potassium bromide profile

potassium bromide : A metal bromide salt with a K(+) counterion. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	253877
CHEMBL ID	1644030
CHEBI ID	32030
MeSH ID	M0117052

Synonym
KBR ,
kaliumbromid
CHEBI:32030 ,
epa pesticide chemical code 013903
hsdb 5044
ccris 6095
einecs 231-830-3
potassium bromide [jan]
nsc 77367
bromure de potassium
caswell no. 684
potassium bromide (k3br3)
tripotassium tribromide
kalii bromidum
nsc-77367
nsc77367
bromide salt of potassium
potassium bromide (kbr)
potassium bromide
7758-02-3
potassium bromide, bioxtra, >=99.0%
potassium bromide, anhydrous, beads, -10 mesh, >=99.9% trace metals basis
potassium bromide, anhydrous, powder, 99.95% trace metals basis
potassium bromide, anhydrous, powder, 99.999% trace metals basis
D01731
potassium bromide (jp17/usp)
potassium bromide (tn)
potassium bromide, 99.99% trace metals basis
chembl1644030 ,
potassium bromide, bioultra, >=99.5% (at)
kali bromatum
ec 231-830-3
psorizide forte
psorizide ultra
osd78555zm ,
potassium bromide [usp:jan]
unii-osd78555zm
P1747
AKOS015950615
FT-0645099
potassium bromide [mart.]
kali bromatum [hpus]
potassium bromide [inci]
potassium bromide [ep monograph]
potassium bromide [usp monograph]
potassium bromide [hsdb]
potassium bromide [who-dd]
potassium bromide [mi]
BR1193
potassium bromide acs reagent
IOLCXVTUBQKXJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M
potassium bromide crystal optic rectangle, 30mm x 15mm x 4mm, polished both sides
potassium bromide crystal optic disc, 25mm x 2mm, polished both sides
potassium bromide crystal optic disc, 22mm x 4mm, polished both sides
potassium bromide crystal optic rectangle, 38.5mm x 19.5mm x 4mm, polished both sides
potassium bromide crystal optic disc, 13mm x 1mm, polished both sides
potassium bromide crystal optic rectangle, 41mm x 23mm x 6mm, polished both sides
potassium bromide crystal optic disc, 13mm x 2mm, unpolished
potassium bromide crystal optic disc, 25mm x 5mm, unpolished
potassium bromide crystal optic disc, 32mm x 3mm, polished both sides
potassium bromide crystal optic disc, 32mm x 3mm, unpolished
potassium bromide crystal optic disc, 38mm x 6mm, polished both sides
potassium bromide crystal optic disc, 32mm x 3mm (drilled), polished both sides
potassium bromide crystal optic disc, 25mm x 4mm, polished both sides
AKOS024437429
potassiumbromide
potassium bromide, bp, ph. eur. grade
DTXSID5025946 ,
mfcd00011358
potassium bromide, ftir grade
potassium bromide, ultra dry
potassium bromide, anhydrous, free-flowing, redi-dri(tm), acs reagent, >=99%
potassium bromide, anhydrous, free-flowing, redi-dri(tm), reagentplus(r), >=99%
potassium bromide, jis special grade, 99.0-100.2%
potassium bromide, saj first grade, 99.0-101.0%
potassium bromide, puriss., meets analytical specification of ph. eur., bp, usp, 99.5-100.5%
potassium bromide, acs reagent, >=99.0%
potassium bromide, puriss. p.a., acs reagent, >=99.5% (at)
potassium bromide, ft-ir grade, >=99% trace metals basis
potassium bromide, ar, >=99.5%
potassium bromide, reagentplus(r), >=99.0%
potassium bromide, lr, >=99%
potassium bromide, spectroscopy
potassium bromide, p.a., 99.0%
potassium bromide, usp, 98.0-100.5%
potassium bromide, vetec(tm) reagent grade, 99%
potassium bromide, trace metals grade 99.99%
BCP21085
Q2546
potassium;bromide
potassium bromide (usp:jan)
k-brovet 500
kbrovet-ca1 500
dtxcid905946
potassium bromide (mart.)
potassium bromide (ep monograph)
potassium bromide (usp monograph)
kbrovet-ca1
k-brovet 250
kbrovet-ca1 250
k-brovet
usepa/opp pesticide code: 013903

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Potassium bromide is an old AED."	( Epilepsy of infancy with migrating focal seizures: six patients treated with bromide. Caraballo, R; Fortini, PS; Pasteris, MC; Portuondo, E, 2014)	1.12
"Potassium bromide is a readily available, affordable salt with a long history of medical use as an anxiolytic, sedative and antiseizure therapy in other species."	( Pharmacokinetics of bromide in adult sheep following oral and intravenous administration. Combs, MD; Edwards, SH; Quast, TA, )	0.85

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Potassium bromide treatment was lowered by 15 % without further dietary changes."	( Bromide toxicosis (bromism) secondary to a decreased chloride intake after dietary transition in a dog with idiopathic epilepsy: a case report. Debreuque, M; Fantinati, M; Priymenko, N, 2021)	1.34
"The treatment with potassium bromide induced a significant reduction in the rear engagements during the whole trial period (221 days), in direct attacks during the period A (from day 0 to day 53) and in side-on attacks during the period B (from day 54 to day 167)."	( [Effect of an oral sedative on the behavior and the zootechnologic performance of fattening bulls of the white-blue Belgian breed]. Genicot, B; Lekeux, P; Mouligneau, F, 1991)	0.6

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Although adverse effects are not evident in animals fed bread-based diets made from flour treated with KBrO3, the agent is carcinogenic in rats and nephrotoxic in both man and experimental animals when given orally."	( Toxicity and carcinogenicity of potassium bromate--a new renal carcinogen. Hayashi, Y; Kurokawa, Y; Maekawa, A; Takahashi, M, 1990)	0.28
" In rats fed the diets fumigated with methyl bromide there were no marked toxic changes, except for a slight depression of body-weight gain from wk 60 onwards in males of the 500-ppm group, and tumour incidence was unaffected."	( Two-year oral chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity study in rats of diets fumigated with methyl bromide. Kosaka, T; Maita, K; Mitsumori, K; Miyaoka, T; Shirasu, Y, 1990)	0.28
" As hydrogen peroxide is a necessary factor for triggering a number of important toxic effects of nitrite, the latter increases its toxicity by inhibiting catalase."	( Nitrite-catalase interaction as an important element of nitrite toxicity. Petrenko, YM; Titov, VY, 2003)	0.32
" Abrupt dietary changes or fluid therapy may compromise seizure control or increase the likelihood of adverse events."	( A systematic review of the safety of potassium bromide in dogs. Baird-Heinz, HE; Hungerford, LL; Pelsor, FR; Ranivand, L; Van Schoick, AL, 2012)	0.65

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Median elimination half-life and steady-state serum concentration were 15."	( Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of bromide following high-dose oral potassium bromide administration in healthy Beagles. March, PA; Podell, M; Sams, RA, 2002)	0.55
" Serum concentrations of KBr were measured to construct concentration versus time curves and to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetics of potassium bromide in adult horses. Edwards, S; Raidal, SL, 2005)	0.65
" Serum concentrations of bromide were determined by colorimetric spectrophotometry following drug administration to permit determination of concentration versus time curves from which pharmacokinetic parameters could be calculated."	( Pharmacokinetics of potassium bromide in adult horses. Edwards, S; Raidal, SL, 2008)	0.67
" After PO administration the Cmax was 453."	( Pharmacokinetics of bromide in adult sheep following oral and intravenous administration. Combs, MD; Edwards, SH; Quast, TA, )	0.13
"When administered PO, bromide in sheep has a long half-life (t½ ) of approximately 14 days, with good bioavailability."	( Pharmacokinetics of bromide in adult sheep following oral and intravenous administration. Combs, MD; Edwards, SH; Quast, TA, )	0.13

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" When phenobarbital is used in combination with bromide, a reasonable therapeutic range for serum phenobarbital concentrations is 9 to 36 micrograms/ml, although in some dogs treated with bromide, phenobarbital can eventually be discontinued."	( Therapeutic serum drug concentrations in epileptic dogs treated with potassium bromide alone or in combination with other anticonvulsants: 122 cases (1992-1996). Carrillo, J; Schwark, WS; Trepanier, LA; Van Schoick, A, 1998)	0.53

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The range of steady-state concentrations achieved suggests individual differences in clearance and bioavailability between dogs."	( Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of bromide following high-dose oral potassium bromide administration in healthy Beagles. March, PA; Podell, M; Sams, RA, 2002)	0.55
" The oral bioavailability (F) of bromide was 92%."	( Pharmacokinetics of bromide in adult sheep following oral and intravenous administration. Combs, MD; Edwards, SH; Quast, TA, )	0.13

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" This case of bromism in a dog suggests that the dosage of potassium bromide should be based on serial measurement of serum bromide concentrations."	( Bromide toxicosis (bromism) in a dog treated with potassium bromide for refractory seizures. Morrison, WB; Sharp, PE; Yohn, SE, 1992)	0.78
" We report the glow curve and dose-response characteristics to 60Co gamma rays."	( Dosimetric properties of europium-doped potassium bromide thermoluminescent crystals. Brandan, ME; Buenfil, AE, 1992)	0.55
" Serum concentrations differed even with the same dosage among individual dogs."	( [Effectiveness of bromide in therapy resistant epilepsy of dogs]. Jürgens, U; Schwartz-Porsche, D, 1991)	0.28
" It is concluded that water-soluble deliquescent substances, normally encountered in pharmaceutical dosage forms, rapidly form saturated aqueous solutions in the aqueous film formed as water vapor uptake proceeds, and that the water uptake rate can be predicted a priori from known and experimentally determinable parameters using the heat transport model."	( Moisture sorption kinetics for water-soluble substances. IV: Studies with mixtures of solids. Kontny, MJ; Zografi, G, 1985)	0.27
" Of the 12 patients experiencing side effects, including drowsiness, appetite loss, and skin rash, 1 required a reduction in BR dosage because of an extensive acneiform rash on the face."	( Treatment of severe myoclonic epilepsy in infants with bromide and its borderline variant. Fukuyama, Y; Hara, M; Hayashi, K; Izumi, T; Mukahira, A; Oguni, H; Oguni, M; Uehara, T; Umezu, R, )	0.13
"Bromide toxicosis was diagnosed in an 8-year-old Labrador Retriever that had been treated for epilepsy with potassium bromide, at a dosage of 29 mg/kg of body weight/d."	( Bromide toxicosis secondary to renal insufficiency in an epileptic dog. Linn, K; Nichols, ES; Trepanier, LA, 1996)	0.51
" High chloride intake increases the elimination of bromide in dogs, leading to higher dosage requirements for bromide in dogs fed high-chloride diets."	( High dietary chloride content associated with loss of therapeutic serum bromide concentrations in an epileptic dog. Center, SA; Garland, S; Shaw, N; Trepanier, LA, 1996)	0.29
" Individual optimal drug dosage can be calculated for each patient at little cost to the pet owner."	( Drug choice and therapeutic drug monitoring in the management of canine primary epilepsy. Taylor, JH; Vaughan-Scott, T, 1999)	0.3
"To establish a dosing regimen for potassium bromide and evaluate use of bromide to treat spontaneous seizures in cats."	( Disposition and clinical use of bromide in cats. Boothe, DM; Couch, P; George, KL, 2002)	0.59
" Dogs showed no neurologic deficits during maintenance dosing but significant latency shifts in waves I and V of the brainstem auditory evoked response were evident."	( Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of bromide following high-dose oral potassium bromide administration in healthy Beagles. March, PA; Podell, M; Sams, RA, 2002)	0.55
"Three simple, accurate and sensitive colorimetric methods (A, B and C) for the determination of ranitidine HCl (RHCl) in bulk sample, in dosage forms and in the presence of its oxidative degradates are described."	( Utility of oxidation-reduction reaction for the determination of ranitidine hydrochloride in pure form, in dosage forms and in the presence of its oxidative degradates. Ahmed, IS; Amin, AS; Dessouki, HA; Gouda, EA, 2003)	0.32
" Prolonged oral administration with twice-daily dosing of ELB 138 with either 5 or 40 mg/kg over a 5-week period was not associated with loss of anticonvulsant efficacy in the PTZ dog model."	( Anticonvulsant efficacy of the low-affinity partial benzodiazepine receptor agonist ELB 138 in a dog seizure model and in epileptic dogs with spontaneously recurrent seizures. Löscher, W; Potschka, H; Rieck, S; Rundfeldt, C; Tipold, A, 2004)	0.32
"Patients were stabilised using phenobarbitone and/or potassium bromide to produce tolerable therapeutic serum concentrations and dosed additionally with gabapentin at 35 to 50 mg/kg/d (divided twice or three times daily) for 4 months."	( Improving seizure control in dogs with refractory epilepsy using gabapentin as an adjunctive agent. Govendir, M; Malik, R; Perkins, M, 2005)	0.58
" A significant relationship was found between body condition score and fasting serum triglyceride concentration in all dogs, but serum triglyceride concentration was not significantly associated with phenobarbital dosage or serum phenobarbital concentration."	( Serum triglyceride concentration in dogs with epilepsy treated with phenobarbital or with phenobarbital and bromide. Govendir, M; Ilkin, WJ; Kluger, EK; Malik, R; Snow, D; Sullivan, DR, 2008)	0.35
"1 μg/ml) and potassium bromide (n=2; 30-36 mg/kg/d)) resulted in successful reduction of intravenous barbiturate dosage and withdrawal from artificial ventilation."	( Effect of levetiracetam in acute encephalitis with refractory, repetitive partial seizures during acute and chronic phase. Imamura, A; Maegaki, Y; Maruta, K; Matsunami, K; Narita, A; Nishimura, Y; Ohno, K; Saiki, Y; Saito, Y; Sokota, T; Sugihara, S; Tamasaki, A; Ueda, R, 2015)	0.79
" Overall, suspensions were the most dispensed (47%), extemporaneously compounded dosage forms followed by solutions (28%), and capsules (10%)."	( Evaluation of the Most Frequently Prescribed Extemporaneously Compounded Veterinary Medications at a Large Independent Community Pharmacy. Demir, Z; Hines, R; Horsey, R; Karara, AH; Nnorom, B; Twigg, G, )	0.13
" The method can be applied in the routine analysis of vancomycin dosage form and is an important option for the current and sustainable pharmaceutical analysis."	( A New and Ecological Method to Quantify Vancomycin in Pharmaceutical Product by Infrared Spectrometry. Kogawa, AC; Nascimento, PAD; Salgado, HRN, 2021)	0.62
" Given a patient's pre- and during-treatment information, ARTE can estimate treatment outcomes for a selected daily dosage value (radiation fraction size)."	( A clinical decision support system for AI-assisted decision-making in response-adaptive radiotherapy (ARCliDS). Cuneo, K; Dinov, ID; El Naqa, I; Jamaluddin, J; Jin, J; Jolly, S; Lawrence, TS; Luo, Y; Matuszak, MM; Niraula, D; Sun, W; Ten Haken, RK, 2023)	0.91

Class	Description
potassium salt	Any alkali metal salt having potassium(1+) as the cation.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	4,000.0000	0.0000	1.3726	10.0000	AID552171
Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	63,000.0000	0.0000	0.7236	9.9200	AID552172
Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	90.0000	0.0002	1.9720	9.9200	AID552173
Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	50,000.0000	0.0000	1.2725	9.9000	AID552169
Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	16,000.0000	0.0001	0.7874	9.9000	AID552168
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
morphogenesis of an epithelium	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular pH reduction	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
angiotensin-activated signaling pathway	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of monoatomic anion transport	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
secretion	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intracellular pH	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasis	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dipeptide transmembrane transport	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of chloride transport	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
carbon dioxide transport	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
bicarbonate transport	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxia	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
morphogenesis of an epithelium	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulus	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
response to testosterone	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
secretion	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
arylesterase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
hydro-lyase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cyanamide hydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
arylesterase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cyanamide hydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activity	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
cytosol	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Carbonic anhydrase 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
myelin sheath	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
apical part of cell	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
apical part of cell	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
rough endoplasmic reticulum	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi network	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
transport vesicle membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
secretory granule membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
brush border membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 4	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrix	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Carbonic anhydrase 5A, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolus	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
microvillus membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 9	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID552170	Inhibition of Dicentrarchus labrax alpha-carbonic anhydrase by Lineweaver-Burk curves	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 19, Issue:2	Characterization and anions inhibition studies of an α-carbonic anhydrase from the teleost fish Dicentrarchus labrax.
AID552171	Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 1 by Lineweaver-Burk curves	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 19, Issue:2	Characterization and anions inhibition studies of an α-carbonic anhydrase from the teleost fish Dicentrarchus labrax.
AID552173	Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 4 by Lineweaver-Burk curves	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 19, Issue:2	Characterization and anions inhibition studies of an α-carbonic anhydrase from the teleost fish Dicentrarchus labrax.
AID552172	Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 2 by Lineweaver-Burk curves	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 19, Issue:2	Characterization and anions inhibition studies of an α-carbonic anhydrase from the teleost fish Dicentrarchus labrax.
AID552169	Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 5 by Lineweaver-Burk curves	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 19, Issue:2	Characterization and anions inhibition studies of an α-carbonic anhydrase from the teleost fish Dicentrarchus labrax.
AID552168	Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase 9 by Lineweaver-Burk curves	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 19, Issue:2	Characterization and anions inhibition studies of an α-carbonic anhydrase from the teleost fish Dicentrarchus labrax.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	42 (13.64)	18.7374
1990's	53 (17.21)	18.2507
2000's	116 (37.66)	29.6817
2010's	80 (25.97)	24.3611
2020's	17 (5.52)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	9 (2.74%)	5.53%
Reviews	12 (3.66%)	6.00%
Case Studies	41 (12.50%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	266 (81.10%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	5.19	3	1	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	1.98	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.03	1	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.01	1	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	2	1	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	14.11	303	8	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
hydrobromic acid Hydrobromic Acid: Hydrobromic acid (HBr). A solution of hydrogen bromide gas in water.. hydrobromide : Salts formally resulting from the reaction of hydrobromic acid with an organic base.. hydrogen bromide : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and bromine atoms.	2.01	1	0	gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	2.02	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	2.38	2	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	3.7	10	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	2.72	3	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	3.5	1	1	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
cytosine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	2.98	4	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formamide formimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is formic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.. primary carboxamide : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with ammonia; formula RC(=O)NH2.	2.05	1	0	carboximidic acid; formamides; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	solvent
glycine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	1.97	1	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
histamine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	2.21	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	2.03	1	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	2.15	1	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	2.46	2	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.08	1	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	8.39	1	1	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	3.24	6	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	2.41	2	0	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.01	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.21	1	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenanthrene phenanthrene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composed of three fused benzene rings which takes its name from the two terms 'phenyl' and 'anthracene.'	2.05	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon; phenanthrenes	environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite
dimethyl sulfide dimethyl sulfide: structure. dimethyl sulfide : A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.. methyl sulfide : Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.	2	1	0	aliphatic sulfide	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; marine metabolite
selenic acid Selenic Acid: A strong dibasic acid with the molecular formula H2SeO4. Included under this heading is the acid form, and inorganic salts of dihydrogen selenium tetraoxide.	2.08	1	0	selenium oxoacid
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	2.97	4	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	2.52	2	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	2.03	1	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	2.44	2	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	2.02	1	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.78	3	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	2.72	3	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
phenytoin [no description available]	1.98	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	3.11	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
amobarbital Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.	1.97	1	0	barbiturates
atrazine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	2.05	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
caffeine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2.45	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion
clemizole clemizole: was heading 1966-94 (see under BENZIMIDAZOLES 1966-90); use BENZIMIDAZOLES to search CLEMIZOLE 1966-94; a histamine H1- blocker used to treat allergies. clemizole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl and a 4-chlorobenzyl groups at positions 2 and 1 respectively.	2.08	1	0	benzimidazoles; monochlorobenzenes; pyrrolidines	histamine antagonist
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	4.01	4	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	2.08	1	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
enflurane Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.	1.96	1	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	anaesthetic
felbamate Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.	3.09	1	0	carbamate ester	anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	2.02	1	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
fpl 64176 FPL 64176: an activator of L-type calcium channels; structure given in first source. FPL 64176 : 1H-Pyrrole substituted at C-2 and -5 by methyl groups, at C-3 by methoxycarbonyl and at C-4 by a 2-benzylbenzoyl group.	2.08	1	0	carboxylic ester; pyrroles	calcium channel agonist
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	3.51	2	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	2.02	1	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
halothane [no description available]	1.96	1	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	2.04	1	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.	2.02	1	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
methyl methanesulfonate [no description available]	2.21	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	7.06	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	2.08	1	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	8.68	30	3	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenolsulfonphthalein Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.	2.06	1	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; diagnostic agent; two-colour indicator
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	2.11	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	4.37	20	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	4.81	10	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primidone Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.	2.69	3	0	pyrimidone	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	1.98	1	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.01	1	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	1.96	1	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
sodium fluoride [no description available]	2.92	4	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
sodium iodide Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.	1.99	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; iodide salt
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	2	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	2.4	2	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	2.02	1	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	2.4	2	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	2.07	1	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sulfamic acid sulfamic acid: standard in alkalimetry; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfamic acid : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.	2.06	1	0	sulfamic acids
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	2.94	4	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	2.03	1	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	2.03	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	2.6	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	2.38	2	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	1.96	1	0
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	2	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methyl bromide methyl bromide: used in ionization chambers, degreasing wool, extracting oils; insect fumigant; high concentrations can produce pulmonary edema,narcosis; chronic exposure can cause CNS depression,kidney injury; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bromomethane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to three hydrogen atoms and one bromine atom. It is produced naturally by marine algae.	1.97	1	0	bromohydrocarbon; bromomethanes; methyl halides	algal metabolite; fumigant insecticide; marine metabolite
acetylene [no description available]	2.48	2	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
methylene iodide methylene iodide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	1.96	1	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin [no description available]	2.01	1	0
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	1.97	1	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
methacrylamide [no description available]	2.07	1	0	acrylamides; primary carboxamide
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.76	3	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.. (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.15	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; monochlorobenzenes	environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	2.01	1	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	2.15	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
n-butyronitrile [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aliphatic nitrile
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	2.46	2	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
pentanal pentanal : A saturated fatty aldehyde composed from five carbons in a straight chain.	2.03	1	0	saturated fatty aldehyde	plant metabolite
dodecyltrimethylammonium dodecyltrimethylammonium: used to determine thermal stability of DNA; RN given refers to parent cpd. dodecyltrimethylammonium ion : A quarternary ammonium cation having one dodecyl and three methyl substituents around the central nitrogen.	2	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
dodecylmercaptan dodecylmercaptan: used in polymerization of neoprenes; structure	2.02	1	0
bromphenol blue Bromphenol Blue: A dye that has been used as an industrial dye, a laboratory indicator, and a biological stain.. bromophenol blue : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. It is used as a laboratory indicator, changing from yellow below pH 3 to purple at pH 4.6, and as a size marker for monitoring the progress of agarose gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It has also been used as an industrial dye.	2.06	1	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; organobromine compound; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
trinitrotoluene Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.	2.21	1	0	trinitrotoluene	explosive
dianisidine Dianisidine: Highly toxic compound which can cause skin irritation and sensitization. It is used in manufacture of azo dyes.	2	1	0	biphenyls
anthracene acene : A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement.. acenes : Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement and their substitution derivatives.	2.41	1	0	acene; anthracenes; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	2.13	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
thiocyanate thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.	2.03	1	0	pseudohalide anion; sulfur molecular entity	human metabolite
triflusal triflusal: inhibits platelet aggregation similarly to aspirin; structure	2.02	1	0	benzoic acids; carboxylic ester; salicylates
2,6-difluorobenzoic acid 2,6-difluorobenzoic acid: structure given in first source	2.17	1	0
2-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid [no description available]	2.17	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzoic acids
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	2.01	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	2.07	1	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
cdta CDTA: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.03	1	0	organooxygen compound
dipicolinic acid dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.	2.05	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	1.96	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	2.03	1	0
phenylacetylene phenylacetylene: can polymerize into DENDRIMERS	2.05	1	0	benzenes
delta-valerolactone [no description available]	2.02	1	0	delta-lactone
congo red Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.	2.03	1	0	bis(azo) compound
potassium carbonate potassium carbonate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of carbonic acid.	2.31	1	0	carbonate salt; potassium salt	catalyst; fertilizer; flame retardant
pentafluorobenzoic acid [no description available]	2.17	1	0	perfluorinated compound
ethylnitrosourea Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.	2.6	1	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	2.31	1	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
selenomethionine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	selenoamino acid; selenomethionines	plant metabolite
selenocystine selenocystine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.08	1	0	diselenide; selenoamino acid
tetrabutylammonium tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	2.31	1	0	carbon oxoanion
propanoldiaminetetracetic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0
4-deethylatrazine desethylatrazine: a chlorotriazine herbicide; structure in first source. deethylatrazine : A chloro-1,3,5-triazine that is 6-chloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a propan-2-yl group.	2.05	1	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	marine xenobiotic metabolite
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	2.01	1	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	2.41	2	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	2.08	1	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	2.79	3	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	2.06	1	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
praseodymium Praseodymium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Pr, atomic number 59, and atomic weight 140.91.	7.17	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	2.44	2	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	2.41	1	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
terbium Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.	2.15	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	2.46	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	2.05	1	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	7.4	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	2.73	3	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	2.17	1	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	2.44	2	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2.17	1	0	titanium group element atom
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	1.97	1	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
selenium disulfide [no description available]	2.01	1	0	sulfide salt
sodium nitrate sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.	2.05	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; inorganic sodium salt	fertilizer; NMR chemical shift reference compound
cesium chloride cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.	1.97	1	0	inorganic caesium salt; inorganic chloride	phase-transfer catalyst; vasoconstrictor agent
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	2.02	1	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	4.26	4	1	diatomic bromine
potassium nitrate potassium nitrate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-HNO3; when combined with charcoal and sulfur it can form EXPLOSIVE AGENTS. potassium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of potassium.	2.7	3	0	inorganic nitrate salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
sodium sulfate [no description available]	2.91	4	0	inorganic sodium salt
lead chloride lead chloride: RN in 9th CI Form Index for cotunnite: 14639-87-3; RN given refers to cpd with MF of Pb-Cl2. lead(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride consisting of two chlorine atoms covalently bound to a central lead atom.	2.01	1	0	inorganic chloride; lead coordination entity
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	2.44	2	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
silver nitrate Silver Nitrate: A silver salt with powerful germicidal activity. It has been used topically to prevent OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM.	2.11	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; silver salt	astringent
calcium hypochlorite calcium hypochlorite: structure	2.02	1	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt	bleaching agent
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	3.6	3	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	2.02	1	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	4.28	4	1	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
nickel sulfate nickel sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni(2+)-H2SO4. nickel sulfate : A metal sulfate having nickel(2+) as the metal ion.	8.39	1	1	metal sulfate	allergen
cesium bromide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
cesium iodide cesium iodide: X-ray image intensifier	2.05	1	0
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	2.69	3	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	2.02	1	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
sodium selenite disodium selenite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and selenite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	2.08	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; selenite salt	nutraceutical
ammonium bromide ammonium bromide : An ammonium salt composed of ammonium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.	2.04	1	0	ammonium salt; bromide salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
fluorides [no description available]	2.95	4	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
iodine [no description available]	2.74	3	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
metribuzin metribuzin : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one substituted by an amino group at position 4, tert-butyl group at position 6 and a methylsulfanyl group at position 3.	2.15	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; cyclic ketone; organic sulfide	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
fenitrothion Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.	2.03	1	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	4.15	5	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
methylformamide N-methylformamide : A member of the class of formamides having a N-methyl substituent.	2.03	1	0	formamides
tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.	2.02	1	0	chlorocarbon; chloroethenes	nephrotoxic agent
pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.	3.11	1	0	3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid	human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	2.41	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	3.6	2	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
etoposide [no description available]	2.21	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide 7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.	1.99	1	0	epoxide	intercalator
heptacaine heptacaine: structure; RN given refers to the HCl salt	2.04	1	0
sudan iii sudan III: structure in first source. Sudan III : A bis(azo) compound that is 2-naphthol substituted at position 1 by a 4-{[(2-methylphenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl group. A fat-soluble dye predominantly used for demonstrating triglycerides in frozen sections, but which may also stain some protein bound lipids in paraffin sections.	2.04	1	0	azobenzenes; bis(azo) compound; naphthols	carcinogenic agent; fluorochrome; histological dye
rubidium chloride rubidium chloride : An inorganic chloride composed of rubidium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio.	1.97	1	0	inorganic chloride; rubidium molecular entity	antidepressant; biomarker
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	2.03	1	0	iodine oxoacid
bathophenanthroline disulfonic acid [no description available]	2.04	1	0
girard's reagent t Girard's reagent T: used for separating ketosteroids; RN given refers to chloride	2	1	0
bromosuccinimide Bromosuccinimide: A brominating agent that replaces hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions. It is used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones and in controlled low-energy brominations. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed,).	2.44	2	0	dicarboximide; organobromine compound; pyrrolidinone	reagent
3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	2.74	3	0	phenanthroline
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	2	1	0	1,2,3-triazole
lithium bromide lithium bromide: denatures ribonuclease A; also sedative. lithium bromide : A lithium salt in which the counterion is bromide. The anhydrous salt forms cubic crystals similar to common salt.	2.04	1	0	bromide salt; lithium salt
hypobromous acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	bromine oxoacid
ferroin ferroin: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.11	1	0
bromates Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.	4.51	7	0	bromine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	2.02	1	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
cadmium telluride cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device	2.21	1	0
iodosobenzene iodosobenzene: oxygen donor	2.04	1	0
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.03	1	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
phosphoramide mustard [no description available]	1.96	1	0	nitrogen mustard; phosphorodiamide
chlorates Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.	2.05	1	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
selenomethylselenocysteine selenomethylselenocysteine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; selenocysteines	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	2.45	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cerium sulfate [no description available]	2.01	1	0
metaperiodate metaperiodate: RN given refers to periodic acid, Na salt; structure. periodate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of periodic acid.	2.03	1	0	iodine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
chlorite [no description available]	2	1	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
sodium bromide sodium bromide: RN given refers to parent cpd. sodium bromide : An inorganic sodium salt having bromide as the counterion.	10.12	10	1	bromide salt; inorganic sodium salt
methylmercuric chloride methylmercuric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercury coordination entity; one-carbon compound
tetrachloropalladium tetrachloropalladium: RN given refers to ion(2-); see also record for palladium chloride RN: 7647-10-1	2.07	1	0
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	2.41	2	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
n-acetylmethionine N-acetylmethionine: RN given refers to L-isomer. N-acetylmethionine : A methionine derivative that is methionine in which one of the amine hydrogens is substituted by an acetyl group.	1.99	1	0	L-methionine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acetylmethionine	nutraceutical
sodium thiocyanate sodium thiocyanate: RN given refers to thiocyanic acid, Na salt. sodium thiocyanate : An organic sodium salt which is the monosodium salt of thiocyanic acid.	2.06	1	0	organic sodium salt
potassium thiocyanate potassium thiocyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNS. potassium thiocyanate : A potassium salt which is the monopotassium salt of thiocyanic acid.	3.24	6	0	potassium salt
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	2.02	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
sodium chlorate sodium chlorate : An inorganic sodium salt that has chlorate as the counter-ion. An oxidising agent, it is used for bleaching paper and as a herbicide. It is also used in the manufacture of dyes, explosives and matches.	2.05	1	0	chlorate salt; inorganic sodium salt	herbicide
potassium acetate Potassium Acetate: A potassium salt used to replenish ELECTROLYTES, for restoration of WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, as well as a urinary and systemic alkalizer, which can be administered orally or by intravenous infusion. Formerly, it was used in DIURETICS and EXPECTORANTS.. potassium acetate : A potassium salt comprising equal numbers of potassium and acetate ions	2.86	4	0	potassium salt	food acidity regulator
sodium perchlorate sodium perchlorate : An inorganic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and perchlorate ions.	2.43	2	0	inorganic sodium salt
potassium fluoride potassium fluoride : A fluoride salt having K+ as the counterion.	3.13	5	0	fluoride salt; potassium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound; poison
retinaldehyde Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2	1	0	retinal; vitamin A	gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	8.46	1	1	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	2.47	2	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.	2.02	1	0	aminoxyls; piperidines	catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
rubeanic acid rubeanic acid: indicator for copper, cobalt, & nickel; structure	2.01	1	0
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	2.01	1	0	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
cystine [no description available]	2.08	1	0
awd 131-138 AWD 131-138: a GABA-A receptor partial agonist; structure in first source	4.16	3	1
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2.03	1	0
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	1.97	1	0
codeine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	2.11	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
magnesium trisilicate magnesium trisilicate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.6	1	0
stiripentol stiripentol: structure	2.08	1	0
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	2.01	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	2.95	4	0	alkali metal atom
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	1.97	1	0	alkali metal atom
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	2.25	1	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	2.41	2	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
diphenylhexatriene Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.	2.02	1	0	alkatriene	fluorochrome
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	2.05	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	3.07	1	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	2.02	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
trandolapril trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.	2.04	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.	8.43	1	1	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker
selenocysteine Selenocysteine: A naturally occurring amino acid in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. It is found in tRNAs and in the catalytic site of some enzymes. The genes for glutathione peroxidase and formate dehydrogenase contain the TGA codon, which codes for this amino acid.. selenocysteine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of alanine where one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted with a seleno group.	2.08	1	0
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	2.21	1	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	2	1	0
beta-escin [no description available]	2.02	1	0
ganaxolone ganaxolone: a selective, high-affinity, steroid modulator of the GABA(A) receptor; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer	3.11	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
zeolites [no description available]	2.02	1	0
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	2.02	1	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	2	1	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vibralactone vibralactone: lipase inhibitor with an unusual fused beta-lactone produced by cultures of the basidiomycete Boreostereum vibrans; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	2.03	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine 1-O-palmitoyl-2-O-(5-oxovaleryl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine having palmitoyl and 5-oxovaleryl groups at the 1- and 2-positions respectively; major species at pH 7.3.	2.03	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; aldehyde	apoptosis inducer
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	2.43	2	0	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	2.45	2	0	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
sodium bromate sodium bromate : An inorganic sodium salt having bromate as the counterion.	2.71	3	0	bromate salt; inorganic sodium salt	nephrotoxin; oxidising agent
potassium bromate potassium bromate: used as bread improver	3.79	3	0	bromate salt; potassium salt	flour treatment agent
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	2.02	1	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	2.04	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	7.72	3	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	2.02	1	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	2.02	1	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	2.02	1	0
smectite smecta: used therapeutically in chronic gastritis. montmorillonite : An aluminosilicate mineral consisting of aluminosilicate layers approximately 1 nm thick which are surface-substituted with metal cations and stacked in ca. 10 mum-sized multilayer stacks. Its approximate formula is R(+)0.33(Al,Mg)2Si4O10(OH)2.nH2O where R(+) includes one or more of the cations Na(+), K(+), Mg(2+), and Ca(2+).	2.04	1	0
phthalocyanine phthalocyanine : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that consists of four isoindole-type units, with the connecting carbon atoms in the macrocycle replaced by nitrogen.	2.03	1	0	phthalocyanines; tetrapyrrole fundamental parent
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	2.21	1	0
gibberellins [no description available]	1.93	1	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	1.97	1	0
2-methylisoborneol 2-methylisoborneol: structure. 2-methylisoborneol : An bornane monoterpenoid comprising isoborneol carrying a 2-methyl substituent (the 1R,2R,4R-diastereomer).	2.02	1	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	2.02	1	0
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosinic acid Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.02	1	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
n(7)-hydroxyethylguanine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
trypsinogen Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.99	1	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.05	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	2.6	1	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	2.6	1	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	2.6	1	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	2.6	1	0
Dermatitis Exfoliativa [description not available]	3.43	2	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	4.48	8	0
Aura [description not available]	9.36	42	4
Dermatitis, Exfoliative The widespread involvement of the skin by a scaly, erythematous dermatitis occurring either as a secondary or reactive process to an underlying cutaneous disorder (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, etc.), or as a primary or idiopathic disease. It is often associated with the loss of hair and nails, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, and pruritus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	3.43	2	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	9.36	42	4
Epilepsy Syndromes [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	8.33	21	2
Cryptogenic Infantile Spasms [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Epileptic Syndromes EPILEPTIC SEIZURES that are of similar type and age of onset and have other similar features (e.g., clinical course, EEG findings, genetic association and neuropathology).	2.31	1	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	8.33	21	2
Spasms, Infantile An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)	2.31	1	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	8.54	34	2
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	2.96	4	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	2.15	1	0
Alport Syndrome [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	3.34	2	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	2.15	1	0
Nephritis, Hereditary A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by HEMATURIA and slowly progressing to RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with HEARING LOSS) which is caused by mutations in genes for TYPE IV COLLAGEN and defective GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	2.15	1	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.15	1	0
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	3.06	1	0
Drug Refractory Epilepsy [description not available]	3.08	4	0
Abdominal Epilepsy [description not available]	4.92	8	0
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder [description not available]	4.38	4	1
Epilepsies, Partial Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)	4.92	8	0
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	2.08	1	0
Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Epilepsies, Myoclonic A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic.	2.78	3	0
Cold Panniculitis [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	3.84	4	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Absence Status [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	2.11	1	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	3.84	4	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	2.44	2	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	7.94	4	0
Leg Dermatoses A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.11	1	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	7.95	4	0
Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available]	4.63	6	1
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)	4.63	6	1
4p Deletion Syndrome [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	2.13	1	0
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	2.13	1	0
Abnormal Movements [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	2.04	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	3.62	9	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	2.04	1	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	3.12	5	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Lethargy A general state of sluggishness, listless, or uninterested, with being tired, and having difficulty concentrating and doing simple tasks. It may be related to DEPRESSION or DRUG ADDICTION.	2.05	1	0
Abdominal Cramps [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Decreased Muscle Tone [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Reflex, Abnormal An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.	2.05	1	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	3.62	3	0
Behavior Disorder, Rapid Eye Movement Sleep [description not available]	2.06	1	0
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder A disorder characterized by episodes of vigorous and often violent motor activity during REM sleep (SLEEP, REM). The affected individual may inflict self injury or harm others, and is difficult to awaken from this condition. Episodes are usually followed by a vivid recollection of a dream that is consistent with the aggressive behavior. This condition primarily affects adult males. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p393)	2.06	1	0
Convulsions, Febrile [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Seizures, Febrile Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)	2.06	1	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	2.06	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	2.06	1	0
Basedow Disease [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).	8.46	1	1
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	2.86	4	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	6.93	1	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Hypertension, Essential [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Essential Hypertension Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500	6.93	1	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	1.93	1	0
Diathesis [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	2.93	1	0
Palsy [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	2.02	1	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	2.02	1	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	2.03	1	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Wounds, Gunshot Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.	2.03	1	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	2.03	1	0
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	2.03	1	0
Pyoderma Any purulent skin disease (Dorland, 27th ed).	2.04	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	3.29	2	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	3.29	2	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	2.68	3	0
Spinal Stenosis Narrowing of the spinal canal.	1.98	1	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	1.98	1	0
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	1.98	1	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	1.98	1	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	1.99	1	0
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	1.99	1	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.91	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	1.99	1	0
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	1.99	1	0
Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.	2	1	0
Dermatitis Seborrheica [description not available]	3.8	2	1
Dermatitis, Seborrheic A chronic inflammatory disease of the skin with unknown etiology. It is characterized by moderate ERYTHEMA, dry, moist, or greasy (SEBACEOUS GLAND) scaling and yellow crusted patches on various areas, especially the scalp, that exfoliate as dandruff. Seborrheic dermatitis is common in children and adolescents with HIV INFECTIONS.	3.8	2	1
Consciousness, Loss of [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Complex Partial Epilepsy [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Epilepsy, Complex Partial A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)	2.01	1	0
Gait Disorders, Animal [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	1.97	1	0
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	2.89	1	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	2.89	1	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	2.89	1	0
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.89	1	0
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	2.89	1	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	2.89	1	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	2.89	1	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	1.97	1	0
Fat Necrosis A condition in which the death of adipose tissue results in neutral fats being split into fatty acids and glycerol.	1.96	1	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	1.96	1	0
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	1.96	1	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	1.96	1	0

potassium bromide

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