATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport across blood-brain barrierATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of chloride transportATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of heart rate by epinephrine-norepinephrineBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of the force of heart contraction by epinephrine-norepinephrineBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
diet induced thermogenesisBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to coldBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
heat generationBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of multicellular organism growthBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
fear responseBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleepBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
brown fat cell differentiationBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potentialBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesisBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine-epinephrine-mediated vasodilation involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressureBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytokine productionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
DNA replicationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transductionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Rho protein signal transductionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
female pregnancyAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of norepinephrine secretionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of vasoconstrictionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
actin cytoskeleton organizationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
platelet activationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell migrationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of protein kinase activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of protein kinase B activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of epinephrine secretionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hormone stimulusAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor transactivationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
vasodilationAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
glucose homeostasisAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
fear responseAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of potassium ion transportAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAP kinase activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosisAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin secretionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intestinal absorptionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
thermoceptionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of lipid catabolic processAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysisAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of calcium ion transportAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulusAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of uterine smooth muscle contractionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of wound healingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor-mediated endocytosisBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
diet induced thermogenesisBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate metabolic processBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
generation of precursor metabolites and energyBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
energy reserve metabolic processBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to coldBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
heat generationBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of multicellular organism growthBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
eating behaviorBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
brown fat cell differentiationBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesisBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine-epinephrine-mediated vasodilation involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressureBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
temperature homeostasisD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxiaD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein phosphorylationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to amphetamineD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nervous system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressureD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rateD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of sodium ion transportD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor internalizationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuroblast proliferationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of receptor internalizationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
autophagyD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuron-neuron synaptic transmissionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuroblast proliferationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
axonogenesisD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synapse assemblyD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of smellD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
long-term memoryD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
grooming behaviorD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
locomotory behaviorD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adult walking behaviorD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein localizationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
associative learningD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
visual learningD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to light stimulusD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to toxic substanceD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to iron ionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to inactivityD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Wnt signaling pathwayD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
striatum developmentD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
orbitofrontal cortex developmentD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron migrationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenohypophysis developmentD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell migrationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
peristalsisD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
auditory behaviorD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergicD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytokinesisD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
circadian regulation of gene expressionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of dopamine secretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to histamineD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to nicotineD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of urine volumeD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of renal sodium excretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of multicellular organism growthD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to cocaineD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleepD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine metabolic processD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
drinking behaviorD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of potassium ion transportD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to morphineD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
pigmentationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transductionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of blood pressureD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of innate immune responseD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IID(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin secretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
acid secretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaineD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to ethanolD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticityD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to axon injuryD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
branching morphogenesis of a nerveD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid secretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell proliferationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein secretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosolD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of synapse structural plasticityD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transductionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergicD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potentialD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of growth hormone secretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
prepulse inhibitionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascadeD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behaviorD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cellular response to hypoxiaD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor productionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
hyaloid vascular plexus regressionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuron migrationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentrationD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine secretionD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of adenylate cyclase activityD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activityD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
MAPK cascadeAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
angiogenesisAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle contractionAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell-cell signalingAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
female pregnancyAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of norepinephrine secretionAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
platelet activationAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of protein kinase B activityAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of epinephrine secretionAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor transactivationAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron differentiationAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of blood pressureAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of uterine smooth muscle contractionAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of smooth muscle contractionAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell-cell signalingAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of norepinephrine secretionAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of vasoconstrictionAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
platelet activationAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of protein kinase B activityAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of epinephrine secretionAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor transactivationAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron differentiationAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin secretionAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
temperature homeostasisD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
conditioned taste aversionD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral fear responseD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein phosphorylationD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, dopaminergicD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to amphetamineD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein import into nucleusD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messengerD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
activation of adenylate cyclase activityD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synapse assemblyD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
memoryD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
mating behaviorD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
grooming behaviorD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adult walking behaviorD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
visual learningD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
astrocyte developmentD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine transportD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
transmission of nerve impulseD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal action potentialD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dentate gyrus developmentD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
striatum developmentD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron migrationD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell migrationD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
peristalsisD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
operant conditioningD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, glutamatergicD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine metabolic processD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
vasodilationD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine metabolic processD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
maternal behaviorD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of potassium ion transportD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
glucose importD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
habituationD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sensitizationD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaineD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosolD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergicD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
prepulse inhibitionD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
long-term synaptic potentiationD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
long-term synaptic depressionD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to catecholamine stimulusD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
modification of postsynaptic structureD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmissionD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron migrationD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
liver developmentUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin conjugationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
acute-phase responseUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
response to nutrientUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
animal organ regenerationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
response to lipopolysaccharideUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
response to starvationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of steroid metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
flavone metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
cellular glucuronidationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
flavonoid glucuronidationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic glucuronidationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
biphenyl catabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ethanolUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucocorticoid stimulusUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to estradiol stimulusUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmissionSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to painSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine uptakeSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferationAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuron-glial cell signalingAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell-cell signalingAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentrationAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vasoconstrictionAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
temperature homeostasis5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
glycolytic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasis5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
activation of phospholipase C activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
memory5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulus5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine secretion5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
artery smooth muscle contraction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of heat generation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of potassium ion transport5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
protein localization to cytoskeleton5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of fat cell differentiation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of glycolytic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vasoconstriction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
symbiont entry into host cell5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
sensitization5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaine5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of inflammatory response5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
detection of temperature stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of platelet aggregation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA biosynthetic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral fear response5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasis5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
locomotory behavior5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
feeding behavior5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
cGMP-mediated signaling5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of nervous system process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of appetite5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of fat cell differentiation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of calcium-mediated signaling5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
monoamine transportSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxiaSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transportSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to nutrientSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
memorySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
circadian rhythmSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to toxic substanceSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of serotonin secretionSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferationSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergicSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to estradiolSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
social behaviorSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
vasoconstrictionSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
sperm ejaculationSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuron differentiationSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell cycleSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of organ growthSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaineSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
enteric nervous system developmentSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
brain morphogenesisSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin uptakeSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarizationSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
platelet aggregationSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to retinoic acidSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to cGMPSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of thalamus sizeSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
conditioned place preferenceSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
amino acid transportSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, dopaminergicD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor internalizationD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasisD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
learning or memoryD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
learningD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
locomotory behaviorD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
visual learningD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine secretionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytokinesisD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
circadian regulation of gene expressionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to histamineD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
social behaviorD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to cocaineD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine metabolic processD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
response to morphineD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of blood pressureD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitotic nuclear divisionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
acid secretionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to cocaineD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiationD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid secretionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein secretionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
musculoskeletal movement, spinal reflex actionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transductionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
prepulse inhibitionD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of adenylate cyclase activityD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activityD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of potassium ion transportD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathwayD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascadeD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentrationD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergicD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neural crest cell migration5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytokine production5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor internalization5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
heart morphogenesis5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle hypertrophy5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasis5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
activation of phospholipase C activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
protein kinase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulus5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
neural crest cell differentiation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
intestine smooth muscle contraction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
phosphorylation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
calcium-mediated signaling5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
cGMP-mediated signaling5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
vasoconstriction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic process5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAP kinase activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
embryonic morphogenesis5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of behavior5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell division5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
ERK1 and ERK2 cascade5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
protein kinase C signaling5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to temperature stimulus5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
cerebral cortex cell migration5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of TOR signaling5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionPotassium channel subfamily K member 10Homo sapiens (human)
memoryPotassium channel subfamily K member 10Homo sapiens (human)
stabilization of membrane potentialPotassium channel subfamily K member 10Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion transmembrane transportPotassium channel subfamily K member 10Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
lactationSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of smellSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
locomotory behaviorSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to iron ionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
adenohypophysis developmentSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to nicotineSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of multicellular organism growthSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dopamine metabolic processSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to cocaineSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine biosynthetic processSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine catabolic processSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to ethanolSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
cognitionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmissionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
response to cAMPSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine uptakeSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
prepulse inhibitionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptakeSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
hyaloid vascular plexus regressionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
sodium ion transmembrane transportSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rate by cardiac conductionPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rate by hormonePotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potentialPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion homeostasisPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle contractionPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane repolarizationPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarizationPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulusPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion transmembrane transportPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potentialPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
membrane repolarizationPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarization during action potentialPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
membrane repolarization during action potentialPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
membrane repolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potentialPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart rate by cardiac conductionPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion export across plasma membranePotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potentialPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transportPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transportPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transportPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of potassium ion export across plasma membranePotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion import across plasma membranePotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to organic cyclic compoundCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
angiogenesisCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
trabecular meshwork developmentCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
DNA modificationCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
nitric oxide biosynthetic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
cell adhesionCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
response to nutrientCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen metabolic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
male gonad developmentCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to oxidative stressCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
toxin metabolic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor productionCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell migrationCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
sterol metabolic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid metabolic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
epoxygenase P450 pathwayCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
collagen fibril organizationCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
adrenal gland developmentCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell migrationCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activityCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
response to follicle-stimulating hormoneCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
response to estradiolCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrinCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
benzene-containing compound metabolic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
retinol metabolic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
retinal metabolic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
blood vessel endothelial cell migrationCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
endothelial cell migrationCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
estrous cycleCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of translationCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of angiogenesisCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
membrane lipid catabolic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
response to arsenic-containing substanceCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
blood vessel morphogenesisCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
retinal blood vessel morphogenesisCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
ganglion developmentCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hydrogen peroxideCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to cAMPCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to tumor necrosis factorCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to luteinizing hormone stimulusCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to cortisol stimulusCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to progesterone stimulusCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
response to dexamethasoneCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
endothelial cell-cell adhesionCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
response to indole-3-methanolCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to toxic substanceCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
omega-hydroxylase P450 pathwayCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
response to 3-methylcholanthreneCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA biosynthetic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
heme catabolic processCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cellCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transepithelial transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transportCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrierCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport across blood-brain barrierCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
organic cation transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
putrescine transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
thiamine transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
amino acid import across plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-arginine import across plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-alpha-amino acid transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
proton transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-arginine transmembrane transportMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic detoxification by transmembrane export across the plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of receptor internalizationAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of translationAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
RNA metabolic processAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
P-body assemblyAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
stress granule assemblyAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
RNA transportAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (152)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
lipopolysaccharide bindingToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid-beta bindingToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
lipopolysaccharide immune receptor activityToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane signaling receptor activityToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor activityToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
NAD+ nucleotidase, cyclic ADP-ribose generatingToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
amine transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
organic cation transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
L-amino acid transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
pyrimidine nucleoside transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
choline transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
thiamine transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
putrescine transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
efflux transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
spermidine transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
quaternary ammonium group transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
toxin transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
L-arginine transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine:sodium symporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine:sodium symporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
secondary active organic cation transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
organic cation transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
pyrimidine nucleoside transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
thiamine transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
putrescine transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
spermidine transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
quaternary ammonium group transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
toxin transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
(R)-carnitine transmembrane transporter activitySolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
icosanoid transmembrane transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
urate transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
purine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
efflux transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
outward rectifier potassium channel activityPotassium channel subfamily K member 2Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion leak channel activityPotassium channel subfamily K member 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activityAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
heparin bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
transition metal ion bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
receptor ligand activityAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
PTB domain bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
protein serine/threonine kinase bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor activator activityAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
amyloid-beta bindingBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
beta2-adrenergic receptor activityBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase bindingBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
potassium channel regulator activityBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex bindingBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine bindingBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
efflux transmembrane transporter activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase bindingATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
carboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylcholine floppase activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylethanolamine flippase activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
ceramide floppase activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
floppase activityATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
beta-adrenergic receptor activityBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
beta1-adrenergic receptor activityBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
PDZ domain bindingBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha-2A adrenergic receptor bindingBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled neurotransmitter receptor activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potentialBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha2-adrenergic receptor activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein kinase bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha-1B adrenergic receptor bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha-2C adrenergic receptor bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
thioesterase bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
heterotrimeric G-protein bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epinephrine bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine bindingAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activityAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine bindingBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
beta-adrenergic receptor activityBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
beta3-adrenergic receptor activityBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
beta-3 adrenergic receptor bindingBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epinephrine bindingBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gi/GoD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G-protein alpha-subunit bindingD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
heterotrimeric G-protein bindingD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine bindingD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
ionotropic glutamate receptor bindingD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
heterocyclic compound bindingD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activityD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha2-adrenergic receptor activityAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epinephrine bindingAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha2-adrenergic receptor activityAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha-2A adrenergic receptor bindingAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
epinephrine bindingAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activityAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via GsD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G-protein alpha-subunit bindingD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activityD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
heterotrimeric G-protein bindingD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine bindingD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
arrestin family protein bindingD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activityD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid bindingUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme inhibitor activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
steroid bindingUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronosyltransferase activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
actin bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine:sodium symporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine:sodium symporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
alpha-tubulin bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
beta-tubulin bindingSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
alpha1-adrenergic receptor activityAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Gq/11-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
virus receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
protein binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
protein tyrosine kinase activator activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
1-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
Gq/11-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
protein binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
1-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
integrin bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
monoatomic cation channel activitySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin:sodium:chloride symporter activitySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
monoamine transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
antiporter activitySodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
syntaxin-1 bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
cocaine bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
sodium ion bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
nitric-oxide synthase bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
actin filament bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin bindingSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gi/GoD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor activityD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Gq/11-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
G-protein alpha-subunit binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
GTPase activator activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
protein binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
serotonin binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
histamine receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
potassium channel activityPotassium channel subfamily K member 10Homo sapiens (human)
outward rectifier potassium channel activityPotassium channel subfamily K member 10Homo sapiens (human)
potassium ion leak channel activityPotassium channel subfamily K member 10Homo sapiens (human)
protease bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine:sodium symporter activitySodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transmembrane transporter activitySodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
amine bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
heterocyclic compound bindingSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine:sodium symporter activitySodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
transcription cis-regulatory region bindingPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
inward rectifier potassium channel activityPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated potassium channel activityPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
delayed rectifier potassium channel activityPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase bindingPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
C3HC4-type RING finger domain bindingPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarizationPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
scaffold protein bindingPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarizationPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
iron ion bindingCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygenCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
heme bindingCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
aromatase activityCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen 16-alpha-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase activityCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, NAD(P)H as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygenCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activityCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
organic cation transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-amino acid transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
thiamine transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
antiporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
putrescine transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
L-arginine transmembrane transporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
polyspecific organic cation:proton antiporter activityMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
RNA bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
epidermal growth factor receptor bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA bindingAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (105)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
endosome membraneToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
ruffleToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
phagocytic cupToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
early endosomeToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membraneToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
endosome membraneToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
receptor complexToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
lipopolysaccharide receptor complexToll-like receptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
presynapseSolute carrier family 22 member 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
lateral plasma membraneSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
presynapseSolute carrier family 22 member 1 Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
membraneATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolusMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
platelet dense granule membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
external side of apical plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug resistance-associated protein 4Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membranePotassium channel subfamily K member 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membranePotassium channel subfamily K member 2Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfacePotassium channel subfamily K member 2Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membranePotassium channel subfamily K member 2Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyPotassium channel subfamily K member 2Homo sapiens (human)
calyx of HeldPotassium channel subfamily K member 2Homo sapiens (human)
astrocyte projectionPotassium channel subfamily K member 2Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated potassium channel complexPotassium channel subfamily K member 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membranePotassium channel subfamily K member 2Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular canaliculusBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
membraneBile salt export pumpHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
dendriteAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear envelope lumenAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial inner membraneAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
early endosomeAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum lumenAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
smooth endoplasmic reticulumAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi lumenAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi-associated vesicleAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
clathrin-coated pitAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cell-cell junctionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicleAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
membraneAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
COPII-coated ER to Golgi transport vesicleAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
axonAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
growth coneAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
platelet alpha granule lumenAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular junctionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
endosome lumenAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi network membraneAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
ciliary rootletAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
dendritic spineAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
dendritic shaftAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
perikaryonAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
membrane raftAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
apical part of cellAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
synapseAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic active zoneAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
spindle midzoneAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosomeAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
receptor complexAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
early endosomeAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
membrane raftAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
lysosomeBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
early endosomeBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
endosome membraneBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
membraneBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membraneBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal dense core vesicleBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor complexBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBeta-2 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
external side of apical plasma membraneATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneATP-dependent translocase ABCB1Homo sapiens (human)
early endosomeBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapseBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal dense core vesicleBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBeta-1 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
axon terminusAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic active zone membraneAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopaminergic synapseAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membraneAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapseAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor complexAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-2A adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
receptor complexBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneBeta-3 adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
acrosomal vesicleD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
ciliumD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
lateral plasma membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
endocytic vesicleD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
axonD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dendriteD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicle membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
sperm flagellumD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dendritic spineD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
perikaryonD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
axon terminusD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
ciliary membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
non-motile ciliumD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dopaminergic synapseD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapseD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor complexD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(2) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-2B adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-2C adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
ciliumD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
dendritic spineD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
ciliary membraneD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
non-motile ciliumD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapseD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapseD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor complexD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(1A) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum chaperone complexUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
cytochrome complexUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
axonSodium-dependent noradrenaline transporter Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAlpha-1D adrenergic receptorHomo sapiens (human)
neurofilament5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
caveola5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
axon5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic vesicle5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
dendritic shaft5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
cell body fiber5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapse5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor complex5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
dendrite5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2AHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
synapse5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor complex5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
dendrite5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2CHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
focal adhesionSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
endosome membraneSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
endomembrane systemSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
membrane raftSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
synapseSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
serotonergic synapseSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
synapseSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionSodium-dependent serotonin transporterHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
synapseD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneD(3) dopamine receptorHomo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
synapse5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor complex5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
dendrite5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2BHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
cilium5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
synapse5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membranePotassium channel subfamily K member 10Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion channel complexPotassium channel subfamily K member 10Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membranePotassium channel subfamily K member 10Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
axonSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projectionSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodySodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
axon terminusSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
membrane raftSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
dopaminergic synapseSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
flotillin complexSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
axonSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body membraneSodium-dependent dopamine transporter Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membranePotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfacePotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
voltage-gated potassium channel complexPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
inward rectifier potassium channel complexPotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membranePotassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneCanalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneMultidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi networkAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granuleAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
membraneAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
ribonucleoprotein complexAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granuleAtaxin-2Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (286)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID504812Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID504810Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID748695Inhibition of amyloid beta (1 to 40) (unknown origin) fibril formation after 18 hrs by DELFIA2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-13, Volume: 56, Issue:11
Progress and developments in tau aggregation inhibitors for Alzheimer disease.
AID588218FDA HLAED, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID416888Antiarrhythmic activity against adrenaline-induced arrhythmia in iv dosed anaesthetized Wistar rat assessed as inhibition of premature ventricular beats pretreated 60 mins prior to adrenaline challenge2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 44, Issue:2
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-{[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propan-2-ol and its enantiomers. Part 1.
AID1474166Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID1442001Inhibition of human OCT1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as decrease in uptake of ASP+ after 2 mins by fluorescence assay2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-13, Volume: 60, Issue:7
Discovery of Competitive and Noncompetitive Ligands of the Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCT1; SLC22A1).
AID1509206Inhibition of MET in CD-1 mouse cochlear outer hair cells assessed as reduction in MET currents measured at -150 mV to +100 mV membrane potential by patch clamp assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID440287Effect on heart rate in anesthetized Wistar rat assessed as Q-T intervals time at 1 mg/kg, iv after 1 min by electrocardiography2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 44, Issue:12
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-(2-(2-methoxy phenoxy)ethylamino)propan-2-ol analogs and its enantiomers. Part 2.
AID350218Octanol-water partition coefficient, log PC of the compound2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-28, Volume: 52, Issue:10
Lipophilicity of basic drugs measured by hydrophilic interaction chromatography.
AID1057863Cytotoxicity against mouse dividing ScN2a-cl3 cells assessed as cell viability after 5 days by calcein-AM staining-based fluorescence assay2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 21, Issue:24
Antiprion compounds that reduce PrP(Sc) levels in dividing and stationary-phase cells.
AID1079934Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID29359Ionization constant (pKa)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID1737232Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 193Carvedilol serves as a novel CYP1B1 inhibitor, a systematic drug repurposing approach through structure-based virtual screening and experimental verification.
AID625286Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625289Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID440284Effect on heart rate in anesthetized Wistar rat assessed as QRS complex time at 1 mg/kg, iv after 1 min by electrocardiography2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 44, Issue:12
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-(2-(2-methoxy phenoxy)ethylamino)propan-2-ol analogs and its enantiomers. Part 2.
AID444054Oral bioavailability in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID1576811Displacement of [3H]DHA from beta2 adrenergic receptor (unknown origin) stably expressed in HEK293 cell membranes assessed as dissociation rate constant measured after 90 mins by scintillation counting analysis
AID416882Effect on electrocardiogram in anaesthetized Wistar rat assessed as change in Q-T interval at 1 mg/kg, iv after 5 mins by electrocardiography2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 44, Issue:2
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-{[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propan-2-ol and its enantiomers. Part 1.
AID515780Intrinsic solubility of the compound in water2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 18, Issue:19
QSAR-based solubility model for drug-like compounds.
AID217926Inhibition of [3H]BTX binding to cardiac voltage-gated sodium channel2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-18, Volume: 44, Issue:2
Medicinal chemistry of neuronal voltage-gated sodium channel blockers.
AID625280Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625284Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID440096Effect on heart rate in anesthetized Wistar rat assessed as P-Q intervals time at 1 mg/kg, iv after 1 min by electrocardiography2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 44, Issue:12
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-(2-(2-methoxy phenoxy)ethylamino)propan-2-ol analogs and its enantiomers. Part 2.
AID1307726Inhibition of of human TREK1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction in channel currents2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-09, Volume: 59, Issue:11
Perspectives on the Two-Pore Domain Potassium Channel TREK-1 (TWIK-Related K(+) Channel 1). A Novel Therapeutic Target?
AID588215FDA HLAED, alkaline phosphatase increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID1057862Inhibition of RML prion protein infected in mouse dividing ScN2a-cl3 cells expressing full length mouse PrP assessed as reduction of PrPsc level after 5 days by ELISA2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 21, Issue:24
Antiprion compounds that reduce PrP(Sc) levels in dividing and stationary-phase cells.
AID416877Effect on electrocardiogram in anaesthetized Wistar rat assessed as change in QRS interval at 1 mg/kg, iv after 1 min by electrocardiography2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 44, Issue:2
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-{[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propan-2-ol and its enantiomers. Part 1.
AID440093Displacement of [3H]Clonidine from alpha2 adrenergic receptor in Wistar rat cerebral cortex membrane by liquid scintillation counting2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 44, Issue:12
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-(2-(2-methoxy phenoxy)ethylamino)propan-2-ol analogs and its enantiomers. Part 2.
AID416881Effect on electrocardiogram in anaesthetized Wistar rat assessed as change in QRS interval at 1 mg/kg, iv after 5 mins by electrocardiography2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 44, Issue:2
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-{[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propan-2-ol and its enantiomers. Part 1.
AID411793Metabolic stability in human liver microsomes assessed as intrinsic clearance per mg of protein2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-22, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Metabolic soft spot identification and compound optimization in early discovery phases using MetaSite and LC-MS/MS validation.
AID1079931Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID218994Oxidation was assessed indirectly by measuring bovine serum albumin thiol protection by using Ellman''s test at 500 uM2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-21, Volume: 12, Issue:2
New series of aryloxypropanolamines with both human beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonistic activity and free radical scavenging properties.
AID440289Effect on heart rate in anesthetized Wistar rat assessed as Q-T intervals time at 1 mg/kg, iv after 15 mins by electrocardiography2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 44, Issue:12
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-(2-(2-methoxy phenoxy)ethylamino)propan-2-ol analogs and its enantiomers. Part 2.
AID1668034Antiproliferative activity against human SK-MEL-28 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-01, Volume: 28, Issue:9
Drug repurposing and rediscovery: Design, synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of 1-arylamino-3-aryloxypropan-2-ols as anti-melanoma agents.
AID218997Oxidation was assessed indirectly by measuring bovine serum albumin(BSA) thiol protection from the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) by TBARs test at 500 uM2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-21, Volume: 12, Issue:2
New series of aryloxypropanolamines with both human beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonistic activity and free radical scavenging properties.
AID1474167Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status2016Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4
DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID218995Oxidation was assessed indirectly by measuring bovine serum albumin(BSA) thiol protection from the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) by TBARs test at 100 uM2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-21, Volume: 12, Issue:2
New series of aryloxypropanolamines with both human beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonistic activity and free radical scavenging properties.
AID440097Effect on heart rate in anesthetized Wistar rat assessed as P-Q intervals time at 1 mg/kg, iv after 5 mins by electrocardiography2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 44, Issue:12
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-(2-(2-methoxy phenoxy)ethylamino)propan-2-ol analogs and its enantiomers. Part 2.
AID1509231Otoprotective activity against neomycin-induced neuromast hair cell death in 4 days post fertilized AB zebrafish larvae assessed as increase in hair cell survival incubated for 1 hr by inverted microscopic method2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID1509232Otoprotective activity against gentamicin-induced neuromast hair cell death in 4 days post fertilized AB zebrafish larvae assessed as increase in hair cell survival incubated for 6 hrs by inverted microscopic method2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID1509203Inhibition of MET in CD-1 mouse cochlear outer hair cells assessed as reduction in size of MET currents at 10 uM measured at -160 mV to +96 mV membrane potential by patch clamp assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID1509239Effect on gentamycin-induced antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 2.2 uM incubated for 16 to 20 hrs by BacTiter-Glo assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID1668035Antiproliferative activity against human A375 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-01, Volume: 28, Issue:9
Drug repurposing and rediscovery: Design, synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of 1-arylamino-3-aryloxypropan-2-ols as anti-melanoma agents.
AID373867Hepatic clearance in human hepatocytes in absence of fetal calf serum2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 44, Issue:4
First-principle, structure-based prediction of hepatic metabolic clearance values in human.
AID440292Effect on heart rate in anesthetized Wistar rat assessed as heart beats per min at 1 mg/kg, iv after 15 mins by electrocardiography2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 44, Issue:12
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-(2-(2-methoxy phenoxy)ethylamino)propan-2-ol analogs and its enantiomers. Part 2.
AID444050Fraction unbound in human plasma2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID13254871-octanol-water partition coefficient, log P of the compound2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 26, Issue:22
Inhibition of plasma lipid oxidation induced by peroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, hypochlorite, 15-lipoxygenase, and singlet oxygen by clinical drugs.
AID547621Cytotoxicity against BESM cells after 88 hrs by HTS assay2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Image-based high-throughput drug screening targeting the intracellular stage of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease.
AID588213Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in non-rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1079948Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID218991Oxidation was assessed indirectly by measuring bovine serum albumin (BSA) thiol protection from the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) by TBARs test at 10 uM2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-21, Volume: 12, Issue:2
New series of aryloxypropanolamines with both human beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonistic activity and free radical scavenging properties.
AID1257226Inhibition of Trichomonas vaginalis uridine ribohydrolase after 40 mins2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 25, Issue:22
Adenosine/guanosine preferring nucleoside ribohydrolase is a distinct, druggable antitrichomonal target.
AID29812Oral bioavailability in human2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID588219FDA HLAED, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID681127TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of LDS-751 efflux in NIH-3T3-G185 cells2001Biochemical and biophysical research communications, Nov-30, Volume: 289, Issue:2
Active transport of fluorescent P-glycoprotein substrates: evaluation as markers and interaction with inhibitors.
AID1509219Otoprotective activity against gentamicin-induced outer hair cell death in CD-1 mouse cochlea at 10 uM after 48 hrs by TRITC-phalloidin staining-based microscopic analysis relative to control2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID588214FDA HLAED, liver enzyme composite activity2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID440290Effect on heart rate in anesthetized Wistar rat assessed as heart beats per min at 1 mg/kg, iv after 1 min by electrocardiography2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 44, Issue:12
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-(2-(2-methoxy phenoxy)ethylamino)propan-2-ol analogs and its enantiomers. Part 2.
AID1509216Binding affinity to MET in CD-1 mouse cochlear outer hair cells measured at +12.8 mV membrane potential by patch clamp assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID1509230Inhibition of MET channel in CD-1 mouse cochlea outer hair cells assessed as reduction in GTTR uptake at 100 uM preincubated for 5 mins followed by GTTR addition and measured after 24 mins by microscopic method2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID1079949Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID588217FDA HLAED, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID1473740Inhibition of human MRP3 overexpressed in Sf9 insect cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 10 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1509213Binding affinity to MET in CD-1 mouse cochlear outer hair cells measured at +16 mV membrane potential by patch clamp assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID440285Effect on heart rate in anesthetized Wistar rat assessed as QRS complex time at 1 mg/kg, iv after 5 mins by electrocardiography2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 44, Issue:12
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-(2-(2-methoxy phenoxy)ethylamino)propan-2-ol analogs and its enantiomers. Part 2.
AID1325485Inhibition of 15-LOX-mediated lipid oxidation in 10% C57BL/6J mouse plasma at 30 uM2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 26, Issue:22
Inhibition of plasma lipid oxidation induced by peroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, hypochlorite, 15-lipoxygenase, and singlet oxygen by clinical drugs.
AID416873Displacement of [3H]prazosin from alpha1 adrenergic receptor in rat cerebral cortex by liquid scintillation method2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 44, Issue:2
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-{[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propan-2-ol and its enantiomers. Part 1.
AID440094Displacement of [3H]CGP12177 from beta-1 adrenergic receptor in Wistar rat cerebral cortex membrane by liquid scintillation counting2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 44, Issue:12
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-(2-(2-methoxy phenoxy)ethylamino)propan-2-ol analogs and its enantiomers. Part 2.
AID1509205Voltage-dependent inhibition of MET in CD-1 mouse cochlear outer hair cells assessed as reduction in MET currents at 10 uM measured at -160 mV to +80 mV membrane potential by patch clamp assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID1473739Inhibition of human MRP2 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1509234Toxicity in 3 days post fertilized AB zebrafish larvae assessed as reduction in larvae survival at 30 uM incubated for 48 hrs2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID1509233Toxicity in 3 days post fertilized AB zebrafish larvae assessed as reduction in larvae survival at 100 uM incubated for 48 hrs2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID27167Delta logD (logD6.5 - logD7.4)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID588216FDA HLAED, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) increase2004Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4
Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID1079943Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID350216Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-28, Volume: 52, Issue:10
Lipophilicity of basic drugs measured by hydrophilic interaction chromatography.
AID416884Effect on electrocardiogram in anaesthetized Wistar rat assessed as change in P-Q-interval at 1 mg/kg, iv after 15 mins by electrocardiography2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 44, Issue:2
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-{[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propan-2-ol and its enantiomers. Part 1.
AID416885Effect on electrocardiogram in anaesthetized Wistar rat assessed as change in QRS interval at 1 mg/kg, iv after 15 mins by electrocardiography2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 44, Issue:2
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-{[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propan-2-ol and its enantiomers. Part 1.
AID1079942Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID781326pKa (acid-base dissociation constant) as determined by Avdeef ref: DOI: 10.1002/047145026X2014Pharmaceutical research, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4
Comparison of the accuracy of experimental and predicted pKa values of basic and acidic compounds.
AID1473738Inhibition of human BSEP overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-taurocholate in presence of ATP measured after 15 to 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1509192Cytotoxicity against CD-1 mouse cochlea assessed as induction of cell death in outer hair cell at >=30 uM after 48 hrs in presence of gentamicin by confocal microscopic analysis2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID1360120Antagonist activity at TLR4 (unknown origin) expressed in COS7 cells coexpressing HCN4 assessed as amplitude of inward current (I/I0 ratio) at 10 uM at -40 mV holding potential by pach clamp electrophysiology assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-25, Volume: 154Discovery of novel small molecule TLR4 inhibitors as potent anti-inflammatory agents.
AID1079938Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID1257225Inhibition of Trichomonas vaginalis adenosine-guanosine preferring ribohydrolase after 40 mins in presence of 0.01% triton X-1002015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 25, Issue:22
Adenosine/guanosine preferring nucleoside ribohydrolase is a distinct, druggable antitrichomonal target.
AID444052Hepatic clearance in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID312896Partition coefficient, log P by UPLC method2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 51, Issue:3
High-throughput log P determination by ultraperformance liquid chromatography: a convenient tool for medicinal chemists.
AID240820Inhibitory concentration against IKr potassium channel2004Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-20, Volume: 14, Issue:18
The pharmacophore hypotheses of I(Kr) potassium channel blockers: novel class III antiarrhythmic agents.
AID444051Total clearance in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID625282Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID680310TP_TRANSPORTER: increase in Calcein intracellular accumulation (Calcein: 50 mg/L, Carvedilol: 10 uM) in Hs578T-Dox cells1999Biochemical pharmacology, Dec-01, Volume: 58, Issue:11
Increase in doxorubicin cytotoxicity by carvedilol inhibition of P-glycoprotein activity.
AID1079947Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID721754Inhibition of human MATE1-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 1.5 mins by fluorescence assay2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 56, Issue:3
Discovery of potent, selective multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter 1 (MATE1, SLC47A1) inhibitors through prescription drug profiling and computational modeling.
AID1509202Cytotoxicity in CD-1 mouse cochlea assessed as induction of cell death in inner hair cell at >=30 uM after 48 hrs by confocal microscopic analysis2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID1325480Antioxidant activity in 10% C57BL/6J mouse plasma assessed as inhibition of AAPH-derived peroxyl radicals-induced lipid hydroperoxide formation by DPPP-based fluorescence assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 26, Issue:22
Inhibition of plasma lipid oxidation induced by peroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, hypochlorite, 15-lipoxygenase, and singlet oxygen by clinical drugs.
AID416876Effect on electrocardiogram in anaesthetized Wistar rat assessed as change in P-Q interval at 1 mg/kg, iv after 1 min by electrocardiography2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 44, Issue:2
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-{[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propan-2-ol and its enantiomers. Part 1.
AID721748Inhibition of human MATE2K-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells up to 500 uM after 1.5 mins by fluorescence assay2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 56, Issue:3
Discovery of potent, selective multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter 1 (MATE1, SLC47A1) inhibitors through prescription drug profiling and computational modeling.
AID625288Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1509204Reversible inhibition of MET in CD-1 mouse cochlear outer hair cells assessed as reduction in size of MET currents at 10 uM measured at -160 mV to +80 mV membrane potential measured after compound wash out by patch clamp assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID1737231Inhibition of human CYP1B1 using 7-ethyl-O-resorufin as substrate incubated for 30 mins in presence of NADPH by EROD assay2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 193Carvedilol serves as a novel CYP1B1 inhibitor, a systematic drug repurposing approach through structure-based virtual screening and experimental verification.
AID440286Effect on heart rate in anesthetized Wistar rat assessed as QRS complex time at 1 mg/kg, iv after 15 mins by electrocardiography2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 44, Issue:12
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-(2-(2-methoxy phenoxy)ethylamino)propan-2-ol analogs and its enantiomers. Part 2.
AID1079945Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID1509191Otoprotective activity against gentamicin-induced outer hair cell death in CD-1 mouse cochlea at 5 uM after 48 hrs by TRITC-phalloidin staining-based microscopic analysis relative to control2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID28681Partition coefficient (logD6.5)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13
QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID408340Inhibition of human ERG expressed in CHO cells by whole cell patch clamp technique2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 16, Issue:11
Support vector machines classification of hERG liabilities based on atom types.
AID1576812Displacement of [3H]DHA from beta2 adrenergic receptor (unknown origin) stably expressed in HEK293 cell membranes assessed as residence time measured after 90 mins by scintillation counting analysis
AID625283Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1307735Inhibition of of TREK2 (unknown origin) expressed in oocytes assessed as reduction in channel currents2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-09, Volume: 59, Issue:11
Perspectives on the Two-Pore Domain Potassium Channel TREK-1 (TWIK-Related K(+) Channel 1). A Novel Therapeutic Target?
AID425653Renal clearance in human2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15
Physicochemical determinants of human renal clearance.
AID416887Effect on heart rate in anaesthetized Wistar rat assessed as number of beats per minute at 1 mg/kg, iv after 15 mins by electrocardiography2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 44, Issue:2
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-{[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propan-2-ol and its enantiomers. Part 1.
AID717844Inhibition of mouse Ido2 transfected in HEK293T cells using L-tryptophan as substrate assessed as kynurenine formation at 20 uM after 45 mins by spectrophotometric analysis relative to control2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 22, Issue:24
Identification of selective inhibitors of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2.
AID625292Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID4411Binding affinity of a compound to rat brain 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A (serotonin) receptor assayed by radiolabeled [3H]-8-OH-DPAT ligand displacement1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-05, Volume: 39, Issue:1
Binding of arylpiperazines, (aryloxy)propanolamines, and tetrahydropyridylindoles to the 5-HT1A receptor: contribution of the molecular lipophilicity potential to three-dimensional quantitative structure-affinity relationship models.
AID1639037Antioxidant activity in rat brain homogenate assessed as inhibition of FeCl2/ascorbic acid-induced lipid peroxidation by measuring reduction in TBARS level at 1000 uM preincubated for 5 mins followed by FeCl2/ascorbic acid addition and measured after 30 m2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-01, Volume: 27, Issue:7
Novel multi-target directed ligands based on annelated xanthine scaffold with aromatic substituents acting on adenosine receptor and monoamine oxidase B. Synthesis, in vitro and in silico studies.
AID625287Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1307731Inhibition of of human TREK1 expressed in oocytes assessed as reversible current depression2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-09, Volume: 59, Issue:11
Perspectives on the Two-Pore Domain Potassium Channel TREK-1 (TWIK-Related K(+) Channel 1). A Novel Therapeutic Target?
AID1079932Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID576612Inhibition of human ERG2011European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 46, Issue:2
Predicting hERG activities of compounds from their 3D structures: development and evaluation of a global descriptors based QSAR model.
AID1509215Binding affinity to MET in CD-1 mouse cochlear outer hair cells measured at -84 mV membrane potential by patch clamp assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID1509241Effect on gentamycin-induced antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae at 11 uM incubated for 16 to 20 hrs by BacTiter-Glo assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID1360119Antagonist activity at TLR4 (unknown origin) expressed in COS7 cells coexpressing HCN2 assessed as amplitude of inward current (I/I0 ratio) at 10 uM at -40 mV holding potential by pach clamp electrophysiology assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-25, Volume: 154Discovery of novel small molecule TLR4 inhibitors as potent anti-inflammatory agents.
AID1079936Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID440092Displacement of [3H]Prazosin from alpha1 adrenergic receptor in Wistar rat cerebral cortex membrane by liquid scintillation counting2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 44, Issue:12
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-(2-(2-methoxy phenoxy)ethylamino)propan-2-ol analogs and its enantiomers. Part 2.
AID1576810Displacement of [3H]DHA from beta2 adrenergic receptor (unknown origin) stably expressed in HEK293 cell membranes assessed as association rate constant measured after 90 mins by scintillation counting analysis
AID1079946Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID1509211Binding affinity to MET in CD-1 mouse cochlear outer hair cells measured at -164 mV membrane potential by patch clamp assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID425652Total body clearance in human2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15
Physicochemical determinants of human renal clearance.
AID1509195Cytotoxicity in CD-1 mouse cochlea assessed as disruption of hair bundle morphology in inner hair cell at 20 uM in presence of gentamicin after 48 hrs by confocal microscopic analysis2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID416886Effect on electrocardiogram in anaesthetized Wistar rat assessed as change in Q-T interval at 1 mg/kg, iv after 15 mins by electrocardiography2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 44, Issue:2
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-{[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propan-2-ol and its enantiomers. Part 1.
AID1509209Inhibition of MET in CD-1 mouse cochlear outer hair cells assessed as reduction in MET currents at 1 to 10 uM measured at +96 mV membrane potential by patch clamp assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID416890Acute toxicity in iv dosed anaesthetized Wistar rat2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 44, Issue:2
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-{[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propan-2-ol and its enantiomers. Part 1.
AID218993Oxidation was assessed indirectly by measuring bovine serum albumin thiol protection by using Ellman''s test at 1 mM2002Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-21, Volume: 12, Issue:2
New series of aryloxypropanolamines with both human beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonistic activity and free radical scavenging properties.
AID679589TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Digoxin transepithelial transport (basal to apical)(Digoxin: 0.1 uM, Carvedilol: 50 uM) in MDR1-expressing LLC-PK1 cells2002Life sciences, Feb-15, Volume: 70, Issue:13
Interaction of digoxin with antihypertensive drugs via MDR1.
AID1509194Cytotoxicity in CD-1 mouse cochlea assessed as induction of cell damage in inner hair cell at 20 uM in presence of gentamicin after 48 hrs by confocal microscopic analysis2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID440293Antiarrhythmic activity in Wistar rat assessed as inhibition of adrenaline-induced premature ventricular beats at 1 mg/kg, iv administered 15 mins before adrenaline challenge measured after 15 mins by electrocardiography2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 44, Issue:12
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-(2-(2-methoxy phenoxy)ethylamino)propan-2-ol analogs and its enantiomers. Part 2.
AID1079944Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID1079939Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID312895Partition coefficient, log P of the compound2008Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 51, Issue:3
High-throughput log P determination by ultraperformance liquid chromatography: a convenient tool for medicinal chemists.
AID1079941Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID625279Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1473741Inhibition of human MRP4 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay2013Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1
A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID217930Inhibition of veratridine-induced guanidine flux in cardiac voltage-gated sodium channel (veratridine block vs. Na release)2001Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-18, Volume: 44, Issue:2
Medicinal chemistry of neuronal voltage-gated sodium channel blockers.
AID1509207Voltage-dependent inhibition of MET in CD-1 mouse cochlear outer hair cells assessed as reduction in MET currents at 1 to 10 uM measured at -150 mV to +100 mV membrane potential by patch clamp assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID1222388Inhibition of human recombinant UGT1A1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction in bilirubin glucuronidation by LC-MS/MS method2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Correlation between bilirubin glucuronidation and estradiol-3-gluronidation in the presence of model UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 substrates/inhibitors.
AID1325486Antioxidant activity in 10% C57BL/6J mouse plasma assessed as inhibition of NpEP-derived singlet oxygen-induced lipid oxidation by DPPP-based fluorescence assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 26, Issue:22
Inhibition of plasma lipid oxidation induced by peroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, hypochlorite, 15-lipoxygenase, and singlet oxygen by clinical drugs.
AID1509243Effect on gentamycin-induced antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus at 11 uM incubated for 16 to 20 hrs by BacTiter-Glo assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID1509214Binding affinity to MET in CD-1 mouse cochlear outer hair cells measured at +96 mV membrane potential by patch clamp assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID416883Effect on heart rate in anaesthetized Wistar rat assessed as number of beats per minute at 1 mg/kg, iv after 5 mins by electrocardiography2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 44, Issue:2
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-{[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propan-2-ol and its enantiomers. Part 1.
AID1079935Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID1495602In vivo inhibition of beta adrenoceptor in Wistar rat assessed as reduction in isoprenaline-induced tachycardia at 1 mg/kg, iv administered as single dose 10 mins prior to isoprenaline injection2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-30, Volume: 26, Issue:13
Design, synthesis and cardiovascular evaluation of some aminoisopropanoloxy derivatives of xanthone.
AID1576808Displacement of [3H]DHA from beta2 adrenergic receptor (unknown origin) stably expressed in HEK293 cell membranes measured after 90 mins by scintillation counting analysis
AID1509236Toxicity in 3 days post fertilized AB zebrafish larvae assessed as effect on blood circulation at 30 uM incubated for 48 hrs by inverted microscopic method2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID1325477Antioxidant activity in 10% C57BL/6J mouse plasma assessed as inhibition of AAPH-derived peroxyl radicals-induced pyranine consumption at 50 uM2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 26, Issue:22
Inhibition of plasma lipid oxidation induced by peroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, hypochlorite, 15-lipoxygenase, and singlet oxygen by clinical drugs.
AID1509196Cytotoxicity in CD-1 mouse cochlea assessed as disruption of hair bundle morphology in outer hair cell at 20 uM in presence of gentamicin after 48 hrs by confocal microscopic analysis2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID625281Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1509218Otoprotective activity against gentamicin-induced outer hair cell death in CD-1 mouse cochlea at 20 uM after 48 hrs by TRITC-phalloidin staining-based microscopic analysis relative to control2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID547622Antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes infected in BESM cells measured after 88 hrs postinfection by HTS assay2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Image-based high-throughput drug screening targeting the intracellular stage of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease.
AID1257224Inhibition of Trichomonas vaginalis adenosine-guanosine preferring ribohydrolase after 40 mins2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 25, Issue:22
Adenosine/guanosine preferring nucleoside ribohydrolase is a distinct, druggable antitrichomonal target.
AID777140Inhibition of RyR2 R4496C mutant (unknown origin)-mediated store-overload induced calcium release expressed in HEK293 cells after 8 to 10 mins by fura-2/AM dye-based fluorescence assay2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-14, Volume: 56, Issue:21
Novel carvedilol analogues that suppress store-overload-induced Ca2+ release.
AID625291Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1325483Antioxidant activity in 10% C57BL/6J mouse plasma assessed as inhibition of NaOCl-induced lipid oxidation at 30 uM by DPPP-based fluorescence assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 26, Issue:22
Inhibition of plasma lipid oxidation induced by peroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, hypochlorite, 15-lipoxygenase, and singlet oxygen by clinical drugs.
AID416878Effect on electrocardiogram in anaesthetized Wistar rat assessed as change in Q-T interval at 1 mg/kg, iv after 1 min by electrocardiography2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 44, Issue:2
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-{[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propan-2-ol and its enantiomers. Part 1.
AID1360106Antagonist activity at human TLR4 expressed in HEK blue cells coexpressing MD-2/CD14 assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation-mediated SEAP production after 24 hrs2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-25, Volume: 154Discovery of novel small molecule TLR4 inhibitors as potent anti-inflammatory agents.
AID540212Mean residence time in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1509197Cytotoxicity in CD-1 mouse cochlea assessed as disruption of hair bundle morphology in inner hair cell at 20 uM after 48 hrs by confocal microscopic analysis2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID416891Therapeutic index, ratio of LD50 for Wistar rat to antiarrhythmic ED50 for Wistar rat2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 44, Issue:2
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-{[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propan-2-ol and its enantiomers. Part 1.
AID416879Effect on heart rate in anaesthetized Wistar rat assessed as number of beats per minute at 1 mg/kg, iv after 1 min by electrocardiography2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 44, Issue:2
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-{[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propan-2-ol and its enantiomers. Part 1.
AID547804Selectivity window, ratio of EC50 for BESM cells to EC50 for Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes infected in BESM cells2010Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 54, Issue:8
Image-based high-throughput drug screening targeting the intracellular stage of Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease.
AID1509228Inhibition of MET channel in CD-1 mouse cochlea outer hair bundles assessed as time constant of inward current decline at 1 uM at holding potential of -80 mV by patch clamp assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID1079933Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID444057Fraction escaping hepatic elimination in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID444053Renal clearance in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID721751Inhibition of human OCT2-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells after 3 mins by fluorescence assay2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 56, Issue:3
Discovery of potent, selective multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter 1 (MATE1, SLC47A1) inhibitors through prescription drug profiling and computational modeling.
AID1509198Cytotoxicity in CD-1 mouse cochlea assessed as disruption of hair bundle morphology in outer hair cell at 20 uM after 48 hrs by confocal microscopic analysis2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID1668036Inhibition of colony formation in human SK-MEL-28 cells at 5 to 100 uM supplemented with fresh medium containing compound every 72 hrs for 2 weeks by crystal violet staining based assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-01, Volume: 28, Issue:9
Drug repurposing and rediscovery: Design, synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of 1-arylamino-3-aryloxypropan-2-ols as anti-melanoma agents.
AID1325478Antioxidant activity in 10% C57BL/6J mouse plasma assessed as inhibition of SIN-1-derived peroxynitrite-induced lipid oxidation at 50 uM by DPPP-based fluorescence assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 26, Issue:22
Inhibition of plasma lipid oxidation induced by peroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, hypochlorite, 15-lipoxygenase, and singlet oxygen by clinical drugs.
AID540209Volume of distribution at steady state in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID416874Displacement of [3H]clonidine from alpha2 adrenergic receptor in rat cerebral cortex by liquid scintillation method2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 44, Issue:2
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-{[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propan-2-ol and its enantiomers. Part 1.
AID1509229Inhibition of MET channel in CD-1 mouse outer hair bundles assessed as time constant of inward current decline at 3 uM at holding potential of -80 mV by patch clamp assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID1222389Inhibition of human recombinant UGT1A1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction in estradiol 3-glucuronidation by LC-MS/MS method2011Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 39, Issue:2
Correlation between bilirubin glucuronidation and estradiol-3-gluronidation in the presence of model UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 substrates/inhibitors.
AID1509237Toxicity in 3 days post fertilized AB zebrafish larvae assessed as effect on larval movement at 100 uM incubated for 48 hrs2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID350219Lipophilicity, log K at pH 2 by by hydrophilic interaction chromatography using 95% acetonitrile as mobile phase2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-28, Volume: 52, Issue:10
Lipophilicity of basic drugs measured by hydrophilic interaction chromatography.
AID1509201Cytotoxicity in CD-1 mouse cochlea assessed as induction of cell death in inner hair cell at >=30 uM in presence of gentamicin after 48 hrs by confocal microscopic analysis2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID681126TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Rhodamine 123 efflux in NIH-3T3-G185 cells2001Biochemical and biophysical research communications, Nov-30, Volume: 289, Issue:2
Active transport of fluorescent P-glycoprotein substrates: evaluation as markers and interaction with inhibitors.
AID721753Inhibition of human MATE1-mediated ASP+ uptake expressed in HEK293 cells at 20 uM after 1.5 mins by fluorescence assay2013Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 56, Issue:3
Discovery of potent, selective multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter 1 (MATE1, SLC47A1) inhibitors through prescription drug profiling and computational modeling.
AID444058Volume of distribution at steady state in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID625290Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID444055Fraction absorbed in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID1737234Inhibition of human CYP1B1 at 5 uM using 7-ethyl-O-resorufin as substrate incubated for 30 mins in presence of NADPH by EROD assay2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 193Carvedilol serves as a novel CYP1B1 inhibitor, a systematic drug repurposing approach through structure-based virtual screening and experimental verification.
AID1325476Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of Meo-AMVN-derived peroxyl radicals-induced fucoxanthin consumption at 50 uM2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 26, Issue:22
Inhibition of plasma lipid oxidation induced by peroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, hypochlorite, 15-lipoxygenase, and singlet oxygen by clinical drugs.
AID389416Displacement of [3H]DHA from human beta2 adrenoceptor by liquid scintillation counter2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 18, Issue:20
Use of the X-ray structure of the beta2-adrenergic receptor for drug discovery. Part 2: Identification of active compounds.
AID1079940Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID350217Octanol-water partition coefficient, log P of the cationic form of the compound2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-28, Volume: 52, Issue:10
Lipophilicity of basic drugs measured by hydrophilic interaction chromatography.
AID1307736Inhibition of of TREK2 (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as reduction in channel currents2016Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-09, Volume: 59, Issue:11
Perspectives on the Two-Pore Domain Potassium Channel TREK-1 (TWIK-Related K(+) Channel 1). A Novel Therapeutic Target?
AID1509242Effect on gentamycin-induced antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 11 uM incubated for 16 to 20 hrs by BacTiter-Glo assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID440288Effect on heart rate in anesthetized Wistar rat assessed as Q-T intervals time at 1 mg/kg, iv after 5 mins by electrocardiography2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 44, Issue:12
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-(2-(2-methoxy phenoxy)ethylamino)propan-2-ol analogs and its enantiomers. Part 2.
AID588212Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in rodents2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1057864Ratio of LC50 for dividing mouse ScN2a-cl3 cells to EC50 for inhibition of RML prion protein2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 21, Issue:24
Antiprion compounds that reduce PrP(Sc) levels in dividing and stationary-phase cells.
AID681131TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Daunorubicin efflux in NIH-3T3-G185 cells2001Biochemical and biophysical research communications, Nov-30, Volume: 289, Issue:2
Active transport of fluorescent P-glycoprotein substrates: evaluation as markers and interaction with inhibitors.
AID1325479Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of AAPH-derived peroxyl radicals-induced PGR consumption2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 26, Issue:22
Inhibition of plasma lipid oxidation induced by peroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, hypochlorite, 15-lipoxygenase, and singlet oxygen by clinical drugs.
AID540213Half life in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID444056Fraction escaping gut-wall elimination in human2010Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3
Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID1509235Toxicity in 3 days post fertilized AB zebrafish larvae assessed as effect on blood circulation at 100 uM incubated for 48 hrs by inverted microscopic method2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID440291Effect on heart rate in anesthetized Wistar rat assessed as heart beats per min at 1 mg/kg, iv after 5 mins by electrocardiography2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 44, Issue:12
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-(2-(2-methoxy phenoxy)ethylamino)propan-2-ol analogs and its enantiomers. Part 2.
AID350220Lipophilicity, log K at pH 2 by by hydrophilic interaction chromatography using 100% water as mobile phase2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-28, Volume: 52, Issue:10
Lipophilicity of basic drugs measured by hydrophilic interaction chromatography.
AID1079937Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID1509199Cytotoxicity in CD-1 mouse cochlea assessed as induction of cell damage in inner hair cell at 20 uM after 48 hrs by confocal microscopic analysis2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID1737233Cytotoxicity against human A549/Taxol cells assessed as reduction in cell viability after 72 hrs by MTT assay2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 193Carvedilol serves as a novel CYP1B1 inhibitor, a systematic drug repurposing approach through structure-based virtual screening and experimental verification.
AID1668033Antiproliferative activity against human SK-MEL-5 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition incubated for 48 hrs by MTT assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-01, Volume: 28, Issue:9
Drug repurposing and rediscovery: Design, synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of 1-arylamino-3-aryloxypropan-2-ols as anti-melanoma agents.
AID1325488Plasma concentration in paediatric patients with congestive heart failure2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 26, Issue:22
Inhibition of plasma lipid oxidation induced by peroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, hypochlorite, 15-lipoxygenase, and singlet oxygen by clinical drugs.
AID161281Inhibition of human Potassium channel HERG expressed in mammalian cells2003Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-18, Volume: 13, Issue:16
Prediction of hERG potassium channel affinity by traditional and hologram qSAR methods.
AID1495685Antiarrhythmic activity in Wistar rat assessed as inhibition of adrenaline-induced premature ventricular extrasystoles administered iv 15 mins prior to adrenaline challenge2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-30, Volume: 26, Issue:13
Design, synthesis and cardiovascular evaluation of some aminoisopropanoloxy derivatives of xanthone.
AID722794Antiarrhythmic activity in iv dosed Wistar rat adrenaline-induced arrhythmia model assessed as reduction of heart-rhythm disturbance administered 15 mins adrenaline-challenge2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 21, Issue:2
Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of pharmacological properties of some piperazine derivatives of xanthone.
AID416875Displacement of [3H]CGP12177 from beta-1 adrenergic receptor in rat cerebral cortex by liquid scintillation method2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 44, Issue:2
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-{[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propan-2-ol and its enantiomers. Part 1.
AID1442006Ratio of Kii for human OCT1-ASP+-inhibitor complex to Kis for human OCT1-inhibitor complex by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis2017Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-13, Volume: 60, Issue:7
Discovery of Competitive and Noncompetitive Ligands of the Organic Cation Transporter 1 (OCT1; SLC22A1).
AID1509200Cytotoxicity in CD-1 mouse cochlea assessed as induction of cell death in outer hair cell at >=30 uM after 48 hrs by confocal microscopic analysis2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID1509210Inhibition of MET in CD-1 mouse cochlear outer hair cells assessed as reduction in MET currents at 1 to 10 uM measured at -164 mV membrane potential by patch clamp assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID416880Effect on electrocardiogram in anaesthetized Wistar rat assessed as change in P-Q-interval at 1 mg/kg, iv after 5 mins by electrocardiography2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 44, Issue:2
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-{[2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propan-2-ol and its enantiomers. Part 1.
AID302758Solubility by shake flask method2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 50, Issue:23
Poorly soluble marketed drugs display solvation limited solubility.
AID440098Effect on heart rate in anesthetized Wistar rat assessed as P-Q intervals time at 1 mg/kg, iv after 15 mins by electrocardiography2009European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 44, Issue:12
Synthesis and adrenolytic activity of 1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-(2-(2-methoxy phenoxy)ethylamino)propan-2-ol analogs and its enantiomers. Part 2.
AID243151Inhibitory concentration against potassium channel HERG2005Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-02, Volume: 15, Issue:11
A discriminant model constructed by the support vector machine method for HERG potassium channel inhibitors.
AID625285Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis2011PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12
Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID540211Fraction unbound in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID540210Clearance in human after iv administration2008Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7
Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1509238Effect on gentamycin-induced antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae at 2.2 uM incubated for 16 to 20 hrs by BacTiter-Glo assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID588211Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in humans2010Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1
Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1495688Anti-aggregative activity in Wistar rat whole blood assessed as inhibition of collagen-induced aggregation up to 100 uM preincubated for 3 mins followed by collagen induction measured for 6 mins2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-30, Volume: 26, Issue:13
Design, synthesis and cardiovascular evaluation of some aminoisopropanoloxy derivatives of xanthone.
AID1509240Effect on gentamycin-induced antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus at 2.2 uM incubated for 16 to 20 hrs by BacTiter-Glo assay2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID1495689Anti-aggregative activity in Wistar rat whole blood assessed as inhibition of collagen/adrenaline-induced aggregation up to 100 uM preincubated for 3 mins followed by collagen induction measured for 6 mins2018Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-30, Volume: 26, Issue:13
Design, synthesis and cardiovascular evaluation of some aminoisopropanoloxy derivatives of xanthone.
AID1509193Cytotoxicity in CD-1 mouse cochlea assessed as induction of cell death in outer hair cell at 10 to 20 uM after 48 hrs by confocal microscopic analysis2019Journal of medicinal chemistry, 06-13, Volume: 62, Issue:11
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Carvedilol Derivatives That Protect Sensory Hair Cells from Aminoglycoside-Induced Damage by Blocking the Mechanoelectrical Transducer Channel.
AID1508629Cell Viability qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1508627Counterscreen qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: GLuc-NoTag assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1508628Confirmatory qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID504836Inducers of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response (ERSR) in human glioma: Validation2002The Journal of biological chemistry, Apr-19, Volume: 277, Issue:16
Sustained ER Ca2+ depletion suppresses protein synthesis and induces activation-enhanced cell death in mast cells.
AID1347058CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - HTRF assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1347057CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - LANCE assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1347045Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot counterscreen GloSensor control cell line2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347405qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS LOPAC collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347050Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr2) antagonism - Pilot subtype selectivity assay2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID588349qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation of Cytotoxic Assay
AID1347049Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot screen2019Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID588378qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation
AID1347059CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - Alpha assay qHTS validation2019PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7
Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID1347410qHTS for inhibitors of adenylyl cyclases using a fission yeast platform: a pilot screen against the NCATS LOPAC library2019Cellular signalling, 08, Volume: 60A fission yeast platform for heterologous expression of mammalian adenylyl cyclases and high throughput screening.
AID1347151Optimization of GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1794808Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).2014Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 19, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Assay to Identify Inhibitors of the Apicoplast DNA Polymerase from Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1794808Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508591NCATS Rat Liver Microsome Stability Profiling2020Scientific reports, 11-26, Volume: 10, Issue:1
Retrospective assessment of rat liver microsomal stability at NCATS: data and QSAR models.
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1645848NCATS Kinetic Aqueous Solubility Profiling2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-15, Volume: 27, Issue:14
Predictive models of aqueous solubility of organic compounds built on A large dataset of high integrity.
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID17985803H-CGP 12177 Whole Cell Binding Assay from Article 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706048: \\The selectivity of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists at the human beta1, beta2 and beta3 adrenoceptors.\\2005British journal of pharmacology, Feb, Volume: 144, Issue:3
The selectivity of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists at the human beta1, beta2 and beta3 adrenoceptors.
AID1346297Human beta3-adrenoceptor (Adrenoceptors)1999The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Aug, Volume: 290, Issue:2
Potent and selective human beta(3)-adrenergic receptor antagonists.
AID1346250Human beta2-adrenoceptor (Adrenoceptors)2005British journal of pharmacology, Feb, Volume: 144, Issue:3
The selectivity of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists at the human beta1, beta2 and beta3 adrenoceptors.
AID1346250Human beta2-adrenoceptor (Adrenoceptors)1999The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Aug, Volume: 290, Issue:2
Potent and selective human beta(3)-adrenergic receptor antagonists.
AID1346260Human beta1-adrenoceptor (Adrenoceptors)1999The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Aug, Volume: 290, Issue:2
Potent and selective human beta(3)-adrenergic receptor antagonists.
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (2,791)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199064 (2.29)18.7374
1990's396 (14.19)18.2507
2000's1175 (42.10)29.6817
2010's896 (32.10)24.3611
2020's260 (9.32)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 123.97

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index123.97 (24.57)
Research Supply Index8.19 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.37 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index232.75 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (123.97)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials680 (23.18%)5.53%
Reviews339 (11.56%)6.00%
Case Studies142 (4.84%)4.05%
Observational15 (0.51%)0.25%
Other1,757 (59.90%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (192)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Clinical Study Evaluating the Effect of Carvedilol in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis [NCT06108518]Early Phase 170 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-11-01Not yet recruiting
Prevention of Left Ventricular Dysfunction With Enalapril and Carvedilol in Patients Submitted to Intensive Chemotherapy for the Treatment of Malignant Hemopathies [NCT01110824]Phase 390 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-04-30Completed
Use of Beta-blockers and Risk of New Onset Diabetes [NCT01587638]12,336 participants (Actual)Observational2009-04-30Completed
A Pilot Study: Evaluating the Anti-Cancer Effects of Carvedilol With TTFields and Standard of Care in Glioblastoma and Response of Peripheral Glioma Circulating Tumor Cells [NCT03980249]Early Phase 10 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-09-30Withdrawn(stopped due to No funding)
A Randomized, Open-label, Single-dose, Crossover Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Food Effect on the Pharmacokinetics of Dilatrend SR 64mg Capsule After Oral Administration in Healthy Male Volunteers [NCT01340248]Phase 124 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
A Randomized, Open-label, Comparative, Non-inferiority, Multicenter Study to Compare Efficacy of Losartan Potassium Group and Carvedilol Group on Arterial Stiffness in Essential Hypertension Patients [NCT00496834]Phase 4201 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-02-01Completed
A Controlled Trial of Nadolol Plus Isosorbide Mononitrate vs. Carvedilol for the Prevention of Variceal Rebleeding [NCT01103154]Phase 4121 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-03-31Completed
Danish Trial of Beta Blocker Treatment After Myocardial Infarction Without Reduced Ejection Fraction (DANBLOCK) [NCT03778554]Phase 42,760 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-12-17Recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Flexible-Dose Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Carvedilol Versus Placebo in the Treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder [NCT01221792]Phase 280 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-10-31Active, not recruiting
A Clinical Trial to Investigate the Influence of Cytochrome P450 2D6 Polymorphism on the Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamics Characteristics of Carvedilol in Healthy Korean Volunteers [NCT02286934]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-09-30Completed
Mechanisms of Improvement With Beta-Blocker Treatment in Heart Failure [NCT01261065]Phase 455 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-12-31Completed
A Prospective,Open Labeled, Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Carvedilol + VSL# 3 Versus Endoscopic Variceal Ligation for Primary Prophylaxis of Esophageal Variceal Bleeding in Cirrhotic Patients Non Responder to Carvedilol. [NCT01196481]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-12-31Completed
N-of-1 Trials for Deprescribing Beta-blockers in HFpEF [NCT04767061]Phase 49 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-04-01Completed
WFA+M2BP in Evaluation of Portal Hypertension and Clinical Outcome in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis [NCT03195634]80 participants (Anticipated)Observational2017-06-30Not yet recruiting
Effect of Beta-blocker on Cardioprotective Effect of Remote Ischemic Conditioning [NCT03169426]Phase 411 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-05-17Completed
COR111096, A Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled, Parallel Group, Multicenter Study Comparing the Proportion of Subjects With Stage 1 or 2 Essential Hypertension Who Achieve Target Blood Pressure While Receiving Either Carvedilol CR + Lisinopril o [NCT00624065]Phase 3348 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-03-31Completed
Beta-blockers or Placebo for Primary Prophylaxis of Oesophageal Varices (BOPPP Trial). A Blinded, Multi-centre, Clinical Effectiveness and Cost-effectiveness Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT03776955]Phase 41,200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-06-17Recruiting
The Effect of Carvedilol Rapid Up-Titration in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction (Biomolecular and Clinical Study on IL-6, TNF-α, NT-ProBNP, MDA, LVEF, 6MWT, and KCCQ) [NCT05179070]Phase 426 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-09-10Recruiting
Comparison of Carvedilol and Atorvastatin for Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy After Cardiac Catheterization [NCT03867994]Phase 2144 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-02-01Completed
A Feasibility Study: Evaluating Carvedilol With Chemotherapy in Second Line Glioblastoma Multiforme and Response of Peripheral Glioma Circulating Tumor Cells [NCT03861598]Early Phase 14 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-07-19Terminated(stopped due to Due to Covid)
Use of Determination of Drug Levels to Optimize Pharmacotherapy of Heart Failure [NCT06035978]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-11-30Not yet recruiting
A Randomized, Two-Way Crossover, Single-Dose, Open Label Study to Evaluate the Relative Bioavailability of a Test Tablet Formulation of Carvedilol (25 mg), Compared to an Equivalent Dose of COREG® (SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals) in 24 Fed, Healthy, A [NCT00834873]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-12-31Completed
A Randomized, Two-Way Crossover, Single-Dose, Open Label Study to Evaluate the Relative Bioavailability of a Test Tablet Formulation of Carvedilol (25 mg), Compared to an Equivalent Dose of COREG® (SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals) in 36 Fasted, Healthy [NCT00834795]Phase 136 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-12-31Completed
Assessment of Clinical Effect and Treatment Quality of Rapid Release Carvedilol Versus SLOW Release Carvedilol-SR in HEART FAILURE Patient (SLOW-HF): A Prospective Randomized, Open-label, Multicenter Study [NCT03209180]Phase 4320 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-10-27Recruiting
The Effect of Carvedilol Vs Propranolol in Patients With Cirrhosis Related Esophagogastric Varices After Multiple Endoscopic Treatments For Secondary Prophylaxis:A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02385422]Phase 4480 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-03-31Recruiting
Effect of Dapagliflozin on Secondary Mitral Regurgitation in Patients With Left Ventricular Dysfunction [NCT05849766]Phase 3150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-04-27Recruiting
A Pilot Study of Risk-Guided Cardioprotection With Carvedilol in Breast Cancer Patients Treated With Doxorubicin and/or Trastuzumab [NCT04023110]Phase 169 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-08-09Active, not recruiting
"Efficacy and Safety of Carvedilol in Cirrhosis Patients With Uncomplicated Ascites Without High Risk Esophageal Varices- A Randomised Controlled Trial" [NCT05057572]120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-10-01Recruiting
Detecting and Treating Subclinical Anthracycline Therapy Related Cardiac Dysfunction in Low Income Country [NCT03542058]Phase 350 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-06-30Not yet recruiting
Multicenter, Randomized, 2 x 2 Factorial, Phase 3 Study to Assess the Efficacy of Carvedilol and Empagliflozin on Improvement of Right Ventricular Remodeling in Patients With Severe Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation [NCT04345796]Phase 3180 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-02-15Recruiting
The Impact of Carvedilol Posology on Clinically Significant Portal Hypertension: Insights From Elastography Measurements [NCT06015373]34 participants (Actual)Interventional2023-06-01Completed
Beta-blocker Effect on Structural Remodeling and Gene Expression in the Failing Human Heart [NCT01798992]Phase 456 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-09-30Completed
A Phase 3 Study of Carvedilol vs Variceal Band Ligation vs Combination Therapy for Primary Prophylaxis of Variceal Bleeding [NCT02066649]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-07-31Withdrawn(stopped due to We need to revise and redesign the study)
Rate Control in Atrial Fibrillation: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Comparison of Carvedilol and Metoprolol Tartrate [NCT02251509]Phase 420 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-12-31Not yet recruiting
Therapeutic Approach to Diastolic Dysfunction in Chronic Liver Disease Patients and Its' Impact on Morbidity and Mortality [NCT02294292]189 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-07-01Completed
Effects of Sleep Deprivation and Adrenergic Inhibition on Glymphatic Flow in Humans [NCT03576664]Early Phase 122 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-08-28Completed
A Prospective, Double-blind, Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial of Carvedilol for Pre-primary Prophylaxis of Esophageal Varices in Cirrhosis [NCT01212250]132 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-09-01Recruiting
Carvedilol SR Study for Biomarkers From Blood and Urine and Safety of in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction : a Prospective, Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-controlled, Multicenter, Pilot Trial (CAYMUS-HFpEF) [NCT03948685]Phase 4300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-05-31Not yet recruiting
A Randomized, Open-label, Single Dose, Dose-rising 10-sequence, 3-period Balanced Incomplete Blocked Clinical Trial to Evaluate Dose-proportionality of Dilatrend SR in Healthy Male Volunteers [NCT01369472]Phase 130 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-06-30Completed
Pharmacologic Reversal of Ventricular Remodeling in Childhood Cancer Survivors at Risk for Heart Failure (PREVENT-HF): A Phase 2b Randomized Placebo-Controlled (Carvedilol) Trial [NCT02717507]Phase 2196 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-04-04Active, not recruiting
Banding Ligation With Carvedilol vs. Carvedilol for the Prevention of First Bleeding in Cirrhotics With Moderate Varices [NCT01383044]Phase 465 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-08Terminated(stopped due to slow enrollment)
Carvedilol Post-intervention Long-term Administration in Large-scale Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01155635]Phase 4801 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-07-31Completed
A Prospective, Double-blind, Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial of Carvedilol for Early Primary Prophylaxis of Esophageal Varices in Cirrhosis. [NCT01196507]140 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-11-30Completed
Propranolol, Carvedilol and Rosuvastatin in the Prevention of Recurrent Variceal Haemorrhage in Patients With Cirrhotic Portal Hypertension [NCT03720067]Phase 2/Phase 380 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-01-25Recruiting
A Nested Case-control Study of the Association Between Coreg IR and Coreg CR and Hypersensitivity Reactions: Anaphylactic Reaction/Angioedema-Updated Analysis [NCT01316952]1 participants (Actual)Observational2010-06-30Completed
Acute Hemodynamic Response to Carvedilol in Predicting Survival in Acute on Chronic Liver Failure Patients - A Pilot Study. [NCT05180292]50 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-01-07Recruiting
Pentoxifylline Plus Carvedilol vs Carvedilol Monotherapy in Preventing New Decompensation in Stable Cirrhotic Patients With Prior Decompensation, an Open Label Randomised Control Trial [NCT06041932]180 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-11-01Not yet recruiting
Effect of Coreg CR on BP, Endothelial Function, Exhaled Nitric Oxide, and Nitric Oxide Production and Oxidation [NCT00732511]Phase 440 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-04-30Recruiting
An Open Label, Balanced, Randomised, Two-Treatment, Two-Period, Two-Sequence, Single-Dose, Crossover Bioavailability Study on Carvedilol Formulations Comparing Carvedilol 12.5 mg Tablets of Ranbaxy Laboratories With Coreg® 12.5 mg Tablets of Glaxosmithkli [NCT00776113]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-08-31Completed
A Prospective Study of Early Stage Breast Cancer Patients With Abnormal Myocardial Deformation Treated With Anthracycline and/or Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab-based Cancer Therapy [NCT02993198]Phase 2134 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-04-30Active, not recruiting
Beta-blocker Stratification Using Quantitative MRI Techniques to Assess Portal Pressure and Response to Treatment in Patients With Portal Hypertension [NCT03114813]68 participants (Anticipated)Observational2017-01-31Recruiting
An Open-label, Randomized, Crossover, Repeat-dose Study to Evaluate the Steady-State Pharmacokinetic Profile of the Final Fixed Dose Combination (FDC) Formulation of COREG CR and Lisinopril as Compared to COREG CR in Subjects With Essential Hypertension [NCT00537043]Phase 124 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-10-31Completed
Impact of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) Bariatric Surgery on System Pharmacology: Single-dose Cross-over Pharmacokinetic Study of Simvastatin and Carvedilol. [NCT04049786]Phase 4120 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-06-01Enrolling by invitation
Effects of Selective and Nonselective Beta-blockade on Platelet Aggregation in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome [NCT02809820]Phase 4100 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-05-31Completed
Free Fatty Acids-Induced Hypertension, Endothelial Dysfunction, Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, and Autonomic Dysfunction in Lean and Obese Subjects (Aim #2) [NCT02406586]36 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-07-31Completed
Cluster and Registry Trial of the Working Group of Heart Failure in Denmark. Are Carvedilol and Metoprolol Succinate Comparable Treatments in Heart Failure Patients With Reduced Ejection Fraction [NCT04996550]5,600 participants (Anticipated)Observational [Patient Registry]2022-01-03Not yet recruiting
Beta Blockers in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) A Pilot Study of Efficacy and Safety [NCT02120339]Phase 15 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-05-31Terminated(stopped due to Low enrollment)
The Cardiac Insufficiency BIsoprolol Study in Japanese Patients With Chronic Heart Failure (CIBIS-J) [NCT02137733]220 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-06-30Recruiting
The Effect of Adrenergic Blocker Therapy on Cardiac and Striatal Transporter Uptake in Pre-Motor and Symptomatic Parkinson's Disease: A Follow up Study [NCT04218968]Phase 215 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-12-30Enrolling by invitation
TREatment With Beta-blockers After myOcardial Infarction withOut Reduced Ejection fracTion [NCT03596385]Phase 48,468 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-10-31Recruiting
An Open Label, Balanced, Randomised, Two-Treatment, Two-Period, Two-Sequence, Single-Dose, Crossover Bioavailability Study on Carvedilol Formulations Comparing Carvedilol 12.5 mg Tablets of Ranbaxy Laboratories With Coreg® 12.5 mg Tablets of Glaxosmithkli [NCT00775619]40 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-09-30Completed
A Randomised, Single Blind, Multicentre, 9-month, Phase IV Study, Comparing Treatment Guided by Clinical Symptoms and Signs and NT-proBNP vs Treatment Guided by Clinical Symptoms and Signs Alone, in Patients With Heart Failure (HF) and Left Ventricular Sy [NCT00391846]Phase 4252 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-10-31Completed
Effects of Cardioprotective Therapy, Carvedilol vs Ramipril, in Patients Affected by Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy. Clinical Significance and Prognostic Value of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Study. [NCT00819845]Phase 4194 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2008-12-31Recruiting
Association Between Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor or Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Use and COVID-19 Severity and Mortality Among US Veterans [NCT04467931]22,213 participants (Actual)Observational2020-01-19Completed
A Multicenter,Randomized, Double Blind, Double Dummy, Parallel Group Study to Compare Effects of Coreg CR and Coreg IR on Left Ventricular End Systolic Volume Index in Subjects With Stable Chronic Heart Failure [NCT00323037]Phase 3318 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-03-31Completed
A Study to Evaluate the Potential Incidence of Orthostatic Hypotension in Elderly Hypertensive Patients Following Administration of a Combination of COREG CR and Lisinopril [NCT00508365]Phase 162 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-09-25Completed
Oral Carvedilol in Escalating Doses in the Acute Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation [NCT02832089]Phase 330 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-12-31Completed
A Two-Way Crossover, Open-Label, Single Dose, Fed, Bioequivalence Study of Carvedilol 12.5 mg Tablets Versus Coreg® 12.5 mg Tablets in Normal, Healthy, Non-Smoking Male and Female Subjects [NCT00864149]Phase 136 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-10-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multi-Center Study Comparing the Effects of Carvedilol Phosphate Modified Release Formulation (COREG- MR) With Metoprolol Succinate (TOPROL XL) on the Lipid Profile in Normolipidemic, or Mildly Dyslipidemic Hypertensive Patient [NCT00273052]Phase 3514 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-01-05Completed
Effects of Carvedilol on Cocaine Use in Humans [NCT00000294]Phase 20 participants Interventional1998-09-30Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multi-Center Study Comparing the Effects of Carvedilol Modified Release Formulation (COREG MR) and Atenolol in Combination With and Compared to an Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor (Lisinopril) on Left Ventricular Mass Re [NCT00108082]Phase 3287 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-01-31Completed
The Effect of HVPG-Guided Individualized Therapy in Patients With Cirrhosis Related Esophagogastric Variceal Hemorrhage For Secondary Prophylaxis:A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02638415]Phase 4500 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-12-31Recruiting
Effects of Spironolactone on Fibrosis Progression and Portal Pressure in Patients With Advanced Chronic Liver Disease [NCT02907749]Phase 496 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-01-01Completed
A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of SK&F-105517-D in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure- An Open-label Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of SK&F-105517-D in Patients With Chronic Heart Fai [NCT00742508]Phase 141 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-08-28Completed
Prognostic Value of the Circadian Pattern of Ambulatory Blood Pressure for Multiple Risk Assessment [NCT00741585]Phase 421,983 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-09-01Completed
Efficacy of Nonselective Beta Blockers vs Placebo in Patients With Acute-on-chronic Liver Failure With Small/ no Esophageal Varices [NCT02583698]136 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-10-01Completed
Primary Prophylaxis of High-risk Esophageal Gastric Variceal Bleeding Comparing Carvedilol and Endoscopic Therapy: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02695732]Phase 4792 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2015-12-31Recruiting
Comparison of Carvedilol and Atenolol on Anti-anginal and Metabolic Effects in Patients With Stable Angina Pectoris [NCT02547597]Phase 499 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-04-30Completed
Single-Dose Food In Vivo Bioequivalence Study of Carvedilol Tablets (12.5 mg; Mylan) to Coreg® Tablets (12.5 mg; GSK) in Healthy Volunteers [NCT00648622]Phase 150 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-04-30Completed
A Two-Way Crossover, Open-Label, Single Dose, Fasting, Bioequivalence Study of Carvedilol 12.5 mg Tablets Versus Coreg® 12.5 mg Tablets in Normal, Healthy, Non-Smoking Male and Female Subjects [NCT00864435]Phase 136 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-10-31Completed
NT-proBNP Selected PreventiOn of Cardiac eveNts in a populaTion of dIabetic Patients Without A History of Cardiac Disease: a Prospective Randomized Trial [NCT02817360]Phase 42,400 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-02-29Recruiting
Vascular Benefits of Adding CarvedilolCR to Type2 Diabetic Patients on ACEI:Effects on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. [NCT00430040]Phase 414 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-02-28Terminated
Comparative Effects of Nebivolol and Carvedilol on Diastolic Function of the Left Ventricle in the Elderly Heart Failure Patients With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02619526]62 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-12-31Recruiting
Hepatic Vein Pressure Gradient(HVPG)-Guided Therapy vs Carvedilol Plus Endotherapy for the Prevention of Esophageal Variceal Rebleeding in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04254822]220 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-06-01Not yet recruiting
An Open-label Pilot Study Using Carvedilol-CR as a P-glycoprotein Inhibitor as Adjunct Therapy in the Treatment of Medically-refractory Epilepsy [NCT00524134]Phase 2/Phase 36 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-12-31Terminated(stopped due to PI left the institution.)
N-of-1 Trials for Deprescribing Beta-blockers in HFpEF [NCT04757584]Phase 49 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-04-01Completed
Beta Adrenergic Receptor Blockade as a Novel Therapy for Patients With Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate [NCT02944201]Phase 222 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-04-01Active, not recruiting
RCT of Carvedilol vs Variceal Band Ligation in the Primary Prophylaxis of Oesophageal Variceal Haemorrhage [NCT01070641]Phase 4148 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2002-06-30Recruiting
The Vascular Effects of Carvedilol Controlle Release (CR) + Lisinopril Versus Lisinopril + Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) in Abdominally Obese Hypertensive Patients [NCT00459056]Phase 325 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-04-30Completed
Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study on the Effectiveness of Treatment With Beta-blockers to Prevent Decompensation of Cirrhosis With Portal Hypertension [NCT01059396]Phase 4201 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-01-28Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Parallel Group, Factorial Design Trial to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of up to Six Weeks Treatment With 20mg, 40mg, or 80mg QD Doses of Carvedilol Controlled Release Formulation (COREG CR) or 10mg, 20mg, or 40m [NCT00347360]Phase 3654 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-07-31Completed
Randomized,2-way Crossover, Bioequivalence Study of Carvedilol 25 mg Film-coated Tablets and COREG® 25 mg Film-coated Tablets Administered as 1 x 25 mg Film-coated Tablet in Healthy Subjects Under Fasting Conditions [NCT01064154]Phase 136 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-05-31Completed
Randomized,2-way Crossover, Bioequivalence Study of Carvedilol 25 mg Film-coated Tablets and COREG® 25 mg Film-coated Tablets Administered as 1 x 25 mg Film-coated Tablet in Healthy Subjects Under Fed Conditions [NCT01064180]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-05-31Completed
CSP #2026 - Beta Blocker Dialyzability on Cardiovascular Outcomes (BRAVO) [NCT05931276]Phase 32,540 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2024-01-01Not yet recruiting
A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Carvedilol Versus Metoprolol for Atrial Fibrillation Appearing After Off-Pump Coronary Bypass Surgery in the Carvedilol or Metoprolol Post-Revascularization Atrial Fibrillation Controlled Trial (COMPACT) [NCT00198614]650 participants Interventional2005-01-31Completed
Effects of Inpatient Initiation of Carvedilol and Nurse Management on Health Outcomes in Vulnerable Heart Failure Patients (ECHO Study): a Randomized Trial [NCT00381030]Phase 4100 participants Interventional2002-10-31Completed
Efficacy and Safety Comparison of Extended-Release Carvedilol Sulfate and Sustained-release Metoprolol Succinate in Patients With Hypertension [NCT01970059]Phase 3302 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-10-31Recruiting
To Study the Hemodynamic Response of Early Addition of Carvedilol to Terlipressin in Acute Variceal Bleed in Child's B and C Cirrhosis- A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05699824]100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-07-01Recruiting
Efficacy and Safety Comparison of Extended-Release Carvedilol Sulfate and Sustained-release Metoprolol Succinate in Patients With Heart Failure [NCT02012075]Phase 3316 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-12-31Recruiting
Carvedilol for the Prevention of Minor Cardiac Damage and Cardiac Function in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy [NCT00606775]Phase 460 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-12-31Recruiting
Effects of Dapagliflozin on Hypotensive Patients With Depressed Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction After Sacubitril/Valsartan Therapy [NCT04575675]Phase 478 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-05-29Completed
Clinical Efficacy of Carvedilol for Psychostimulant Dependence [NCT01171183]Phase 232 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-08-31Completed
Collaborative Systematic Overview of Randomised Controlled Trials of Beta-Blockers in the Treatment of Heart Failure [NCT00832442]18,240 participants (Anticipated)Observational2008-08-31Enrolling by invitation
Blood Pressure, Endothelial Cell Dysfunction, and Outcomes in Dialysis Patients [NCT00827775]Phase 455 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-06-30Completed
Single-Dose Fasting In Vivo Bioequivalence Study of Carvedilol Tablets (12.5 mg; Mylan) to Coreg® Tablets (12.5 mg; GSK) in Healthy Volunteers [NCT00650416]Phase 150 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-03-31Completed
Pilot Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Carvedilol in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension [NCT00964678]Phase 1/Phase 210 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-06-30Completed
A Randomized, Open-label, Multiple-dose, Crossover Phase I Study to Compare the Pharmacokinetic Characteristics and Safety of Dilatrend SR Capsule 32 mg and Dilatrend Tablet 25 mg in Healthy Male Subjects [NCT01819870]Phase 148 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-04-30Not yet recruiting
Phase III Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Antihypertensive Effect of AGSCT101 Versus Carvedilol in Patient With Stage 1 to 2 Essential Hypertension [NCT01413048]Phase 3260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-01-31Recruiting
Ischemia In Hemodialysed Patients And Outcome: Ivabradine Versus Carvedilol. A Randomized, Double Blind Study [NCT01425164]Phase 4220 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2011-01-31Recruiting
Mechanism of Increased Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Patients With Intradialytic Hypertension and Hemodialysis Controls: A Case Control Study and Crossover Trial Comparing Carvedilol and Prazosin Hydrochloride [NCT01862497]76 participants (Actual)Observational2013-01-31Completed
Carvedilol and Micro T-Wave Alternans in Hypertensives With Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT00638222]6 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Terminated(stopped due to Poor enrollment)
Extension Study of Carvedilol for the Prevention of the Esophageal Varices Progression on HBV Cirrhotic Patients With Anti-Viral Therapy [NCT05021406]240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-01-08Recruiting
A Randomized, Open-label, Single-dose, Three-period, Crossover Study to Demonstrate the Bioequivalence of the Fixed Dose Combination (FDC) of COREG CR™ and Lisinopril to COREG CR and ZESTRIL [NCT00556920]Phase 150 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-10-31Completed
A Phase II, Multi-center, Multiple-dose, Double-blind, Randomized, Crossover Study Comparing the Pharmacodynamic Effects of a Once-daily Controlled-Release Carvedilol (CRC; Egalet® Formulation) and an Immediate-Release Carvedilol (IRC) Formulation in Pati [NCT00444834]Phase 214 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-04-30Terminated(stopped due to IMP supply)
Beta-blocker Uptitration in Heart Failure Patients Receiving Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy With Optivol Fluid Status Monitoring System [NCT00433043]Phase 42 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-01-31Terminated(stopped due to Insufficient enrollment)
Comparison of Effect of cARvedilol Compared To bISoprolol on cenTral Pulse Pressure in Hypertension (ARTIST) Study [NCT01243827]Phase 4200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2010-11-30Recruiting
[NCT00497003]Phase 450 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-02-29Completed
Early Precise Diagnosis and Intervention of Cirrhotic Portal Hypertension (CPT) Based on a Noninvasive 3D-virtual-model of Hepatic Portal System (3D-vHPS) [NCT02925975]Phase 4100 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-01-31Active, not recruiting
A Prospective Multi-Center Randomized Study to Evaluate the Effects of Carvedilol on Cardiotoxicity in Cancer Patients Submitted to Anthracycline Therapy [NCT04939883]Phase 41,018 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-08-01Recruiting
Beta Blockers for Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Children [NCT01723371]Phase 1/Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-09-30Withdrawn(stopped due to Due to lack of enrollment.)
[NCT00004854]Phase 10 participants InterventionalCompleted
A Randomized, Open-label, Single-dose, Crossover Study to Demonstrate the Bioequivalence of the Final Fixed Dose Combination (FDC) Formulation (COREG CR & Lisinopril) to COREG CR & ZESTRIL Employed in the Phase III Factorial Study [NCT00552708]Phase 155 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-09-30Completed
Acute Hemodynamic Response to Carvedilol in Children With Clinically Significant Portal Hypertension. [NCT05767229]40 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-15Not yet recruiting
A Randomized, Double-blind, Positive-Controlled, Multicenter Study Comparing the Efficacy of Carvedilol Phosphate Modified Release Formulation (COREG MR) and Metoprolol Succinate Extended Release (TOPROL-XL) on the Reduction of Microalbuminuria in Patient [NCT00123903]Phase 31,220 participants Interventional2005-07-31Terminated
Data Analysis for Drug Repurposing for Effective Alzheimer's Medicines (DREAM)- Propranolol/Carvedilol Versus Atenolol/Bisoprolol/Sotalol [NCT05794997]817,337 participants (Actual)Observational2022-11-30Active, not recruiting
Carvedilol Effect in Preventing Chemotherapy - Induced Cardiotoxicity. A Randomized Double Blind Study. [NCT01724450]Phase 3200 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-04-30Completed
Danish Carvedilol Study in Portal Hypertension. Carvedilol in the Prevention of Bleeding in Portal Hypertension and Esophageal Varices [NCT00493480]Phase 340 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2003-09-30Completed
Carvedilol vs.Metoprolol: A Comparison of Effects on Endothelial Function and Oxidative Stress in Response to Acute Hyperglycemia in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension [NCT00642434]Phase 422 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-01-31Completed
AuTophagy Activation for Cardiomyopathy Due to Anthracycline tReatment (ATACAR) Trial [NCT04190433]Phase 20 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-09-01Withdrawn(stopped due to Administratively closed due to low/no accrual)
Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients With Heart Failure (OPTIMIZE-HF): An Internet-based Registry and Process of Care Improvement Program for Heart Failure Patients [NCT00344513]Phase 450,000 participants Interventional2002-12-16Completed
Nebivolol Versus Bisoprolol Versus Carvedilol in Heart Failure: Effects on Exercise Capacity and Hypoxia, Chemoreceptor Response, Pulmonary Function [NCT00517725]Phase 460 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-07-31Completed
A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Open-label, Multi-Center Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Fuzheng Huayu Combined With Entecavir and Carvedilol in Moderate and Severe Cirrhotic Portal Hypertension Due to Hepatitis B Virus [NCT02945982]Phase 4184 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-04-05Recruiting
The Use of Low-Dose Carvedilol to Improve Hypoglycemia Awareness in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT03538015]Phase 21 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-04-22Terminated(stopped due to Sponsor was impacted by COVID-19 and did not have sufficient funds to continue.)
Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) [NCT00000620]Phase 310,251 participants (Actual)Interventional1999-09-30Completed
Beta-blockers Or Placebo for Primary Prophylaxis of Oesophageal Varices (BOPPP Trial). A Blinded, UK Multi-centre, Clinical Effectiveness and Cost-effectiveness Randomised Controlled Trial. [NCT05872698]Phase 41,200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-06-01Recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter Study Comparing the Effects of Carvedilol and Metoprolol on Glycemic Control in Hypertensive Patients With Type II Diabetes Mellitus. [NCT00060931]Phase 4501 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-06-30Completed
A Multicenter, Open Label Extension Study to Evaluate the Safety of Twice Daily Oral Carvedilol in Pediatric Patients With Chronic Heart Failure [NCT00129363]Phase 375 participants (Actual)Interventional2002-01-31Completed
A Randomized, Open Label, Balanced, Two-Treatment, Two-Period, Two-Sequence, Single Dose, Crossover, Bioequivalence Study of Carvedilol Tablets USP 12.5 mg With Coreg® 12.5 mg in Normal, Healthy, Adult, Human Subjects Under Fasting Condition. [NCT01577914]Phase 142 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-07-31Completed
A Multicenter, Placebo-Controlled, 8-Month Study of the Effect of Twice Daily Carvedilol in Children With Congestive Heart Failure Due to Systemic Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction [NCT00052026]Phase 3161 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-05-31Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter Study Comparing the Glycemic Control Characteristics of Carvedilol and Metoprolol in Hypertensive Patients With Type II Diabetes Mellitus. [NCT00060918]Phase 41,210 participants Interventional2001-06-30Completed
The Effects of ß2 Polymorphisms on Beta Selectivity After ß-adrenergic Blockade in Patients With Heart Failure [NCT00214318]25 participants Interventional2005-01-31Completed
Effects of Combined Ventricular Unloading and Pharmacological Therapy on Left Ventricular Metabolic Dysfunction in Heart Failure [NCT00402376]Phase 420 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2007-04-30Terminated
Efficacy of Coreg CR and Lisinopril on Markers for Cardiovascular Functional and Structural Disease. DETECT (DEtection and Treatment of Early Cardiovascular Disease Trial) [NCT00553969]Phase 1/Phase 2101 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-11-30Completed
Effects of Carvedilol on Suppressing the Premature Ventricular Complex/Ventricular Tachycardia From Outflow Tract [NCT03587558]Phase 4104 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-09-05Recruiting
Efficacy and Tolerability of Nebivolol Compared With Carvedilol in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease and Stage I or II Hypertension [NCT00673075]Phase 439 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-05-31Completed
Cocaine Withdrawal and Pharmacotherapy Response [NCT00566969]106 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-09-30Completed
Official Title: Spironolactone Combined With Captopril and Carvedilol for the Treatment of Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Associated With Congenital Heart Disease-Focus on Pulmonary Artery Remodeling [NCT00240656]Phase 10 participants Interventional2005-10-31Completed
Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Assessment of Once-Daily Controlled Release COREG CR vs Twice-Daily COREG Immediate Release(IR)on Measures of Compliance and Quality of Life in Patients With Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction [NCT00272805]Phase 3400 participants Interventional2005-10-31Completed
Prognostic Value of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in the Prediction of Cardiovascular Events and Effects of Chronotherapy in Relation to Risk (the MAPEC Study). [NCT00295542]Phase 43,344 participants (Actual)Interventional2000-03-31Completed
"Effects of Carvedilol on the Cardiovascular and Subjective Response to MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, Ecstasy)" [NCT01270672]16 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-01-31Completed
Rate Control in Atrial Fibrillation [NCT00313157]Phase 380 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-04-30Completed
Evaluation of Effects of Chronic Dose Exposure to Cardioselective and Non-cardioselective Beta Blockers on Measures of Cardiopulmonary Function in Moderate to Severe COPD. [NCT01656005]Phase 418 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-08-31Completed
A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Non-selective Beta Blockers Versus EVL for Primary Prophylaxis of Esophageal Variceal Bleeding in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Portal Vein Tumour Thrombosis [NCT01659346]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-02-29Withdrawn(stopped due to Due to high mortality)
Effects of Carvedilol and Metoprolol on Endothelial Function in Hypertensive Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT00123604]Phase 436 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-06-30Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Multi-center, Phase 3 Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Carvedilol SR Versus Carvedilol IR in Patients With Essential Hypertension [NCT01756430]Phase 3238 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-12-31Completed
Effect of Ivabradine, Carvedilol or Their Combination in Patients With Heart Failure [NCT01178528]Phase 3121 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-09-30Completed
Non-Invasive Determination of Central Aortic Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients Treated With Controlled-Release Carvedilol or Atenolol [NCT00669279]Phase 441 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-04-30Completed
Pulmonary Artery Catheterization and Carvedilol Early Initiation in Cardiogenic SHOCK Caused by Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction [NCT06078436]160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-10-31Not yet recruiting
Cardioprotective Benefits of Carvedilol-CR or Valsartan Added to Lisinopril [NCT00657241]Phase 330 participants (Actual)Interventional2008-04-30Completed
Clinical Study of Carvedilol for the Prevention of the Progression of Esophageal Varices in Hepatitis B Related Cirrhotic Patients With Anti-Viral Therapy [NCT03736265]240 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-10-09Active, not recruiting
Carvedilol for Prevention of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation [NCT01608893]300 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-05-31Active, not recruiting
Slow-release CArvedilol in Patients With REduced Strain and Preserved Ejection Fraction Heart Failure (CARE-preserved HF): A Prospective Randomized, Double-Blinded, Multicenter Study [NCT05553314]Phase 4100 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-11-17Recruiting
Multicentre, Open-label, Non-interventional Observational Clinical Study Lasting 48 Weeks in Patients With Heart Failure or Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Following Acute Myocardial Infarction Who Are Treated With Carvedilol [NCT01484327]415 participants (Actual)Observational2009-01-31Completed
A Randomized Trial of Carvedilol After Renin-angiotensin System Inhibition in Chronic Chagas Cardiomyopathy [NCT01557140]Phase 442 participants (Actual)Interventional2003-05-31Completed
A Pilot Study of Treatment of Adults With Sickle Cell Disease Associated Pulmonary Hypertension Based on Hemodynamic Stratification: Safety and Tolerability Study of Imatinib and Carvedilol [NCT01568645]Phase 10 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-03-02Withdrawn
Effect of Carvedilol on Exercise Performance in Fontan Patients [NCT02946892]Phase 426 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-11-30Completed
Pilot Trial of Carvedilol in Alzheimer's Disease [NCT01354444]Phase 429 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-06-30Completed
The CAMERA Study: CArvedilol MEtoprolol Respiratory Assessment Investigator Trial [NCT00384566]Phase 40 participants (Actual)Interventional2005-06-30Withdrawn(stopped due to In order to join forces with another study already running which aims to answer the same question.)
Conditioned Pharmacotherapeutic Effects in Hypertension [NCT02056626]Phase 444 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-03-31Completed
Carvedilol Plus Endoscopic Cyanoacrylate Injection Versus Endoscopic Cyanoacrylate Injection for Secondary Prophylaxis of Gastric Variceal Bleeding [NCT02504723]Phase 4121 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial of Carvedilol Versus Endoscopic Band Ligation for Primary Prophylaxis of Oesophageal Variceal Bleeding in Cirrhotic Patients With Arterial Hypertension [NCT04499898]Phase 2/Phase 3306 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-10-01Recruiting
Prospective, Randomized Comparison of Therapy With Verapamil or Carvedilol on Long-Term Outcomes of Patients With Chronic Heart Failure Secondary to Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy [NCT00374465]Phase 4100 participants Interventional2006-01-31Recruiting
Doppler Ultrasound Hepatic Vein Waveform as a Non-invasive Tool in the Assessment of Severity of Portal Hypertension (DPH Trial) [NCT02975323]Phase 350 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2014-12-31Recruiting
Beta-blockers in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension - A Phase 2 Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study Evaluating the Efficacy, and Safety of Carvedilol for Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension [NCT02507011]Phase 22 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-01-31Terminated(stopped due to Recruitment)
[NCT02357004]0 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-02-28Withdrawn(stopped due to Change in priority of interventional protocols)
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Treatment With Carvedilol for Heart Failure [NCT01586156]30 participants (Actual)Interventional2012-12-31Completed
Carvedilol, Endoscopic Variceal Ligation or Combination of Both for Prevention of First Variceal Bleed in Child's B & C Cirrhosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03069339]330 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-03-15Active, not recruiting
A Prospective Randomized Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Carvedilol With or Without Simvastatin in Patients With Portal Hypertension and Esophageal Varices [NCT02465645]220 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-06-01Completed
Clinical Study Evaluating the Gastroprotective Effect of Carvedilol in Patients With Ischemic Heart Disease on Aspirin Therapy [NCT05553717]66 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-10-31Not yet recruiting
Endoscopic and Microbiological Assessment of the Effect of Carvedilol Combined With Berberine on GOV in Cirrhosis: a Prospective Cohort Study [NCT04543643]Phase 3288 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-11-01Not yet recruiting
Prospective Evaluation of Carvedilol in Prevention of Cardiac Toxicity in Patients With Metastatic HER-2+ Breast Cancer, Phase III [NCT03418961]Phase 3817 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-11-01Recruiting
TrAstuzumab Cardiomyopathy Therapeutic Intervention With Carvedilol (TACTIC) Trial [NCT03879629]Phase 2450 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-08-21Recruiting
A Four Way Crossover Study in Healthy Volunteers to Evaluate the Application of Stable Isotope Approach to Reduce Number of Subjects Needed for PK Studies [NCT01793870]Phase 117 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-01-15Completed
The Effect of Adrenergic Blocker Therapy on Cardiac and Striatal Transporter Uptake in Pre-Motor and Symptomatic Parkinson's Disease [NCT03775096]Phase 215 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-04-04Recruiting
Radiofrequency Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation in Advanced Chronic Heart Failure [NCT00292162]41 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-01-31Completed
Phase II Placebo-controlled Trial of Lisinopril and Coreg CR® to Reduce Cardiotoxicity in Patients With Breast Cancer Receiving (Neo)Adjuvant Chemotherapy With Trastuzumab (Herceptin®) [NCT01009918]Phase 2468 participants (Actual)Interventional2010-03-31Completed
Mechanism of Masked Hypertension - Intervention [NCT04121299]Phase 30 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-07-31Withdrawn(stopped due to lack of funding)
Comparison of the Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Respiratory Effects of Nebivolol and Carvedilol at High Altitude in Healthy Subjects. [NCT00924833]Phase 427 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Completed
Randomized Open-Label Crossover Trial Comparing Tolerability of a Cardioselective Beta-Blocker (Metoprolol-Succinate-ER) and a Non-Cardioselective Beta-Blocker (Carvedilol) in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease [NCT03370835]Phase 421 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-06-30Completed
Carvedilol for the Prevention of Anthracycline/Anti-HER2 Therapy Associated Cardiotoxicity Among Women With HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Using Myocardial Strain Imaging for Early Risk Stratification [NCT02177175]Phase 282 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-06-24Completed
Biomarker Guided Therapies in Stage A/B Heart Failure [NCT02230891]Phase 258 participants (Actual)Interventional2014-10-01Completed
Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effectiveness and Safety of Carvedilol vs. Propranolol Combined With Endoscopic Treatment in Second Prophylaxis of Variceal Bleeding in Cirrhosis [NCT05651789]160 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-01-31Not yet recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00000620 (6) [back to overview]First Occurrence of MCE or Revascularization or Hospitalization for Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) in Lipid Trial.
NCT00000620 (6) [back to overview]First Occurrence of a Major Cardiovascular Event (MCE); Specifically Nonfatal Heart Attack, Nonfatal Stroke, or Cardiovascular Death (Measured Throughout the Study) in the Glycemia Trial.
NCT00000620 (6) [back to overview]Death From Any Cause in the Glycemia Trial.
NCT00000620 (6) [back to overview]Stroke in the Blood Pressure Trial.
NCT00000620 (6) [back to overview]First Occurrence of Major Cardiovascular Event (MCE) in the Lipid Trial.
NCT00000620 (6) [back to overview]First Occurrence of Major Cardiovascular Event (MCE) in the Blood Pressure Trial.
NCT00108082 (14) [back to overview]Model-adjusted Ratio to Baseline as Percentage Change From Baseline in Log Transformed C-Reactive Protein (CRP) at Month 12
NCT00108082 (14) [back to overview]Model-adjusted Ratio to Baseline as Percentage Change From Baseline in Log Transformed B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) at Month 12
NCT00108082 (14) [back to overview]Model-adjusted Ratio to Baseline as Percentage Change From Baseline in Log Transformed Albumin Creatinine Ratio (ACR) at Month 12
NCT00108082 (14) [back to overview]Model-adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in LV Mass as Measured by Echocardiography at Month 12
NCT00108082 (14) [back to overview]Model-adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Left Ventricular Mass Indexed by Height (LVMIH) as Measured by Echocardiography at Month 12
NCT00108082 (14) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in LV Filling Parameters as Measured by MRI at Month 12
NCT00108082 (14) [back to overview]Percentage Change From Baseline in Log Transformed Lipid Parameters at Month 12
NCT00108082 (14) [back to overview]Model-adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Left Ventricular Mass Indexed (LVMI) by Body Surface Area as Measured by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) at Month 12
NCT00108082 (14) [back to overview]Model-adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Left Ventricular Mass Indexed (LVMI) by Body Surface Area as Measured by Echocardiography at Month 12
NCT00108082 (14) [back to overview]Model-adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure (BP) at Month 12
NCT00108082 (14) [back to overview]Model-adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in LV End Systolic and Diastolic Volumes and Ejection Fraction as Measured by MRI at Month 12
NCT00108082 (14) [back to overview]Model-adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in LV End Systolic and Diastolic Volumes and Ejection Fraction as Measured by Echocardiography at Month 12
NCT00108082 (14) [back to overview]Model-adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Left Ventricular (LV) Mass as Measured by MRI at Month 12
NCT00108082 (14) [back to overview]Model-adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Left Ventricular Mass Indexed by Height (LVMIH) as Measured by MRI at Month 12
NCT00123604 (1) [back to overview]Flow Mediated Dilation
NCT00273052 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) Levels by Treatment Group at Maintenance Month 6
NCT00273052 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (Glycemic Parameter) by Treatment Group at Maintenance Month 6
NCT00273052 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Heart Rate by Treatment Group at Maintenance Month 6
NCT00273052 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) (Glycemic Parameter) by Treatment Group at Maintenance Month 6
NCT00273052 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Additional Lipid Parameters by Treatment Group With Unit of Measures of mg/dL at Maintenance Month 6
NCT00273052 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in c-Peptide (Glycemic Parameter) by Treatment Group at Maintenance Month 6
NCT00273052 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Triglycerides Levels by Treatment Group at Maintenance Month 6
NCT00273052 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Blood Pressure by Treatment Group at Maintenance Month 6
NCT00273052 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Fasting Insulin (Glycemic Parameter) by Treatment Group at Maintenance Month 6
NCT00273052 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Additional Lipid Parameters by Treatment Group With Unit of Measures of g/L at Maintenance Month 6
NCT00273052 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Weight by Treatment Group at Maintenance Month
NCT00273052 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Log Transformed Lipoprotein-associated Phospholipase A2 (LpPLA2) by Treatment Group at Maintenance Month 6
NCT00273052 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Log Transformed High Sensitivity C-reactive Protein (Hs-CRP) by Treatment Group at Maintenance Month 6
NCT00273052 (14) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Homeostasis Model Assessment (Glycemic Parameter) by Treatment Group at Maintenance Month 6
NCT00292162 (6) [back to overview]Plasma B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) at 6 Months
NCT00292162 (6) [back to overview]Plasma B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) at Baseline
NCT00292162 (6) [back to overview]Baseline Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
NCT00292162 (6) [back to overview]Change in Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)%
NCT00292162 (6) [back to overview]Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)at 6 Months
NCT00292162 (6) [back to overview]Plasma B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
NCT00323037 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Early to Late Atrial Ratio (E:A Ratio)
NCT00323037 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Deceleration Time
NCT00323037 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in BNP Levels
NCT00323037 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Left Ventricular End Diastolic Volume (LVEDV)
NCT00323037 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Left Ventricular End Systolic Volume Index (LVESVI) Characterized by 2-D Echocardiography
NCT00323037 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Left Ventricular End Diastolic Volume Index (LVEDVI)
NCT00323037 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF)
NCT00323037 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Left Ventricular End Systolic Volume (LVESV)
NCT00323037 (16) [back to overview]Incidence of Hospitalizations
NCT00323037 (16) [back to overview]Drug Dose Tolerability
NCT00323037 (16) [back to overview]Safety and Tolerability of Coreg CR
NCT00323037 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Posterior Wall Thickness (PWT)
NCT00323037 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Left Ventricular Mass (LVM)
NCT00323037 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in End Diastolic Dimension (EDD)
NCT00323037 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in End Systolic Dimension (ESD)
NCT00323037 (16) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Intraventricular Septal Thickness (IVST)
NCT00347360 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 6 in Mean SBP and DBP Measured in Morning by 24 Hour ABPM
NCT00347360 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 6 in Mean SBP and DBP Measured at Night by 24hr ABPM
NCT00347360 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 6 in 24 Hour (hr) Mean Diastolic Blood Pressure
NCT00347360 (11) [back to overview]Dose-response Treatment Estimates: Change From Baseline to Week 6 in 24 Hour Mean DBP by ABPM (Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring)
NCT00347360 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 6 in Mean SBP and DBP Measured in Afternoon by 24hr ABPM
NCT00347360 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 6 in Trough to Peak Ratios of DBP by 24 Hour ABPM (Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring)
NCT00347360 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 6 in Trough Diastolic Blood Pressure
NCT00347360 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 6 in 24 Hour Mean Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT00347360 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 6 in Trough Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT00347360 (11) [back to overview]Change From Baseline to Week 6 in Mean Trough Sitting SBP and Sitting DBP by Cuff Assessment
NCT00347360 (11) [back to overview]Diastolic Responders, Defined as ≥ 10 mmHg Sitting (s)DBP Reduction From Baseline or a sDBP of <90 / 80 Millimeters (mm) of Mercury (Hg) for Non Diabetic / Diabetic Subjects Respectively (Based on Cuff Trough Measures)
NCT00391846 (8) [back to overview]Changes in Health-related Quality of Life
NCT00391846 (8) [back to overview]Changes in Heart Failure Symptoms
NCT00391846 (8) [back to overview]Changes in NT-proBNP Values Over Time in All Patients
NCT00391846 (8) [back to overview]Composite Value of 3 Variables After 9 Months: Cardiovascular Death (Days Alive), Cardiovascular Hospitalization (Days Out of Hospital), Heart Failure Symptoms (Symptom Score Subset of the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire - Questions 3,5,7,9)
NCT00391846 (8) [back to overview]Discontinuations
NCT00391846 (8) [back to overview]Number of CV Deaths
NCT00391846 (8) [back to overview]Number of Days in Hospital for CV Reason
NCT00391846 (8) [back to overview]Total Number of Titration Steps in Prescribed Heart Failure Treatment
NCT00459056 (1) [back to overview]Change in Reactive Hyperemic Index by Period (Carvedilol CR + Lisinopril vs. Lisinopril + HCTZ)
NCT00496834 (4) [back to overview]Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) Changes From Baseline (Visit 2) to 24 Weeks (Visit 6) After the Administration of the Study Drug
NCT00496834 (4) [back to overview]Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) Mean Changes From Baseline (Visit 2) to 24 Weeks (Visit 6) After the Administration of the Study Drug
NCT00496834 (4) [back to overview]Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) Mean Changes From Baseline (Visit 2) to 24 Weeks (Visit 6) After the Administration of the Study Drug
NCT00496834 (4) [back to overview]PWV Changes From Baseline (Visit 2) to 24 Weeks (Visit 6) After the Administration of the Study Drug
NCT00553969 (1) [back to overview]Change in Disease Score (DS) Among the Treatment Groups
NCT00566969 (1) [back to overview]Percent Days Abstinent From Cocaine - Self Report
NCT00624065 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Mean Sitting Cuff Blood Pressure <140/90 mmHg at the End of 6 Weeks of Treatment
NCT00624065 (2) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Sitting Systolic Blood Pressure (sSBP) and Sitting Diastolic Blood Pressure (sDBP) at Week 6
NCT00642434 (1) [back to overview]Number of Participants Assessed for Change in Markers of Inflammation (PAI-1) Following Treatment Compared to Baseline
NCT00657241 (6) [back to overview]Stroke Volume (SV)
NCT00657241 (6) [back to overview]Cardiac Output
NCT00657241 (6) [back to overview]Central Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT00657241 (6) [back to overview]Difference in Resting CTTI Between Carvedilol CR (Beta-blocker) and Valsartan (ARB) in Combination With Lisinopril.
NCT00657241 (6) [back to overview]Heart Rate (Beats/Min)
NCT00657241 (6) [back to overview]Systemic Vascular Resistance
NCT00669279 (1) [back to overview]Central Aortic Blood Pressure
NCT00673075 (4) [back to overview]Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) (%) at Week 18
NCT00673075 (4) [back to overview]Peripheral Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)
NCT00673075 (4) [back to overview]Proportion of Patients With Peripheral SBP <140 mm Hg and DBP <90 mm Hg at Week 18
NCT00673075 (4) [back to overview]Peripheral Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Alkaline Phosphatase, Alanine Aminotransferase, Aspartate Aminotransferase, Creatine Kinase, and Gamma Glutamyl Transferase at Week 8
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Calcium, Chloride, Glucose, Potassium, Sodium, and Urea/Blood Urea Nitrogen at Week 8
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Creatine Kinase BB Percentage, Creatine Kinase MB Percentage, and Creatine Kinase MM Percentage at Week 8
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Each Type of White Blood Cell (WBC) (Basophils, Eosinophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, and Total Neutrophils) at Week 8
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration at Week 8
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Platelet Count and White Blood Cell Count at Week 8
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Weight at Week 8
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Systolic Blood Pressure and Diastolic Blood Pressure at Week 8
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Mean Plasma Brain Natriuretic Peptide Concentration at Baseline and Week 8
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Adverse Events by Severity From Week 0 Through Week 8 (CRV-IR) or Week 14 (SK&F-105517-D)
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Number of Participants With the Indicated Change From Baseline New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Class at Week 8
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Number of Participants With the Indicated Electrocardiogram Findings at Baseline and Week 8
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Number of Participants With the Indicated Urinalysis Dipstick Results at Baseline and Week 8
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Hematocrit at Week 8
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Heart Rate at Week 8
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Amylase at Week 8
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin at Week 8
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Mean Corpuscular Volume at Week 8
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Red Blood Cell Count at Week 8
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Diastolic Blood Pressure at Week 8
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Time of Maximal Plasma Concentration (Tmax) of S-carvedilol, R-carvedilol, and M4 Active Metabolite (SB-203231) at Week 8
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Mean Heart Rate at Week 8
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Systolic Blood Pressure at Week 8
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Area Under the Plasma Concentration Versus Time Curve From Time Zero to 24 Hours (AUC0-24) of S-carvedilol, R-carvedilol, and M4 Active Metabolite (SB-203231) at Week 8
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Cardiothoracic Ratio at Baseline and Week 8
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Echocardiogram Results: Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction at Baseline and Week 8
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) and Trough Plasma Concentration (Cmin) of S-carvedilol, R-carvedilol, and M4 Active Metabolite (SB-203231) at Week 8
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Albumin and Total Protein at Week 8
NCT00742508 (29) [back to overview]Mean Change From Baseline in Total Bilirubin, Creatinine, and Uric Acid at Week 8
NCT00827775 (4) [back to overview]Endothelial Progenitor Cells
NCT00827775 (4) [back to overview]Endothelial Progenitor Cells
NCT00827775 (4) [back to overview]Flow Mediated Vasodilation
NCT00827775 (4) [back to overview]Flow Mediated Vasodilation
NCT00834795 (3) [back to overview]AUC0-inf - Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Infinity (Extrapolated) - Carvedilol in Plasma
NCT00834795 (3) [back to overview]Cmax - Maximum Observed Concentration - Carvedilol in Plasma
NCT00834795 (3) [back to overview]AUC0-t - Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Time of Last Non-zero Concentration (Per Participant) - Carvedilol in Plasma
NCT00834873 (3) [back to overview]Cmax - Maximum Observed Concentration - Carvedilol in Plasma
NCT00834873 (3) [back to overview]AUC0-t - Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Time of Last Non-zero Concentration (Per Participant) - Carvedilol in Plasma
NCT00834873 (3) [back to overview]AUC0-inf - Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Infinity (Extrapolated) - Carvedilol in Plasma
NCT00924833 (4) [back to overview]Peak Exercise Oxygen Consumption
NCT00924833 (4) [back to overview]Delta Peak Exercise Minute Ventilation Time 1 Versus Time 3.
NCT00924833 (4) [back to overview]Delta Peak Exercise Oxygen Consumption Time 1 Versus Time 3
NCT00924833 (4) [back to overview]Peak Exercise Minute Ventilation
NCT00964678 (4) [back to overview]Absolute Change in Right Ventricular Ejection Fraction
NCT00964678 (4) [back to overview]Change in 6 Minute Walk Distance
NCT00964678 (4) [back to overview]Change in Right Ventricular End Systolic Volume
NCT00964678 (4) [back to overview]Change in Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion
NCT01009918 (5) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Cardiotoxicity-free Survival at 750 Days From Baseline
NCT01009918 (5) [back to overview]Number of Participants With LVEF Decrease to <50%
NCT01009918 (5) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Trastuzumab-Induced Cardiotoxicity After 52 Weeks of Treatment
NCT01009918 (5) [back to overview]Number of Patients With Trastuzumab Course Interruption
NCT01009918 (5) [back to overview]Quality-of-life Changes Between Baseline and 52-weeks
NCT01171183 (2) [back to overview]Retention
NCT01171183 (2) [back to overview]Urine Toxicology Screens
NCT01178528 (4) [back to overview]Exercise Tolerance Assessed by 6 Minute Walking Test
NCT01178528 (4) [back to overview]Maximal Oxygen Consumption
NCT01178528 (4) [back to overview]New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class
NCT01178528 (4) [back to overview]Quality of Life
NCT01354444 (3) [back to overview]Effect of Carvedilol Treatment in Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Levels of Amyloid-beta Oligomers
NCT01354444 (3) [back to overview]Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT) Scores at Baseline, 3, and 6 Months
NCT01354444 (3) [back to overview]Effect of Carvedilol Treatment in Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Levels of Amyloid-beta Oligomers
NCT01586156 (7) [back to overview]Beta-Adrenergic Receptor (Alprenolol Binding Assay)
NCT01586156 (7) [back to overview]Cardiac Glucose Uptake in FDG-PET (Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography)
NCT01586156 (7) [back to overview]Echocardiogram Left Ventricular Cardiac Output
NCT01586156 (7) [back to overview]Echocardiogram Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure (RVSP)
NCT01586156 (7) [back to overview]NT-proBNP (N-terminal Pro-B Type Natriuretic Peptide)
NCT01586156 (7) [back to overview]Urinary cAMP (Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate)/Creatinine
NCT01586156 (7) [back to overview]6 Minute Walk Test
NCT01798992 (3) [back to overview]Improvement in Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) at 12 Months
NCT01798992 (3) [back to overview]Improvement in LVEF at 3 Months
NCT01798992 (3) [back to overview]Composite of All-cause Mortality, Need for Heart Transplant or Need for Ventricular Assist Device.
NCT02056626 (3) [back to overview]Mean Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT02056626 (3) [back to overview]Mean Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT02056626 (3) [back to overview]Mean Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT02177175 (4) [back to overview]Maximum Change in LVEF at 12 Months
NCT02177175 (4) [back to overview]Maximum Change in LVEF at 3 Months
NCT02177175 (4) [back to overview]Maximum Change in LVEF at 6 Months
NCT02177175 (4) [back to overview]Maximum Change in LVEF at 9 Months
NCT02230891 (4) [back to overview]Change in Pulse Wave Velocity
NCT02230891 (4) [back to overview]Change in Troponin T Measured Using a High Sensitivity Assay
NCT02230891 (4) [back to overview]Change in Cardiac Global Longitudinal Strain
NCT02230891 (4) [back to overview]Change in NTproBNP (Biomarker)
NCT02406586 (20) [back to overview]Change in Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT02406586 (20) [back to overview]Change in Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT02406586 (20) [back to overview]Change in Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT02406586 (20) [back to overview]Change in Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT02406586 (20) [back to overview]Change in Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT02406586 (20) [back to overview]Change in Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT02406586 (20) [back to overview]Change in Flow-mediated Dilation
NCT02406586 (20) [back to overview]Change in Flow-mediated Dilation
NCT02406586 (20) [back to overview]Change in FFA (Free Fatty Acid) Levels From Baseline to 6 Weeks
NCT02406586 (20) [back to overview]Change in Expression of Inflammatory Biomarker Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
NCT02406586 (20) [back to overview]Change in Expression of Inflammatory Biomarker C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
NCT02406586 (20) [back to overview]Change in Diastolic Blood Pressure From Baseline to 6 Weeks
NCT02406586 (20) [back to overview]Change in Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT02406586 (20) [back to overview]Change in Systolic Blood Pressure.
NCT02406586 (20) [back to overview]Change in Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT02406586 (20) [back to overview]Change in Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT02406586 (20) [back to overview]Change in Flow-mediated Dilation
NCT02406586 (20) [back to overview]Change in Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT02406586 (20) [back to overview]Change in Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT02406586 (20) [back to overview]Change in Flow-mediated Dilation
NCT02504723 (4) [back to overview]All Cause Mortality or Liver Transplantation
NCT02504723 (4) [back to overview]All Adverse Effects
NCT02504723 (4) [back to overview]Rebleeding From Gastric Varices
NCT02504723 (4) [back to overview]All Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
NCT02507011 (1) [back to overview]Mean Change in Right Ventricular Ejection Fraction as Measured by Cardiac MRI
NCT02717507 (20) [back to overview]Average Left Ventricular End-diastolic Dimension
NCT02717507 (20) [back to overview]Average Left Ventricular End-diastolic Dimension
NCT02717507 (20) [back to overview]Average Galectin-3
NCT02717507 (20) [back to overview]Average Fractional Shortening
NCT02717507 (20) [back to overview]Average Ejection Fraction
NCT02717507 (20) [back to overview]Average Cardiac Troponin I
NCT02717507 (20) [back to overview]Average Cardiac N-terminal Pro B-type Natriuretic Peptide
NCT02717507 (20) [back to overview]Average Bilirubin
NCT02717507 (20) [back to overview]"Proportion of Patients Who Responded Moderately, Quite a Bit, or Extremely to How Bothersome the Symptom of DIARRHEA Was at Any Post-day 0 Assessment Time Point."
NCT02717507 (20) [back to overview]Proportion of Patients With Reportable Adverse Events as Described in the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE).
NCT02717507 (20) [back to overview]Proportion of Participants With Average Adherence > 90%
NCT02717507 (20) [back to overview]Average Aspartate Aminotransferase
NCT02717507 (20) [back to overview]Average Alanine Aminotransferase
NCT02717507 (20) [back to overview]Average Peak Early Atrial Divided by Peak Late Atrial Velocities
NCT02717507 (20) [back to overview]Average Left-Ventricular Wall Thickness-Dimension Ratio Z-score (LVWT/Dz)
NCT02717507 (20) [back to overview]Average Left Ventricular Mass
NCT02717507 (20) [back to overview]Average Left Ventricular End-systolic Wall Stress
NCT02717507 (20) [back to overview]Average N-terminal Pro B-type Natriuretic Peptide
NCT02717507 (20) [back to overview]Average Left Ventricular End-systolic Volume
NCT02717507 (20) [back to overview]Average Left Ventricular End-systolic Volume
NCT02946892 (3) [back to overview]Change in Peak Heart Rate
NCT02946892 (3) [back to overview]Change in Oxygen Uptake at Anaerobic Threshold
NCT02946892 (3) [back to overview]Change in Peak Oxygen Uptake From Baseline Peak Oxygen Uptake
NCT04767061 (10) [back to overview]Change in Patient-reported Quality of Life When on Beta-blocker Versus When Off Beta-blocker, as Measured by Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System-29 (PROMIS-29)
NCT04767061 (10) [back to overview]Change in Physical Activity When on Beta-blocker Versus When Off Beta-blocker, as Measured by Step Count on Wearable Activity Monitoring Device
NCT04767061 (10) [back to overview]Change in Patient-reported Health When on Beta-blocker Versus When Off Beta-blocker, as Measured by the EuroQol-5D Visual Analogue System (EQ-5D VAS)
NCT04767061 (10) [back to overview]Change in Patient-reported Health Status When on Beta-blocker Versus When Off Beta-blocker, as Measured by Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ-12)
NCT04767061 (10) [back to overview]Change in Lower Extremity Function When on Beta-blocker Versus When Off Beta-blocker, as Measured by the Chair Rise Portion of a Modified Version of the Short Physical Performance Battery.
NCT04767061 (10) [back to overview]Change in Exercise Capacity When on Beta-blocker Versus When Off Beta-blocker, as Measured by Peak Oxygen Consumption (VO2) During Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test (CPET)
NCT04767061 (10) [back to overview]Change in Lower Extremity Function When on Beta-blocker Versus When Off Beta-blocker, as Measured by the Balance Portion of a Modified Version of the Short Physical Performance Battery.
NCT04767061 (10) [back to overview]Change in Lower Extremity Function When on Beta-blocker Versus When Off Beta-blocker, as Measured by the Gait Speed Portion of a Modified Version of the Short Physical Performance Battery.
NCT04767061 (10) [back to overview]Change in Patient-reported Cognitive Function When on Beta-blocker Versus When Off Beta-blocker, as Measured by Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System-Short Form 6a (PROMIS SF-6a)
NCT04767061 (10) [back to overview]Change in Patient-reported Sexual Function When on Beta-blocker Versus When Off Beta-blocker, as Measured by Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System-Sexual Function (PROMIS-Sexual Function)

First Occurrence of MCE or Revascularization or Hospitalization for Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) in Lipid Trial.

Time to first occurrence of nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, cardiovascular death, revascularization procedure or hospitalization for CHF in Lipid Trial participants. (NCT00000620)
Timeframe: 4.7 years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Lipid Trial: Fenofibrate641
Lipid Trial: Placebo667

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First Occurrence of a Major Cardiovascular Event (MCE); Specifically Nonfatal Heart Attack, Nonfatal Stroke, or Cardiovascular Death (Measured Throughout the Study) in the Glycemia Trial.

"Time to first occurrence of nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death. This was the primary outcome measure in all three trials: Glycemia (all participants), Blood Pressure (subgroup of participants not in Lipid Trial), and Lipid (subgroup of participants not in Blood Pressure Trial).~In the Glycemia Trial, a finding of higher mortality in the intensive arm group led to an early discontinuation of therapy after a mean of 3.5 years of follow-up. Intensive arm participants were transitioned to standard arm strategy over a period of 0.2 year and followed for an additional 1.2 years to the planned end of the Glycemia Trial while participating in one of the other sub-trials (BP or Lipid) to their planned completion." (NCT00000620)
Timeframe: 4.9 years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Glycemia Trial: Intensive Control503
Glycemia Trial: Standard Control543

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Death From Any Cause in the Glycemia Trial.

"Time to death from any cause. Secondary measure for Glycemia Trial.~A finding of higher mortality in the intensive-therapy group led to an early discontinuation of therapy after a mean of 3.5 years of follow-up. Intensive arm participants were transitioned to standard arm strategy over a period of 0.2 year and followed for an additional 1.2 years to the planned end of the Glycemia Trial while participating in one of the other sub-trials (BP or Lipid)." (NCT00000620)
Timeframe: 4.9 years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Glycemia Trial: Intensive Control391
Glycemia Trial: Standard Control327

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Stroke in the Blood Pressure Trial.

Time to first occurrence of nonfatal or fatal stroke among participants in the BP Trial. (NCT00000620)
Timeframe: 4.7 years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
BP Trial: Intensive Control36
BP Trial: Standard Control62

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First Occurrence of Major Cardiovascular Event (MCE) in the Lipid Trial.

Time to first occurrence of nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death in Lipid Trial participants. (NCT00000620)
Timeframe: 4.7 years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Lipid Trial: Fenofibrate291
Lipid Trial: Placebo310

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First Occurrence of Major Cardiovascular Event (MCE) in the Blood Pressure Trial.

Time to first occurrence of nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death. Primary outcome for Blood Pressure Trial. (NCT00000620)
Timeframe: 4.7 years

Interventionparticipants (Number)
BP Trial: Intensive Control208
BP Trial: Standard Control237

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Model-adjusted Ratio to Baseline as Percentage Change From Baseline in Log Transformed C-Reactive Protein (CRP) at Month 12

CRP concentration (milligrams per deciliter) was measured at Baseline and after 12 months of treatment/Month 12. Percentage change from Baseline was based on log transformed data and calculated as 100 x (exponent (mean change on log scale) - 1). [Change in Baseline was calculated as Month 12 value (or value after 12 months of treatment) minus the Baseline value.] (NCT00108082)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12 (If Month 12 data were not available, the LOCF was used)

Interventionpercentage of change (Geometric Mean)
Carvedilol CR-10.63
Atenolol-3.22
Lisinopril2.70

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Model-adjusted Ratio to Baseline as Percentage Change From Baseline in Log Transformed B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) at Month 12

BNP concentration (picagram per milliter) was measured at Baseline and after 12 months of treatment/Month 12. Percentage change from Baseline was based on log transformed data and was calculated as 100 x (exponent (mean change on log scale) -1) [Change is the Month 12 value (or value after 12 months of treatment) minus the Baseline value]. (NCT00108082)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12 (If Month 12 data were not available, the LOCF was used

Interventionpercentage of change (Geometric Mean)
Carvedilol CR51.7
Atenolol48.3
Lisinopril-39.1

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Model-adjusted Ratio to Baseline as Percentage Change From Baseline in Log Transformed Albumin Creatinine Ratio (ACR) at Month 12

Urinary ACR (micrograms per milligram) was determined at Baseline and after 12 months of treatment/Month 12. Percentage change from Baseline was based on log transformed data and was calculated as 100 x (exponent (exponent (mean change on log scale) - 1. [Change in Baseline was calculated as Month 12 value (or value after 12 months of treatment) minus the Baseline value.] (NCT00108082)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12 (If Month 12 data were not available, the LOCF was used)

Interventionpercentage of change (Geometric Mean)
Carvedilol CR-27.1
Atenolol-20.1
Lisinopril-21.5

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Model-adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in LV Mass as Measured by Echocardiography at Month 12

LV Mass was measured by echocardiography at Baseline and after 12 months of treatment/Month 12. Change in Baseline was calculated as Month 12 value (or value after 12 months of treatment) minus the Baseline value. (NCT00108082)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12 (If Month 12 data were not available, the LOCF analysis, which includes data collected on or after Month 9 of treatment to Month 12 of treatment, was used)

Interventiongrams (Mean)
Carvedilol CR-45.76
Atenolol-40.56
Lisinopril-38.58

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Model-adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Left Ventricular Mass Indexed by Height (LVMIH) as Measured by Echocardiography at Month 12

LVMIH was measured by echogradiography at Baseline and after 12 months of treatment/Month 12. Change in Baseline was calculated as Month 12 value (or value after 12 months of treatment) minus the Baseline value. (NCT00108082)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12 (If Month 12 data were not available, the LOCF analysis, which includes data collected on or after Month 9 of treatment to Month 12 of treatment, was available)

Interventiong/m raised to 2.7 (g/(m^2.7)) (Mean)
Carvedilol CR-11.78
Atenolol-12.51
Lisinopril-11.61

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Mean Change From Baseline in LV Filling Parameters as Measured by MRI at Month 12

LV filling parameters, LV E-Volume and LV A-Volume, were measured by MRI at Baseline and after 12 months of treatment/Month 12. Change in Baseline was calculated as Month 12 value (or value after 12 months of treatment) minus the Baseline value. These filling parameters represent the volumes of blood filling the ventricle during the passive filling phase (E-volume) and the active filling phase caused by atrial contraction (A-volume). (NCT00108082)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12 (If Month 12 data were not available, the LOCF analysis, which includes data collected on or after Month 9 of treatment to Month 12 of treatment, was used)

,,
Interventionmilliliters (mL) (Mean)
LV E-volumeLV A-volume
Atenolol6.763-0.565
Carvedilol CR0.364-0.513
Lisinopril-3.4061.088

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Percentage Change From Baseline in Log Transformed Lipid Parameters at Month 12

Plasma lipid concentrations (milligrams per deciliter) were measured at Baseline and after 12 months of treatment/Month 12. Percentage change from Baseline was based on log transformed data and calculated as 100 x (exponent(mean change on log scale) - 1). [Change in Baseline was calculated as Month 12 value (or value after 12 months of treatment) minus the Baseline value.] (NCT00108082)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12 (If Month 12 data were not available, the LOCF was used)

,,
Interventionpercentage of change (Geometric Mean)
Total cholesterolLow-density lipid cholesterolHigh-density lipid cholesterolTriglycerides
Atenolol-1.3-4.0-4.77.1
Carvedilol CR0.70.0-4.311.0
Lisinopril-1.7-2.7-1.56.2

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Model-adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Left Ventricular Mass Indexed (LVMI) by Body Surface Area as Measured by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) at Month 12

LVMI was measured by MRI at Baseline and after 12 months of treatment/Month 12. A reduction in left ventricular mass, calculated as LVMI, of 5 g/m^2 was assumed to be clinically meaningful. Change in Baseline was calculated as Month 12 value (or value after 12 months of treatment) minus the Baseline value. (NCT00108082)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12 (If Month 12 data were not available, the Last Observation Carried Forward [LOCF] analysis, which includes data collected on or after Month 9 of treatment to Month 12 of treatment, was used)

Interventiongrams per meters squared (g/m^2) (Mean)
Carvedilol CR-6.34
Atenolol-6.67
Lisinopril-7.94

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Model-adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Left Ventricular Mass Indexed (LVMI) by Body Surface Area as Measured by Echocardiography at Month 12

LVMI was measured by echogradiography at Baseline and after 12 months of treatment/Month 12. Change in Baseline was calculated as Month 12 value (or value after 12 months of treatment) minus the Baseline value. (NCT00108082)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12 (If Month 12 data were not available, the LOCF analysis, which includes data collected on or after Month 9 of treatment to Month 12 of treatment, was used)

Interventiongrams per meters squared (g/m^2) (Mean)
Carvedilol CR-20.35
Atenolol-20.06
Lisinopril-18.48

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Model-adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure (BP) at Month 12

Systolic and Diastolic BP were measured at Baseline and after 12 months of treatment/Month 12. Change in Baseline was calculated as Month 12 value (or value after 12 months of treatment) minus the Baseline value. (NCT00108082)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12 (If Month 12 data were not available, the LOCF analysis, which includes data collected on or after Month 9 of treatment to Month 12 of treatment, was used)

,,
InterventionmmHg (millimeters of mercury) (Mean)
Systolic blood pressureDiastolic blood pressure
Atenolol-21.12-14.05
Carvedilol CR-21.32-12.77
Lisinopril-22.53-11.13

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Model-adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in LV End Systolic and Diastolic Volumes and Ejection Fraction as Measured by MRI at Month 12

LV End Systolic and Diastolic Volumes and Ejection Fraction were measured by MRI at Baseline and after 12 months of treatment/Month 12. Change in Baseline was calculated as Month 12 value (or value after 12 months of treatment) minus the Baseline value. The ejection fraction is the fraction of the blood volume available at the end of diastole that is pumped out of the ventricules during systole. (NCT00108082)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12 (If Month 12 data were not available, the LOCF analysis, which includes data collected on or after Month 9 of treatment to Month 12 of treatment, was used)

,,
Interventionmilliliters (mL) (Mean)
LV End Systolic VolumeLV End Diastolic VolumeLV Ejection Fraction
Atenolol-4.29-2.452.16
Carvedilol CR-1.44-2.860.08
Lisinopril-3.04-7.45-0.01

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Model-adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in LV End Systolic and Diastolic Volumes and Ejection Fraction as Measured by Echocardiography at Month 12

LV End Systolic and Diastolic Volumes and Ejection Fraction were measured by echocardiography at Baseline and after 12 months of treatment/Month 12. Change in Baseline was calculated as Month 12 value (or value after 12 months of treatment) minus the Baseline value. (NCT00108082)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12 (If Month 12 data were not available, the LOCF analysis, which includes data collected on or after Month 9 of treatment to Month 12 of treatment, was used)

,,
Interventionmilliliters (mL) (Mean)
LV End Systolic VolumeLV End Diastolic VolumeLV Ejection Fraction
Atenolol-4.74-3.642.33
Carvedilol CR-3.38-3.071.03
Lisinopril-5.34-9.370.63

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Model-adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Left Ventricular (LV) Mass as Measured by MRI at Month 12

LV Mass was measured by MRI at Baseline and after 12 months of treatment/Month 12. Change in Baseline was calculated as Month 12 value (or value after 12 months of treatment) minus the Baseline value. (NCT00108082)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12 (If Month 12 data were not available, the LOCF analysis, which includes data collected on or after Month 9 of treatment to Month 12 of treatment, was used)

Interventiongrams (g) (Mean)
Carvedilol CR-13.74
Atenolol-14.17
Lisinopril-17.17

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Model-adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Left Ventricular Mass Indexed by Height (LVMIH) as Measured by MRI at Month 12

LVMIH was measured by MRI at Baseline and after 12 months of treatment/Month 12. Change in Baseline was calculated as Month 12 value (or value after 12 months of treatment) minus the Baseline value. LV mass depends on body size. One method of determining whether an individual has LV hypertrophy relates LV mass to height raised to a power of 2.7. (NCT00108082)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 12 (If Month 12 data were not available, the LOCF analysis, which includes data collected on or after Month 9 of treatment to Month 12 of treatment, was used)

Interventiong/m raised to 2.7 (g/(m^2.7)) (Mean)
Carvedilol CR-3.19
Atenolol-3.37
Lisinopril-3.98

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Flow Mediated Dilation

Flow mediated dilation is a measure of endothelial function. It is measured by the percent change in artery diameter (i.e. dilation), pre and post manual artery occlusion. (NCT00123604)
Timeframe: change from baseline to 5 months

Interventionpercentage of change in dilation (Mean)
Carvedilol6.2
Metoprolol4.1

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Change From Baseline in High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) Levels by Treatment Group at Maintenance Month 6

Blood draw for HDL-C levels. Full beta Quant test performed with HDL subclasses. Change = Month 6 value minus Baseline value. (NCT00273052)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionmg/dL (Number)
Coreg CR-4.4
Toprol XL-5.1

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Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (Glycemic Parameter) by Treatment Group at Maintenance Month 6

Blood draw for glycemia levels. Full beta Quant test performed. Test for Fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, fasting insulin. Homeostasis model Assessment (HOMA) is a computer-generated model consisting of non-linear empirical equations solved numerically to predict glucose, Insulin and C-peptide concentrations in fasting subjects for insulin sensitivity (%S). Change = Month 6 value minus Baseline value. (NCT00273052)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

InterventionPercent Change (Number)
Coreg CR0.01
Toprol XL0.04

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Change From Baseline in Heart Rate by Treatment Group at Maintenance Month 6

Manual physical examination. Change = Month 6 value minus Baseline value. (BPM=beats per minute) (NCT00273052)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionbpm (Number)
Coreg CR-5.98
Toprol XL-6.07

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Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) (Glycemic Parameter) by Treatment Group at Maintenance Month 6

Blood draw for glycemia levels. Full beta Quant test performed. Test for Fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, fasting insulin. Homeostasis model Assessment (HOMA) is a computer-generated model consisting of non-linear empirical equations solved numerically to predict glucose, Insulin and C-peptide concentrations in fasting subjects for insulin sensitivity (%S). Change = Month 6 value minus Baseline value. (NCT00273052)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionmg/dL (Number)
Coreg CR0.94
Toprol XL1.20

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Change From Baseline in Additional Lipid Parameters by Treatment Group With Unit of Measures of mg/dL at Maintenance Month 6

Blood draw for lipid levels. Full beta Quant test performed with HDL subclasses and IDL. IDL=Intermediate density lipoproteins, LDL=Low-density lipoprotein, VLDL=Very Low density lipoprotein, HDL=High-density lipoprotein. Change = Month 6 value minus Baseline value. (NCT00273052)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

,
Interventionmg/dL (Number)
Total Serum CholesterolLow-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)Low+Very Low Density LipoproteinHigh-Density Lipoprotein 2 (HDL2)High-Density Lipoprotein 3 (HDL3)Low-Density Lipoprotein-Relative FlotationIntermediate Density Lipoproteins+VLDL
Coreg CR0.1-1.10.9-1.45-4.00.1662.0
Toprol XL-0.7-1.70.4-6.5-3.5-1.3605.6

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Change From Baseline in c-Peptide (Glycemic Parameter) by Treatment Group at Maintenance Month 6

Blood draw for glycemia levels. Full beta Quant test performed. Test for Fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, fasting insulin. Homeostasis model Assessment (HOMA) is a computer-generated model consisting of non-linear empirical equations solved numerically to predict glucose, Insulin and C-peptide concentrations in fasting subjects for insulin sensitivity (%S). Change = Month 6 value minus Baseline value. (NCT00273052)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionng/mL (Number)
Coreg CR-0.23
Toprol XL0.20

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Change From Baseline in Triglycerides Levels by Treatment Group at Maintenance Month 6

Blood draw for triglyceride levels. Full beta quantification test performed which uses ultracentrifugation to partially separate lipoprotein classes and is the basis for the reference methods. Change = Month 6 value minus Baseline value. (NCT00273052)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionmg/dL (Number)
Coreg CR2.65
Toprol XL10.39

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Change From Baseline in Blood Pressure by Treatment Group at Maintenance Month 6

Manual physical examination (cuff blood pressure). Change = Month 6 value minus Baseline value. (NCT00273052)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

,
Interventionmm Hg (Number)
Systolic Blood PressureDiastolic Blood Pressure
Coreg CR-15.90-10.89
Toprol XL-16.23-11.06

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Change From Baseline in Fasting Insulin (Glycemic Parameter) by Treatment Group at Maintenance Month 6

Blood draw for glycemia levels. Full beta Quant test performed. Test for Fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, fasting insulin. Homeostasis model Assessment (HOMA) is a computer-generated model consisting of non-linear empirical equations solved numerically to predict glucose, Insulin and C-peptide concentrations in fasting subjects for insulin sensitivity (%S). Change = Month 6 value minus Baseline value. (NCT00273052)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

InterventionuIU/mL (Number)
Coreg CR-1.21
Toprol XL1.35

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Change From Baseline in Additional Lipid Parameters by Treatment Group With Unit of Measures of g/L at Maintenance Month 6

Blood draw for lipid levels. Full beta Quant test performed. Change = Month 6 value minus Baseline value. (NCT00273052)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

,
Interventiong/L (Number)
Apolipoprotein A-1 (Apo-A1)Apolipoprotein B (Apo-B)
Coreg CR-1.82-1.16
Toprol XL-3.450.81

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Change From Baseline in Weight by Treatment Group at Maintenance Month

Manual physical examination. Change = Month 6 value minus Baseline value. (NCT00273052)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionkg (Number)
Coreg CR1.01
Toprol XL0.73

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Change From Baseline in Log Transformed Lipoprotein-associated Phospholipase A2 (LpPLA2) by Treatment Group at Maintenance Month 6

Blood draw for LpPLA2 activity. Change = Month 6 value minus Baseline value. (NCT00273052)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionmcmol/min/L (Number)
Coreg CR-2.38
Toprol XL-2.23

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Change From Baseline in Log Transformed High Sensitivity C-reactive Protein (Hs-CRP) by Treatment Group at Maintenance Month 6

Blood draw for hs-CRP. Change = Month 6 value minus Baseline value. (NCT00273052)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

Interventionmg/dL (Number)
Coreg CR-1.76
Toprol XL0.49

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Change From Baseline in Homeostasis Model Assessment (Glycemic Parameter) by Treatment Group at Maintenance Month 6

Blood draw for glycemia levels. Full beta Quant test performed. Test for Fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, fasting insulin. Homeostasis model Assessment (HOMA) is a computer-generated model consisting of non-linear empirical equations solved numerically to predict glucose, Insulin and C-peptide concentrations in fasting subjects for insulin sensitivity (%S). Change = Month 6 value minus Baseline value. (NCT00273052)
Timeframe: Baseline and Month 6

InterventionPercent Change (Number)
Coreg CR2.05
Toprol XL-4.14

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Plasma B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) at 6 Months

Plasma B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) (NCT00292162)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionpicograms per millilitre (Mean)
Medical Therapy1931
Radiofrequency Ablation2354

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Plasma B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) at Baseline

Plasma B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) measured at basline (NCT00292162)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionpicograms per millilitre (Mean)
Medical Therapy1846
Radiofrequency Ablation2550

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Baseline Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Baseline Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)in % (NCT00292162)
Timeframe: Baseline

Interventionpercentage of blood ejected in one beat (Mean)
Medical Therapy43
Radiofrequency Ablation36

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Change in Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)%

left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is a measure of the % of blood ejected from the ventricle in one heart beat. It is a measure of cardiac function. We measured LVEF at baseline and at 6 months, to assess whether there had been a change in the patients cardiac function over time. (NCT00292162)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 months

Interventionpercentage of blood ejected in one beat (Mean)
Medical Therapy2.8
Radiofrequency Ablation4.5

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Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)at 6 Months

Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction as measured by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)at 6 months (NCT00292162)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionpercentage of blood ejected in one beat (Mean)
Medical Therapy46
Radiofrequency Ablation41

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Plasma B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)

venous blood taken to assess levels of the above peptide. High evels of the peptide are associated with adverse prognosis. Blood levels are taken at baseline and 6 months. The change over 6 months is assessed, thereore it is possible to have a negative number if the level falls. (NCT00292162)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 months

Interventionpicograms per millilitre (Mean)
Medical Therapy85
Radiofrequency Ablation-196

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Change From Baseline in Early to Late Atrial Ratio (E:A Ratio)

(NCT00323037)
Timeframe: 24 weeks after entry into the maintenance period

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
Carvedilol Immediate Release-0.20
Carvedilol Controlled Release-0.45

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Change From Baseline in Deceleration Time

(NCT00323037)
Timeframe: 24 weeks after entry into the maintenance period

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
Carvedilol Immediate Release24.00
Carvedilol Controlled Release53.37

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Change From Baseline in BNP Levels

(NCT00323037)
Timeframe: 24 weeks after entry into the maintenance period

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
Carvedilol Immediate Release-0.88
Carvedilol Controlled Release-0.86

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Change From Baseline in Left Ventricular End Diastolic Volume (LVEDV)

(NCT00323037)
Timeframe: 24 weeks after entry into the maintenance period

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
Carvedilol Immediate Release-36.61
Carvedilol Controlled Release-42.22

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Change From Baseline in Left Ventricular End Systolic Volume Index (LVESVI) Characterized by 2-D Echocardiography

Maintenance Visit 3 minus Baseline. Maintenance Visit 3 occurred 24 weeks after entry into the maintenance period. The maintenance period started after completion of a titration period of variable duration. (NCT00323037)
Timeframe: 24 weeks after entry into the maintenance period

InterventionmL/m^2 (Mean)
Coreg Immediate Release-18.36
Coreg Controlled Release-20.81

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Change From Baseline in Left Ventricular End Diastolic Volume Index (LVEDVI)

(NCT00323037)
Timeframe: 24 weeks after entry into the maintenance period

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
Carvedilol Immediate Release-18.29
Carvedilol Controlled Release-20.57

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Change From Baseline in Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF)

(NCT00323037)
Timeframe: 24 weeks after entry into the maintenance period

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
Carvedilol Immediate Release.08
Carvedilol Controlled Release.08

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Change From Baseline in Left Ventricular End Systolic Volume (LVESV)

(NCT00323037)
Timeframe: 24 weeks after entry into the maintenance period

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
Carvedilol Immediate Release-36.61
Carvedilol Controlled Release-43.00

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Incidence of Hospitalizations

(NCT00323037)
Timeframe: Up to 32 weeks (titration and maintenance phases)

,
Interventionparticipants in each treatment group (Number)
Hospitalization for Heart FailureHospitalization Due to Any CauseHospitalization or Death
Carvedilol Controlled Release62929
Carvedilol Immediate Release63132

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Drug Dose Tolerability

(NCT00323037)
Timeframe: Up to 32 weeks (titration and maintenance phases)

,
Interventionsubjects in each treatment group (Number)
Study Entry (10mg Coreg CR, 3.125mg Coreg IR)Maintenance Entry (10mg Coreg CR, 3.125mg Coreg IR)End of Study (10mg Coreg CR, 3.125mg Coreg IR)Study Entry (20mg Coreg CR, 6.25mg Coreg IR)Maintenance Entry (20mg Coreg CR, 6.25mg Coreg IR)End of Study (20mg Coreg CR, 6.25mg Coreg IR)Study Entry (40mg Coreg CR, 12.5mg Coreg IR)Maintenance Entry (40mg Coreg CR, 12.5mg Coreg IR)End of Study (40mg Coreg CR, 12.5mg Coreg IR)Study Entry (80mg Coreg CR, 25mg Coreg IR)Maintenance Entry (80mg Coreg CR, 25mg Coreg IR)End of Study (80mg Coreg CR, 25mg Coreg IR)
Carvedilol Controlled Release8304399162716224114111
Carvedilol Immediate Release79076113162112214116121

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Safety and Tolerability of Coreg CR

SAEs experienced (NCT00323037)
Timeframe: 24 weeks after entry into the maintenance phase (after unblinding)

Interventionnumber of SAEs (Number)
Carvedilol Immediate Release40
Carvedilol Controlled Release35

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Change From Baseline in Posterior Wall Thickness (PWT)

(NCT00323037)
Timeframe: 24 weeks after entry into the maintenance period

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
Carvedilol Immediate Release.07
Carvedilol Controlled Release.05

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Change From Baseline in Left Ventricular Mass (LVM)

(NCT00323037)
Timeframe: 24 weeks after entry into the maintenance period

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
Carvedilol Immediate Release9.5
Carvedilol Controlled Release-9.29

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Change From Baseline in End Diastolic Dimension (EDD)

(NCT00323037)
Timeframe: 24 weeks after entry into the maintenance period

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
Carvedilol Immediate Release-0.33
Carvedilol Controlled Release-0.36

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Change From Baseline in End Systolic Dimension (ESD)

(NCT00323037)
Timeframe: 24 weeks after entry into the maintenance period

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
Carvedilol Immediate Release-0.76
Carvedilol Controlled Release-0.83

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Change From Baseline in Intraventricular Septal Thickness (IVST)

(NCT00323037)
Timeframe: 24 weeks after entry into the maintenance period

Interventionpercentage of change (Mean)
Carvedilol Immediate Release.08
Carvedilol Controlled Release.05

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Change From Baseline to Week 6 in Mean SBP and DBP Measured in Morning by 24 Hour ABPM

Mean changes from Baseline to Week 6 in DBP and SBP measured by 24hr ABPM at the end of up-titration recorded in the morning. The morning assessment period started at or after 6 am and ended immediately before 12 noon. (NCT00347360)
Timeframe: Morning BP, Baseline, Week 6

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Change in Morning SBP from Baseline to Week 6Change in Morning DBP from Baseline to Week 6
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20-6.23-5.01
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 10-13.89-9.21
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 20-10.22-7.86
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 40-14.50-10.04
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40-10.42-6.82
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 10-12.78-8.79
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 20-14.29-11.15
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 40-14.84-9.96
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80-13.70-7.53
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 10-17.09-11.95
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 20-14.52-10.71
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 40-17.12-12.46
Lisinopril 10-9.37-6.12
Lisinopril 20-14.53-9.20
Lisinopril 40-10.76-7.62

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Change From Baseline to Week 6 in Mean SBP and DBP Measured at Night by 24hr ABPM

Mean changes from Baseline to Week 6 in DBP and SBP measured by 24hr ABPM at the end of up-titration recorded in the night. The night-time assessment period started at the time of the first reading at or after 6 pm and ended immediately before 6 am on the following day. (NCT00347360)
Timeframe: Night BP, Baseline, Week 6

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Change in Night SBP from Baseline to Week 6Change in Night DBP from Baseline to Week 6
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20-4.28-3.20
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 10-10.37-8.11
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 20-9.94-7.03
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 40-12.64-9.36
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40-7.70-6.49
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 10-10.02-8.23
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 20-11.87-9.34
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 40-11.25-9.09
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80-7.71-5.34
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 10-12.08-8.27
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 20-14.12-9.88
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 40-13.06-10.14
Lisinopril 10-9.01-5.83
Lisinopril 20-11.58-6.78
Lisinopril 40-10.38-7.49

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Change From Baseline to Week 6 in 24 Hour (hr) Mean Diastolic Blood Pressure

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was completed at Baseline and at the end of treatment/Week 6 or early withdrawal by standard electronic ABPM equipment worn by the subject for 24-hr of ambulatory activity. The 24 hr assessment period started at the time of the first reading and ended exactly 24 hr later on the following day. Data collected included mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP). (NCT00347360)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 6.

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Lisinopril 10-5.79
Lisinopril 20-8.11
Lisinopril 40-7.37
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20-4.40
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40-7.61
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80-6.52
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 10-9.29
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 20-8.57
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 40-10.19
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 10-9.36
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 20-10.96
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 40-10.37
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 10-10.93
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 20-11.09
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 40-11.92

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Dose-response Treatment Estimates: Change From Baseline to Week 6 in 24 Hour Mean DBP by ABPM (Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring)

Evaluation of the dose-response relationship between incremental doses of carvedilol CR and lisinopril and mean 24-hr ABPM DBP. (NCT00347360)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 6

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Lisinopril 10-5.77
Lisinopril 20-7.55
Lisinopril 40-7.49
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20-5.11
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40-6.61
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80-7.13
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 10-8.08
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 20-9.83
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 40-9.71
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 10-9.55
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 20-11.3
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 40-11.1
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 10-10.0
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 20-11.7
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 40-11.4

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Change From Baseline to Week 6 in Mean SBP and DBP Measured in Afternoon by 24hr ABPM

Mean changes from Baseline to Week 6 in SBP and DBP measured by 24hr ABPM at the end of up-titration recorded in the afternoon. The afternoon assessment period started at or after 12 noon and ended immediately before 6 pm. (NCT00347360)
Timeframe: Afternoon BP, Baseline, Week 6

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Change in Afternoon SBP from Baseline to Week 6Change in Afternoon DBP from Baseline to Week 6
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20-9.69-6.27
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 10-13.96-11.28
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 20-15.54-12.04
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 40-16.38-11.59
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40-13.34-10.12
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 10-14.51-12.18
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 20-17.97-14.03
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 40-17.82-12.54
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80-13.76-8.38
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 10-20.91-15.12
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 20-20.46-13.87
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 40-19.36-15.02
Lisinopril 10-9.68-5.62
Lisinopril 20-17.21-10.25
Lisinopril 40-10.53-6.67

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Change From Baseline to Week 6 in Trough to Peak Ratios of DBP by 24 Hour ABPM (Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring)

Trough (20-24 hr) to peak (3-7 hr) ratios of DBP were examined in order to evaluate the extent to which once-daily criteria were met (ie trough:peak > 50%). Trough to peak ratios were calculated from change trough mean/change peak mean x 100. (NCT00347360)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 6

Interventiontrough:peak ratio x 100% (Number)
Lisinopril 10133.33
Lisinopril 2061.04
Lisinopril 40114.45
Carvedilol Controlled Release 2034.11
Carvedilol Controlled Release 4071.00
Carvedilol Controlled Release 8049.67
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 1044.50
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 2049.46
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 4059.47
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 1054.71
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 2052.86
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 4037.93
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 1041.95
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 2053.54
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 4052.07

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Change From Baseline to Week 6 in Trough Diastolic Blood Pressure

Trough ABPM was the average across 20-24 hr after dosing for each subject. (NCT00347360)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 6

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Lisinopril 10-6.40
Lisinopril 20-6.08
Lisinopril 40-8.16
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20-2.34
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40-7.76
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80-5.26
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 10-5.14
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 20-6.36
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 40-7.22
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 10-6.79
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 20-7.76
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 40-4.90
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 10-6.54
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 20-7.26
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 40-8.42

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Change From Baseline to Week 6 in 24 Hour Mean Systolic Blood Pressure

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was completed at Baseline and at the end of treatment/Week 6 or early withdrawal by standard electronic ABPM equipment worn by the subject for 24-hr of ambulatory activity. The 24 hr assessment period started at the time of the first reading and ended exactly 24 hr later on the following day. Data collected included mean systolic blood pressure (SBP). (NCT00347360)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 6

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Lisinopril 10-9.19
Lisinopril 20-13.58
Lisinopril 40-10.60
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20-6.15
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40-9.84
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80-10.38
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 10-12.06
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 20-11.58
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 40-14.16
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 10-11.68
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 20-14.03
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 40-13.90
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 10-15.60
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 20-15.93
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 40-15.59

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Change From Baseline to Week 6 in Trough Systolic Blood Pressure

Trough ABPM was the average across 20-24 hr after dosing for each subject. (NCT00347360)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 6

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Lisinopril 10-9.47
Lisinopril 20-7.52
Lisinopril 40-9.54
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20-0.96
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40-9.27
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80-5.68
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 10-6.44
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 20-9.27
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 40-9.88
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 10-8.87
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 20-8.11
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 40-5.82
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 10-9.80
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 20-10.74
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 40-10.00

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Change From Baseline to Week 6 in Mean Trough Sitting SBP and Sitting DBP by Cuff Assessment

Analysis of Change from Baseline to Week 6 in Mean sSBP and sDBP by Cuff Assessments at Drug Trough (20-24 hr) at End of Treatment Titration (NCT00347360)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 6

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Change in sSBP by Cuff from Baseline to Week 6Change in sDBP by Cuff from Baseline to Week 6
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20-5.68-6.87
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 10-9.54-5.66
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 20-11.84-10.02
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 40-13.43-10.28
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40-5.07-5.70
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 10-9.79-8.73
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 20-11.26-10.89
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 40-13.49-9.63
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80-8.88-7.54
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 10-6.42-8.22
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 20-9.00-9.45
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 40-14.58-10.95
Lisinopril 10-11.97-7.45
Lisinopril 20-10.85-5.32
Lisinopril 40-13.09-10.35

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Diastolic Responders, Defined as ≥ 10 mmHg Sitting (s)DBP Reduction From Baseline or a sDBP of <90 / 80 Millimeters (mm) of Mercury (Hg) for Non Diabetic / Diabetic Subjects Respectively (Based on Cuff Trough Measures)

(NCT00347360)
Timeframe: Week 6

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Lisinopril 1022
Lisinopril 2023
Lisinopril 4027
Carvedilol Controlled Release 2020
Carvedilol Controlled Release 4018
Carvedilol Controlled Release 8017
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 1020
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 2028
Carvedilol Controlled Release 20 Lisinopril 4025
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 1030
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 2022
Carvedilol Controlled Release 40 Lisinopril 4027
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 1028
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 2024
Carvedilol Controlled Release 80 Lisinopril 4028

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Changes in Heart Failure Symptoms

Changes from baseline in the symptom score subset (question 3, 5, 7 and 9) of KCCQ (swelling, fatigue, shortness of breath, shortness of breath night time). KCCQ is a self-administered by patient symptom score, where higher score reflect better health status. Scale scores are transformed to a 0 to 100 range by subtracting the lowest possible scale score, dividing by the range of the scale and multiplying by 100. This mean that the KCCQ scale is from 0 to 100 with the higher value showing a better health status. (NCT00391846)
Timeframe: 9 months and baseline

InterventionCategorial scale (Mean)
Guided by NT-proBNP3.67
Not Guided by NT-proBNP6.11

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Changes in NT-proBNP Values Over Time in All Patients

The 95% confidential interval (CI) is given as measure of dispersion (NCT00391846)
Timeframe: 9 months and baseline

Interventionng/L (Geometric Mean)
Guided by NT-proBNP2332.1
Not Guided by NT-proBNP2063

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Composite Value of 3 Variables After 9 Months: Cardiovascular Death (Days Alive), Cardiovascular Hospitalization (Days Out of Hospital), Heart Failure Symptoms (Symptom Score Subset of the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire - Questions 3,5,7,9)

The non-parametric scale is constructed from 3 variables, modified after Cleland. Each patient receives a rank score from 1 to 246 (246-number of patients in the study). The lowest score receive patients who die (due to CV event), next patients still alive at end-of-study with the worst composite score, the best alive patients with 0 days in hospital and the largest improvement in the KCCQ (self-administered by patient symptom score, where the higher score reflect better health status). Scores will be summarized using non-parametric calculations. The mean of non-parametric scores is presented (NCT00391846)
Timeframe: 9 months

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Guided by NT-proBNP118.6
Not Guided by NT-proBNP128.4

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Discontinuations

Number of patients discontinued due to adverse events' (NCT00391846)
Timeframe: 9 months

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Guided by NT-proBNP8
Not Guided by NT-proBNP6

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Number of CV Deaths

Number of deaths (NCT00391846)
Timeframe: 9 months

InterventionParticipants (Number)
Guided by NT-proBNP4
Not Guided by NT-proBNP5

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Number of Days in Hospital for CV Reason

Each overnight stay is counted as one day. The lower the better (NCT00391846)
Timeframe: 9 months

InterventionDays in hospital (Mean)
Guided by NT-proBNP5.79
Not Guided by NT-proBNP5.94

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Total Number of Titration Steps in Prescribed Heart Failure Treatment

Each titration step in prescribed medication is counted as one step, either up or down. One step up indicates an increase of dose in prescribed medication and one step down indicates a decrease of dose in prescribed medication. The sum of steps is given as a score. Score is given for each arm as a total number of titration steps for all patients in arm. (NCT00391846)
Timeframe: 9 months

InterventionTitration steps (Number)
Guided by NT-proBNP517
Not Guided by NT-proBNP485

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Change in Reactive Hyperemic Index by Period (Carvedilol CR + Lisinopril vs. Lisinopril + HCTZ)

Reactive hyperemic index is a measure of endothelial function. This is measured by the ratio of post-occlusion blood volume flow versus the baseline blood volume flow. The outcome reported is the change in this ratio after the first intervention phase compared to after the second intervention phase. (NCT00459056)
Timeframe: Change from three months to seven months

InterventionRatio (Mean)
Carvedilol CR + Lisinopril, Then Lisinopril +HCTZ-0.26
Lisinopril + HCTZ, Then Carvedilol CR + Lisinopril-0.14

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Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) Changes From Baseline (Visit 2) to 24 Weeks (Visit 6) After the Administration of the Study Drug

Analysis was performed in the modified intention to treat (mITT) population. (NCT00496834)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 Weeks

Interventionmeters/second (Mean)
Losartan0.28
Carvedilol-0.12

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Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) Mean Changes From Baseline (Visit 2) to 24 Weeks (Visit 6) After the Administration of the Study Drug

(NCT00496834)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
Losartan-8.43
Carvedilol-7.81

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Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) Mean Changes From Baseline (Visit 2) to 24 Weeks (Visit 6) After the Administration of the Study Drug

(NCT00496834)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
Losartan-15.08
Carvedilol-14.81

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PWV Changes From Baseline (Visit 2) to 24 Weeks (Visit 6) After the Administration of the Study Drug

Analysis was performed in the per protocol (PP) population which additionally excludes certain protocol violations as described in the analysis plan. (NCT00496834)
Timeframe: Baseline and 24 Weeks

Interventionmeters/second (Mean)
Losartan0.16
Carvedilol-0.20

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Change in Disease Score (DS) Among the Treatment Groups

Rasmussen Disease Score (RDS) Change From Baseline to 9 Months A score of six or higher on these tests means the patient likely has plaque build-up in the arteries, or atherosclerosis, while a score of three to five suggests that such a problem may be developing. A score of two or less signals a patient is fine but should return in the future for another test. The method detects disease at the earliest moment, before the traditionally used calcium score would show any signs of trouble. (NCT00553969)
Timeframe: Baseline and nine months

InterventionOverall Rasmussen Disease Score Change (Mean)
1 Coreg CR + Lisinopril-2.48
2 Coreg CR + Placebo-2.29
3 Lisinopril + Placebo-2.38
4 Placebo + Placebo-0.96

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Percent Days Abstinent From Cocaine - Self Report

Percent Self reported days of abstinence from any cocaine use during the 11 week trial. (NCT00566969)
Timeframe: 11 weeks

Interventionpercentage of days (Mean)
Sugar Pill72.9
Carvedilol 25 mg72.9
Carvedilol 50 mg59.3

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Number of Participants With Mean Sitting Cuff Blood Pressure <140/90 mmHg at the End of 6 Weeks of Treatment

Sitting cuff blood pressure was calculated as the mean of three measurements taken approximately 2 minutes apart, and before the morning dose. (NCT00624065)
Timeframe: Week 6

,
InterventionParticipants (Number)
Responders (mean BP <140/90 mmHg)Non-responders (SBP >/=140 mmHg or DBP >/=90 mmHg)
Carvedilol CR + Lisinopril13764
Lisinopril13964

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Mean Change From Baseline in Sitting Systolic Blood Pressure (sSBP) and Sitting Diastolic Blood Pressure (sDBP) at Week 6

Mean change was calculated as Week 6 values minus Baseline values. (NCT00624065)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 6

,
InterventionmmHg (Mean)
sSBP (mmHg)sDBP (mmHg)
Carvedilol CR + Lisinopril-16.07-9.14
Lisinopril-17.05-10.15

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Number of Participants Assessed for Change in Markers of Inflammation (PAI-1) Following Treatment Compared to Baseline

Reporting the number of participants with a change in markers of inflammation (PAI-1) following treatment compared to baseline. (NCT00642434)
Timeframe: 5 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Metoprolol0
Carvedilol0

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Stroke Volume (SV)

Hemodynamic variable (volume pumped per heart beat) in mL per beat. Clinically, SV is reported simply as mL (NCT00657241)
Timeframe: End of each treatment period (4 weeks on ARB or beta-blocker)

InterventionmL or mL/beat (Mean)
Lisinopril Plus Valsartan77
Lisinopril Plus Carvedilol76

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Cardiac Output

Hemodynamic variable representing whole-body blood flow (the product of heart rate and stroke volume) (NCT00657241)
Timeframe: End of each 4-week treatment period (valsartan vs. carvedilol CR)

InterventionL/min (Mean)
Lisinopril Plus Valsartan5.7
Lisinopril Plus Carvedilol5.1

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Central Systolic Blood Pressure

Aortic SBP derived non-invasively from radial arterial tonometry, pulse wave analysis, and a generalized transfer function algorithm within the SphygmoCor device. Aortic SBP is different from brachial SBP and is variably lower than brachial SBP due to pulse wave transmission differences between individuals. It is expressed in mmHg. (NCT00657241)
Timeframe: End of each treatment period (4 weeks of valsartan or carvedilol CR)

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Lisinopril Plus Valsartan130
Lisinopril Plus Carvedilol141

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Difference in Resting CTTI Between Carvedilol CR (Beta-blocker) and Valsartan (ARB) in Combination With Lisinopril.

"Cardiac time-tension index (CTTI) is a refined version of the rate-pressure product (RPP, historically systolic [S] BP x heart rate) reported by the SphygmoCor pulse wave analysis system used in this trial. CTTI is preferable to RPP because the latter overestimates the contribution of systolic BP to cardiac work (the formula intrinsically assumes maximum SBP throughout the entire heart period [RR interval]). In contrast, CTTI represents cardiac work during the actual systolic time interval (STI, the period of active contraction, which is about 320 ms, inversely related to HR). Thus, CTTI = [mean systolic BP during STI, mmHg] x [STI/RR] x [HR, beats/min] and is expressed as CTTI units or as mmHg*beats/min. Mean resting CTTI for SBP 150, HR 60 = about 2500 units (corresponding RPP = 9000 units). In this crossover study, the principal dependent variable is the mean within-subjects difference in supine CTTI between valsartan and carvedilol CR after 4 weeks of each treatment." (NCT00657241)
Timeframe: End of each treatment period (4 weeks on ARB or beta-blocker)

InterventionCTTI units (mmHg*beats/min) (Mean)
Carvedilol CR2447
Valsartan2500

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Heart Rate (Beats/Min)

Hemodynamic variable (cardiac rate) (NCT00657241)
Timeframe: End of each treatment period (4 weeks on ARB or beta-blocker)

Interventionbeats per minute (Mean)
Lisinopril Plus Valsartan75
Lisinopril Plus Carvedilol68

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Systemic Vascular Resistance

Hemodynamic variable measured as mean arterial pressure (mmHg) / cardiac output (L/min) *80 in units of dyne-sec-cm[-5] (NCT00657241)
Timeframe: End of each treatment period (4 weeks of valsartan or carvedilol CR)

Interventiondyne sec cm-5 (Mean)
Lisinopril Plus Valsartan1407
Lisinopril Plus Carvedilol1591

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Central Aortic Blood Pressure

(NCT00669279)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline and 4 weeks.

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Carvedilol CR-16.1
Atenolol-16.0

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Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) (%) at Week 18

Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (%) at Week 18 (NCT00673075)
Timeframe: 18 weeks post-treatment

,
Interventionpercentage (Mean)
BaselinePost baseline
Carvedilol60.44260.775
Nebivolol61.4361.93

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Peripheral Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)

Peripheral systolic blood pressure (SBP) at visit 13 (week 18) (NCT00673075)
Timeframe: 18 weeks post initiation of randomized treatment

,
InterventionmmHg (Mean)
BaselinePost-Baseline
Carvedilol136.9137.3
Nebivolol135.1129.6

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Proportion of Patients With Peripheral SBP <140 mm Hg and DBP <90 mm Hg at Week 18

Proportion of Patients with Peripheral SBP <140 mm Hg and DBP <90 mm Hg at Week 18 (NCT00673075)
Timeframe: 18 weeks post-treatment

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Nebivolol11
Carvedilol5

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Peripheral Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)

Peripheral diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at post-baseline (visit 13, week 18) (NCT00673075)
Timeframe: 18 weeks post initiation of randomized treatment

,
InterventionmmHg (Mean)
BaselinePost-baseline
Carvedilol78.279.3
Nebivolol81.178.0

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Mean Change From Baseline in Alkaline Phosphatase, Alanine Aminotransferase, Aspartate Aminotransferase, Creatine Kinase, and Gamma Glutamyl Transferase at Week 8

Mean change from baseline was calculated as the Week 8 value minus the Baseline value (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

,
Interventioninternational units per liter (IU/L) (Mean)
Alkaline PhosphataseAlanine AminotransferaseAspartate AminotransferaseCreatine KinaseGamma Glutamyl Transferase
CRV-IR-10.9-0.20.834.4-0.8
SK&F-105517-D-5.03.81.4-0.12.4

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Mean Change From Baseline in Calcium, Chloride, Glucose, Potassium, Sodium, and Urea/Blood Urea Nitrogen at Week 8

Mean change from baseline was calculated as the Week 8 value minus the Baseline value (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

,
Interventionmillimoles per liter (mmol/L) (Mean)
CalciumChlorideGlucosePotassiumSodiumUrea/Blood Urea Nitrogen
CRV-IR-0.0272180.2-0.136252-0.070.50.61339
SK&F-105517-D-0.0561382.4-1.9567280.071.6-0.58013

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Mean Change From Baseline in Creatine Kinase BB Percentage, Creatine Kinase MB Percentage, and Creatine Kinase MM Percentage at Week 8

Mean change from baseline was calculated as the Week 8 value minus the Baseline value. (BB, brain-derived; MB=cardiac muscle-derived; MM=skeletal muscle-derived. (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

,
Interventionpercentage of Total Creatine Kinase (Mean)
Creatine Kinase BB percentageCreatine Kinase MB percentageCreatine Kinase MM percentage
CRV-IR-0.2-0.31.1
SK&F-105517-D0.5-0.10.8

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Mean Change From Baseline in Each Type of White Blood Cell (WBC) (Basophils, Eosinophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, and Total Neutrophils) at Week 8

Mean change from baseline was calculated as the Week 8 value minus the Baseline value. (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

,
Interventionpercentage of each WBC type in WBC count (Mean)
BasophilsEosinophilsLymphocytesMonocytesTotal Neutrophils
CRV-IR-0.060.150.050.19-0.41
SK&F-105517-D-0.060.762.211.28-4.31

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Mean Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration at Week 8

Mean change from baseline was calculated as the Week 8 value minus the Baseline value. (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

,
Interventiongrams per liter (g/L) (Mean)
HemoglobinMean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration
CRV-IR-2.31.3
SK&F-105517-D-3.9-1.9

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Mean Change From Baseline in Platelet Count and White Blood Cell Count at Week 8

Mean change from baseline was calculated as the Week 8 value minus the Baseline value. (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

,
Interventiongibi (2 to the power of 30)/liter (Gi/L) (Mean)
Platelet CountWhite Blood Cell Count
CRV-IR-6.90.297
SK&F-105517-D-11.1-0.498

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Mean Change From Baseline in Weight at Week 8

Mean change from baseline was calculated as the Week 8 value minus the Baseline value. (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

Interventionkilograms (kg) (Mean)
CRV-IR0.29
SK&F-105517-D-0.11

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Mean Change From Baseline in Systolic Blood Pressure and Diastolic Blood Pressure at Week 8

Mean change from baseline was calculated as the Week 8 value minus the Baseline value. (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

,
Interventionmillimeters of mercury (mmHg) (Mean)
Systolic blood pressureDiastolic blood pressure
CRV-IR-5.70.6
SK&F-105517-D10.02.8

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Mean Plasma Brain Natriuretic Peptide Concentration at Baseline and Week 8

Brain natriuretic peptide is a surrogate marker of the severity of heart failure and was measured by a central laboratory. (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

,
Interventionng/L (nanogram per Liter) (Mean)
Baseline, n=20, 19Week 8, n=11, 8
CRV-IR108.9364.88
SK&F-105517-D226.46111.93

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Number of Participants With Adverse Events by Severity From Week 0 Through Week 8 (CRV-IR) or Week 14 (SK&F-105517-D)

Drug-related adverse events (AEs) were defined as AEs that were judged to have a relationship with the investigational product by the investigator (or subinvestigator) with the use of clinical judgment and the Clinical Investigator Brochure to determine the relationship. Refer to adverse event information for type and frequency of adverse events. (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Treatment Period from Week 0 (Baseline) to Week 8 and 1-week Follow-up Period (Week 9) for CRV-IR; Treatment Period from Week 0 (Baseline) to Week 14 and 1-week Follow-up Period (Week 15) for SK&F-105517-D

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
SevereModerateMildSevere (drug-related)Moderate (drug-related)Mild (drug-related)
CRV-IR029023
SK&F-105517-D1510134

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Number of Participants With the Indicated Change From Baseline New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Class at Week 8

The NYHA classification assesses the severity of symptoms of heart failure as judged by the investigator and is comprised of. 4 classes: I, no resulting limitations on physical activity (PA); II, slight limitations on PA; III, marked limitations on PA; IV, inability to carry out any PA without discomfort. The number of participants with any change from Baseline in the NYHA Functional Class at Week 8 was calculated. Improved=class at the visit is decreased compared to baseline class, Unchanged=class at the visit is stable, Worsened=class at the visit is increased compared to baseline class. (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
ImprovedUnchangedWorse
CRV-IR0110
SK&F-105517-D170

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Number of Participants With the Indicated Electrocardiogram Findings at Baseline and Week 8

There are 3 categories for electrocardiogram (ECG) findings: normal; abnormal, not clinically significant; and abnormal, clinically significant. Each of the findings was classified by the investigator according to whether it was normal. Abnormal ECGs were further classified according to whether they were felt to be clinically significant in the medical and scientific judgment of the investigator. (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Normal, Baseline (BL), n=22, 19Abnormal-Not clinically significant, BL, n=22, 19Abnormal-Clinically significant, BL, n=22, 19Normal, Week (W) 8, n=11, 8Abnormal-Not clinically significant, W8, n=11, 8Abnormal-Clinically significant, W8, n=11, 8
CRV-IR2128254
SK&F-105517-D199116

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Number of Participants With the Indicated Urinalysis Dipstick Results at Baseline and Week 8

Dipstick test values: Negative (-), Traces (+-), +1, +2, +3. +4. Normal ranges (qualitative): protein, - or +-; glucose, - or +-; occult blood, -; ketones, -. (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Urine Glucose, Negative, Baseline, n=22, 19Urine Glucose, Traces, Baseline, n=22, 19Urine Glucose, 1+, Baseline, n=22, 19Urine Glucose, 2+, Baseline, n=22, 19Urine Glucose, 3+, Baseline, n=22, 19Urine Glucose, 4+, Baseline, n=22, 19Urine Ketones, Negative, Baseline, n=22, 19Urine Ketones, Traces, Baseline, n=22, 19Urine Ketones, 1+, Baseline, n=22, 19Urine Ketones, 2+, Baseline, n=22, 19Urine Ketones, 3+, Baseline, n=22, 19Urine Ketones, 4+, Baseline, n=22, 19Urine Occult Blood, Negative, Baseline, n=22, 19Urine Occult Blood, Traces, Baseline, n=22, 19Urine Occult Blood, 1+, Baseline, n=22, 19Urine Occult Blood, 2+, Baseline, n=22, 19Urine Occult Blood, 3+, Baseline, n=22, 19Urine Occult Blood, 4+, Baseline, n=22, 19Urine Protein, Negative, Baseline, n=22, 19Urine Protein, Traces, Baseline, n=22, 19Urine Protein, 1+, Baseline, n=22, 19Urine Protein, 2+, Baseline, n=22, 19Urine Protein, 3+, Baseline, n=22, 19Urine Protein, 4+, Baseline, n=22, 19Urine Glucose, Negative, Week 8, n=11, 8Urine Glucose, Traces, Week 8, n=11, 8Urine Glucose, 1+, Week 8, n=11, 8Urine Glucose, 2+, Week 8, n=11, 8Urine Glucose, 3+, Week 8, n=11, 8Urine Glucose, 4+, Week 8, n=11, 8Urine Ketones, Negative, Week 8, n=11, 8Urine Ketones, Traces, Week 8, n=11, 8Urine Ketones, 1+, Week 8, n=11, 8Urine Ketones, 2+, Week 8, n=11, 8Urine Ketones, 3+, Week 8, n=11, 8Urine Ketones, 4+, Week 8, n=11, 8Urine Occult Blood, Negative, Week 8, n=11, 8Urine Occult Blood, Traces, Week 8, n=11, 8Urine Occult Blood, 1+, Week 8, n=11, 8Urine Occult Blood, 2+, Week 8, n=11, 8Urine Occult Blood, 3+, Week 8, n=11, 8Urine Occult Blood, 4+, Week 8, n=11, 8Urine Protein, Negative, Week 8, n=11, 8Urine Protein, Traces, Week 8, n=11, 8Urine Protein 1+, Week 8, n=11, 8Urine Protein, 2+, Week 8, n=11, 8Urine Protein, 3+, Week 8, n=11, 8Urine Protein, 4+, Week 8, n=11, 8
CRV-IR20100102200000181210021001001100000110000011000001010000
SK&F-105517-D1900000190000016111001801000800000800000800000800000

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Mean Change From Baseline in Hematocrit at Week 8

Mean change from baseline was calculated as the Week 8 value minus the Baseline value. (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

Interventionproportion of 1 (SI) (Mean)
CRV-IR-0.0085
SK&F-105517-D-0.0095

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Mean Change From Baseline in Heart Rate at Week 8

Mean change from baseline was calculated as the Week 8 value minus the Baseline value. (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

Interventionbeats per minute (Mean)
CRV-IR-10.4
SK&F-105517-D-10.6

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Mean Change From Baseline in Amylase at Week 8

Mean change from baseline was calculated as the Week 8 value minus the Baseline value (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

Interventionunits per liter (U/L) (Mean)
CRV-IR-10.2
SK&F-105517-D-0.1

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Mean Change From Baseline in Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin at Week 8

Mean change from baseline was calculated as the Week 8 value minus the Baseline value. (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

Interventionpicograms (pg) (Mean)
CRV-IR0.12
SK&F-105517-D-0.21

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Mean Change From Baseline in Mean Corpuscular Volume at Week 8

Mean change from baseline was calculated as the Week 8 value minus the Baseline value. (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

Interventionfemtoliters (fL) (Mean)
CRV-IR0.1
SK&F-105517-D-0.1

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Mean Change From Baseline in Red Blood Cell Count at Week 8

Mean change from baseline was calculated as the Week 8 value minus the Baseline value. (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

Interventiontebi (2 to the power of 40)/liter (Ti/L) (Mean)
CRV-IR-0.091
SK&F-105517-D-0.087

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Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Diastolic Blood Pressure at Week 8

Pharmacodynamic (PD) assessment points were 24 hours (h) (from time of first reading to time of last reading), morning (6 am-12 pm), afternoon (12-6 pm), night (6 pm-6 am on following day), waking (8 am-9 pm), sleeping (0-5 am), PDmax (maximal value obtained with each participant during the 0-24 h interval), PDmin (minimal value obtained with each participant during the 0-24 h interval), and PDmax/PDmin. PDmax/PDmim was calculated as the ratio of the PDmax to PDmin, and it showed the degree of change during the 0-24 h interval. The mean was adjusted for Baseline value. (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

,
Interventionmillimeters of mercury (mmHg) (Mean)
24 hMorningAfternoonNightWakingSleepingPDmaxPDminPDmax/PDmin
CRV-IR-7.10-7.68-5.32-9.01-5.11-12.68-10.45-1.34-0.24
SK&F-105517-D-4.89-8.24-10.250.73-8.565.38-17.91-0.24-0.36

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Time of Maximal Plasma Concentration (Tmax) of S-carvedilol, R-carvedilol, and M4 Active Metabolite (SB-203231) at Week 8

Time of maximal plasma concentration (tmax) of S-carvedilol, R-carvedilol, and M4 active metabolite (SB-203231) was measured. Participants in each treatment group were divided into 3 groups by pharmacokinetic sampling timing: Groups A, B, and C in the SK&F-105517-D group and Groups D, E, and F in the CRV-IR group. Carvedilol is a racemic mixture. Non-selective β-blocking activity is shown by S-carvedilol, while α1-blocking activity is shown by both S-carvedilol and R-carvedilol. (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Week 8

,
Interventionhours (Median)
S-carvedilolR-carvedilolSB-203231
CRV-IR1.9831.9831.983
SK&F-105517-D5.9585.9585.958

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Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Mean Heart Rate at Week 8

Pharmacodynamic (PD) assessment points were 24 hours (h) (from time of first reading to time of last reading), morning (6 am-12 pm), afternoon (12-6 pm), night (6 pm-6 am on following day), waking (8 am-9 pm), sleeping (0-5 am), PDmax (maximal value obtained with each participant during the 0-24 h interval), PDmin (minimal value obtained with each participant during the 0-24 h interval), and PDmax/PDmin. PDmax/PDmim was calculated as the ratio of the PDmax to PDmin, and it showed the degree of change during the 0-24 h interval. The mean was adjusted for Baseline value. (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

,
Interventionbeats per minute (Mean)
24 hMorningAfternoonNightWakingSleepingPDmaxPDminPDmax/PDmin
CRV-IR-11.38-9.59-13.96-11.12-12.53-11.16-13.43-2.04-0.93
SK&F-105517-D-15.37-14.87-15.93-15.26-15.53-14.28-23.43-3.47-1.27

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Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Systolic Blood Pressure at Week 8

Pharmacodynamic (PD) assessment points were 24 hours (h) (from time of first reading to time of last reading), morning (6 am-12 pm), afternoon (12-6 pm), night (6 pm-6 am on following day), waking (8 am-9 pm), sleeping (0-5 am), PDmax (maximal value obtained with each participant during the 0-24 h interval), PDmin (minimal value obtained with each participant during the 0-24 h interval), and PDmax/PDmin. PDmax/PDmim was calculated as the ratio of the PDmax to PDmin, and it showed the degree of change during the 0-24 h interval. The mean was adjusted for Baseline value. (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

,
Interventionmillimeters of mercury (mmHg) (Mean)
24 hMorningAfternoonNightWakingSleepingPDmaxPDminPDmax/PDmin
CRV-IR-10.84-12.34-10.14-9.04-10.39-11.85-9.74-6.890.07
SK&F-105517-D-1.45-4.78-12.065.17-9.9913.20-10.191.42-0.17

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Area Under the Plasma Concentration Versus Time Curve From Time Zero to 24 Hours (AUC0-24) of S-carvedilol, R-carvedilol, and M4 Active Metabolite (SB-203231) at Week 8

Area under the plasma concentration versus time curve from time zero to 24 hours (AUC0-24) of S-carvedilol, R-carvedilol, and M4 active metabolite (SB-203231) was measured. Participants in each treatment group were divided into 3 groups by pharmacokinetic sampling timing: Groups A, B, and C in the SK&F-105517-D group and Groups D, E, and F in the CRV-IR group. The analysis was performed on log-transformed data. Carvedilol is a racemic mixture. Non-selective β-blocking activity is shown by S-carvedilol, while α1-blocking activity is shown by both S-carvedilol and R-carvedilol. (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Week 8

,
Interventionhours * nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) (Geometric Mean)
S-carvedilolR-carvedilolSB-203231
CRV-IR60.040170.72828.113
SK&F-105517-D155.109284.31364.687

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Cardiothoracic Ratio at Baseline and Week 8

Cardiothoracic ratio is a marker of the degree of heart enlargement and was measured by chest X-ray. It is shown as the ratio of the transverse diameter of the heart to the transverse diameter of the thorax, and is measured as a percentage. (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

,
Interventionpercentage (Mean)
Baseline, n=22, 19Week 8, n=11, 8
CRV-IR53.7050.91
SK&F-105517-D53.5852.35

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Echocardiogram Results: Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction at Baseline and Week 8

Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is a marker of left ventricular systolic function and was measured by echocardiogram. It is shown as the ratio of left ventricular stroke volume (LVSV) to left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), and is measured as a percentage. (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

,
Interventionpercentage (Mean)
Baseline, n=20, 19Week 8, n=11, 8
CRV-IR34.042.0
SK&F-105517-D32.237.6

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Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) and Trough Plasma Concentration (Cmin) of S-carvedilol, R-carvedilol, and M4 Active Metabolite (SB-203231) at Week 8

Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) and Trough Plasma Concentration (Cmin) of S-carvedilol, R-carvedilol, and M4 active Metabolite (SB-203231) were measured. Participants in each treatment group were divided into 3 groups by pharmacokinetic sampling timing: Groups A, B, and C in the SK&F-105517-D group and Groups D, E, and F in the CRV-IR group. The analysis was performed on log-transformed data. Carvedilol is a racemic mixture. Non-selective β-blocking activity is shown by S-carvedilol, while α1-blocking activity is shown by both S-carvedilol and R-carvedilol. (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Week 8

,
Interventionnanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) (Geometric Mean)
S-carvedilol, CmaxS-carvedilol, CminR-carvedilol, CmaxR-carvedilol, CminSB-203231, CmaxSB-203231, Cmin
CRV-IR6.79521.207219.18642.94453.16650.4843
SK&F-105517-D12.81713.379627.13064.25656.39371.2386

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Mean Change From Baseline in Albumin and Total Protein at Week 8

Mean change from baseline was calculated as the Week 8 value minus the Baseline value. (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

,
Interventiongrams per liter (g/L) (Mean)
AlbuminTotal Protein
CRV-IR0.70.4
SK&F-105517-D-1.9-1.6

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Mean Change From Baseline in Total Bilirubin, Creatinine, and Uric Acid at Week 8

Mean change from baseline was calculated as the Week 8 value minus the Baseline value (NCT00742508)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8

,
Interventionmicromoles per liter (umol/L) (Mean)
Total BilirubinCreatinineUric Acid
CRV-IR1.5555.545130.8215
SK&F-105517-D-4.489-4.530514.1265

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Endothelial Progenitor Cells

"ALDH bright cells reported as percentage of mononuclear cells. These were assayed using flow cytometry~CD34/CD133 endothelial progenitor cells reported as percentage of mononuclear cells. These were assayed using flow cytometry" (NCT00827775)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Intervention% of mononuclear cells (Median)
Baseline ALDH brightBaseline CD34/CD133 endothelial progenitor cells
Control0.0520.059

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Endothelial Progenitor Cells

"ALDH bright cells reported as percentage of mononuclear cells. These were assayed using flow cytometry~CD34/CD133 endothelial progenitor cells reported as percentage of mononuclear cells. These were assayed using flow cytometry" (NCT00827775)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Intervention% of mononuclear cells (Median)
Baseline ALDH brightFollow up ALDH brightBaseline CD34/CD133 endothelial progenitor cellsFollow up CD34/CD133
Intervention0.0340.0270.0330.029

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Flow Mediated Vasodilation

Measured as percent change in brachial artery diameter from baseline to post shear stress for an individual measurement. Follow up measurements were obtained in intervention subjects 12 weeks later (NCT00827775)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Intervention% dilation from baseline (Mean)
Baseline FMD
Control1.67

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Flow Mediated Vasodilation

Measured as percent change in brachial artery diameter from baseline to post shear stress for an individual measurement. Follow up measurements were obtained in intervention subjects 12 weeks later (NCT00827775)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

Intervention% dilation from baseline (Mean)
Baseline FMDFollow Up FMD
Intervention1.031.4

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AUC0-inf - Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Infinity (Extrapolated) - Carvedilol in Plasma

Bioequivalence based on AUC0-inf (NCT00834795)
Timeframe: Blood samples collected over 60 hour period

Interventionng*h/mL (Mean)
Carvedilol465.29
Coreg®468.81

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Cmax - Maximum Observed Concentration - Carvedilol in Plasma

Bioequivalence based on Cmax (NCT00834795)
Timeframe: Blood samples collected over 60 hour period

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Carvedilol104.98
Coreg®107.47

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AUC0-t - Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Time of Last Non-zero Concentration (Per Participant) - Carvedilol in Plasma

Bioequivalence based on AUC0-t (NCT00834795)
Timeframe: Blood samples collected over 60 hour period

Interventionng*h/mL (Mean)
Carvedilol454.24
Coreg®456.05

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Cmax - Maximum Observed Concentration - Carvedilol in Plasma

Bioequivalence based on Cmax (NCT00834873)
Timeframe: Blood samples collected over 60 hour period

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Carvedilol89.91
Coreg®97.05

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AUC0-t - Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Time of Last Non-zero Concentration (Per Participant) - Carvedilol in Plasma

Bioequivalence based on AUC0-t (NCT00834873)
Timeframe: Blood samples collected over 60 hour period

Interventionng*h/mL (Mean)
Carvedilol455.91
Coreg®478.61

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AUC0-inf - Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Infinity (Extrapolated) - Carvedilol in Plasma

Bioequivalence based on AUC0-inf (NCT00834873)
Timeframe: Blood samples collected over 60 hour period

Interventionng*h/mL (Mean)
Carvedilol467.57
Coreg®490.16

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Peak Exercise Oxygen Consumption

Oxygen consumption at peak of exercise (NCT00924833)
Timeframe: Time 1: sea level, baseline, no treatment. Time 2: sea level, after three weeks of allocated treatment. Time 3: within the first two days of high altitude exposure, under treatment.

,,
Interventionml/Kg/min (Mean)
Time 1Time 2Time 3
Carvedilol37.636.224.0
Nebivolol38.039.728.8
Placebo33.933.922.9

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Delta Peak Exercise Minute Ventilation Time 1 Versus Time 3.

"Difference in peak exercise minute ventilation between Time 1 and Time 3 (Time 3 - Time 1.~Minute ventilation = tidal volume (ml) multiplied by the respiratory rate (breaths/min)." (NCT00924833)
Timeframe: Time 1: sea level, baseline, no treatment. Time 3: within the first two days of high altitude exposure, under treatment.

InterventionL/min (Mean)
Placebo0.7
Carvedilol-9.3
Nebivolol15.2

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Delta Peak Exercise Oxygen Consumption Time 1 Versus Time 3

Difference in peak exercise oxygen consumption between Time 1 and Time 3 (Time 3 - Time 1) (NCT00924833)
Timeframe: Time 1: sea level, baseline, no treatment. Time 3: within the first two days of high altitude exposure, under treatment.

Interventionml/Kg/min (Mean)
Placebo-32.7
Carvedilol-37.6
Nebivolol-22.5

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Peak Exercise Minute Ventilation

Minute ventilation at peak of exercise. Minute ventilation = tidal volume (ml) multiplied by the respiratory rate (breaths/min) (NCT00924833)
Timeframe: Time 1: sea level, baseline, no treatment. Time 2: sea level, after three weeks of allocated treatment. Time 3: within the first two days of high altitude exposure, under treatment.

,,
InterventionL/min (Mean)
Time 1Time 2Time 3
Carvedilol90.389.684.5
Nebivolol81.883.892.0
Placebo93.995.690.3

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Absolute Change in Right Ventricular Ejection Fraction

Change in right ventricular ejection fraction is measured by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, using the method of disks with the reading radiologist being blinded to before and after images. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was done at baseline and 6 months only (NCT00964678)
Timeframe: baseline, 6 months

Intervention% RVEF (Mean)
Carvedilol10.4

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Change in 6 Minute Walk Distance

(NCT00964678)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 months

Interventionfeet (Number)
Participant 1Participant 2Participant 3Participant 5Participant 6
Carvedilol4516035596

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Change in Right Ventricular End Systolic Volume

right ventricular end systolic volume determined by MRI (NCT00964678)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 months

InterventionmL (Number)
Participant 1Participant 2Participant 3Participant 4Participant 5Participant 6
Carvedilol31456112725

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Change in Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion

Higher values indicate a better outcome. (NCT00964678)
Timeframe: baseline and 6 months

Interventioncentimeters (Number)
Participant 1Participant 2Participant 4Participant 5Participant 6
Carvedilol0.4-0.08-0.120.450.08

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Number of Participants With Cardiotoxicity-free Survival at 750 Days From Baseline

Number of Participants with cardiotoxicity-free survival at 750 days from baseline (NCT01009918)
Timeframe: 2 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Arm I Lisinopril15
Arm II Coreg CR®24
Arm III Placebo17

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Number of Participants With LVEF Decrease to <50%

Number of Participants with Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) drop to <50% (NCT01009918)
Timeframe: 2 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Arm I Lisinopril5
Arm II Coreg CR®9
Arm III Placebo15

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Number of Participants With Trastuzumab-Induced Cardiotoxicity After 52 Weeks of Treatment

Reduction in incidence of trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity after 52 weeks of treatment as measured by preservation of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF). Number of Patients who experienced a cardiotoxicity. (NCT01009918)
Timeframe: 2 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Arm I Lisinopril45
Arm II Coreg CR®43
Arm III Placebo46

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Number of Patients With Trastuzumab Course Interruption

Measure indicates the number of patients who had an interruption of trastuzumab for any reason (NCT01009918)
Timeframe: 2 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Arm I Lisinopril27
Arm II Coreg CR®24
Arm III Placebo40

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Quality-of-life Changes Between Baseline and 52-weeks

Quality-of-life changes as assessed by North European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC-QLQ-C30), which measures the quality of life of cancer patients. Higher score indicates higher quality of life. Score range is 0-100. The questionnaire was administered at baseline and at 52 weeks. (NCT01009918)
Timeframe: 52 weeks

InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
Arm I Lisinopril1
Arm II Coreg CR®2
Arm III Placebo5

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Retention

number of weeks each participant is on study protocol (NCT01171183)
Timeframe: 12 weeks

InterventionWeeks (Mean)
Placebo5.70
Carvedilol Controlled Release5.28

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Urine Toxicology Screens

Treatment Effectiveness Score, defined by the # of cocaine negative urines during the outpatient phase of the study divided by the total number of urine samples (30) and then multiplied by 100. (NCT01171183)
Timeframe: based on thrice weekly urine results during the 10-week outpatient phase

Interventionpercentage of cocaine negative urines (Mean)
Placebo38.33
Carvedilol Controlled Release41.85

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Exercise Tolerance Assessed by 6 Minute Walking Test

"Distance measured at 6 minute walking test. The 6 minute walking test was performed according to standardised procedure at baseline, before inclusion (at least 1 week after baseline evaluation), and at the end of the study. Patients who had not done at least two tests in the past underwent two practice 6 minute walking tests at least 3 days apart. Results are expressed in terms of distance walked (metres). The test was supervised by a physical therapist.~Patients were asked to walk at their own maximal pace a 100 m long hospital corridor. At the beginning of the last (6th) minute of the test a standard phrase of encouragement was told. Patients were allowed to stop if signs or symptoms of significant distress occurred (dyspnea, angina), through they were instructed to resume walking as soon as possible." (NCT01178528)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionmeters (Mean)
Ivabradine474.8
Carvedilol435.7
Carvedilol and Ivabradine453.1

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Maximal Oxygen Consumption

Functional capacity was assessed by means of a cardiopulmonary exercise test with a bicycle ergometer with gas exchange monitoring (Vmax 29 C, SensorMedics). Peak oxygen consumption was defined as the maximal oxygen consumption (MVO2) observed during exercise. (NCT01178528)
Timeframe: 3 months

InterventionmL/Kg/min (Mean)
Ivabradine15.8
Carvedilol12.9
Carvedilol and Ivabradine14.7

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New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class

"The 1994 NYHA Classification system is a measure of functional status. It was designed for clinical assessment of patients by physicians as NYHA class I, II, III, or IV, on the basis of patient's limitations in physical activities caused by cardiac symptoms.~Class I describes patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) but without resulting limitation of physical activity. There is no objective evidence of CVD.~Class II describes patients with CVD resulting in slight limitation of physical activity. There is objective evidence of minimal CVD.~Class III describes patients with CVD resulting in marked limitation of physical activity. There is objective evidence of moderately severe CVD.~Class IV describes patients with CVD resulting in inability to carry on any physical activity without discomfort. There is objective evidence of severe CVD.~Here we report data on number of patients showing an improvement by at least one NYHA class according to treatment allocation." (NCT01178528)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Ivabradine30
Carvedilol5
Carvedilol and Ivabradine20

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Quality of Life

Quality of life (QoL) was evaluated using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) which is a global measurement of QoL, allowing a subjective assessment of the impact of the disease and treatment. Patients are asked to indicate their current state in a line from 0 (worst state) to 10 (best state), with higher values therefore representing a better outcome. (NCT01178528)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Ivabradine6.7
Carvedilol4.1
Carvedilol and Ivabradine6.1

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Effect of Carvedilol Treatment in Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Levels of Amyloid-beta Oligomers

The investigators will measure CSF Abeta oligomer levels before and after 6 months randomized placebo-controlled double-blind treatment with carvedilol at a target dose of 25 mg daily, comparing the change in levels in 6 AD participants taking carvedilol vs. 10 AD participants taking placebo. These 16 participants had both baseline and 6 month CSF collected (of the entire study population). (NCT01354444)
Timeframe: 6 months

,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Baseline Oligomeric ABeta (ng/mL)Six month oligomeric ABeta (ng/mL)
Carvedilol3.833.895
Placebo0.1290.117

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Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT) Scores at Baseline, 3, and 6 Months

The investigators measured episodic memory (as evidence by the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT)) before and after 6 months randomized placebo-controlled double-blind treatment with carvedilol at a target dose of 25 mg daily. Changes in HVLT Immediate and Delayed Recall score in 14 Alzheimer's Disease (AD) participants taking carvedilol vs. 15 AD participants taking placebo were compared. HVLT test score ranges are as follows: immediate recall (0-24) delayed recall (0-12). Higher scores indicate better episodic memory recall. (NCT01354444)
Timeframe: Baseline, 3 months, and 6 months

,
InterventionScores on a scale (Mean)
HVLT score at Baseline (immediate recall)HVLT score at 3 months (immediate recall)HVLT score at 6 months (immediate recall)HVLT score at Baseline (delayed recall)HVLT score at 3 months (delayed recall)HVLT score at 6 months (delayed recall)
HVLT Score in Placebo Group131212111
HVLT Score in Treatment Group121313110

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Effect of Carvedilol Treatment in Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Levels of Amyloid-beta Oligomers

The investigators will measure CSF Abeta oligomer levels before and after 6 months randomized placebo-controlled double-blind treatment with carvedilol at a target dose of 25 mg daily, comparing the change in levels in 6 AD participants taking carvedilol vs. 10 AD participants taking placebo. These 16 participants had both baseline and 6 month CSF collected (of the entire study population). CSF was collected at the baseline visit and 6 months later. (NCT01354444)
Timeframe: 6 months

,
Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
Baseline Tau (pg/mL)Baseline ABeta42 (pg/mL)Baseline P tau (pg/mL)Six month Tau (pg/mL)Six month ABeta42 (pg/mL)Six month P tau (pg/mL)
Carvedilol169.476396.98542.666222.461499.32556.003
Placebo169.484379.40666.133171.757361.56364.331

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Beta-Adrenergic Receptor (Alprenolol Binding Assay)

We hypothesize that use of carvedilol in patients with PAH will increase beta- adrenergic receptor availability, and this will be measurable as a increase in alprenolol binding over time of drug use. (NCT01586156)
Timeframe: 6 months

,,
Interventionabritrary units (Mean)
baseline6 months
Escalation-dose Carvedilol8277983730
Low-fixed-dose Carvedilol8523084554
Placebo Arm9225479083

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Cardiac Glucose Uptake in FDG-PET (Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography)

We hypothesize that use of carvedilol in patients with PAH (Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension) will decrease the cardiac glucose utilization, and this will be measurable as a drop in fasting FDG-PET standardized uptake values of the heart at 6 months as compared to baseline (NCT01586156)
Timeframe: 6 months

,,
Interventionstandardized uptake value (SUV) (Median)
baseline FDG-PET6 month FDG-PET
Escalation-dose Carvedilol0.90.7
Low-fixed-dose Carvedilol0.60.6
Placebo Arm1.00.8

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Echocardiogram Left Ventricular Cardiac Output

We hypothesized that carvedilol would be safe and tolerable and thus that Left ventricular cardiac output, a measure of heart function, would not decrease in participants on carvedilol. (NCT01586156)
Timeframe: 6 months

,,
InterventionL/min (Mean)
baseline3 months6 months
Escalation-dose Carvedilol4.54.84.9
Low-fixed-dose Carvedilol5.24.64.7
Placebo Arm4.74.74.5

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Echocardiogram Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure (RVSP)

We hypothesized that RVSP might decrease in participants on carvedilol. (NCT01586156)
Timeframe: 6 months

,,
Interventionmm Hg (Mean)
baseline3 months6 months
Escalation-dose Carvedilol635464
Low-fixed-dose Carvedilol635951
Placebo Arm767866

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NT-proBNP (N-terminal Pro-B Type Natriuretic Peptide)

We hypothesized that carvedilol would be safe and tolerable and thus that NT-BNP, a measure of heart failure, would not increase in participants on carvedilol. (NCT01586156)
Timeframe: 6 months

,,
Interventionpg/ml (Median)
baseline1 month3 months6 months
Escalation-dose Carvedilol127120169146
Low-fixed-dose Carvedilol57927952
Placebo Arm170183152293

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Urinary cAMP (Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate)/Creatinine

We hypothesize that use of carvedilol in patients with PAH will increase beta adrenergic receptor function and this will be measurable as an increase in cAMP measured in the urine at 6 months in participants in dose escalation carvedilol. (NCT01586156)
Timeframe: 6 months

,,
Interventionumol/g (Median)
baseline1 month3 months6 months
Escalation-dose Carvedilol1.00.71.51.0
Low-fixed-dose Carvedilol0.60.80.60.7
Placebo Arm1.41.31.21.4

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6 Minute Walk Test

We hypothesized that carvedilol would not worsen 6 minute walk distance. (NCT01586156)
Timeframe: 6 months

,,
Interventionmeters (Mean)
baseline3 months6 months
Escalation-dose Carvedilol438438450
Low-fixed-dose Carvedilol504504486
Placebo Arm404412453

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Improvement in Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) at 12 Months

The primary clinical outcome will be LVEF response at 12 months defined as an improvement in LVEF of ≥ 8% at 12 months or if not available, ≥5% at 3 months in the absence of an adverse clinical outcome. Data are not presented for non-failing controls, who only went baseline evaluation and did not undergo treatment, given that they did not have heart failure. (NCT01798992)
Timeframe: 12 months

InterventionLVEF responders (Number)
Metoprolol Succinate12
Metoprolol Succinate + Doxazosin10
Carvedilol9

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Improvement in LVEF at 3 Months

A secondary outcome will be LVEF response at 3 months, defined as an improvement of ≥ 5% Data are not presented for non-failing controls, who only went baseline evaluation and did not undergo treatment, given that they did not have heart failure. (NCT01798992)
Timeframe: 3 months

InterventionLVEF responders (Number)
Metoprolol Succinate16
Metoprolol Succinate + Doxazosin10
Carvedilol10

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Composite of All-cause Mortality, Need for Heart Transplant or Need for Ventricular Assist Device.

Clinical status at 18 months will be assessed at time of study completion, specifically for the composite outcome of all-cause mortality, need for heart transplant, or need for ventricular assist device. Outcomes are not presented for non-failing controls, who only went baseline evaluation and did not undergo treatment, given that they did not have heart failure. (NCT01798992)
Timeframe: 18 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Metoprolol Succinate1
Metoprolol Succinate + Doxazosin0
Carvedilol0

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Mean Systolic Blood Pressure

(NCT02056626)
Timeframe: day 0

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Partial Reinforcement151.59
Controlled Dosing, Daily152.64
Controlled Dosing, Every Other Day155.42
Standard Therapy151.74

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Mean Systolic Blood Pressure

(NCT02056626)
Timeframe: day 30

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Partial Reinforcement138.90
Controlled Dosing, Daily136.38
Controlled Dosing, Every Other Day139.27
Standard Therapy134.94

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Mean Systolic Blood Pressure

(NCT02056626)
Timeframe: day 14

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Partial Reinforcement133.64
Controlled Dosing, Daily132.92
Controlled Dosing, Every Other Day133.12
Standard Therapy135.00

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Maximum Change in LVEF at 12 Months

Value at 12 months minus value at baseline (NCT02177175)
Timeframe: 12 months

Interventionchange in percent ejection fraction (Median)
Carvedilol-2.5
Placebo-2

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Maximum Change in LVEF at 3 Months

Value at 3 months minus value at baseline (NCT02177175)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionchange in percent ejection fraction (Median)
Carvedilol1
Placebo-5

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Maximum Change in LVEF at 6 Months

Value at 6 months minus value at baseline (NCT02177175)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionchange in percent ejection fraction (Median)
Carvedilol-2
Placebo-5

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Maximum Change in LVEF at 9 Months

Value at 9 months minus value at baseline (NCT02177175)
Timeframe: 9 months

Interventionchange in percent ejection fraction (Median)
Carvedilol-3.5
Placebo-5.5

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Change in Pulse Wave Velocity

Changes in arterial stiffness between baseline and 18 months after therapy with carvedilol, spironolactone or usual care. Arterial stiffness was measured by pulse wave velocity (Sphygmocor device) (NCT02230891)
Timeframe: 18 months

Interventionm/sec (Mean)
Carvedilol-0.71
Spironolactone-0.77
Usual Care-0.59

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Change in Troponin T Measured Using a High Sensitivity Assay

Change in levels of troponin T (measured with a high sensitivity assay in blood samples) between baseline and 18 months after therapy with carvedilol or spironolactone or usual care (NCT02230891)
Timeframe: 18 months

Interventionng/L (Mean)
Carvedilol-0.2
Spironolactone1.4
Usual Care0.35

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Change in Cardiac Global Longitudinal Strain

Change in myocardial speckle tracked strain (global longitudinal strain) after 18 months (baseline vs. 18 months) of therapy with carvedilol or spironolactone or usual care. The myocardial global longitudinal strain was measured using echocardiography (NCT02230891)
Timeframe: 18 months

Intervention% systolic deformation (Mean)
Carvedilol-1.4
Spironolactone-1.74
Usual Care-1.14

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Change in NTproBNP (Biomarker)

Change in levels of NT-proBNP (measured in blood samples) between baseline and 18 months after therapy with carvedilol or spironolactone or usual care (NCT02230891)
Timeframe: 18 months

Interventionpg/ml (Mean)
Carvedilol87.9
Spironolactone-16.5
Usual Care3.65

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Change in Systolic Blood Pressure

Systolic blood pressure is the amount of pressure the heart generates when pumping blood through the arteries to the body. Current guidelines identify normal systolic blood pressure as lower than 120 mmHg. Blood pressure was measured in triplicate with a manual cuff prior to and every 4 hours during the 24-hour infusion with subjects in supine position. Change is the difference in systolic blood pressure at Week 6 from pre-dosing with Intralipid to 12 hours during Intralipid infusion. (NCT02406586)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (Week 6), within 12 hours at Week 6 visit

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Salsalate9.50
Carvedilol8.14
Placebo0.38

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Change in Systolic Blood Pressure

Systolic blood pressure is the amount of pressure the heart generates when pumping blood through the arteries to the body. Current guidelines identify normal systolic blood pressure as lower than 120 mmHg. Blood pressure was measured in triplicate with a manual cuff prior to and every 4 hours during the 24-hour infusion with subjects in supine position. Change is the difference in systolic blood pressure at the baseline visit from pre-dosing with Intralipid to 24 hours during Intralipid infusion. (NCT02406586)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (Baseline), within 24 hours at Baseline visit

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Salsalate13.93
Carvedilol13.21
Placebo10.27

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Change in Systolic Blood Pressure

Systolic blood pressure is the amount of pressure the heart generates when pumping blood through the arteries to the body. Current guidelines identify normal systolic blood pressure as lower than 120 mmHg. Blood pressure was measured in triplicate with a manual cuff prior to and every 4 hours during the 24-hour infusion with subjects in supine position. Change is the difference in systolic blood pressure at the baseline visit from pre-dosing with Intralipid to 20 hours during Intralipid infusion. (NCT02406586)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (Baseline), within 20 hours at Baseline visit

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Salsalate13.27
Carvedilol9.39
Placebo11.4

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Change in Systolic Blood Pressure

Systolic blood pressure is the amount of pressure the heart generates when pumping blood through the arteries to the body. Current guidelines identify normal systolic blood pressure as lower than 120 mmHg. Blood pressure was measured in triplicate with a manual cuff prior to and every 4 hours during the 24-hour infusion with subjects in supine position. Change is the difference in systolic blood pressure at the baseline visit from pre-dosing with Intralipid to 16 hours during Intralipid infusion. (NCT02406586)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (Baseline), within 16 hours at Baseline visit

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Salsalate15.78
Carvedilol8.05
Placebo3.6

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Change in Systolic Blood Pressure

Systolic blood pressure is the amount of pressure the heart generates when pumping blood through the arteries to the body. Current guidelines identify normal systolic blood pressure as lower than 120 mmHg. Blood pressure was measured in triplicate with a manual cuff prior to and every 4 hours during the 24-hour infusion with subjects in supine position. Change is the difference in systolic blood pressure at the baseline visit from pre-dosing with Intralipid to 12 hours during Intralipid infusion. (NCT02406586)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (Baseline), within 12 hours at Baseline visit

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Salsalate20.55
Carvedilol1.74
Placebo5.25

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Change in Systolic Blood Pressure

Systolic blood pressure is the amount of pressure the heart generates when pumping blood through the arteries to the body. Current guidelines identify normal systolic blood pressure as lower than 120 mmHg. Blood pressure was measured in triplicate with a manual cuff prior to and every 4 hours during the 24-hour infusion with subjects in supine position. Change is the difference in systolic blood pressure at Week 6 from pre-dosing with Intralipid to 4 hours during Intralipid infusion. (NCT02406586)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (Week 6), within 4 hours at Week 6 visit

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Salsalate11.50
Carvedilol14.32
Placebo4.26

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Change in Flow-mediated Dilation

The change in endothelium-dependent vascular reactivity will be measured by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery using a high-resolution vascular ultrasound with a 10-MHz linear array transducer. FMD is expressed as the percentage increase in diameter at the baseline visit from pre-dosing with Intralipid to 24 hours during Intralipid infusion (NCT02406586)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (Baseline), within 24 hours at Baseline visit

Interventionpercent change in diameter (Mean)
Salsalate0.35
Carvedilol0.53
Placebo0.47

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Change in Flow-mediated Dilation

The change in endothelium-dependent vascular reactivity will be measured by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery using a high-resolution vascular ultrasound with a 10-MHz linear array transducer. FMD is expressed as the percentage increase in diameter at the baseline visit from pre-dosing with Intralipid to 12 hours during Intralipid infusion. (NCT02406586)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (Baseline), within 12 hours at Baseline visit

Interventionpercent change in diameter (Mean)
Salsalate0.14
Carvedilol0.24
Placebo0.26

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Change in FFA (Free Fatty Acid) Levels From Baseline to 6 Weeks

Blood samples were collected for measurement of free fatty acids at baseline and 6 weeks after the Intralipid 20% infusion. FFA levels were determined by colorimetric method. Current guidelines identify normal range of FFA level as less than 0.72 mmol/L. Elevated plasma levels of FFA indicate a greater rate of insulin resistance. Change is the difference between 6-week FFA levels from baseline FFA levels. (NCT02406586)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 weeks

Interventionmmol/L (Mean)
Salsalate-0.08
Carvedilol0.04
Placebo0.03

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Change in Expression of Inflammatory Biomarker Interleukin-6 (IL-6)

It is measured by using microsphere-based flow cytometric immunoassay. Change is the difference between 6-week level from baseline level. (NCT02406586)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 weeks

Interventionpg/ml (Mean)
Salsalate-0.29
Carvedilol-1.84
Placebo-0.36

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Change in Expression of Inflammatory Biomarker C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

It is measured by using microsphere-based flow cytometric immunoassay. Change is the difference between 6-week inflammatory biomarker level from baseline level. (NCT02406586)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 weeks

Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
Salsalate2.55
Carvedilol-7.08
Placebo-0.20

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Change in Diastolic Blood Pressure From Baseline to 6 Weeks

Diastolic blood pressure is the amount of pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats. Current guidelines identify normal diastolic blood pressure as lower than 80 mmHg. Blood pressure was measured in triplicate with a manual cuff prior to and every 4 hours during the 8 hour infusion with subjects in supine position. Change is the difference between 6-week diastolic blood pressure from baseline diastolic blood pressure. (NCT02406586)
Timeframe: Baseline, 6 weeks

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Salsalate1.00
Carvedilol-1.50
Placebo2.22

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Change in Systolic Blood Pressure

Systolic blood pressure is the amount of pressure the heart generates when pumping blood through the arteries to the body. Current guidelines identify normal systolic blood pressure as lower than 120 mmHg. Blood pressure was measured in triplicate with a manual cuff prior to and every 4 hours during the 24-hour infusion with subjects in supine position. Change is the difference in systolic blood pressure at Week 6 from pre-dosing with Intralipid to 16 hours during Intralipid infusion. (NCT02406586)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (Week 6), within 16 hours at Week 6 visit

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Salsalate7.85
Carvedilol7.55
Placebo-0.04

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Change in Systolic Blood Pressure.

Systolic blood pressure is the amount of pressure the heart generates when pumping blood through the arteries to the body. Current guidelines identify normal systolic blood pressure as lower than 120 mmHg. Blood pressure was measured in triplicate with a manual cuff prior to and every 4 hours during the 24-hour infusion with subjects in supine position. Change is the difference in systolic blood pressure at the baseline visit from pre-dosing with Intralipid to 4 hours during Intralipid infusion. (NCT02406586)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (Baseline), within 4 hours at Baseline visit

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Salsalate15.37
Carvedilol10.04
Placebo10.25

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Change in Systolic Blood Pressure

Systolic blood pressure is the amount of pressure the heart generates when pumping blood through the arteries to the body. Current guidelines identify normal systolic blood pressure as lower than 120 mmHg. Blood pressure was measured in triplicate with a manual cuff prior to and every 4 hours during the 24-hour infusion with subjects in supine position. from Change is the difference in systolic blood pressure at the baseline visit from pre-dosing with Intralipid to 8 hours during Intralipid. (NCT02406586)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (Baseline), within 8 hours at Baseline visit

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Salsalate13.02
Carvedilol2.03
Placebo5.47

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Change in Systolic Blood Pressure

Systolic blood pressure is the amount of pressure the heart generates when pumping blood through the arteries to the body. Current guidelines identify normal systolic blood pressure as lower than 120 mmHg. Blood pressure was measured in triplicate with a manual cuff prior to and every 4 hours during the 24-hour infusion with subjects in supine position. Change is the difference in systolic blood pressure from at Week 6 from pre-dosing with Intralipid to 8 hours during Intralipid infusion. (NCT02406586)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (Week 6), within 8 hours at Week 6 visit

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Salsalate10.1
Carvedilol11.62
Placebo4.14

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Change in Flow-mediated Dilation

The change in endothelium-dependent vascular reactivity will be measured by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery using a high-resolution vascular ultrasound with a 10-MHz linear array transducer. FMD is expressed as the percentage increase in diameter at the Week 6 visit from pre-dosing with Intralipid to 24 hours during Intralipid infusion (NCT02406586)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (Week 6), within 24 hours at Week 6 visit

Interventionpercent change in diameter (Mean)
Salsalate0.39
Carvedilol0.70
Placebo0.48

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Change in Systolic Blood Pressure

Systolic blood pressure is the amount of pressure the heart generates when pumping blood through the arteries to the body. Current guidelines identify normal systolic blood pressure as lower than 120 mmHg. Blood pressure was measured in triplicate with a manual cuff prior to and every 4 hours during the 24-hour infusion with subjects in supine position. Change is the difference in systolic blood pressure at Week 6 from pre-dosing with Intralipid to 24 hours during Intralipid infusion. (NCT02406586)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (Week 6), within 24 hours at Week 6 visit

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Salsalate11.23
Carvedilol9.92
Placebo3.04

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Change in Systolic Blood Pressure

Systolic blood pressure is the amount of pressure the heart generates when pumping blood through the arteries to the body. Current guidelines identify normal systolic blood pressure as lower than 120 mmHg. Blood pressure was measured in triplicate with a manual cuff prior to and every 4 hours during the 24-hour infusion with subjects in supine position. Change is the difference in systolic blood pressure at Week 6 from pre-dosing with Intralipid to 20 hours during Intralipid infusion. (NCT02406586)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (Week 6), within 20 hours at Week 6 visit

InterventionmmHg (Mean)
Salsalate12.88
Carvedilol8.84
Placebo6.6

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Change in Flow-mediated Dilation

The change in endothelium-dependent vascular reactivity will be measured by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery using a high-resolution vascular ultrasound with a 10-MHz linear array transducer. FMD is expressed as the percentage increase in diameter at the Week 6 visit from pre-dosing with Intralipid to 12 hours during Intralipid infusion. (NCT02406586)
Timeframe: Pre-dose (Week 6), within 12 hours at Week 6 visit

Interventionpercent change in diameter (Mean)
Salsalate0.22
Carvedilol0.42
Placebo0.20

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All Cause Mortality or Liver Transplantation

All cause mortality or liver transplantation during the study period (NCT02504723)
Timeframe: Within 6 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Cyanoacrylate Injection Plus Carvedilol13
Cyanoacrylate Injection20

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All Adverse Effects

All adverse effects during the study period (NCT02504723)
Timeframe: Within 6 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Cyanoacrylate Injection Plus Carvedilol32
Cyanoacrylate Injection9

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Rebleeding From Gastric Varices

Rebleeding from gastric varices during the follow-up period (NCT02504723)
Timeframe: Within 6 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Cyanoacrylate Injection Plus Carvedilol14
Cyanoacrylate Injection21

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All Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

All upper gastrointestinal bleeding during the follow-up period (NCT02504723)
Timeframe: Within 6 years

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
Cyanoacrylate Injection Plus Carvedilol17
Cyanoacrylate Injection29

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Mean Change in Right Ventricular Ejection Fraction as Measured by Cardiac MRI

(NCT02507011)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionpercent (Mean)
Carvedilol10
Placebo2.5

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Average Left Ventricular End-diastolic Dimension

Thickness of cardiac muscle (in ml) of the left ventricle at the end of diastole. The mean is reported by arm at each timepoint with corresponding standard errors. (NCT02717507)
Timeframe: Baseline before treatment, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months after treatment initiation

,
Interventionml (Mean)
BL6m12m18m24
Arm I (Carvedilol)4.58364.60354.6364.60324.5147
Arm II (Placebo)4.52694.5650.05564.54624.5976

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Average Left Ventricular End-diastolic Dimension

The amount of blood (in ml) in the heart's left ventricle just before the heart contracts. The mean is reported by arm at each timepoint with corresponding standard errors. (NCT02717507)
Timeframe: Baseline before treatment, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months after treatment initiation

,
Interventionml (Mean)
BL6m12m18m24m
Arm I (Carvedilol)99.750799.3216102.378101.174100.659
Arm II (Placebo)93.315595.743496.500299.465698.9602

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Average Galectin-3

A protein produced by activated macrophages, and a member of a family of β-galactoside-binding lectings and promotes cardiac fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis following myocadial injury (in ng/ml). The mean is reported by arm at each timepoint with corresponding standard errors. (NCT02717507)
Timeframe: Baseline before treatment, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months after treatment initiation

,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
BL6m12m18m24m
Arm I (Carvedilol)4.44644.32523.73453.45483.8073
Arm II (Placebo)5.25384.37354.34154.02144.0791

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Average Fractional Shortening

A measure to assess preload and afterload (in %). The mean is reported by arm at each timepoint with corresponding standard errors. (NCT02717507)
Timeframe: Baseline before treatment, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months after treatment initiation

,
Interventionpercent (Mean)
BL6m12m18m24
Arm I (Carvedilol)28.536228.540929.612127.821928.0302
Arm II (Placebo)28.433927.686628.108527.889128.5953

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Average Ejection Fraction

The percentage of blood leaving the heart at the end of diastole. The mean is reported by arm at each timepoint with corresponding standard errors. (NCT02717507)
Timeframe: Baseline before treatment, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months after treatment initiation

,
InterventionPercent (Mean)
BL6m12m18m24
Arm I (Carvedilol)57.658.1658.0757.3558.16
Arm II (Placebo)57.4256.8456.6157.657.5

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Average Cardiac Troponin I

Troponin I is a biomarker for myocardial cell injury (in ng/ml). The mean is reported by arm at each timepoint with corresponding standard errors. (NCT02717507)
Timeframe: Baseline before treatment, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months after treatment initiation

,
Interventionng/mL (Mean)
BL6m12m18m24m
Arm I (Carvedilol)0.004460.002650.004670.007370.01111
Arm II (Placebo)0.00110.001740.007420.006840.01132

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Average Cardiac N-terminal Pro B-type Natriuretic Peptide

N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide- a biomarker for heart failure (in pg/ml). The mean is reported by arm at each timepoint with corresponding standard errors. (NCT02717507)
Timeframe: Baseline before treatment, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months after treatment initiation

,
Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
BL6m12m18m24m
Arm I (Carvedilol)85.630190.753687.716799.4912101.8333
Arm II (Placebo)115.7222128.9565115.636493.2105107.849

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Average Bilirubin

A liver function measurement (in mg/dL). The mean is reported by arm at each timepoint with corresponding standard errors. (NCT02717507)
Timeframe: Baseline before treatment, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months after treatment initiation

,
Interventionmg/dL (Mean)
BL6m12m18m24m
Arm I (Carvedilol)0.56340.59730.5630.5930.5561
Arm II (Placebo)0.49890.49420.49690.5070.5449

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"Proportion of Patients Who Responded Moderately, Quite a Bit, or Extremely to How Bothersome the Symptom of DIARRHEA Was at Any Post-day 0 Assessment Time Point."

"In a questionnaire, patients responded Yes/No to certain symptoms. If answered Yes, they selected slightly, moderately, quite a bit, or extremely regarding how bothersome the symptom was. The proportion of participants responding with any of these three categories was calculated by arm, and corresponding 95% confidence intervals are reported." (NCT02717507)
Timeframe: responses at days 14 to 730 were combined

,
InterventionProportion of patients (Number)
DiarrheaSkin rashItchy skinDry MouthEasy bruisingNosebleedsSunburn easilyWeight gainFluid retentionSwollen feetIncreased sweatingFeeling weak in parts of your bodyShortness of breath or wheezingChest pain or heavinessHeart racing or skipping beatsFeeling shaky or having tremorsDecreased bodily movementFeeling nervousFeeling downhearted, sad, and/or tearfulMood swingsDizziness and/or lightheadednessDizziness upon standing (from sitting or lying down)InsomniaDifficulty concentratingInterrupted sleepTendency to take napsTiredwheezingFeeling unusually tiredFalling asleep at inappropriate timesRinging in the earsDifficulty breathingSensation that I have to urinate much of the timeDiscoloration of urine (ie, bloody)Decreased libidoUnusually heavy menstrual flows (N/A if postmenopausal or male)
Arm I (Carvedilol)0.05330.09330.14670.06670.01330.06670.09330.05330.026700.09330.09330.09330.080.080.05330.01330.14670.20.120.160.14670.17330.10670.20.120.22670.02670.05330.02670.066700.06670.2
Arm II (Placebo)0.13160.07890.14470.17110.09210.05260.05260.07890.03950.09210.07890.13160.03950.09210.03950.07890.03950.17110.11840.09210.13160.15790.17110.13160.21050.10530.22370.03950.092100.07890.03950.05260.111

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Proportion of Patients With Reportable Adverse Events as Described in the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE).

Patients with toxicities reported via CTEP-AERS and all Grade ≥ 2 adverse events (AEs) that can be attributed probably or definitely to the study drug are considered to have AEs. The proportion of patients with AEs are reported by arm with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. (NCT02717507)
Timeframe: From baseline to month 24 since baseline

InterventionProportion of patients with AE (Number)
Arm I (Carvedilol)0.0267
Arm II (Placebo)0

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Proportion of Participants With Average Adherence > 90%

The number of pills taken out of the total prescribed in a 3-month period, averaged across all study time points. The proportion of participants with average adherence rate >90% is computed by arm and corresponding 95% confidence intervals are reported. (NCT02717507)
Timeframe: Average adherence across 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months after treatment initiation are calculated.

Interventionproportion of participants (Number)
Arm I (Carvedilol)0.483
Arm II (Placebo)0.517

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Average Aspartate Aminotransferase

A liver function measurement (in U/L). Normal range is 14-20 for men, 10-36 for women. The mean is reported by arm at each timepoint with corresponding standard errors. (NCT02717507)
Timeframe: Baseline before treatment, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months after treatment initiation

,
InterventionIU/L (Mean)
BL6m12m18m24m
Arm I (Carvedilol)26.60824.06825.42624.37524.561
Arm II (Placebo)25.77326.34227.01428.41127.038

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Average Alanine Aminotransferase

A liver function measurement (in U/L). Normal range is 8-48 IU/L. The mean is reported by arm at each timepoint with corresponding standard errors. (NCT02717507)
Timeframe: Baseline before treatment, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months after treatment initiation

,
InterventionIU/L (Mean)
BL6m12m18m24m
Arm I (Carvedilol)29.12228.01430.14827.19629.86
Arm II (Placebo)30.46732.15831.15530.53629.245

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Average Peak Early Atrial Divided by Peak Late Atrial Velocities

"Ratio of peak velocity blood flow from left ventricular relaxation in early diastole (E wave) to peak velocity flow in late diastole caused by atrial contraction (A wave). Number shown for Unit of Measure refers to this ratio. Normal: >1. Impaired: <1. The mean is reported by arm at each timepoint with corresponding standard errors." (NCT02717507)
Timeframe: Baseline before treatment, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months after treatment initiation

,
Interventionratio (Mean)
BL6m12m18m24m
Arm I (Carvedilol)1.7281.6421.7231.7321.603
Arm II (Placebo)1.7320.0711.7221.7321.64

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Average Left-Ventricular Wall Thickness-Dimension Ratio Z-score (LVWT/Dz)

Z-score of the ratio of left ventricular (LV) posterior wall dimension of systole to internal LV dimension in diastole, calculated for each subject by subtracting the reference healthy population mean, then dividing by the standard deviation. The Z-score indicates the number of standard deviations away from the mean of the reference population. Negative Z- score indicates worse outcome. The mean is reported by arm at each timepoint with corresponding standard errors. (NCT02717507)
Timeframe: Baseline before treatment, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months after treatment initiation

,
Interventionz-score (Mean)
BL6m12m18m24m
Arm I (Carvedilol)-0.1372-0.2167-0.2416-0.23750.0213
Arm II (Placebo)-0.08930.3215-0.2367-0.19740.1834

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Average Left Ventricular Mass

The weight of the left ventricle adjusted for body surface area (in g/m2). The mean is reported by arm at each timepoint with corresponding standard errors. (NCT02717507)
Timeframe: Baseline before treatment, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months after treatment initiation

,
Interventiong/m2 (Mean)
BL6m12m18m24m
Arm I (Carvedilol)57.486258.283960.211657.705358.3315
Arm II (Placebo)57.932257.092459.450859.179359.1026

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Average Left Ventricular End-systolic Wall Stress

Echocardiographic measure of left ventricular (LV) afterload based on LV pressure (P), volume (V), and wall thickness (T), calculated by the formula (P x V)/T, which equals the number referred to below in the Measure Type. The mean is reported by arm at each timepoint with corresponding standard errors. (NCT02717507)
Timeframe: Baseline before treatment, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months after treatment initiation

,
Interventiong/cm^2 (Mean)
BL6m12m18m24m
Arm I (Carvedilol)93.289290.308888.98493.926789.2513
Arm II (Placebo)90.613596.835696.061691.645894.0647

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Average N-terminal Pro B-type Natriuretic Peptide

B-type natriuretic peptide- a biomarker for heart failure (in pg/ml). The mean is reported by arm at each timepoint with corresponding standard errors. (NCT02717507)
Timeframe: Baseline before treatment, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months after treatment initiation

,
Interventionpg/mL (Mean)
BL6m12m18m24m
Arm I (Carvedilol)27.383631.840626.820335.80734.625
Arm II (Placebo)31.432434.185733.294132.280733.3774

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Average Left Ventricular End-systolic Volume

The amount of blood (in ml) in the heart's left ventricle just after the heart contracts. The mean is reported by arm at each timepoint with corresponding standard errors. (NCT02717507)
Timeframe: Baseline before treatment, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months after treatment initiation

,
Interventionml (Mean)
BL6m12m18m24m
Arm I (Carvedilol)42.219341.612842.843743.145342.0086
Arm II (Placebo)39.735441.383941.81131.60542.442

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Average Left Ventricular End-systolic Volume

The amount of blood (in ml) in the heart's left ventricle just after the heart contracts. The mean is reported by arm at each timepoint with corresponding standard errors. (NCT02717507)
Timeframe: Baseline before treatment, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months after treatment initiation

,
Interventioncentimeter (Mean)
BL6m12m18m24m
Arm I (Carvedilol)03.27653.29013.2623.323.2441
Arm II (Placebo)3.23963.30233.29643.27983.286

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Change in Peak Heart Rate

during exercise test on week 12 and week 30 (NCT02946892)
Timeframe: on week 12 and week 30 of the study

Interventionbeats per minute (Mean)
Carvedilol-32.3
Placebo1.9

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Change in Oxygen Uptake at Anaerobic Threshold

during exercise test on week 12 and week 30 (NCT02946892)
Timeframe: on week 12 and week 30 of the study

Interventionml/kg/min (Mean)
Carvedilol-1.02
Placebo-1.78

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Change in Peak Oxygen Uptake From Baseline Peak Oxygen Uptake

during exercise test on week 12 and week 30 (NCT02946892)
Timeframe: on week 12 and week 30 of the study

Interventionml/kg/min (Mean)
Carvedilol-2.01
Placebo-1.01

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Change in Patient-reported Quality of Life When on Beta-blocker Versus When Off Beta-blocker, as Measured by Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System-29 (PROMIS-29)

"The PROMIS-29 assesses 7 domains with 4 questions with an additional pain intensity numeric rating scale. The patients' answers to the PROMIS-29 are scored from 1-5 (except for the pain numeric rating scale). The sum of the PROMIS-29 is the raw score transformed into a final T-score metric. Scores are mapped so that the values follow a normal distribution with a population mean T-score of 50 and an SD of 10. Instead of having a min or max, the PROMIS-29 raw scores have been transformed into t-scores for comparison to a reference population (the US general population) with a mean of 50 and SD of 10. Scores lower than 50 indicate worse health compared to the US general population. Due to the nature of N-of-1 trials, the duration of a subject's period varies based on the subject's home dose of beta-blocker before enrollment, therefore, each subject's respective period for the OFF and ON periods could range between 3 - 6 weeks. The values measured over the time points were averaged." (NCT04767061)
Timeframe: The maximum amount of time a subject could have been assessed for this measure is 76-weeks (24-week max intervention phase,1-year follow-up phase). This outcome was measured at baseline, weekly, end of period and intervention visits, and during follow-up.

,
Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
Physical Health ComponentMental Health Component
OFF Beta Blockers40.047.9
ON Beta Blockers39.846.8

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Change in Physical Activity When on Beta-blocker Versus When Off Beta-blocker, as Measured by Step Count on Wearable Activity Monitoring Device

"The wearable activity monitoring device measures daily step count. Due to the nature of N-of-1 trials, the duration of a subject's periods varies based on the subject's home dose of beta-blocker prior to enrollment, therefore, each subject's respective time period for the OFF and ON periods could range between 3 and 6 weeks. We will compare average step counts over 2-week periods, which will be the final 2 weeks of each period when subjects are either on their home (ON Beta Blockers) or minimally tolerated (OFF Beta Blockers) dose. The outcome measure data is the mean collected during the outcome measure time frame." (NCT04767061)
Timeframe: The maximum amount of time a subject could have been assessed for this outcome measure is 8-weeks (last 2 weeks of each period for up to 4 periods).

InterventionCount of Steps (Mean)
ON Beta Blockers2790.5
OFF Beta Blockers3167.3

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Change in Patient-reported Health When on Beta-blocker Versus When Off Beta-blocker, as Measured by the EuroQol-5D Visual Analogue System (EQ-5D VAS)

"The EuroQol-5D Visual Analogue System (EQ-5D VAS) indicates patient-perceived health on a vertical visual analogue scale. The scale ranges from 0, indicating poorest health, to 100, indicating the best health. Due to the nature of N-of-1 trials, the duration of a subject's period varies based on the subject's home dose of beta-blocker prior to enrollment, therefore, each subject's respective time period for the OFF and ON periods could range between 3 - 6 weeks. The outcome measure data is the mean of the data collected during the span of the outcome measure time frame." (NCT04767061)
Timeframe: The maximum amount of time a subject could have been assessed for this outcome measure is 24-weeks. This outcome was measured at baseline and at each end of period visit.

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
ON Beta Blockers68.9
OFF Beta Blockers67.8

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Change in Patient-reported Health Status When on Beta-blocker Versus When Off Beta-blocker, as Measured by Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ-12)

"The Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ-12) is a heart failure-specific health status survey. Questions are ranked on 5- to 7-point Likert scales, with higher scores indicating better health status. KCCQ scores are scaled from 0 to 100 and frequently summarized in 25-point ranges, where scores represent health status as follows: 0 to 24: very poor to poor; 25 to 49: poor to fair; 50 to 74: fair to good; and 75 to 100: good to excellent. Due to the nature of N-of-1 trials, the duration of a subject's period varies based on the subject's home dose of beta-blocker prior to enrollment, therefore, each subject's respective time period for the OFF and ON periods could range between 3 - 6 weeks. The outcome measure data is the mean of the data collected during the span of the outcome measure time frame." (NCT04767061)
Timeframe: The max amount of time a subject could have been assessed for this measure is 76-weeks (24-week max intervention phase,1-year follow-up phase). This outcome was measured at baseline, bi-weekly, end of period and intervention visits, and during follow-up.

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
ON Beta Blockers58.7
OFF Beta Blockers66.0

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Change in Lower Extremity Function When on Beta-blocker Versus When Off Beta-blocker, as Measured by the Chair Rise Portion of a Modified Version of the Short Physical Performance Battery.

"The Short Physical Performance Battery assesses gait speed, core strength when rising from a chair without using the upper extremities, and balance while standing without a cane or walker. The chair rise portion of the SPPB assesses core strength. When comparing the number of seconds it takes to complete 5 chair rises, quicker speeds indicate better core strength. Our research team has chosen on comparing the speed at which subjects were able to complete the test. Due to the nature of N-of-1 trials, the duration of a subject's period varies based on the subject's home dose of beta-blocker prior to enrollment, therefore, each subject's respective time period for the OFF and ON periods could range between 3 - 6 weeks. The outcome measure data is the mean of the data collected during the outcome measure time frame." (NCT04767061)
Timeframe: The maximum amount of time a subject could have been assessed for this outcome measure is 24-weeks. This outcome was measured at baseline and at each end of period visit.

Interventionseconds (Mean)
ON Beta Blockers16
OFF Beta Blockers15.1

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Change in Exercise Capacity When on Beta-blocker Versus When Off Beta-blocker, as Measured by Peak Oxygen Consumption (VO2) During Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test (CPET)

"Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) measures breath-by-breath oxygen production during symptom-limited exercise on a stationary bike. This permits the calculation of peak oxygen consumption (VO2). Percent predicted peak VO2 for body weight will also be calculated. Due to the nature of N-of-1 trials, the duration of a subject's period varies based on the subject's home dose of beta-blocker prior to enrollment, therefore, each subject's respective time period for the OFF and ON periods could range between 3 - 6 weeks. The outcome measure data is the mean of the data collected during the span of the outcome measure time frame." (NCT04767061)
Timeframe: The maximum amount of time a subject could have been assessed for this outcome measure is 6-weeks. This outcome was measured at the end of the first and second visit.

Interventionml/kg/min (Mean)
ON Beta Blockers10.0
OFF Beta Blockers11.4

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Change in Lower Extremity Function When on Beta-blocker Versus When Off Beta-blocker, as Measured by the Balance Portion of a Modified Version of the Short Physical Performance Battery.

"The Short Physical Performance Battery assesses gait speed, core strength when rising from a chair without using the upper extremities, and balance while standing without a cane or walker. The balance test portion of the SPPB assesses the subject's ability to stand unassisted without the use of a cane or walker. Balance test scores range from 0 - 4 with higher scores indicating better ability to stand unassisted. Our research team conducted the balance test according to SPPB standards. Due to the nature of N-of-1 trials, the duration of a subject's period varies based on the subject's home dose of beta-blocker prior to enrollment, therefore, each subject's respective time period for the OFF and ON periods could range between 3 - 6 weeks. The outcome measure data is the mean of the data collected during the span of the outcome measure time frame." (NCT04767061)
Timeframe: The maximum amount of time a subject could have been assessed for this outcome measure is 24-weeks. This outcome was measured at baseline and at each end of period visit.

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
ON Beta Blockers3.9
OFF Beta Blockers3.6

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Change in Lower Extremity Function When on Beta-blocker Versus When Off Beta-blocker, as Measured by the Gait Speed Portion of a Modified Version of the Short Physical Performance Battery.

"The Short Physical Performance Battery assesses gait speed, core strength when rising from a chair without using the upper extremities, and balance while standing without a cane or walker. The gait speed portion of the SPPB assesses the subject's lower extremity function. When comparing the number of seconds it takes to complete the 4-meter gait speed test, quicker speeds indicate better lower extremity function. Our research team conducted the 4-meter gait speed test according to SPPB standards, but have chosen on comparing the speed at which subjects were able to complete the test. Due to the nature of N-of-1 trials, the duration of a subject's period varies based on the subject's home dose of beta-blocker prior to enrollment, therefore, each subject's respective time period for the OFF and ON periods could range between 3 - 6 weeks. The outcome measure data is the mean of the data collected during the span of the outcome measure time frame." (NCT04767061)
Timeframe: The maximum amount of time a subject could have been assessed for this outcome measure is 24-weeks. This outcome was measured at baseline and at each end of period visit.

Interventionseconds (Mean)
ON Beta Blockers4.3
OFF Beta Blockers4.6

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Change in Patient-reported Cognitive Function When on Beta-blocker Versus When Off Beta-blocker, as Measured by Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System-Short Form 6a (PROMIS SF-6a)

"Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System-Short Form 6a (PROMIS SF-6a) is a survey of patient-perceived cognitive deficits. Questions are ranked on a 5-point Likert scale, with higher scores indicating better cognitive function. Scores are mapped so the values follow a normal distribution with a population mean T-score of 50 and an SD of 10. Instead of having a min or max, the raw scores have been transformed into t-scores for comparison to a reference population (the US general population) with a mean of 50 and SD of 10. Scores lower than 50 indicate worse cognitive function compared to the US general population. Due to the nature of N-of-1 trials, the duration of a subject's period varies based on the subject's home dose of beta-blocker prior to enrollment, therefore, each subject's respective time period for the OFF and ON periods could range between 3-6 weeks. The outcome measure data is the mean of the data collected during the span of the measured time points." (NCT04767061)
Timeframe: The maximum amount of time a subject could have been assessed for this measure is 76-weeks (24-week max intervention phase,1-year follow-up phase). This outcome was measured at baseline, weekly, end of period and intervention visits, and during follow-up.

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
ON Beta Blockers53.8
OFF Beta Blockers52.4

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Change in Patient-reported Sexual Function When on Beta-blocker Versus When Off Beta-blocker, as Measured by Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System-Sexual Function (PROMIS-Sexual Function)

"Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System-Sexual Function (PROMIS-Sexual Function) measures self-reported sexual function and satisfaction. Questions are ranked on a 6-point Likert scale, with higher scores indicating poorer sexual function and satisfaction. Due to the nature of N-of-1 trials, the duration of a subject's period varies based on the subject's home dose of beta-blocker prior to enrollment, therefore, each subject's respective time period for the OFF and ON periods could range between 3 - 6 weeks. The outcome measure data is the mean of the data collected during the span of the outcome measure time frame. The score ranges from 0-10 with higher scores meaning worsened sexual function." (NCT04767061)
Timeframe: The maximum amount of time a subject could have been assessed for this measure is 76-weeks (24-week max intervention phase,1-year follow-up phase). This outcome was measured at baseline, end of period and intervention visits, and during follow-up.

Interventionscore on a scale (Mean)
ON Beta Blockers1.8
OFF Beta Blockers2.1

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SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		2.4820amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.		2.0510monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
plant metabolite
ethylene glycol
Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.		2.1310ethanediol;
glycol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
solvent;
toxin
acetic acid
Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.		2.7530monocarboxylic acidantimicrobial food preservative;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
food acidity regulator;
protic solvent
acetamide
acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.		2.0510acetamides;
carboximidic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia
adenine
[no description available]		2.05106-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allantoin
[no description available]		2.0510imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
ureas		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide
azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.		3.8621azane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
nucleophilic reagent;
refrigerant
quinacrine
Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.		2.7530acridines;
aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		antimalarial;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine
[no description available]		2.110amino acid zwitterion;
beta-amino acid		agonist;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
inhibitor;
neurotransmitter
benzoic acid
Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.		2.7730benzoic acidsalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		3.5920amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		2.4120amino-acid anion
formic acid
formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.		2.110monocarboxylic acidantibacterial agent;
astringent;
metabolite;
protic solvent;
solvent
carnitine
[no description available]		2.0510amino-acid betainehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		2.0710alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
citric acid, anhydrous
Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.		3.3460tricarboxylic acidantimicrobial agent;
chelator;
food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.9640halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.		2.2110chlorine molecular entity;
gas molecular entity;
hydrogen halide;
mononuclear parent hydride		mouse metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		210coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		2.9640monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		2.110trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.		7.0610gas molecular entity;
hydracid;
mononuclear parent hydride;
sulfur hydride		Escherichia coli metabolite;
genotoxin;
metabolite;
signalling molecule;
toxin;
vasodilator agent
bupropion
Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		9.2750aromatic ketone;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
taxifolin
[no description available]		2.11103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroflavonols;
pentahydroxyflavanone;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine
N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine		4.7621alpha-amino acid
malic acid
malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.		2.17102-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
aminocaproic acid
Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.		4.0640amino acid zwitterion;
epsilon-amino acid;
omega-amino fatty acid		antifibrinolytic drug;
hematologic agent;
metabolite
creatine
[no description available]		2.0510glycine derivative;
guanidines;
zwitterion		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.49702-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		8.0640sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
ethanolamine
[no description available]		2.0510ethanolamines;
primary alcohol;
primary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		8.4120aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		2.7230alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		2.7430alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
histamine
[no description available]		8.940aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		2.110elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
hydroquinone
[no description available]		2.0510benzenediol;
hydroquinones		antioxidant;
carcinogenic agent;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
skin lightening agent
iodine
Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..		2.0310diatomic iodinenutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.		2.110hydroxyphenylalanine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
tyrosine derivative		human metabolite
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		2.7620dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
methanol
Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.		2.4110alkyl alcohol;
one-carbon compound;
primary alcohol;
volatile organic compound		amphiprotic solvent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fuel;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		3.5720cyclitol;
hexol
melatonin
[no description available]		7.68104acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		2.0510pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		4.140pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine
3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidine bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position 2.		2.0610N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridine alkaloid;
pyrrolidine alkaloid
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		5.3770monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		3.1350monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
orotic acid
Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.		2.0510pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxalic acid
Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.		2.1510alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid
4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.		2.4820aminobenzoic acid;
aromatic amino-acid zwitterion		allergen;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
plant metabolite
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		2.0710long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
phenol
[no description available]		2.0510phenolsantiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid
phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.		2.0510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenylacetic acids		allergen;
Aspergillus metabolite;
auxin;
EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
toxin
phthalic acid
phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.		2.0510benzenedicarboxylic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite
picolinic acid
picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.		2.110pyridinemonocarboxylic acidhuman metabolite;
MALDI matrix material
propionic acid
propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.		2.110saturated fatty acid;
short-chain fatty acid		antifungal drug
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		3.8730monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyridoxal phosphate
Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.		2.0510methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
pyridinecarbaldehyde;
vitamin B6 phosphate		coenzyme;
cofactor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine
[no description available]		2.110aminoalkylpyridine;
hydroxymethylpyridine;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
iron chelator;
mouse metabolite;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine
4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).		3.5920hydroxymethylpyridine;
methylpyridines;
monohydroxypyridine;
vitamin B6		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol
benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.		2.420benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		plant metabolite
succinic acid
Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		210alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		anti-ulcer drug;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
radiation protective agent
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		3.8930primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trimethylamine
[no description available]		2.110methylamines;
tertiary amine		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite
tryptophan
[no description available]		2.110alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
aminoalkylindole;
aromatic amino acid;
polar amino acid		Daphnia magna metabolite
tryptamine
[no description available]		2.4220aminoalkylindole;
aralkylamino compound;
indole alkaloid;
tryptamines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
uracil
2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder		2.0510pyrimidine nucleobase;
pyrimidone		allergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		10.5963uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		2.9440isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
xanthine
7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.		6.9810xanthineSaccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
catechin
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxyflavan
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin
8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively		1.9910phenols;
tertiary amino compound;
tetralins		serotonergic antagonist
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.		2.2110amphetamines;
dimethoxybenzene;
organoiodine compound
gallopamil
Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.		1.9610benzenes;
organic amino compound
b 844-39
[no description available]		3.2310diarylmethane
menthol
Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.		2.0510p-menthane monoterpenoid;
secondary alcohol		volatile oil component
5,7-Dihydroxy-2-(3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-3-yl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate
[no description available]		2.0610catechin
mandelic acid
SAMMA: mandelic acid condensation polymer		2.15102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
benzenes		antibacterial agent;
human xenobiotic metabolite
1-(1-naphthyl)piperazine
1-(1-naphthyl)piperazine: serotonin agonist; structure given in first source		1.9910N-arylpiperazine
pk 11195
PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine		2.6320aromatic amide;
isoquinolines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes		antineoplastic agent
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910piperazines
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.		2.7230monochlorobenzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.		2.0510methylpyridines;
phenylpyridine;
tetrahydropyridine		neurotoxin
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.		2.110chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
dichlorobenzene		agrochemical;
defoliant;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
2-methyl-5-ht
2-methyl-5-HT: M-receptor agonist		1.9910tryptaminesserotonergic agonist
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.		9.95111amphetamines;
benzodioxoles		neurotoxin
tramiprosate
tramiprosate: GABA receptor agonist and a glycosaminoglycan mimetic; has nootropic acitivity; structure; a sulfonate analog of GABA. 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the 3-amino derivative of propanesulfonic acid.		3.1810amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		algal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
GABA agonist;
nootropic agent
enprofylline
enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.		2.4520oxopurineanti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3-nitropropionic acid
3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.		7.0510C-nitro compoundantimycobacterial drug;
EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
mycotoxin;
neurotoxin
jtv519
[no description available]		2.6320
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		2.4420aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
phenytoin
[no description available]		5.35100imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
5-carboxamidotryptamine
5-carboxamidotryptamine: agonist of 5-HT receptor; structure given in first source		1.9910tryptamines
methylbufotenin
5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine : A tryptamine alkaloid that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine substituted by a methoxy group at position 5.		1.9910aromatic ether;
tertiary amino compound;
tryptamine alkaloid		hallucinogen;
plant metabolite
5-methoxytryptamine
5-Methoxytryptamine: Serotonin derivative proposed as potentiator for hypnotics and sedatives.. 5-methoxytryptamine : A member of the class of tryptamines that is the methyl ether derivative of serotonin.		1.9910aromatic ether;
primary amino compound;
tryptamines		5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist;
5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor agonist;
5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor agonist;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
radiation protective agent;
serotonergic agonist
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		3.6690acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
aa 861
2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source. docebenone : A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.		2.07101,4-benzoquinones;
acetylenic compound;
primary alcohol		EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor
acebutolol
Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.		11.66161aromatic amide;
ethanolamines;
ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		10.11130acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		4.4160monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide
Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.		2.0510acetophenones;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
acetohydroxamic acid
acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.8530acetohydroxamic acids;
carbohydroximic acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
alaproclate
alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		3.2310alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole
[no description available]		4.2750aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
albuterol
Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).		5.1130phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alendronate
alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.		3.88301,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
primary amino compound		bone density conservation agent;
EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin
alfuzosin: structure given in first source		4.2850monocarboxylic acid amide;
quinazolines;
tetrahydrofuranol		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
alosetron
alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.		4.2450imidazoles;
pyridoindole		antiemetic;
gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic antagonist
alpha-methylserotonin
alpha-methylserotonin: potent agonist at M & D receptors of serotonin; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910tryptaminesserotonergic agonist
alprazolam
Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.		4.7790organochlorine compound;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
alprenolol
Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.		9.29180secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		3.5620triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		4.85100adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
ambenonium
ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ionEC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ambroxol
Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.		2.0510aromatic amine
diatrizoic acid
Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		4.140acetamides;
benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous
Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.		3.5620diamine;
organic thiophosphate		antioxidant;
prodrug;
radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide
Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.		2.7430dicarboximide;
piperidones;
substituted aniline		adrenergic agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine
pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.		2.4320guanidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid
p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.		5.1931N-acylglycineDaphnia magna metabolite
theophylline
[no description available]		5.52120dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amiodarone
Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.		12.964771-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone;
organoiodine compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiovascular drug
dan 2163
[no description available]		3.3560aromatic amide;
aromatic amine;
benzamides;
pyrrolidines;
sulfone		environmental contaminant;
second generation antipsychotic;
xenobiotic
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		10.29160carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlexanox
amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.		3.0140monocarboxylic acid;
pyridochromene		anti-allergic agent;
anti-ulcer drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		9.49295dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amobarbital
Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.		2.4320barbiturates
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		4.0840dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
amsacrine
Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.		2.9740acridines;
aromatic ether;
sulfonamide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole
[no description available]		4.0840nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anethole trithione
Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.		2.0510methoxybenzenes
anthralin
Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.		2.4720anthracenesantipsoriatic
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		2.9740pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetovanillone
apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.		7.920acetophenones;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone		antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug;
plant metabolite
6-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-10,11-diol
[no description available]		2.0610aporphine alkaloid
apraclonidine
apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		2.0210dichlorobenzene;
guanidines;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
diagnostic agent;
ophthalmology drug
arecoline
Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.		2.110enoate ester;
methyl ester;
pyridine alkaloid;
tetrahydropyridine		metabolite;
muscarinic agonist
arotinolol
arotinolol: structure given in first source; arotinolol is the (+-)-isomer		8.3811aromatic amide;
thiophenes
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		7.26170benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		3.84110benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		14.138227ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
azathioprine
Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.		4.2650aryl sulfide;
C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
thiopurine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
azelaic acid
nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.		2.0210alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
plant metabolite
azelastine
azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.		3.1450monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
azepexole
[no description available]		1.9710
baclofen
[no description available]		4.0840amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
muscle relaxant
barbital
5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).		2.0510barbituratesdrug allergen
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		1.9710(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
bendazac
bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.		3.5920indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		3.2310benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		4.32501-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		2.2110ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
benzocaine
Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.		2.4720benzoate ester;
substituted aniline		allergen;
antipruritic drug;
sensitiser;
topical anaesthetic
benzothiazide
benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.		2.0510benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
bepridil
Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.		10.68102pyrrolidines;
tertiary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
berberine
[no description available]		2.0610alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
beta-naphthoflavone
beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.		2.4420extended flavonoid;
naphtho-gamma-pyrone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
betaxolol
[no description available]		7.03132propanolamineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bethanechol
Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		3.2310carbamate ester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscarinic agonist
bevantolol
bevantolol: structure given in first source. bevantolol : A propanolamine that is 3-aminopropane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by 3-methylphenyl and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl. A beta1 adrenoceptor antagonist, it has been shown to be as effective as other beta-blockers for the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension.		5.2262propanolamineanti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
calcium channel blocker
bicalutamide
bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.		4.2750(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monofluorobenzenes;
nitrile;
sulfone;
tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502
bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.		2.7630biphenyls;
imidazoles
biperiden
Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.		3.8630piperidines;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to sarin poisoning;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		3.6120diarylmethane
bisindolylmaleimide i
bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide		2.8330
bisoprolol
Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.		18.7719653secondary alcohol;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
bithionol
Bithionol: Halogenated anti-infective agent that is used against trematode and cestode infestations.. bithionol : An aryl sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which each phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by hydroxy and at positions 3 and 5 by chlorine. A fungicide and anthelmintic, it was used in various topical drug products for the treatment of liver flukes, but withdrawn after being shown to be a potent photosensitizer with the potential to cause serious skin disorders.		2.5220aryl sulfide;
bridged diphenyl antifungal drug;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
dichlorobenzene;
organochlorine pesticide;
polyphenol		antifungal agrochemical;
antiplatyhelmintic drug
bmy 7378
[no description available]		1.9910piperazines
brimonidine
[no description available]		2.0210imidazoles;
quinoxaline derivative;
secondary amine		adrenergic agonist;
alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent
bromazepam
Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		2.7430organic molecular entity
bromopride
bromopride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.7530benzamides
bromisovalum
Bromisovalum: A sedative and mild hypnotic with potentially toxic effects.. bromisoval : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-bromisoval. It was previously used for its hypnotic and sedative properties but the use of bromides is now deprecated due to the possibility of the toxic accumulation of bromine in the body.. 2-bromo-N-carbamoyl-3-methylbutanamide : An N-acylurea that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 2-bromo-3-methybutanoyl group.		2.0510N-acylurea;
organobromine compound
bronopol
[no description available]		2.0810nitro compound
brotizolam
brotizolam: structure		2.7230organic molecular entity
bufexamac
Bufexamac: A benzeneacetamide with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic action. It is administered topically, orally, or rectally.. bufexamac : A hydroxamic acid derived from phenylacetamide in which the benzene moiety is substituted at C-4 by a butoxy group. It has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties.		2.6320aromatic ether;
hydroxamic acid		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
buflomedil
buflomedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym LL 1656 refers to HCl; structure		2.7430aromatic ketone
bumetanide
[no description available]		4.86100amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bunazosin
bunazosin: structure		2.9240quinazolines
bupivacaine
Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.		3.1450aromatic amide;
piperidinecarboxamide;
tertiary amino compound
bupranolol
Bupranolol: An adrenergic-beta-2 antagonist that has been used for cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, hypertension, glaucoma, and as an antithrombotic.		2.730aromatic ether
buspirone
Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.		4.6580azaspiro compound;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
piperidones;
pyrimidines		anxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
busulfan
[no description available]		4.5470methanesulfonate esteralkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
insect sterilant;
teratogenic agent
secbutabarbital
secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital		3.2310barbiturates
butacaine
butacaine: was MH 1965-92; BUTAPROBENZ & BUTOCAIN were see BUTACAINE 1978-92; use 4-AMINOBENZOIC ACID to search BUTACAINE 1966-92		2.0410benzoate ester
butalbital
butalbital: management of butalbital withdrawal can be simplified by using a phenobarbital-loading protocol; RN given refers to parent cpd. butalbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by an allyl group and an isobutyl group. Frequently combined with other medicines, such as aspirin, paracetamol and codeine, it is used for treatment of pain and headache.		2.0510barbituratesanalgesic;
sedative
butenafine
butenafine: studied on experimental dermatophytosis. butenafine : Trimethylamine in which hydrogen atoms attached to different methyl groups are substituted by 1-naphthyl and 4-tert-butylphenyl groups. It is an inhibitor of squalene epoxidase, an enzyme responsible for the creation of sterols needed in fungal cell membranes, and is used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of dermatological fungal infections.		2.0210naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		antifungal drug;
EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor
cadralazine
cadralazine: structure given in first source		2.6320organic molecular entity
caffeine
[no description available]		4.95110purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		12.58449aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
metrizoate
Metrizoic Acid: A diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt.		2.4520monocarboxylic acidradioopaque medium
camostat
camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.		2.0810benzoate ester;
carboxylic ester;
diester;
guanidines;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifibrinolytic drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
serine protease inhibitor
candesartan cilexetil
candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects		7.7230biphenyls
candesartan
candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.		7.82125benzimidazolecarboxylic acid;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		5.1680dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carbetapentane
carbetapentane: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1510benzenes
carbidopa
[no description available]		2.110benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
carbinoxamine
carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.		3.2310monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		3.5920carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		2.9640N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
carprofen
carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.		2.7630carbazoles;
organochlorine compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
photosensitizing agent
carteolol
Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.		2.4120quinolone;
secondary alcohol		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent
celecoxib
[no description available]		4.3150organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celiprolol
Celiprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.		13.19103aromatic ketone
cefixime
Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. cefixime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.		2.4110
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		5.03120ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
cgp 20712a
[no description available]		2.9440imidazoles
cgp 12177
CGP 12177 : A benzimidazole that is benzimidazol-2-one substituted at position 4 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group.		2.9340aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic antagonist
cgs 12066
4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline : A pyrroloquinoxaline that is pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline bearing additional 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 4 and 7 respectively. A 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1B (5-HT1B) full agonist, 10-fold selective over 5-HT1A and 1000-fold selective over 5-HT2C receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration.		1.9910N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
pyrroloquinoxaline		serotonergic agonist
chloral hydrate
[no description available]		2.0510aldehyde hydrate;
ethanediol;
organochlorine compound		general anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
sedative;
xenobiotic
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		4.5370aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine
chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness		3.9830diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide
Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.		4.5370benzodiazepine
chlormezanone
Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.		3.85301,3-thiazine;
lactam;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfone		antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
muscle relaxant
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.7590aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide
Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.		3.5420benzothiadiazineantihypertensive agent;
diuretic
chloroxylenol
chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.		2.0510monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
molluscicide
chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.		5.34170monochlorobenzenes;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidepressant;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		5.8160organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		4.6580monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		9.5570isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.87301,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
ci 994
tacedinaline: oral cytostatic drug with impressive differential activity against leukemic cells & normal stem-cells. tacedinaline : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid with one of the amino groups of 1,2-phenylenediamine. An oral cytostatic drug with impressive differential activity against leukemic cells and normal stem-cells. Also used in combination therapy for selected tumors including non-smoll cell lung, pancreatic, breast, and colorectal cancers.		2.6320acetamides;
benzamides;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
cifenline
[no description available]		3.4270diarylmethane
ciclopirox
[no description available]		2.7530cyclic hydroxamic acid;
hydroxypyridone antifungal drug;
pyridone		antibacterial agent;
antiseborrheic
ciglitazone
ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.		2.0810aromatic ether;
thiazolidinone		antineoplastic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug
cilostamide
cilostamide: selective inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase & platelet aggregation; structure		2.110quinolines
cilostazol
[no description available]		8.930lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		4.86100aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
cinoxacin
Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.		2.7430cinnolines;
oxacycle;
oxo carboxylic acid		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate
[no description available]		2.4720cyclopropanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		10.17140aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
cirazoline
cirazoline: posseses agonist properties at alpha-adrenoreceptor sites; RN given refers to parent cpd		7.3820aromatic ether
cisapride
Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.		3.4170benzamides
citalopram
Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.		10.281602-benzofurans;
cyclic ether;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary amino compound
clebopride
clebopride: antidopaminergic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0610piperidines
clenbuterol
Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.1310amino alcohol;
dichlorobenzene;
ethanolamines;
primary arylamine;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
clioquinol
Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		3.8630monohydroxyquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
organoiodine compound		antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
chelator;
copper chelator
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		2.73301,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clofazimine
Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.		2.9540monochlorobenzenes;
phenazines		dye;
leprostatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate
angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate		3.8730aromatic ether;
ethyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
clofilium
clofilium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4420benzenes;
organic amino compound
clomiphene
[no description available]		3.8730tertiary amineestrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine
Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		4.6780dibenzoazepineanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		4.4601,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		10.15141clonidine;
imidazoline
4-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-3-sulfamoylbenzamide
[no description available]		2.0810sulfonamide
cloperastine
cloperastine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1510diarylmethane
chlorazepate
clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.		3.84301,4-benzodiazepinoneanticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
prodrug
clorprenaline
clorprenaline : A racemate comprise of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-clorprenaline. It is a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist and a bronchodilator.. 1-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-isopropylaminoethanol : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is chlorobenzene which is substituted by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 2.		2.1310ethanolamines;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound
clotiazepam
clotiazepam: was heading 1975-94 (see under AZEPINES 1978-90; was Y 6047 see under AZEPINES 1975-77); Y 6047 was see CLOTIAZEPAM 1978-94; use AZEPINES to search CLOTIAZEPAM 1975-94; thienodiazepine derivative with actions similar to those of benzodiazepines		2.0510organic molecular entity
clotrimazole
[no description available]		4.2850conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cocaine
[no description available]		2.0610
cyclandelate
Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels.		2.0510carboxylic ester;
secondary alcohol		vasodilator agent
cyclobenzaprine
cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		3.8630carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant;
muscle relaxant;
tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil
Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.		3.2310organic molecular entity
cyclosporine
cyclosporin A : A cyclic nonribosomal peptide of eleven amino acids; an immunosuppressant drug widely used in post-allogeneic organ transplant to reduce the activity of the patient's immune system, and therefore the risk of organ rejection. Also causes reversible inhibition of immunocompetent lymphocytes in the G0- and G1-phase of the cell cycle.		2.2510
cyproheptadine
Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.		3.5920piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
gastrointestinal drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
danthron
danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.		2.0510dihydroxyanthraquinoneapoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
dantrolene
Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.		2.6320hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione		muscle relaxant;
neuroprotective agent;
ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapsone
[no description available]		4.4160substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
debrisoquin
Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.		1.9810carboxamidine;
isoquinolines		adrenergic agent;
antihypertensive agent;
human metabolite;
sympatholytic agent
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		3.5920acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
desipramine
Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.		5.16140dibenzoazepine;
secondary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug allergen;
EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nordazepam
Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.		2.42201,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator;
human metabolite;
sedative
amphetamine
Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.		3.8630primary amine
eflornithine
Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.		2.0510alpha-amino acid;
fluoroamino acid		trypanocidal drug
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		4.851001,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		5.2590benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
dibucaine
Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.		2.4520aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		topical anaesthetic
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		5.62130amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ddt
1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source		2.0510benzenoid aromatic compound;
chlorophenylethane;
monochlorobenzenes;
organochlorine insecticide		bridged diphenyl acaricide;
carcinogenic agent;
endocrine disruptor;
persistent organic pollutant
dichlorophen
Dichlorophen: Nontoxic laxative vermicide effective for taenia infestation. It tends to produce colic and nausea. It is also used as a veterinary fungicide, anthelmintic, and antiprotozoan. (From Merck, 11th ed.)		2.1510bridged diphenyl fungicide;
diarylmethane
dichlorphenamide
Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.		3.2310dichlorobenzene;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
ophthalmology drug
dicyclomine
Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		3.2310carboxylic ester;
tertiary amine		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
pentetic acid
Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.		3.2310pentacarboxylic acidcopper chelator
diphenidol
diphenidol: shows anti-arrhythmic activity; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. diphenidol : A tertiary alcohol that is butan-1-ol substituted by two phenyl groups at position 1 and a piperidin-1-yl group at position 4.		2.0810benzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		antiemetic
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		4.6580monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dilacor xr
5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate : A lactam that is 2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one in which positions 2 and 3 are substituted by 4-methoxyphenyl and acetoxy, respectively, while the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group.		2.0610acetate ester;
aromatic ether;
benzothiazepine;
lactam;
tertiary amino compound
dimercaprol
Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.		3.2310dithiol;
primary alcohol		chelator
diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.		5.08130ether;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
antitussive;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
oneirogen;
sedative
dipivefrin
dipivefrin: used in treatment of both primary & open angle glaucoma; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. dipivefrin : The dipivalate ester of (+-)-epinephrine (racepinephrine). A pro-drug of epinephrine, the hydrochloride is used topically as eye drops to reduce intra-ocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.		2.0210ethanolamines;
pivalate ester		adrenergic agonist;
antiglaucoma drug;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		6.792piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disopyramide
Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.		10.22150monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram
[no description available]		4.2650organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		4.6580branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		3.6690benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		4.140aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
doxapram
Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.		3.8630morpholines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones		central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin
Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.		11.66233aromatic amine;
benzodioxine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
vasodilator agent
doxepin
Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.		4.6580dibenzooxepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
doxylamine
Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.		3.2310pyridines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antitussive;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
sedative
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		4.6580aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
dyclonine
[no description available]		2.110aromatic ketone;
piperidines		topical anaesthetic
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		3.8630oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
e 4031
E 4031: class III anti-arrhythmia agent; structure given in UD		3.1350sulfonamide
ebastine
[no description available]		2.7430organic molecular entity
ebselen
ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.		7.4420benzoselenazoleanti-inflammatory drug;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor;
enzyme mimic;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
genotoxin;
hepatoprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		2.9740dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
edrophonium
Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		3.2310phenols;
quaternary ammonium ion		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
emodin
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.		3.1810trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
enflurane
Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.		2.4420ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anaesthetic
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		2.96401,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
epinastine
epinastine: RN given refers parent cpd. epinastine : A benzazepine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine in which the azepine ring is fused to the e side of 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine.		2.9540benzazepine;
guanidines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
ophthalmology drug
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		210
estazolam
Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.		3.8530triazoles;
triazolobenzodiazepine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		4.2750aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
ether
Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.		2.1310ether;
volatile organic compound		inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
profenamine
profenamine: was heading 1972-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINES 1972-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search ETHOPROPAZINE 1972-94. profenamine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is phenothiazine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)propyl group. An antimuscarinic, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.		2.1510phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic antagonist;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		3.8430dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin
ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.		3.2310imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
ethoxzolamide
Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzothiazoles;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
etidronate
Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.		3.56201,1-bis(phosphonic acid)antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
etilefrine
Etilefrine: A phenylephrine-related beta-1 adrenergic and alpha adrenergic agonist used as a cardiotonic and antihypotensive agent.		2.9540phenols
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		4.2450monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810
[no description available]		4.08402-aminopurines;
acetate ester		antiviral drug;
prodrug
famotidine
Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.		210aromatic ether;
hydrazone;
nitrile;
organofluorine compound		ATP synthase inhibitor;
geroprotector;
ionophore
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		3.8530carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
4-biphenylylacetic acid
biphenyl-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is substituted by a biphenyl-4-yl group. An active metabolite of fenbufen, it is used as a topical medicine to treat muscle inflammation and arthritis.		2.0810biphenyls;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		10.14140dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenbendazole
Fenbendazole: Antinematodal benzimidazole used in veterinary medicine.. fenbendazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positons 2 and 5 by (methoxycarbonyl)amino and phenylsulfanediyl groups, respectively. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.		2.6320aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug
fendiline
Fendiline: Coronary vasodilator; inhibits calcium function in muscle cells in excitation-contraction coupling; proposed as antiarrhythmic and antianginal agents.		2.4920diarylmethane
fenfluramine
Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.		2.4120(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
secondary amino compound		appetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		4.5870aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
fenoldopam
Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.		3.2310benzazepinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
dopamine agonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
fenoprofen
Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.		3.8630monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek
Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.4220resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
fenspiride
fenspiride: was heading 1975-94 (see under SPIRO COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SPIRO COMPOUNDS to search FENSPIRIDE 1975-94; bronchodilator agent used in asthma		2.4520azaspiro compound
fentanyl
Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		3.2960anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		adjuvant;
anaesthesia adjuvant;
anaesthetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
fexofenadine
fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.		3.8530piperidines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
fipexide
fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level		3.2310benzodioxoles
flavoxate
Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.		3.2310carboxylic ester;
flavones;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
parasympatholytic
flecainide
Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		5.09130aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug
fleroxacin
Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.		3.1650difluorobenzene;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
quinolines		antibacterial drug;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole
Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.		4.6580conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		environmental contaminant;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		4.6580aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		3.8830aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		4.7650N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		4.6580ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flumequine
flumequine: structure. flumequine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-flumequine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, formerly used in veterinary medicine for stock breeding and treatment of aquacultures.. 9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline carrying additional carboxy, methyl and fluoro substituents at positions 2, 5 and 9 respectively.		2.48203-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
pyridoquinoline;
quinolone antibiotic
flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.		2.72301,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound;
monofluorobenzenes		anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
fluorescite
fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.		3.8730benzoic acids;
cyclic ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		11.33111nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		11.98131(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
fluphenazine depot
fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.		2.0210decanoate ester;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
prodrug
fluphenazine enanthate
[no description available]		2.0210phenothiazines
flurazepam
Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.		3.23101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABAA receptor agonist;
sedative
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		4.460fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluspirilene
Fluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia.		2.4520diarylmethane
flutamide
Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.		4.0840(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
fomepizole
Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.		3.5920pyrazolesantidote;
EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
protective agent
foscarnet
Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		4.2550carboxylic acid;
one-carbon compound;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furafylline
[no description available]		2.4920oxopurine
furazolidone
Furazolidone: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activity. Furazolidone acts by gradual inhibition of monoamine oxidase. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p514). furazolidone : A member of the class of oxazolidines that is 1,3-oxazolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an N-{[(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino} group. It has antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties, and is used in the treatment of giardiasis and cholera.		2.0110nitrofuran antibiotic;
oxazolidines		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		7.94332chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		4.5570gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gabexate
Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.		2.0810benzoate ester
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		4.460aromatic etherantilipemic drug
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		710
glafenine
Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.		3.5920aminoquinoline;
carboxylic ester;
glycol;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide
Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.		2.4720N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
radical scavenger
glimepiride
glimepiride: structure given in first source		4.5470sulfonamide
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.7590aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glutethimide
Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.		2.0510piperidines
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		6.48131monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester
[no description available]		3.2310benzenes
go 6976
[no description available]		2.6320indolocarbazole;
organic heterohexacyclic compound		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
gossypol
Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.		2.0510
granisetron
[no description available]		4.7690aromatic amide;
indazoles
guaiazulene
guaiazulene: structure		2.0510sesquiterpene
guaifenesin
Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.		3.9330methoxybenzenes
guanethidine
Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.		8.5120azocanes;
guanidines		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
sympatholytic agent
guanfacine
Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.		4.4160acetamides
guanidine
Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.		3.2310carboxamidine;
guanidines;
one-carbon compound
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		2.0510isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		6.3190aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		2.7230haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
hexachlorophene
Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.		2.0510bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
miltefosine
miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.		2.0510phosphocholines;
phospholipid		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
apoptosis inducer;
immunomodulator;
protein kinase inhibitor
hexestrol
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
hexetidine
Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)		2.0510organic heteromonocyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
hexobarbital
Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.		2.9540barbiturates
homochlorocyclizine
homochlorocyclizine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.8330diarylmethane
hydralazine
Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.		12.35112azaarene;
hydrazines;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
phthalazines		antihypertensive agent;
vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		9.32209benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		4.2650benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.		3.5820aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
primary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		4.5470one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		4.2950hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
hypericin
[no description available]		2.0410
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		5.77150monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
phenelzine
Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.		3.8530primary amine
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		6.26180benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
mephentermine
Mephentermine: A sympathomimetic agent with specificity for alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It is used to maintain BLOOD PRESSURE in hypotensive states such as following SPINAL ANESTHESIA.		2.110amphetamines
alverine
alverine : A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.		2.0510tertiary amineantispasmodic drug
ici 118551
[no description available]		2.0210indanes
idebenone
[no description available]		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
primary alcohol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor
ifenprodil
ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist		2.8330piperidines
ifosfamide
[no description available]		4.5470ifosfamidesalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
imetit
imetit: structure given in first source. imetit : An imidothiocarbamic ester that consists of isothiourea in which the thiol hydrogen is substituted by a 2-(imidazol-4-yl)ethyl group. An extremely potent, high affinity agonist at H3 and H4 receptors (Ki values are 0.3 and 2.7 nM respectively). Induces shape change in eosinophils with an EC50 of 25 nM. Centrally active following systemic administration.		2.1110imidazoles;
imidothiocarbamic ester		H3-receptor agonist;
H4-receptor agonist
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		5.16140dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		5.1580bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		6.7771indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		6.17230aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
iodixanol
iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.		2.0210organoiodine compoundradioopaque medium
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.9640benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iopromide
iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.		2.7330dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
nephrotoxic agent;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
iothalamic acid
Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.		2.0410organic molecular entity
iodipamide
Iodipamide: A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.. adipiodone : An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.		2.0510benzoic acids;
organoiodine compound;
secondary carboxamide		radioopaque medium
ioversol
[no description available]		3.5620amidobenzoic acid
iproniazid
[no description available]		3.8730carbohydrazide;
pyridines
avapro
Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.		5.03120azaspiro compound;
biphenylyltetrazole		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
isocarboxazid
Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)		3.2310benzenes
isoetharine
Isoetharine: Adrenergic beta-2 agonist used as bronchodilator for emphysema, bronchitis and asthma.		2.0710catecholamine
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		2.4420organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		4.3960carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		3.1550secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		10.96547catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine
Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.		3.5920alkylbenzene
isradipine
Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.		4.5370benzoxadiazole;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester
itraconazole
[no description available]		4.7590piperazines
1-(2-naphthalenyl)-3-[(phenylmethyl)-propan-2-ylamino]-1-propanone
ZM39923: structure in first source		2.6320naphthalenes
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		4.7690cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketanserin
Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.		9.5270aromatic ketone;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
cardiovascular drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		10.1130dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		5.03120benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
ketorolac
Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.		4.5370amino acid;
aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrrolizines;
racemate		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen
Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.		2.0310cyclic ketone;
olefinic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		2.0510furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
labetalol
Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.		11.87498benzamides;
benzenes;
phenols;
primary carboxamide;
salicylamides;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
lamotrigine
[no description available]		5.03701,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		4.7590benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone
beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.		2.0510benzochromenone;
orthoquinones		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		9.1340(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole
[no description available]		9.5670nitrile;
triazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lidoflazine
Lidoflazine: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic action.		2.4420diarylmethane
lofepramine
Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.		2.7330aromatic ketone;
dibenzoazepine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant
lomefloxacin
lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.		4.2650fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
photosensitizing agent
lomerizine
lomerizine: used to treat migraines		3.5320diarylmethane
lomustine
[no description available]		3.8730N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
loperamide
Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		4.0840monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		9.95110benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam
Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.		4.460benzodiazepine
lorglumide
lorglumide: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. lorglumide : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-lorglumide.. N(2)-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)-N,N-dipentyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)glutamic acid with the amino group of dipentylamine.		2.0710benzamides;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
dichlorobenzene;
glutamic acid derivative
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		10.79376biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		4.640dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
mabuterol
mabuterol: structure given in first source		210(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
malathion
Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.		2.0510diester;
ethyl ester;
organic thiophosphate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate: structure in first source		2.0510isopropyl ester
maprotiline
Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.		4.6580anthracenes
mazindol
Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.		2.0510organic molecular entity
edaravone
[no description available]		2.1310pyrazoloneantioxidant;
radical scavenger
mebendazole
Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.		5.04120aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester		antinematodal drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		3.2310primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine
nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.		3.2310nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent
meclizine
Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.		3.8630diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid
Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		3.8530aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
meclofenoxate
Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		5.1880aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
mefloquine hydrochloride
[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.		3.2860organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinolines;
secondary alcohol
memantine
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		2.05101,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
mepenzolate
mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310diarylmethane
meperidine
Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.		4.6580ethyl ester;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
mephenesin
Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.		2.6320aromatic ether;
glycerol ether
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		3.8230imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
mepivacaine
Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.		4.4160piperidinecarboxamidedrug allergen;
local anaesthetic
meprobamate
Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)		3.8630organic molecular entity
mesalamine
Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.		4.0640amino acid;
aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid;
phenols		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mesoridazine
Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.		4.460phenothiazines;
sulfoxide;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol
Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.		4.0440aralkylamino compound;
phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		13.25183guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
methadone
Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.		11.0481benzenes;
diarylmethane;
ketone;
tertiary amino compound
methapyrilene
Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.		2.0410ethylenediamine derivativeanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
methazolamide
Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.		3.2310sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		3.2310aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
methoxsalen
Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.		3.5920aromatic ether;
psoralens		antineoplastic agent;
cross-linking reagent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
methoxyflurane
Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.		2.0510ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		hepatotoxic agent;
inhalation anaesthetic;
nephrotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic
methoxyphenamine
methoxyphenamine: structure. methoxyphenamine : An amphetamine methylated on nitrogen and with the phenyl ring methoxylated at C-2. A beta-adrenergic receptor agonist, it is used as a bronchodilator.		2.110amphetaminesbeta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent
methyclothiazide
Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)		3.2310benzothiadiazine
methyl salicylate
methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.		2.0510benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
salicylates		flavouring agent;
insect attractant;
metabolite
3-Hydroxy-alpha-methyl-DL-tyrosine
[no description available]		2.110benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
methylphenidate
Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.		4.0840beta-amino acid ester;
methyl ester;
piperidines
methyprylon
methyprylon: was heading 1973-94 (see under HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES 1963-72); use PIPERIDONES to search METHYPRYLON 1973-94		2.0510organic molecular entity
metoclopramide
Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.		4.7690benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
gastrointestinal drug;
xenobiotic
metolazone
Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.		4.2850organochlorine compound;
quinazolines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		22.63456138aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		4.6580C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
metyrapone
Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.		3.5920aromatic ketoneantimetabolite;
diagnostic agent;
EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine
Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.		5.86120aromatic ether;
primary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin
Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.		2.4320dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine agonist;
sedative;
serotonergic antagonist
miconazole
Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.9940dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
midazolam
Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.		4.85100imidazobenzodiazepine;
monofluorobenzenes;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
central nervous system depressant;
GABAA receptor agonist;
general anaesthetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
midodrine
Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.		3.5620amino acid amide;
aromatic ether;
secondary alcohol		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone
[no description available]		13.87143bipyridines;
nitrile;
pyridone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		4.7350dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine
Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.		4.7690benzazepine;
tetracyclic antidepressant		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
oneirogen;
serotonergic antagonist
mitotane
Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.		3.5920diarylmethane
mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.		4.4160dihydroxyanthraquinoneanalgesic;
antineoplastic agent
moclobemide
Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.		3.360benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
modafinil
Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.		3.5920monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfoxide
molsidomine
Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.		3.0910ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
moxisylyte
Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)		3.8630monoterpenoid
deet
N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.		2.0510benzamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		environmental contaminant;
insect repellent;
xenobiotic
1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine
1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine: acts as serotonin agonist; structure. 1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group at position 1. A serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug.		1.9910(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
N-arylpiperazine		environmental contaminant;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic agonist;
xenobiotic
acecainide
Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.		2.9640acetamides;
benzamides		anti-arrhythmia drug
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		4.0540methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nadolol
[no description available]		3.6120tetralins
naftopidil
[no description available]		2.5120piperazines
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		4.28501,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
nan 190
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-(2-phthalimido)butyl)piperazine: RN from Toxlit. NAN 190 : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of (2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine in which the amine hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(2-phthalimido)butyl group.		1.9910N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
phthalimides		serotonergic antagonist
naratriptan
naratriptan: structure given in first source		4.0840heteroarylpiperidine;
sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone
nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct		4.7790aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazoles		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
nefopam
Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.		2.4620benzoxazocine;
tertiary amino compound
neostigmine
Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		2.0810quaternary ammonium ionantidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		4.6580cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		3.5920organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nicardipine
Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.		10.07130benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound
niceritrol
Niceritrol: An ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the VLD- and LD-lipoprotein fractions.		2.0510organic molecular entity
niclosamide
Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.		2.6320benzamides;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
salicylanilides;
secondary carboxamide		anthelminthic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiparasitic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
molluscicide;
piscicide;
STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		10.163110C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
nifekalant
[no description available]		2.4520amine
niflumic acid
Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.		3.8730aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
nilutamide
[no description available]		3.8530(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
imidazolidinone		androgen antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
nilvadipine
[no description available]		210dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester;
methyl ester;
nitrile
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		3.8730aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		4.851002-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nisoldipine
Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.		10.07130C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		3.29601,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		10.84122C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.		14.9156nitroglycerolexplosive;
muscle relaxant;
nitric oxide donor;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
nizatidine
[no description available]		4.52701,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound;
carboxamidine;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
cholinergic drug;
H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine
Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.		4.0840isoquinolinesdopamine uptake inhibitor
masoprocol
nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)		2.4420catechols;
lignan;
tetrol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		4.4260fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
norfluoxetine
norfluoxetine: metabolite of fluoxetine; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.5920(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
nortriptyline
Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.		4.95110organic tricyclic compound;
secondary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite
octopamine
Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.		2.0510phenylethanolamines;
tyramines		neurotransmitter
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		5.021203-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		4.7690aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
ondansetron
Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.		5.09130carbazoles
orphenadrine
Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.		3.8730ether;
tertiary amino compound		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
oxamniquine
Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.		2.0510aromatic primary alcohol;
C-nitro compound;
quinolines;
secondary amino compound
oxaprozin
Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		4.4601,3-oxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		4.53701,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxethazaine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid amide
oxibendazole
oxibendazole: structure		2.6320benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		2.110benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
oxiracetam
oxiracetam: structure in first source		2.4520organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
oxotremorine
Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.		2.110N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxprenolol
Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.		3.2860aromatic ether
oxybenzone
oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.		2.0510hydroxybenzophenone;
monomethoxybenzene		dermatologic drug;
environmental contaminant;
protective agent;
ultraviolet filter;
xenobiotic
oxybutynin
oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		5.8261acetylenic compound;
carboxylic ester;
racemate;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antispasmodic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
parasympatholytic
oxyphenbutazone
Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.0510phenols;
pyrazolidines		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
drug metabolite;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		3.8830aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
4-(2'-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2'-(n-(2''-pyridinyl)-4-iodobenzamido)ethyl)piperazine
4-(2'-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2'-(N-(2''-pyridinyl)-4-iodobenzamido)ethyl)piperazine: a 5-HT(1A) ligand; structure in first source		2.6320
pamidronate
[no description available]		3.8430phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole
Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.		4.5570aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		4.5570benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.9410aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pemoline
Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.		4.08401,3-oxazolescentral nervous system stimulant
pentamidine
Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.		4.2650aromatic ether;
carboxamidine;
diether		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
calmodulin antagonist;
chemokine receptor 5 antagonist;
EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug;
xenobiotic
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		4.2550barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		6.73101oxopurine
perazine
Perazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.. perazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazinecarries a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl substituent at the N-10 position.		2.0510N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
phenothiazines		dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
perhexiline
Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.		4.0640piperidinescardiovascular drug
periciazine
periciazine: was heading 1963-94 (Prov 1963-72); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PROPERICIAZINE 1966-94. periciazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)propyl group at the nitrogen atom and a carbonitrile group at position 2. Periciazine is a first generation antipsychotic.		2.110hydroxypiperidine;
nitrile;
phenothiazines		adrenergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
sedative
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		4.86100N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacetin
Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione		3.3260acetamides;
aromatic ether		cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
phenazopyridine
Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		2.0510diaminopyridine;
monoazo compound		anticoronaviral agent;
carcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
pheniramine
Pheniramine: One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.		2.1310pyridines;
tertiary amino compound
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		4.6580barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.		2.4320phenols
phenoxybenzamine
Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.		3.9130aromatic amine
phentermine
Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.		3.2310primary amineadrenergic agent;
appetite depressant;
central nervous system drug;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopaminergic agent;
sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		2.7230pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
moxonidine
moxonidine: structure given in first source		11.4171organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
pilsicainide
pilsicainide: structure given in first source. pilsicainide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline with the carboxy group of (tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-7a(5H)-yl)acetic acid. It is a sodium channel blocker which is used as an antiarrhythmic drug for the management of atrial tachyarrhythmias in Japan.		7.4820organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary carboxamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
pimobendan
pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source		4.5451benzimidazoles;
pyridazinone		cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
pinacidil
Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)		8.7830pyridines
pindolol
Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.		8.41233indoles;
secondary amine		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
pioglitazone
Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		3.6120aromatic ether;
pyridines;
thiazolidinediones		antidepressant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin-sensitizing drug;
PPARgamma agonist;
xenobiotic
pipemidic acid
Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.		2.0510amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridopyrimidine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
piperazine
[no description available]		2.0510azacycloalkane;
piperazines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		anthelminthic drug
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		2.0810organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
pirbuterol
pirbuterol: structure		2.0210pyridines
pirenzepine
Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.		210pyridobenzodiazepineanti-ulcer drug;
antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
piretanide
piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure		2.4520aromatic ether
piribedil
Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.		2.0810N-arylpiperazine
polythiazide
[no description available]		3.2310benzothiadiazine
ag 1879
3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor		2.6320aromatic amine;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazolopyrimidine		beta-adrenergic antagonist;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
practolol
Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		2.9440acetamides;
ethanolamines;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
duodote
duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents		3.2310pyridinium ionantidote to organophosphate poisoning;
antidote to sarin poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
ono 1078
pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.0810chromones
pyranoprofen
pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0810pyridochromene
prazepam
Prazepam: A benzodiazepine that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.		2.0210benzodiazepine
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		4.0840isoquinolines
prazosin
Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.		8.76333aromatic ether;
furans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperazines;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine
Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		2.7330amino acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticonvulsant;
local anaesthetic
primaquine
Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.		4.4160aminoquinoline;
aromatic ether;
N-substituted diamine		antimalarial
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		4.2450pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		4.85100benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		3.6290dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
procainamide
Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		5.02120benzamidesanti-arrhythmia drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker
procaine
Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.		2.9740benzoate ester;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		central nervous system depressant;
drug allergen;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine
Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		3.8530benzamides;
hydrazines		antineoplastic agent
procaterol
Procaterol: A long-acting beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonist.		2.1310quinolines
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		4.2550N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine
Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.		4.2550pyrrolidines;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
muscarinic antagonist
promazine
Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.		2.7530phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		4.5470phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
pronethalol
pronethalol: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-66); NAPHTHYLISOPROTERENOL was see PRONETHALOL 1977-94; use ETHANOLAMINES to search PRONETHALOL 1966-94		2.0210naphthalenes
propafenone
Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		10.46110aromatic ketone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		3.2310xanthenes
propidium
Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.		2.0610phenanthridines;
quaternary ammonium ion		fluorochrome;
intercalator
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		4.0640phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		17.615938naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
protriptyline
Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.		3.5420carbotricyclic compoundantidepressant
pyridinolcarbamate
Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)		2.0510pyridines
pyridostigmine
[no description available]		4.0840pyridinium ion
pyrilamine
Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.		2.0210aromatic ether;
ethylenediamine derivative		H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		4.2750aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134
quazepam: structure given in first source		3.5620benzodiazepine
quetiapine
[no description available]		3.5920dibenzothiazepine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxy anthraquinone
1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxy anthraquinone: structure in first source. quinalizarin : A tetrahydroxyanthraquinone having the four hydroxy groups at the 1-, 2-, 5- and 8-positions.		3.1810tetrahydroxyanthraquinoneEC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
rabeprazole
Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.		4.0840benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
3-[(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]-5-iodo-1H-indol-2-one
[no description available]		2.2510indoles
raloxifene
raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.		3.84301-benzothiophenes;
aromatic ketone;
N-oxyethylpiperidine;
phenols		bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine
[no description available]		3.84110aralkylamine
opc 12759
rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase		2.0510secondary carboxamide
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		5.8690benzothiazoles
rimantadine
Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.		3.8530alkylamine
risperidone
Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.		5.161401,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan
rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate		3.8530tryptaminesanti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
ro 31-8220
Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor		2.6320imidothiocarbamic ester;
indoles;
maleimides		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
rofecoxib
[no description available]		2.4720butenolide;
sulfone		analgesic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram
[no description available]		2.110pyrrolidin-2-onesantidepressant;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
ropinirole
[no description available]		3.9830indolones;
tertiary amine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
dopamine agonist
salicylamide
salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source		2.0510phenols;
salicylamides		antirheumatic drug;
non-narcotic analgesic
salmeterol xinafoate
salmeterol : A racemate consisting of equal parts of (R)- and (S)-salmeterol. It is a potent and selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist (EC50 = 5.3 nM). Unlike other beta2 agonists, it binds to the exo-site domain of beta2 receptors, producing a slow onset of action and prolonged activation.. 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A phenol having a hydroxymethyl group at C-2 and a 1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl group at C-4; derivative of phenylethanolamine.		2.4220ether;
phenols;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
salicylsalicylic acid
salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.		3.2310benzoate ester;
benzoic acids;
phenols;
salicylates		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
sb 239063
SB 239063: structure in first source. SB-239063 : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying 4-hydroxycyclohexyl, 4-fluorophenyl and 2-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl substituents at positions 1, 4 and 5 respectively.		210imidazoles
dpi 201-106
DPI 201-106: structure given in first source		2.0410diarylmethane
secobarbital
Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.		3.2310barbituratesanaesthesia adjuvant;
GABA modulator;
sedative
sevoflurane
Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.		2.4420ether;
organofluorine compound		central nervous system depressant;
inhalation anaesthetic;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine
sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride		4.140organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-obesity agent;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine
Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.		4.6580pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
coccidiostat;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
risedronic acid
Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.		4.0840pyridines
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		9.19172ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
4-phenylbutyric acid, sodium salt
sodium phenylbutyrate : The organic sodium salt of 4-phenylbutyric acid. A prodrug for phenylacetate, it is used to treat urea cycle disorders.		2.0510organic sodium saltEC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
orphan drug;
prodrug
stearic acid
octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.		2.4820long-chain fatty acid;
saturated fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
imatinib
[no description available]		4.5670aromatic amine;
benzamides;
N-methylpiperazine;
pyridines;
pyrimidines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vorinostat
Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).		4.4560dicarboxylic acid diamide;
hydroxamic acid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine
Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.		3.2310quaternary ammonium ion;
succinate ester		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
sulconazole
sulconazole: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sulconazole. An antifungal agent with activity against Candida species, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-[(4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}-1H-imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-ethyl-1H-imidazole in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a (4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanediyl group while a second is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.		2.4420dichlorobenzene;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
organic sulfide
sulfacetamide
Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.		2.4720N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
substituted aniline		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine
Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.		2.0510aromatic ether;
pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfamerazine
[no description available]		2.4620pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen
sulfameter
Sulfameter: Long acting sulfonamide used in leprosy, urinary, and respiratory tract infections.. sulfamethoxydiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having a methoxy substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
leprostatic drug;
renal agent
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.4620pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		3.8630sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		3.2960isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfanilamide
[no description available]		2.0510substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfanitran
[no description available]		2.0810sulfonamide
sulfaphenazole
Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.		2.0510primary amino compound;
pyrazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
sulfapyridine
Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.0510pyridines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
dermatologic drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfasalazine
Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.		4.6780
sulfathiazole
Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		3.23101,3-thiazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone
Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.		3.1350pyrazolidines;
sulfoxide		uricosuric drug
sulfisoxazole
Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		3.1450isoxazoles;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		3.5920alkylbenzene
sulpiride
Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.		2.9540benzamides;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfonamide		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan
Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.		4.7690sulfonamide;
tryptamines		serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen
Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.		3.360aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antirheumatic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		3.1450naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
gatifloxacin
Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.		3.75100N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene
tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.		2.4520acetylenic compound;
ethyl ester;
pyridines;
retinoid;
thiochromane		keratolytic drug;
prodrug;
teratogenic agent
tegafur
[no description available]		2.0510organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
temazepam
Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.		4.2550benzodiazepine
temozolomide
[no description available]		4.0840imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		11.1591furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terbutaline
Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.		6.63151phenylethanolamines;
resorcinols		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		3.83110diarylmethane
tetracaine
Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.		2.9740benzoate ester;
tertiary amino compound		local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		2.0810quaternary ammonium ion
tetrahydrozoline
tetrahydrozoline: used as nasal decongestant; Visine is a form of eye drops; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		1.9910carboxamidine;
imidazolines		nasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent
thalidomide
Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.		3.8630phthalimides;
piperidones
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		4.09401,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		4.6480phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa
Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).		4.2550aziridines
tiapride
[no description available]		2.0810benzamides
tiaprofenic acid
tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.		2.0510aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		drug allergen;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		5.4770monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tilorone
Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.		2.0810aromatic ether;
diether;
fluoren-9-ones;
tertiary amino compound		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
interferon inducer;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		4.2650imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tioconazole
tioconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tioconazole.. 1-{2-[(2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that comprises 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylimidazole carrying an additional (2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy substituent at position 2.		2.4420dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
thiophenes
tiopronin
Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.		3.8530N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine
tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.		4.6580benzothiadiazole;
imidazoles		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
muscle relaxant
nikethamide
Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)		2.0810pyridinecarboxamide
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		3.5920N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		4.86100N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolmetin
Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.		4.0740aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
pyrroles		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolnaftate
[no description available]		2.0810monothiocarbamic esterantifungal drug
tolperisone
Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)		2.0510aromatic ketone
2-[4-(4-chloro-1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenoxy]-N,N-dimethylethanamine
[no description available]		2.2510stilbenoid
ultram
2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.		4.5270aromatic ether;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid
Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.		4.0840amino acid
trapidil
Trapidil: A coronary vasodilator agent.		3.0910triazolopyrimidines
trazodone
Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.		4.84100monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazolopyridine		adrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
trequinsin
trequinsin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0710pyridopyrimidine
triamterene
Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.		4.2450pteridinesdiuretic;
sodium channel blocker
triazolam
Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.		4.3960triazolobenzodiazepinesedative
trichlormethiazide
Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.		2.0510benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide antibiotic		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
triclosan
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
fungicide;
persistent organic pollutant;
xenobiotic
trientine
Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.		2.0210polyazaalkane;
tetramine		copper chelator
trifluoperazine
[no description available]		3.8230N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
calmodulin antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
triflupromazine
Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.0510organofluorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
trihexyphenidyl
Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.		3.2310amine
trimeprazine
Trimeprazine: A phenothiazine derivative that is used as an antipruritic.		2.110phenothiazines
trimethadione
Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.		3.8530oxazolidinoneanticonvulsant;
geroprotector
trimethobenzamide
trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.		3.2310benzamides;
tertiary amino compound		antiemetic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		4.94110aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
trimetrexate
Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.		4.0640
trimipramine
Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.		4.2550dibenzoazepine;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		4.5670chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
tropicamide
Tropicamide: One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.		1.9910acetamides
thenoyltrifluoroacetone
Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.		2.0810
tulobuterol
[no description available]		2.1310organochlorine compound
tyramine
[no description available]		3.2310monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.2310aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
undecylenic acid
undecylenic acid: a fatty acid with a terminal double bond. 10-undecenoic acid : An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 10-position. It is derived from castor oil and is used for the treatment of skin problems.. undecenoic acid : A C11, straight-chain fatty acid carrying a C=C double bond at any position.		2.0810undecenoic acidantifungal drug;
plant metabolite
urapidil
[no description available]		4.2250piperazines
venlafaxine
venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.		4.85100cyclohexanols;
monomethoxybenzene;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
analgesic;
antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
xenobiotic
vesnarinone
[no description available]		9.3860organic molecular entity
vigabatrin
[no description available]		3.8730gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
viloxazine
Viloxazine: A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE.		2.0410aromatic ether
pirinixic acid
pirinixic acid: structure		2.0810aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidines
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.		2.6320aromatic primary alcohol;
furans;
indazoles		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
soluble guanylate cyclase activator;
vasodilator agent
ici 204,219
zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		4.2650carbamate ester;
indoles;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide		anti-asthmatic agent;
leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon
zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.		4.2650nitrile;
pyrazolopyrimidine		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
central nervous system depressant;
sedative
zolpidem
Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.		9.5370imidazopyridinecentral nervous system depressant;
GABA agonist;
sedative
zomepirac
zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0210aromatic ketone;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrroles		cardiovascular drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		4.36301,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone
zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.		3.5680monochloropyridine;
pyrrolopyrazine		central nervous system depressant;
sedative
zotepine
zotepine: structure		2.6320dibenzothiepine;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic drug;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic drug
guanidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510one-carbon compound;
organic chloride salt		protein denaturant
hydrocortisone acetate
hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.0510cortisol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cortisone acetate
Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.		3.5920corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin
Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.		3.5920mitomycinalkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
prednisolone
Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.		9.769011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
xenobiotic
estriol
hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.		2.051016alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		estrogen;
human metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.		2.2110ergoline alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		dopamine agonist;
hallucinogen;
serotonergic agonist
reserpine
Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.		4.0740alkaloid ester;
methyl ester;
yohimban alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
first generation antipsychotic;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic
cephaloridine
Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.		2.4520beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		3.8230imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		3.8930glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
thymidine
[no description available]		2.3920pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		2.4420nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide
[no description available]		2.0510benzodioxolespesticide synergist
bromouracil
Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.		2.0510nucleobase analogue;
pyrimidines		mutagen
3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid
tiratricol : A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)acetic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy group. It is a thyroid hormone analogue that has been used in the treatment of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome.		2.0510
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		3.17504-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
histamine dihydrochloride
Ceplene: Tradename for histamine dihydrochloride.		2.0510
thyroxine
Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.		5.95712-halophenol;
iodophenol;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
thyroxine zwitterion;
thyroxine		antithyroid drug;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine
Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.		3.88301-phenylpropan-2-amineadrenergic agent;
adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
dopaminergic agent;
neurotoxin;
sympathomimetic agent
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		2.0510ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate
norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.		2.46203-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone
Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.		9.883043-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid lactone;
thioester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cyclobarbital
cyclobarbital: was heading 1977-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1977-90); CYCLOBARBITONE, HEXEMAL, & TETRAHYDROPHENOBARBITAL were see CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; use BARBITURATES to search CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; short to intermediate duration barbiturate used as hypnotic and sedative		2.0510barbiturates
aldosterone
[no description available]		6.468611beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
allobarbital
allobarbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ALLOBARBITONE, DIALLYLBARBITAL, DIALLYLBARBITURIC ACID, & DIALLYLMAL were see ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; a barbiturate derivative with effects of intermediate duration; at lower doses, it is used as a sedative; at higher doses, it displays hypnotic effects		2.0510barbiturates
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		4.460non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
trichlorfon
Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0510organic phosphonate;
organochlorine compound;
phosphonic ester		agrochemical;
anthelminthic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
cysteine
[no description available]		3.2310cysteine zwitterion;
cysteine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		4.648011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		3.592017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oxandrolone
Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.		3.592017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
oxa-steroid		anabolic agent;
androgen
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		2.051017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
nad
[no description available]		2.0510NADgeroprotector
camylofine
camylofine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.1510alpha-amino acid ester
penicillin g
Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.		4.2650penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
epitope
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		3.8530pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		2.4620organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.		4.27502-halophenol;
amino acid zwitterion;
iodophenol;
iodothyronine		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
thyroid hormone
isonicotinic acid
isonicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is at position 4 of the pyridine ring.		2.110pyridinemonocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
human metabolite
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		3.0740chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		2.0510alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		4.5370C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		7.8430aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		3.5920amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cetrimonium bromide
cetyltrimethylammonium bromide : The organic bromide salt that is the bromide salt of cetyltrimethylammonium; one of the components of the topical antiseptic cetrimide.		2.0510organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		detergent;
surfactant
chlorobutanol
[no description available]		2.0610tertiary alcohol
vincristine
[no description available]		4.0640acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
physostigmine
Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.		4.0940carbamate ester;
indole alkaloid		antidote to curare poisoning;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
miotic
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		2.0510glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		3.457017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate
Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.		2.4420steroid ester
tubocurarine
Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.		2.830bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloiddrug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene
9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.		2.1110ortho-fused polycyclic arene;
tetraphenes		carcinogenic agent
apomorphine
Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.		4.4260aporphine alkaloidalpha-adrenergic drug;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
emetic;
serotonergic drug
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		2.0510pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
methyltestosterone
Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.		3.592017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enone		anabolic agent;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine
9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.		3.5920benzoquinolizine;
cyclic ketone;
tertiary amino compound
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		3.2660adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
cephalothin
Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.		2.7430azabicycloalkene;
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative;
thiophenes		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
uridine
[no description available]		2.0510uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
kanamycin a
Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.		4.0840kanamycinsbacterial metabolite
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		7.0510D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbostyril
Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		2.110monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone		bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		13.32226phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa
Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease		2.9740amino acid zwitterion;
dopa;
L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		allelochemical;
antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
hapten;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotoxin;
plant growth retardant;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
edetic acid
Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.		3.5820ethylenediamine derivative;
polyamino carboxylic acid;
tetracarboxylic acid		anticoagulant;
antidote;
chelator;
copper chelator;
geroprotector
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		5.0652amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
cysteamine
Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.		3.2310amine;
thiol		geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride
acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.		3.2310quaternary ammonium salt
mepazine
mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.		3.2310phenothiazines
acepromazine
Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.		2.4820aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amino compound		phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
methoxamine
Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .		2.420amphetaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypotensive agent
methicillin
Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.		2.4520penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
niridazole
Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.		2.05101,3-thiazoles;
C-nitro compound
cloxacillin
Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.		3.5920penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
methylene blue
Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.		3.1810organic chloride saltacid-base indicator;
antidepressant;
antimalarial;
antimicrobial agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor;
fluorochrome;
histological dye;
neuroprotective agent;
physical tracer
bretylium tosylate
Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.0210organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		2.110amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		4.0310quaternary ammonium salt
calcium acetate
calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.		3.2310calcium saltchelator
carbaryl
Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.		2.0510carbamate ester;
naphthalenes		acaricide;
agrochemical;
carbamate insecticide;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant growth retardant
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		2.7830lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		3.5920aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
phenylalanine
Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.		2.7230amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
phenylalanine;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
Mebutamate
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		2.743020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		9.780alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
mebanazine
mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310benzenes
oxacillin
Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.		4.0640penicillinantibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug
cycloheximide
Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.		2.0510antibiotic fungicide;
cyclic ketone;
dicarboximide;
piperidine antibiotic;
piperidones;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid
Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.		2.0310diether;
tertiary amino compound;
tetracarboxylic acid		chelator
triamcinolone diacetate
triamcinolone diacetate: lysyl oxidase antagonist; Polcortolon may also refers to triamcinolone		2.0810corticosteroid hormone
dimethylformamide
Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.		1.9710formamides;
volatile organic compound		geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone
Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.		2.432017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel
Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.		2.0510oxo steroid
cycloserine
Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).		3.23104-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic;
zwitterion		antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antitubercular agent;
metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
benziodarone
benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)		4.1540aromatic ketone
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		4.6580beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
mannitol
[no description available]		4.2650mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		4.0840beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
trifluridine
Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.		2.0210nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		2.743020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
valine
Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.		6.31111L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid;
valine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol
[no description available]		2.442017beta-hydroxy steroid;
aromatic ether;
terminal acetylenic compound		prodrug;
xenoestrogen
methaqualone
Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.		2.0510quinazolinesGABA agonist;
sedative
trypan blue
VisionBlue: A trypan blue ophthalmic solution.		2.0510
cordycepin
[no description available]		2.05103'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines		antimetabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		3.460erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		7.6192arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
methylamine
methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.		2.0310methylamines;
one-carbon compound;
primary aliphatic amine		mouse metabolite
propane
Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.		2.2510alkane;
gas molecular entity		food propellant
ethylamine
ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.		2.110primary aliphatic aminehuman metabolite
acetonitrile
acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.4720aliphatic nitrile;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
polar aprotic solvent
propylene oxide
propylene oxide: structure. 1,2-epoxypropane : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		2.0310epoxide
tert-butylhydroperoxide
tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.		2.0210alkyl hydroperoxideantibacterial agent;
oxidising agent
trichloroacetic acid
Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid
Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.		2.4110fluoroalkanoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
NMR chemical shift reference compound;
reagent
perflutren
Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.		3.2310fluoroalkane;
fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		2.753011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone
Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
fluorinated steroid		anabolic agent;
antineoplastic agent
bromthymol blue
Bromthymol Blue: A pH sensitive dye that has been used as an indicator in many laboratory reactions.. bromothymol blue : A member of the class of 2,1-benzoxathioles that is 2,1-benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-2-methylphenyl groups.		2.03102,1-benzoxathiole;
arenesulfonate ester;
organobromine compound;
polyphenol;
sultone		acid-base indicator;
dye;
two-colour indicator
bromcresol green
Bromcresol Green: An indicator and reagent. It has been used in serum albumin determinations and as a pH indicator.		2.0310benzofurans
allylpropymal
allylpropymal: RN given refers to parent cpd. aprobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by an isopropyl and a prop-1-en-3-yl group at position 5.		2.0510barbiturates
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		2.9740benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
butobarbital
butobarbital: Butobarbital should be distinguished from Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital)		2.0510barbiturates
methsuximide
methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.2310organic molecular entity
tromethamine
Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)		3.6120primary amino compound;
triol		buffer
pentaerythritol tetranitrate
Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate: A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a more prolonged duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1025). pentaerythritol tetranitrate : A pentaerythritol nitrate in which all four hydroxy groups of pentaerythritol have been converted to the corresponding nitrate ester. It is a vasodilator with properties similar to those of glyceryl trinitrate, but with a more prolonged duration of action, and is used for treatment of angina pectoris. It is also one of the most powerful high explosives known and is a component of the plastic explosive known as Semtex.		3.0910pentaerythritol nitrateexplosive;
vasodilator agent
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		2.0510chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
acrylic acid
acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.		3.8321alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acidmetabolite
dichloroacetic acid
[no description available]		2.0410monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound		astringent;
marine metabolite
dehydrocholic acid
Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.		2.051012-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-5beta-steroid;
7-oxo steroid;
oxo-5beta-cholanic acid		gastrointestinal drug
cyclizine
Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.		2.2110N-alkylpiperazineantiemetic;
central nervous system depressant;
cholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		4.65806-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		7.5720organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone
2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone: structure given in first source. anthraflavic acid : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene substituted by hydroxy groups at C-3 and C-7 and oxo groups at C-9 and C-10.		2.0610dihydroxyanthraquinoneantimutagen;
plant metabolite
brompheniramine
Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		4.350organobromine compound;
pyridines		anti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
carbazole
carbazole: structure in first source		2.0310carbazole
penicillin v
Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.		4.2650penicillin allergen;
penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		12.97103glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone
N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source		3.6280pyrrolidin-2-ones
thymol
Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.		2.0510monoterpenoid;
phenols		volatile oil component
1-naphthol
1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.		2.4620naphtholgenotoxin;
human xenobiotic metabolite
pseudoephedrine
Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.		9.0840phenylethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
central nervous system drug;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
diethylpropion
Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
tertiary amine		appetite depressant
phenyltoloxamine
phenyltoloxamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0810diarylmethane
tolonium chloride
Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.		3.1810
phenylpiperazine
phenylpiperazine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4320
phenothiazine
10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.		2.0510phenothiazineferroptosis inhibitor;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
2-naphthoic acid
2-naphthoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthoic acid : A naphthoic acid that is naphthalene carrying a carboxy group at position 2.		2.110naphthoic acidmouse metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
mecoprop
mecoprop: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl group.. mecoprop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mecoprop.		2.110aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes
synephrine
[no description available]		2.4820ethanolamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenols		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
plant metabolite
benzoyl peroxide
Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.		2.0510carbonyl compound
benzotriazole
benzotriazole: inhibitor of atmospheric metal corrosion; also component of motion picture film & Neva brake fluid. benzotriazole : The simplest member of the class of benzotriazoles that consists of a benzene nucleus fused to a 1H-1,2,3-triazole ring.		2.1510benzotriazolesenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
alpha-chlorohydrin
alpha-Chlorohydrin: A chlorinated PROPANEDIOL with antifertility activity in males used as a chemosterilant in rodents.. 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol : A chloropropane-1,2-diol that is propane-1,2-diol substituted by a chloro group at position 3.		2.4110chloropropane-1,2-diol
trehalose
alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.		2.9430trehaloseEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
triclocarban
triclocarban: bacteriostat; antiseptic in soaps & other cleansing solns; germicide; structure. triclocarban : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at positions 1 and 3 respectively.		2.6320dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas		antimicrobial agent;
antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
triethanolamine
triethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethanolamine : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.		2.0510amino alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
triol		buffer;
surfactant
n-benzyl-n,n-dimethylamine
[no description available]		2.0510
benzonatate
benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.		3.2310benzoate ester;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline		anaesthetic;
antitussive
epichlorohydrin
Epichlorohydrin: A chlorinated epoxy compound used as an industrial solvent. It is a strong skin irritant and carcinogen.. epichlorohydrin : An epoxide that is 1,2-epoxypropene in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by chlorine.		2.4110epoxide;
organochlorine compound
deanol
Deanol: An antidepressive agent that has also been used in the treatment of movement disorders. The mechanism of action is not well understood.. N,N-dimethylethanolamine : A tertiary amine that is ethanolamine having two N-methyl substituents.		2.110ethanolamines;
tertiary amine		curing agent;
radical scavenger
4-methylmorpholine
[no description available]		2.110
n-butylamine
n-butylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. butan-1-amine : A primary aliphatic amine that is butane substituted by an amino group at position 1.		2.4720primary aliphatic amine
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		4.6961pyrrole;
secondary amine
furan
furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.		2.0510furans;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene		carcinogenic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
Maillard reaction product
thiophenes
Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.		9.2461mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene;
thiophenes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
piperidine
[no description available]		2.110azacycloalkane;
piperidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
secondary amine		base;
catalyst;
human metabolite;
non-polar solvent;
plant metabolite;
protic solvent;
reagent
morpholine
[no description available]		2.4720morpholines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		NMR chemical shift reference compound
hexahydroazepine
hexahydroazepine: RN given refers to parent cpd. azepane : An azacycloalkane that is cycloheptane in which one of the carbon atoms is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		2.110azacycloalkane;
azepanes;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
carbitol
carbitol: used as lubricating oil & in braking fluid, structure. diethylene glycol monoethyl ether : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a 2-ethoxyethoxy group at position 2.		3.1750diether;
glycol ether;
hydroxypolyether;
primary alcohol		protic solvent
ergotamine
Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.		2.7530peptide ergot alkaloidalpha-adrenergic agonist;
mycotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
oxytocic;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
estradiol dipropionate
estradiol dipropionate: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/83		2.0210steroid ester
methylergonovine
Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)		3.6120ergoline alkaloid
neostigmine bromide
neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.		2.7430bromide salt
phenformin
Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.		2.4720biguanidesantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
mephobarbital
Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		2.0510barbituratesanticonvulsant
hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.		2.0510aromatic fungicide;
chlorobenzenes		antifungal agrochemical;
carcinogenic agent;
persistent organic pollutant
trinitrotoluene
Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.		2.0510trinitrotolueneexplosive
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		2.0510aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
benzoin
[no description available]		2.0210benzoins;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor
n-methylpyrrolidine
N-methylpyrrolidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
triethylamine
[no description available]		2.110tertiary amine
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		3.3620anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		2.830hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		3.5920quinolines
chloroprocaine
chloroprocaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroprocaine : Procaine in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the carboxylic acid group is substituted by chlorine. It is used as its monohydrochloride salt as a local anaesthetic, particularly for oral surgery. It has the advantage over lidocaine of constricting blood vessels, so reducing bleeding.		2.110benzoate ester;
monochlorobenzenes		central nervous system depressant;
local anaesthetic;
peripheral nervous system drug
nitrilotriacetic acid
Nitrilotriacetic Acid: A derivative of acetic acid, N(CH2COOH)3. It is a complexing (sequestering) agent that forms stable complexes with Zn2+. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed.)		2.0110NTA;
tricarboxylic acid		carcinogenic agent;
nephrotoxic agent
4-tert-octylphenol
4-tert-octylphenol: structure given in first source		2.6320alkylbenzene
ethyl acetate
ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.		2.1310acetate ester;
ethyl ester;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor;
metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		2.7130methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
nafcillin
Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.		4.2350penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
ditiocarb
Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.		2.0310dithiocarbamic acidschelator;
copper chelator
mequinol
mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0510methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
aziridine
[no description available]		2.110azacycloalkane;
aziridines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent		alkylating agent
methohexital
Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.		3.8430acetylenic compound;
barbiturates		drug allergen;
intravenous anaesthetic
quinestrol
Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011)		2.051017-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
dydrogesterone
[no description available]		2.051020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid		progestin
catechin
Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.		2.1310catechinantioxidant;
plant metabolite
quinazolines
Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.		2.9240azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
quinazolines
benzoxazoles
1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.		2.41101,3-benzoxazoles;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
thiazoles
[no description available]		2101,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		3.5720diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
triphenyltetrazolium
triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.		2.0310organic cation
methylphenazonium methosulfate
Methylphenazonium Methosulfate: Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.		210azaheterocycle sulfate salt;
phenazines
ephedrine
Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.		4.350phenethylamine alkaloid;
phenylethanolamines		bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
nasal decongestant;
plant metabolite;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		2.4110azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
chlormadinone acetate
Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		2.0510corticosteroid hormone
pirinitramide
Pirinitramide: A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.		2.4520nitrile
edrophonium bromide
[no description available]		2.0410
2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510
ethamivan
ethamivan: minor descriptor (65-72); major descriptor (73-86); on-line search BENZAMIDES (66-86); INDEX MEDICUS search BENZAMIDES (65-72); ETHAMIVAN (73-86). etamivan : Phenol substituted at C-2 and C-4 by a methoxy group and an N,N-diethylaminocarbonyl group respectively. A respiratory stimulant drug related to nikethamide, it has now fallen largely into disuse.		2.6320methoxybenzenes;
phenols
estradiol 17 beta-cypionate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		2.0510organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
monocrotaline
Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.		2.4720pyrrolizidine alkaloid
testosterone enanthate
[no description available]		2.4420heptanoate ester;
sterol ester		androgen
dibenzepin
dibenzepin: was heading 1975-94 (see under DIBENZAZEPINES 1975-90); use DIBENZAZEPINES to search DIBENZEPIN 1975-94; tricyclic antidepressant similar in action to imipramine		2.110dibenzodiazepine
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		3.8730mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
azacitidine
Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.		4.0840N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent
phenyramidol
phenyramidol: considered as a drug that possibly causes hepatotoxicity		2.0510aminopyridine
carbutamide
Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)		2.0510benzenes;
sulfonamide
galantamine
Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.		4.2750benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzazepine alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidote to curare poisoning;
cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate
Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.5920steroid ester
methysergide
Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.		2.6320ergoline alkaloid
bucladesine
[no description available]		2.05103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
butanamides;
butyrate ester		agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
vasodilator agent
procarbazine hydrochloride
procarbazine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining procarbazine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.		2.0810hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent
cuprizone
[no description available]		7.610organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
citrulline
citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.		2.0110amino acid zwitterion;
citrulline		Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trifluoroethylamine
trifluoroethylamine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified fluorine locants		2.110
betamethasone
Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)		3.296011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
perflubron
perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.		2.0510haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
perfluorinated compound		blood substitute;
radioopaque medium
cyproterone acetate
[no description available]		2.462020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
chlorinated steroid;
steroid ester		androgen antagonist;
geroprotector;
progestin
2-fluoroethylamine
2-fluoroethylamine: structure in first source		2.110
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		3.1410imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes
Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.		2.7730monofluorobenzenesNMR chemical shift reference compound
homocystine
[no description available]		2.0210amino acid zwitterion;
homocystines		human metabolite
dextropropoxyphene
Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.		4.25501-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoatemu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
ketobemidone
ketobemidone: structure		2.0410piperidines
glycyrrhetinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510cyclic terpene ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		immunomodulator;
plant metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid
Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		4.0540bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
emetine
Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.		340isoquinoline alkaloid;
pyridoisoquinoline		antiamoebic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antiviral agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
emetic;
expectorant;
plant metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
dihydralazine
Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)		3.520phthalazines
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		2.0510dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
bufotenin
Bufotenin: A hallucinogenic serotonin analog found in frog or toad skins, mushrooms, higher plants, and mammals, especially in the brains, plasma, and urine of schizophrenics. Bufotenin has been used as a tool in CNS studies and misused as a psychedelic.. bufotenin : A tertiary amine that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at position 5.		1.9910tertiary amine;
tryptamine alkaloid		coral metabolite;
hallucinogen
phenylpropanolamine
Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.		2.0510amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		plant metabolite
arecaidine
[no description available]		2.110citraconoyl group
4-hydroxybutyric acid
4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.		3.23104-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxybutyric acid		general anaesthetic;
GHB receptor agonist;
neurotoxin;
sedative
azetidine
[no description available]		2.110azacycloalkane;
azetidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
dihydroergotamine
Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.		4.140ergot alkaloid;
semisynthetic derivative		dopamine agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic;
serotonergic agonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
podophyllotoxin
Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.		340furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		2.05103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		3.8521
dimenhydrinate
gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source		3.6120diarylmethane
gluconic acid
gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.		2.110gluconic acidchelator;
Penicillium metabolite
azomycin
azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure		2.1710C-nitro compound;
imidazoles		antitubercular agent
chlormethiazole
Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.		2.9540thiazoles
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol
Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.		3.8621methoxybenzenes;
phenols
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		4.4460amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
4-iodophenol
[no description available]		2.0510iodophenol
levocarnitine
(R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.		3.5620carnitineantilipemic drug;
nootropic agent;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
water-soluble vitamin (role)
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		7.2333dialdehydebiomarker
sulfanilylurea
sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure		3.2310benzenes;
sulfonamide
gentian violet
Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.		2.0510organic chloride saltanthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antiseptic drug;
histological dye
1-naphthylisothiocyanate
1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.		2.0810isothiocyanateinsecticide
aminopenicillanic acid
aminopenicillanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 6-aminopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid compound having a (6R)-amino substituent. The active nucleus common to all penicillins, it may be substituted at the 6-amino position to form the semisynthetic penicillins, resulting in a variety of antibacterial and pharmacologic characteristics.		2.110amino acid zwitterion;
penicillanic acids		allergen
hematoporphyrin
Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.		2.0510
lithium carbonate
Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.		2.0410carbonate salt;
lithium salt		antimanic drug
glycyl-glycyl-glycine
glycyl-glycyl-glycine : A tripeptide in which three glycine units are linked via peptide bonds in a linear sequence.		2.110tripeptide zwitterion;
tripeptide
congo red
Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.		2.0810bis(azo) compound
lactulose
[no description available]		3.5920glycosylfructosegastrointestinal drug;
laxative
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.743020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
n,n-dimethylethylamine
[no description available]		2.110
pamabrom
[no description available]		3.2310
diethylmethylamine
[no description available]		2.110
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		12.51114acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
glycine ethyl ester
glycine ethyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
n-methylpiperidine
N-methylpiperidine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.110
benzydamine
Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.		2.110aromatic ether;
indazoles;
tertiary amino compound		analgesic;
central nervous system stimulant;
hallucinogen;
local anaesthetic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin stearate
[no description available]		2.0510aminoglycoside
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		4.86100cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
hydroxychloroquine sulfate
[no description available]		2.5420
ameltolide
ameltolide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd		3.110benzamides
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		4.074017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
tempidon
2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinone: structure in first source		2.110piperidones
lormetazepam
lormetazepam: RN given refers to cpd with specified locant for methyl group; structure given in first source. lormetazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-chlorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position.		2.74301,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		sedative
vinblastine
[no description available]		3.1450
etonitazene
etonitazene: was heading 1979-94 (see under BENZIMIDAZOLES 1979-90); ETONITAZIN was see ETONITAZENE 1979-94; use BENZIMIDAZOLES to search ETONITAZENE 1979-94; narcotic analgesic similar to morphine in action; used mainly to study narcotic habituation, tolerance, and withdrawal in laboratory animals		2.6320
diphenoxylate
Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.		3.2310ethyl ester;
nitrile;
piperidinecarboxylate ester;
tertiary amine		antidiarrhoeal drug
azure a
Azure A: RN given refers to chloride. azure A : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is used in making azure eosin stains for blood smear staining.		3.1810
estradiol valerate
[no description available]		2.4420steroid ester
ethambutol hydrochloride
ethambutol dihydrochloride : The dihydrchloride salt of ethambutol. A bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, it is effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol dihydrochloride is used alone.		2.0810hydrochlorideantitubercular agent
ethambutol
Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.		4.2350ethanolamines;
ethylenediamine derivative		antitubercular agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
3,3',4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide
3,3',4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide : A salicylanilide derivative with chloride substituents at C-3 and C-5 of the salicylate moiety and at C-3 and C-4 of the anilide moiety.		2.0510dichlorobenzene;
salicylanilides		drug allergen
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		2.110zinc molecular entity
sorbitan monostearate
sorbitan monostearate: Stearic Acid was the HM (74-82), no longer an active MH		2.0510
antimycin a
[no description available]		2.0810benzamides;
formamides;
macrodiolide;
phenols		antifungal agent;
mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor;
piscicide
vancomycin
Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.		4.4260glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid
glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.		2.0410enone;
glucosiduronic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tricarboxylic acid;
triterpenoid saponin		EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		6.1591alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
pregnenolone carbonitrile
Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.		2.0810aliphatic nitrile
ibufenac
ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects.		3.2310monocarboxylic acidEC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metylperon
metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4620aromatic ketone
metaxalone
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
spectinomycin
Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.		3.5820cyclic acetal;
cyclic hemiketal;
cyclic ketone;
pyranobenzodioxin;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
clopyralid
clopyralid : An organochlorine pesticide having a 3,6-dichlorinated picolinic acid structure.		2.110organochlorine pesticide;
pyridines		herbicide
dimethylaminopropionitrile
[no description available]		2.110
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		7.1310organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
dronabinol
Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.		4.2350benzochromene;
diterpenoid;
phytocannabinoid;
polyketide		cannabinoid receptor agonist;
epitope;
hallucinogen;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride
Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.		4.0840aromatic amine;
guanidines;
organochlorine compound;
pyrazines		diuretic;
sodium channel blocker
clothiapine
clothiapine: was heading 1975-94 (was see under DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES 1975-90); CLOTIAPINE was see CLOTHIAPINE 1978-94; use DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES to search CLOTHIAPINE 1975-94; antipsychotic similar to clozapine		2.6320dibenzothiazepine
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		5.52120benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
benperidol
Benperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It has been used in the treatment of aberrant sexual behavior. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p567)		2.8130aromatic ketone
7-hydroxychlorpromazine
7-hydroxychlorpromazine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.6320phenothiazines
betamethasone valerate
Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
diallyl disulfide
diallyl disulfide: major constituent of garlic oil. diallyl disulfide : An organic disulfide where the organic group specified is allyl. It has been isolated from garlic and other species of the genus Allium.		2.3110organic disulfideantifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
5-phenylvaleric acid
5-phenylvaleric acid: from Polygonum salicifolium. 5-phenylpentanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is valeric acid substituted by a phenyl group at the delta-position.		2.110benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
ethoxazene
[no description available]		2.0810azobenzenes
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		2102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate
Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.		2.0210corticosteroid hormone;
hemisuccinate
thioflavin t
thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.		3.1810organic chloride saltfluorochrome;
geroprotector;
histological dye
dexbrompheniramine
dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		3.2310brompheniramineanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
sulfadoxine
Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.		2.0510pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimalarial
uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid
Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of glucuronic acid for polysaccharide biosynthesis. It may also be epimerized to UDP iduronic acid, which donates iduronic acid to polysaccharides. In animals, UDP glucuronic acid is used for formation of many glucosiduronides with various aglycones.. UDP-alpha-D-glucuronic acid : A UDP-sugar having alpha-D-glucuronic acid as the sugar component.		2.0510UDP-D-glucuronic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
acadesine
[no description available]		2.05101-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide;
aminoimidazole;
nucleoside analogue		antineoplastic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
hydroxyphenytoin
hydroxyphenytoin: main metabolite of diphenylhydantoin; reduces Na(+) inhibition at high Na:K ratios; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 4-hydroxyphenytoin : A imidazolidine-2,4-dione that consists of hydantoin bearing phenyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl substituents at position 5.		2.0610imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
phenols		metabolite
chlordesmethyldiazepam
[no description available]		2.0410benzodiazepine
toliprolol
toliprolol: was MH 1975-92 (see under PROPANOLAMINES 1981-90, was DOBEROL see under PROPANOLAMINES 1975-80); KOE 592 was see TOLIPROLOL 1975-92; use PROPANOLAMINES to search TOLIPROLOL 1975-92; beta adrenergic blockader with some stimulant action; it has been proposed for angina pectoris		2.0110aromatic ether
3-hydroxyephedrine
3-hydroxyephedrine: can be used as a neuronal imaging agent of the heart; RN given refers to (R*,S*)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 9/90		2.3110
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		4.4160dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine
doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.		2.9640organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
dicloxacillin
Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.		4.460dichlorobenzene;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		2.1710fluorescein isothiocyanate
cyclacillin
Cyclacillin: A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID.		2.4520penicillinantibacterial drug
iproclozide
iproclozide: structure		2.0510aromatic ether
megestrol
Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.		3.231017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
tranylcypromine
Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.		2.02102-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
streptomycin
[no description available]		3.8630antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
cladribine
[no description available]		4.4160organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
beclomethasone
[no description available]		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug
carbenicillin
Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.		3.8530penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
carbenicillin disodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic sodium salt
dehydroemetine
dehydroemetine: was MH 1991-94 (see under EMETINE 1976-90); use EMETINE to search DEHYDROEMETINE 1976-94; amebicide, derivative of emetine. dehydroemetine : A pyridoisoquinoline which was developed in response to the cardiovascular toxicity associated with emetine and results from the dehydrogenation of the heterotricylic ring of emetine. It is an antiprotozoal agent and displays antimalarial, antiamoebic, and antileishmanial properties.		2.0510aromatic ether;
isoquinolines;
pyridoisoquinoline		antileishmanial agent;
antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug
estradiol enanthate
[no description available]		2.0210steroid ester
benorilate
benorilate: was heading 1980-94 (see under SALICYLATES 1980-90); was BENORYLATE see under SALICYLATES 1975-79; BENORYLATE was see BENORILATE 1980-94; use SALICYLATES to search BENORILATE 1980-90 & BENORYLATE 1975-79; an ester of aspirin and paracetamol with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity used in the treatment of rheumatoid diseases; it has less severe side effects than aspirin		2.0510carbonyl compound
trimetazidine
Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.		5.6551aromatic amine
metocurine
metocurine: from Chinese herb Cyclea hainanensis Mrr		2.0810isoquinolines
floxacillin
Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.		2.7430penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
clomacran
clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		3.2310acridines
beclomethasone dipropionate
beclomethasone dipropionate : A steroid ester comprising beclomethasone having propionyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.		2.041011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
enone;
glucocorticoid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
vidarabine
adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.		2.4920beta-D-arabinoside;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
nucleoside antibiotic
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate
[no description available]		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		antipsoriatic
methenamine hippurate
methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action		3.2310N-acylglycine
olsalazine
olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.		4.0640azobenzenes;
dicarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
tiadenol
tiadenol: structure		2.0510aliphatic sulfide
terodiline
[no description available]		3.1450diarylmethane
1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene
1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410
etidronate disodium
etidronate disodium : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of two protons from etidronic acid (one from from each of the phosphonic acid groups) by sodium ions.		2.0810organic sodium saltantineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
chelator
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		2.7330elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		2.1310metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
technetium
Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.		2.0710manganese group element atom
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		3.0430cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
chromium
Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.		7.110chromium group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		7.4420f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		7.8230copper group element atom;
elemental gold
aluminum chloride
Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.		2.0610aluminium coordination entityLewis acid
zalcitabine
Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.		3.2960pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
metocurine iodide
[no description available]		2.4520aromatic ether
hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.		6.9910chlorine oxoacid;
reactive oxygen species		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		3.0340delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
ferric chloride
ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents		2.7430iron coordination entityastringent;
Lewis acid
ferrous chloride
ferrous chloride: induces convulsions; RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910iron coordination entity
sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.		3.2310inorganic sodium saltantidote to cyanide poisoning;
antifungal drug;
nephroprotective agent
potassium dichromate
Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.		2.110potassium saltallergen;
oxidising agent;
sensitiser
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		2.0310dihydrogen
fluorine
Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.		2.0710diatomic fluorine;
gas molecular entity		NMR chemical shift reference compound
glycerol 1-stearate
glycerol 1-stearate: isolated from the young fronds of the bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum; structure in first source. rac-1-monostearoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-stearoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monostearoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has stearoyl as the acyl group.		2.5201-acylglycerol 18:0;
rac-1-monoacylglycerol		algal metabolite;
Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite
galactose
aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.		2.0510
stanozolol
Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
anabolic androgenic steroid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anabolic agent;
androgen
clodronic acid
Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.		2.05101,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
one-carbon compound;
organochlorine compound		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent
mafenide acetate
[no description available]		2.0810carboxylic acid
apazone
Apazone: An anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It also has uricosuric properties and has been used to treat gout.. apazone : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine bearing a dimethylamino substitutent at position 3 and a methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the nitrogens at positions 1 and 2 are both acylated by a carboxy group of propylmalonic acid.		2.0410benzotriazinesnon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
uricosuric drug
diacerein
diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;		2.0810anthraquinone
xipamide
Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.		2.0510benzamides
selegiline
Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.		4.7590selegiline;
terminal acetylenic compound		geroprotector
selegiline hydrochloride, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
levamisole
Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.		2.44206-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazoleantinematodal drug;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
immunological adjuvant;
immunomodulator
clemastine
Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.		3.5420monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpyrrolidine		anti-allergic agent;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
thiamphenicol
[no description available]		2.4720monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent;
immunosuppressive agent
pancuronium bromide
pancuronium bromide : A bromide salt consisting of two bromide ions and one pancuronium dication.		2.0810bromide saltcholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
pizotyline
Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.		2.0510benzocycloheptathiophenehistamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
cephalexin
Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.		4.4160beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
isosorbide-5-mononitrate
isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug		11.77102glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
ferric nitrilotriacetate
ferric nitrilotriacetate: induces diabetes in animals (iron loading)		7.0110iron chelatecarcinogenic agent;
mutagen
thenalidine
thenalidine: antihistaminic, antipruritic; RN in Chemline for thenalidine calcium: 67250-62-8; structure		2.6320dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		4.8981acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
ornidazole
Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.		2.0810C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound;
secondary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antitrichomonal drug;
epitope
edifenphos
edifenphos: structure. edifenphos : An organic thiophosphate that is the O-ethyl-S,S-diphenyl ester of phosphorodithioic acid. Used to control a variety of fungal diseases on rice including blast, ear blight and stem rot. Edifenphos is moderately toxic to mammals and fish but poses more of a risk to aquatic invertebrates.		2.0610organic thiophosphateantifungal agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin;
phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor
danazol
Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.		4.255017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		anti-estrogen;
estrogen antagonist;
geroprotector
metergoline
Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.		2.0510carbamate ester;
ergoline alkaloid		dopamine agonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
fenclozic acid
fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd		3.2310
fentiazac
[no description available]		2.0710thiazoles
laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane
[no description available]		3.2310
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		5.0370aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
razoxane
Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.		4.7430N-alkylpiperazine
cephapirin
Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.		2.4320cephalosporinantibacterial drug
fludarabine phosphate
fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.		3.6120nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
alclofenac
alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.		3.2310aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		drug allergen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carbimazole
Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.05101,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
carbamate ester		antithyroid drug;
prodrug
bromocriptine
Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.		4.4460indole alkaloidantidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		2.1310benzenes;
phenyl acetates
pyrrolidine
[no description available]		2.110azacycloalkane;
pyrrolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
triamcinolone
Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
16alpha-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
oxyphenisatin
[no description available]		3.5920indoles
tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.		2.0510chlorocarbon;
chloroethenes		nephrotoxic agent
fludrocortisone
Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.		3.231011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
mineralocorticoid		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid
Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.		3.8530bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
pregnanolone
Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.		2.04103-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid		human metabolite;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
metipranolol
Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.		3.1250acetate ester;
aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
benzonidazole
benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.		2.5220C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antiprotozoal drug
halazepam
halazepam: structure		2.0210organic molecular entity
butachlor
butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.		2.0510aromatic amide;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		environmental contaminant;
herbicide;
xenobiotic
4-methoxyamphetamine
4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation		2.4620
du-21220
Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.		2.7130benzyl alcohols;
polyphenol;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
rose bengal b disodium salt
[no description available]		2.0510
propamocarb
propamocarb: RN given refers to parent cpd. propamocarb : A carbamate ester that is the propyl ester of 3-(dimethylamino)propylcarbamic acid. It is a systemic fungicide, used (normally as the hydrochloride salt) for the control of soil, root and leaf diseases caused by oomycetes, particularly Phytophthora and Pythium species.		2.110carbamate ester;
carbamate fungicide;
tertiary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
clobetasol propionate
Clobetasol Propionate: This is the form in trademark preparations.. clobetasol propionate : The 17-O-propionate ester of clobetasol. A potent corticosteroid, it is used to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.		2.051011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid		anti-inflammatory drug
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		2.7230glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
dexchlorpheniramine
dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer		3.9830chlorphenamine
ribostamycin
Ribostamycin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial isolated from Streptomyces ribosifidicus.. ribostamycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is 4,6-diaminocyclohexane-1,2,3-triol having a 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 1 and a beta-D-ribosyl residue attached at position 2. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ribosidificus (formerly S. thermoflavus).		2.0410amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
metabolite
clometacin
clometacin: structure		3.2310N-acylindole
cefazolin
Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		4.460beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
tetrazoles;
thiadiazoles		antibacterial drug
adenosine diphosphate ribose
Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.		2.4120ADP-sugarEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
amoxicillin
Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.		4.7790penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
timolol
(S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.		13.68230timololanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin
Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.		4.0440tryptamines
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		2.08102-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
dv 1006
[no description available]		2.6320
nicergoline
Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.		2.0510organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		3.8730cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
carbidopa
carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.		3.6120catechols;
hydrazines;
monocarboxylic acid		antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
toloxatone
toloxatone: oxazolidinone derivative; psychotropic drug; structure. toloxatone : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-toloxatone. It is a reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor and antidepressant.. 5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(3-methylphenyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one substituted by a 3-methylphenyl group at position 3.		2.4520oxazolidinone;
primary alcohol;
toluenes
moricizine
Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.		3.8230carbamate ester;
morpholines;
phenothiazines		anti-arrhythmia drug
amineptin
amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.		3.5920amino acid;
carbocyclic fatty acid;
carbotricyclic compound;
secondary amino compound		antidepressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor
bitolterol
bitolterol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bitolterol : The di-4-toluate ester of (+-)-N-tert-butylnoradrenaline (colterol). A pro-drug for colterol, a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist, bitolterol is used as its methanesulfonate salt for relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.		2.0210carboxylic ester;
diester;
ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
prodrug
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		4.6580azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
feprazone
Feprazone: A pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15)		2.0810organic molecular entity
5,7-dihydroxytryptamine
5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 7. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacology as a tool.		1.9910
pirprofen
pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure		3.5920pyrroline
medifoxamine
medifoxamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		210aromatic ether
sisomicin
Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).		2.4520amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic;
beta-L-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative
amdinocillin
Amdinocillin: An amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action.. mecillinam : A penicillin in which the 6beta substituent is [(azepan-1-yl)methylidene]amino; an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria.		2.0410penicillinantibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		3.1450amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
paclitaxel
Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).		4.7590taxane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
microtubule-stabilising agent
amitraz
amitraz: ixodicide (tick control); structure. amitraz : A tertiary amino compound that is 1,3,5-triazapenta-1,4-diene substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and 2,4-dimethylphenyl groups at positions 1 and 5.		2.0510formamidines;
tertiary amino compound		acaricide;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
etoposide
[no description available]		4.4160beta-D-glucoside;
furonaphthodioxole;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
dobutamine
Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.		10.56217catecholamine;
secondary amine		beta-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
tertatolol
tertatolol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		1.9910thiochromane
ticarcillin
Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.		2.4520penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
phenyl-2-aminoethyl sulfide
phenyl-2-aminoethyl sulfide: dopamine-beta-hydroxylase substrate; structure given in first source		2.110
trimazosin
trimazosin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410N-arylpiperazine
halofantrine
halofantrine: used in treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria		3.1350phenanthrenes
penbutolol
Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.		4.2250ethanolamines
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		4.41601-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
adinazolam
adinazolam: structure in first source. adinazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a dimethylaminomethyl group at the 1-position, a phenyl group at the 6-position and a chloro substituent at the 8-position.		2.7430triazolobenzodiazepineanticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
sedative
amikacin
Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.		4.0840alpha-D-glucoside;
amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside;
carboxamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
nephrotoxin
climbazole
1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-1-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one : A ketone that is butan-2-one substituted by a 4-chlorophenoxy and a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group at position 1 and 2 methyl groups at position 3.		2.6320aromatic ether;
hemiaminal ether;
imidazoles;
ketone;
monochlorobenzenes
tolamolol
[no description available]		2.4720
cephradine
Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.		4.0840beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
ticrynafen
Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.		3.5920aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
thiophenes		antihypertensive agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
loop diuretic
guanadrel
guanadrel: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanadrel : A spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of the keto group of cyclohexanone with the hydroxy groups of 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)guanidine. A postganglionic adrenergic blocking agent formerly used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the management of hypertension, it has been largely superseded by other drugs less likely to cause orthostatic hypotension (dizzy spells on standing up or stretching).		2.0210guanidines;
spiroketal		adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
methyldopa
Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		4.5470L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent;
hapten;
peripheral nervous system drug;
sympatholytic agent
tocainide
Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.		3.1350monocarboxylic acid amideanti-arrhythmia drug;
local anaesthetic;
sodium channel blocker
sulbenicillin
Sulbenicillin: Semisynthetic penicillin-type antibiotic.. sulbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-[phenyl(sulfo)acetamido] side-chain.		2.4520penicillin
bezafibrate
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		7.26171
diltiazem
Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		10.842665-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetateantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
levobunolol
Levobunolol: The L-Isomer of bunolol.. levobunolol : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma.		2.0210aromatic ether;
cyclic ketone;
propanolamine		antiglaucoma drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.0810pyridinium ionapoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
vecuronium bromide
Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		2.9740organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
vecuronium
vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.		3.2310acetate ester;
androstane;
quaternary ammonium ion		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent;
nicotinic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		3.1650alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
benoxaprofen
benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.		3.59201,3-benzoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antipsoriatic;
antipyretic;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
nephrotoxin;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
protein kinase C agonist
permethrin
hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141		2.4420cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
cyclopropanes		agrochemical;
ectoparasiticide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide;
scabicide
exifone
[no description available]		3.2310benzophenones
pirfenidone
pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.		2.0510pyridoneantipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.0110chromanol;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
mefloquine
(-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		3.2310[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanolantimalarial
oxfendazole
[no description available]		2.0710benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester;
sulfoxide		antinematodal drug
desogestrel
Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
meptazinol
Meptazinol: A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.		2.7230azepanes
triadimenol
triadimenol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butane-1,2-diol substituted at position O1 by a 4-chlorophenyl group. A fungicide for cereals, beet and brassicas used to control a range of diseases including powdery mildew, rusts, bunts and smuts.		2.6320aromatic ether;
conazole fungicide;
hemiaminal ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary alcohol;
triazole fungicide		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
xenobiotic metabolite
muzolimine
Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.		2.0510dichlorobenzene
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		3.6120benzamides;
carboxylic ester
sufentanil
Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.		4.4160anilide;
ether;
piperidines;
thiophenes		anaesthesia adjuvant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
acarbose
[no description available]		3.6120tetrasaccharide derivativeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
torsemide
Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.		4.2550aminopyridine;
N-sulfonylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
loop diuretic
medroxalol
medroxalol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.0410salicylamides
epirubicin
Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.		8.2373aminoglycoside;
anthracycline antibiotic;
anthracycline;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
p-quinones;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
cefmetazole
Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.		2.4320cephalosporinantibacterial drug
desflurane
Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.		2.4420organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
prenalterol
Prenalterol: A partial adrenergic agonist with functional beta 1-receptor specificity and inotropic effect. It is effective in the treatment of acute CARDIAC FAILURE, postmyocardial infarction low-output syndrome, SHOCK, and reducing ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION in the SHY-RAGER SYNDROME.		210aromatic ether
closantel
closantel: structure. N-{5-chloro-4-[(4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl]-2-methylphenyl}-2-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzamide : An aromatic amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid with the amino group of aniline substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by methyl, (4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl, and methyl groups respectively.. closantel : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-clostanel. An anthelmintic, it is used (as the dihydrate of the sodium salt) in veterinary medicine for the treatment of fluke and nematode infections.		2.1510aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monochlorobenzenes;
nitrile;
organoiodine compound;
phenols
Flamprop
[no description available]		2.110benzamides
lorcainide
[no description available]		3.1450acetamides
idarubicin
Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.		4.0640anthracycline antibiotic;
deoxy hexoside;
monosaccharide derivative
ceforanide
ceforanide: RN given refers to (6R-(trans))-isomer. ceforanide : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with {[1-(carboxymethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and 2-(aminomethyl)phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is effective against many coliforms, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus, and most strains of Salmonella, Shigella, Hemophilus, Citrobacter and Arizona species.		2.0410cephalosporinantibacterial drug
cefonicid
Cefonicid: A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.. cefonicid : A cephalosporin bearing {[1-(sulfomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		2.0210cephalosporinantibacterial drug
piperacillin
Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		4.2550penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		11.26101aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		7.91233alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
bopindolol
bopindolol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. bopindolol : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bopindolol and (S)-bopindolol. It is a non-selective antagonist of beta1- and beta2-adrenoceptors and a prodrug in which the ester group is hydrolysed to form the corresponding hydroxy derivative.. 1-(tert-butylamino)-3-[(2-methyl-1H-indol-4-yl)oxy]propan-2-yl benzoate : A methylindole that is 2-methyl-1H-indol-4-ol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(benzoyloxy)-3-(tert-butylamino)propyl group.		3.520aromatic ether;
benzoate ester;
methylindole;
secondary amino compound
cefoperazone
Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.		4.0640cephalosporinantibacterial drug
staurosporine
[no description available]		2.0810indolocarbazole alkaloid;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
geroprotector
foscarnet sodium
trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.		2.4720one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antiviral drug
lodoxamide
[no description available]		2.0210organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
atracurium
Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.		3.8430diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
atracurium besylate
atracurium besylate : The bisbenzenesulfonate salt of atracurium.		2.0810organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
butoconazole
butoconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. butoconazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl]butyl group. An antifungal agent, it is used as its nitrate salt in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.		2.0210aryl sulfide;
conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
moxalactam
Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.		2.7430cephalosporin;
oxacephem		antibacterial drug
nicorandil
Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.		9.0940nitrate ester;
pyridinecarboxamide		potassium channel opener;
vasodilator agent
endralazine
BQ 22-708: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0410benzamides
naftifine
naftifine: allylamine der; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. naftifine : A tertiary amine in which the nitrogen is substituted by methyl, alpha-naphthylmethyl, and (1E)-cinnamyl groups. It is used (usually as its hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of fungal skin infections.		2.0210allylamine antifungal drug;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
pergolide
Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		3.8530diamine;
methyl sulfide;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
pergolide mesylate
pergolide mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained from pergolide by mixing eqimolar amount of pergolide and methanesulfonic acid. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltantiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
geroprotector
colforsin
Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.		2.730acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
labdane diterpenoid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
triol		adenylate cyclase agonist;
anti-HIV agent;
antihypertensive agent;
plant metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
protein kinase A agonist
bicifadine
bicifadine: a nonopioid analgesic that modulates the monoaminergic pathways involved in pain		2.0610
cefadroxil anhydrous
Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.6780cephalosporinantibacterial drug
encainide
Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.		3.2860benzamides;
piperidines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
sodium channel blocker
talniflumate
talniflumate: an anti-inflammatory molecule for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma		2.0810benzofurans
fenoldopam mesylate
[no description available]		2.0810benzazepine
nedocromil
Nedocromil: A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS.		2.0210dicarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fialuridine
[no description available]		3.2310
amonafide
xanafide: salt formulation of amonafide; DNA-intercalating agent and topoisomerase II inhibitor		2.6320isoquinolines
cefaclor anhydrous
Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.0840cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
bucindolol
bucindolol: an indolyl-tert-butyl-phenoxypropanolamine benzonitrile derivative		10.31362
pefloxacin
Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.		3.1550fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
alfentanil
Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.		4.2550monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidines		central nervous system depressant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen
fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.		1.9710aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
phenols		agrochemical;
EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor;
herbicide
miglustat
miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.		3.5920piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
haloperidol decanoate
[no description available]		3.2310organic molecular entity
cefotetan
Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.		4.2550
recainam
recainam: structure given in first source		2.7430
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		4.7590delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
flupirtine
flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		3.3460aminopyridine
chaetochromin
chaetochromin: from Chaetomium spp.; RN given refers to chaetochromin A		2.6320
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		3.2310naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
enoximone
Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.		8.35122aromatic ketone
stepronin
[no description available]		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
piritrexim
piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510
levocabastine
levocabastine: for the temporary relief of the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis		2.0210piperidines
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		7.84121delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
idazoxan
Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.		2.7530benzodioxine;
imidazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride
Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.		3.1650dimethoxybenzene
balsalazide
balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.		3.2310
pravastatin
Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		4.75903-hydroxy carboxylic acid;
carbobicyclic compound;
carboxylic ester;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug;
environmental contaminant;
metabolite;
xenobiotic
cabergoline
Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.		3.8530N-acylureaantineoplastic agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist
bambuterol
bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.		2.0410carbamate ester;
phenylethanolamines		anti-asthmatic drug;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
prodrug;
sympathomimetic agent;
tocolytic agent
atomoxetine hydrochloride
Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.		2.4720hydrochlorideadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant
atomoxetine
atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.		4.2650aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound;
toluenes		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
quinapril
Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		5.7861dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
alpidem
[no description available]		3.2310imidazoles
gepirone
gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0510N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		3.87303-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
piroximone
piroximone: structure in first source		3.0910
trospectomycin
trospectomycin: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; RN refers to 2R-(2alpha,4abeta,5abeta,6beta,7beta,8beta,9beta,9alpha,9aalpha,10abeta)-(9CI)-isomer		2.0410dioxanes
difloxacin
difloxacin: RN & structure given in first source. difloxacin : A quinolone that is pefloxacin in which the ethyl group at position 1 of the quinolone has been replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group. A broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is used (usually as the monohydrochloride salt) for the treatment of bacterial infections in dogs.		2.0510fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
sarafloxacin
sarafloxacin: RN & structure given in first source		2.0510quinolines
cilazapril, anhydrous
Cilazapril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors) used for hypertension. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat.. cilazapril : A pyridazinodiazepine resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of cilazaprilat with ethanol. It is a drug used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		2.4120dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
pyridazinodiazepine		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
fosphenytoin
fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source		3.5620imidazolidine-2,4-dione
salmeterol xinafoate
Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.		3.0540naphthoic acid
ranolazine
Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.		3.5820aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
secondary alcohol
fura-2
Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.		2.7330
finasteride
Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.		4.41603-oxo steroid;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		androgen antagonist;
antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		2.0810imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
sematilide
sematilide: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source		2.7430
esmolol
methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.		5.0570aromatic ether;
ethanolamines;
methyl ester;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
clinafloxacin
clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl		2.7430quinolines
sertindole
sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.		3.1450heteroarylpiperidine;
imidazolidinone;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
phenylindole		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
adapalene
Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.		2.4520adamantanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
naphthoic acid		dermatologic drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
adefovir
adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		4.08406-aminopurines;
ether;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent
loxiglumide
loxiglumide: cholecystokinin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in first source		2.4520organic molecular entity
aromasil
[no description available]		3.612017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sparfloxacin
[no description available]		3.74100fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone
zileuton
[no description available]		4.26501-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
remacemide
remacemide: structure given in first source		3.110stilbenoid
orbifloxacin
orbifloxacin: structure given in first source in error (quinolone nitrogen atom not shown)		2.0510quinolines
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		10.4970methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous
Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.		4.5470phosphonic acids;
pyrimidone		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
photosensitizing agent
tiagabine
Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.		4.0840beta-amino acid;
piperidinemonocarboxylic acid;
tertiary amino compound;
thiophenes		anticonvulsant;
GABA reuptake inhibitor
marbofloxacin
[no description available]		2.0510quinolines
(S)-betaxolol
(S)-betaxolol : The (S)-enantiomer of betaxolol.		2.0210betaxolol
mibefradil
Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.		3.2760tetralinsT-type calcium channel blocker
besipirdine
besipirdine: structure given in first source; a non-receptor-dependent cholinomimetic agent with noradrenergic activity with potential use for treating Alzheimer's disease		3.110
topotecan
Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.		4.2550pyranoindolizinoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
bromfenac
bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.		4.5370aromatic amino acid;
benzophenones;
organobromine compound;
substituted aniline		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride;
organofluorine compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent
gemcitabine
gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.		4.0640organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
ibutilide
ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt		4.7490benzenes;
organic amino compound
aripiprazole
Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.		9.7180aromatic ether;
delta-lactam;
dichlorobenzene;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone		drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic agonist
sipatrigine
sipatrigine: a glutamate release inhibitor which protects against focal cerebral ischemic damage		4.0620pyrimidines
remifentanil
Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.		4.0640alpha-amino acid ester;
anilide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
piperidinecarboxylate ester		intravenous anaesthetic;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
sedative
atorvastatin calcium anhydrous
[no description available]		2.0810organic calcium salt
atorvastatin
[no description available]		7.46141aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		4.5470monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride
Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.		7.8660duloxetine hydrochlorideantidepressant
duloxetine
[no description available]		3.5920duloxetine
irinotecan
[no description available]		4.5470carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		12.9192biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ibandronic acid
Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.		3.5820
ziprasidone
ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.		4.54701,2-benzisothiazole;
indolones;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
zanamivir
Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.		2.7430guanidinesantiviral agent;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
zolmitriptan
zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.		4.2650oxazolidinone;
tryptamines		anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
3-iodobenzylguanidine
3-Iodobenzylguanidine: A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.		9.2188organoiodine compound
simendan
Simendan: A hydrazone and pyridazine derivative; the levo-form is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, calcium-sensitizing agent, and inotropic agent that is used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.		4.3722
adefovir dipivoxil
bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.		2.47206-aminopurines;
carbonate ester;
ether;
organic phosphonate		antiviral drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
nephrotoxic agent;
prodrug
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		3.6120monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tasosartan
tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310biphenyls
tiludronic acid
tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source		3.2310organochlorine compound
tirofiban
Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.		3.8530L-tyrosine derivative;
piperidines;
sulfonamide		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine
Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.		3.5920carbamate ester;
cytidines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		10.3870adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
d-lactic acid
(R)-lactic acid : An optically active form of lactic acid having (R)-configuration.		2.1102-hydroxypropanoic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
paroxetine hydrochloride
paroxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of paroxetine. It is an antidepressant drug.		2.0810hydrochlorideantidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
bupropion hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810aromatic ketone
cisatracurium
cisatracurium: RN refers to (1R-(1alpha,2alpha(1'R*,2'R*)))-isomer. cisatracurium : A diester that is the (1R,1'R,2R,2'R)-diastereoisomer of atracurium, a quaternary ammonium ion consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxy functions bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups. The active species in the skeletal muscle relaxant cisatracurium besylate.		2.0410diester;
quaternary ammonium ion		muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
halofuginone
[no description available]		2.0510quinazolines
venlafaxine hydrochloride
Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.		2.5720hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		2.0810hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
fosinoprilat
fosinoprilat: active phosphinic acid metabolite of prodrug fosenopril, which is activated by esterases in vivo; structure given in first source; binds zinc with phosphinic acid group. fosinoprilat : A phosphinic acid-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. An inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), it is used as the phosphinate ester pro-drug fosinopril for treatment of hypertension and chronic heart failure.		2.0410L-proline derivative;
phosphinic acids		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ortho-cept
ethinyl estradiol-desogestrel combination: Ethinyl Estradiol and Desogestrell given in fixed proportions; has proved to be an effective & well-tolerated oral contraceptive, which improves cycle control & has a beneficial effect on acne		2.0510
trovafloxacin
trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.		4.2650
cefprozil
[no description available]		4.0640cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
doxazosin mesylate
Cardura: Trade name in United States.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltgeroprotector
methylprednisolone aceponate
methylprednisolone aceponate: RN given for (6alpha,11beta)-isomer		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
dexamethasone 17-valerate
dexamethasone 17-valerate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
dexamethasone dipropionate
[no description available]		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		4.140acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir
Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.		4.0940aryl sulfide;
benzamides;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
phenols;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
HIV protease inhibitor
doxapram hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510hydrochloridecentral nervous system stimulant
mevastatin
mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.		2.08102-pyranones;
carboxylic ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		antifungal agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
Penicillium metabolite
bupivacaine hydrochloride
bupivacaine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine hydrochloride and levobupivacaine hydrochloride. The monohydrate form is commonly used as a local anaesthetic.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.0810hydrochloride;
racemate		adrenergic antagonist;
amphiphile;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
local anaesthetic
cilazaprilat
cilazaprilat: InChIKey: UVAUYSRYXACKSC-ULQDDVLXSA-N		2.0110non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
fenofibric acid
fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.		3.2310aromatic ketone;
chlorobenzophenone;
monocarboxylic acid		drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
1,5-anhydroglucitol
1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.		2.0510anhydro sugarhuman metabolite
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		210organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
betulinic acid
[no description available]		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		anti-HIV agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
plant metabolite
plerixafor
plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.		3.6120azacycloalkane;
azamacrocycle;
benzenes;
crown amine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anti-HIV agent;
antineoplastic agent;
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist;
immunological adjuvant
amprenavir
[no description available]		3.8730carbamate ester;
sulfonamide;
tetrahydrofuryl ester		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir
Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.		3.2310acetamides;
amino acid ester;
cyclohexenecarboxylate ester;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
thionine
thionine: do not confuse with the thionins which is a class of polypeptides; RN above is for the chloride;. thionine : An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS.		3.1810
epigallocatechin gallate
epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.		3.1810flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
fluorexon
fluorexon: structure		210xanthene dyefluorochrome
6-sulfatoxymelatonin
6-sulfatoxymelatonin: metabolite of melatonin; RN given refers to parent cpd		6.3833acetamides
salvin
salvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae)		2.2110abietane diterpenoid;
carbotricyclic compound;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
food preservative;
HIV protease inhibitor;
plant metabolite
ticlopidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride
epirubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		2.7730glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
iopamidol
Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.		2.4320benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound;
pentol		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
histamine phosphate
histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.		3.2310phosphate salthistamine agonist
imipramine n-oxide
imipramine N-oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410dibenzooxazepine
tilbroquinol
[no description available]		3.2310organohalogen compound;
quinolines
bendamustine
[no description available]		3.5920benzimidazoles
erdosteine
[no description available]		2.0510N-acyl-amino acid
aloxistatin
aloxistatin: a membrane-permeable cysteine protease inhibitor. aloxistatin : An L-leucine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3S)-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)oxirane-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of N-(3-methylbutyl)-L-leucinamide.		2.2110epoxide;
ethyl ester;
L-leucine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticoronaviral agent;
cathepsin B inhibitor
droxicam
droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.		3.2310organic heterotricyclic compound;
pyridines		cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prodrug
indocate
[no description available]		2.6320
tedisamil
tedisamil : A member of the class of diazabicyclononanes that is (1s,5s)-3,7-diazaspiro[bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane-9,1'-cyclopentane] in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 7 are replaced by cyclopropylmethyl groups. It is a potassium channel blocker and an antiarrhythmic agent currently currently in development for the treatment of atrial fibrillation.		3.1310
eltoprazine
eltoprazine: RN given refers to parent cpd; suppresses hyperpolarizing responses to serotonin in rat hippocampus		1.9910
sertaconazole
sertaconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sertaconazole. A broad spectrum antifungal with added antipruritic and anti-inflammatory activity used (as its nitrate salt) for treatment of various skin infections.. 1-{2-[(7-chloro-1-benzothiophen-3-yl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that carries a 2-[(7-chloro-1-benzothiophen-3-yl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 1.		2.07101-benzothiophenes;
dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles
lercanidipine
[no description available]		3.8921diarylmethane
ebrotidine
ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector		3.2310sulfonamide
mizolastine
[no description available]		3.1350benzimidazoles
dexloxiglumide
dexloxiglumide: a CCK receptor antagonist; structure given in first source		2.7430glutamic acid derivative
terikalant
terikalant: experimental class II antiarrhythmic drug; RN gioven refers to terikalant ((S-(-))-isomer)		2.9440piperidines
intoplicine
intoplicine: structure in first source		2.4520pyridoindole
pazufloxacin
[no description available]		2.0810quinolines
repaglinide
[no description available]		4.2650piperidines
lubeluzole
lubeluzole: a benzothiazole compound; used for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke; R-91154 is the inactive isomer		3.110benzothiazoles
telmisartan
Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.		7.4112benzimidazoles;
biphenyls;
carboxybiphenyl		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
dexfenfluramine
Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.		2.7330fenfluramineappetite depressant;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
2-methoxyestradiol
2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ethinyl estradiol-17-sulfate
ethinyl estradiol-17-sulfate: RN given refers to the (17alpha)-isomer		2.0410
thiamorpholine
thiamorpholine: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiomorpholine : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is an analogue of morpholine where the oxygen atom is replaced by sulfur.		2.110saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent;
thiomorpholines
N(4)-acetylsulfathiazole
N(4)-acetylsulfathiazole : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide substituted by an acetylamino group at position 4 and a 1,3-thiazol-2-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is a metabolite of sulfathiazole.		2.63201,3-thiazoles;
acetamides;
sulfonamide		marine xenobiotic metabolite
triazoles
Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.		2.48201,2,3-triazole
cyclizine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.2510
2,3-trimethylene-4-quinazolone
2,3-trimethylene-4-quinazolone: structure in first source		2.6320quinazolines
dyclonine hydrochloride
dyclonine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dyclonine.		2.0510hydrochloridetopical anaesthetic
miconazole nitrate
miconazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole nitrate. An antifungal used for the treatment of athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.0810
ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate
ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate: binds to albumin at 2 sites		2.041017beta-hydroxy steroid;
steroid sulfate		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen
medetomidine
Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.		2.0510imidazoles
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		2.76302-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline
Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.		4.0740dichlorobenzene;
secondary amino compound;
tetralins		antidepressant;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
picosulfate sodium
picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure		2.0510aryl sulfate;
pyridines
cefcanel
cefcanel: RN given refers to (6R-(6 alpha,7 beta(R*)))-isomer; structure		2.4520
rilmenidine
Rilmenidine: Oxazole derivative that acts as an agonist for ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION.		2.4220isourea
zoledronic acid
Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.		4.08401,1-bis(phosphonic acid);
imidazoles		bone density conservation agent
epristeride
epristeride: structure given in first source		2.7430steroid acid
talinolol
[no description available]		4.3341ureas
budipine
budipine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #6541		2.0610diarylmethane
artemisinin
(+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.0810organic peroxide;
sesquiterpene lactone		antimalarial;
plant metabolite
brinzolamide
brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent		2.0810sulfonamide;
thienothiazine		antiglaucoma drug;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
dienogest
[no description available]		2.051017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
aliphatic nitrile;
steroid hormone		progesterone receptor agonist;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
drospirenone
drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source		2.08103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
steroid lactone		aldosterone antagonist;
contraceptive drug;
progestin
artemether
Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.0810artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
organic peroxide;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial
glycyl-glycyl-glycyl-glycine
[no description available]		2.110
1,3-dimethyluric acid
1,3-dimethyluric acid : An oxopurine that is 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trionesubstituted by methyl groups at N-1 and N-3.		2.6320oxopurinemetabolite
morphazinamide
morphazinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for mono-HCL: 1473-73-0; structure in Merck Index		2.0510morpholines;
pyrazines;
secondary carboxamide
tyrosine methyl ester
tyrosine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. methyl L-tyrosinate : An L-tyrosyl ester that is the methyl ester of L-tyrosine.		2.0510L-tyrosyl ester;
methyl ester
2,3,4-trihydroxbenzophenone
2,3,4-trihydroxbenzophenone : A benzenetriol that is benzophenone in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 3, and 4. It is a redox mediator.		3.1810benzenetriol;
hydroxybenzophenone		drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
rat metabolite
denaverine
denaverine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0410diarylmethane
acamprosate
Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.		3.2310acetamides;
organosulfonic acid		environmental contaminant;
neurotransmitter agent;
xenobiotic
isaxonine
isaxonine: promotes nerve growth		3.2310aminopyrimidine
enrofloxacin
Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.		2.0510cyclopropanes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
diprafenone
diprafenone: structure given in first source		2.7230aromatic compound
erythromycin propionate
erythromycin propionate: form in which erythromycin estolate is principally absorbed		2.0210erythromycin derivative
nebivolol
2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.		3.8730chromanes;
diol;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound
uk 68798
[no description available]		5.43110aromatic ether;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
potassium channel blocker
danofloxacin
[no description available]		2.8330quinolines
ljc 10627
biapenem: structure given in first source. biapenem : A carbapenem antibiotic in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazolium-6-ylthio substituents respectively.		2.4520carbapenems;
organic sulfide;
pyrazolotriazole		antibacterial drug
hp 873
iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.		3.61201,2-benzoxazoles;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone;
monoamine;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		dopaminergic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane
Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.		4.4160razoxaneantineoplastic agent;
cardiovascular drug;
chelator;
immunosuppressive agent
loxapine succinate
[no description available]		2.0810succinate saltgeroprotector
tocophersolan
tocophersolan: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1510tocol
fenoxypropazine
[no description available]		3.2310aromatic ether
antebate
betamethasone butyrate propionate: a topical corticosteroid		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
voriconazole
Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.		9.2750conazole antifungal drug;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidines;
tertiary alcohol;
triazole antifungal drug		P450 inhibitor
betamipron
[no description available]		2.4620organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
bufuralol
bufuralol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		2.9540benzofurans
carazolol
carazolol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure		8.4670carbazoles
uroxatral
[no description available]		2.0810hydrochloride
aceclofenac
[no description available]		3.6120amino acid;
carboxylic ester;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nitrefazole
[no description available]		3.9830imidazoles
prizidilol
prizidilol: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonyms prizidilol & SK&F 92657 refer to di-HCl		5.6531
nipradilol
[no description available]		1.9710organic molecular entity
epanolol
epanolol: structure given in first source		7.6830acetamides
panipenem
panipenem: synthetic cpd; structure given in first source		2.0410organic molecular entity
perindoprilat
perindoprilat : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of N-[(1S)-1-carboxyethyl]-L-norvaline with the amino group of (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid. The major active metabolite of perindopril.		7.6930dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide;
L-alanine derivative;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cyclobutyrol
cyclobutyrol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclobutyrol : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid in which the hydroxy group is geminal to a 1-carboxypropyl group on a cyclohexane ring.		2.0510hydroxy monocarboxylic acidbile therapy drug
thiocolchicoside
[no description available]		2.0810glycoside
terlipressin
terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function.		5.1850polypeptide
7-hydroxystaurosporine
[no description available]		2.0410
epicatechin
(-)-epicatechin : A catechin with (2R,3R)-configuration.		3.1810catechin;
polyphenol		antioxidant
methotrimeprazine
Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.		3.3260phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
4-o-methyl-12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate
[no description available]		2.0210
honokiol
[no description available]		2.6320biphenyls
isoflavone
[no description available]		2.0510isoflavones
clevudine
[no description available]		2.0510
9-aminocamptothecin
[no description available]		2.0410pyranoindolizinoquinoline
sch 34343
Sch 34343: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (5R-(5alpha,6alpha))-isomer		2.4520
grepafloxacin
grepafloxacin: structure in first source		2.9540fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolines;
quinolone antibiotic
oleandomycin
[no description available]		2.110oleandomycins
squalamine
squalamine: from dogfish shark Squalus acanthias; structure given in first source		2.0410bile acid
9-methoxyellipticine
9-methoxyellipticine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.6320
3-aminophenoxazone
3-aminophenoxazone: also inhibits sulfatase; structure		2.6320phenoxazine
tetrandrine
tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity		2.4720bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines
3-deazaneplanocin
3-deazaneplanocin: S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase antagonist		2.6320
doripenem
Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.		3.6120carbapenems
dauricine
dauricine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dauricine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid resulting from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 4-{[(1R)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl]methyl}phenol by attachment of the phenolic oxygen of one molecule to the benzene ring of the second (ortho to the phenolic hydroxy group of the latter).		2.0210aromatic ether;
bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
isoquinolines;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		plant metabolite
ergocornine
ergocornine: a component of ergotoxine; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ERGOLINES (75-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer). ergocornine : Ergotaman bearing a hydroxy group at the 12' position, isopropyl groups at the 2' and 5'alpha positions, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid.		2.0510ergot alkaloid
tryptanthrine
tryptanthrine: minor constituent of traditional Chinese medicine qing dai		2.6320alkaloid antibiotic;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
oxazolidin-2-one
Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.		2.3110carbamate ester;
oxazolidinone		metabolite
atovaquone
Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.		4.3960hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
phenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-phenylalanine
phenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-phenylalanine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer		2.110oligopeptide
2-chlorodiazepam
[no description available]		2.6320
3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)propionic acid
3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)propionic acid: a selectin inhibitor		2.110
dimethylaminopropanol
dimethylaminopropanol: dimethylamine precursor		2.110
Polycartine B
[no description available]		2.6320phenazines
1-benzylimidazole
1-benzylimidazole: inhibits human thromboxane synthetase		2.4620
rivastigmine
[no description available]		4.0840carbamate ester;
tertiary amino compound		cholinergic drug;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
frovatriptan
[no description available]		4.0840carbazoles
eletriptan
eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.		3.5820indoles;
N-alkylpyrrolidine;
sulfone		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone
[no description available]		5.0570aminopyridine;
thiazolidinediones		EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
insulin-sensitizing drug
tamiflu
[no description available]		2.0810phosphate salt
N-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxamide
[no description available]		2.0810naphthalenecarboxamide
aminoquinuride dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.6320
2-amino-5-bromobenzoic acid
2-amino-5-bromobenzoic acid: structure in first source		2.0510
bexarotene
[no description available]		3.6120benzoic acids;
naphthalenes;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent
s20098
[no description available]		2.0810acetamides
flunisolide
flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones		2.452011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
immunosuppressive agent
4-phenylbutylamine
4-phenylbutylamine: used as a drug partition into lipid bilayers in a cubic liquid-crystalline phase. 4-phenylbutylamine : A phenylalkylamine that is benzene in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.		2.110benzenes;
phenylalkylamine;
primary amino compound
albendazole sulfoxide
albendazole sulfoxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source		2.0710sulfoxide
ketorolac tromethamine
Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.		2.0810organoammonium saltanalgesic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
clarithromycin
Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.		5.01120macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
protein synthesis inhibitor;
xenobiotic
glycinexylidide
glycinexylidide: dealkylated metabolite of lidocaine; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd with dimethylphenyl moiety in positions 2,6. glycinexylidide : A amino acid amide with 2,6-dimethylaniline and glycine components; an active metabolite of lidocaine, formed by oxidative deethylation. Used as an indicator of hepatic function.		2.110amino acid amidedrug metabolite
Trp-Trp
tryptophyltryptophan: an antigelation agent. Trp-Trp : A dipeptide formed from two L-tryptophan residues.		2.110dipeptideMycoplasma genitalium metabolite
kampirone
1-(2-pyrimidinyl)piperazine: metabolite of buspirone; structure given in first source		2.4320N-arylpiperazine
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		10.371313-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
n,n-dipropyl-2-aminotetralin
N,N-dipropyl-2-aminotetralin: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910
fibrinogen
Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.		4.3341iditolfungal metabolite
moexipril
[no description available]		3.5620peptide
2-tyrosine
2-tyrosine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. o-tyrosine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of D- and L-o-tyrosine.. 2-hydroxyphenylalanine : A phenylalanine derivative that is phenylalanine carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 2 on the benzene ring.		210non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
phenols;
phenylalanine derivative
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.		3.4611catechols;
tetrol		metabolite;
mouse metabolite
gliquidone
gliquidone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0810isoquinolines
thioproperazine mesylate
[no description available]		2.6320phenothiazines
n(6)-(delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenine
N(6)-dimethylallyladenine : A 6-isopentenylaminopurine in which has the isopentenyl double bond is located between the 2 and 3 positions of the isopentenyl group.		2.63206-isopentenylaminopurinecytokinin
levobupivacaine
Levobupivacaine: S-enantiomer of bupivacaine that is used as a local anesthetic and for regional nerve blocks, including EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA.. levobupivacaine : The (S)-(-)-enantiomer of bupivacaine.		2.06101-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamideadrenergic antagonist;
amphiphile;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
local anaesthetic
mci 9038
[no description available]		3.5820peptide
lopinavir
[no description available]		2.7630amphetamines;
dicarboxylic acid diamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
droxidopa
Droxidopa: A synthetic precursor of norepinephrine that is used in the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION.. droxidopa : A serine derivative that is L-serine substituted at the beta-position by a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group. A prodrug for noradrenalone, it is used for treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension		2.1110catechols;
L-tyrosine derivative		antihypertensive agent;
prodrug;
vasoconstrictor agent
isopelletierine
isopelletierine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; synonym pelletierine refers to (-)-isomer		2.110citraconoyl group
fenpropimorph
[no description available]		2.110alkylbenzene
1-(2-pyridinyl)piperazine
1-(2-pyridinyl)piperazine: metabolite of buspirone & gepirone		2.110
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		2.9740D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
4-methyl-N-(phenylmethyl)benzenesulfonamide
[no description available]		2.6320sulfonamide
2-chloromandelic acid
2-chloromandelic acid: structure in first source		2.0510
1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-(phenylmethyl)isoquinoline
1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-(phenylmethyl)isoquinoline: structure given in first source		2.1510benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline
2,3,4,6-tetra-o-acetyl-beta-d-glucopyranosyl isothiocyanate
2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetylglucopyranosylisothiocyanate: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer		4.6532
zpck
ZPCK: alkylates histidine residue at active center of bovine chymotrypsin		2.6320
moxifloxacin hydrochloride
moxifloxacin hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of moxifloxacin and hydrogen chloride.		2.0810hydrochlorideantibacterial drug
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine
p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.0310aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound		metabolite
fulvestrant
Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.		3.612017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist
mizoribine
[no description available]		2.4820imidazolesanticoronaviral agent
u 73122
1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.		2.4420aromatic ether;
aza-steroid;
maleimides		EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
imipenem, anhydrous
Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.		2.4520beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
carbapenems;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug
cremophor el
cremophor EL: solvent for Althesin & Propanidid implicated as possible cause of similar adverse effects polyethoxylated castor oil; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; see also records for cremophor & cremophor A		2.0610
sn 38
SN-38 : A member of the class of pyranoindolizinoquinolines that is (4S)-pyrano[3',4':6,7]indolizino[1,2-b]quinoline-3,14-dione bearing two additional ethyl substituents at positions 4 and 11 as well as two additional hydroxy substituents at positions 4 and 9. It is the active metabolite of irinotecan and is ~1000 times more active than irinotecan itself.		2.0610delta-lactone;
phenols;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
drug metabolite;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
sr141716
[no description available]		3.1950amidopiperidine;
carbohydrazide;
dichlorobenzene;
monochlorobenzenes;
pyrazoles		anti-obesity agent;
appetite depressant;
CB1 receptor antagonist
bosentan anhydrous
Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.		4.9260primary alcohol;
pyrimidines;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
u 74006f
tirilazad: a lazaroid; potent inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; has shown excellent activity in in vivo models of experimental central nervous system trauma & ischemia; structure given in first source; tradename Freedox		2.0510corticosteroid hormone
ecgonine methyl ester
ecgonine methyl ester: major metabolite of cocaine; RN given refers to parent cpd (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer. ecgonine methyl ester : The O-debenzoyl analogue of cocaine.		2.0610methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		analgesic;
central nervous system depressant;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
opioid analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug
eudragit rs
Eudragit RS: copolymer of acrylic & methacrylic acid esters & quaternary ammonium groups; used for microcapsules		4.1431
norverapamil
norverapamil: N-demethylated active metabolite of verapamil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in second source. norverapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-norverapamil. The major active metabolite of verapamil.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A secondary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		2.0310aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
secondary amino compound
selenomethionine
[no description available]		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
selenomethionine		plant metabolite
(6R)-7-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-N-hydroxy-4,6-dimethyl-7-oxohepta-2,4-dienamide
[no description available]		2.2510aromatic ketone
l-lactic acid
(S)-lactic acid : An optically active form of lactic acid having (S)-configuration.		2.110(2S)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
2-hydroxypropanoic acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
racecadotril
racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor		2.0810N-acyl-amino acid
perindopril
Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline		7.8122alpha-amino acid ester;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
phorbol-12-myristate
[no description available]		2.0210
asulacrine
asulacrine: derivative of amsacrine; structure given in first source		2.0410acridines
5-hydroxypropafenone
[no description available]		2.0210phenols
hydroxycotinine
hydroxycotinine: metabolite of nicotine; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. trans-3-hydroxycotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is cotinine substituted at position C-3 by a hydroxy group (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		2.0410N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid
fingolimod
fingolimod : An aminodiol that consists of propane-1,3-diol having amino and 2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl substituents at the 2-position. It is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A prodrug, fingolimod is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase to active metabolite fingolimod-phosphate, a structural analogue of sphingosine 1-phosphate.		2.8330aminodiol;
primary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
CB1 receptor antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
quinaprilat
quinaprilat: metabolite of quinapril. quinaprilat : A dicarboxylic acid resulting from the hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group of quinapril to give the corresponding dicarboxylic acid. The active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) of the prodrug quinapril.		4.3541dicarboxylic acid;
isoquinolines;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
5-methoxy 3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)1h indole
[no description available]		1.9910indoles
2-hydroxyimipramine
2-hydroxyimipramine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.4520dibenzoazepine
tesmilifene
[no description available]		2.6320diarylmethane
ecteinascidin 743
[no description available]		2.4520acetate ester;
azaspiro compound;
bridged compound;
hemiaminal;
isoquinoline alkaloid;
lactone;
organic heteropolycyclic compound;
organic sulfide;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
marine metabolite
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.		2.01102-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
hematologic agent;
vasodilator agent
deoxyglucose
Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.		2.6620
tadalafil
[no description available]		3.8730benzodioxoles;
pyrazinopyridoindole		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
ibuprofen, (r)-isomer
[no description available]		2.110ibuprofen
landiolol
landiolol: structure given in first source; a highly cardioselective ultra short-acting beta-blocker		7.4420morpholines
2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine
2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine: cyclic methadone metabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.0210
paliperidone
3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia.		3.59201,2-benzoxazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary alcohol
nitisinone
[no description available]		3.5920(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
cyclohexanones;
mesotrione		EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
plavix
[no description available]		2.0810azaheterocycle sulfate salt;
organoammonium sulfate salt		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
marimastat
marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
clofarabine
[no description available]		3.8730adenosines;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
iodofiltic acid
iodofiltic acid: labeled with 123 I for myocardial imaging; RN given refers to unlabeled, non-isomeric cpd		2.9240
caprylates
Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.		2.0610fatty acid anion 8:0;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pramipexole
Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.		3.6120benzothiazoles;
diamine		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
radical scavenger
mosapride
4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxy-N-({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]morpholin-2-yl}methyl)benzamide : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxybenzoic acid with the amino group of 1-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)morpholin-2-yl]methanamine.		2.0610aromatic ether;
benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound
deramciclane
deramciclane: structure in first source; RN refers to (exo-EGYT 3886)-isomer		2.110
valdecoxib
[no description available]		3.6120isoxazoles;
sulfonamide		antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mitiglinide
mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source		2.0510benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate: structure given in first source		2.5920
sr 27897
SR 27897: structure given in first source; a CCK(A) receptor antagonist		2.6320indolyl carboxylic acid
peroxynitrous acid
Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).		3.1410nitrogen oxoacid
imatinib mesylate
imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.		2.4620methanesulfonate saltanticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
almotriptan
almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.		3.8530indoles;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amine		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
serotonergic agonist;
vasoconstrictor agent
tecastemizole
[no description available]		2.4320
mk 0663
[no description available]		2.4620bipyridines;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gefitinib
[no description available]		4.0840aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
morpholines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
n-(n-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine
N-(N-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine: inhibits calcium-activated neutral protease; see also record for E-64; RN given refers to (2-S-(2alpha,3beta)(R*)-isomer)		2.6320leucine derivative
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine
N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.		2.0510adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organoiodine compound		adenosine A3 receptor agonist
ici 89406
ICI 89406: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.0210ureas
(3,4-dihydroxyphenylamino)-2-imidazoline
(3,4-dihydroxyphenylamino)-2-imidazoline: potent agonist at dopamine receptors mediating neuronal inhibition; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in UD indicates phenyl-imino group		2.9410
norketamine
norketamine: metabolite of ketamine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.6320organochlorine compound
2-chloro-n(6)cyclopentyladenosine
2-chloro-N(6)cyclopentyladenosine: highly selective agonist at A1 adenosine receptors		2.1110
n,n-dimethylarginine
N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.		4.7621dimethylarginine;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
4-amino-n-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)phthalimide
4-amino-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)phthalimide: a potent anticonvulsant against maximal electroshock-induced seizures; structure given in first source		3.110
desloratadine
desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.		4.2950benzocycloheptapyridineanti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist
desvenlafaxine
O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine.		3.2310cyclohexanols;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
drug metabolite;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol		2.8530
4-iodophenyl-9-methylpentadecanoic acid
4-iodophenyl-9-methylpentadecanoic acid: used for myocardial imaging; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source		2.0310
indatraline
indatraline: RN given for (trans)-isomer; structure in first source		2.6320indanes
methotrexate
[no description available]		4.86100dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
sb 211475
SB 211475: a carvedilol metabolite; structure given in first source		7.9140
reboxetine
Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.		7.7150aromatic ether
salvinorin a
salvinorin A: from the herb, Salvia divinorum		2.2110organic heterotricyclic compound;
organooxygen compound		metabolite;
oneirogen
n-depropylpropafenone
N-depropylpropafenone: propafenone metabolite; structure given in first source		2.0210
tamsulosin
[no description available]		5.63515-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamidealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antineoplastic agent
rufinamide
rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source		3.2310aromatic amide;
heteroarene
antiprimod
azaspirane: structure given in first source		2.0510
norgallopamil
norgallopamil: structure given in first source		210
5-aminocarbonyl-10,11-dihydro-5h-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5,10-imine
5-aminocarbonyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5,10-imine: structure given in first source; n-methyl aspartate antagonist		3.110
sulbactam
[no description available]		2.9740penicillanic acids
olmesartan medoxomil
Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.		3.8730biphenyls
3-propylamino-5-hydroxychroman
[no description available]		1.9910
dexpanthenol
dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid		3.2310amino alcohol;
monocarboxylic acid amide		cholinergic drug;
provitamin
fosamprenavir
fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.		3.2310sulfonamideprodrug
4-diethoxyphosphorylmethyl-n-(4-bromo-2-cyanophenyl)benzamide
4-diethoxyphosphorylmethyl-N-(4-bromo-2-cyanophenyl)benzamide: increases lipoprotein lipase activity with resulting elevation of high density lipoprotein cholesterol		2.6320
s 14671
S 14671: serotonin receptor agonist; RN from toxlit		1.9910
n,n-di-n-hexyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)indole-3-acetamide
N,N-di-n-hexyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)indole-3-acetamide: binds with high affinity to glial mitochondrial diazepam binding inhibitor receptors & increases mitochondrial steroidogenesis		2.6320phenylindole
ilomastat
CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor		2.0510hydroxamic acid;
L-tryptophan derivative;
N-acyl-amino acid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
omega-n-methylarginine
omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.		3.8121amino acid zwitterion;
arginine derivative;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
abiraterone
[no description available]		2.08103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
ivabradine
Ivabradine: A benzazepine derivative and selective HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNELS inhibitor that lowers the heart rate. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA in patients unable to take BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS, and in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.. ivabradine : A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.		11.04208aromatic ether;
benzazepine;
carbobicyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		cardiotonic drug
proxodolol
proxodolol: structure given in first source (3-methoxy- instead of 3-methyl-; text of article gives name as 3-methyl-; see also article on page 27 of the same source)		7.0610
l 741626
3-(4-(4-chlorophenyl-4-hydroxypiperidino)methyl)indole: structure in first source		2.6320piperidines
febuxostat
Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.		3.61201,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid;
aromatic ether;
nitrile		EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
dilevalol
(R,R)-labetalol : A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1R,2R-configuration.		2.41202-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide
butoxamine
Butoxamine: A beta-2 selective adrenergic antagonist. It is used primarily in animal and tissue experiments to characterize BETA-2 ANDRENERGIC RECEPTORS.		2.1310
aspartame
[no description available]		2.110carboxylic acid;
dipeptide zwitterion;
dipeptide;
methyl ester		apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
sweetening agent;
xenobiotic
escitalopram
Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.		3.23101-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrileantidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
lexapro
Lexapro: Trade name of escitalopram, the active S-enantiomer of the racemic citalopram.		2.0810
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pteridines;
terminal acetylenic compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel
[no description available]		3.1450hydrate;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone		antineoplastic agent
docetaxel anhydrous
Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.		5.5341secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
irofulven
irofulven: structure in first source		2.0410cyclohexenones
atazanavir
atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).		3.5920carbohydrazideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
ym 872
YM 872: structure in first source		2.0410
levofloxacin
Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.		5.171409-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe
Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).		9.2650azetidines;
beta-lactam;
organofluorine compound		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antimetabolite
ertapenem
Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.		3.5820carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial drug
n-methylserotonin
N-methylserotonin: RN given refers to parent cpd. N-methylserotonin : A member of the class of tryptamines that is serotonin in which one of the hydrogens attached to the primary amino group is replaced by a methyl group.		1.9910phenols;
tryptamines		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
dx 8951
[no description available]		2.8130pyranoindolizinoquinoline
cox 189
lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.		3.6120amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cilomilast
[no description available]		2.7430methoxybenzenes
conivaptan
conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).		5.0950benzazepineaquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
cariporide
cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.0510
tezosentan
tezosentan: structure in first source		6.2761
sabarubicin
sabarubicin: structure given in first source		2.0410
3-(1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrid-4-yl)indole
3-(1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrid-4-yl)indole: structure given in first source		1.9910
moxifloxacin
Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.		4.85100aromatic ether;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
pyrrolidinopiperidine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug
pralnacasan
pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source		3.2310
clevidipine
clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source		3.5820dihydropyridine
jtt 501
JTT 501: an insulin sensitizer; structure in first source		2.0510
solifenacin
[no description available]		4.0840isoquinolines
dexmethylphenidate
dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.		3.2310methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetateadrenergic agent
desmethylcarvedilol
desmethylcarvedilol: metabolite of carvedilol; structure given in first source		3.150carbazoles
xamoterol
Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.		4.6280morpholines
desmethylastemizole
desmethylastemizole: astemizole metabolite in dog plasma; structure given in first source		2.4320benzimidazoles
naproxen
Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.		9.6480methoxynaphthalene;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
cinacalcet
cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
naphthalenes;
secondary amino compound		calcimimetic;
P450 inhibitor
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		3.8240oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
lubiprostone
[no description available]		3.2310
tecadenoson
tecadenoson: an A1 adenosine receptor agonist		3.1310
telbivudine
[no description available]		3.6120pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
tipifarnib
[no description available]		2.6320imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound;
quinolone		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
quinoprazine
quinoprazine: structure given in first source		2.0810
mdl 74156
hydrodolasetron: active metabolite of dolasetron		2.4620
cyc 202
seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.		2.83302,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
6-hydroxytryptamine
6-hydroxytryptamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910
1-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamino)propane
[no description available]		2.0210
abanoquil
[no description available]		2.0410
tetraphenylphosphonium
tetraphenylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetraphenylphosphonium : A polyatomic cation consisting of four phenyl groups attached to a central phosphonium.		2.4220heteroorganic entity;
phosphorus molecular entity;
polyatomic cation
paromomycin
Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.		3.5920amino cyclitol glycoside;
aminoglycoside antibiotic		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
anidulafungin
Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.		3.5820antibiotic antifungal drug;
azamacrocycle;
echinocandin;
heterodetic cyclic peptide;
semisynthetic derivative
avasimibe
[no description available]		2.8330monoterpenoid
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.		3.2310corticosteroid hormone
varenicline
Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.		3.2310
biotin
vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.		2.0510biotins;
vitamin B7		coenzyme;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
prosthetic group;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		10.39249amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
fiduxosin
fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source		3.2310
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		4.86100
ly 97241
LY 97241: clofilium analog; blocks heart potassium channels; structure given in first source		2.4420
ropivacaine
Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.		2.4320piperidinecarboxamide;
ropivacaine		local anaesthetic
sb 203580
[no description available]		3.3420imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
erlotinib
[no description available]		3.6420aromatic ether;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist;
protein kinase inhibitor
erlotinib hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0410hydrochloride;
terminal acetylenic compound		antineoplastic agent;
protein kinase inhibitor
l 163191
[no description available]		2.6320
enrasentan
enrasentan: decreases ischemic brain injury; an endothelin A and B receptor antagonist; structure in first source. enrasentan : A member of the class of indanes that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-indene which is substituted by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group, carboxy group, 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-4-methoxyphenyl group and a propoxy group at positions 1S, 2R, 3S and 5, respectively. It is an orally active mixed endothelin A/B receptor antagonist with a 100-fold greater affinity for the endothelin A receptor. The drug was being developed by GSK for the treatment of congestive heart failure and pulmonary hypertension (clinical trials discontinued).		4.4911aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
indanes;
monocarboxylic acid;
monomethoxybenzene;
primary alcohol		antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
dizocilpine
[no description available]		2.6320secondary amino compound;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
melagatran
[no description available]		2.7430azetidines;
carboxamidine;
dicarboxylic acid monoamide;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
secondary amino compound		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
serine protease inhibitor
a 2545
A 2545: structure in first source		2.4220
emd 60263
EMD 60263: a thiadiazinone derivative; a Ca+2 sensitizer devoid of any phosphorodiesterase inhibiting properties; EMD 60264 is an enantiomer of EMD 60263; structure given in second source		2.0610
8-methoxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin
8-methoxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		1.9910
s-benzylcysteine
[no description available]		2.6320S-aryl-L-cysteine zwitterion
etravirine
[no description available]		3.2310aminopyrimidine;
aromatic ether;
dinitrile;
organobromine compound		antiviral agent;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
chelidonine
chelidonine: benzophenanthridine derived from scoulerine from Chelidonium majus; RN given refers to parent cpd (chelidonine, (5bR-(5balpha,6beta,12alpha))-isomer)		2.6320alkaloid antibiotic;
alkaloid fundamental parent;
benzophenanthridine alkaloid
troleandomycin
Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		2.4320acetate ester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyketide;
semisynthetic derivative		EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor;
xenobiotic
dronedarone
Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.		9.93601-benzofurans;
aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
sulfonamide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
tesaglitazar
tesaglitazar: structure in first source		2.7430
ramelteon
ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist		3.6120indanes
lapatinib
[no description available]		3.9830furans;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
darunavir
Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.		3.2310carbamate ester;
furofuran;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
deferasirox
Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.		3.8730benzoic acids;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols;
triazoles		iron chelator
bms204352
BMS204352: a calcium-sensitive opener of maxi-K potassium channels; structure in first source		2.4620
fosfluconazole
fosfluconazole: prodrug of fluconazole		2.0410conazole antifungal drug;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		prodrug
dabigatran
Dabigatran: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.. dabigatran : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.		2.0810aromatic amide;
benzimidazoles;
beta-alanine derivative;
carboxamidine;
pyridines		anticoagulant;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
tbc-11251
sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source		3.8730benzodioxoles
tolvaptan
[no description available]		3.6120benzazepine;
benzenedicarboxamide		aquaretic;
vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib
[no description available]		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide
[no description available]		3.6120aromatic amine;
dicarboximide;
isoindoles;
piperidones		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
immunomodulator
regadenoson
[no description available]		3.2310purine nucleoside
roxindole
[no description available]		2.6320indolesalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug
lacosamide
Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.		3.6120N-acyl-amino acid
cp 101,606
traxoprodil mesylate: a selective NMDA antagonist; structure given in first source		2.4520
conidendrin
[no description available]		2.6320
cholic acid
Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.		2.071012alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
7alpha-hydroxy steroid;
bile acid;
C24-steroid;
trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer
Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.		2.05103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
C29-steroid;
phytosterols;
stigmastane sterol		anticholesteremic drug;
antioxidant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
estradiol 3-benzoate
17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.		2.021017beta-hydroxy steroid;
benzoate ester		estrogen receptor agonist;
xenoestrogen
cortisone
[no description available]		2.081011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
adrenosterone
adrenosterone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene carrying three oxo-substituents at positions 3, 11 and 17.		2.081011-oxo steroid;
17-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
marine metabolite
3-nitrotyrosine
3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		4.65322-nitrophenols;
C-nitro compound;
nitrotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
vincaleukoblastine
[no description available]		3.6120acetate ester;
indole alkaloid fundamental parent;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite
Porfiromycine
[no description available]		2.6320mitomycin
vincristine sulfate
[no description available]		2.0810organic sulfate saltantineoplastic agent;
geroprotector
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		3.1310
benzarone
benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure		3.59201-benzofurans
nsc-89199
estramustine phosphate : A steroid phosphate which is the 17-O-phospho derivative of estramustine.		2.4520carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
steroid phosphate
estramustine
Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.		3.853017beta-hydroxy steroid;
carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
radiation protective agent
nsc 95397
[no description available]		2.63201,4-naphthoquinones
4-methyl-2-quinazolinamine
4-methyl-2-quinazolinamine: from Streptomyces of TCM plant; structure in first source		2.6320
phenethicillin
phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.		2.4720penicillin allergen;
penicillin
noscapine
Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.		2.4720aromatic ether;
benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
cyclic acetal;
isobenzofuranone;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antitussive;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
2-glycineamide-5-chlorophenyl-2-pyrryl ketone
[no description available]		2.6320
homoharringtonine
Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.		2.0510alkaloid ester;
enol ether;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
protein synthesis inhibitor
acivicin
[no description available]		2.0410isoxazoles;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		antileishmanial agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist;
metabolite
wortmannin
[no description available]		2.7430acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
niguldipine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.6320
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol
O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.		2.0510carbamate ester;
organochlorine compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid;
spiro-epoxide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor;
retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
2,5-bis(5-hydroxymethyl-2-thienyl)furan
[no description available]		2.6320thiophenes
bortezomib
[no description available]		4.0840amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir
Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.		4.881001,3-thiazoles;
carbamate ester;
carboxamide;
L-valine derivative;
ureas		antiviral drug;
environmental contaminant;
HIV protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
bardoxolone methyl
methyl 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate: structure in first source		2.2110cyclohexenones
nexavar
[no description available]		2.0510organosulfonate salt
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		4.8271
Destruxin B
[no description available]		2.6320cyclodepsipeptide
rimiterol
rimiterol: was heading 1977-94 (see under CATECHOLS 1977-90); use CATECHOLS to search RIMITEROL 1977-94; predominantly a beta 2 stimulant, therefore affects the cardiovascular system less than isoproterenol, but its action is of shorter duration than that of albuterol		210catechols
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		7.3110inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		2.0510D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
raffinose
Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.		2.0510raffinose family oligosaccharide;
trisaccharide		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
oxytocin
Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone		oxytocic;
vasodilator agent
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.		2.0210myo-inositol trisphosphatemouse metabolite
taxifolin
(+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.		2.1110taxifolinmetabolite
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone
Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.		2.6320alpha-chloroketone;
sulfonamide		alkylating agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor
tartaric acid
tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.		2.4620tartaric acidEscherichia coli metabolite
pentostatin
Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.		3.8530coformycinsantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		2.0510monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		10.35170cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
meropenem
Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.		4.4160alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
carbapenemcarboxylic acid;
organic sulfide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide		antibacterial agent;
antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
griseofulvin
Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.		4.08401-benzofurans;
antibiotic antifungal drug;
benzofuran antifungal drug;
organochlorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antibacterial agent;
Penicillium metabolite
cefoxitin
Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.		3.8430beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
cephalosporin;
cephamycin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
digitoxin
Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.		4.6561cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		4.4160L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
pancuronium
Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.		3.5820acetate ester;
steroid ester		cholinergic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
nicotinic antagonist
rocuronium
Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.04103alpha-hydroxy steroid;
acetate ester;
androstane;
morpholines;
quaternary ammonium ion;
tertiary amino compound		drug allergen;
muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
abacavir
abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.85302,6-diaminopurinesantiviral drug;
drug allergen;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
netilmicin
Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.		2.9540
trimethaphan camsylate
trimethaphan camsylate : The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan.		2.0510
perindopril erbumine
[no description available]		2.0810addition compoundantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
miglitol
[no description available]		4.2650piperidines
metyrosine
alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.		3.5620L-tyrosine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
rocuronium bromide
rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.		2.4520organic bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscle relaxant;
neuromuscular agent
mefloquine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0110
erythromycin estolate
Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.		2.0510aminoglycoside sulfate salt;
erythromycin derivative		enzyme inhibitor
terconazole
terconazole: structure & RN for (cis)-isomer from first source. terconazole : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-terconazole. It has broad-spectrum antifungal activitiy and is used for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections (Candida).. (2R,4S)-terconazole : A 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine in which positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3-dioxolane moiety have R and S configuration, respectively.		2.44201-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine
bacampicillin
bacampicillin: ester prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ampicillin after its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bacampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.		2.0210penicillanic acid esterprodrug
linezolid
[no description available]		4.2650acetamides;
morpholines;
organofluorine compound;
oxazolidinone		antibacterial drug;
protein synthesis inhibitor
norpseudoephedrine
norpseudoephedrine: major metabolite of diethylpropion in man under acidic urine conditions; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation;. cathine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1S,2S-stereoisomer).		2.110amphetamines;
phenethylamine alkaloid		central nervous system stimulant;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug
cyclopamine
[no description available]		2.0510piperidinesglioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
temocaprilat
temocaprilat: the diacid of temocapril; active metabolite of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (CS-622); RN refers to (2S-(2alpha,6beta(R*))) isomer; structure in first source		2.0110non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine
N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.		2.7330tripeptide
devazepide
Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.		2.05101,4-benzodiazepinone;
indolecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cholecystokinin antagonist;
gastrointestinal drug
clindamycin phosphate
[no description available]		3.2310
pemirolast potassium salt
[no description available]		2.0810
eplerenone
Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		3.85303-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
epoxy steroid;
gamma-lactone;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
steroid acid ester		aldosterone antagonist;
antihypertensive agent
temocapril
[no description available]		2.0110dipeptide
tolterodine
[no description available]		4.5470tertiary amineantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant
doxorubicin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510anthracycline
dironyl
dironyl: pronounced antifertility agent in rats; lactation suppressor in other species; serotonin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		210organic molecular entity
erythromycin ethylsuccinate
Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.		2.4420cyclic ketone;
erythromycin derivative;
ethyl ester;
succinate ester
vinpocetine
vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		2.110alkaloidgeroprotector
amcinonide
amcinonide: structure		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
spiroketal		anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone acetate
[no description available]		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
fluorinated steroid;
steroid ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
ao 128
AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source		2.4720organic molecular entity
loteprednol etabonate
Loteprednol Etabonate: An androstadiene derivative corticosteroid that is used as an ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic eye conditions.		2.081011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
etabonate ester;
organochlorine compound;
steroid acid ester;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
darifenacin
darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.		3.58201-benzofurans;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidines		antispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
dihydroergocristine monomesylate
dihydroergocristine mesylate : The methanesulfonic acid salt of dihydroergocristine. It has been used as the for the symptomatic treatment of mental deterioration associated with cerebrovascular insufficiency and in peripheral vascular disease. It is also a component of ergoloid mesylate (codergocrine mesilate), a mixture of ergot alkaloid derivatives that is used as a vasodilator and has shown mild benefits in the treatment of vascular dementia.		2.0510methanesulfonate saltalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
fluticasone propionate
fluticasone propionate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity.		2.462011beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester;
thioester		adrenergic agent;
anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
dermatologic drug
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		3.92120cyclodextrin
acarbose
[no description available]		2.9640amino cyclitol;
glycoside
e-z cinnamic acid
cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid		2.110cinnamic acidplant metabolite
trichostatin a
trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES		2.520antibiotic antifungal agent;
hydroxamic acid;
trichostatin		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		4.5270retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
alpha-cyclodextrin
alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.		2.2510cyclodextrin
fumaric acid
fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.		2.1510butenedioic acidfood acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
farnesol
Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.		2.0610farnesolplant metabolite
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		8.9130resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		3.5920retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.0510D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
docosahexaenoate
efalex: a mixture of fish oil and primrose oil; used as a high-docosahexaenoic acid fatty acid supplement. docosahexaenoic acid : Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.. docosahexaenoate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of docosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.. all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid : A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19.		2.0510docosahexaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.4520octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		4.5470macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
cerivastatin
cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.9640dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pyridines;
statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin
rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).		4.2650dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidines;
statin (synthetic);
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antilipemic drug;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		7.53161benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid
icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.		2.0510icosapentaenoic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		anticholesteremic drug;
antidepressant;
antineoplastic agent;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
fungal metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		2.4220butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		3.85302-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
mupirocin
Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.		2.4520alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester;
epoxide;
monocarboxylic acid;
oxanes;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin
Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.		4.2650
fosfomycin
Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.		4.460epoxide;
phosphonic acids		antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax
Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.		4.6680macrolide antibioticantibacterial drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
drf 2725
ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma		2.0510
diethylstilbestrol
Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.		2.0510olefinic compound;
polyphenol		antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inducer;
calcium channel blocker;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
endocrine disruptor;
xenoestrogen
bms 214662
7-cyano-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-3-(phenylmethyl)-4-(2-thienylsulfonyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine: a farnesyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source. BMS-214662 : A member of the class of benzodiazepines that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine substituted by (1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl, benzyl, (thiophen-2-yl)sulfonyl, and cyano groups at positions 1, 3R, 4 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of farnesyltransferase (IC50 = 1.35nM) which was under clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors.		2.0410benzenes;
benzodiazepine;
imidazoles;
nitrile;
sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
octreotide
[no description available]		3.2310
eptifibatide
[no description available]		3.5820homodetic cyclic peptide;
macrocycle;
organic disulfide		anticoagulant;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
alitretinoin
Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.		2.0510retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
metabolite;
retinoid X receptor agonist
h 89
N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.0510N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
gs 4071
GS 4071: The acid form.. oseltamivir acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 5 by pentan-3-yloxy, acetamido, and amino groups, respectively (the 3R,4R,5S enantiomer). An antiviral drug, it is used as the corresponding ethyl ester prodrug, oseltamivir, to slow the spread of influenza.		2.7430acetate ester;
amino acid;
cyclohexenecarboxylic acid;
primary amino compound		antiviral drug;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
marine xenobiotic metabolite
imidazolidines
[no description available]		4.0420azacycloalkane;
imidazolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
decitabine
[no description available]		4.26502'-deoxyribonucleoside
sm 8668
Sch 39304: Sch 42427 is the active entantiomer of the antifungal agent Sch 39304 which consists of Sch 42426 & Sch 42427; Sch 42426, the (S,S)-isomer, is inactive		2.7430
teniposide
[no description available]		4.4160aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside;
cyclic acetal;
furonaphthodioxole;
gamma-lactone;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols;
thiophenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
troxacitabine
troxacitabine: shows good anti-HIV activity without cytotoxicity		2.0410carbohydrate derivative;
nucleobase-containing molecular entity
valrubicin
[no description available]		2.0810anthracycline;
trifluoroacetamide
cefamandole
Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.		2.9640cephalosporin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
dactinomycin
Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)		4.0540actinomycinmutagen
tiazofurin
tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).		2.45201,3-thiazoles;
C-glycosyl compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
prodrug
melphalan
Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.		4.4160L-phenylalanine derivative;
nitrogen mustard;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
sitafloxacin
[no description available]		2.9840fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
quinolines;
quinolone antibiotic
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		4.0840nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole
[no description available]		3.8730aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxolanes;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		trypanocidal drug
dibekacin
Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.		2.0410kanamycinsantibacterial agent;
protein synthesis inhibitor
rubitecan
rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.		2.4720C-nitro compound;
delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
semisynthetic derivative;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
micafungin
Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.		3.8630antibiotic antifungal drug;
echinocandin		antiinfective agent
favipiravir
favipiravir : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.		2.4110hydroxypyrazine;
organofluorine compound;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		3.5920flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
2'-c-methylcytidine
2'-C-methylcytidine: structure in first source		2.6320
sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.		3.5920one-carbon compound;
organic sodium salt		antacid;
food anticaking agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous
Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.		2.0510organic sodium saltNMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate
Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.		2.0510organic sodium saltalgal metabolite;
antimicrobial food preservative;
drug allergen;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
arsenic trioxide
Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius.		3.2310arsenic oxideantineoplastic agent;
insecticide
dipyrone
Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.		2.0510organic sodium saltanti-inflammatory agent;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
peripheral nervous system drug;
prodrug
ditiocarb sodium
[no description available]		2.0510organic molecular entity
jp-1302
[no description available]		2.6320
tolfenamic acid
tolfenamic acid: structure. tolfenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-chloro-2-methylphenyl group. Tolfenamic acid is used specifically for relieving the pain of migraine. It also shows anticancer activity.		2.0310aminobenzoic acid;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
7-chloro-5,10-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,5]benzodiazepin-4-one
[no description available]		2.6320benzodiazepine
artemisin
[no description available]		2.0610
sch 22219
alclometasone dipropionate : A prednisolone compound having an alpha-chloro substituent at the 7-position, an alpha-methyl substituent at the 16-position and O-propanoyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
propanoate ester;
steroid ester		anti-inflammatory drug
sr 90107
fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux.		3.2310
carbenoxolone
[no description available]		2.0510
meglumine iodipamide
[no description available]		3.2310organoammonium saltradioopaque medium
tenatoprazole
Tenatoprazole: structure in first source		2.8430imidazopyridine
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		2.1310isomethyleugenol
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		3.1810stilbene
thyrotropin-releasing hormone
PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence.		3.2310peptide hormone;
tripeptide		human metabolite
sorbic acid
Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.		2.110alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
sorbic acid
discodermolide
[no description available]		2.0510diterpenoid
cannabidiol
Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		2.0510olefinic compound;
phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite
lypressin
Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.		3.6220cyclic peptide
arginine vasopressin
Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.		6.1431vasopressincardiovascular drug;
hematologic agent;
mitogen
s 1033
[no description available]		3.9830(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
imidazoles;
pyridines;
pyrimidines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
5-[(2-fluoroanilino)methyl]-8-quinolinol
[no description available]		2.6320hydroxyquinoline
mezlocillin
Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.7330penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
trilostane
trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.		2.081017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
epoxy steroid;
nitrile		abortifacient;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor
cholinophyllin
[no description available]		2.0210
tropisetron
Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.		2.4520indolyl carboxylic acid
benidipine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.2510
benidipine
benidipine: RN refers to (R*,R*)-(+-)-isomer		2.2110
leuprolide acetate
leuprolide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining the nonapeptide leuprolide with acetic acid. A long lasting GnRH analog, LH-Rh agonist. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		2.0810acetate saltantineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
leuprolide
Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.		2.4720oligopeptideanti-estrogen;
antineoplastic agent;
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
fludarabine
[no description available]		2.4320purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		4.5470pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
ipratropium bromide anhydrous
[no description available]		2.0210
2-(1,3-benzoxazol-2-ylamino)-5-spiro[1,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazoline-4,1'-cyclopentane]one
[no description available]		2.6320quinazolines
prothionamide
Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.		2.0510pyridines
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		2.1310
chlorprothixene
(E)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts an (E)-configuration.		2.6320chlorprothixene
chlorprothixene
Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.. (Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.		2.0510chlorprothixene
doxepin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.110
etomidate
Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.		4.0640ethyl ester;
imidazoles		intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative
mercaptopurine
Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.		4.5370aryl thiol;
purines;
thiocarbonyl compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
jrf 12
N2,N4-dibenzylquinazoline-2,4-diamine: a selective, potent, reversible, and ATP-competitive p97 inhibitor		2.6320
levosulpiride
(S)-(-)-sulpiride : An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).		2.0810sulpirideantidepressant;
antiemetic;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
pyrantel
Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.		3.23101,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines;
carboxamidine;
thiophenes		antinematodal drug
5-amino-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-1-thieno[3,4-d]pyridazinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester
[no description available]		3.9530methoxybenzenes;
substituted aniline
3-hydroxypyridine, sodium salt
[no description available]		2.6320
N-(3-cyano-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzothiophen-2-yl)-1-naphthalenecarboxamide
[no description available]		2.6320naphthalenecarboxamide
5-[(2-bromoanilino)methyl]-8-quinolinol
[no description available]		2.6320hydroxyquinoline
cotinine
Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.		2.4520N-alkylpyrrolidine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidin-2-ones;
pyrrolidine alkaloid		antidepressant;
biomarker;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
3-amino-n-(4-methoxybenzyl)-4,6-dimethylthieno(2,3-b)pyridine-2-carboxamide
3-amino-N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-4,6-dimethylthieno(2,3-b)pyridine-2-carboxamide: structure in first source		2.6320
N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-4-(1-piperidinyl)aniline
[no description available]		2.6320aromatic amine
flunarizine
Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.		4.0620diarylmethane
thiothixene
[no description available]		3.5620N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
eszopiclone
Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.		3.6120zopiclonecentral nervous system depressant;
sedative
1-[4-(4-bromophenyl)-2-thiazolyl]-4-piperidinecarboxamide
[no description available]		2.6320piperidinecarboxamide
5-[[2-(trifluoromethyl)anilino]methyl]-8-quinolinol
[no description available]		2.6320hydroxyquinoline
N-[3-[2-[(4-methyl-2-pyridinyl)amino]-4-thiazolyl]phenyl]acetamide
[no description available]		2.6320acetamides;
anilide
benztropine
Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.		3.8530diarylmethane
5-bromo-N-(5-cyclohexyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-thiophenecarboxamide
[no description available]		2.6320aromatic amide;
thiophenes
6-amino-1-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-2-sulfanylidene-4-pyrimidinone
[no description available]		2.6320dimethoxybenzene
N-[4-[(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)sulfamoyl]phenyl]-6,8-dimethyl-2-(2-pyridinyl)-4-quinolinecarboxamide
[no description available]		2.6320aromatic amide
N-[5-[(4-chlorophenoxy)methyl]-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-5-methyl-3-phenyl-4-isoxazolecarboxamide
[no description available]		2.6320aromatic ether
methimazole
Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.		4.27501,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thionesantithyroid drug
3-chloro-1-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-(1-piperidinyl)pyrrole-2,5-dione
[no description available]		2.6320maleimides
Src Inhibitor-1
Src Inhibitor-1 : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline which is substituted at position 4 by a p-phenoxyanilino group and at positions 6 and 7 by methoxy groups. It is a potent, competitive dual site (both the ATP- and peptide-binding) Src kinase inhibitor. Src Inhibitor-1 is one of the 'gold standards' for Src kinase inhibition that has been shown to use PP1 or PP2 in parallel with Src-I1 to inhbit Src family kinases.		2.6320aromatic ether;
polyether;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound		EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
1-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-6-propyl-2-sulfanylidene-7,8-dihydro-5H-pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidin-4-one
[no description available]		2.6320dimethoxybenzene
cinnarizine
Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.		3.0140diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine;
olefinic compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
sulindac
Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.		4.2650monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfoxide		analgesic;
antineoplastic agent;
antipyretic;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
tocolytic agent
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		7.4420capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
enclomiphene
Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.		2.8330
zuclomiphene
Zuclomiphene: The cis or (Z)-isomer of clomiphene.		2.0610stilbenoid
terbinafine
[no description available]		4.2450acetylenic compound;
allylamine antifungal drug;
enyne;
naphthalenes;
tertiary amine		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
epalrestat
epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.		3.5920monocarboxylic acid;
thiazolidines		EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
2-phenyl-N-[4-(2-thiazolylsulfamoyl)phenyl]-4-quinolinecarboxamide
[no description available]		2.6320quinolines
drotaverin
drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.9740isoquinolines
3-(2,5-dimethyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrrolyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]azepine
[no description available]		2.6320pyrroles
thioguanine anhydrous
Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.		3.85302-aminopurinesanticoronaviral agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
tacrine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0510
thiourea
Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.		2.1110one-carbon compound;
thioureas;
ureas		antioxidant;
chromophore
sodium propionate
sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.		2.0510organic sodium saltantifungal drug;
food preservative
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		3.4260cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
succimer
Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.		3.5620dicarboxylic acid;
dithiol;
sulfur-containing carboxylic acid		chelator
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		11.8328cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
streptozocin
[no description available]		3.8530
capsazepine
capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.		2.0210benzazepine;
catechols;
monochlorobenzenes;
thioureas		capsaicin receptor antagonist
tamoxifen
[no description available]		4.86100stilbenoid;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
4-methylumbelliferyl glucoside
4-methylumbelliferyl glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-glucoside : A beta-D-glucoside having a 4-methylumbelliferyl substituent at the anomeric position.		2.110beta-D-glucoside;
coumarins;
monosaccharide derivative		chromogenic compound
nadp
[no description available]		2.0510
bi-78d3
[no description available]		2.6320aryl sulfide
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		3.8530pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
kartogenin
kartogenin: promotes chondrocyte differentiation; structure in first source		2.6320
cancidas
[no description available]		3.5820
2-(4'-(methylamino)phenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole
2-(4'-(methylamino)phenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole: an amyloid imaging agent; structure in first source		3.1810
fusidic acid
Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.		2.472011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
steroid acid;
steroid antibiotic;
sterol ester		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
lincomycin
Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.		3.5820carbohydrate-containing antibiotic;
L-proline derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
S-glycosyl compound		antimicrobial agent;
bacterial metabolite
valinomycin
Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.		2.4420cyclodepsipeptide;
macrocycle		antimicrobial agent;
antiviral agent;
bacterial metabolite;
potassium ionophore
thiopental
Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.4520barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
sedative;
xenobiotic
estrone sulfate
estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.051017-oxo steroid;
steroid sulfate		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ranitidine
Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.		3.2310C-nitro compound;
furans;
organic sulfide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-ulcer drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
H2-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
aplaviroc
aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source		3.2310
hmr 3647
[no description available]		4.2650
latoconazole
latoconazole: RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation; latoconazole is (E)-isomer; structure given in first source		2.0810conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug
maraviroc
[no description available]		3.8930tropane alkaloid
toremifene citrate
[no description available]		2.0810stilbenoidanticoronaviral agent
toremifene
Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.		4.140aromatic ether;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amine		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen antagonist;
estrogen receptor modulator
telaprevir
[no description available]		2.0510cyclopentapyrrole;
cyclopropanes;
oligopeptide;
pyrazines		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
peptidomimetic
nelarabine
nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).		3.8730beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
purine nucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
prodrug
2-[(2-ethoxyphenoxy)-phenylmethyl]morpholine
[no description available]		2.7430aromatic ether
dermatan sulfate
Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.		3.2310amino disaccharide;
glycosylgalactose derivative;
iduronic acids;
oligosaccharide sulfate
dezocine
dezocine: potent analgesic; RN given refers to ((5R-(5alpha,11alpha,13S*)))-isomer (dezocin); structure. dezocine : (7S,8S)-7-Amino-8-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogen at position 8 and one of the hydrogens at position 6 are substituted by each end of a tetramethylene bridge. A synthetic opioid analgesic, it has mixed opiod agonist and antagonist properties. Although it is used for pain management, it can produce opioid withdrawal syndrome in patients already dependent on other opioids, and its clinical application is limited by side effects such as dizziness.		2.0210phenols;
primary amino compound		opioid analgesic
dapiprazole
[no description available]		2.0210N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
miotic;
ophthalmology drug
droloxifene
[no description available]		2.0510stilbenoid
raclopride
Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.		210salicylamides
dolasetron
[no description available]		4.2450indolyl carboxylic acid
or 1259
[no description available]		2.4520hydrazone;
nitrile;
pyridazinone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
monooctanoin
monooctanoin: dissolution agent for retained cholesterol bile duct stones; RN in Chemline for octanoic acid, ester with 1,2,3-propanetriol, MF unknown: 11140-04-8; RN for octanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (1-monooctanoin): 502-54-5; RN in 9th CI Form Index for (+-)-1-monooctanoin: 19670-49-6. rac-1-monooctanoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol comprising equal amounts of 1-octanoyl-sn-glycerol and 3-octanoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monooctanoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has octanoyl as the acyl group.		2.06101-monoglyceride;
octanoate ester;
rac-1-monoacylglycerol
almokalant
almokalant: structure given in first source		2.0210
gestodene
Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer		2.7530steroidestrogen
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		3.8730beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
idoxifene
idoxifene: structure given in first source		2.0510stilbenoid
quinine
[no description available]		4.7690cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
zofenoprilate
zofenoprilate: RN given refers to ((1(R*),2alpha,4alpha)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 9/90. zofenoprilat : A proline derivative that is 4-(phenylsulfanyl)-L-proline in which the amine proton is replaced by a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. The active metabolite of zofenopril.		2.4220aryl sulfide;
L-proline derivative;
N-acyl-L-amino acid;
thiol		anticonvulsant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester
[no description available]		2.0310
glyceryl nonivamide
N-(4-O-glycerol-3-methoxybenzyl)nonivamide: structure given in first source		2.0610
isepamicin
[no description available]		2.0410
ifetroban
ifetroban: thromboxane receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; a 7-oxabicyclo(2.2.1)heptane derivative		2.0410benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid
irampanel
irampanel: structure in first source		3.110
lamifiban
lamifiban: a nonpeptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist; prevents platelet loss during experimental cardiopulmonary bypass		2.0410N-acylglycine
fospropofol
[no description available]		3.2310alkylbenzene
vx-745
[no description available]		2.6320aryl sulfide;
dichlorobenzene;
difluorobenzene;
pyrimidopyridazine		anti-inflammatory drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
azilect
[no description available]		2.0810
rasagiline
[no description available]		3.6620indanes;
secondary amine;
terminal acetylenic compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
dasatinib
N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).		4.16401,3-thiazoles;
aminopyrimidine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
zd 6474
CH 331: structure in first source		2.8330aromatic ether;
organobromine compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinazolines;
secondary amine		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
telavancin
telavancin: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. telavancin : A glycopeptide that is vancomycin substituted at position N-3'' by a 2-(decylamino)ethyl group and at position C-29 by a (phosphonomethyl)aminomethyl group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of adults with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by bacteria.		2.0410glycopeptideantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
5-methoxy-3-(di-n-propylamino)chroman
5-methoxy-3-(di-n-propylamino)chroman: labels central 5-HT receptor binding sites		1.9910
benzyltetrahydropalmatine
[no description available]		2.0210
riopan
[no description available]		2.0510
silybin
[no description available]		2.0510
N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-5-[(5-fluoro-2-oxo-1H-indol-3-ylidene)methyl]-2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamide
[no description available]		2.6320indoles
nih-12848
NIH-12848: inhibits phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase gamma; structure in first source		2.6320
2,4-dioxo-3-pentyl-N-[3-(1-piperidinyl)propyl]-1H-quinazoline-7-carboxamide
[no description available]		2.6320quinazolines
[1-(3-methylphenyl)-5-benzimidazolyl]-(1-piperidinyl)methanone
[no description available]		2.6320benzimidazoles
2-[[(6-bromo-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-yl)thio]methyl]benzonitrile
[no description available]		2.6320imidazopyridine
3-[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]-8-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl]-1-phenyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one
[no description available]		2.6320aromatic ketone
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		2.5320
4-[[7-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-8-purinyl]methyl]-1-piperazinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester
[no description available]		2.6320oxopurine
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		3.0440organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
N,N-dimethylcarbamodithioic acid (1-acetamido-2,2,2-trichloroethyl) ester
[no description available]		2.6320organonitrogen compound;
organosulfur compound
crocin
crocin: a free radical scavenger		7.4110
6-bromo-2-(4-methylphenyl)-N-[(1-methyl-4-pyrazolyl)methyl]-4-quinolinecarboxamide
[no description available]		2.6320quinolines
chloramine-t
chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.		2.0510organic sodium saltallergen;
antifouling biocide;
disinfectant
flavan-3-ol
flavan-3-ol: structure in first source		2.1310hydroxyflavonoid
LSM-1924
[no description available]		2.6320organic heterotricyclic compound;
organooxygen compound
ferrostatin-1
ferrostatin-1: inhibits ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death; structure in first source. ferrostatin-1 : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-amino-4-(cyclohexylamino)benzoic acid with ethanol. It is a potent inhibitor of ferroptosis, a distinct non-apoptotic form of cell death caused by lipid peroxidation. It is also a radical-trapping antioxidant and has the ability to reduce the accumulation of lipid peroxides and chain-carrying peroxyl radicals.		2.6320ethyl ester;
primary arylamine;
substituted aniline		antifungal agent;
antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radiation protective agent;
radical scavenger
6-(2-methyl-1-piperidinyl)-5-nitro-4-pyrimidinamine
[no description available]		2.6320C-nitro compound
sitagliptin
sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		4.2650triazolopyrazine;
trifluorobenzene		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor;
xenobiotic
osteoprotegerin
Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.		2.0810long-chain fatty acid
flosequinan
[no description available]		2.4420quinolines
rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.		2.0710organic cation;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
rabeprazole(1-)
[no description available]		2.6320organic nitrogen anion
tolcapone
Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.		4.26502-nitrophenols;
benzophenones;
catechols		antiparkinson drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
jnj 7777120
1-((5-chloro-1H-indol-2-yl)carbonyl)-4-methylpiperazine: an H4 receptor antagonist; structure in first source		3.1710
ncgc00099374
[no description available]		2.6320
2-nitro-4-[(6-nitro-4-quinolinyl)amino]-N-[4-(pyridin-4-ylamino)phenyl]benzamide
[no description available]		2.6320benzamides
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		2.4520sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		8.33607-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		2.5220biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		5.7871prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		5.453monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
tylosin
[no description available]		2.110aldehyde;
disaccharide derivative;
enone;
leucomycin;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative		allergen;
bacterial metabolite;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
luteolin
[no description available]		2.63203'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
calcitriol
dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes		4.3960D3 vitamins;
hydroxycalciol;
triol		antineoplastic agent;
antipsoriatic;
bone density conservation agent;
calcium channel agonist;
calcium channel modulator;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		2.0810
beta carotene
beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.		2.0510carotenoid beta-end derivative;
cyclic carotene		antioxidant;
biological pigment;
cofactor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
provitamin A
11-cis-retinal
Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.		2.0410retinalchromophore;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4
Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.		2.0810dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid;
leukotriene;
long-chain fatty acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasoconstrictor agent
hymecromone
Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.		2.0610hydroxycoumarinantineoplastic agent;
hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
alprostadil
[no description available]		4.2450prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cyclosporine
[no description available]		2.2110
vitamin d 2
Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.		3.6120hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-ergostane;
vitamin D		bone density conservation agent;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
rodenticide
cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.		2.0510D3 vitamins;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
steroid hormone		geroprotector;
human metabolite
quercetin 3-o-glucopyranoside
quercetin 3-O-glucopyranoside: structure in first source. quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Lepisorus contortus, it exhibits antineoplastic activityand has been found to decrease the rate of polymerization and sickling of red blood cells		2.1110beta-D-glucoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antipruritic drug;
bone density conservation agent;
geroprotector;
histamine antagonist;
osteogenesis regulator;
plant metabolite
rutin
Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.		2.1110disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
kaempferol
[no description available]		2.82307-hydroxyflavonol;
flavonols;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha
6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.		2.0310prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		2.63207-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b
Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.		4.0740antibiotic antifungal drug;
macrolide antibiotic;
polyene antibiotic		antiamoebic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid
Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.		2.9640oxapenamantibacterial drug;
anxiolytic drug;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		4.547011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
oxymetholone
Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.		3.8730
eprosartan
eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.		5.861dicarboxylic acid;
imidazoles;
thiophenes		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		4.4160aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
mivacurium
Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.		3.5820isoquinolines
brompheniramine maleate
brompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		2.0810maleate saltanti-allergic agent
dexchlorpheniramine maleate
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
olopatadine
[no description available]		2.0210
hemabate
carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.		3.2310
mycophenolate mofetil
mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		4.4660carboxylic ester;
ether;
gamma-lactone;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
bw b1090u
[no description available]		2.0210isoquinolines
entacapone
entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.		4.41602-nitrophenols;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile		antidyskinesia agent;
antiparkinson drug;
central nervous system drug;
EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol
[no description available]		4.0840hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane		antiparathyroid drug
astaxanthine
astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.		2.0510carotenol;
carotenone		animal metabolite;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
food colouring;
plant metabolite
bruceantin
[no description available]		2.6320triterpenoid
humulene
humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.		2.1110alpha-humulene
baicalein
[no description available]		2.4520trihydroxyflavoneangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hormone antagonist;
plant metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
chrysin
chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.		2.63207-hydroxyflavonol;
dihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
diosmin
[no description available]		2.0510dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monomethoxyflavone;
rutinoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant
hyperoside
quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.		2.1110beta-D-galactoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glycoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
myricetin
[no description available]		8.58207-hydroxyflavonol;
hexahydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
food component;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
daidzein
[no description available]		2.83307-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite
cynarine
cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent		2.0510alkyl caffeate ester;
quinic acid		plant metabolite
caffeic acid phenethyl ester
phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.		3.2310alkyl caffeate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
flupenthixol
cis-flupenthixol : A flupenthixol in which the double bond adopts a cis-configuration.		3.2310flupenthixoldopaminergic antagonist
sdz psc 833
valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215		2.7330homodetic cyclic peptide
l 660,711
[no description available]		2.0810quinolines
coenzyme q10
coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.		2.7730ubiquinonesantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite
anandamide
anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.		3.2310endocannabinoid;
N-acylethanolamine 20:4		human blood serum metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
cilnidipine
[no description available]		2.52202-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug
travoprost
Travoprost: A cloprostenol derivative that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.. travoprost : The isopropyl ester of prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of travoprost are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a pro-drug; the isopropyl ester group is hydrolysed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active free acid, fluprostenol.		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
ophthalmology drug;
prodrug;
prostaglandin receptor agonist
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		2.4720amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
7432 s
Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.		3.5620cephalosporin;
dicarboxylic acid		antibacterial drug
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha
8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.		2.0110F2-isoprostanebiomarker;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
imipenem
[no description available]		2.0810carbapenems
etretinate
retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.		2.7430enoate ester;
ethyl ester;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
isotretinoin
Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.		4.2650retinoic acidantineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
teratogenic agent
misoprostol
Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.		2.4420
ketotifen fumarate
ketotifen fumarate : An organoammonium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of ketotifen(1+) and fumarate(1-) ions. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is a non-bronchodilator anti-asthmatic drug.		2.0810organoammonium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
epoprostenol
[no description available]		3.5620prostaglandins Imouse metabolite
indocyanine green
[no description available]		3.58201,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate;
benzoindole;
cyanine dye
dinoprost tromethamine
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
neticonazole
neticonazole: RN refers to (E)-isomer. neticonazole : An enamine that is ethene which is substituted at positions 1, 1, and 2 by o-pentoxyphenyl, 1H-imidazol-1-yl, and methylthio groups, respectively (the E isomer). An inhibitor of P450-dependent C-14alpha-demethylation of lanosterol (preventing conversion to ergosterol and inhibiting cell wall synthesis in fungi), it is used in Japan (generally as the corresponding hydrochloride salt) as an antifungal drug for the treatment of superficial skin infections.		2.6320aromatic ether;
benzenes;
conazole antifungal drug;
enamine;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
methyl sulfide		antifungal drug;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor
ozagrel
ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer		2.0510cinnamic acids
triprolidine
Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		3.8730N-alkylpyrrolidine;
olefinic compound;
pyridines		H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		3.5920cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
rosuvastatin calcium
S 4522: structure in first source		2.0810N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphoethanolamine;
organic calcium salt		anti-inflammatory agent;
cardioprotective agent;
CETP inhibitor
terbinafine hydrochloride
terbinafine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of terbinafine with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride.		2.0810allylamine antifungal drug;
hydrochloride		EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
ethamolin
monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma		3.2310long-chain fatty acid
betamethasone benzoate
[no description available]		2.021021-hydroxy steroid
alatrofloxacin mesylate
[no description available]		3.5920
homatropine
[no description available]		2.0510tropane alkaloid
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		2.420thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
8-isoprostaglandin e2
8-isoprostaglandin E2: RN given refers to (5Z,8 beta,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer; see also 8,12-epi-prostaglandin E2 & prostaglandin E2. 8-epi-prostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.		3.411cyclic ketone;
diol;
prostanoid;
secondary alcohol		bronchoconstrictor agent;
human metabolite;
rat metabolite;
vasoconstrictor agent
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		4.09314-hydroxynon-2-enal;
4-hydroxynonenal
N-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoylethanolamine
synaptamide: structurally similar to the endocannabinoid N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide). N-(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoylethanolamine : An N-acylethanolamine 22:6 that is the ethanolamide of (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid.		2.6320endocannabinoid;
N-acylethanolamine 22:6
n-oleoylethanolamine
N-oleoylethanolamine: ceramidase inhibitor. oleoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of oleic acid. The monounsaturated analogue of the endocannabinoid anandamide.		2.6320endocannabinoid;
N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine;
N-acylethanolamine 18:1		EC 3.5.1.23 (ceramidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
PPARalpha agonist
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol
Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.		2.13101-acylglycerol 18:1;
monooleoylglycerol		plant metabolite
codeine
[no description available]		4.6680morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antitussive;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
opioid analgesic;
opioid receptor agonist;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
cyclosporine
ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF		4.5470homodetic cyclic peptideanti-asthmatic drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antirheumatic drug;
carcinogenic agent;
dermatologic drug;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
methyl linoleate
[no description available]		210fatty acid methyl esterplant metabolite
natamycin
[no description available]		2.4720antibiotic antifungal drug;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyene antibiotic		antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial food preservative;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
ophthalmology drug
acitretin
Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.		3.8730acitretin;
alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid;
retinoid		keratolytic drug
dihydrocodeine
dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.110morphinane alkaloid
dorzolamide
dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.0210sulfonamide;
thiophenes		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
dothiepin
[no description available]		2.0510dothiepin
estropipate
estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients		3.2310piperazinium salt;
steroid sulfate
granisetron
Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.		7.1510aromatic amide;
indazoles
hydromorphone
Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.		3.8430morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
levetiracetam
Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.		4.140pyrrolidin-2-onesanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
ly 163892
loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.		3.5620carbacephem;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
nabilone
nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		3.2310
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		2.9640morphinane alkaloid
nalorphine
Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.		2.0510morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		4.7690morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone
Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.		4.0840organic heteropentacyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antitussive;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
oxymorphone
Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)		3.5920morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		3.2310phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		3.930antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		4.7550cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride
trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.		3.2310
alpha-zearalenol
[no description available]		2.6320macrolide
alvocidib
alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.		2.4520dihydroxyflavone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
seocalcitol
seocalcitol: structure given in first source		2.0510
fenretinide
Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.		2.4720monocarboxylic acid amide;
retinoid		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant
geldanamycin
[no description available]		2.05101,4-benzoquinones;
ansamycin;
carbamate ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
cysteine protease inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor
calcipotriene
[no description available]		2.0210cyclopropanes;
hydroxy seco-steroid;
seco-cholestane;
secondary alcohol;
triol		antipsoriatic;
drug allergen
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		4.5370morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
demycarosylturimycin h
[no description available]		2.4720
su 9516
[no description available]		2.6320
N-(4-bromo-3-methylphenyl)-2,5-dimethyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amine
[no description available]		2.6320triazolopyrimidines
acipimox
acipimox: lipolysis inhibitor		2.0810pyrazinecarboxylic acid
atosiban
[no description available]		2.0810oligopeptide
benzphetamine
Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.		3.2310amphetamines;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
appetite depressant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
sympathomimetic agent
bimatoprost
Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		2.0810monocarboxylic acid amideantiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent
istradefylline
[no description available]		2.2110oxopurine
cicaprost
cicaprost: RN given refers to (3aS-(2E,3aalpha,4alpha(3R*,4R*),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer		2.0410monoterpenoid
clobetasol
Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
SMO receptor agonist
deamino arginine vasopressin
Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptidediagnostic agent;
renal agent;
vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine
[no description available]		3.5820medetomidinealpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sedative
sb 277011
SB 277011: structure in first source		2.6320
fluticasone
Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.		2.021011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
thioester		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug
goserelin
Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.		3.2310organic molecular entity
halobetasol
halobetasol: used in ointment to treat psoriasis; Ulobetasol cream contains 0.05% 6-fluoroclobetasol 17-propionate		2.0210corticosteroid hormone
iloprost
Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.		4.0540carbobicyclic compound;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary alcohol		platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
l 365260
L 365260: a CCK-B antagonist; structure given in first source; potent & selective CCK-B & gastrin receptor ligand; L 365260 and L 365346 are (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers, respectively		2.0210benzodiazepine
lacidipine
[no description available]		7.7230cinnamate ester;
tert-butyl ester
latanoprost
Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.		2.4520isopropyl ester;
prostaglandins Falpha;
triol		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor;
prodrug
mdl 100907
Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.		2.2110
nalbuphine
Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.		4.2350organic heteropentacyclic compoundmu-opioid receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic
nateglinide
Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		4.2650phenylalanine derivative
rimexolone
[no description available]		2.021020-oxo steroid
sb 223412
SB 223412: SB-223412 is the (S)-(-)-isomer; RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source		2.6320
sr 59230a
[no description available]		2.7730tetralins
vinorelbine
[no description available]		4.460acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
ring assembly;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
photosensitizing agent
zuclopenthixol
zuclopenthixol : The (Z)-isomer of clopenthixol.		210clopenthixolalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
3-[6-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)anilino]-4-pyrimidinyl]benzamide
[no description available]		2.6320pyrimidines
silodosin
silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source		3.2310indolecarboxamide
kn 62
KN 62: inhibitor of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II		2.6320piperazines
MeJA
[no description available]		2.6320Jasmonate derivatives
furazolidone
[no description available]		2.4620
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		4.0540(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
1h-pyrrole-2,5-dione, 3-(1-methyl-1h-indol-3-yl)-4-(1-methyl-6-nitro-1h-indol-3-yl)-
1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione, 3-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-4-(1-methyl-6-nitro-1H-indol-3-yl)-: structure in first source		2.6320
pd 161570
PD 161570: structure in first source		2.6320
ag-490
[no description available]		3.2310catechols;
enamide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
STAT3 inhibitor
semaxinib
semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.		2.4620olefinic compound;
oxindoles;
pyrroles		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
orantinib
orantinib: an antiangiogenic agent. orantinib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrrol-3-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.		2.0510
su 11248
[no description available]		3.6420monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyrroles		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
neuroprotective agent;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
palbociclib
[no description available]		2.6320aminopyridine;
aromatic ketone;
cyclopentanes;
piperidines;
pyridopyrimidine;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
jnj-7706621
[no description available]		2.6320sulfonamide
romidepsin
depsipeptide : A natural or synthetic compound having a sequence of amino and hydroxy carboxylic acid residues (usually alpha-amino and alpha-hydroxy acids), commonly but not necessarily regularly alternating.		2.0410cyclodepsipeptide;
heterocyclic antibiotic;
organic disulfide		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine
8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine: adenosine antagonist. 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine : Caffeine substituted at its 8-position by an (E)-3-chlorostyryl group.		2.2110monochlorobenzenes;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
bay 11-7082
(E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.		2.3110nitrile;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.		4.6580dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
indoles;
organofluorine compound
molsidomine
[no description available]		2.4720ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
oxiconazole
oxiconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer; structure given in first source. oxiconazole : An oxime O-ether that is the 2,4-dichlorobenzyl ether of the oxime obtained by formal condensation of hydroxylamine with the carbonyl group of acetopnenone in which the phenyl group is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 4, and in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group. An antifungal agent, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) in creams and powders for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.		2.4420conazole antifungal drug;
dichlorobenzene;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
oxime O-ether		antiinfective agent
codeine phosphate
[no description available]		2.110
aluminum
Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.		2.0310boron group element atom;
elemental aluminium;
metal atom
levorphanol
Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.		3.2310morphinane alkaloid
dihydromorphine
Dihydromorphine: A semisynthetic analgesic used in the study of narcotic receptors.		2.110morphinane alkaloid
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		4.2350cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
morphine-6-glucuronide
morphine-6-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.4720morphinane alkaloid
dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.		4.11406-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthreneantitussive;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
oneirogen;
prodrug;
xenobiotic
butorphanol
Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.		4.4160morphinane alkaloidantitussive;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic
cefodizime
cefodizime: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefodizime : A cephalosporin compound having 5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.04101,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
methylnaltrexone
methylnaltrexone: RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha)-isomer		2.0410phenanthrenes
cefixime
[no description available]		4.5470cephalosporinantibacterial drug;
drug allergen
delapril
delapril: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source		2.0110peptide
lisinopril
Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		11.33347dipeptideEC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril
benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.		3.5620benzazepine;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
ethyl ester;
lactam		EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
ramipril
Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.		7.54153azabicycloalkane;
cyclopentapyrrole;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester		bradykinin receptor B2 agonist;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor;
prodrug
verteporfin
(2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.		3.2310
indinavir sulfate
Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.		4.5470dicarboxylic acid diamide;
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
piperazinecarboxamide		HIV protease inhibitor
glyceryl behenate
1-behenoylglycerol : A fatty acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group at position-1 of glycerol with the carboxy group of docosanoic acid.		2.1101-monoglyceride;
fatty acid ester		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
zimeldine
Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)		3.2310styrenes
virginiamycin factor s1
virginiamycin factor S1: a component of VIRGINIAMYCIN; was EP to VIRGINIAMYCIN 1992-2001. virginiamycin S1 : A cyclodepsipeptide that is N-(3-hydroxypicolinoyl)-L-threonyl-D-alpha-aminobutyryl-L-prolyl-N-methyl-L-phenylalanyl-4-oxo-L-pipecoloyl-L-2-phenylglycine in which the carboxy group of the 2-phenylglycine moiety has undergone formal intramolecular condensation with the hydroxy group of the N-(3-hydroxypicolinoyl)-L-threonyl to give the corresponding 19-membered ring lactone. It is one of the two major components of the antibacterial drug virginiamycin, produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others.		2.6320cyclodepsipeptide;
macrolide antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite
enalapril maleate
enalapril maleate : The maleic acid salt of enalapril. It contains one molecule of maleic acid for each molecule of enalapril. Following oral administration, the ethyl ester group of enalapril is hydrolysed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid, enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalapril is thus a prodrug for enalaprilat (which, unlike enalapril, is not absorbed by mouth), and its maleate is used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients.		2.0810maleate saltantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
enalapril
Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).		13.875016dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
prodrug
nitrofurazone
Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.		2.4620
trientine hydrochloride
[no description available]		3.2310
n-methylscopolamine bromide
scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.		3.2310
fumarates
Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)		3.4570butenedioate;
C4-dicarboxylate		human metabolite;
metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
bleomycin
[no description available]		3.5920bleomycinantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		7.3110cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
heroin
Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.		2.110morphinane alkaloidmu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
prodrug
enalaprilat anhydrous
Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.		4.5570dicarboxylic acid;
dipeptide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
normorphine
normorphine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer		2.110morphinane alkaloid
imidapril
imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.		3.5420dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
imidazolidines;
N-acylurea;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
sulindac sulfone
sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.		2.0510monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
sulfone		apoptosis inducer;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
ximelagatran
ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.		3.5920amidoxime;
azetidines;
carboxamide;
ethyl ester;
hydroxylamines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
prodrug;
serine protease inhibitor
cefuroxime
[no description available]		4.25503-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin;
furans;
oxime O-ether		drug allergen
ceftriaxone
[no description available]		4.4601,2,4-triazines;
1,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime
Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.		4.2550cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug
hr 810
cefpirome: structure in first source. cefpirome : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.		2.0410cephalosporin;
cyclopentapyridine
pafuramidine
pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine		3.2310
ceftazidime
[no description available]		4.0640cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
ici 118551
ICI 118551: RN given refers to (R*,R*)-(+-)-isomer; structure in first source; ICI 111581 is hydrochloride of ICI 118551. ICI 118551 : An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer).		3.75100aromatic ether;
indanes;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic antagonist
trandolapril
trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.		4.2550dicarboxylic acid monoester;
dipeptide;
ethyl ester;
organic heterobicyclic compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
morphine-3-glucuronide
morphine-3-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer		2.110morphinane alkaloid
pregabalin
Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.		3.6120gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker
cefetamet
cefetamet: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; structure given in first source. cefetamet : A cephalosporin compound having methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a cephalosporin antibiotic active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.		2.7430cephalosporin
alvimopan anhydrous
alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain		3.6120peptide
oxyfedrine
Oxyfedrine: A drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris, heart failure, conduction defects, and myocardial infarction. It is a partial agonist at beta adrenergic receptors and acts as a coronary vasodilator and cardiotonic agent.		3.0910aromatic ketone
aliskiren
aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.		9.4560monocarboxylic acid amide;
monomethoxybenzene		antihypertensive agent
guanabenz acetate
[no description available]		2.0510dichlorobenzenegeroprotector
guanabenz
Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.		2.4620dichlorobenzene
1-[4-[4-[[(2R)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1-imidazolylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]-1-piperazinyl]ethanone
[no description available]		2.0110piperazines
famotidine
[no description available]		4.76901,3-thiazoles;
guanidines;
sulfonamide		anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
fenoterol
fenoterol hydrobromide : The hydrobromide salt of fenoterol. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.		2.6320hydrobromidebeta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
2,3-n-octanoylsphingosine
N-octanoylsphingosine : An N-acylsphingosine in which the ceramide N-acyl group is specified as octanoyl.		2.0510N-acylsphingosine
xib 4035
XIB 4035: a GFRalpha-1 agonist; structure in first source		2.6320
cefotaxime
Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.		4.25501,3-thiazoles;
cephalosporin;
oxime O-ether		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen
aztreonam
[no description available]		4.460beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
monobactam		antibacterial drug;
drug allergen;
EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer; member of a class of cationic lipid formulations called cytofectins		2.110
gw-5074
[no description available]		2.2110
proguanil
Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.		2.0510biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
cci 15641
[no description available]		2.4520cephalosporin
rifamycin sv
rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.		2.0510acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
polyphenol;
rifamycins		antimicrobial agent;
antitubercular agent;
bacterial metabolite
ginkgolide b
[no description available]		2.4520
cefpodoxime
[no description available]		3.5620carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
palonosetron
Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.		3.5820azabicycloalkane;
delta-lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antiemetic;
serotonergic antagonist
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.		2.0310(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
epoprostenol sodium
[no description available]		2.0510prostanoid
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate : A fumarate salt prepared from equimolar amounts of tenofovir disoproxil and fumaric acid. It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.0810fumarate saltantiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
cefatrizine
Cefatrizine: Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.. cefatrizine : A cephalosporin compound having (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]acetamido side-groups. An antibacterial drug first prepared in the 1970s, it has more recently been found to be an inhibitor of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K), which is known to regulate apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in many types of human cancers.		2.7430amino acid amide;
carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin;
phenols;
semisynthetic derivative;
triazoles		antibacterial drug;
EC 2.7.11.20 (elongation factor 2 kinase) inhibitor
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		1.9810maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
eniporide
eniporide: inhibits NHE-1 isoform; structure in first source		2.0410
dexbrompheniramine maleate
dexbrompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of the (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		2.0810brompheniramine maleateanti-allergic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
cilastatin
[no description available]		2.4520carboxamide;
L-cysteine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
organic sulfide		EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
protease inhibitor;
xenobiotic
rifaximin
[no description available]		3.6120acetate ester;
cyclic ketal;
lactam;
macrocycle;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative		antimicrobial agent;
gastrointestinal drug;
orphan drug
lumefantrine
Lumefantrine: A fluorene derivative that is used in combination with ARTEMETHER for the treatment of MALARIA (see ARTEMETHER-LUMEFANTRINE DRUG COMBINATION).. lumefantrine : A member of the class of fluorenes that is 9-(p-chlorobenzylidene)-9H-fluorene which is substitutec by chlorine at positions 2 and 7, and by a 2-(dibutylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group at position 4. An antimalarial drug used in combination with artemether for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.		2.4420fluorenes;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary alcohol;
tertiary amine		antimalarial
2-(4-amylcinnamoyl)amino-4-chlorobenzoic acid
2-(4-amylcinnamoyl)amino-4-chlorobenzoic acid: phospholipase A2 inhibitor		3.2310
everolimus
[no description available]		3.6120cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
ixabepilone
[no description available]		3.86301,3-thiazoles;
beta-hydroxy ketone;
epoxide;
lactam;
macrocycle		antineoplastic agent;
microtubule-destabilising agent
belotecan
belotecan: structure in first source		2.6320pyranoindolizinoquinoline
dirithromycin
[no description available]		2.0210macrolide antibioticprodrug
azlocillin
Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.		2.7430penicillin allergen;
penicillin;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
verlukast
verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist		2.0410
cefpodoxime proxetil
cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.		2.4520carboxylic acid;
carboxylic ester;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug;
prodrug
ceftizoxime
[no description available]		4.0640cephalosporinantibacterial drug
rosaramicin
rosaramicin: RN given refers to parent cpd. rosaramicin : A macrolide antibiotic with activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis.		2.110aldehyde;
enone;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative		bacterial metabolite
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide
[no description available]		3.2310ergot alkaloid;
monocarboxylic acid amide		serotonergic antagonist;
sympatholytic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
carumonam
carumonam: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,3alpha(Z))-isomer. carumonam : An N-sulfonated monobactam antibiotic.		2.0410monobactamantibacterial drug
norgestimate
[no description available]		2.6320ketoxime;
steroid ester;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
beta-escin
[no description available]		2.0510
fluphenazine
[no description available]		2.0810
cgp 12177a
[no description available]		2.0210
b 43
RK-24466 : A member of the class of pyrrolopyrimidines that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted by amino, 4-phenoxyphenyl, and cyclopentyl groups at positions 4, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of Lck that inhibits Lck (64-509) and LckCD isoforms (IC50 of less than 1 and 2 nM, respectively).		2.6320aromatic amine;
aromatic ether;
cyclopentanes;
primary amino compound;
pyrrolopyrimidine		EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
4-(2' methoxyphenyl)-1-(2'-(n-(2''-pyridinyl)-4-fluorobenzamido)ethyl)piperazine
[no description available]		2.6320
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.		1.9810nitroso compound;
nitrosothio compound		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
dantrolene sodium
dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene.		2.0510
nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.		4.6580imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic;
organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
methiazole
methiazole: a parasitostatic agent		2.6320benzimidazoles;
carbamate ester
ici 215001
ICI 215001: active metabolite of ICI D7114; no other info avail 9/92		2.0210monocarboxylic acid
sb 218795
SB 218795: structure in first source		2.6320quinolines
bvt.948
[no description available]		2.6320
nifurtimox
Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.		2.7230nitrofuran antibiotic
eritoran
eritoran : A lipid A derivative used for the treatment of severe sepsis.		2.0410lipid As
dantrolene
[no description available]		3.8430
fk 866
N-(4-(1-benzoylpiperidin-4-yl)butyl)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)acrylamide: inhibits nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase; structure in first source		2.2110benzamides;
N-acylpiperidine
roxithromycin
(E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.		2.7730roxithromycinenvironmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cefdinir
[no description available]		3.8930cephalosporin;
ketoxime		antibacterial drug
etonogestrel
[no description available]		3.231017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin
a 38503
[no description available]		2.6320
bisoprolol, fumarate (1:1) salt
[no description available]		2.0810
tiapamil hydrochloride
Tiapamil Hydrochloride: A phenylethylamine derivative that acts as a calcium antagonist showing hemodynamic effects in patients with acute myocardial infarction.		1.9710
artesunate
artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether		2.4620artemisinin derivative;
cyclic acetal;
dicarboxylic acid monoester;
hemisuccinate;
semisynthetic derivative;
sesquiterpenoid		antimalarial;
antineoplastic agent;
ferroptosis inducer
beraprost
beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.		2.0510enyne;
monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary allylic alcohol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin receptor agonist;
vasodilator agent
lanreotide
[no description available]		2.0510
etoposide phosphate
[no description available]		2.0810furonaphthodioxole
dexniguldipine
niguldipine: structure given in first source; clinical modulator of multidrug resistance		2.0410diarylmethane
ciclesonide
ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis		2.0810organic molecular entity
napsagatran
napsagatran: structure given in first source		2.0410
temsirolimus
[no description available]		3.8730macrolide lactam
dutasteride
Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.		3.6120(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aza-steroid;
delta-lactam		antihyperplasia drug;
EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
tekturna
[no description available]		2.0810fumarate saltantihypertensive agent
lu 208075
ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension		3.5920diarylmethane
bms188797
[no description available]		2.0410
bibx 1382bs
BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001		3.2310substituted aniline
vildagliptin
[no description available]		2.0810amino acid amide
indacaterol
indacaterol: a beta2 adrenoceptor agonist; indacaterol is the (R)-isomer; structure in first source. indacaterol : A monohydroxyquinoline that consists of 5-[(1R)-2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl]-8-hydroxyquinolin-2-one having a 5,6-diethylindan-2-yl group attached to the amino function. Used as the maleate salt for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.		2.2510indanes;
monohydroxyquinoline;
quinolone;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent
fesoterodine
fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder		3.2310diarylmethane
3-tyrosine
3-tyrosine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. L-m-tyrosine : A hydroxyphenylalanine that is L-phenylalanine with a substituent hydroxy group at position 3.		210hydroxyphenylalanine;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
phenols		plant metabolite
phenylalanylphenylalanine
Phe-Phe : A dipeptide formed from two L-phenylalanine residues.		2.110dipeptide;
L-aminoacyl-L-amino acid zwitterion		human blood serum metabolite;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
acetylcarnitine
O-acetyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine where the acyl group specified is acetyl. It facilitates movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.		2.0510O-acetylcarnitine;
saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine		human metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
parthenolide
[no description available]		2.2110sesquiterpene lactonedrug allergen;
inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
hypericum
Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.		2.4120penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine
Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.		210phosphagen;
phosphoamino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
krn 633
N-(2-chloro-4-((6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinazolinyl)oxy)phenyl)-N'-propylurea: a VEGF receptor-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.6320
chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.		2.0810biguanides;
monochlorobenzenes		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent
sgd 301-76
[no description available]		2.0810conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
organic nitrate salt		antiinfective agent
fluvoxamine maleate
[no description available]		2.0810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
thioacetazone
Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.		2.0810
nifursol
[no description available]		2.0510
azimilide
azimilide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to dihydrochloride		4.5270imidazolidine-2,4-dione
nifurtoinol
nifurtoinol : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group.		2.0510hydrazone;
imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
nitrofuran antibiotic;
organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
hepatotoxic agent
gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.		3.23101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
naloxonazine
naloxonazine: binds irreversibly to opiate receptor sites; structure given in first source		2.0510
dexlansoprazole
Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.		3.6120benzimidazoles;
sulfoxide
gemifloxacin mesylate
gemifloxacin mesylate : The mesylate salt of gemifloxacin.		2.0810methanesulfonate saltantimicrobial agent;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fosinopril
[no description available]		3.8530
armodafinil
armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.		3.23102-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamidecentral nervous system stimulant;
eugeroic
s-allylcysteine
S-allylcysteine: structure in first source; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. S-allylcysteine : An S-hydrocarbyl-L-cysteine that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen attached to the sulphur is replaced by a prop-2-enyl group. It commonly occurs in garlic and has been found to exhibit antineoplastic activity.		2.3110L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
S-hydrocarbyl-L-cysteine		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite
5-amino-4-oxo-3-phenyl-1-thieno[3,4-d]pyridazinecarboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.6320organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound
gw 501516
GW 501516: a selective PPARdelta agonist; structure in first source. GW 501516 : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a (1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)sulfanediyl group, and in which the 1,3-thiazolyl group is substituted at positions 2 and 4 by p-trifluoromethylphenyl and methyl groups, respectively.		2.63201,3-thiazoles;
aromatic ether;
aryl sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound		carcinogenic agent;
PPARbeta/delta agonist
eflucimibe
eflucimibe: a powerful and systemic acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor		2.0510
celivarone
celivarone: antiarrhythmic agent; structure in first source		3.1310
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination
Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.		2.0810
tomopenem
[no description available]		2.4520
dolastatin 10
dolastatin 10: from mollusk Dolabella auricularia; contains four amino acids, dolavaline, dolaisoleucine, dolaproine, valine and the primary amine dolaphenine; deo-dolastatin 10 is a new dolastatin 10 chiral derivative with MW of 784. dolastatin 10 : A tetrapeptide that is isolated from the sea hare Dolabella auricularia. It is a potent anticancer agent which inhibits tubulin polymerization.		2.63201,3-thiazoles;
tetrapeptide		animal metabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
marine metabolite;
microtubule-destabilising agent
ave 0118
[no description available]		2.0610
rwj 68354
[no description available]		2.0510
spc-839
SPC-839: an inhibitor of activator protein 1; structure in first source		2.6320
midostaurin
midostaurin : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is the N-benzoyl derivative of staurosporine.		2.6320benzamides;
gamma-lactam;
indolocarbazole;
organic heterooctacyclic compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
sincalide
Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.		3.2310oligopeptide
tapentadol
Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.		3.2310alkylbenzene
etomoxir
[no description available]		2.0510aromatic ether
bb-83698
BB-83698: peptide deformylase inhibitor		2.0410
valnemulin
[no description available]		2.6320
pentagastrin
Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.		3.5920organic molecular entity
nu 7026
2-(morpholin-4-yl)benzo(h)chromen-4-one: a radiosensitizing agent that inhibits DNA-dependent protein kinase; structure in first source		2.6320organic heterotricyclic compound;
organooxygen compound
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		4.22170aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
osi 930
OSI 930: inhibits both receptor tyrosine kinase Kit and kinase insert domain receptor; structure in first source		2.6320aromatic amide
k201 compound
K201 compound: structure given in first source		2.0810
cefditoren
cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.		3.2310carboxylic acid;
cephalosporin		antibacterial drug
ticagrelor
Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.. ticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.		3.9730aryl sulfide;
hydroxyether;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
triazolopyrimidines		P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
l 692585
[no description available]		2.6320peptide
rivaroxaban
Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.		2.5120aromatic amide;
lactam;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound;
oxazolidinone;
thiophenes		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
azd 7009
AZD 7009: an anti-arrhythmia agent; no further info available 10/2006		3.1310
zotarolimus
zotarolimus: synthetic analog of rapamycin; structure in first source		2.0410lactam;
macrolide
pi103
PI103: pyridofuropyrimidine antineoplastic; a potent inhibitor of class I phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases (PI3K); structure in first soruce		2.6320aromatic amine;
morpholines;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
mTOR inhibitor
hmr 1556
HMR 1556: an I(Ks) channel blocker; structure in first source		2.0210
nnc 26-9100
NNC 26-9100: structure in first source		2.6320aminopyridine
gentamicin sulfate
[no description available]		2.9640
2-(3-chlorobenzyloxy)-6-(piperazin-1-yl)pyrazine
[no description available]		2.6320
bn 52020
[no description available]		2.4520
tivozanib
N-(2-chloro-4-((6,7-dimethoxy-4-quinolyl)oxy)phenyl)-N'-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)urea: KNR-951 is the HCl, monohydrate salt; an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source		2.6320aromatic ether
hki 272
[no description available]		2.5320nitrile;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mk 936
[no description available]		2.0510
norcodeine
norcodeine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer. norcodeine : A morphinane-like compound that is the N-demethylated derivative of codeine.		2.110morphinane alkaloid
tofacitinib
tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0810N-acylpiperidine;
nitrile;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		antirheumatic drug;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
n-(6-chloro-7-methoxy-9h-beta-carbolin-8-yl)-2-methylnicotinamide
[no description available]		2.6320
n-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2h)-carboxamide
N-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2H)-carboxamide: a vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist and analgesic; structure in first source		2.0610piperazines;
pyridines
tae226
TAE226: an adhesion kinase inhibitor, offers an attractive therapeutic approach in ovarian carcinoma; structure in first source		2.6320morpholines
gw0742
GW 610742: structure in first source		2.6320monocarboxylic acid
rotigaptide
rotigaptide: an antiarrhythmic peptide		3.1310
4-n-butyl-1-(4-(2-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-butyl)-piperidine hydrogen chloride
[no description available]		2.110
u 18666a
3-beta-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one: inhibits cycloartenol synthase. 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. It is a cholesterol synthesis and transport inhibitor.		2.6320hydrochlorideantiviral agent;
EC 1.3.1.72 (Delta(24)-sterol reductase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
nicotinic antagonist;
sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
vortioxetine
Vortioxetine: A piperazine derivative that acts as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, as a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, and 5-HT1A receptor agonist. It is used for the treatment of anxiety and depression.. vortioxetine : An N-arylpiperazine in which the aryl group is specified as 2-[(2,4-dimethylphenyl)sulfanyl]phenyl. Used (as its hydrobromide salt) for treatment of major depressive disorder.		7.1310aryl sulfide;
N-arylpiperazine		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonergic agonist;
serotonergic antagonist
sb 525334
6-(2-tert-butyl-5-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)quinoxaline: a TGF-betaR kinase inhibitor		2.6320quinoxaline derivative
cgp 20712a
CGP 20712A: structure given in first source; CGP 26505, a beta1-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, is the (S)-isomer of CGP 20712A		4.2150
l 748,337
L 748,337: a huamn beta3-adrenergic receptor antagonist; structure in first source		210
4-[(2-butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-1-oxo-3H-inden-5-yl)oxy]butanoic acid
[no description available]		3.2310indanones
bx795
BX795: structure in first source		2.6320ureas
linagliptin
Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.		7.610aminopiperidine;
quinazolines		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
pazopanib
pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.		3.6120aminopyrimidine;
indazoles;
sulfonamide		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
azd 6244
AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor		2.8330benzimidazoles;
bromobenzenes;
hydroxamic acid ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
prasugrel hydrochloride
Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.		3.2310
1-(2-(1-adamantyl)ethyl)-1-pentyl-3-(3-(4-pyridyl)propyl)urea
1-(2-(1-adamantyl)ethyl)-1-pentyl-3-(3-(4-pyridyl)propyl)urea: structure in first source		2.6320
bibw 2992
[no description available]		2.2510aromatic ether;
enamide;
furans;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
quinazolines;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bay 61-3606
[no description available]		2.6320pyrimidines
decanoylcarnitine
decanoylcarnitine: therapeutic agent for diabetic acidosis; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. O-decanoylcarnitine : An O-acylcarnitine compound having decanoyl as the acyl substituent.		2.110decanoate ester;
O-acylcarnitine		human urinary metabolite
sd-208
[no description available]		2.6320
crenolanib
[no description available]		2.6320aminopiperidine;
aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
oxetanes;
quinolines;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
homatropine methylbromide
homatropine methylbromide: RN given refers to bromide (endo-(+-))-isomer		2.5320
cj 033466
CJ 033466: structure in first source		2.8330
cc 401
CC 401: an anthrapyrazolone		2.6320pyrazoles;
ring assembly
PB28
PB28 : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin that is substituted by 3-(4-cyclohexylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl and methoxy groups at positions 1 and 5, respectively. It is a sigma 2 (sigma2) receptor agonist (Ki = 0.68 nM) and exhibits antineoplastic and anti SARS-CoV-2 activities.		2.6320aromatic ether;
piperazines;
tetralins		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
sigma-2 receptor agonist
arterolane
arterolane: a trioxolane with antimalarial activity; structure in first source. arterolane : An oxaspiro compound that is dispiro[cyclohexane-1,3'-[1,2,4]trioxolane-5',2''-tricyclo[3.3.1.1(3,7)]decane] substituted by a 2-[(2-amino-2-methylpropyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl group at position 4s. Its maleic acid salt is used as an antimalarial drug in combination with piperaquine.		2.6320
amg 009
AMG 009: an anti-inflammatory agent; structure in first source		2.0810
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		2.0610
vinflunine
vinflunine: inhibits tubulin assembly; structure in first source. vinflunine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.		2.0510acetate ester;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
semisynthetic derivative;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent
4,5-diaminofluorescein
4,5-diaminofluorescein: structure in first source		210
cefotaxime sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide
1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bromide: showed developmental toxicity on Daphnia magna		2.0710
baci-im
[no description available]		3.5920homodetic cyclic peptide;
polypeptide;
zwitterion		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent
tafamidis
tafamidis: may be effective in treating transthyretin amyloid polyneuropathy. tafamidis : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazole-6-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. Used (as its meglumine salt) for the amelioration of transthyretin-related hereditary amyloidosis.		2.41101,3-benzoxazoles;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		central nervous system drug
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		3.710
cariprazine
cariprazine: Structure in first source. cariprazine : An N-alkylpiperazine that is N,N-dimethyl-N'-{trans-4-[2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl]cyclohexyl}urea substituted at position 4 on the piperazine ring by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group. Used (as the hydrochloride salt) for treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.		2.6320
krp-203
[no description available]		2.6320
regorafenib
[no description available]		2.6320(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
monofluorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
hepatotoxic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
at 7867
[no description available]		2.6320monochlorobenzenes;
piperidines;
pyrazoles		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
acetic acid 2-[4-methyl-8-(4-morpholinylsulfonyl)-1,3-dioxo-2-pyrrolo[3,4-c]quinolinyl]ethyl ester
[no description available]		2.6320pyrroloquinoline
ptc 124
[no description available]		2.6320oxadiazole;
ring assembly
degrasyn
degrasyn: a JAK2 kinase inhibitor that induces rapid degradation of c-Myc protein in MM-1 multiple myeloma and other tumor cell lines; structure in first source		2.6320
brimonidine tartrate
Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.		4.0221
bms 477118
[no description available]		3.2310adamantanes;
azabicycloalkane;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
nitrile;
tertiary alcohol		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
nystatin a1
Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.		3.5620nystatins
bi 2536
[no description available]		2.6320
azd 1152
AZD-1152 : A member of the of quinazolines that is 4-aminoquinazolin-7-ol in which the amino group at position 4 has been substituted by a 5-[2-(3-fluoroanilino)-2-oxoethyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-yl group, while the hydroxy group at position 7 has been converted into the corresponding 3-[ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)aminopropyl ether.		2.6320anilide;
monoalkyl phosphate;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrazoles;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
prodrug
carfilzomib
[no description available]		2.6320epoxide;
morpholines;
tetrapeptide		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
lisdexamfetamine dimesylate
Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate: A dextroamphetamine drug precursor that also functions as a CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANT and DOPAMINE UPTAKE INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.		2.1110
veratridine
Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.		2.6930
milnacipran
[no description available]		3.2310acetamides
idelalisib
idelalisib: an antineoplastic agent and p110delta inhibitor; structure in first source. idelalisib : A member of the class of quinazolines that is 5-fluoro-3-phenylquinazolin-4-one in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (1S)-1-(3H-purin-6-ylamino)propyl group. used for for the treatment of refractory indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		2.6320aromatic amine;
organofluorine compound;
purines;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
vindesine
[no description available]		2.0410
motesanib
[no description available]		2.6320pyridinecarboxamide
pf-562,271
[no description available]		2.6320indoles
gliocladin c
gliocladin C: structure in first source		2.6320
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		4.5840
sb 706504
[no description available]		2.6320
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		2.4320benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine
[no description available]		2.3110
ku-0060648
[no description available]		2.6320dibenzothiophenes
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		5.7761
dactolisib
dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.		2.0810imidazoquinoline;
nitrile;
quinolines;
ring assembly;
ureas		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
mTOR inhibitor
bgt226
BGT226 free base : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 3-trifluoromethyl-4-(piperazin-1-yl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a 6-methoxypyridin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor.. BGT226 : The maleate salt of 8-(6-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-3-methyl-1-[4-(piperazin-1-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-2-one. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor.		2.6320aromatic ether;
imidazoquinoline;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
mTOR inhibitor
pituitrin
Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).		2.0110
pf 03491390
[no description available]		2.0510
n-desmethyldanofloxacin
N-desmethyldanofloxacin: structure given in first source		2.6320
rabeprazole sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		2.4220organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
azd 1152-hqpa
AZD2811: has antineoplastic activity; structure in first source		2.6320anilide;
monofluorobenzenes;
primary alcohol;
pyrazoles;
quinazolines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
Aurora kinase inhibitor
CDN1163
CDN1163: a SERCA2 activator with antidiabetic activity; structure in first source. CDN1163 : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-isopropoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of 2-methylquinolin-8-amine. An allosteric activator of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA).		2.6320aromatic ether;
quinolines;
secondary carboxamide		SERCA activator
amodiaquine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.4620
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.1710
bisaramil
[no description available]		2.0410
gsk 269962a
[no description available]		2.6320
bivalirudin
bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.		3.6120polypeptideanticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
somatostatin
[no description available]		2.0810heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone
atrial natriuretic factor
Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.		8.27187polypeptide
teicoplanin
teicoplanin A2-1 : A teicoplanin A2 that has (4Z)-dec-4-enoyl as the variable N-acyl group.		2.4520
tannins
gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).		2.0510tannin
enfuvirtide
Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.		3.2310
ganirelix
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
glucagon
Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.		2.0410peptide hormone
neuropeptide y
Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.		2.4420
teriparatide
[no description available]		3.2310polypeptide
angiotensinogen
Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.		2.0710
salmon calcitonin
[no description available]		3.2310heterodetic cyclic peptide;
peptide hormone;
polypeptide		bone density conservation agent;
metabolite
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		2.1710
ly-146032
[no description available]		4.0840heterodetic cyclic peptide;
lipopeptide antibiotic;
lipopeptide;
macrocycle;
macrolide		antibacterial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
calcium-dependent antibiotics
dalbavancin
[no description available]		2.0410carbohydrate acid derivative;
glycopeptide;
monosaccharide derivative;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt		3.2310polypeptide
c-peptide
C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.		3.4111
exenatide
[no description available]		3.2310
natriuretic peptide, c-type
Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.		2.0310
warfarin sodium
warfarin sodium : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin sodium. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.		2.0810
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		5.2962glycoside
endothelin-1
Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)		7.42105
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		2.4201,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
atractyloside
Atractyloside: A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE.		2.4220
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.		2.171021-hydroxy steroid
pha 848125
N,1,4,4-tetramethyl-8-((4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl)amino)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo(4,3-h)quinazoline-3-carboxamide: a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor		2.6320
nvp-bhg712
[no description available]		2.6320benzamides
pravastatin sodium
pravastatin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of pravastatin. A reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), it is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.		2.0810organic sodium salt;
statin (semi-synthetic)		anticholesteremic drug
alendronate sodium
[no description available]		2.0810
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		2.4920
pf 04217903
[no description available]		2.6320quinolines
sl 80.0750
[no description available]		2.0810
5-[[4-(4-acetylphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]sulfonyl]-1,3-dihydroindol-2-one
[no description available]		2.6320aromatic ketone
chitosan
[no description available]		5.4131
ph 797804
PH 797804: an NSAID; structure in first source. PH 797804 : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-{3-bromo-4-[(2,4-difluorobenzyl)oxy]-6-methyl-2-oxopyridin-1-yl}-4-methylbenzoic acid with the amino group of methylamine.		2.6320aromatic ether;
benzamides;
organobromine compound;
organofluorine compound;
pyridone		anti-inflammatory agent;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
technetium tc 99m sestamibi
Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi: A technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack.		4.3622
mesna
Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.		4.0840organosulfonic acid
cerivastatin sodium
cerivastatin sodium : The sodium salt of cerivastatin. Formerly used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
statin (synthetic)
clavulanate potassium
potassium clavulanate : A potassium salt having clavulanate as the counterion. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and has only weak anitbiotic activity when administered alone. However it can be used in combination with amoxicillin trihydrate (under the trade name Augmentin) for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, where it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamases.		2.0810potassium saltantibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefamandole nafate
[no description available]		2.0210organic sodium saltantibacterial drug;
prodrug
sodium lactate
Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.		3.2310lactate salt;
organic sodium salt		food acidity regulator;
food preservative
piperacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
monensin
[no description available]		2.0510
sodium iothalamate
[no description available]		3.2310
oxacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.4720organic sodium salt
sodium diatrizoate
histopaque: used for separating mononuclear & other cells. sodium amidotrizoate : The sodium salt of a benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, often as a mixture with the meglumine salt, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		2.0510organic sodium salt;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
cefazolin sodium
cefazolin sodium : A cephalosporin organic sodium salt having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups.		2.0810organic sodium salt
azlocillin sodium
[no description available]		2.0810organic sodium salt
srt1720
[no description available]		2.6320
purfalcamine
purfalcamine: a PfCDPK-1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.6320
bms 754807
BMS 754807: an IGR-1R kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.6320pyrazoles;
pyridines;
pyrrolidines;
pyrrolotriazine		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
ponatinib
[no description available]		2.6320(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
acetylenic compound;
benzamides;
imidazopyridazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ethyl cellulose
[no description available]		4.1831glycoside
quizartinib
[no description available]		2.6320benzoimidazothiazole;
isoxazoles;
morpholines;
phenylureas		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
necroptosis inhibitor
PP121
[no description available]		2.6320aromatic amine;
cyclopentanes;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
pyrrolopyridine		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
navitoclax
[no description available]		2.6320aryl sulfide;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
organofluorine compound;
piperazines;
secondary amino compound;
sulfone;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
gsk 650394
[no description available]		2.6320phenylpyridine
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		9.48246
dcc-2036
rebastinib: an inhibitor of Tie2 tyrosine kinase receptor and antineoplastic agent		2.6320organofluorine compound;
phenylureas;
pyrazoles;
pyridinecarboxamide;
quinolines		tyrosine kinase inhibitor
cetrorelix
cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.		3.5820oligopeptideantineoplastic agent;
GnRH antagonist
cabozantinib
cabozantinib: a multikinase inhibitor. cabozantinib : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that is N-phenyl-N'-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the phenyl ring is substituted by a (6,7-dimethoxyquinolin-4-yl)oxy group. A multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, used (as its malate salt) for the treatment of progressive, metastatic, medullary thyroid cancer.		2.6320aromatic ether;
dicarboxylic acid diamide;
organofluorine compound;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mannans
[no description available]		2.2110
TAK-580
MLN 2480: brain-penetrant RAF dimer antagonist. TAK-580 : A 1,3-thiazolecarboxamide that is 2-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the amino group of 5-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-amine and in which the amino group undergoes formal condensation with the carboxy group of 6-amino-5-chloropyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid. It is a pan-RAF kinase inhibitor which is currently in clinical development for the treatment of radiographically recurrent or progressive low-grade glioma in children and young adults.		2.63201,3-thiazolecarboxamide;
aminopyrimidine;
chloropyridine;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidinecarboxamide;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
B-Raf inhibitor
8-(4-aminophenyl)-2-(4-morpholinyl)-1-benzopyran-4-one
[no description available]		2.6320chromones
pf 3758309
PF 3758309: a PAK4 p21-activated kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.6320organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound
(5-(2,4-bis((3s)-3-methylmorpholin-4-yl)pyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidin-7-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl)methanol
(5-(2,4-bis((3S)-3-methylmorpholin-4-yl)pyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidin-7-yl)-2-methoxyphenyl)methanol: a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable ATP-competitive mammalian target of rapamycin kinase inhibitor with in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity; structure in first source		2.6320benzyl alcohols;
morpholines;
pyridopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
mTOR inhibitor
5-(2-benzofuranyl)-4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine
[no description available]		2.6320aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine
5-(3-methylsulfonylphenyl)-4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine
[no description available]		2.6320aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine
5-bromo-4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine
[no description available]		2.6320aryl sulfide;
thienopyrimidine
baricitinib
[no description available]		2.6320azetidines;
nitrile;
pyrazoles;
pyrrolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		anti-inflammatory agent;
antirheumatic drug;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
6-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-methyl-N-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)-4-quinazolinamine
[no description available]		2.6320quinazolines
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		2.5320
6-[(3-aminophenyl)methyl]-4-methyl-2-methylsulfinyl-5-thieno[3,4]pyrrolo[1,3-d]pyridazinone
ML-265: a small molecule activator of PKM2		2.6320organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
organosulfur heterocyclic compound
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		3.411
N-[(5-bromo-8-hydroxy-7-quinolinyl)-thiophen-2-ylmethyl]acetamide
[no description available]		2.6320hydroxyquinoline
p505-15
[no description available]		2.6320
mrt67307
MRT67307: IKK (IκB(inhibitor of NF-κB (nuclear factor κB)) kinase) family inhibitor; structure in first source		2.6320aromatic amine
N-[3-[[5-chloro-2-[4-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)anilino]-4-pyrimidinyl]oxy]phenyl]-2-propenamide
[no description available]		2.6320piperazines
ribociclib
ribociclib: inhibits both CDK4 and CDK6		2.6320
1-[3-[4-[(1-methyl-5-tetrazolyl)thio]-5-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl]phenyl]ethanone
[no description available]		2.6320aromatic ketone;
thienopyrimidine
apatinib
apatinib: reverses multidrug resistance by inhibiting the efflux function of multiple ATP-binding cassette transporters; structure in first source		7.1310
mephedrone
mephedrone: a beta-keto (bk) designer drug; Central Nervous System Stimulants. mephedrone : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone substituted at C-4 and at C-beta with methyl and methylamino groups respectively. It is a synthetic stimulant and entactogen drug of the amphetamine and cathinone classes.		7.1310amphetamines;
aromatic ketone;
secondary amino compound		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
fosinopril
Fosinopril: A phosphinic acid-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite fosinoprilat.. fosinopril : A phosphinate ester-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. It is used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. A pro-drug, it is hydrolysed in vivo to the corresponding phosphininc acid, fosinoprilat, which is the active metabolite.		10.0652
methylone
[no description available]		7.5420benzodioxoles
pha 793887
[no description available]		2.6320piperidinecarboxamide
gsk 2334470
GSK 2334470: a PDK1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.2110indazoles
ml228 probe
ML228 probe: structure in first source. ML228 : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines in which the triazine ring is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 6 by pyridin-2-yl, ([biphenyl]-4-ylmethyl)amin, and methyl groups, respectively. It is an activator of the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway.		2.63201,2,4-triazines;
biphenyls;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound		hypoxia-inducible factor pathway activator
pf-03882845
[no description available]		2.6320
jq1 compound
[no description available]		2.6320carboxylic ester;
organochlorine compound;
tert-butyl ester;
thienotriazolodiazepine		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bromodomain-containing protein 4 inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
ferroptosis inducer
pf-04620110
PF-04620110: a DGAT1 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.6320
gsk525762a
molibresib: mimicks acetylated histones; structure in first source		2.6320benzodiazepine
birinapant
birinapant: a Smac mimetic with antineoplastic activity		2.2110dipeptide
torin 1
torin 1 : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 9-(quinolin-3-yl)benzo[h][1,6]naphthyridin-2-one bearing an additional 4-(4-propionylpiperazin-1-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent at position 1. It is a potent inhibitor of mTOR and exhibits anti-cancer properties.		2.6320N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
pyridoquinoline;
quinolines		antineoplastic agent;
mTOR inhibitor
abt-199
venetoclax: A BCL-2 inhibitor with antineoplastic activity that is used in the treatment of CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA associated with chromosome 17p deletion; structure in first source.. venetoclax : A member of the class of pyrrolopyridines that is a potent inhibitor of the antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2. It is used for treamtment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 17p deletion.		2.6320aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
oxanes;
pyrrolopyridine		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
lmt-28
LMT-28: an interleukin-6 inhibitor that binds gp130; structure in first source		2.3110
1-[4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-(5-pyridin-4-yl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)urea
[no description available]		2.6320ureas
N-(4-methyl-2-pyridinyl)-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)anilino]-1-piperidinecarbothioamide
[no description available]		2.6320(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
ncgc00242364
NCGC00242364: structure in first source		2.6320quinazolines
methylcellulose
Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.		5.6392
gsk1210151a
GSK1210151A: inhibitor of the BET family of proteins; structure in first source		2.6320imidazoquinoline
hs-173
[no description available]		2.6320
sr1664
[no description available]		2.6320indolecarboxamide
4-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-n-(4-methoxypyridin-2-yl)piperazine-1-carbothioamide
4-(3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-(4-methoxypyridin-2-yl)piperazine-1-carbothioamide: inhibits phosphopantetheinyl transferase; structure in first source		2.6320
natriuretic peptide, brain
Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.		15.528843polypeptide
N-[4-(1-benzoyl-4-piperidinyl)butyl]-3-(3-pyridinyl)-2-propenamide
[no description available]		2.2510benzamides;
N-acylpiperidine
N-[4-[3-chloro-4-(2-pyridinylmethoxy)anilino]-3-cyano-7-ethoxy-6-quinolinyl]-4-(dimethylamino)-2-butenamide
[no description available]		2.2510aminoquinoline
cudc-907
[no description available]		2.6320
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		4.6580ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
raltegravir
[no description available]		3.59201,2,4-oxadiazole;
dicarboxylic acid amide;
hydroxypyrimidine;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrimidone;
secondary carboxamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
novobiocin
Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.		2.0510carbamate ester;
ether;
hexoside;
hydroxycoumarin;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monosaccharide derivative;
phenols		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		4.6680
chlortetracycline
Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.		2.7530
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		4.0840
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		4.2550
methacycline
Methacycline: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic related to TETRACYCLINE but excreted more slowly and maintaining effective blood levels for a more extended period.. methacycline : A tetracycline that is the 6-methylene analogue of oxytetracycline, obtained by formal dehydration at position 6.		2.2110
dicumarol
Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.		2.0510hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam
[no description available]		4.4260benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
roquinimex
roquinimex: structure in first source		2.7530aromatic amide
acenocoumarol
Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.		2.9640C-nitro compound;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
meclocycline
[no description available]		2.0210
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		4.41601,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		3.4370heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam
isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.		2.9740benzothiazine;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antirheumatic drug;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		5.52120benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
dihydroxyfumarate
dihydroxyfumarate: RN given refers to ((E)-isomer); structure. dihydroxyfumaric acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid consisting of fumaric acid having two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions.		1.98102-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid
demeclocycline
Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		3.5820
phenprocoumon
Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.		2.6930hydroxycoumarinanticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
tipranavir
tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.		3.2310sulfonamideantiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
rolitetracycline
Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.		7.7230
methacycline monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.2510
2-[[[4-hydroxy-2-oxo-1-(phenylmethyl)-3-quinolinyl]-oxomethyl]amino]acetic acid
[no description available]		2.6320quinolines
minocycline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.0810
tigecycline
[no description available]		4.0840
lornoxicam
lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.		2.4720heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
organochlorine compound;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
agi-5198
AGI-5198: inhibits isocitrate dehydrogenase 1; structure in first source		2.6320
indapamide, perindopril drug combination
indapamide, perindopril drug combination: an antihypertensive		3.2310
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		3.0140
clay
Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.		2.610
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		5.0591
cep-32496
agerafenib: inhibitor of RAF family kinases; structure in first source		2.6320
saxitoxin
Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.		2.0110alkaloid;
carbamate ester;
guanidines;
ketone hydrate;
paralytic shellfish toxin;
pyrrolopurine		cyanotoxin;
marine metabolite;
neurotoxin;
sodium channel blocker;
toxin
epz004777
[no description available]		2.6320N-glycosyl compound
3-[[2-(2-pyridinyl)-6-(1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-3-yl)-4-pyrimidinyl]amino]propanoic acid
[no description available]		2.6320organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
okadaic acid
Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.		7.0310ketal
entecavir
[no description available]		2.6320benzamides;
N-acylpiperidine
gkt137831
setanaxib: NOX4/NOX1 inhibitor; a pyrazolopyridine dione derivative		2.6320
vx-509
[no description available]		2.6320
vx-970
berzosertib: an ATR kinase inhibitor		2.6320sulfonamide
gs-9973
[no description available]		2.6320
amg 925
AMG-925 : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 9H-pyrido[4',3':4,5]pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine which is substituted by a [6-(hydroxyacetyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,6-naphthyridin-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 2 and by a trans-4-methylcyclohexyl group at position 9. It is a FLT3 and CDK4 dual kinase inhibitor that has antineoplastic activity. Currently under clinical investigation in patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML).		2.6320
gne-618
GNE-618: inhibits nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase; structure in first source		2.6320
g007-lk
G007-LK: potent and specific small-molecule tankyrase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.6320
volitinib
[no description available]		2.6320
ajmaline
[no description available]		2.4320
ML355
ML355: 12-Lipoxygenase inhibitor. ML355 : A sulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of 2-aminobenzothiazole with the sulfo group of 4-[(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amino]benzenesulfonic acid. It is an inhibitor of 12-lipoxygenase, being developed by Veralox Therapeutics for the treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis.		2.6320benzothiazoles;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols;
secondary amino compound;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide		EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
acp-196
acalabrutinib: inhibits Bruton’s tyrosine kinase; has antineoplastic activity. acalabrutinib : A member of the class of imidazopyrazines that is imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazine substituted by 4-(pyridin-2-ylcarbamoyl)phenyl, (2S)-1-(but-2-ynoyl)pyrrolidin-2-yl, and amino groups at positions 1, 3 and 8, respectively. It is an irreversible second-generation Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor that is approved by the FDA for the treatment of adult patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) who have received at least one prior therapy.		2.6320aromatic amine;
benzamides;
imidazopyrazine;
pyridines;
pyrrolidinecarboxamide;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary carboxamide;
ynone		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
gsk343
GSK343: an EZH2 methyltransferase inhibitor. GSK343 : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1-isopropyl-1H-indazole-4-carboxamide in which the nitrogen of the carboxamide group is substituted by a (6-methyl-2-oxo-4-propyl-1,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl)methyl group and in which the indazole ring is substituted at position 6 by a 2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-4-yl group. A highly potent and selective EZH2 inhibitor (IC50 = 4 nM).		2.6320aminopyridine;
indazoles;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridone;
secondary carboxamide		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.1.1.43 (enhancer of zeste homolog 2) inhibitor
agi-6780
AGI-6780: inhibits isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2; structure in first source		2.6320
khs101
KHS101: a small molecule accelerates neuronal differentiation in the adult rat		2.6320
osimertinib
osimertinib: an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. osimertinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.		2.2510acrylamides;
aminopyrimidine;
biaryl;
indoles;
monomethoxybenzene;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
cb-839
[no description available]		2.6320
gsk-j4
GSK-J4: a JMJD3 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.6320organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
pf-06424439
PF-06424439: an inhibitor of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2; structure in first source		2.6320
etp-46464
ETP-46464: inhibits ATM and Rad3-related kinase; structure in first source		2.6320
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		2.610
onc201
TIC10 compound: a TRAIL-dependent antitumor agent; structure in first source		2.6320
caseins
Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.		2.1510
kai407
KAI407: an antimalarial; structure in first source		2.6320
fertinex
[no description available]		3.2310
6,7-dimethoxy-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-n-(5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentyl)quinazolin-4-amine
6,7-dimethoxy-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-N-(5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentyl)quinazolin-4-amine: a SETD8 inhibitor; structure in first source		2.6320
enasidenib
[no description available]		2.63201,3,5-triazines;
aminopyridine;
aromatic amine;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.42 (isocitrate dehydrogenase) inhibitor
oicr-9429
OICR-9429: antineoplastic; structure in first source		2.6320
lly-507
LLY-507: inhibits methyltransferase SMYD2; structure in first source. LLY-507 : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-cyano-2'-{4-[2-(3-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl)ethyl]piperazin-1-yl}[biphenyl]-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propan-1-amine. It is a potent and selective inhibitor of SMYD2 and inhibits the ability of SMYD2 to methylate p53. It serves as a valuable chemical probe to aid in the dissection of SMYD2 function in cancer and other biological processes.		2.6320
adrenomedullin
Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.		8.8121
sinistrin
sinistrin: structure given in first source		3.3911
carboxyatractyloside
carboxyatractyloside: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.4220
daptomycin
[no description available]		3.110
insulin glargine
Insulin Glargine: A recombinant LONG ACTING INSULIN and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.		4.5711
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		5.98142
orabase
Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers		2.2110
thromboplastin
Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.		2.4520
technetium tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid
Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid: A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in the diagnostic imaging of the renal cortex.		2.4110
at 9283
[no description available]		2.6320
entecavir
entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.		3.87302-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
primary alcohol;
secondary alcohol		antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		4.54702-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		5.22623',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		5.0852purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanine
[no description available]		2.05102-aminopurines;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hypoxanthine
[no description available]		2.9740nucleobase analogue;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		fundamental metabolite
inosine
[no description available]		2.0510inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		3.5920folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
rifampin
Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)		9.7590cyclic ketal;
hydrazone;
N-iminopiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
rifamycins;
semisynthetic derivative;
zwitterion		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antiamoebic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antitubercular agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
leprostatic drug;
neuroprotective agent;
pregnane X receptor agonist;
protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		5.41180benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		4.0840dacarbazine
didanosine
Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.		4.5470purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir
[no description available]		4.54702-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
valtrex
[no description available]		2.0810organic molecular entity
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.		3.5620L-valyl esterantiviral drug
sildenafil
sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.		4.94110piperazines;
pyrazolopyrimidine;
sulfonamide		EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
olanzapine
Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.		4.93110benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
penciclovir
penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.		3.14502-aminopurines;
propane-1,3-diols		antiviral drug
oxypurinol
Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.		2.0510pyrazolopyrimidinedrug metabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
raltitrexed
[no description available]		2.4720N-acyl-amino acid
vardenafil
vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.		4.0840imidazotriazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		5.07130nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
noc-5
1-hydroxy-2-oxo-3-(3-aminopropyl)-3-isopropyl-1-triazene: a nitric oxide donor compound. NOC-5 : A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by an isopropyl group and a 3-aminopropyl group, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group. It is a nitric oxide donor.		210
citrovorum factor
[no description available]		3.6120tetrahydrofolic acid
leucovorin
5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.		4.2650formyltetrahydrofolic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
guanylyl imidodiphosphate
Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).		3.0950nucleoside triphosphate analogue
rifapentine
rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin		3.6120N-alkylpiperazine;
N-iminopiperazine;
rifamycins		antitubercular agent;
leprostatic drug
alanosine
[no description available]		2.0510
bl 4162a
anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.		3.2310imidazoquinazolineanticoagulant;
antifibrinolytic drug;
cardiovascular drug;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tegaserod
tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source		4.0840carboxamidine;
guanidines;
hydrazines;
indoles		gastrointestinal drug;
serotonergic agonist
norclozapine
norclozapine: structure given in first source. N-desmethylclozapine : A dibenzodoazepine substituted with chloro and piperazino groups which is a major metabolite of clozapine; a potent and selective 5-HT2C serotonin receptor antagonist.		2.9640dibenzodiazepine;
organochlorine compound;
piperazines		delta-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
serotonergic antagonist
pemetrexed
pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).		3.2310N-acyl-L-glutamic acid;
pyrrolopyrimidine		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
1-hydroxyphenazine
1-hydroxyphenazine: a virulence factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 1-hydroxyphenazine : A phenazine carrying a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position.		2.6320phenazines
tirapazamine
Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.		2.4520aromatic amine;
benzotriazines;
N-oxide		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer
sildenafil citrate
Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.		3.8930citrate saltEC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
valganciclovir
Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.		3.2310L-valyl ester;
purines		antiviral drug;
prodrug
aprepitant
Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.		3.8730(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
triazoles		antidepressant;
antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant
fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.		3.2310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
cyclic acetal;
morpholines;
phosphoramide;
triazoles		antiemetic;
neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist;
prodrug
tegaserod maleate
[no description available]		2.0810maleate saltserotonergic agonist
ceftobiprole
ceftobiprole: BAL5788 is Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium. ceftobiprole : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (E)-[(3'R)-2-oxo[1,3'-bipyrrolidin]-3-ylidene]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP, excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).		2.0410cephalosporin;
thiadiazoles		antimicrobial agent
rifabutin
[no description available]		4.5470
ro 24-7429
Ro 24-7429: blocks the action of the HIV tat protein; an analog of Ro 5-3335; Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993 Jul 15;90(14):6395-9		2.6320benzodiazepine
nintedanib
nintedanib : A member of the class of oxindoles that is a kinase inhibitor used (in the form of its ethylsulfonate salt) for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cancer.		2.6320
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		5.0852guanosinesbiomarker
desmethylolanzapine
desmethylolanzapine: structure in first source		2.0610benzodiazepine
n'-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-3-hydroxy-2-naphthahydrazide
[no description available]		2.6320catechols;
hydrazide;
hydrazone;
naphthols		EC 3.6.5.5 (dynamin GTPase) inhibitor
ver 52296
luminespib : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-isopropylphenyl)-4-[4-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)phenyl]-1,2-oxazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of ethylamine.		2.6320aromatic amide;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
morpholines;
resorcinols		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
Hsp90 inhibitor
levomefolate calcium
levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.		3.2310organic calcium saltantidepressant
rvx 208
apabetalone: a bromodomain and extra-terminal domain protein (BET) inhibitor; prevents interactions between BET proteins and acetyl-lysine residues on histone tails to modify epigenetic regulation		2.6320
bmn 673
talazoparib: inhibits both PARP1 and PARP2; structure in first source		2.6320
concanavalin a
Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.		2.0210
metallothionein
Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.		2.0610
leptin
Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.		4.1331
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Apoplexy
[description not available]		010.21155
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.9210
Aura
[description not available]		03.8320
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		02.9210
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		15.8320
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		010.21155
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		02.9740
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		02.9740
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		013.31468
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		013.31468
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		07.35222
Muscle Spasm
[description not available]		02.0510
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		07.35222
Spasm
An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.		02.0510
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		09.35269
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		04.72100
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		04.72100
American Trypanosomiasis
[description not available]		03.1750
Chagas Disease
Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.		03.1750
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		04.2460
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		04.2460
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		02.110
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		02.110
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		08.97192
Ache
[description not available]		04.7821
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		06.152
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		08.97192
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		04.7821
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.1310
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		02.1310
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.2110
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		08.741140
Itching
[description not available]		02.7730
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		02.2110
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		02.7730
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		02.9130
Cancer of Skin
[description not available]		03.1240
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		02.9130
Skin Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.		03.1240
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Cytokine Release Syndrome
A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.		03.2310
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		05.7251
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		026.38963385
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		131.151,926770
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		019.7919673
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		121.7919673
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		012.534319
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		114.534319
Dyslipidemia
[description not available]		03.4220
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		011.872412
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		011.872412
Dyslipidemias
Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.		03.4220
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		018.9712760
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		018.9712760
Hypokalemia
Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4820
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		05.761
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		05.761
Esophageal Varices
[description not available]		018.188642
Hematochezia
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.		016.76424
Bilharziasis
[description not available]		02.4110
Esophageal and Gastric Varices
Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).		120.188642
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.		016.76424
Schistosomiasis
Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.		07.4110
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome
Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.		016.76926
Hypertension, Portal
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.		118.76926
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.5720
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		02.4110
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		02.4110
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		013.053011
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		011.99487
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		011.99487
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		013.053011
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		02.4110
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		07.4110
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		08.18202
Ascites
Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.		013.162211
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		08.18202
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		04.651
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		04.651
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		019.92313118
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		121.92313118
Breathlessness
[description not available]		07.53102
Biliary Cirrhosis
[description not available]		07.6320
Chylothorax
The presence of chyle in the thoracic cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.4110
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		07.53102
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.		02.6320
Pleural Effusion
Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.		02.4110
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		122.1412484
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		07.5120
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		03.9230
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		02.5120
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		03.9230
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		020.2118791
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		011.672513
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		113.672513
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		122.2118791
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		04.53230
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		04.53230
Varices
[description not available]		07.0871
Varicose Veins
Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.		07.0871
Amyloidosis
A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.		02.5420
Acne Rosacea
[description not available]		06.19101
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		09.4231
Erythema
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.		06.0181
Rosacea
A cutaneous disorder primarily of convexities of the central part of the FACE, such as FOREHEAD; CHEEK; NOSE; and CHIN. It is characterized by FLUSHING; ERYTHEMA; EDEMA; RHINOPHYMA; papules; and ocular symptoms. It may occur at any age but typically after age 30. There are various subtypes of rosacea: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular (National Rosacea Society's Expert Committee on the Classification and Staging of Rosacea, J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46:584-7).		06.19101
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		02.4110
Encephalopathy, Hepatic
[description not available]		011.57139
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		02.4110
Hepatic Encephalopathy
A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)		016.57139
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		02.7930
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.4110
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		02.4110
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		02.610
Viremia
The presence of viruses in the blood.		02.610
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		02.610
Apical Ballooning Syndrome
[description not available]		03.3860
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.		03.3860
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		016.237938
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		06.15111
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		07.69135
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		118.237938
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		011.15111
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		07.69135
Acute Ischemic Stroke
[description not available]		02.610
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		02.4420
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.		07.610
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		07.4420
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic
Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.		02.7620
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		012.872211
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		114.872211
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell
[description not available]		03.5240
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.		03.5240
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		04.4340
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		04.4340
Fasting Hypoglycemia
HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.		05.9781
Hypoglycemia
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.		112.9781
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		04.0650
Morbid Obesity
[description not available]		02.5720
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		09.6551
Obesity, Morbid
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.		02.5720
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		02.610
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		07.610
Chronic Hepatitis B
[description not available]		02.610
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		02.610
Alcoholic Liver Diseases
[description not available]		02.610
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.		02.610
Hepatitis B, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		02.610
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		02.610
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.610
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome
[description not available]		02.610
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		02.610
Demyelinating Diseases
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.		02.610
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		02.610
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis
[description not available]		02.610
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.		02.610
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		02.610
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		02.610
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		02.610
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		02.610
Cramp
[description not available]		03.5210
Hepatorenal Syndrome
Functional KIDNEY FAILURE in patients with liver disease, usually LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL), and in the absence of intrinsic renal disease or kidney abnormality. It is characterized by intense renal vasculature constriction, reduced renal blood flow, OLIGURIA, and sodium retention.		04.0420
Muscle Cramp
A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)		03.5210
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		09.67183
ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction
[description not available]		06.0642
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
A clinical syndrome defined by MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA symptoms; persistent elevation in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; and release of BIOMARKERS of myocardial NECROSIS (e.g., elevated TROPONIN levels). ST segment elevation in the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		06.0642
Acinetobacter Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.		02.610
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		015.3513650
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		015.3513650
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		02.7220
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		02.7220
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		07.75143
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		07.75143
Adenoma, Prostatic
[description not available]		05.0142
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		02.520
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.		05.0142
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive
[description not available]		0581
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).		0581
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic
[description not available]		07.39153
Chronic Kidney Diseases
[description not available]		06.8683
Atrioventricular Conduction Block
[description not available]		02.8130
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		04.1760
Blood Clot
[description not available]		02.2110
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		04.1760
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		02.2110
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive
A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.		07.39153
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)		06.8683
Atrioventricular Block
Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction.		02.8130
Anal Cancer
[description not available]		02.2510
Anorectal Diseases
[description not available]		02.2510
Cancer of Rectum
[description not available]		02.2510
Anus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ANAL CANAL.		02.2510
Rectal Diseases
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		02.2510
Rectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.		02.2510
Enterovirus Infections
Diseases caused by ENTEROVIRUS.		02.2110
Hand Foot and Mouth Disease
[description not available]		02.2110
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease
A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. It is caused by coxsackieviruses A.		02.2110
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		022.19269184
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		022.19269184
Cocaine Abuse
[description not available]		06.0352
Cocaine-Related Disorders
Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.		18.0352
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		02.2110
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial
[description not available]		02.4920
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		02.2110
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn
[description not available]		02.2110
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		02.2110
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		02.2110
Mitochondrial Diseases
Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.		02.4920
Embolism, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.930
Pulmonary Embolism
Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.		02.930
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		015.49526
Mitral Incompetence
[description not available]		07.91146
Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.		07.91146
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF)
[description not available]		04.5111
Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure
Sudden liver failure in the presence of underlying compensated chronic LIVER DISEASE (e.g., LIVER CIRRHOSIS; HEPATITIS; and liver injury and failure) due to a precipitating acute hepatic insult.		09.5111
Gastric Diseases
[description not available]		02.2510
Cranial Nerve II Injuries
[description not available]		02.2110
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		04.3870
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		16.3870
Cat Diseases
Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.		04.331
Recrudescence
[description not available]		010.7236
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		02.2510
Canine Diseases
[description not available]		04.5751
Ewing Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.2510
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.4820
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		02.2510
Sarcoma, Ewing
A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.		02.2510
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.4820
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning
Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.		02.5220
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.		02.9130
Kidney Failure
A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.		04.760
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		06.92142
Renal Insufficiency
Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.		04.760
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		05.62171
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		05.62171
Bile Duct Obstruction
[description not available]		02.2510
Cholestasis
Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).		02.2510
Shock, Cardiogenic
Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.		03.2250
Antopol Disease
[description not available]		02.2510
Hyperpotassemia
[description not available]		04.3641
Circulatory Collapse
[description not available]		02.4420
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		02.9330
Hyperkalemia
Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)		04.3641
Shock
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.		07.4420
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		02.9330
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		03.9820
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		03.9820
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		02.2510
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		02.2510
Facial Dermatoses
Skin diseases involving the FACE.		03.1710
Flushing
A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.		04.3160
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary
[description not available]		011.56184
Coronary Artery Disease
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.		016.56184
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		09.18236
Graft Occlusion, Vascular
Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.		02.2510
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		09.18236
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		03.2460
Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction
[description not available]		02.2510
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired
[description not available]		02.2510
Anemia, Hemolytic
A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).		02.2510
Thrombotic Microangiopathies
Diseases that result in THROMBOSIS in MICROVASCULATURE. The two most prominent diseases are PURPURA, THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC; and HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME. Multiple etiological factors include VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELL damage due to SHIGA TOXIN; FACTOR H deficiency; and aberrant VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR formation.		02.2510
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.2510
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		07.2510
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		02.6620
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		02.6620
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		02.6620
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies
Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.		02.5720
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		02.5120
Endotoxin Shock
[description not available]		02.2510
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.5120
Shock, Septic
Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.		02.2510
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		010.16223
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		010.16223
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		02.2510
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		02.2510
Lung Adenocarcinoma
[description not available]		02.2510
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.8530
Adenocarcinoma of Lung
A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.		02.2510
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.8530
DRESS Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		016.585831
Viral Diseases
[description not available]		02.2510
Virus Diseases
A general term for diseases caused by viruses.		02.2510
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		09.97358
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		02.6120
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		02.6120
Agitation, Psychomotor
[description not available]		02.3110
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		02.3110
Psychomotor Agitation
A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.		02.3110
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		02.3110
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
A progressive rare pulmonary disease characterized by high blood pressure in the PULMONARY ARTERY.		08.6420
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.7220
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		02.7220
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		03.7430
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		03.7430
Metastase
[description not available]		02.3110
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.3110
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		02.3110
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		08.6690
Extrasystole, Ventricular
[description not available]		04.3941
Atrophy, Muscle
[description not available]		02.3110
Muscular Atrophy
Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.		02.3110
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden
[description not available]		012.923011
Death, Sudden, Cardiac
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)		012.923011
Abdominal Migraine
[description not available]		02.3110
Migraine Disorders
A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)		02.3110
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		03.3260
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		05.4272
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		010.4272
Genital Diseases, Male
Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).		02.3110
Right Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		011.56101
Cardio-Renal Syndrome
Condition where a primary dysfunction of either heart or kidney results in failure of the other organ (e.g., HEART FAILURE with worsening RENAL INSUFFICIENCY).		07.3110
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		06260
Hematologic Malignancies
[description not available]		05.0931
Hematologic Neoplasms
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.		05.0931
Carditis
[description not available]		05.96240
Ape Diseases
Diseases of chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans.		02.1510
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		05.96240
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		03.3360
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		03.3360
Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.1510
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		02.1510
Adrenal Cancer
[description not available]		02.5720
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal
[description not available]		02.5720
Crisis, Thyrotoxic
[description not available]		02.1510
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)		07.5720
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		02.1510
Central Core Disease
[description not available]		02.1510
Anesthesia Related Hyperthermia
[description not available]		02.1510
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		03.9740
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		03.4220
Anasarca
[description not available]		03.4320
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		03.4220
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		03.4320
Ventricular Dysfunction
A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.		08.2192
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		04.0950
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness
[description not available]		02.1510
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		04.0950
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		02.1510
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		02.1510
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		03.2960
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		03.2960
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		03.9721
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		06.14111
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		19.82222
Coronary Heart Disease
[description not available]		013.914213
Coronary Disease
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.		115.914213
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		02.1710
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		02.1710
A-V Dissociation
[description not available]		02.1710
Achlorhydria
A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion.		02.1710
Carcinogenesis
The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.		02.1710
Ventricular Fibrillation
A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.		013.1694
Allodynia
[description not available]		02.1710
Vulvar Diseases
Pathological processes of the VULVA.		02.1710
Acute Coronary Syndrome
An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		05.8141
Systolic Heart Failure
[description not available]		010.23266
Heart Failure, Systolic
Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial contraction during SYSTOLE leading to defective cardiac emptying.		010.23266
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1710
Chondrodystrophic Myotonia
[description not available]		02.1710
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis
[description not available]		02.1710
Congenital Immunodeficiency Disease
[description not available]		02.1710
Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
Genetic immunologic deficiency diseases and syndromes due to mutations in genes involved in IMMUNITY generally characterized by an increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. They are often associated with AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE manifestations.		02.1710
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		04.4950
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis
Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.		02.1710
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.		02.1710
Nephrotic Syndrome
A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.		02.1710
Fallot's Tetralogy
[description not available]		02.1710
Tetralogy of Fallot
A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.		07.1710
Primary Peritonitis
[description not available]		02.1710
Peritonitis
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.		02.1710
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		18.86132
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
[description not available]		07.2110
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.2110
Parasitemia
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.1710
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.1710
Testicular Diseases
Pathological processes of the TESTIS.		02.2110
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		07.2892
Silicosis
A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.		07.2110
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver
[description not available]		02.9640
Hallucination of Body Sensation
[description not available]		02.5720
Hallucinations
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.		02.5720
Chronic Liver Failure
[description not available]		08.0355
End Stage Liver Disease
Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.		08.0355
Goldblatt Syndrome
[description not available]		02.520
Hypertension, Renovascular
Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.		02.520
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		02.0810
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0810
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		07.0810
Antiphospholipid Syndrome
The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).		02.0810
Dizzyness
[description not available]		05.5763
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		010.5763
Impotence
[description not available]		03.8221
Erectile Dysfunction
The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.		03.8221
Pleuropericarditis
Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.		02.4720
Sclerosis
A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.		03.8221
Pus
[description not available]		02.0810
Mediastinitis
Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs.		02.0810
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.		02.4720
Hyperventilation
A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.		03.4711
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		02.0810
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		02.0810
Abnormality, Heart
[description not available]		06.8891
Heart Defects, Congenital
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.		06.8891
Anoxemia
[description not available]		09.39137
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		09.39137
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		016.37336
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		016.37336
Pericementitis
[description not available]		02.0810
Periodontitis
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)		07.0810
Prostatism
Lower urinary tract symptom, such as slow urinary stream, associated with PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA in older men.		03.8721
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory
[description not available]		0310
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		16.6440
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.		0310
Coxsackie Virus Infections
[description not available]		03.360
Diastolic Heart Failure
[description not available]		010.061210
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		02.110
Heart Failure, Diastolic
Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial relaxation during DIASTOLE leading to defective cardiac filling.		010.061210
Viral Hepatitis, Human
[description not available]		04.411
Hepatitis, Viral, Human
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).		04.411
Renal Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		07.9940
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		02.110
Renal Artery Obstruction
Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).		02.9940
Tachycardia, Supraventricular
A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.		02.4620
Peripheral Arterial Diseases
[description not available]		02.110
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.		02.110
Basedow Disease
[description not available]		02.110
Hyperthyroid
[description not available]		04.5351
Graves Disease
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).		02.110
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.		04.5351
Iron Overload
An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)		02.110
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		010.37243
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		112.37243
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		07.4120
Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
[description not available]		04.411
Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
Familial or idiopathic hypertension in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION which is not secondary to other disease.		04.411
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		07.0184
Nephritis
Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.		02.4620
Angiogranuloma
[description not available]		02.1110
Hypertension, Essential
[description not available]		05.7941
Essential Hypertension
Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500		112.7941
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		05.9490
Alcoholic Fatty Liver
[description not available]		03.420
Alcohol Drinking
Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.		03.3920
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		02.5220
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		02.5220
Aortic Incompetence
[description not available]		02.4920
Aortic Valve Insufficiency
Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).		02.4920
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.1110
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		02.1110
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.1110
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		02.1110
Angina Pectoris, Stable
[description not available]		06.7942
Angina, Stable
Persistent and reproducible chest discomfort usually precipitated by a physical exertion that dissipates upon cessation of such an activity. The symptoms are manifestations of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA.		18.7942
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		02.1110
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		02.1110
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		02.1110
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		02.1110
Anterior Fascicular Block
[description not available]		03.1650
Pyrexia
[description not available]		03.1750
Fever
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.		03.1750
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		02.1110
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		02.1110
Infections, Plasmodium
[description not available]		02.1110
Malaria
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.		02.1110
Coronary Vessel Anomalies
Malformations of CORONARY VESSELS, either arteries or veins. Included are anomalous origins of coronary arteries; ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA; CORONARY ANEURYSM; MYOCARDIAL BRIDGING; and others.		03.4120
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		02.1110
Cannabis Abuse
[description not available]		02.1110
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		02.1110
Marijuana Abuse
Use of marijuana associated with abnormal psychological, social, and or occupational functioning.		02.1110
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		02.1110
Tachyarrhythmia
[description not available]		05.5961
Tachycardia
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.		010.5961
Cholangiitis, Sclerosing
[description not available]		02.1110
Cholangitis, Sclerosing
Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.		02.1110
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic
[description not available]		02.1310
Icterus
[description not available]		02.1310
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic
Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).		02.1310
Jaundice
A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.		02.1310
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergilloses
[description not available]		02.1110
Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary
Hypersensitivity reaction (ALLERGIC REACTION) to fungus ASPERGILLUS in an individual with long-standing BRONCHIAL ASTHMA. It is characterized by pulmonary infiltrates, EOSINOPHILIA, elevated serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN E, and skin reactivity to Aspergillus antigen.		02.1110
Sarcoma 180
An experimental sarcoma of mice.		02.1310
Adenoma Sebaceum
Facial ANGIOFIBROMA in tuberous sclerosis		02.1310
Tuberous Sclerosis
Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION; EPILEPSY; and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules). There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. It is also associated with cortical tuber and HAMARTOMAS formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. Mutations in two loci TSC1 and TSC2 that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the disease.		02.1310
Encephalopathy, Hypertensive
[description not available]		02.1310
Bewilderment
[description not available]		02.1310
Bilateral Headache
[description not available]		02.1310
Headache
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.		02.1310
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		02.1110
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		02.1110
Elevated Cholesterol
[description not available]		06.1362
Hypercholesterolemia
A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.		18.1362
Community Acquired Infection
[description not available]		02.1310
Anaphylactic Reaction
[description not available]		02.1310
Dysphagia
[description not available]		02.1310
Mast Cell Activation Disease
[description not available]		02.1310
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		02.1310
Anaphylaxis
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.		02.1310
Deglutition Disorders
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.1310
Mastocytosis
A rare neoplastic disorder characterized by a clonal proliferation of MAST CELLS, associated with KIT-D816 mutations, and accompanied by aberrant mast cell activation. The abnormal increase of MAST CELLS may occur in only the skin (MASTOCYTOSIS, CUTANEOUS), in extracutaneous tissues involving multiple organs (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC), or in solid tumors (MASTOCYTOMA).		02.1310
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		02.1310
Abnormality, Torsion
[description not available]		02.1310
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		012.043119
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		012.043119
Cardiomyopathy, Chagas
[description not available]		06.8651
Chagas Cardiomyopathy
A disease of the CARDIAC MUSCLE developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as MYOCARDITIS (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced CHAGAS DISEASE include conduction defects (HEART BLOCK) and CARDIOMEGALY.		011.8651
Puerperal Disorders
Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.		02.1310
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications
[description not available]		02.1310
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		02.1310
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling
[description not available]		02.1310
Cachexia
General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.		010.5932
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		02.1510
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		02.1510
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		09.5151
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		02.730
Coronary Artery Stenosis
[description not available]		04.871
Coronary Stenosis
Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.		09.871
Mitral Stenosis
[description not available]		02.0410
Mitral Valve Stenosis
Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.		02.0410
Anomalous Ventricular Excitation Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0410
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
A form of ventricular pre-excitation characterized by a short PR interval and a long QRS interval with a delta wave. In this syndrome, atrial impulses are abnormally conducted to the HEART VENTRICLES via an ACCESSORY CONDUCTING PATHWAY that is located between the wall of the right or left atria and the ventricles, also known as a BUNDLE OF KENT. The inherited form can be caused by mutation of PRKAG2 gene encoding a gamma-2 regulatory subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase.		02.0410
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		06.6362
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		06.6362
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		02.4620
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		02.4620
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		02.7430
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		010.9752
Cavernitis, Fibrous
[description not available]		02.4420
Penile Induration
A condition characterized by hardening of the PENIS due to the formation of fibrous plaques on the dorsolateral aspect of the PENIS, usually involving the membrane (tunica albuginea) surrounding the erectile tissue (corpus cavernosum penis). This may eventually cause a painful deformity of the shaft or constriction of the urethra, or both.		02.4420
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		07.7230
Endocardial Fibroelastosis
A condition characterized by the thickening of ENDOCARDIUM due to proliferation of fibrous and elastic tissue, usually in the left ventricle leading to impaired cardiac function (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE). It is most commonly seen in young children and rarely in adults. It is often associated with congenital heart anomalies (HEART DEFECTS CONGENITAL;) INFECTION; or gene mutation. Defects in the tafazzin protein, encoded by TAZ gene, result in a form of autosomal dominant familial endocardial fibroelastosis.		08.4311
Apnea, Central
[description not available]		04.7521
Sleep Apnea, Central
A condition associated with multiple episodes of sleep apnea which are distinguished from obstructive sleep apnea (SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE) by the complete cessation of efforts to breathe. This disorder is associated with dysfunction of central nervous system centers that regulate respiration.		04.7521
Lassitude
[description not available]		06.4963
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		06.4963
Becker Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		04.3341
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne
An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)		04.3341
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		07.0510
Bonnevie-Ullrich Syndrome
This syndrome that was originally observed by Ullrich, and designated as identical to TURNER SYNDROME, related the webbing of the neck, loose skin and other anomalies of the syndrome to accumulation of fluid in the embryo starting at the head and dispersing to the extremities (as observed by Bonnevie in mice). Commonly observed at birth in Turner Syndrome and NOONAN SYNDROME; EDEMA of the extremities usually recedes by one year and is an early sign of Turner syndrome, especially in female neonates.		02.0510
Turner Syndrome
A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.		02.0510
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		02.4620
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		02.4620
Besnier-Boeck Disease
[description not available]		02.4320
Sarcoidosis
An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.		02.4320
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		05.692
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		05.692
Aneurysm, Coronary
[description not available]		02.0510
Kawasaki Disease
[description not available]		02.0510
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome
An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.		02.0510
Aortitis Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0510
Takayasu Arteritis
A chronic inflammatory process that affects the AORTA and its primary branches, such as the brachiocephalic artery (BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK) and CAROTID ARTERIES. It results in progressive arterial stenosis, occlusion, and aneurysm formation. The pulse in the arm is hard to detect. Patients with aortitis syndrome often exhibit retinopathy.		02.0510
Dermatitis, Occupational
A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.		02.0510
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease
[description not available]		02.4620
Apnea, Sleep
[description not available]		02.4420
Sleep Apnea Syndromes
Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.		02.4420
Lung Diseases, Interstitial
A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.		02.4620
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		04.1131
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		04.1131
Amentia
[description not available]		02.0510
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		07.0510
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep
[description not available]		02.0810
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)		02.0810
Systemic Vasculitis
A heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by inflammation and necrosis of the blood vessel walls.		02.0510
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		02.0510
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		02.0510
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		07.4420
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		02.0510
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		02.0510
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		02.0510
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		07.0510
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		03.8121
Precordial Catch
[description not available]		02.0510
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii
[description not available]		02.0510
Chest Pain
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.		02.0510
Toxoplasmosis
The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.		02.0510
Obstructive Lung Diseases
[description not available]		02.0510
Lung Diseases, Obstructive
Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.		02.0510
Granuloma, Hodgkin
[description not available]		02.0510
Hodgkin Disease
A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.		02.0510
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4220
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.		07.4220
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		07.0510
Polyneuropathy, Acquired
[description not available]		02.0510
Amyloid Neuropathy Type 1
[description not available]		02.0510
Polyneuropathies
Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.		02.0510
Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial
Inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. The different clinical types based on symptoms correspond to the presence of a variety of mutations in several different proteins including transthyretin (PREALBUMIN); APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I; and GELSOLIN.		02.0510
Airway Obstruction
Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.		07.0510
Asystole
[description not available]		07.7964
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		07.7964
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		02.0510
Altitude Hypoxia
Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.		07.4944
Altitude Sickness
Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.		07.4944
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		02.0510
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		02.0510
Aldosteronism
[description not available]		07.0610
Hyperaldosteronism
A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.		02.0610
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		02.0610
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		02.0610
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		02.0610
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		02.0610
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		02.0610
Spider Veins
[description not available]		02.0610
Telangiectasis
Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.		02.0610
Bone Diseases
Diseases of BONES.		02.0610
Dextro-Looped Transposition of the Great Arteries
[description not available]		02.7230
Transposition of Great Vessels
A congenital cardiovascular malformation in which the AORTA arises entirely from the RIGHT VENTRICLE, and the PULMONARY ARTERY arises from the LEFT VENTRICLE. Consequently, the pulmonary and the systemic circulations are parallel and not sequential, so that the venous return from the peripheral circulation is re-circulated by the right ventricle via aorta to the systemic circulation without being oxygenated in the lungs. This is a potentially lethal form of heart disease in newborns and infants.		02.7230
Urinary Retention
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).		02.0610
Abdominal Obesity
[description not available]		03.4611
Emergencies
Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.		02.0710
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		09.1231
Torsade de Pointes
[description not available]		02.0710
Click-Murmur Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0710
Alport Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0710
Nephritis, Hereditary
A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by HEMATURIA and slowly progressing to RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with HEARING LOSS) which is caused by mutations in genes for TYPE IV COLLAGEN and defective GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE.		02.0710
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		05.7942
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		05.7942
Constricted Pupil
[description not available]		011.94250
Miosis
Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the CONJUNCTIVA or CORNEA.		011.94250
Mydriasis
Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in ADIE SYNDROME.		011.94250
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
[description not available]		03.4611
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma
A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.		03.4611
Atheroma
[description not available]		02.0710
Serotonin Syndrome
An adverse drug interaction characterized by altered mental status, autonomic dysfunction, and neuromuscular abnormalities. It is most frequently caused by use of both serotonin reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, leading to excess serotonin availability in the CNS at the serotonin 1A receptor.		02.9910
Cardiac Death
[description not available]		02.4620
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		07.0810
Auricular Flutter
[description not available]		02.9210
Atrial Flutter
Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).		02.9210
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy
[description not available]		02.0110
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous
A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.		02.0110
Cardiac Output, Low
A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.		015.85823
Panic Attacks
[description not available]		02.0110
Panic Disorder
A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.		07.0110
Cardiovirus Infections
Infections caused by viruses of the genus CARDIOVIRUS, family PICORNAVIRIDAE.		02.0110
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4120
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic
A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)		02.4120
Hibernation, Myocardial
[description not available]		05.9674
Left Heart Hypoplasia Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4320
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
A condition caused by underdevelopment of the whole left half of the heart. It is characterized by hypoplasia of the left cardiac chambers (HEART ATRIUM; HEART VENTRICLE), the AORTA, the AORTIC VALVE, and the MITRAL VALVE. Severe symptoms appear in early infancy when DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS closes.		02.4320
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		02.730
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		02.730
Heart Valve Diseases
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).		02.0110
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
[description not available]		02.0110
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.		02.0110
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		03.8221
Coronary Restenosis
Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.		08.8121
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
[description not available]		07.0210
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia
A congenital cardiomyopathy that is characterized by infiltration of adipose and fibrous tissue into the RIGHT VENTRICLE wall and loss of myocardial cells. Primary injuries usually are at the free wall of right ventricular and right atria resulting in ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		02.0210
Malignant Hypertension
[description not available]		02.0210
Hypertension, Malignant
A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.		02.0210
Flaccid Quadriplegia
[description not available]		02.0210
Arterial Diseases, Carotid
[description not available]		03.8221
Carotid Artery Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.		03.8221
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		04.0250
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		04.0250
Endomyocardial Fibrosis
A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).		02.4220
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		03.4980
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		03.3520
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		03.3520
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular
Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		02.0310
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.9410
Muscular Dystrophy
[description not available]		09.3822
Muscular Dystrophies
A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.		04.3822
Hypertension, Renal
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.		05.243
Bleeding
[description not available]		03.821
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		03.821
Anesthesia
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.		02.940
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		02.0310
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		02.0310
Nicotine Addiction
[description not available]		03.4111
Tobacco Use Disorder
Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.		03.4111
Smoking Cessation
Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.		03.4111
Cardiac Complex, Premature
[description not available]		02.0310
Hypesthesia
Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.		03.4211
Angina at Rest
[description not available]		07.8455
Angina, Unstable
Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		07.8455
Bright Disease
A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.		03.4211
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		08.4211
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		03.4211
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		03.4211
Drop Attack
[description not available]		02.4420
Syncope
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)		02.4420
Hypotension, Postural
[description not available]		04.0731
Hypotension, Orthostatic
A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.		04.0731
Ciliary Dyskinesia, Primary, 1
[description not available]		04.3411
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia
A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.		02.0310
Hyperinsulinism
A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.		02.0310
Allergic Cutaneous Angiitis
[description not available]		02.0310
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.		02.0410
Orphan Diseases
Rare diseases that have not been well studied.		02.0410
Tricuspid Incompetence
[description not available]		02.0410
Bouillaud Disease
[description not available]		02.0410
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.		02.0410
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion
Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)		01.9810
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.3920
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental
A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.		02.3920
Hyperlipoproteinemia
[description not available]		03.3711
Hyperlipoproteinemias
Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.		03.3711
Cough
A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.		03.3711
Hypothermia, Accidental
[description not available]		03.3711
Hypothermia
Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.		03.3711
Active Hyperemia
[description not available]		03.3811
Hyperemia
The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).		03.3811
Alcoholic Cirrhosis
[description not available]		03.3811
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic
FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.		03.3811
Nephrosclerosis
Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.		06.9910
Decerebrate Posturing
[description not available]		03.0850
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		01.9910
Uremia
A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.		04.311
Myoclonic Jerk
[description not available]		0210
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		0210
Aortic Diseases
Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.		0210
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		0210
Fibrosis, Radiation
[description not available]		0210
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		0210
Radiation Pneumonitis
Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.		0210
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		0210
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		0210
Cor Pulmonale
[description not available]		0210
Coronary Thrombosis
Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		0210
Intermittent Claudication
A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.		0210
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae
[description not available]		0210
Orthomyxoviridae Infections
Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.		0210
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		02.9210
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		02.9210
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced
[description not available]		02.0110
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced
Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)		02.0110
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
[description not available]		01.9610
Glaucoma, Open-Angle
Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.		01.9610