atropine profile

tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Related Flora

Flora	Rank	Flora Definition	Family	Family Definition
Atropa	genus	A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE which contain SOLANACEOUS ALKALOIDS including ATROPINE which is named after this genus.[MeSH]	Solanaceae	A plant family of the order SOLANALES, class MAGNOLIOPSIDA. Among the most noted are POTATOES; TOMATOES; CAPSICUM (green and red peppers); TOBACCO; and BELLADONNA.[MeSH]
Atropa belladonna	species	A plant species of the genus ATROPA, family SOLANACEAE that contains ATROPINE; SCOPOLAMINE; BELLADONNA ALKALOIDS and other SOLANACEOUS ALKALOIDS. Some species in this genus are called deadly nightshade which is also a common name for SOLANUM.[MeSH]	Solanaceae	A plant family of the order SOLANALES, class MAGNOLIOPSIDA. Among the most noted are POTATOES; TOMATOES; CAPSICUM (green and red peppers); TOBACCO; and BELLADONNA.[MeSH]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	174174
CHEMBL ID	517712
CHEMBL ID	475124
CHEMBL ID	254656
CHEBI ID	16684
CHEBI ID	78734
SCHEMBL ID	2812
MeSH ID	M0001931

Synonym
MLS002695888
MLS001148094
AB00694549-11 ,
BRD-A27290375-001-01-8
gtpl320
(+-)-hyoscyamine
atropin
CHEBI:16684 ,
tropine tropate
(3-endo)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl tropate
dl-tropyltropate
rac-(3-endo)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate
atropina
rac-tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate
8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl tropate
[(1s,5r)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl] 3-hydroxy-2-phenyl-propanoate
(+-)-atropine
(+,-)-tropyl tropate
[(1s,5r)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl] 3-hydroxy-2-phenyl-propanoate
5908-99-6
benzeneacetic acid, alpha-(hydroxymethyl)-, 8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)oct-3-yl ester, endo-(+/-)-
atropen
smr000058248
MLS000069795 ,
(3-endo)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate
einecs 200-104-8
1-alpha-h,5-alpha-h-tropan-3-alpha-ol (+-)-tropate (ester)
benzeneacetic acid, alpha-(hydroxymethyl)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)oct-3-yl ester, endo-(+-)-
atropine (usp)
[(1r,5s)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl] 3-hydroxy-2-phenyl-propanoate
D00113
protamine & atropine
atropen (tn)
8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate
dl-tropyl tropate
tropic acid, 3-alpha-tropanyl ester
2-phenylhydracrylic acid 3-alpha-tropanyl ester
ccris 3080
tropine (+/-)-tropate
atropin [german]
isopto-atropine
atropina [italian]
atropin-flexiolen
endo-(+/-)-alpha-(hydroxymethyl)benzeneacetic acid 8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl ester
benzeneacetic acid, alpha-(hydroxymethyl)-, (3-endo)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)oct-3-yl ester
eyesules
benzeneacetic acid, alpha-(hydroxymethyl)-, 8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)oct-3-yl ester, endo-(+-)-
1alphah,5alphah-tropan-3alpha-ol (+-)-tropate (ester)
hsdb 2199
tropine, tropate (ester)
beta-phenyl-gamma-oxypropionsaure-tropyl-ester [german]
1-alpha-h,5-alpha-h-tropan-3-alpha-ol (+-)-tropate (ester) (8ci)
(+/-)-atropine
atropinol
troyl tropate
alpha-(hydroxymethyl)benzeneacetic acid 8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)oct-3-yl ester
tropic acid, ester with tropine
(+/-)-hyoscyamine
benzeneacetic acid, alpha-(hydroxymethyl)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3,2,1)oct-3-yl ester, endo-(+-)-
ai3-60219
dl-tropanyl 2-hydroxy-1-phenylpropionate
beta-phenyl-gamma-oxypropionsaeure-tropyl-ester [german]
dl-hyoscyamine
C01479
atropine ,
51-55-8
atropine, meets usp testing specifications
atropine, >=99% (tlc), powder
NCGC00142514-03
DB00572
MEGXP0_001878
NCGC00142514-01
ACON1_000046
HMS2089A16
C1504
BMSE000649
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate
NCGC00017333-03
ropine tropate
[(1r,5s)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl] 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate
HMS3259M13
tox21_111590
NCGC00258041-01
tox21_200487
atropinum
CHEMBL517712
dtxsid4020113 ,
tox21_110816
cas-51-55-8
dtxcid20113
AKOS015955538
HMS2231G17
S4713
NCGC00017333-02
NCGC00017333-05
NCGC00017333-06
NCGC00017333-04
atropine [usp:ban]
beta-phenyl-gamma-oxypropionsaeure-tropyl-ester
beta-phenyl-gamma-oxypropionsaure-tropyl-ester
7c0697dr9i ,
benzeneacetic acid, alpha-(hydroxymethyl)- (3-endo)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)oct-3-yl ester
unii-7c0697dr9i
bdbm50403547
FT-0627165
atropine component of duodote
benzeneacetic acid, .alpha.-(hydroxymethyl)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)oct-3-yl ester, endo-(+/-)-
atropine [mi]
atropine [ep monograph]
atropine [usp monograph]
atropine [mart.]
atropine [vandf]
atropine ((+/-)-)
duodote component atropine
atropinum [hpus]
homatropine hydrobromide impurity d [ep impurity]
atropine [green book]
atropine, (+/-)-
benzeneacetic acid, .alpha.-(hydroxymethyl)-(3-endo)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)oct-3-yl ester
1.alpha.h,5.alpha.h-tropan-3.alpha.-ol (+/-)-tropate (ester)
atropine [usp-rs]
atropine component of atnaa
atropine [orange book]
atropine [who-dd]
(3-endo)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)oct-3-yl tropate
atropine [ep impurity]
atnaa component atropine
NC00493
SCHEMBL2812
AB00694549-12
CHEBI:78734
CHEMBL475124
CS-4834
RKUNBYITZUJHSG-SPUOUPEWSA-N
HY-B1205
OPERA_ID_1088
AB00694549_14
cid_174174
atropine, analytical standard
atropine, >=95.0% (nt)
CHEMBL254656
bdbm200229
atropine, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
atropine for peak identification, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
3-tropoyloxytropane
NCGC00385525-01
tropine tropate;dl-hyoscyamine
atropine ((+/-)-hyoscyamin)
BCP15060
Q26272
BRD-A27290375-330-01-1
AS-56020
(3-exo)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl alpha-(hydroxymethyl)benzeneacetate
DTXSID601141720
16175-85-2

Research Excerpts

Overview

Atropine is a well-known tropane alkaloid commonly employed in medicine class called anticholinergics. Atropine eye drops is an emerging therapy for myopia control.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Atropine is a well known muscarinic subtype non-specific antagonist that competitively inhibits acetylcholine (ACh) at postganglionic muscarinic sites."	( Discovery of subtype selective muscarinic receptor antagonists as alternatives to atropine using in silico pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening methods. Bhattacharjee, AK; Evans, SA; Gordon, RK; Pervitsky, D; Pomponio, JW, 2013)	1.34
"Atropine is known to be an effective intervention to delay myopia progression. "	( Efficacy and Safety of 8 Atropine Concentrations for Myopia Control in Children: A Network Meta-Analysis. Ha, A; Jung, JH; Kim, SJ; Kim, YK; Shim, SR, 2022)	2.47
"Atropine is a racemic mixture of d- and l-hyoscyamine, but only l-hyoscyamine is the effective ingredient. "	( A validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of l-hyoscyamine in human plasma: Application in a clinical study. Chen, Y; Duan, Y; Song, Q; Yang, Y; Yu, M; Zuo, Z, 2022)	2.16
"Atropine is an anticholinergic drug widely used in the field of ophthalmology, but its abuse can cause cytotoxicity to the cornea, resulting in blurred vision. "	( High-concentration atropine induces corneal epithelial cell apoptosis via miR-30c-1/SOCS3. Chen, XJ; Hu, P; Yi, S, 2022)	2.49
"Atropine is a well-known tropane alkaloid commonly employed in medicine class called anticholinergics. "	( Carboxylic acid-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (COOH-MWCNTs) improved production of atropine in callus of Datura inoxia by influencing metabolism, gene regulation, and DNA cytosine methylation; an in vitro biological assessment. Ebadi, M; Iranbakhsh, A; Oraghi Ardebili, Z; Tardast, Z, 2023)	2.57
"Atropine eye drops is an emerging therapy for myopia control. "	( Low-Concentration Atropine Eye Drops for Myopia Progression. Li, FF; Yam, JC, )	1.91
"Atropine eyedrops are a promising treatment for slowing myopia progression in East Asian children. "	( Western Australia Atropine for the Treatment of Myopia (WA-ATOM) study: Rationale, methodology and participant baseline characteristics. Azuara-Blanco, A; Charng, J; Chen, FK; Chia, A; Clark, A; Crewe, JM; Flitcroft, I; Hammond, CJ; Lee, SSY; Lingham, G; Logan, NS; Loughman, JJ; Mackey, DA; Ng, F; Richards, MD; Truong, TT, 2020)	2.33
"Atropine eye drops are a common and effective treatment for slowing myopia progression, but the site and mode of action of atropine in controlling myopia are unclear. "	( The acute effect of atropine eye drops on the human full-field electroretinogram. Khanal, S; Phillips, JR; Rathod, SN, 2021)	2.39
"Atropine is an antimuscarinic alkaloid identified in Atropa belladonna. "	( An ultrasound assisted extraction-solid-phase extraction-ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined strategy for atropine determination in Atropa belladonna leaves. da Silva, TA; Henriques, AT; Klein-Junior, LC; Koetz, M; Santos, MC; Toson, NSB, 2021)	2.27
"Atropine is an old-known drug which is gaining increasing attention due to the myriad of therapeutic effects it may trigger on eye structures. "	( Atropine in topical formulations for the management of anterior and posterior segment ocular diseases. Alvarez-Lorenzo, C; García Del Valle, I, 2021)	3.51
"Atropine is a classical drug with a wide use in clinical practice. "	( [The safety of atropine for myopia prevention and control]. Chen, DX; He, XG; Xu, X, 2021)	2.42
"Atropine is a clinically relevant anticholinergic drug, which blocks inhibitory effects of the parasympathetic neurotransmitter acetylcholine on heart rate leading to tachycardia. "	( Atropine augments cardiac contractility by inhibiting cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 4. Bork, NI; Conti, M; Dewenter, M; El-Armouche, A; Fischer, TH; Hasenfuß, G; Maier, LS; Nikolaev, VO; Perera, RK; Vettel, C; Wagner, M; Wess, J, 2017)	3.34
"Atropine is a reversible muscarinic receptor used to treat various diseases."	( MALDI imaging mass spectrometry revealed atropine distribution in the ocular tissues and its transit from anterior to posterior regions in the whole-eye of rabbit after topical administration. Mano, H; Matsugi, T; Mochizuki, T; Mori, N; Setou, M; Takei, S; Yamazaki, F, 2019)	1.5
"Atropine sulfate is a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist which impairs acquisition and retention performance on a variety of cognitive tasks. "	( Central muscarinic cholinergic involvement in serial pattern learning: Atropine impairs acquisition and retention in a serial multiple choice (SMC) task in rats. Chenoweth, AM; Fountain, SB, 2015)	2.09
"Atropine is an anticholinergic drug for mydriasis in eye clinic, and its abuse might be cytotoxic to the cornea and result in blurred vision. "	( Cytotoxicity of atropine to human corneal epithelial cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis. Fan, TJ; Tian, CL; Wen, Q, 2015)	2.21
"Atropine is a vagus nerve blocker that can antagonize vagus excitation to mitigate the reflex bradycardia."	( Comparison of the treatment effects of methoxamine and combining methoxamine with atropine infusion to maintain blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a double blind randomized trial. Jian, DL; Luo, XJ; Tian, G; Zheng, M; Zhong, HY; Zou, XJ, 2016)	1.38
"Atropine is a strong antagonist of muscarinic receptors widely used in various diseases because of its anticholinergic action."	( [Severe atropine poisoning mimicking acute stroke]. Alla, P; Faivre, A; Gaillard, T; Goutorbe, P; Mounier, C, 2012)	2.26
"Atropine is a parasympatholytic alkaloid used as an antidote to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors."	( Organophosphorous pesticides in breast cancer progression. Botella, LM; Cabello, G; Calaf, GM; Juarranz, A, 2003)	1.04
"Atropine is a parasympatholytic alkaloid used as an antidote to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors."	( Gene expression signature of parathion-transformed human breast epithelial cells. Calaf, GM; Roy, D, 2007)	1.06
"Atropine is a natural drug that blocks muscarinic receptors."	( Ionophoric properties of atropine: complexation and transport of Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions across a liquid membrane. Blaghen, M; Moutaouakkil, A; Rabi, L, 2008)	1.37
"Atropine is an effective medicine for HPS."	( Management and ultrasonographic appearance of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis with intravenous atropine sulfate. Amemoto, K; Mino, M; Nagita, A; Yamaguchi, J; Yamazaki, T; Yoden, A, 1996)	1.23
"Atropine (ATR) is a muscarinic receptor antagonist that blocks the post-synaptic effects of cholinergic projections."	( The effects of REM sleep-inhibiting drugs in neonatal rats: evidence for a distinction between neonatal active sleep and REM sleep. Frank, MG; Heller, HC; Page, J, 1997)	1.02
"Atropine and bifocals are an appropriate, effective, and safe management for progressive school myopia; and probably also for pathological myopia."	( Management of progressive school myopia with topical atropine eyedrops and photochromic bifocal spectacles. Donovan, JP; Romano, PE, 2000)	2
"Atropine was shown to be an effective bronchodilator with a predominant site of action in large airways."	( Inhaled atropine in asthma. Blair, HT; Miller, WC; Rice, DL; Snow, RM, 1979)	1.42
"Atropine is an anticholinergic drug used in military medicine as an antidote following exposure to cholinesterase-inhibiting nerve agents. "	( Dose-dependent atropine-induced changes in spontaneous electroencephalogram in human volunteers. Henningfield, JE; Herning, RI; Koeppl, B; Pickworth, WB, 1990)	2.07
"Atropine is a competitive antagonist of neurokinin B (pA2 = 9.0) at ten times the concentration needed to block acetylcholine (pA2 = 10.1), but does not inhibit the other neurokinins."	( Differentiation of multiple neurokinin receptors in the guinea pig ileum. Jacoby, HI; Lopez, I; Vaught, JL; Wright, D, 1986)	0.99
"Atropine is an antimuscarinic which has been frequently studied with learning and performance tasks using both human and animal subjects. "	( Dose-dependent effects of atropine on behavioral and physiologic responses in humans. Henningfield, JE; Higgins, ST; Lamb, RJ, 1989)	2.02
"2. Atropine was found to be a potent cholinolytic on A-type neurons, ACh responses of which are blocked by ouabain and mediated by Na+ and Cl- permeabilities, while d-tubocurarine blocked B-type ACh responses which are insensitive to ouabain and mediated by Na+ and K+ permeabilities."	( The pharmacological characteristics of two types of cholinoreceptors in the membrane of dialyzed neurons. Arvanov, VL; Ayrapetyan, SN; Maginyan, SB, 1988)	0.79

Effects

Atropine has a high therapeutic effect in the restoration of circulatory function and may even improve respiration at high soman doses. It has a potential role in treating infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis.

Atropine has historically been used in the pediatric population as RSI premedication to prevent bradycardia. Atropine 1% has been used to slow the progression of myopia; however, it has not gained worldwide clinical acceptance.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Atropine has a side effect incidence rate 7 times higher than the incidence rate of cyclopentolate. "	( Incidence of side effects of topical atropine sulfate and cyclopentolate hydrochloride for cycloplegia in Japanese children: a multicenter study. Fujikado, T; Hayashi, T; Kimura, A; Miki, A; Nishina, S; Sato, M; Sugasawa, J; Utsumi, T; Wakayama, A, 2018)	2.2
"atropine has a potential role in treating infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS)."	( Pyloromyotomy versus i.v. atropine therapy for the treatment of infantile pyloric stenosis: nationwide hospital discharge database analysis. Hashimoto, H; Horiguchi, H; Matsuda, S; Takeuchi, M; Yasunaga, H, 2013)	1.41
"Atropine has a beneficial effect on arrhythmias and conduction disturbances and may reduce paediatric intensive care unit mortality."	( The therapeutic value of atropine for critical care intubation. Jones, P, 2016)	1.46
"Atropine has a high therapeutic effect in the restoration of circulatory function and may even improve respiration at high soman doses."	( Analysis of cardiovascular and respiratory effects of various doses of soman in guinea-pigs: efficacy of atropine treatment. Szinicz, L; Worek, F, )	1.07
"Atropine has been proven to be effective in retarding myopia progression. "	( Atropine Affects the Outer Retina During Inhibiting Form Deprivation Myopia in Guinea Pigs. Chen, D; Li, X; Liu, H; Yang, Z, 2022)	3.61
"Atropine has also shown to disrupt memory formation."	( Blockade of muscarinic receptors impairs reconsolidation of older fear memory by decreasing cholinergic neurotransmission: A study in rat model of PTSD. Batool, Z; Haider, S; Liaquat, L; Rafiq, S, 2020)	1.28
"Atropine has historically been used in the pediatric population as RSI premedication to prevent bradycardia, especially when using succinylcholine as an induction agent."	( Incidence of Bradycardia and the Use of Atropine in Pediatric Rapid Sequence Intubation in the Emergency Department. Kaucher, KA; Kovacich, NJ; McCormick, T; Nelson, AC, 2022)	1.71
"Atropine has been used for more than 100 years to arrest myopia progression."	( [Atropine for the Prevention of Progression in Myopia - Data, Side Effects, Practical Guidelines]. Schittkowski, MP; Sturm, V, 2018)	2.11
"Atropine has a side effect incidence rate 7 times higher than the incidence rate of cyclopentolate. "	( Incidence of side effects of topical atropine sulfate and cyclopentolate hydrochloride for cycloplegia in Japanese children: a multicenter study. Fujikado, T; Hayashi, T; Kimura, A; Miki, A; Nishina, S; Sato, M; Sugasawa, J; Utsumi, T; Wakayama, A, 2018)	2.2
"Atropine has good ocular bioavailability with concentrations of two magnitudes higher than its binding affinity in most tissues at 3 days."	( The penetration and distribution of topical atropine in animal ocular tissues. Barathi, VA; Beuerman, RW; Li, S; Neo, J; Syn, N; Tong, L; Wang, LZ; Zhou, L, 2019)	1.5
"Atropine has is currently recommended to facilitate haemodynamic stability during critical care intubation. "	( Atropine for critical care intubation in a cohort of 264 children and reduced mortality unrelated to effects on bradycardia. Alberti, C; Dauger, S; Jones, P; Kessous, K; Kurth, T; Lode, N; Peters, MJ; Pinto da Costa, N, 2013)	3.28
"atropine has a potential role in treating infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS)."	( Pyloromyotomy versus i.v. atropine therapy for the treatment of infantile pyloric stenosis: nationwide hospital discharge database analysis. Hashimoto, H; Horiguchi, H; Matsuda, S; Takeuchi, M; Yasunaga, H, 2013)	1.41
"Atropine 1% has been used to slow the progression of myopia; however, it has not gained worldwide clinical acceptance because it results in clinically significant pupillary mydriasis and accommodative paralysis. "	( Maximum atropine dose without clinical signs or symptoms. Cooper, J; Eisenberg, N; Schulman, E; Wang, FM, 2013)	2.27
"Atropine has a beneficial effect on arrhythmias and conduction disturbances and may reduce paediatric intensive care unit mortality."	( The therapeutic value of atropine for critical care intubation. Jones, P, 2016)	1.46
"Atropine eye drops have been quite extensively used in clinical practice in Asian countries."	( The Role of Atropine Eye Drops in Myopia Control. Armesto, A; Grzybowski, A; Iribarren, G; Iribarren, R; Szwajkowska, M, 2015)	1.52
"Atropine 0.01% has the best therapeutic index, with clinically insignificant amounts of pupil dilation, near vision, and accommodation loss but remains as effective as higher doses."	( Topical Atropine in the Control of Myopia. Chia, A; Loh, KL; Tan, D; Tay, SA, )	1.29
"Atropine has the potential to cause central toxicity which may complicate the management of this life-threatening condition."	( An atropine and glycopyrrolate combination reduces mortality in organophosphate poisoning. Arendse, R; Irusen, E, 2009)	1.7
"Atropine 0.01% has minimal side effects compared with atropine at 0.1% and 0.5%, and retains comparable efficacy in controlling myopia progression."	( Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia: safety and efficacy of 0.5%, 0.1%, and 0.01% doses (Atropine for the Treatment of Myopia 2). Cheung, YB; Chia, A; Chua, WH; Fong, A; Lingham, A; Tan, D; Wong, WL, 2012)	3.26
"Atropine has been reported to increase the propofol requirements for the induction of anesthesia during continuous infusion of propofol. "	( The effect of atropine on the bispectral index response to endotracheal intubation during propofol and remifentanil anesthesia. Chang, YJ; Kim, HS; Kim, JY; Kwak, HJ; Moon, BK; Oh, CK, 2013)	2.19
"Oral atropine has been used successfully by other teams without side effects, and there were no side effects or complications related to the use of atropine in this study."	( [Conservative treatment of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in children]. Korać, G; Krstić, Z; Lukac, M; Sindjeć, S; Smoljanić, Z; Sretenović, A, 2004)	0.78
"Atropine has been found to be effective in the treatment of amblyopia. "	( Amblyopia treatment studies. Bacal, DA, 2004)	1.77
"Atropine has beneficial effects on the heart rate, prolongs the time before the heart rate declines, and delays death but has no effect on the QT(c) interval."	( The comparison of therapeutic effects of atropine and pralidoxime on cardiac signs in rats with experimental organophosphate poisoning. Cankayali, I; Demirag, K; Eris, O; Moral, AR; Pehlivan, M, )	1.12
"Atropine has no effect on LH and FSH release because there are no differences between mean values of the hormones during the test with and without atropine, at any time it is administered."	( [Effect of atropine on hypophyseal gonadotropins in the basal condition and under GnRH stimulation]. Bizzarro, A; De Matteo, A; Guarino, G; Iannucci, F; L'Abbate, V; Soricelli, A; Verdoliva, A, 1980)	1.37
"Atropine has a high therapeutic effect in the restoration of circulatory function and may even improve respiration at high soman doses."	( Analysis of cardiovascular and respiratory effects of various doses of soman in guinea-pigs: efficacy of atropine treatment. Szinicz, L; Worek, F, )	1.07
"Atropine has been added (0.25-1 mg) in patients who did not reach the theoretical maximal cardiac frequency."	( [Comparison of the echo-dobutamine-atropine test and ergometric test in the diagnosis of coronary disease]. Adamo, M; Americo, L; Andolina, S; Ascione, A; Bonnì, G; Castello, A; Orlando, G; Sarullo, FM; Schicchi, R; Schillaci, AM; Schirò, M, 1996)	1.29
"Atropine sulphate has been used successfully in large doses to counteract the muscarinic effects of OP poisoning."	( Treatment of organophosphate poisoning. Experience of nerve agents and acute pesticide poisoning on the effects of oximes. Balali-Mood, M; Shariat, M, )	0.85
"Atropine has been used to block cholinergic neurotransmission in basic research and has received recent interest clinically in the intracavernosal pharmacotherapy of erectile dysfunction. "	( The action mechanism of relaxation effect of atropine on the isolated rabbit corpus cavernosum. Choi, HK; Choi, YD; Chung, WS, 1999)	2.01
"Atropine has both a contraction effect at lower concentrations and a relaxation effect at higher concentrations on cavernosal smooth muscle. "	( The action mechanism of relaxation effect of atropine on the isolated rabbit corpus cavernosum. Choi, HK; Choi, YD; Chung, WS, 1999)	2.01
"Atropine has previously been found to suppress visually induced myopia both in animals and humans. "	( Effects of atropine on refractive development, dopamine release, and slow retinal potentials in the chick. Kaymak, H; Schaeffel, F; Schwahn, HN, )	1.96
"Atropine has also been suggested to potentially worsen the ischemic situation in patients who are in the midst of acute coronary ischemia. "	( Administration of atropine in the setting of acute myocardial infarction: potentiation of the ischemic process? Brady, WJ; Perron, AD, 2001)	2.09
"Atropine has no effect by itself on the resting 22Na+ efflux, neither did tetrodotoxin or ouabain."	( The effects of acetylcholine and atropine on the 22Na+ permeability of intestinal smooth muscle vesicles. Spero, L, 1978)	1.26
"Atropine use has increased over the 9-year period."	( An audit of drug usage for in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Brooks, NH; Levy, RD; Rhoden, WE; Shearer, K; Varley, E, 1992)	1
"Atropine alone has no effect, but after a brief preincubation period with agonists (methacholine or oxotremorine), the addition of atropine transiently enhances catecholamine-stimulated cAMP accumulation by 2.5-fold."	( Enhanced cAMP accumulation after termination of cholinergic action in the heart. Linden, J, 1987)	0.99
"Atropine has no effect on the above responses."	( Effects of ranatensin, a polypeptide from frog skin, on isolated smooth muscle. Clineschmidt, BV; Geller, RG; Govier, WC; Pisano, JJ; Tanimura, T, 1971)	0.97

Actions

Atropine appears to produce an exaggerated snout thigmotaxis. Atropine did not suppress the maximum contractile response to acetylcholine, but the other drugs significantly suppressed this at the higher concentrations.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Atropine induced an increase in choroidal thickness by about 60 percent, with a peak amplitude after about 2 h. "	( Effects of Single and Repeated Intravitreal Applications of Atropine on Choroidal Thickness in Alert Chickens. Feldkaemper, MP; Mathis, U; Schaeffel, F, 2021)	2.31
"With atropine, this was because of a decrease of the linear part of fHRV complexity on the long-term time scale (P < 0.05), suggesting that vagal modulation of fHRV is adequately described by linear fHRV measures."	( Nonlinear properties of vagal and sympathetic modulations of heart rate variability in ovine fetus near term. Frasch, MG; Hoyer, D; Müller, T; Schubert, H; Schwab, M; Weiss, C, 2009)	0.81
"Atropine did not inhibit the antinociceptive effects of both mepyramine and famotidine on formalin-induced nociception."	( Effects of mepyramine and famotidine on the physostigmine-induced antinociception in the formalin test in rats. Mojtahedin, A; Tamaddonfard, E; Zanbouri, A, 2008)	1.07
"Atropine reversed the increase in thermal escape latency produced by 10 microg HupA, indicating an antinociceptive mechanism through muscarinic cholinergic receptors."	( Intrathecal huperzine A increases thermal escape latency and decreases flinching behavior in the formalin test in rats. Park, P; Schachter, S; Yaksh, T, 2010)	1.08
"(2) Atropine ratio (= increase in pulse rate following intravenous administration of atropine)/(mean pulse rate before the administration); the ratio was significantly higher in the patients with GBS than that in the healthy controls (p = 0.026)."	( [A study of parasympathetic functions in Guillain-Barré syndrome]. Abe, T; Itokawa, K; Maeda, A; Nakazato, Y; Shimazu, K; Tamura, N; Yamamoto, T, 2002)	0.8
"Atropine did not inhibit the lobeline-induced responses but abolished the muscarinic responses."	( Agonist- and nerve-induced phasic activity in the isolated whole bladder of the guinea pig: evidence for two types of bladder activity. Drake, MJ; Gillespie, JI; Harvey, IJ, 2003)	1.04
"Atropine was able to inhibit the branchial vascular responses to ACh but not the hypoxic bradycardia, suggesting the presence of muscarinic receptors on the heart and gill vasculature, and that the hypoxia induced bradycardia is of non-cholinergic origin."	( Adenosinergic and cholinergic control mechanisms during hypoxia in the epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium ocellatum), with emphasis on branchial circulation. Nilsson, GE; Renshaw, GM; Stensløkken, KO; Sundin, L, 2004)	1.04
"Atropine failed to inhibit this relaxation."	( Involvement of M(2) muscarinic receptors in relaxant response of circular muscle of mouse gastric antrum. Azuma, YT; Hagi, K; Hata, F; Matsui, M; Mukai, K; Nakajima, H; Takeuchi, T; Toyoshima, M, 2006)	1.06
"POST-atropine, the increase in heart rate was enhanced, the rise in systolic pressure abolished and the falls in diastolic and mean pressures exaggerated (+47.0 +/- 2.8 beats/min, -8.9 +/- 2.9 mm Hg, -27.3 +/- 2.1 mm Hg, -21.1 +/- 1.9 mm Hg, respectively at isoprenaline 2 micrograms/min)."	( Vagal activity is increased during intravenous isoprenaline infusion in man. Arnold, JM; McDevitt, DG, 1984)	0.72
"Atropine in lower doses (20,40mg/kg) with digoxin (40mg/kg) decreased the total percent of digoxin induced arrhythmias, delayed their onset, and changed the type of arrhythmias as compared with the digoxin group alone."	( Modification of digoxin induced arrhythmogenicity in adult rats following atropine administration. Kaplanski, J; Martin, O; Weinhouse, E, 1983)	1.22
"Atropine appears to produce an exaggerated snout thigmotaxis."	( Atropine stereotypy as a behavioral trap: a movement subsystem and electroencephalographic analysis. De Ryck, M; Schallert, T; Teitelbaum, P, 1980)	2.43
"Atropine failed to inhibit the responses to IMX or DBcAMP, whereas cimetidine did inhibit the response to IMX, but not to DBcAMP."	( Secretagogue stimulation of [14C]aminopyrine accumulation by isolated canine parietal cells. Soll, AH, 1980)	0.98
"atropine tended to increase TK activity, however, that rise did not attain statistical significance; 4."	( The activity of thymidine kinase in homogenates of rat thyroid lobes incubated in vitro in the presence of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide; interactions with atropine and carbachol. Greger, J; Karbownik, M; Lewinski, A; Modrzejewska, H, 1994)	1.21
"Atropine did not suppress the maximum contraction to acetylcholine, while the other drugs significantly suppressed the maximum contractions at the higher concentrations."	( Comparison of the effects of various anticholinergic drugs on human isolated urinary bladder. Gotoh, S; Ichinose, A; Inadome, A; Kikukawa, H; Kitani, K; Machida, J; Takahashi, W; Ueda, S; Wada, Y; Yoshida, M, )	0.85
"Atropine did not suppress the maximum contractile response to acetylcholine, but the other drugs significantly suppressed this at the higher concentrations."	( Pharmacologic actions of temiverine (p-INN) and its active metabolite, RCC-36, on isolated human urinary bladder muscle. Kikukawa, H; Nishi, K; Ueda, S; Wada, Y; Yoshida, M, 1998)	1.02
"Atropine did not inhibit the contractions to NPY, PYY and [Leu31,Pro34]NPY but significantly affected those to NPY(13-36), [D-Trp32]NPY, rPP and hPP."	( NPY receptor subtypes involved in the contraction of the proximal colon of the rat. Beauverger, P; Bourrienne, A; Boutin, JA; Canet, E; Dromaint, S; Duhault, J; Fauchère, JL; Félétou, M; Galizzi, JP; Germain, M; Henlin, JM; Imbert, J; Macia, C; Nicolas, JP; Rodriguez, M, 1998)	1.02
"Atropine can suppress muscamic agonist-induced Ca2+ responses."	( Cholinergic agonists increase intracellular calcium concentration in guinea pig vestibular hair cells. Han, D; Han, W; Jiang, S; Yang, W; Zhang, S, 2001)	1.03
"Atropine and patching produce improvement of similar magnitude, and both are appropriate modalities for the initial treatment of moderate amblyopia in children aged 3 to less than 7 years."	( A randomized trial of atropine vs. patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. , 2002)	2.07
"Atropine, known to enhance A-V nodal conduction, allowed achievement of longer A-H intervals (Case 1) and provided the necessary balance of conduction and refractoriness within the A-V nodal reentrant pathways (Cases 1 to 5) to sustain A-V nodal reentry in these patients."	( Induction of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia after atropine. Report of five cases. Akhtar, M; Batsford, WP; Caracta, AR; Damato, AN; Lau, SH; Ruskin, JN; Weisfogel, GM, 1975)	1.21
"Atropine is known to increase the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from cerebral cortex, and the present experiments tested the effect of this drug upon ACh release in the superior cervical ganglion of the cat. "	( The effect of atropine upon acetylcholine release from cat superior cervical ganglia and rat cortical slices: measurement by a radio-enzymic method. Collier, B; Ilson, D; Kato, AC; Wright, JM, 1975)	2.06
"Atropine is thought to produce the most effective cycloplegia in early childhood. "	( [The cycloplegic effect of atropine in comparison with the cyclopentolate-tropicamide-phenylephrine combination]. Alimgil, ML; Erda, N, 1992)	2.02
"Atropine blocked the increase in firing rate induced by L-carnitine and L-acetylcarnitine, thus suggesting for both of them a muscarinic activity."	( Activity of L-carnitine and L-acetylcarnitine on cholinoceptive neocortical neurons of the rat in vivo. Falcone, M; Janiri, L; Persico, A; Tempesta, E, 1991)	1
"Atropine failed to inhibit pancreatic trypsin secretion."	( Stimulatory effects of bombesin on plasma trypsin release and exocrine pancreatic secretion in dogs. Hamaoka, T; Hayakawa, T; Ikei, N; Kiriyama, S; Kitagawa, M; Kodaira, T; Kondo, T; Sakai, Y; Shibata, T; Sobajima, H, 1990)	1
"Atropine failed to increase the heart rate beyond 90 beats per minute in 10 of 17 patients (sensitivity of 59%) or by at least 30% above the resting heart rate only in 4 of them (sensitivity of 24%)."	( Parasympathetic overactivity and its evaluation in patients with sinus nodal dysfunction. Hluchý, J; Makovíni, M; Milovský, V; Pavlovic, M; Uhliariková, H, 1991)	1
"Atropine blocked the increase in villous motility caused by taurocholate and oleic acid."	( Effects of oleic acid and bile salts on canine villous motility. Granger, DN; Mailman, D; Tso, P, 1989)	1
"Atropine failed to suppress the vagal release of IR-PHI and IR-VIP, whereas hexamethonium abolished the increase of both peptide immunoreactivities."	( Corelease of PHI and VIP by vagal stimulation in the dog. Daniel, EE; Hoshino, M; Mochizuki, T; Naruse, S; Ozaki, T; Yanaihara, C; Yanaihara, N; Yasui, A, 1987)	0.99
"and atropine to produce urinary retention has been studied in the rat."	( A comparative study of Atropa belladonna and atropine on an animal model of urinary retention. Bolle, P; Martinoli, L; Mazzanti, G; Silvestrini, B; Tita, B, 1988)	1.02
"Atropine did not produce any clearcut inhibition of the stimulation-induced effects on the superior cervical ganglion or the salivary gland, nor did it enhance the effect of chlorisondamine."	( Stimulation of the synthesis of catecholamines in a sympathetic ganglion via cholinergic and non-cholinergic mechanisms. Andén, NE; Grabowska-Andén, M; Klaesson, L, 1986)	0.99

Treatment

Atropine as treatment for urinary incontinence during everyday activity was remarkably effective when given parenterally. Atropine did not affect the picrotoxinin-induced activation of retinal dopamine turnover which negates the involvement of a cholinergic interneuron.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Atropine pre-treatment significantly decreased the median number of ventricular ectopic beats from 46 (6-192) to 0 (0-29), P = 0.026; ventricular ectopy was completely eliminated in 4/6 subjects."	( Atropine-induced sinus tachycardia protects against exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias in patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Fountain, D; Gayle, KA; Kannankeril, PJ; Knollmann, BC; Roden, DM; Shoemaker, MB, 2020)	2.72
"Atropine-treated eyes responded with 14% lower DA3.0 OP (oscillatory potential) amplitude (p = 0.003) and 4% delay in the DA10.0 a-wave peak time (p = 0.00099) compared with control eyes. "	( The acute effect of atropine eye drops on the human full-field electroretinogram. Khanal, S; Phillips, JR; Rathod, SN, 2021)	2.39
"Atropine-treated children were asked to instill one drop of 0.01% atropine in each eye every evening at 5 days a week. "	( A retrospective analysis of the therapeutic effects of 0.01% atropine on axial length growth in children in a real-life clinical setting. Graff, B; Kaymak, H; Langenbucher, A; Schaeffel, F; Schwahn, H; Seitz, B, 2021)	2.31
"In atropine-treated rats, hexamethonium (antagonist of ganglionic nicotinic receptors) greatly attenuated the BIMP-induced increase in blood pressure without changing the BIMP-induced increase in heart rate."	( Acute effects of a sarin-like organophosphorus agent, bis(isopropyl methyl)phosphonate, on cardiovascular parameters in anaesthetized, artificially ventilated rats. Arima, Y; Itoh, T; Maeno, Y; Makita, R; Nagao, M; Namera, A; Shiraishi, H; Torikoshi, A; Watanabe, Y; Yoshizumi, M, 2013)	0.9
"Atropine pretreatment significantly blocked ACh responses in both rectum and colon."	( In vitro study of acetylcholine and histamine induced contractions in colon and rectum of adult and neonate rats. Mandal, MB; Singh, S, )	0.85
"Atropine treatment significantly reversed the protective effect of tacrine."	( Adjuvant anticholinesterase therapy for the management of epilepsy-induced memory deficit: a critical pre-clinical study. Goel, RK; Mishra, A, 2014)	1.12
"Atropine treatment attenuated the FDM-induced changes in refraction, axial length, and scleral remodeling."	( Upregulation of regulator of G-protein signaling 2 in the sclera of a form deprivation myopic animal model. Chu, R; Dai, J; Liu, H; Liu, R; Zhang, X; Zhou, H; Zou, L, 2014)	1.12
"Atropine treatment at 19.00 h of proestrus on either side of the SCN did not modify ovulation, while the progesterone and oestradiol levels were lower."	( Unilaterally blocking the muscarinic receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in proestrus rats prevents pre-ovulatory LH secretion and ovulation. Cárdenas, M; Chavira, R; Damián-Matsumura, P; Domínguez, R; Lagunas, N; Morales-Ledesma, L; Ramírez, DA; Trujillo, A; Vieyra, E, 2016)	1.16
"Atropine treatment reduced cardiac arrhythmias in mutant mice, implicating overactive parasympathetic tone."	( Methyl-CpG binding-protein 2 function in cholinergic neurons mediates cardiac arrhythmogenesis. Herrera, JA; Neul, JL; Ward, CS; Wehrens, XH, 2016)	1.16
"Atropine pretreatment potentiated antigen challenge-induced hyperreactivity."	( Atropine-enhanced, antigen challenge-induced airway hyperreactivity in guinea pigs is mediated by eosinophils and nerve growth factor. Fryer, AD; Gleich, GJ; Jacoby, DB; Verbout, NG, 2009)	2.52
"Atropine treatment also caused an increase in the maximal response and potency of carbachol-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis elicited by the L430A/L431A mutant."	( A conserved motif in the membrane proximal C-terminal tail of human muscarinic m1 acetylcholine receptors affects plasma membrane expression. Ehlert, FJ; Sawyer, GW; Shults, CA, 2010)	1.08
"Atropine treatment did not affect the occurrence and quality of spontaneous daily torpor at all."	( Torpor and ultradian rhythms require an intact signalling of the sympathetic nervous system. Braulke, LJ; Heldmaier, G, 2010)	1.08
"Atropine treatment was found to have less negative impact than patching."	( Evaluating the burden of amblyopia treatment from the parent and child's perspective. Chandler, DL; Chu, RH; Cole, SR; Felius, J; Hill, M; Holmes, JM; Huang, K; Kulp, MT; Lazar, EL; Matta, NS; Melia, M; Wallace, DK, 2010)	1.08
"All atropine-treated groups were hyperopic on day 12."	( Scleral changes induced by atropine in chicks as an experimental model of myopia. Gallego, P; Ibares-Frías, L; Martínez-García, C; Mayo-Iscar, A; Merayo-Lloves, J; Pérez-Merino, P, 2012)	1.16
"As atropine pre-treatment did not attenuate propofol-induced bradycardia, this response is unlikely to be simply due to vagomimetic actions."	( Effects of propofol on bronchoconstriction and bradycardia induced by vagal nerve stimulation. Hashiba, E; Hirota, K; Matsuki, A; Suzuki, K, 2003)	0.83
"Atropine (1 to 2 mg) treatment prevented catecholamine-mediated AF, indicating a critical role of cholinergic tone in these AF episodes."	( Roles of adrenergic and cholinergic stimulation in spontaneous atrial fibrillation in dogs. Beloshapko, GG; Fedorov, VV; Glukhov, AV; Rosenshtraukh, LV; Sharifov, OF; Yushmanova, AV, 2004)	1.04
"Atropine treatment significantly depressed intestinal transit from 56.5% to 37.7% in the absence of NaF and from 70.1% to 42.8% in its presence."	( Effect of sodium fluoride on gastric emptying and intestinal transit in mice. Amira, S; Gharzouli, K; Soufane, S, 2005)	1.05
"Atropine treatment is effective but carries a risk of toxicity."	( Paediatric organophosphate poisoning--a rural hospital experience. Diedericks, RJ; Dippenaar, R, 2005)	1.05
"Thus atropine pretreatment potentiated airway hyperreactivity by increasing eosinophil activation and degranulation."	( Atropine pretreatment enhances airway hyperreactivity in antigen-challenged guinea pigs through an eosinophil-dependent mechanism. Fryer, AD; Jacoby, DB; Lorton, JK; Verbout, NG, 2007)	2.24
"Atropine pretreatment improved the rate of survival from endotoxic shock in mice."	( Atropine treatment modifies LPS-induced inflammatory response and increases survival. Fuentes, JM; Fulton, WB; Maio, AD; Nino, D; Talamini, MA, 2008)	2.51
"Atropine pretreatment enhanced output of both VIP-IR and PHI-IR during the parasympathetic nerve stimulation to a similar extent (about 5-fold) compared to control stimulations."	( Corelease of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and peptide histidine isoleucine in relation to atropine-resistant vasodilation in cat submandibular salivary gland. Anggård, A; Fahrenkrug, J; Larsson, O; Lundberg, JM, 1984)	1.21
"Atropine pretreatment partially restored neuronal RNA levels."	( Brain neuronal RNA metabolism during acute soman toxication: effects of antidotal pretreatments. Anthony, A; Bocan, TM; Doebler, JA; Moore, RA; Shih, TM, 1983)	0.99
"Atropine pretreatment prevented the neurogenic component of the excitatory effect of both capsaicin and substance P."	( The effects of topical capsaicin on rat urinary bladder motility in vivo. Maggi, CA; Meli, A; Santicioli, P, 1984)	0.99
"Atropine pretreatment decreased the threshold dose significantly for two N-methylated barbiturates, hexobarbital (enhexymalum NFN) and methohexital (enallynymalum NFN), but not for thiopental (thiomebumalum NFN), pentobarbital (mebumalum NFN) or amobarbital (pentymalum NFN)."	( The interaction between atropine and some lipid-soluble barbiturates in rats. Bolander, HG; Wahlström, G, 1984)	1.3
"In atropine-pretreated, surgically bivagotomized rats, iv injection of lipid A was followed by a long-lasting pressor effect."	( Cardiovascular effects of Shigella sonnei endotoxin in the rat. Altavilla, D; Caputi, AP; Focà, A; Fumarola, D; Mondello, F, 1982)	0.78
"Atropine pretreatment did not modify the response to pollen fragments, making an irritant response unlikely."	( Inhalation challenge with ragweed pollen in ragweed-sensitive asthmatics. Norman, PS; Rosenberg, GL; Rosenthal, RR, 1983)	0.99
"In atropine-pretreated rats, HI-6 (125 mg/kg i.p.) raised the LD50 of Soman (subcutaneous) 5.7 times. "	( Examination of the role of central cholinergic mechanisms in the therapeutic effects of HI-6 in organophosphate poisoning. Lundy, PM; Shih, TM, 1983)	0.89
"Atropine pretreatment was ineffective."	( Pharmacodynamic effects of nicotine and acetylcholine biosynthesis in mouse brain. Nordberg, A; Sundwall, A, 1983)	0.99
"Atropine pretreatment, which is known to abolish nasal secretion, caused a further 3-fold increase in VIP output during the nerve stimulation (15 Hz)."	( Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and cholinergic mechanisms in cat nasal mucosa: studies on choline acetyltransferase and release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Anggård, A; Emson, P; Fahrenkrug, J; Hökfelt, T; Lundberg, JM, 1981)	0.98
"Atropine pretreatment was associated with a significant reduction of Cpmax (P < 0.05) and of elimination half-life (P < 0.05)."	( The effect of metoclopramide and atropine on the absorption of orally administered mexiletine. Birkett, DJ; Grygiel, JJ; Meffin, PJ; Smith, KJ; Wing, LM, 1980)	1.26
"Atropine-treated patients received 1 mg atropine intravenously with a repeat dose at one minute if no rhythm change occurred."	( Use of atropine for brady-asystolic prehospital cardiac arrest. Clinton, JE; Coon, GA; Ruiz, E, 1981)	1.44
"Atropine pre-treatment (1 mg, i.v.) also blocked the hPP responses to insulin- or tolbutamide-induced hypoglycemia."	( Characterization of the pancreatic polypeptide response to hypoglycemia in man. Correas, I; Felíu, JE; Marco, J; Villanueva, ML; Vincent, E; Zulueta, MA, 1982)	0.99
"atropine pretreatment, the PCP dose-response curve was shifted to the right, and the magnitude of the pressor responses was reduced by about 50%."	( Reduction by atropine of phencyclidine hypertension and apneusis. Holsapple, MP; Malave, A; Yim, GK, 1982)	1.35
"The atropine sulfate treated rats adopted a search strategy like that of the blind rats and the rats for which the platform was randomly moved: Their escape latency and swimming distance decreased across trials, including reversal trials, but their initial heading errors remained unchanged."	( Cholinergic receptor blockade impairs spatial localization by use of distal cues in the rat. Regehr, JC; Sutherland, RJ; Whishaw, IQ, 1982)	0.75
"Atropine pretreatment did not abolish the obstructive response to airway cooling at any dose but, rather, shifted the stimulus-response curve to the right, so that the effects of muscarinic blockade could be overcome by increasing the stimulus."	( Dose-response effects of atropine on thermal stimulus-response relationships in asthma. Fung, KF; Griffin, MP; Ingram, RH; McFadden, ER, 1982)	1.29
"Atropine as treatment for urinary incontinence during everyday activity was remarkably effective when given parenterally."	( Continence training of children with neurogenic bladder and detrusor hyperactivity: effect of atropine. Naglo, AS, 1982)	1.2
"Atropine pretreatment did not affect the picrotoxinin-induced activation of retinal dopamine turnover which negates the involvement of a cholinergic interneuron."	( GABA antagonists enhance dopamine turnover in the rat retina in vivo. Kamp, CW; Morgan, WW, 1981)	0.98
"2 Atropine treatment did not compromise seriously micturition by water-loaded rats."	( Atropine and micturition responses by rats with intact and partially innervated bladder. Carpenter, FG, 1981)	2.26
"Atropine pretreatment inhibited the physostigmine-induced increase of plasma corticosterone level but it did not prevent the changes induced by DFP administration."	( Changes in the pituitary-adrenocortical function after intracerebral administration of di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate and physostigmine in the rat. Binh, PX; Endröczi, E; Nyakas, C, 1980)	0.98
"Atropine pretreatment (50 micrograms/kg i.v.) prevented the immediate decrease in dynamic lung compliance and reduced the immediate increase in total pulmonary resistance by approximately 55%."	( Cigarette smoke-induced bronchoconstriction: cholinergic mechanisms, tachykinins, and cyclooxygenase products. Hong, JL; Lee, LY; Rodger, IW, 1995)	1.01
"Atropine treatment was only partially effective in improving respiration after 100 micrograms/kg sarin but was ineffective after 200 micrograms/kg sarin."	( Effect of atropine and bispyridinium oximes on respiratory and circulatory function in guinea-pigs poisoned by sarin. Kirchner, T; Szinicz, L; Worek, F, 1995)	1.41
"Atropine treatment was effective in improving the respiratory function after VX, 22.5 micrograms/kg, but had only a small effect after the higher VX doses."	( Effect of atropine, HLö 7 and HI 6 on respiratory and circulatory function in guinea-pigs poisoned by O-ethyl S-[2-(diisopropylamino) ethyl] methylphosponothioate (VX). Kirchner, T; Szinicz, L; Worek, F, 1994)	1.41
"Atropine pretreatment did not modify cardiac disturbances induced by bupivacaine."	( Mechanisms of the putative cardioprotective effect of hexamethonium in anesthetized dogs given a large dose of bupivacaine. Bassoul, B; Bruelle, P; de La Coussaye, JE; Desch, G; Eledjam, JJ; Lefrant, JY; Peray, PA; Sassine, A, 1994)	1.01
"Atropine treatment was very effective in improving the respiratory function after tabun 60 micrograms/kg but was ineffective after tabun 300 micrograms/kg."	( Treatment of tabun poisoned guinea-pigs with atropine, HLö 7 or HI 6: effect on respiratory and circulatory function. Kirchner, T; Szinicz, L; Worek, F, 1994)	1.27
"In atropine treated rats, net jejunal absorption was significantly increased by the inactivation of the NTS."	( Effects of microinjection of kainic acid into the nucleus tractus solitarius on fluid and NaCl absorption across the jejunum. Hosokawa, K; Hosomi, H; Morita, H; Suwaki, H; Tanaka, K, 1994)	0.8
"Atropine pretreatment completely prevented a supramaximal dose of carbachol from inducing ciliary muscle contraction in either vector."	( Age does not affect contractile responses of the isolated rhesus monkey ciliary muscle to muscarinic agonists. Flügel, C; Kaufman, PL; Poyer, JF, 1993)	1.01
"Atropine treatment restored circulatory parameters after soman (2 x LD50) and improved respiration to about 80% of base line values."	( Analysis of cardiovascular and respiratory effects of various doses of soman in guinea-pigs: efficacy of atropine treatment. Szinicz, L; Worek, F, )	1.07
"Atropine treatment of cells transfected with high levels of m4 mAChR, but not m1, causes an elevation in basal levels of cAMP response element-mediated luciferase expression in the absence of agonist."	( Differential regulation of cAMP-mediated gene transcription by m1 and m4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Preferential coupling of m4 receptors to Gi alpha-2. Migeon, JC; Nathanson, NM, 1994)	1.01
"Atropine pretreatment abolished the cardiac slowing caused by the air inflations, indicating the operation of a neural reflex."	( The effect of fetal lung inflation on fetal heart rate. Lumbers, ER; Nail, BS; Stevens, AD, 1994)	1.01
"Atropine or EGTA pretreatment protected or worsened the gastric lesion, respectively, but did not have any influence on the changes in mucosal energy metabolism."	( Role of gastric glandular mucosal energy metabolism in cold-restraint gastric lesion formation. Cho, CH; Koo, MW; Ogle, CW, )	0.85
"Atropine treatment before electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used for two main reasons: a) to prevent transient post-ictal bradyarrhythmias due to excessive vagal tone; b) to minimize secretions within the respiratory tract. "	( Premedication with non-selective and M1-selective muscarinic antagonists before ECT. Feibel, H; Levine, J; Schreiber, G; Swartz, M, 1993)	1.73
"Atropine treatment decreased the electrically-induced release, indicating that the outflow did not reflect acetylcholine from nerve endings, but was largely brought about by postsynaptic receptors."	( Breakdown of membrane choline-phospholipids induced by endogenous and exogenous muscarinic agonist is potentiated by VIP in rat submandibular gland. Dunér-Engström, M; Fredholm, BB, 1993)	1.01
"Atropine treatment did not significantly alter the responses of RARs and Cdyn to the injections of NaCN with different doses."	( Effects of atropine on the responses of rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors and dynamic lung compliance to sodium cyanide-induced hyperpnea. Kanno, T; Matsumoto, S; Nagayama, T; Shimizu, T; Yamasaki, M, 1993)	1.4
"Atropine pretreatment failed to block the negative chronotropic effects of DEC, but did restore respiratory function and reduce the lethality associated with the drug."	( Studies on the acute lethality of diethylcarbamazine in the rat. Belew, DH; Brown, AL; Hunsinger, RN; Jenkins, RL, 1993)	1.01
"Atropine treatment was insufficient in animals poisoned with 10 x LD50 soman."	( Atropine and oxime treatment in lethal soman poisoning of anaesthetized guinea-pigs: HLö 7 dimethanesulfonate versus HI 6 dichloride. Szinicz, L; Worek, F, 1993)	2.45
"Atropine treatment disrupted simple acquisition in some 16- to 17-day-old pups by interfering with approach to the goal, but did not eliminate PSA at either 8- or 15-s intertrial intervals when approach was normal."	( Age-dependent effects of hippocampal muscarinic receptor blockade on memory-based learning in the developing rat. Amsel, A; Burkhalter, EC; Lilliquist, MW; Lobaugh, NJ, 1993)	1.01
"Atropine-treated animals had a higher resting heart rate than controls, but heart rate still increased with running."	( Autonomic nervous control of heart rate in muskrats during exercise in air and under water. Jones, DR; Signore, PE, 1996)	1.02
"Atropine treatment considerably reduced the agitating force whereas that of loperamide did not."	( Effects of atropine and loperamide on the agitating force and GI transit time in dogs in drug absorption studies. Aoyagi, N; Katori, N; Kojima, S, 1996)	1.41
"Atropine pretreatment increased commissural homosynaptic LTP and unveiled a heterosynaptic LTP of MSA-evoked responses."	( Cholinergic facilitation and inhibition of long-term potentiation of CA1 in the urethane-anaesthetized rats. Dawe, GS; Markevich, V; Scorsa, AM; Stephenson, JD, 1997)	1.02
"Atropine treatment was also advantageous in that compliance could be readily checked by inspection."	( Atropine penalisation versus occlusion as the primary treatment for amblyopia. Foley-Nolan, A; McCann, A; O'Keefe, M, 1997)	2.46
"Atropine- or saline-treated rats were exposed to acute restraint stress, and, subsequently, electrophysiological parameters of excised jejunal segments were assessed in Ussing chambers."	( Cholinergic nerves mediate stress-induced intestinal transport abnormalities in Wistar-Kyoto rats. Hanssen, NP; Perdue, MH; Saunders, PR, 1997)	1.02
"Atropine treatment was followed by a decrease in gastric acid secretion and a small decrease in TSH and no changes in the values of the other studied hormones."	( Effects of TRH on gastric acid secretion: a model for human study. Fiegler, M; Kovács, KA; Mózsik, G; Nemes, J, )	0.85
"Atropine pretreatment (10 microg; i.c.v.) abolished the bradycardia but failed to alter pressor and vasopressin responses."	( Choline administration reverses hypotension in spinal cord transected rats: the involvement of vasopressin. Savci, V; Ulus, IH, 1998)	1.02
"In atropine-treated animals (6 micromol kg(-1), i.v., plus infusion of 1.8 micromol h(-1)), apamin (30 nmol kg(-1), i.v.) restored colonic propulsion (+416%) and increased the amplitude of contractions (+367% as compared to atropine alone)."	( The role of tachykinin NK1 and NK2 receptors in atropine-resistant colonic propulsion in anaesthetized guinea-pigs. Giorgio, RD; Giuliani, S; Lecci, A; Maggi, CA; Tramontana, M, 1998)	1.07
"Atropine pretreatment did not affect, whereas CP-99 significantly reduced, the response to desflurane."	( Changes in mucociliary activity may be used to investigate the airway-irritating potency of volatile anaesthetics. Cervin, A; Lindberg, S, 1998)	1.02
"In atropine-treated rats, LF power increased during Iso and Hyper and HF power increased during each type of hypoxia."	( Effects of systemic hypoxia on R-R interval and blood pressure variabilities in conscious rats. Harada, Y; Hayashida, Y; Hirakawa, H; Murasato, Y; Nakamura, T, 1998)	0.81
"Atropine pretreatment completely prevented thiopental-induced bronchospasm in group A+T."	( Effects of thiopental on airway calibre in dogs: direct visualization method using a superfine fibreoptic bronchoscope. Hashimoto, Y; Hirota, K; Ishihara, H; Kudo, M; Kudo, T; Matsuki, A; Ohtomo, N, 1998)	1.02
"Atropine treatment of rats prevented the stress-induced abnormalities of protein transport."	( Stress stimulates transepithelial macromolecular uptake in rat jejunum. Berin, MC; Bijlsma, PB; Groot, JA; Kiliaan, AJ; Perdue, MH; Saunders, PR; Taminiau, JA, 1998)	1.02
"Atropine treatment determined a loss in CBF that was inversely correlated with increasing age."	( Effect of atropine on ciliary beat in human upper respiratory tract epithelial cells. Allegra, L; Camporesi, G; Centanni, S; Guarnieri, R; Tarsia, P, 1998)	1.42
"Atropine pretreatment (0.1 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly reduced the depressant effect of TPY-beta, although heart rate and mean arterial pressure remained 21 +/- 3% and 31 +/- 4%, respectively, as compared to control levels."	( Studies on the cardiovascular action of TPY-beta: an antihypertensive agent with antiplatelet activity. Shen, AY; Teng, CM; Wang, JS, 1999)	1.02
"Atropine treatment had no effect on LBNP tolerance or mean arterial pressure at presyncope, despite an atropine-induced increase in heart rate."	( Effects of cholinergic and beta-adrenergic blockade on orthostatic tolerance in healthy subjects. Convertino, VA; Sather, TM, 2000)	1.03
"Atropine treatment did not block the vascular effect of high concentrations of pilocarpine."	( Mechanism of vascular relaxation by cholinomimetic drugs with special reference to pilocarpine and arecoline. Patil, PN; Stearns, R, 2002)	1.04
"3. Atropine treatment also prevented the adaptive changes in geese given salt water."	( The control of adaptive hypertrophy in the salt glands of geese and ducks. Hanwell, A; Peaker, M, 1975)	0.77
"Atropine pretreatment in five male control subjects significantly decreased basal hPP levels and completely abolished the response to MET."	( Atropine suppression of basal and metoclopramide-induced human pancreatic polypeptide secretion in man. Jersky, J; Leroith, D; Spitz, IM; Zylber, E, 1979)	2.42
"Atropine pretreatment blocked the effect of both physostigmine and oxotremorine on NA turnover."	( Evidence for a cholinergic influence on catecholaminergic pathways terminating in the anterior and medial basal hypothalamus. Morgan, WW; Pfeil, KA, 1979)	0.98
"An atropine treatment (4 mg/kg per day for 2 weeks) given late in the period of abstinence following a barbital treatment can induce a tolerance to hexobarbital."	( Some aspects of the changes induced by chronic barbital treatments in the male rat. Wahlström, G, )	0.65
"Atropine pretreatment had no effect on the cold air potentiation."	( Effects of atropine on potentiation of exercise-induced bronchospasm by cold air. Deal, EC; Ingram, RH; Jaeger, JJ; McFadden, ER, 1978)	1.37
"Atropine pretreatment did not prevent the responses to antigen in our subjects."	( The effect of atropine on acute antigen-mediated airway constriction in subjects with allergic asthma. Fish, JE; Menkes, H; Norman, PS; Permutt, S; Rosenthal, RR; Summer, WR, 1977)	1.34
"Atropine pretreatment totally prevented the paraoxon-induced rise in free and bound ACh."	( Effects of atropine on paraoxon-induced alterations in brain acetylcholine. Dettbarn, WD; Mobley, PL; Wecker, L, 1977)	1.37
"Atropine treatment inhibited a negative chronotropic effect much more readily than a negative inotropic one."	( Differences in chronotropic and inotropic responses of canine atrial muscle and SA node pacemaker activity to adenosine and ACh. Chiba, S, 1976)	0.98
"Atropine treatment produced prompt reversal in several of the cases, and is felt to be the drug of choice for this particular type of idiosyncratic reaction."	( Bradycardia and hypotension following use of intravenous contrast media. Pfister, RC; Stanley, RJ, 1976)	0.98
"In atropine-treated animals antigen infusion resulted in a decreased dynamic compliance and an increased relaxation volume-to-dry weight ratio but no significant change in pulmonary conductance."	( Pulmonary response to antigen infusion in the sensitized guinea pig: modification by atropine. Austen, KF; Drazen, JM, 1975)	0.99
"Atropine pretreatment of sub-diaphragmatic vagotomy prevented these effects."	( Acute gastric ulcer formation in response to electrical vagal stimulation in rats. Cho, CH; Dai, S; Ogle, CW, 1976)	0.98
"Atropine pretreatment greatly reduced the airway resistance effects of all three test agents, thus suggesting some cholinergic component to their potent bronchoconstrictor activities."	( Bronchopulmonary pharmacology of some prostaglandin endoperoxide analogs in the dog. Wasserman, MA, 1976)	0.98
"Atropine treatment (progressively increasing doses from 2 to 15 mg kg-1 injected s.c.) for 14 days did not alter the contents of VIP- or PHI-like immunoreactivity (-IR) in the cat submandibular gland or in three other tissues (nasal mucosa, trachea and tongue)."	( Effects of acute and long-term atropine treatment on levels, release and response to VIP and PHI in the submandibular gland of cat and rat. Dunér-Engström, M; Fahrenkrug, J; Fredholm, BB; Larsson, O; Lundberg, JM; Lundblad, L, 1992)	1.29
"Atropine pretreatment partially reduced total protein secretion."	( Effects of histamine on guinea pig nasal mucosal secretion. Baraniuk, JN; Gawin, AZ; Kaliner, M, 1992)	1
"Atropine treatment diminished the responses of SARs to histamine at different doses."	( Cholinergic and H1-receptor influences of histamine on slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptor activity in the rabbit. Kanno, T; Matsumoto, S; Nagayama, T; Shimizu, T; Yamasaki, M, 1992)	1
"Atropine treatment failed to block the FAS effect but it was able to counteract the BW-induced NA increase."	( Different functional pools of acetylcholinesterase induce changes in rat locus coeruleus noradrenaline metabolism. Abó, V; Dajas, F; Viera, L, 1992)	1
"Atropine post-treatment (after soman exposure) restored the soman-induced decrease in the membrane potential but was ineffective in reversing either the membrane resistance or the duration of the AHP."	( Comparison of atropine pre- and post-treatment in ganglion neurons exposed to soman. Fiekers, JF; Heppner, TJ, 1992)	1.37
"Atropine 10(-7) M pretreatment did not alter these responses."	( Mechanism of noncholinergic excitation of canine ileal circular muscle by motilin. Cipris, S; Daniel, EE; Fox-Threlkeld, JE; Manaka, H; Manaka, Y; Woskowska, Z, )	0.85
"Atropine treatment inhibited ACh-induced vasodilation, but not the alpha 2-agonist-induced dilation."	( Pharmacological analysis of vasodilator responses to alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists in isolated rat common carotid arteries. Chiba, S; Tsukada, M, 1990)	1
"In atropine-pretreated strips (Met-5) enkephalin was effective only in the circular strips, increasing the inhibitory responses."	( Effects of (MET-5) enkephalin on the electrically-evoked mechanical responses in longitudinal and circular strips of the cat terminal ileum. Davidoff, M; Pencheva, N; Radomirov, R; Venkova, K, 1990)	0.79
"Atropine pretreatment was effective in completely blocking the cardiovascular actions of pilocarpine, while methylatropine was only able to block the initial hypotensive and bradycardiac response."	( Central muscarinic modulation of fetal blood pressure and heart rate. Hinman, DJ; Szeto, HH, 1990)	1
"Atropine pretreatment alone significantly delayed transit while hexamethonium treatment alone did not affect intestinal transit."	( Cholinergic neurons mediate intestinal propulsion in the rat. Burks, TF; Galligan, JJ, 1986)	0.99
"Atropine treatment completely abolished saliva secretion at 2 Hz and 15 Hz and the increase in SMG blood flow during stimulation at 2 Hz."	( VIP and noncholinergic vasodilatation in rabbit submandibular gland. Blomquist, L; Edwall, B; Fazekas, A; Gazelius, B; Lundberg, JM; Theodorsson-Norheim, E, )	0.85
"Atropine treatment reversed all the clinical and functional parameters, with the exception of the central nervous and muscular signs, which disappeared within 12 h."	( Respiratory and pulmonary haemodynamic changes during experimental organophosphate poisoning in goats. Bakima, M; Baudet, HM; Lekeux, P; Lomba, F, 1989)	1
"Atropine treatment lowered the ADE to 1.76 +/- 0.33 micrograms/kg and 1.77 +/- 0.19 micrograms/kg in heartworm-positive and -negative dogs, respectively."	( Comparison of arrhythmogenic doses of epinephrine in heartworm-infected and noninfected dogs. Holmes, E; O'Malley, NA; Venugopalan, CS, 1989)	1
"Atropine-treated rats showed less severe damage, earlier resolution of damage, or both."	( Reduction of anguidine toxicity in rats by atropine and methylatropine. Conner, BH; Conner, MW; Malarkey, DE; Newberne, PM; Rogers, AE, 1989)	1.26
"Both atropine pretreatment and vagotomy abolished the stimulating effect of nicotine on gastric motility."	( Dual effect of nicotine injected in the cerebral ventricles on rat gastric motility. Nagata, M; Osumi, Y, 1989)	0.73
"In atropine-treated sinus venosus the effect of bupivacaine on spontaneous rate of firing was less intense."	( Electrophysiological effects of bupivacaine on transitional pacemaker cells of the frog heart. Guerrero, S; Hernandez, D; Morales, M, 1987)	0.79
"Atropine pretreatment also antagonized the potentiating effect of propranolol on Oxo-tremor."	( Cholinergic involvement in the modulation of oxotremorine-tremor in mice by propranolol. Alkondon, M; Ray, A; Sen, P, 1985)	0.99
"Atropine pretreatment (n = 6) inhibited partially both the PP response (delta = +7.9 +/- 3.8 ng/min after atropine) and the pancreatic SLI response (delta = +92 +/- 29 fmol/min) to vagal nerve stimulation."	( Effect and mechanism of vagal nerve stimulation on somatostatin secretion in dogs. Ahrén, B; Paquette, TL; Taborsky, GJ, 1986)	0.99
"Atropine pretreatment reduced but did not eliminate the hypotensive effects of DEET."	( Some cardiovascular effects of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). Houpt, JT; Leach, GJ; Russell, RD, 1988)	1
"Atropine treatment decreased, and phentolamine administration elicited a greater absolute and percent change increase in insulin levels of decerebrate rats."	( Pre- and postabsorptive insulin secretion in chronic decerebrate rats. Berridge, KC; Flynn, FW; Grill, HJ, 1986)	0.99
"Atropine pretreatment (0.2 mg/kg) gave complete protection against pancreatitis."	( Effects of insecticide, diazinon, on pancreas of dog, cat and guinea pig. Baraniewski, H; Borner, JW; Dalo, S; Dressel, T; Frick, TW; Goodale, RL; O'Leary, JF; Runge, W; Shearen, JG, )	0.85
"In atropine-treated rabbit eyes, the absolute pupil diameters were larger, but the pupil still contracted, resulting in a postoperative diameter of 6.5 mm."	( Prevention of surgically induced miosis by diclofenac eye drops. Bellucci, R; Bonomi, L; De Franco, I; Massa, F; Perfetti, S, 1987)	0.79
"The atropine sulfate treatment resulted in the expected vagolytic effects in both the control and the dichlorvos treated dogs, but the atropine effects were attenuated in the latter dogs."	( Latent dichlorvos neurotoxicity detected by vagal tone monitoring in dogs. Dellinger, JA; Koritz, GD; McKiernan, BC; Richardson, BC, )	0.61
"Atropine pretreatment did not affect a CTA induced by the emetic agent, lithium chloride."	( Differential involvement of central cholinergic mechanisms in the aversive stimulus properties of morphine and amphetamine. Amit, Z; Hunt, T; Segal, R, 1987)	0.99
"2. Atropine pretreatment completely antagonized the paraoxon-induced changes but only partially suppressed the soman-induced modifications."	( Changes in brain monoamine content and metabolism induced by paraoxon and soman intoxication. Effect of atropine. Cohen, Y; Coudray-Lucas, C; Le Guen, A; Prioux-Guyonneau, M; Wepierre, J, 1987)	1
"Atropine pretreatment caused nonsignificant reduction in the response to the lowest dose but had no effect on the responses to the other doses, with the response to the highest dose of CCK being 473 +/- 82 mg/15 min."	( Contrasting cholinergic dependence of pancreatic and gallbladder responses to cholecystokinin. Debas, HT; Melendez, RL; Pappas, TN; Strah, KM, 1986)	0.99
"Atropine-treated rats were impaired on a place response of swimming to a platform hidden in a pool filled with opaque water."	( Cholinergic receptor blockade in the rat impairs locale but not taxon strategies for place navigation in a swimming pool. Whishaw, IQ, 1985)	0.99
"Atropine treatment increased the number of muscarinic receptors from 100 +/- 10 fmol/mg protein to 145 +/- 20 fmol/mg protein, decreased the cholinesterase activity from 3.5 +/- 2.0 U/mg protein to 1.0 +/- 0.5 U/mg protein and increased the choline acetyltransferase activity from 0.25 +/- 0.13 pmol [3H]acetylcholine synthesized/min X mg protein to 1.80 +/- 0.59 pmol [3H]acetylcholine synthesized/min X mg protein."	( Long time treatment of N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells with atropine induces changes in markers of muscarinic cholinergic function. Hedlund, B, 1986)	1.24
"Atropine pretreatment (1 mg/kg) did not modify baclofen stimulation of vagal activity."	( Gastric acid and vagus nerve response to GABA agonist baclofen. Debas, H; Goto, Y; Novin, D; Tache, Y, 1985)	0.99
"Atropine treatment in vivo revealed vagal cardio-inhibitory tone in some animals and always blocked the reflex bradycardia seen during adrenaline induced hypertension."	( Adrenergic responses of the cardiovascular system of the eel, Anguilla australis, in vivo. Hipkins, SF, 1985)	0.99
"Atropine pretreatment prevented the significant increase in airway resistance with O3 exposure and partially blocked the decrease in forced expiratory flow rates but did not prevent a significant fall in FVC, changes in f and VT, or the frequency of reported respiratory symptoms after O3."	( Role of the parasympathetic nervous system in acute lung response to ozone. Beckett, WS; Horstman, DH; House, DE; McDonnell, WF, 1985)	0.99
"Atropine pretreatment reduced the amount of secretion (P less than 0.05 and P less than 0.1), but had no effect on sneezing."	( Effect of topically applied atropine, methysergide and chlorpheniramine on nasal challenge with serotonin. Tønnesen, P, 1985)	1.28
"Pretreatment with atropine was effective in most patients at minimizing abrupt reduction in HR during PCTG."	( The Effect of Atropine on Trigeminocardiac Reflex-induced Hemodynamic Changes During Therapeutic Compression of the Trigeminal Ganglion. Guan, ZY; Huang, HT; Li, YF; Ma, Y; Wang, CM; Zhang, J; Zhao, P, 2022)	1.42
"Treatment with atropine established this TCR episode and ensured an event-free surgery.The authors present here, for the first time, a prolonged asystole caused by the TCR, triggered by minimal manipulation of the nasal mucosa."	( Sinus arrest with prolonged asystole due to the trigeminocardiac reflex during application of local anaesthetic in the nasal mucosa. Leibundgut, G; Meuwly, C; Rosemann, T; Schaller, B, 2018)	0.82
"Treatment with atropine 1% drops for 15 days improved distance visual acuity to 0.8."	( Unilateral accommodation spasm: Case report and literature review. Del Cerro Pérez, I; Gómez de Liaño Sánchez, P; Merino Sanz, P; Peinado, GA, 2019)	0.85
"Pretreatment with atropine injection (cholinergic receptor blocker) eliminated the embryonic hypotensive bradycardia, and phentolamine pretreatment (α-adrenergic receptor blocker) eliminated the embryonic hypotensive and hypertensive responses but not the bradycardia."	( Development of sympathetic cardiovascular control in embryonic, hatchling, and yearling female American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Crossley, DA; Elsey, RM; Eme, J, 2013)	0.71
"Pretreatment with atropine, phenoxybenzamine, propranolol and bicuculline did not influence the action of PACAP-38 on the time spent in open arms."	( Neurotransmitter-mediated anxiogenic action of PACAP-38 in rats. Adamik, A; Telegdy, G, 2015)	0.74
"Treatment with atropine, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, completely inhibited both carbachol and motilin-induced pepsinogen secretion."	( Motilin stimulates pepsinogen secretion in Suncus murinus. Goswami, C; Jogahara, T; Sakai, T; Sakata, I; Tanaka, T, 2015)	0.76
"Pre-treatment with atropine extended phase II, while ondansetron had no effect."	( Nitric oxide regulation of migrating motor complex: randomized trial of N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine effects in relation to muscarinic and serotonergic receptor blockade. Boghus, S; Gillberg, L; Halim, MA; Hellström, PM; Karlbom, U; Sundbom, M; Webb, DL, 2015)	0.74
"Co-treatment with atropine or L-NNA blocked the effects of CES on GITT, CTT, and stool consistency."	( Implantable Colonic Electrical Stimulation Improves Gastrointestinal Transit and Defecation in a Canine Constipation Model. Chen, S; Chen, W; Chen, Y; Du, Y; Guo, X; Li, Y; Liu, L; Yao, S; Zhang, Y, 2016)	0.76
"Pretreatment with atropine (0.3 microM) blocked the decrease in atrial rate at 0.3 microg/ml concentration of venom while no such blockade was seen in force of contraction."	( Bradycardia induced by Mesobuthus tamulus scorpion venom involves muscarinic receptor-G-protein-coupled cell signaling pathways. Alex, AB; Deshpande, SB; Kanoo, S, 2008)	0.67
"Pretreatment with atropine (1mg/kg) or naloxone (3mg/kg) blocked the antinociception of najanalgesin in the hot plate test."	( Purification and characterization of a novel antinociceptive toxin from Cobra venom (Naja naja atra). Han, LP; Jiang, WJ; Liang, YX; Qiu, PX; Yuan, J; Zhao, SJ, 2008)	0.67
"Treatment with atropine prior to vehicle or ethanol produced a statistically significant decrease in PS, whereas pilocarpine had no effect on minutes of PS."	( Participation of the cholinergic system in the ethanol-induced suppression of paradoxical sleep in rats. Andersen, ML; Papale, LA; Perry, JC; Tufik, S, 2008)	0.69
"Treatment with atropine significantly increased IGP and decreased motility indices, indicating decreased gastric accommodation and motility."	( A novel method to assess gastric accommodation and peristaltic motility in conscious rats. Gillberg, PG; Hirsch, I; Hultin, L; Janssen, P; Nielsen, MA; Svensson, D, 2008)	0.69
"Pretreatment with atropine blocked endotoxin-induced elevations in serum lipid and hepatorenal injury markers, but failed to alter choline's actions on these parameters."	( Choline or CDP-choline alters serum lipid responses to endotoxin in dogs and rats: involvement of the peripheral nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Cansev, M; Ilcol, YO; Ulus, IH; Yilmaz, Z, 2009)	0.68
"Treatment with atropine or patching led to similar degrees of improvement among 7- to 12-year-olds with moderate amblyopia. "	( Patching vs atropine to treat amblyopia in children aged 7 to 12 years: a randomized trial. Beck, RW; Birch, EE; Felius, J; Hertle, RW; Holmes, JM; Kraker, RT; Kundart, J; Morrison, DG; Repka, MX; Scheiman, MM; Tamkins, SM, 2008)	1.08
"Pretreatment with atropine blocked the PbTx-induced decrease in atrial rate and force of contraction."	( Ptychodiscus brevis toxin decreases the spontaneous activity of rat right atria involving muscarinic receptors and potassium channels. Deshpande, SB; Mandal, MB; Singh, JN, )	0.45
"Pretreatment with atropine slightly attenuated the increase in the MBF in males, but in females it markedly reduced the increases in all three sites measured, especially in the MBF."	( Difference between male and female rats in cholinergic activity of parasympathetic vasodilatation in the masseter muscle. Ishii, H; Izumi, H; Niioka, T, 2009)	0.68
"Pretreatment with atropine also attenuated the increase in blood flow in digastric muscle."	( Parasympathetic vasodilator fibers in rat digastric muscle. Hirai, T; Ishii, H; Izumi, H; Niioka, T; Sudo, E, 2009)	0.68
"Pretreatment with atropine reduced the MBF increase evoked by VN stimulation significantly, whereas pretreatment with either propranolol or phentolamine had no effect on the response."	( Vagal visceral inputs to the nucleus of the solitary tract: involvement in a parasympathetic reflex vasodilator pathway in the rat masseter muscle. Ishii, H; Izumi, H; Niioka, T, 2010)	0.68
"Pretreatment with atropine completely abolished the motilin-induced gastric phase III contractions."	( Physiological characteristics of gastric contractions and circadian gastric motility in the free-moving conscious house musk shrew (Suncus murinus). Hoshino, S; Koike, K; Oda, S; Sakahara, S; Sakai, T; Sakata, I; Takahashi, T; Xie, Z, 2010)	0.68
"Only treatment with atropine eye-drops has produced clinically significant effects, which are however of limited duration and suffer from potential side-effects."	( New perspectives on the prevention of myopia. He, M; Morgan, IG; Xiang, F, 2011)	0.68
"Pretreatment with atropine at 5 mg/kg, but not at 2.5 mg/kg, antagonized the analgesic effect of CTX."	( Involvement of cholinergic system in suppression of formalin-induced inflammatory pain by cobratoxin. Feng, YL; Lin, HM; Liu, YL; Qin, ZH; Reid, PF; Shi, GN; Yang, SL, 2011)	0.69
"Co-treatment with atropine enhanced these effects."	( Shenfushu granule and atropine attenuate microvasculature loss in rat models with 5/6 nephrectomy. Jiang, YF; Jiang, YS; Li, Y; Liu, F; Wang, F, 2012)	1.02
"Treatment with atropine and perivagal application of capsaicin completely abolished the suppressive effect of valsartan on pancreatic juice secretion."	( Valsartan, a specific angiotensin II receptor blocker, inhibits pancreatic fluid secretion via vagal afferent pathway in conscious rats. Harada, M; Otani, M; Otsuki, M; Wei, L; Yamamoto, M, 2012)	0.72
"Treatment with atropine and isoprenaline was safe and adequate in most cases."	( Yellow oleander poisoning in Sri Lanka: outcome in a secondary care hospital. de Silva, CE; de Silva, HJ; Fonseka, MM; Gunatilake, SB; Seneviratne, SL, 2002)	0.65
"Pretreatment with atropine or tetrodotoxin abolished the EFS-induced contraction in both strains."	( Modulatory role of tachykinin NK1 receptor in cholinergic contraction of mouse trachea. De Swert, KO; Joos, GF; Leclere, PG; Lefebvre, RA; Pauwels, RA; Tournoy, KG, 2003)	0.64
"Pretreatment with atropine abolished the cisapride-induced increase in intake (12.1 +/- 0.9 ml) as well as the increased intake induced by combining MK-801 and cisapride."	( Cholinergic neurotransmission participates in increased food intake induced by NMDA receptor blockade. Burns, GA; Covasa, M; Ritter, RC, 2003)	0.64
"Pretreatment with atropine, hexamethonium, and lidocaine significantly inhibited the increase in clearance by approximately 65-80% but did not affect the clearance ratio."	( Enteric neurones modulate the colonic permeability response to luminal bile acids in rat colon in vivo. Fihn, BM; Jodal, M; Sjövall, H; Sun, Y, 2004)	0.65
"Treatment with atropine, dexamethasone, fluid therapy, and supportive care resulted in a complete recovery by 6 days after exposure."	( Daffodil toxicosis in an adult cat. Saxon-Buri, S, 2004)	0.66
"Pre-treatment with atropine (5 and 10 mg/kg i.p.) enhanced antidepressant-like effect of 8-OH-DPAT (1 mg/kg s.c.) and reduced 8-OH-DPAT (0.1 mg/kg s.c.)-induced hypothermia."	( In-vivo modulation of central 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT1A) receptor-mediated responses by the cholinergic system. Astier, B; Blier, P; Chouvet, G; Debonnel, G; Faure, C; Haddjeri, N; Lucas, G; Mnie-Filali, O; Renaud, B, 2004)	0.64
"Pretreatment with atropine did not prevent bradycardia in all cases."	( Pediatric rapid sequence intubation: incidence of reflex bradycardia and effects of pretreatment with atropine. Fastle, RK; Roback, MG, 2004)	0.86
"Treatment with atropine, which relieves the muscarinic effects of acetylcholine and anticonvulsive agents (diazepam) is well established."	( [Use of oximes in the therapy of acute intoxication by organophosphorus compounds]. Filip, R; Raszewski, G, 2004)	0.66
"Pretreatment with atropine was without effect on the obstructive response, suggesting a lack of involvement of muscarinic cholinergic pathways."	( Acute respiratory responses of the mouse to chlorine. Morris, JB; Shusterman, DJ; Wilkie, WS, 2005)	0.65
"Pretreatment with atropine (100 microg kg(-1)) significantly reduced the MBF increase induced by LN stimulation, but not that in the LBF."	( Evidence for parasympathetic vasodilator fibres in the rat masseter muscle. Ishii, H; Izumi, H; Niioka, T; Sudo, E, 2005)	0.65
"Pretreatment with atropine can abrogate this effect."	( Atropine aborts bradycardic effect of endotracheally administered vasopressin. Ben-Abraham, R; Bibi, H; Efrati, O; Modan-Moses, D; Paret, G, 2005)	2.09
"Pretreatment with atropine (0.3 mg kg(-1), i.p."	( Spinal alpha(2)-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors and the NO release cascade mediate supraspinally produced effectiveness of gabapentin at decreasing mechanical hypersensitivity in mice after partial nerve injury. Honda, M; Ono, H; Takasu, K; Tanabe, M, 2006)	0.66
"Treatment with atropine competitively blocks the parasympathetic effects."	( The acute treatment of nerve agent exposure. Cannard, K, 2006)	0.67
"Pretreatment with atropine plus propranolol abolished the tachycardic effects of SRP and UCN1, and, under those conditions, the hypotensive effect of SRP, but not that of UCN1, was enhanced, probably because the hindquarters vasodilator effect of the latter was also reduced."	( A comparison between the cardiovascular actions of urocortin 1 and urocortin 2 (stresscopin-related peptide) in conscious rats. Bennett, T; Gardiner, SM; Kemp, PA; March, JE, 2007)	0.66
"Pretreatment with atropine, L-arginine, ondansetron, and (D-Lys3)GHRP-6 inhibited the effects of ghrelin."	( Effects of ghrelin on feeding regulation and interdigestive migrating complex in rats. Cheng, Y; Dong, L; Wang, Y; Zhao, P, 2007)	0.66
"Treatment with atropine attenuated RT interval shortening when compared with the vehicle group at both the 5 pm and 7 am stimulus."	( Effect of autonomic blockade on ventricular repolarization shortening: response to behavioral stimulus in paced dogs. Bailie, MB; Nolan, ER; Olivier, NB, 2008)	0.69
"5 Pretreatment with atropine 0.04 mg/kg i.v."	( The cardiovascular and platelet effects of epoprostenol (prostacyclin, PGI2) are unaffected by beta-adrenoceptor blockade in man. Burke, C; Fish, A; Hassan, S; O'Grady, J; Pickles, H; Warrington, S, 1982)	0.58
"Pretreatment with atropine largely prevented the hemodynamic effects of aconitine and prevented fibrillation."	( Hemodynamic and arrhythmogenic effects of aconitine applied to the left atria of anesthetized cats. Effects of amiodarone and atropine. Winslow, E, )	0.66
"Pretreatment with atropine (2 mg/kg, ip, or 15 micrograms/kg, icv) did not significantly influence the muscimol-induced fall in mean arterial pressure."	( Antihypertensive effect of the GABA receptor agonist muscimol in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Role of the sympathoadrenal axis. Becker, H; Dietz, R; Ganten, D; Lang, RE; Rettig, R; Schömig, A; Schwab, NA; Unger, T, 1984)	0.59
"Pretreatment with atropine plus hexamethonium did not affect the response to GABA."	( The nature of the stimulatory action of gamma-aminobutyric acid in the isolated perfused dog adrenals. Dohi, T; Kitayama, S; Morita, K; Tsujimoto, A, 1984)	0.59
"Pretreatment with atropine significantly reduced, but did not abolish the increase in intestinal blood flow elicited by capsaicin."	( Possible involvement of capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves in the regulation of intestinal blood flow in the dog. Jancsó, G; Rózsa, Z; Varró, V, 1984)	0.59
"Pretreatment with atropine likewise further reduced the amplitudes of components P1 and N1, and produced a similar effect on component N3."	( Cholinergic role in alcohol's effects on evoked potentials in visual cortex of the albino rat. Hetzler, BE; Smith, TM, )	0.45
"Pretreatment with atropine sulfate prevented the pathological effects of stimulation."	( Mucosal damage following electrical stimulation of the anterior cingulate cortex and pretreatment with atropine and cimetidine. Henke, PG, 1983)	0.8
"Treatment with atropine did not alter the neurogenic decrease in the hindlimb vascular resistance produced by pergolide, indicating that activation of cholinergic vasodilator fibers was not responsible for this phenomenon.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"	( Characterization of the neurogenic vasodilatation elicited by central dopamine receptor stimulation with pergolide. Jandhyala, BS; Kivlighn, SD; Lokhandwala, MF, 1984)	0.61
"Pretreatment with atropine (10 mg/kg IP) significantly increased the intensity of circling behavior induced by intranigral injections of muscimol and tended to increase the intensity of circling behavior induced by intranigral injections of GABA."	( Circling behavior induced by intranigral injections of GABA and muscimol in rats. Kaakkola, S; Kääriäinen, I, 1980)	0.58
"Pretreatment with atropine or propranolol in four patients did not alter the response of VT to the Valsalva maneuver."	( Valsalva termination of ventricular tachycardia. Bonet, JF; Downar, E; Finley, JP; Sharma, AD; Wald, RW; Waxman, MB, 1980)	0.58
"Treatment with atropine and hydroxyzine separately also did not alter Ew."	( Role of the central adrenergic system in mediating amitriptyline-induced alteration in the mammalian blood-brain barrier in vivo. Hartman, BK; Hughes, CW; Irwin, GH; Preskorn, SH, 1982)	0.6
"Pretreatment with atropine or TTX reduced base-line tension in some TSM samples, whereas neostigmine invariably caused contraction of TSM."	( Mechanisms of histamine-induced contraction of canine airway smooth muscle. Irvin, CG; Martin, JG; Shenkier, T; Shore, S, 1983)	0.59
"Pretreatment by atropine tended to lower the basal plasma PP level and significantly blunted the cerulein-induced PP secretion."	( Cerulein-induced pancreatic polypeptide secretion. Its inhibition by atropine and its possible role in regulating gallbladder relaxation. Adachi, H; Imura, H; Kuzuya, H; Sakurai, H; Seino, S; Seino, Y; Takemura, J; Tsuda, K, 1980)	0.83
"Pretreatment with atropine (10 mg/kg i.p.) signficantly increased the intensity of the circling behaviour within the first 30 min after intranigral injection of baclofen."	( Circling behaviour induced by intranigral injection of baclofen in rats. Kaakkola, S, 1980)	0.58
"Pretreatment with atropine reduced the effects of pentagastrin but pretreatment with guanethidine potentiated the effects of pentagastrin."	( Effects of pentagastrin on intestinal absorption and blood flow in the anaesthetized dog. Mailman, D, 1980)	0.58
"Treatment with atropine early in the abstinence seemed to reduce these changes."	( Changes in cholinergic function in rat brain late in abstinence after chronic barbital treatment. Nordberg, A; Wahlström, G, 1981)	0.6
"Pretreatment with atropine did not prevent the acute reductions in flow rates in comparison with the reductions without atropine."	( Lung function changes by ethanol inhalation. Bouhuys, A; Sarić, M; Zuskin, E, 1981)	0.59
"Treatment with atropine in comatose doses was given to 11 patients suffering from schizophrenia with obsessive disturbances. "	( [Experience with using atropine in comatose and non-comatose doses in psychiatric clinical practice]. Shpilenia, LS, 1981)	0.93
"Pretreatment with atropine (10 mg/kg intraperitoneally) had no significant effect on the circling behaviour."	( Contralateral circling behaviour induced by intranigral injection of taurine in rats. Kaakkola, S; Kääriäinen, I, 1980)	0.58
"Pretreatment with atropine prevented the hypoxemia-induced bradycardia without altering the hypertensive response."	( Cardiovascular responses to autonomic blockade in hypoxemic fetal lambs. Donovan, M; Lewis, AB; Platzker, AC, 1980)	0.58
"Pretreatment with atropine (i.m.) did not affect hypothermia induced by i.m."	( Apomorphine and oxotremorine hypothermia in the pigeon: dopaminergic-cholinergic interaction and the effect of paleostriatal lesions. Pyörnilä, A, 1980)	0.58
"Pretreatment with atropine showed that the cholinergic component of contraction was 45%, 24%, 32%, and 24% in controls, rats 4 weeks after transplantation, 2-year-old controls, and rats 2 years after transplantation, respectively."	( Long-term effects of small bowel transplantation on intestinal motility. Fujiwara, Y; Ishii, H; Kusunoki, M; Nakao, K; Utsunomiya, J; Yamamura, T, 1995)	0.61
"The treatment with atropine brought out latency in the responses for NKB."	( Tachykinin-induced contractions in the circular muscle of guinea pig ileum. Gomi, Y; Mizuno, K; Suzuki, N, 1994)	0.61
"Treatment with atropine and pralidoxime and mechanical ventilation for patients with respiratory failure. "	( Study of respiratory failure in organophosphate and carbamate poisoning. Chaudhuri, A; Goswamy, R; Mahashur, AA, )	0.48
"Pretreatment with atropine reduced 5-HT, 5-MeOT, and ICS 205-930 induced peak increases in SCC by 38, 75, and 58%, respectively."	( ICS 205-930 reduces 5-methoxytryptamine-induced short-circuit current in stripped pig jejunum. Hansen, MB, 1994)	0.61
"Pretreatment with atropine or ranitidine inhibited the development of stress ulcers, reduced changes in ir-TRH concentrations in the gastric wall and gastric juice, and induced an increase in gastric pH."	( The role of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in the pathogenesis of water-immersion stress in rats--inhibition of TRH release from the stomach by atropine, ranitidine or omeprazole. Furusawa, A; Kaneko, H; Maeda, Y; Mitsuma, T; Morise, K; Nagai, H; Nakada, K; Uchida, K, 1993)	0.81
"Pretreatment with atropine or hexamethonium completely abolished pancreatic protein response to low doses of CCK-8 (10-40 pmol/kg per h) but had only partial effect on doses > 40 pmol/kg per h."	( Vagal afferent pathway mediates physiological action of cholecystokinin on pancreatic enzyme secretion. Li, Y; Owyang, C, 1993)	0.61
"pretreatment with atropine (0.5 mg/kg), propranolol (0.5 mg/kg), glibenclamide (20 mg/kg) or NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (100 mg/kg), whereas it was significantly attenuated, like that to acetylcholine, by i.a."	( Possible role of the endothelium on the vascular response to prostaglandin E2 in rat femoral arterial preparations in vivo and in vitro. Takanashi, H, )	0.45
"Pretreatment with atropine resulted in inhibition of the contralateral secretory response to histamine and the ipsilateral response to methacholine with only partial inhibition of the ipsilateral histamine response."	( Comparison of the secretory response of the nasal mucosa to methacholine and histamine. Baroody, FM; Naclerio, RM; Wagenmann, M, 1993)	0.61
"pretreatment with atropine (1.4 nmol)."	( Endogenous nitric oxide is required for tonic cholinergic inhibition of spinal mechanical transmission. Gebhart, GF; Meller, ST; Zhuo, M, 1993)	0.61
"Treatment with atropine essentially eliminated HR changes at both time periods."	( Effects of fentanyl on coronary blood flow distribution and myocardial oxygen consumption in the dog. Hirsch, LJ; Mathru, M; Rao, TL; Rooney, MW, 1993)	0.63
"Pretreatment with atropine (muscarinic receptor antagonist) showed a slight, but not statistically insignificant attenuation of the reflex vasodilatation."	( Reflex vasodilatation in the cat lip evoked by stimulation of vagal afferents. Izumi, H; Karita, K, 1993)	0.61
"Pretreatment with atropine (1 or 2 mg kg-1) had no significant effect on the excitatory response of PSRs to veratridine."	( Flecainide blocks the stimulatory effect of veratridine on slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors in anaesthetized rabbits without changing lung mechanics. Matsumoto, S; Shimizu, T, 1995)	0.61
"Pretreatment with atropine reduced 0.3 M (2.3 +/- 0.6 pg/ml vs."	( Effect of angiotensin AT2 and muscarinic receptor blockade on osmotically induced vasopressin release. Boser, M; Culman, J; Höhle, S; Qadri, F; Unger, T, 1996)	0.62
"Pretreatment with atropine blocked the subsequent response to MBP but did not block the response to either PL or PA."	( Mechanisms of smooth muscle contraction elicited by cationic proteins in guinea pig trachealis. Gleich, GJ; Leff, AR; Strek, ME; White, SR; Williams, FS, 1996)	0.62
"Pretreatment of atropine plus 2-PAM to determine whether this combination afforded greater inhibition of the lethality induced by four OPI tested than pretreatment with either atropine or 2-PAM alone was investigated."	( Acute toxicity of several organophosphorous insecticides and protection by cholinergic antagonists and 2-PAM on Artemia salina larvae. Barahona, MV; Sánchez-Fortún, S; Sanz, F, 1996)	0.63
"Pretreatment with atropine, phentolamine, and diphenhydramine antagonized the motilin- and bombesin-induced contraction."	( Effects of various peptides on isolated rabbit lower esophageal sphincter. Kohjitani, A; Obara, H; Okada, S; Shirakawa, J, 1996)	0.62
"Pretreatment with atropine, hexamethonium or bilateral truncal vagotomy inhibited the diazepam-induced acid secretion."	( Stimulatory effect of diazepam on gastric acid secretion in the continuously perfused stomach in rats under urethane anesthesia. Lin, WC, 1997)	0.62
"Pretreatment with atropine was considered to confuse the gastric flora and affect the number of H."	( Experimental Helicobacter pylori infection in association with other bacteria. Fujii, N; Hayashi, S; Isogai, E; Isogai, H; Kimura, K; Kubota, T; Oguma, K, 1997)	0.62
"Pretreatment with atropine (15 nmol icv) inhibited the 0.30 and 0.60 M NaCl-induced expression of c-Fos, c-Jun, and Krox-24 in all areas except the SFO."	( Central angiotensin AT1 and muscarinic receptors in ITF expression on intracerebroventricular NaCl. Blume, A; Culman, J; Herdegen, T; Lebrun, CJ; Moellenhoff, E; Unger, T, 1998)	0.62
"Pretreatment with atropine shifted the dose-response curve of acetylcholine to the right and the maximal response was reduced by 9%, 49% and 77% respectively with pretreatment with atropine 10(-8), 10(-7) and 10(-6) mole/kg."	( Effects of atropine, isoproterenol and propranolol on the rabbit bladder contraction induced by intra-arterial administration of acetylcholine and ATP. Horan, P; Levin, RM; Liu, SP, 1998)	1.01
"Pretreatment with atropine partially blocked the elevation in baseline and in the number of superimposed contractions."	( Pharmacological evidence that neuropeptides mediate part of the actions of scorpion venom on the guinea pig ileum. Freire-Maia, L; Leite, R; Matos, IM; Teixeira, MM, 1999)	0.63
"Pretreatment with atropine prevented changes in MAP, HR and NADPH-d staining suggesting that such modifications result from an increased vagal stimulation."	( Early changes in nitric oxide synthase activity in atrial intramural arteries following experimental spinal cord injury in rats. Bravo, G; Guízar-Sahagún, G; Hong, E; Larios, F; Rojas-Martínez, R; Salazar, LA, 1999)	0.63
"Pretreatment with atropine (0.3 microM), produced tachycardia at concentrations 0.1-0.3 microgram/ml of venom."	( Indian red scorpion venom modulates spontaneous activity of rat right atria through the involvement of cholinergic and adrenergic systems. Alex, AB; Deshpande, SB, 1999)	0.63
"Pretreatment with atropine (0.5 microg/0.2 microL) showed that the action of carbachol is mediated by muscarinic receptors."	( Role of the amygdaloid nuclei in the modulation of tonic immobility in guinea pigs. Leite-Panissi, R; Menescal-De-Oliveira, L; Monassi, R; Ramos, C, 1999)	0.63
"Pretreatment with atropine reversed MAC reduction by carbachol, and both atropine and mecamylamine shortened recovery time under carbachol."	( Effects of cholinomimetic injection into the brain stem reticular formation on halothane anesthesia and antinociception in rats. Dohi, S; Ishizawa, Y; Ma, HC; Shimonaka, H, 2000)	0.63
"Pretreatment with atropine can prevent asystole without inducing hazardous tachyarrhythmia."	( [Asystole during electroconvulsive therapy in a patient with depression and myasthenia gravis]. Ishikawa, T; Kemmotsu, O; Otsuka, H; Saito, T; Shikama, H, 2000)	0.63
"treatment with atropine sulfate were included."	( [Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: sonographic monitoring of conservative therapy with intravenous atropine sulfate]. Löffler, W; Meissner, PE; Nützenadel, W; Rohrschneider, WK; Theobald, I; Tröger, J; Zieger, B, 2000)	0.86
"Pretreatment with atropine not only prevented the effects of erythromycin, but it reduced the amplitude and strength of peristalsis at the distal esophagus at significantly lower levels than after placebo."	( The effect of erythromycin on human esophageal motility is mediated by serotonin receptors. Athanasakis, H; Chrysos, E; Epanomeritakis, E; Koutsoumbi, P; Tsiaoussis, J; Vassilakis, JS; Xynos, E; Zoras, O, 2000)	0.63
"Pretreatment with atropine (24 mg/kg) blocked the DEP-induced fall in blood pressure, while pretreatment with propranolol (48 mg/kg) proved ineffective against DEP, suggesting involvement of the parasympathetic system."	( Effects of diesel exhaust particles on blood pressure in rats. Birumachi, J; Sagai, M; Suzuki, AK; Toda, N; Tsubone, H; Tsukue, N, 2001)	0.63
"Pretreatment with atropine or MK-801 blocked ROS generation and the subsequent neurotoxicity, showing that both muscarinic and NMDA receptors mediate the response."	( Reactive oxygen species mediate pyridostigmine-induced neuronal apoptosis: involvement of muscarinic and NMDA receptors. Borowitz, JL; Isom, GE; Li, L; Shou, Y, 2001)	0.63
"Treatment with atropine and PAM increased the survival time by 2.5 fold (1.4 h+/-0.3 h vs 3.4 h+/-2.5 h, P < 0.01) in 9 out of 15 animals and resulted in total survival of the 6 remaining animals. "	( Cholinesterase inhibition by aluminium phosphide poisoning in rats and effects of atropine and pralidoxime chloride. Lall, SB; Mittra, S; Peshin, SS, 2001)	0.89
"Pretreatment with atropine, 1.0 mug/ml, prevented these responses, and alone this drug had no discernible effect."	( Effects of autonomic neurohumors on transmembrane potentials of atrial plateau fibers. Davis, LD, 1975)	0.58
"pretreatment with atropine (2, 4, and 8 mg/kg) was given 1.5 h before threshold determinations."	( The effects of atropine on the tolerance and the convulsions seen after withdrawal from forced barbital drinking in the rat. Wahlström, G, 1978)	0.93
"Pretreatment with atropine (200 mg/kg body wt, sc) was effective to abolish this inhibitory effect of the HPC stimulation on the release of LH and FSH, whereas reserpine treatment (1mg/kg body wt, ip) did not affect the effect."	( Cholinergic and serotonergic neural links and the inhibitory effects of hippocampus, lateral amygdala and central gray matter on gonadotropin release. Kawagoe, S; Kawakami, M; Kimura, F, 1976)	0.58
"Pretreatment with atropine sulphate (2.0 mg/kg, s.c.) had no effect on naloxone potency nor on the antinociceptive activity of morphine, but somewhat reduced that of pilocarpine and oxotremorine."	( Further studies on the role of cholinergic mechanisms in the development of increased naloxone potency in mice. Bentley, GA; Wong, CL, 1979)	0.58
"Pretreatment with atropine was only effective in blocking cyclic GMP rise and tremor induced by oxotremorine and picrotoxin."	( Effects of stimulatory and depressant drugs on cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate levels in mouse brain. Dinnedahl, V; Gumulka, SW; Opmeer, FA; Schönhöfer, PS, 1976)	0.58
"Treatment with atropine, 1 mg/kg, and phenozy-benzamine, 1 mg/kg, failed to influence the effects of GABA."	( Facilitatory and inhibitory effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid on ganglionic transmission in the sympathetic cardiac nerves of the dog. Hashimoto, K; Imamura, H; Kimura, T, 1977)	0.6
"Pretreatment with atropine (50 micrograms/kg, I.A.) failed to prevent the stimulatory effect of low doses of PGE1."	( Secretory effect of prostaglandins on the rabbit lacrimal gland in vivo. Pholpramool, C, 1979)	0.58
"Pretreatment with atropine prevented the rise in cGMP levels as well as the symptoms of cholinergic stimulation elicited by arecoline or paraoxon."	( Effects of arecoline and cholinesterase inhibitors on cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate and adenosine 3'.5'-monophosphate in mouse brain. Dinnendahl, V; Stock, K, 1975)	0.58
"Pretreatment with atropine blocked all of the effects of pilocarpine on withdrawal signs."	( Effects of cholinergic agonists and antagonists on morphine-withdrawal syndrome. Gianutsos, G; Hynes, MD; Lal, H, 1976)	0.58
"treatment with atropine, hexamethonium, guanethidine, bethanidine or propranolol."	( Cardiovascular effects of carbachol and other cholinomimetics administered into the cerebral ventricles of conscious cats. Day, MD; Roach, AG, )	0.47
"Pretreatment with atropine (1 mumol/kg-h) completely prevented the acid secretion induced by carbachol, but did not influence the secretion induced by histamine."	( Effect of atropine and SC-15396 on stimulated gastric acid secretion in the atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Holstein, B, 1977)	0.98
"Pretreatment with atropine increased the number of dead cells found and propranolol increased the number of cells showing myofibrillar degeneration."	( Cardiac pathology associated with high sustained +Gz: II. Stress cardiomyopathy. Burton, RR; Butcher, WI; MacKenzie, WF, 1976)	0.58
"Pretreatment with atropine could not block this decrease, suggesting a noncholinergic mechanism."	( A possible vagal adrenergic release of serotonin from enterochromaffin cells in the cat. Ahlman, H; Dahlström, A; Kewenter, J; Lundberg, J, 1976)	0.58
"Pretreatment with atropine inhibited the basal output of glucagon and insulin, but the response of insulin output to splanchnic stimulation was not suppressed, thus excluding the possibility that activation of aberrant parasympathetic nerve fibers located in the splanchnic nerve would be responsible for the delayed increase in insulin release."	( Effect of splanchnic nerve stimulation on glucagon and insulin output in the dog. Kajinuma, H; Kaneto, A; Kosaka, K, 1975)	0.58
"Pretreatment with atropine significantly attenuated AIB by approximately 30%, indicating that AIB is partially mediated via a vagal reflex."	( The autonomic nervous system modulates dry air-induced constriction in the canine lung periphery. Freed, AN; Tang, GJ, 1992)	0.61
"Pretreatment with atropine sulfate (1 mg/kg) did not block the yohimbine-induced increase in heart rate or blood pressure."	( Yohimbine-precipitated clonidine withdrawal: an experimental model of the antihypertensive drug withdrawal syndrome. Jhamandas, K; Penning, DH, 1992)	0.61
"Pretreatment with atropine augmented the duration of this relaxation, which could be completely abolished by tetrodotoxin."	( Differential sensitivities of the sphincter of Oddi and gallbladder to cholecystokinin in the guinea pig: their role in transsphincteric bile flow. Bomzon, A; Davison, JS; Harrington, K; Shaffer, EA; Sharkey, KA, 1992)	0.61
"Treatment with atropine should be attempted as an antidotal measure in humans accidentally poisoned with ISMM."	( Influence of atropine on the acute toxicity of isometamidium. Gimbi, AA; Kinabo, LD, 1992)	0.99
"Pretreatment with atropine did not affect the corticosterone response to GABA but significantly diminished the response to muscimol."	( Effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid and muscimol on corticosterone secretion in rats. Borycz, J; Borycz, JA; Bugajski, J, 1992)	0.61
"Treatment with atropine (11.2 mg/kg to mice; 32 mg/kg to guinea pigs) plus 2-PAM (25 mg/kg) was given im at 10 sec postchallenge in mice and 1 min postchallenge in guinea pigs."	( Reduction by pyridostigmine pretreatment of the efficacy of atropine and 2-PAM treatment of sarin and VX poisoning in rodents. Anderson, DR; Harris, LW; Koplovitz, I; Lennox, WJ; Stewart, JR, 1992)	0.87
"Pretreatment with atropine completely inhibited the L-arginine-induced increase in renal blood flow, whereas pretreatment with indomethacin attenuated it (63 +/- 4 versus 82 +/- 10 ml/min, P less than 0.05)."	( Effects of L-arginine on systemic and renal haemodynamics in conscious dogs. Ichihara, A; Murakami, M; Naitoh, M; Nakamoto, H; Saruta, T; Suzuki, H, 1991)	0.6
"Pretreatment with atropine or hexamethonium antagonized GB responses to low doses of CCK-8 (2.5-5 ng.kg-1.min-1) but had no effect on doses greater than 10 ng.kg-1.min-1."	( Cholinergic dependence of gallbladder response to cholecystokinin in the guinea pig in vivo. May, D; Owyang, C; Takahashi, T, 1991)	0.6
"Pretreatment with atropine (muscarinic blockade) or tetrodotoxin (neural blockade) inhibited the effect produced by SP."	( Tachykinins in the canine gastroesophageal junction. Jew, JY; Maher, JW; Sandler, AD; Schlegel, JF; Schmidt, CD; Weinstock, JV; Williams, TH, 1991)	0.6
"Pretreatment with atropine prevented the increase in fatty acid incorporation."	( Arecoline-stimulated brain incorporation of intravenously administered fatty acids in unanesthetized rats. DeGeorge, JJ; Nariai, T; Rapoport, SI; Williams, WM; Yamazaki, S, 1991)	0.6
"Pretreatment with atropine (group 2) diminished the effects of captopril on heart rate (107-103 beats/min, p = 0.065 for atropine effect by two-way ANOVA), mean arterial pressure (88-82 mm Hg, p = 0.01 for atropine effect), and systemic resistance (26-27 Wood units, p = 0.04 for atropine effect)."	( Short-term vasodilator effect of captopril in patients with severe mitral regurgitation is parasympathetically mediated. Essop, R; Sareli, P; Wisenbaugh, T, 1991)	0.6
"Pre-treatment with atropine, iproniazid, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, p-chlorophenylalanine or thiosemicarbazide reduce many of these effects."	( Acute neurobehavioural toxicity of phosphamindon and its drug-induced alteration. Agarwal, AK; Sankaranarayanan, A; Sharma, PL, 1990)	0.6
"Treatment with atropine sulfate (ATS) or HI-6 alone protected against 1.2 and 2.5 LD50s of soman respectively, whereas 2-PAM or methylated atropine (AMN) alone afforded no protection."	( A comparison of cholinergic effects of HI-6 and pralidoxime-2-chloride (2-PAM) in soman poisoning. Shih, T; Valdes, JJ; Whalley, CE, 1991)	0.62
"Pretreatment with atropine inhibited the ACh-induced relaxation in a competitive manner."	( Acetylcholine-induced release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor from lymphatic endothelial cells. Ohhashi, T; Takahashi, N, 1991)	0.6
"Pretreatment with atropine significantly (p less than 0.05) reduced the mesenteric blood flow response to meal stimulation (57%)."	( Regulation of postprandial mesenteric blood flow in humans: evidence for a cholinergic nervous reflex. Beglinger, C; Hildebrand, P; Jaeger, K; Sieber, C; Stalder, GA, 1991)	0.6
"Pretreatment with atropine sulfate (1 mg/kg i.v.) produced an accentuated response with greater hypotension, bradycardia and shorter survival."	( Cardiorespiratory responses to D-Ala-2-Me-Phe-4-Met-(O)-ol-enkephalin after administration into the fourth cerebral ventricle of the rat: interaction with cholinergic mechanisms. Rabkin, SW, 1991)	0.6
"Pre-treatment with atropine (2.0 mg kg-1) blocked the submandibular secretory responses to stimulation of the chorda-lingual nerve at these low frequencies and the residual responses at higher frequencies were not significantly affected by changing the pattern of stimulation."	( Submandibular responses to stimulation of the parasympathetic innervation in bursts in the anaesthetized ferret. Edwards, AV; Ekström, J; Tobin, G, 1990)	0.6
"Pretreatment with atropine inhibited the response of CVq to TRH."	( Influence of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on autonomic nervous system determined by the variations in R-R interval on electrocardiogram. Inukai, T; Ishii, A; Iwashita, A; Kobayashi, I; Kobayashi, S; Mori, M; Ohshima, K; Shimomura, Y; Takahashi, M, 1990)	0.6
"Pretreatment with atropine or naloxone reduced the frequency of contractions significantly (P less than 0.05)."	( Differing effects of pethidine and morphine on human sphincter of Oddi motility. Baker, RA; Owen, H; Saccone, GT; Thune, A; Toouli, J, 1990)	0.6
"Pretreatment with atropine abolished the heart rate response to PE given by both methods, whereas plasma catecholamines were affected by neither method of PE administration."	( Comparison of phenylephrine bolus and infusion methods in baroreflex measurements. Liang, CS; Richeson, JF; Sullebarger, JT; Willick, AE; Woolf, PD, 1990)	0.6
"pretreatment with atropine sulfate (1 mg/kg), but not by atropine methyl nitrate, or it was significantly decreased by bilateral intracerebral injection of atropine sulfate (5 micrograms/microliter)."	( Evidence for involvement of endogenous acetylcholine in emotional-aversive response in the cat. Brudzynski, SM; Eckersdorf, B; Golebiewski, H, 1990)	0.6
"Pretreatment with atropine and capsaicin had no effect on this reduced respiratory rate."	( Mucociliary activity and the diving reflex. Dolata, J; Lindberg, S; Mercke, U, )	0.45
"Pretreatment with atropine completely prevented the response to soman, whereas pretreatment with pralidoxime did not significantly alter the response."	( Effects of soman and its antidotes on tracheal mucociliary transport of ferrets. Culp, DJ; Marin, MG; McBride, RK; Zwierzynski, D, 1989)	0.6
"Pretreatment with atropine and baclofen antagonized the ability of YM-14673 to reduce sleep, induced by pentobarbital in mice."	( Effects of a new analogue of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on pentobarbital-induced sleeping time in rodents. Shimizu, M; Yamamoto, M, 1989)	0.6
"Pretreatment with atropine (0.01 mg/kg IM 30 min prior to the TRH administration) abolished the TRH induced GH rise (peak GH after TRH of 1.5 +/- 1.0 ng/ml, p less than 0.01) but did not modify the TSH response (peak TSH after TRH: basal conditions 8.7 +/- 0.8 microU/ml, post atropine: 9.5 +/- 1.4 microU/ml, p greater than 0.05)."	( The paradoxical response of growth hormone (GH) to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in constitutionally tall children involves a cholinergic pathway. Arteaga, E; Cattani, A; del Valle, M; Valenzuelaa, P, 1989)	0.6
"Treatment with atropine and 2-PAM i.m."	( Assessment of motor performance decrement following soman poisoning in mice. Koplovitz, I; Romano, JA; Stewart, JR, )	0.47
"Pretreatment with atropine sulfate antagonized the exacerbating effect of GABA on indomethacin-induced ulceration."	( Exacerbation of indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration by systemically administered GABA in rats: possible involvement of peripheral GABA receptors. Hara, S; Morioka, S; Satoh, K; Yanagihara, S, 1988)	0.6
"Pretreatment with atropine completely blocked the bile-stimulated VIP release and significantly inhibited the caerulein-stimulated release of VIP."	( Evidence of local mechanism involvement in vasoactive intestinal polypeptide release from canine small intestine. Chijiiwa, Y; Ibayashi, H; Misawa, T, 1986)	0.59
"Pretreatment with atropine methobromide (2 mg/kg i.v.) increased the basal heart rate and prevented tachycardia induced by benzodiazepines."	( Evidence for control of cardiac vagal tone by benzodiazepine receptors. DiMicco, JA, 1987)	0.6
"Pre-treatment with atropine (ATR) (2.5 mg/kg) 5 min before YOH (10(-6) mol/kg) or NaCl increased HR but not BP significantly in both groups of rats."	( Presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptor regulation of transmitter release in the conscious rat. Ehrenström, F; Johansson, P, 1988)	0.59
"Pretreatment with atropine sulfate, a highly specific muscarinic antagonist, blocked the bethanechol effect."	( Muscarinic cholinergic modulation of hypothalamic estrogen binding sites. Lauber, AH; Whalen, RE, 1988)	0.6
"Pretreatment with atropine alone did not prevent paraoxon-induced seizures but did reduce mortality."	( Comparative effects of diazepam and midazolam on paraoxon toxicity in rats. Domino, EF; Krutak-Krol, H, 1985)	0.59
"Pretreatment with atropine almost completely blocked the GH response to GHRH in patients with type I diabetes and normal subjects, but did not suppress the GH response to GHRH in acromegalic patients."	( Effect of cholinergic muscarinic receptor blockade on human growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone-(1-44)-induced GH secretion in acromegaly and type I diabetes mellitus. Luger, A; Pietschmann, P; Schernthaner, G, 1986)	0.59
"Pretreatment with atropine (50 micrograms, i.c.v.) significantly reduced the pressor effect of TRH administered through either route."	( The involvement of central cholinergic mechanisms in cardiovascular responses to intracerebroventricular and intravenous administration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Miyazaki, M; Mizobe, T; Okuda, C, 1987)	0.6
"Treatment with atropine (10 mg/kg i.p.) or HI 6 (55 mg/kg i.p.) improved the running performance to 48.2 and 44.8 min, respectively."	( Studies on the role of central catecholaminergic mechanisms in the antidotal effect of the oxime HI 6 in soman poisoned mice. Arbogast, H; Auburger, G; Hallek, M; Reithmann, C; Szinicz, L, 1988)	0.61
"Rats treated with atropine showed dose-dependent deficits."	( Aging and atropine effects on spatial navigation in the Morris water task. Lindner, MD; Schallert, T, 1988)	1
"Pretreatment with atropine decreased the radioactivity of all inositol phosphates in the brain of animals subjected to 1-min ischemia and the radioactivity of IP in the case of 10-min brain ischemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"	( Effect of atropine and gammahydroxybutyrate on ischemically induced changes in the level of radioactivity in [3H]inositol phosphates in gerbil brain in vivo. Halat, G; Strosznajder, J; Wikieł, H, 1988)	1
"Pre-treatment with atropine substantially reduced the flow of saliva in response to sympathetic stimulation at low frequencies (2 and 5 Hz continuously) and combined pre-treatment with atropine and propranolol effectively reversed the increase in secretory sensitivity due to parasympathetic denervation indicating that beta-adrenergic and muscarinic responses are involved."	( Submandibular responses to stimulation of the sympathetic innervation following parasympathetic denervation in cats. Edwards, AV; Garrett, JR, 1988)	0.59
"Pretreatment with atropine reduced basal and, in part, sucralfate-, De-Nol-, and Maalox 70-induced alkaline secretion, whereas pirenzepine did not affect this secretion."	( Effects of protective drugs on gastric alkaline secretion in man. Hebzda, Z; Konturek, SJ; Kwiecien, N; Obtulowicz, W; Oleksy, J, 1987)	0.6
"pretreatment with atropine. Intracisternal injection of a small dose of captopril inhibited reflex tachycardia during hypotension induced by PGI2 and prolonged the hypotensive effect, while intravenous administration of this dose did not inhibit the reflex tachycardia induced by PGI2."	( Acute effects of captopril on the baroreflex of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Ashizawa, H; Fukuyama, M; Inoue, A; Lee, LC; Nakagawa, M; Nakamura, Y; Oguro, M; Sasaki, S; Takeda, K; Yoshimura, M, 1986)	0.59
"Treatment with atropine and vagotomy revealed that the action of naloxone appears to be dually mediated by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems."	( Opioid modulation of baroreceptor reflex sensitivity in dogs. Szilagyi, JE, 1987)	0.61
"Pretreatment with atropine and not methylatropine attenuated the anti-aggressive effect of (+/-)propranolol (10 mg/kg) without appreciably altering the facilitatory effect (1 mg/kg) of the drug on FSA."	( Involvement of brain transmitters in the modulation of shock-induced aggression in rats by propranolol and related drugs. Alkondon, M; Ray, A; Sen, P, 1987)	0.6
"Pretreatment with atropine (25 mg/kg) also protected against soman toxicity."	( Clonidine protection from the toxicity of soman, an organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in the mouse. Aronstam, RS; Buccafusco, JJ, 1986)	0.59
"Pretreatment with atropine (1-5 nmole), intracerebroventricularly inhibited the increase in both gastric acid output and mucosal blood flow (MBF), as induced by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA)."	( Central cholinergic descending pathway to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in regulation of gastric functions. Okuma, Y; Osumi, Y, 1986)	0.59
"Pretreatment with atropine 5 min prior to CCK-8 as well as subdiaphragmatic vagotomy completely blocked this peptide-induced increase in gastric acid secretion."	( Cholecystokinin intracerebroventricularly applied stimulates gastric acid secretion. Ishikawa, T; Nakagawa, T; Osumi, Y, 1985)	0.59
"Treatment with atropine, acepromazine, and xylazine reduced GES pressure to 13.2 +/- 2.03, 18.6 +/- 2.14, and 11.7 +/- 1.19 mm of Hg, respectively."	( Effects of atropine, acepromazine, meperidine, and xylazine on gastroesophageal sphincter pressure in the dog. Harrold, D; Strombeck, DR, 1985)	1
"Pretreatment with atropine (10 micrograms) reduced the effects of methacholine in atopic subjects, indicating that the secretory activity was in response to muscarinic receptor stimulation."	( Cholinergic nasal hyperreactivity in atopic subjects. Druce, HM; Kaliner, MA; Kossoff, D; Wright, RH, 1985)	0.59
"Pretreatment with atropine abolished the distention-induced gastrin release, indicating that distention-induced gastrin release in the intact dog was partially under cholinergic control."	( Gastric distention and gastrin in the dog. Bottoms, GD; Leib, MS; Twedt, DC; Williams, AR; Wingfield, WE, 1985)	0.59
"Pretreatment with atropine sulphate failed to alter prostaglandin E(1)-induced sedation.4."	( Prostaglandin E1 causes sedation and increases 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover in rat brain. Haubrich, DR; Perez-Cruet, J; Reid, WD, 1973)	0.58
"Pretreatment with atropine was without effect on the hypothermia produced by an intraventricular injection of 10 mug histamine.4."	( Hypothermia produced in mice by histamine acting on the central nervous system. Shaw, GG, 1971)	0.57

Toxicity

High doses of atropine during dipyridamole echocardiography test are safe and more effective for induction of new wall motion abnormalities than usual doses. Atropine added to EST in patients who cannot achieve 80% age-related HR is a safe and potentially useful method for myocardial perfusion studies.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The effect of pretreatment with five different beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs (propranolol, alprenolol, practolol, metoprolol or tolamolol), p physostigmine, or atropine on these toxic actions of doxepin was investigated."	( Effect of beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs, physostigmine, and atropine on the toxicity of doxepin in mice. Elonen, E, 1975)	0.69
" LD50 of sulpiride to 67% of controls."	( [The relevance of anticholinesterase properties to toxicity and neuromuscular effects of sulpiride (author's transl)]. Dross, K, 1977)	0.26
"Cycloplegics are very safe and useful medications."	( Avoiding adverse effects of cycloplegics in infants and children. Gray, LG, 1979)	0.26
"A simplified, safe and flexible technique of anesthesia, based on a limited number of relatively cheap drugs, and allowing ventilation with air, was applied to 60 patients undergoing operations of at least 60 minutes' duration."	( A simple, cheap, effective and safe procedure for general anesthesia. Lelkens, JP, 1976)	0.26
"The effectiveness of atropine in blocking the acute toxic effects of the antitrypanosomal drug isometamidium (ISMM) was evaluated in mice and goats using lethality as the primary index."	( Influence of atropine on the acute toxicity of isometamidium. Gimbi, AA; Kinabo, LD, 1992)	0.97
" LD50 of CMPF was estimated using an up-and-down dose selection procedure and 12 animals."	( Evaluation of the toxicity, pathology, and treatment of cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (CMPF) poisoning in rhesus monkeys. Dochterman, LW; Gresham, VC; Kaminskis, A; Koplovitz, I; Stewart, JR, 1992)	0.28
" Treatment is aimed at removing plant material from the gastrointestinal tract, keeping the patient safe and reversing severe anticholinergic sequelae."	( Jimson weed toxicity: management of anticholinergic plant ingestion. Mosser, KH; Vanderhoff, BT, 1992)	0.28
" Propranolol abolished the toxic effects of the venom on P-R and Q-T intervals as well as on R wave amplitude, while atropine had no effect on the ECG changes produced by the venom."	( The role of propranolol and atropine in mitigating the toxic effects of scorpion venom on rat electrocardiogram. Abdel-Rahman, MS; Nabil, ZI; Omran, MA, 1992)	0.79
" A late phase developed hours after VCN dosing, and the toxic signs included depression, convulsions, and respiratory failure followed by death at high doses."	( Assessment of the acute acrylonitrile-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Ahmed, AE; Elshabrawy, O; Farooqui, MY; Ghanayem, BI; Mumtaz, MM, )	0.13
"4 mg/kg - dose 1/4th of LD50 given ip), produced several autonomic, neurological and behavioral effects in mice with peak effects being at 15 min."	( Acute neurobehavioural toxicity of phosphamindon and its drug-induced alteration. Agarwal, AK; Sankaranarayanan, A; Sharma, PL, 1990)	0.28
" dose of 5 mg/kg methyl parathion, showed the toxic signs of hypercholinergic (anticholinesterase) activity with maximal severity, including muscle fasciculations and convulsions within 15 to 30 min, persisting for about 2 hr."	( Methyl parathion acute toxicity: prophylaxis and therapy with memantine and atropine. Gupta, RC; Kadel, WL, )	0.36
" There was no mortality or other evidence of a toxic effect of atropine sulfate."	( A subchronic toxicity study of two inhaled aerosolized atropine sulfate formulations in rats and dogs. Chesney, C; Clawson, R; Losos, G; Lulham, G; Osborne, B; Procter, B, 1990)	0.77
" In mice the maximal therapeutic dose of HI-6 increased the LD50 of soman from 113 micrograms/kg in unprotected animals to 992 micrograms/kg in animals receiving 76."	( Effect of endogenous carboxylesterase on HI-6 protection against soman toxicity. Koplovitz, I; Maxwell, DM, 1990)	0.28
" Experiments were performed in rats to examine the effect on anguidine lethality of treatment with several agents that alter gut function or toxic effects of other chemicals in the gut."	( Reduction of anguidine toxicity in rats by atropine and methylatropine. Conner, BH; Conner, MW; Malarkey, DE; Newberne, PM; Rogers, AE, 1989)	0.54
" While clonidine pretreatment resulted in a similar degree of protection as atropine pretreatment against the acute phase of soman toxicity, only clonidine was effective in preventing the expression of chronic behavioral toxic manifestations to soman."	( Protection afforded by clonidine from the acute and chronic behavioral toxicity produced by the cholinesterase inhibitor soman. Aronstam, RS; Buccafusco, JJ; Graham, JH; VanLingen, J, )	0.36
" Twenty minutes later 2 X LD50 of paraoxon was injected sc and the incidence of seizures and death were recorded for 24 hr."	( Comparative effects of diazepam and midazolam on paraoxon toxicity in rats. Domino, EF; Krutak-Krol, H, 1985)	0.27
" This article reviews the uses of atropine in children and any adverse ocular or systemic side effects that have been reported after topical instillation."	( A review of the uses and adverse effects of topical administration of atropine. Kelly, ME; North, RV, 1987)	0.79
"Soman inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, essentially irreversibly, producing an accumulation of acetylcholine (ACh) which is responsible for many of its toxic effects."	( In vivo protection against soman toxicity by known inhibitors of acetylcholine synthesis in vitro. Doukas, PH; O'Neill, JJ; Sheldon, RJ; Sterling, GH, 1988)	0.27
"Malathion-induced marked potentiation of BPMC toxicity (about fivefold) was analyzed by measuring LD50 as an index of acute toxicity."	( Contribution of monoaminergic nervous system in potentiation of 2-sec-butylphenyl N-methylcarbamate (BPMC) toxicity by malathion in male mice. Shirasu, Y; Takahashi, H; Tanaka, J; Tsuda, S, 1987)	0.27
"The oral LD50 for bis(trichloromethyl) sulfone (N-1386 Biocide) in male rats was 691 mg/kg."	( Anticholinesterase effect and toxicity of bis(trichloromethyl) sulfone (N-1386 Biocide) in rats. Castles, TR; Sprague, GL, 1987)	0.27
"5 mg/kg, elevated the LD50 of diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) to a significant degree."	( Protection by phenytoin and calcium channel blocking agents against the toxicity of diisopropylfluorophosphate. Bowles, AM; Dretchen, KL; Raines, A, 1986)	0.27
"Mice pretreated with the centrally active alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, clonidine, were protected from several of the toxic manifestations of soman, an organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor."	( Clonidine protection from the toxicity of soman, an organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, in the mouse. Aronstam, RS; Buccafusco, JJ, 1986)	0.27
" The ocular drugs causing serious adverse ocular or systemic side effects in children include glaucoma medications, corticosteroids, phenylephrine, and the anticholinergic cycloplegics."	( How safe are ocular drugs in pediatrics? Palmer, EA, 1986)	0.27
" Elevation of the LD50 values by the therapeutic regimens was shown to be an unsatisfactory measure of therapeutic efficiency, while reduction of the effect of a maximally lethal dose (LD90) to less than that of a minimally lethal dose (LD10) provided a better quantitative measure of therapeutic efficiency."	( Quantitative studies of the effect of antagonists on the acute toxicity of organophosphates in rats. Natoff, IL; Reiff, B, 1970)	0.25
" An additive toxic effect of atropine was suggested with its combinations with TMB4, mecamylamine, and diazepam, whereas no additive toxicity occurred with combinations involving hexamethonium or benactyzine (i."	( Efficacy and toxicity of drug combinations in treatment of physostigmine toxicosis. Klemm, WR, 1983)	0.56
" Survival time was prolonged in rats treated with the toxic metals by pretreatment with NKK-105."	( Effects of diiospropyl-1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene malonate (NKK-105) on acute toxicity of various drugs and heavy metals. Hosokawa, T; Kitagawa, H; Saito, H; Sakamoto, K; Sugimoto, T; Yanaura, S, 1982)	0.26
" Intravenous physostigmine, the treatment of choice, was used to resolve the toxic crisis."	( Atropine toxicity in identical twins. Burke, MJ; Sanitato, JJ, 1983)	1.71
" Saline-treated guinea pigs with prior fear conditioning became digitalis toxic at a significantly lower dose of the drug than control guinea pigs that had not had exposure to signaled shock."	( Cholinergic activation produces psychosomatic digitalis toxicity. Cagin, NA; Natelson, BH, 1981)	0.26
" No adverse effects were noted with either drug."	( Atropine nebulization--simple and safe. Hemstreet, MP, 1980)	1.7
" Animals were challenged with 5 x LD50 GF (233 micrograms/kg, IM) following pretreatment with pyridostigmine (0."	( Acute toxicity of cyclohexylmethylphosphonofluoridate (CMPF) in rhesus monkeys: serum biochemical and hematologic changes. Koplovitz, I; Young, GD, 1995)	0.29
" Due to its widespread use in agriculture, contamination of food, water, and air has become imminent, and consequently adverse health effects are inevitable in humans, animals, wildlife, and fish."	( Carbofuran toxicity. Gupta, RC, 1994)	0.29
"Dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography is a feasible and safe test for assessing elderly patients with suspected and/or proven coronary artery disease, providing useful prognostic information for perioperative and late cardiac risk with relatively few side effects."	( Dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography in elderly patients unable to perform an exercise test. Hemodynamic characteristics, safety, and prognostic value. Arnese, M; Boersma, E; Cornel, JH; Fioretti, PM; Poldermans, D; Roelandt, JR; ten Cate, FJ; Thomson, IR; van Urk, H, )	0.91
" These seeds produce various toxic effects and contain mainly the alkaloids scopolamine and hyoscyamine."	( Toxicity study of the main alkaloids of Datura ferox in broilers. Flaskos, J; Kotsaki-Kovatsi, VP; Kovatsis, A; Nikolaidis, E; Papaioannou, N; Tsafaris, F, 1993)	0.29
" Preclinical studies were conducted to assess the behavioral and toxic effects of benztropine alone and in conjunction with cocaine."	( Effects of benztropine on behavioral and toxic effects of cocaine: comparison with atropine and the selective dopamine uptake inhibitor 1-[2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenyl-propyl)-piperazine. Acri, JB; Siedleck, BK; Witkin, JM, 1996)	0.52
"The acute toxic effects of HgCl2 on the cardiovascular system were studied in Langendorff-perfused rat hearts and in anaesthetized rats."	( Haemodynamic and electrophysiological acute toxic effects of mercury in anaesthetized rats and in langendorff perfused rat hearts. Amaral, SM; Massaroni, L; Oliveira, EM; Rossoni, LV; Stefanon, I; Vassallo, DV, )	0.13
"High doses of atropine during dipyridamole echocardiography test are safe and more effective for induction of new wall motion abnormalities than usual doses, particularly in patients tacking beta-blockers."	( [Use of high doses of atropine during dipyridamole echocardiography: safety and efficacy of the combined test]. Ceci, V; Coletta, C; Galati, A; Greco, G; Ricci, R, 1995)	0.97
" Dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography is a safe and feasible method for the assessment of hypertensive patients referred for evaluation of myocardial ischemia."	( Safety and feasibility of dobutamine-atropine stress testing in hypertensive patients. Elhendy, A; Fioretti, PM; Geleijnse, ML; Ibrahim, MM; Roelandt, JR; van Domburg, RT, 1997)	0.95
"A computer program (Q-test) was used to evaluate the combined toxic effects of nerve agent GF and its combined form with sarin (GB/GF) in mice."	( Evaluation of combined toxic effects of GB/GF and efficacy of jielin injection against combined poisoning in mice. Liang, J; Luo, C, 1997)	0.3
"The efficacy of cholinesterase reactivators tetroxime, HI-6 and obidoxime in combination with atropine against highly toxic organophosphate soman as well as organophosphorus insecticide fosdrin was evaluated in male mice using median lethal dose (LD50) for 48 hours."	( [Comparison of the effect of selected cholinesterase reactivators combined with atropine on soman and fosdrin toxicity in mice]. Kassa, J, 1995)	0.74
"Dobutamine/atropine echo stress test may be considered a safe test for the evaluation of the presence and severity of coronary artery disease in patients with a previous or recent myocardial infarction."	( [Feasibility and safety of dobutamine/atropine echocardiography following acute myocardial infarct]. Biferali, F; Ciavatti, M; Falcone, M; Palamara, A; Paventi, S, 1997)	0.96
"DASE is a safe and feasible method for the study of patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease."	( [Safety and feasibility of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography]. Andrade, JL; Beneti, LP; Beraldo, A; dos Santos, FC; Duprat, R; Gil, MA; Martinez, E; Mathias Júnior, W, 1997)	0.57
" No difference was noted in efficacy between the 2 atropine doses nor in frequency of adverse events with atropine nasal spray and placebo."	( Nasal atropine sulfate: efficacy and safety of 0.050% and 0.075% solutions for severe rhinorrhea. Georgitis, JW, 1998)	1.03
" They interfered with subsequent steps in the toxic process."	( Neurotoxicity of ammonia and glutamate: molecular mechanisms and prevention. Felipo, V; Hermenegildo, C; Llansola, M; Miñana, MD; Montoliu, C, )	0.13
"In a large group of patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction, dobutamine stress echocardiography is feasible and safe in 186/200 (93%); the addition of atropine was necessary in 34% to assess myocardial viability."	( Safety and utility of atropine addition during dobutamine stress echocardiography for the assessment of viable myocardium in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction. Bax, JJ; Boersma, E; Breburda, CS; Cornel, JH; Fioretti, PM; Poldermans, D; Rambaldi, R; Roelandt, JR; Thomson, IR; Valkema, R, 1998)	0.81
"The therapeutic efficacy of the new asymmetric bispyridinium oxime BI-6 against acute toxicity of the highly toxic organophosphate soman and the organophosphorus insecticide fosdrin by means of affecting the LD50 values of these noxiores substances was compared with the effect of the hitherto most perspective oxime HI-6 and the classic obidoxime always in combination with the identical dose of atropine."	( [Comparison of the effects of BI-6, a new asymmetric bipyridine oxime, with HI-6 oxime and obidoxime in combination with atropine on soman and fosdrine toxicity in mice]. Kassa, J, 1999)	0.68
" We conclude that dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography is a reasonably safe method for detection of coronary artery disease in the hospital or in an ambulatory basis."	( Safety of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography: A prospective experience of 4,033 consecutive studies. Andrade, JL; Arruda, A; Arruda, AL; Campos, O; Carvalho, AC; Gil, M; Mathias, W; Mattos, E; Osório, A; Santos, FC, 1999)	0.91
" Furthermore, this treatment regime, followed by atropine as postintoxication therapy, protected the marmosets against lethality after a 2 x LD50 dose of soman with negligible postintoxication incapacitation."	( Subchronic physostigmine pretreatment in marmosets: absence of side effects and effectiveness against soman poisoning with negligible postintoxication incapacitation. Bruijnzeel, PL; Groen, B; Melchers, BP; Olivier, B; Philippens, IH; Vanwersch, RA, 2000)	0.56
"The purpose of the study was to assess the safety, adverse effects and complications of the dobutamine stress echocardiography (ED)."	( [Side effects during dobutamine stress echocardiography: analysis of 582 studies]. Demczuk, M; Drozdz, J; Flasiński, J; Gackowski, A; Gasior, Z; Kleinrok, A; Krzymińska, E; Płońska, E; Sas, M; Sieńko, A; Swiatkiewicz, I; Szwed, H; Szyszka, A, 1999)	0.3
"We aimed to assess whether atropine administration is safe and feasible in patients unable to reach the minimal heart rate (HR) required (80% of age-predicted HR) in myocardial scintigraphic studies after exercise stress testing (EST)."	( Safety and feasibility of atropine added to submaximal exercise stress testing with Tl-201 SPECT for the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia. Coma-Canella, I; Cosín-Sales, J; García-Bolao, I; García-Velloso, MJ; Gimenez, M; Maceira, AM; Macías, A, )	0.73
" No major adverse effects occurred."	( Safety and feasibility of atropine added to submaximal exercise stress testing with Tl-201 SPECT for the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia. Coma-Canella, I; Cosín-Sales, J; García-Bolao, I; García-Velloso, MJ; Gimenez, M; Maceira, AM; Macías, A, )	0.43
"Atropine added to EST in patients who cannot achieve their 80% age-related HR is a safe and potentially useful method for myocardial perfusion studies."	( Safety and feasibility of atropine added to submaximal exercise stress testing with Tl-201 SPECT for the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia. Coma-Canella, I; Cosín-Sales, J; García-Bolao, I; García-Velloso, MJ; Gimenez, M; Maceira, AM; Macías, A, )	1.87
"Accelerated high-dose dipyridamole echocardiography is practical, feasible and safe and allows for a significant reduction in the imaging time, with an increased cost-effectiveness and tolerance of the patients."	( Safety and diagnostic accuracy of intravenous accelerated high-dose dipyridamole-atropine stress echocardiography. Carmenini, E; Gaudio, C; Giovannini, E; Manzara, CC; Minardi, G; Pulignano, G, 2002)	0.54
" DSE is a safe and feasible method for evaluating myocardial ischemia in patients with an ICD."	( Safety and feasibility of dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Elhendy, A; Porter, TR; Windle, J, 2003)	0.32
" Because concern about delayed adverse effects commonly delays discharge after sedation, we attempted to establish the timing of adverse effects in our cohort of procedural sedations."	( When is a patient safe for discharge after procedural sedation? The timing of adverse effect events in 1367 pediatric procedural sedations. Azer, MM; Newman, DH; Pitetti, RD; Singh, S, 2003)	0.32
" We determined the timing of serious (eg, hypoxia, stridor, hypotension) and other adverse effects from final medication administration and calculated adverse effect risk ratios in relation to sedation characteristics."	( When is a patient safe for discharge after procedural sedation? The timing of adverse effect events in 1367 pediatric procedural sedations. Azer, MM; Newman, DH; Pitetti, RD; Singh, S, 2003)	0.32
"7%) adverse effects, of which 159 (11."	( When is a patient safe for discharge after procedural sedation? The timing of adverse effect events in 1367 pediatric procedural sedations. Azer, MM; Newman, DH; Pitetti, RD; Singh, S, 2003)	0.32
"Adverse effects were common; however, serious adverse effects rarely occurred after 25 minutes from the final medication administration."	( When is a patient safe for discharge after procedural sedation? The timing of adverse effect events in 1367 pediatric procedural sedations. Azer, MM; Newman, DH; Pitetti, RD; Singh, S, 2003)	0.32
" Thus, TAPSE is a highly feasible and very safe stress test."	( Feasibility and safety of transeophageal atrial pacing stress echocardiography in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. Anselmi, M; Gallo, A; Golia, G; Marino, P; Rossi, A; Zardini, P; Zeni, P, 2003)	0.32
" Atropine and diazepam in the premedication, propofol and fentanyl during induction, muscle relaxation facilitation by vecuronium, and sevoflurane or isoflurane for maintenance seem to be a safe general anesthetic choice for analgesic intolerant patients with and without asthma."	( General anesthesia and postoperative pain management in analgesic intolerant patients with/without asthma: is it safe? Basgül, E; Bozkurt, B; Celiker, V; Kalyoncu, AF; Karakaya, G; Oguzalp, H, )	1.04
"0001), and a lower incidence of minor adverse effects than did DASE."	( Comparison of safety and efficacy of the early injection of atropine during dobutamine stress echocardiography with the conventional protocol. Andrade, JL; Fernandes, DR; Lario, FA; Mathias, W; Osório, AF; Ramires, JA; Sodre, G; Tsutsui, JM, 2004)	0.57
"004), no other difference in adverse effects was observed between patients >or= 70 and < 70 years."	( Safety and cardiac chronotropic responsiveness to the early injection of atropine during dobutamine stress echocardiography in the elderly. Fernandes, DR; Franchini Ramires, JA; Kowatsch, I; Lario, FC; Mathias, W; Sbano, JC; Tsutsui, JM, 2005)	0.56
"Early atropine DSE is a safe strategy in the elderly resulting in lower incidence of minor adverse effects than with the conventional protocol."	( Safety and cardiac chronotropic responsiveness to the early injection of atropine during dobutamine stress echocardiography in the elderly. Fernandes, DR; Franchini Ramires, JA; Kowatsch, I; Lario, FC; Mathias, W; Sbano, JC; Tsutsui, JM, 2005)	1.04
" In our study, DASE proved to be feasible and safe in octogenarians."	( [Safety and feasibility of dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography in octogenarian patients]. Abreu, JS; Diógenes, TC; Farias, AG; Morais, JM; Paes Júnior, JN, 2005)	0.6
" No major adverse effects occurred."	( Safety and feasibility of atropine added in patients with sub-maximal heart rate during exercise myocardial perfusion SPECT. Azzarello, V; Di Pasquale, P; Felice, F; Martino, A; Paterna, S; Sarullo, FM; Taormina, A; Ventimiglia, C, 2007)	0.64
" However, the protocol recommended for Dob-MPS is long and frequently associated with adverse effects."	( Reduced adverse effects with an accelerated dobutamine stress protocol compared with the conventional protocol: a prospective, randomized myocardial perfusion scintigraphy study. De Lorenzo, A; Issa, A; Leão Lima, Rde S, 2008)	0.35
" We compared age, gender, coronary risk factors, history of MI or revascularization, Dob infusion and total stress times, maximal HR, percentage of maximal predicted HR, rate-pressure product, ST changes, MPS scores and incidence of adverse effects."	( Reduced adverse effects with an accelerated dobutamine stress protocol compared with the conventional protocol: a prospective, randomized myocardial perfusion scintigraphy study. De Lorenzo, A; Issa, A; Leão Lima, Rde S, 2008)	0.35
"Early administration of atropine makes stress faster and reduces incidence of adverse effects, without reducing efficacy towards achieving the proposed goals."	( Reduced adverse effects with an accelerated dobutamine stress protocol compared with the conventional protocol: a prospective, randomized myocardial perfusion scintigraphy study. De Lorenzo, A; Issa, A; Leão Lima, Rde S, 2008)	0.65
"This accelerated dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography protocol is safe in a low-risk population and has a rate of complications similar to that reported for the standard protocol."	( Safety and predictors of complications with a new accelerated dobutamine stress echocardiography protocol. Arnold, R; Carnero, A; Fernández-Aviles, F; Gómez, I; Jimenez, D; Muñoz, AC; Ortega, JR; Pérez-Paredes, M; Pinedo, M; Rollán, MJ; San Román, JA; Sanz-Ruiz, R; Segura, F, 2008)	0.64
"We evaluated mechanisms contributing to the adverse effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF) on DNA synthesis, cell number and size, and cell signaling mediated by adenylyl cyclase (AC) in PC12 cells, a neuronotypic cell line that recapitulates the essential features of developing mammalian neurons."	( Ameliorating the developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos: a mechanisms-based approach in PC12 cells. MacKillop, EA; Ryde, IT; Seidler, FJ; Slotkin, TA, 2007)	0.34
" Nicotine, which stimulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors but also possesses a mixture of prooxidant/antioxidant activity, had adverse effects by itself but also protected undifferentiated cells from the actions of CPF and had mixed additive/protective effects on cell number in differentiating cells."	( Ameliorating the developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos: a mechanisms-based approach in PC12 cells. MacKillop, EA; Ryde, IT; Seidler, FJ; Slotkin, TA, 2007)	0.34
"Our results show definitive contributions of cholinergic hyperstimulation, oxidative stress, and interference with AC signaling in the developmental neurotoxicity of CPF and point to the potential use of this information to design treatments to ameliorate these adverse effects."	( Ameliorating the developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos: a mechanisms-based approach in PC12 cells. MacKillop, EA; Ryde, IT; Seidler, FJ; Slotkin, TA, 2007)	0.34
" Three adverse events occurred in each group."	( A randomized controlled feasibility trial comparing safety and effectiveness of prehospital pacing versus conventional treatment: 'PrePACE'. Bagley, P; Brewer, JE; Burgess, R; Cameron, B; Dorian, P; Frank, J; Long, J; Mausz, V; Morrison, LJ; Sawadsky, B; Schwartz, B; Shield, J; Vermeulen, M, 2008)	0.35
"The potency of newly developed oximes (K074, K075) and commonly used oximes (obidoxime, trimedoxime, and HI-6) to counteract tabun or cyclosarin-induced acute toxic effects was studied in mice."	( A comparison of the potency of newly developed oximes (K074, K075) and currently available oximes (obidoxime, trimedoxime, HI-6) to counteract acute toxic effects of tabun and cyclosarin in mice. Humlicek, V; Kassa, J, 2008)	0.35
" The present findings provide, for the first time, details of a synergistic toxic effect of the cocaine/atropine mixture and of the potential of diazepam for treating cocatropine-related hospital emergencies."	( Diazepam protects against the enhanced toxicity of cocaine adulterated with atropine. Braida, D; Capurro, V; Gori, E; Pegorini, S; Rossoni, G; Sala, M; Zani, A, 2008)	0.79
" Although pretreatment with atropine minimizes the adverse effect of pralidoxime reported in these models, concerns over the risks of pralidoxime in humans with carbamate poisoning continue."	( Use of pralidoxime without atropine in rivastigmine (carbamate) toxicity. Felberbaum, M; Hoffman, RS; Manini, AF; Mercurio-Zappala, M; Russell-Haders, AL, 2009)	0.94
"Early injection of atropine during dobutamine stress echocardiography has been demonstrated in retrospective analyses to reduce the duration and dose of dobutamine infusion, while preserving a similar diagnostic accuracy with a lower incidence of adverse effects."	( Early atropine is safer than conventional atropine administration in the elderly undergoing dobutamine stress echocardiography. Abdel-Salam, Z; Nammas, W, 2010)	1.17
"In elderly patients undergoing dobutamine stress echocardiography, adopting the early atropine protocol offers a shorter test duration and a lower dobutamine dose, with consequently fewer adverse effects."	( Early atropine is safer than conventional atropine administration in the elderly undergoing dobutamine stress echocardiography. Abdel-Salam, Z; Nammas, W, 2010)	1.06
" We aimed to determine the adverse events during neonatal intubation using the most commonly used premedication regimen in the UK."	( Endotracheal intubation in a neonatal population remains associated with a high risk of adverse events. Anandaraj, J; Arasu, A; Chaudhary, R; Clarke, P; Curley, A; Malviya, M; Ponnusamy, V; Venkatesh, V, 2011)	0.37
" Our aim was to develop an in vitro model for predicting the efficacy of antitumoral compounds on leukemic cells and their toxic effects on the healthy hematopoietic cells."	( Development of an in vitro model for the simultaneous study of the efficacy and hematotoxicity of antileukemic compounds. Albella, B; Alonso-Ferrero, ME; Bueren, JA; Cerrato, L; Martínez, S; Valeri, A, 2010)	0.36
"Ivermectin is considered a very safe drug; however, there are reports of toxic effects in particularly sensitive populations or due to accidental overdose."	( Central and peripheral neurotoxic effects of ivermectin in rats. Nedeljkovic, JT; Trailovic, SM, 2011)	0.37
" Injection of atropine after 5 minutes of exposure did not significantly overcome any of the toxic effects observed with either solution of TMAH."	( Toxicity of tetramethylammonium hydroxide: review of two fatal cases of dermal exposure and development of an animal model. Chai, CY; Ho, CK; Hong, MY; Lee, CH; Lin, HF; Wang, CL, 2011)	0.73
"2 LD50 = 896 mg/kg) were administered intravenously (iv) 30 minutes after a single intraperitoneal (ip) injection of MAL (0."	( Benefit of nanocarrier of magnetic magnesium in rat malathion-induced toxicity and cardiac failure using non-invasive monitoring of electrocardiogram and blood pressure. Abdollahi, M; Baeeri, M; Karimi, G; Mohammadi, H; Nikfar, S; Sabzevari, O; Shafiee, H, 2011)	0.37
"The oral LD50 of crude Entada phaseoloides, No."	( [Study on acute toxicity and animal gastrointestinal activity of crude and processed products of Entada phaseoloides]. Deng, XK; Mei, ZN; Xiao, E; Xiong, H; Zhao, YH, 2010)	0.36
"Colonoscopy under endoscopist-controlled propofol sedation in low-risk patients is safe and effective, allowing for a complete exploration, although patients at least 65 years old and/or classified as ASA II are more likely to present a decrease in blood pressure and have a prolonged recovery time."	( Nonanesthesiologist-administered propofol sedation for colonoscopy is safe and effective: a prospective Spanish study over 1000 consecutive exams. Angueira, T; Cruz-Campos, M; Fernández-Fuente, M; Friginal-Ruiz, AB; González-Castillo, S; Guagnozzi, D; Lucendo, AJ; Olveira, A; Sánchez-Cazalilla, M; Serrano-Valverde, M; Tenias, JM, 2012)	0.38
" Atropine and glycopyrrolate are anticholinergics that could reduce the adverse effects of imidocarb."	( Comparison of glycopyrrolate and atropine in ameliorating the adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate in horses. Donnellan, CM; Guthrie, AJ; Nurton, JP; Page, PC; van den Berg, JS, 2013)	1.58
"To compare glycopyrrolate and atropine in ameliorating the adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate in horses and to determine the effect of combinations of these drugs on the gastrointestinal tract."	( Comparison of glycopyrrolate and atropine in ameliorating the adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate in horses. Donnellan, CM; Guthrie, AJ; Nurton, JP; Page, PC; van den Berg, JS, 2013)	0.96
"Results of this study suggest that glycopyrrolate is superior to atropine in ameliorating the adverse effects of imidocarb."	( Comparison of glycopyrrolate and atropine in ameliorating the adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate in horses. Donnellan, CM; Guthrie, AJ; Nurton, JP; Page, PC; van den Berg, JS, 2013)	0.91
"Glycopyrrolate could be administered with imidocarb in horses with piroplasmosis to reduce the adverse effects of imidocarb."	( Comparison of glycopyrrolate and atropine in ameliorating the adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate in horses. Donnellan, CM; Guthrie, AJ; Nurton, JP; Page, PC; van den Berg, JS, 2013)	0.67
"; 85% of LD50 value) were evaluated."	( Evaluation of the potency of two novel bispyridinium oximes (K456, K458) in comparison with oxime K203 and trimedoxime to counteract tabun-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Karasova, JZ; Kassa, J; Misik, J, 2013)	0.39
"To evaluate the ability of atropine sulfate, butylscopolammonium bromide combined with metamizole sodium, and flunixin meglumine to ameliorate the clinical adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate in horses."	( Evaluation of the use of atropine sulfate, a combination of butylscopolammonium bromide and metamizole sodium, and flunixin meglumine to ameliorate clinical adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate in horses. Abutarbush, SM; Al-Majali, AM; Alfaqeeh, SM; Mustafa, G; Qura'n, L, 2013)	0.99
"Imidocarb dipropionate use in the control group was associated with serious adverse effects including signs of abdominal pain (4/7 horses) and diarrhea (2/7)."	( Evaluation of the use of atropine sulfate, a combination of butylscopolammonium bromide and metamizole sodium, and flunixin meglumine to ameliorate clinical adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate in horses. Abutarbush, SM; Al-Majali, AM; Alfaqeeh, SM; Mustafa, G; Qura'n, L, 2013)	0.69
"A combination of butylscopolammonium bromide and metamizole sodium may be useful to ameliorate the adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate in horses, although group size was small and significant differences from the control group were not found."	( Evaluation of the use of atropine sulfate, a combination of butylscopolammonium bromide and metamizole sodium, and flunixin meglumine to ameliorate clinical adverse effects of imidocarb dipropionate in horses. Abutarbush, SM; Al-Majali, AM; Alfaqeeh, SM; Mustafa, G; Qura'n, L, 2013)	0.69
" Adverse events were defined as significant arrhythmias (sinus arrest, Mobitz type II heart block, complete heart block, ventricular tachycardia, or ventricular fibrillation), hypotension requiring hospitalization, syncope or presyncope, myocardial infarction, and death."	( The risk of adverse events associated with atropine administration during dobutamine stress echocardiography in cardiac transplant patients: a 28-year single-center experience. Haythe, J; Schulze, PC; Shimbo, D; Wang Ji, J; Ye, S, 2013)	0.65
" Therefore, patients should be appropriately monitored for these adverse events during and after DSE."	( The risk of adverse events associated with atropine administration during dobutamine stress echocardiography in cardiac transplant patients: a 28-year single-center experience. Haythe, J; Schulze, PC; Shimbo, D; Wang Ji, J; Ye, S, 2013)	0.65
" Additional endpoints included major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and patient questionnaire responses."	( Feasibility, safety and accuracy of regadenoson-atropine (REGAT) stress echocardiography for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease: an angiographic correlative study. Alam, M; Ananthasubramaniam, K; Boedeker, S; Brooks, K; Iyer, H; Khandelwal, A; Nguyen, P; Saad, H; Shaikh, K; Wang, DD, 2014)	0.66
"Early injection of atropine during dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) has been demonstrated in retrospective analyses to reduce the duration and dose of dobutamine infusion, while preserving a similar diagnostic accuracy with a lower incidence of adverse effects."	( Atropine first is safer than conventional atropine administration in older people undergoing dobutamine stress echocardiography. Shehata, M, 2014)	2.17
" Patients were monitored for adverse drug effects."	( Atropine first is safer than conventional atropine administration in older people undergoing dobutamine stress echocardiography. Shehata, M, 2014)	1.85
"In older patients undergoing DSE, using atropine as a start drug, that is, adopting the ADSE protocol, is associated with shorter test duration, lower mean dobutamine infusion rate and consequently fewer adverse effects."	( Atropine first is safer than conventional atropine administration in older people undergoing dobutamine stress echocardiography. Shehata, M, 2014)	2.11
"Organophosphates (OP) are highly toxic compounds that cause cholinergic neuronal excitotoxicity and dysfunction by irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, resulting in delayed brain damage."	( Potential pharmacological strategies for the improved treatment of organophosphate-induced neurotoxicity. Chahal, KS; Kaur, S; Prakash, A; Singh, S, 2014)	0.4
" Also, we checked subjective symptoms and adverse events."	( [Side Effects of Low Dose Atropine]. Fukamachi, M; Kurata, A; Miyaushiro, H; Moriyama, M; Nishiyama, Y; Ohno-Matsui, K; Tokoro, T; Uchida, A, 2015)	0.72
" Severe subjective symptoms and adverse events were not found in any of the cases."	( [Side Effects of Low Dose Atropine]. Fukamachi, M; Kurata, A; Miyaushiro, H; Moriyama, M; Nishiyama, Y; Ohno-Matsui, K; Tokoro, T; Uchida, A, 2015)	0.72
"; 90% of LD50 value) were evaluated."	( The Evaluation of the Potency of Newly Developed Oximes (K727, K733) and Trimedoxime to Counteract Acute Neurotoxic Effects of Tabun in Rats. Hatlapatková, J; Kassa, J; Žďárová Karasová, J, 2015)	0.42
"Atropine, a widely used topical anticholinergic drug, might have adverse effects on human corneas in vivo."	( Cytotoxicity of atropine to human corneal endothelial cells by inducing mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis. Fan, TJ; Tian, CL; Wen, Q, 2016)	2.22
"Many adverse drug reactions are caused by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent activation of drugs into reactive metabolites."	( Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships. Jones, LH; Nadanaciva, S; Rana, P; Will, Y, 2016)	0.43
" In the ED50 study, male guinea pigs clipped of hair received 2x LD50 topical challenges of undiluted Russian VX (VR), VX, or phorate oxon (PHO) and, at the onset of cholinergic signs, IM therapy of atropine (0."	( Toxicity and median effective doses of oxime therapies against percutaneous organophosphorus pesticide and nerve agent challenges in the Hartley guinea pig. Babin, MC; Jett, DA; Platoff, GE; Snider, TH; Yeung, DT, 2016)	0.62
"Drawing up atropine or glycopyrrolate at the beginning of the operating list and use within 24 hours if needed are a safe practice and do not pose infection hazard."	( Atropine and glycopyrrolate do not support bacterial growth-safety and economic considerations. Batai, I; Batai, IZ; Ittzes, B; Kerenyi, M; Weiling, Z, 2016)	2.27
"Though uncommon, medical emergencies in the dental office are harrowing occurrences that can be the result of adverse drug reactions."	( Pharmacological Reversal Agents in Dental Practice: Keys to Patient Safety. Donaldson, M; Goodchild, JH, )	0.13
"To evaluate the efficacy vs the adverse effects of various doses of atropine in the therapy for myopia in children."	( Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Atropine in Childhood Myopia: A Meta-analysis. Chen, B; Gong, Q; Janowski, M; Liu, L; Luo, M; Wei, H; Yang, G, 2017)	0.97
"Randomized clinical trials and cohort studies that enrolled patients younger than 18 years with myopia who received atropine in at least 1 treatment arm and that reported the annual rate of myopia progression and/or any adverse effects of atropine therapy were included in the analysis."	( Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Atropine in Childhood Myopia: A Meta-analysis. Chen, B; Gong, Q; Janowski, M; Liu, L; Luo, M; Wei, H; Yang, G, 2017)	0.95
"The primary outcome was a difference in efficacy and the presence of adverse effects at different doses of atropine vs control conditions."	( Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Atropine in Childhood Myopia: A Meta-analysis. Chen, B; Gong, Q; Janowski, M; Liu, L; Luo, M; Wei, H; Yang, G, 2017)	0.95
" High-dose atropine were associated with more adverse effects, such as the 43."	( Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Atropine in Childhood Myopia: A Meta-analysis. Chen, B; Gong, Q; Janowski, M; Liu, L; Luo, M; Wei, H; Yang, G, 2017)	1.13
"This meta-analysis suggests that the efficacy of atropine is dose independent within this range, whereas the adverse effects are dose dependent."	( Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Atropine in Childhood Myopia: A Meta-analysis. Chen, B; Gong, Q; Janowski, M; Liu, L; Luo, M; Wei, H; Yang, G, 2017)	0.99
" We did not observe any adverse events or significant endothelial cell loss (p = 0."	( Efficacy and safety of low-concentration, bisulphite-containing, intracameral epinephrine and topical atropine treatments for the prevention of intraoperative floppy iris syndrome. Bulut, AE; Esen, F; Toker, E, 2018)	0.7
" These alkaloids can be very toxic at high dose."	( Atropa belladonna neurotoxicity: Implications to neurological disorders. Aschner, M; Jiménez, J; Jiménez, JA; Kwakye, GF, 2018)	0.48
"Atropine has a side effect incidence rate 7 times higher than the incidence rate of cyclopentolate."	( Incidence of side effects of topical atropine sulfate and cyclopentolate hydrochloride for cycloplegia in Japanese children: a multicenter study. Fujikado, T; Hayashi, T; Kimura, A; Miki, A; Nishina, S; Sato, M; Sugasawa, J; Utsumi, T; Wakayama, A, 2018)	2.2
" Adverse events (AE) were collected with the General Assessment of Side Effects (GASE) questionnaire prior to the second induced pain sequence."	( A test of positive suggestions about side effects as a way of enhancing the analgesic response to NSAIDs. Berna, C; Décosterd, I; Fernandez, A; Kaptchuk, TJ; Kirsch, I; Noël, L; Rodondi, PY; Suter, MR, 2019)	0.51
" We further evaluated the efficacy of two different antidotal regimens, one comprising a single and the other repeated administration of antidotes, in countering the toxic effects of the exposure."	( Repetitive antidotal treatment is crucial in eliminating eye pathology, respiratory toxicity and death following whole-body VX vapor exposure in freely moving rats. Bloch-Shilderman, E; Cohen, L; Egoz, I; Gez, R; Gutman, H; Nili, U; Rabinovitz, I; Yacov, G, 2019)	0.51
" Recent lines of evidence have also reported non-cholinergic endpoints of CPF- and CPF-O-induced neurotoxicities, but comparisons on the non-cholinergic toxic properties of CPF and CPF-O are lacking."	( Glutathione in Chlorpyrifos-and Chlorpyrifos-Oxon-Induced Toxicity: a Comparative Study Focused on Non-cholinergic Toxicity in HT22 Cells. Aschner, M; Colle, D; da Rocha, JBT; Dafré, AL; Farina, M; Leal, RB; Lopes, MW; Naime, AA; Suñol, C, 2020)	0.56
" Adverse events were also recorded."	( Safety and Efficacy of Low-Dose Atropine Eyedrops for the Treatment of Myopia Progression in Chinese Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial. An, W; Du, J; Li, SM; Liang, X; Sun, Y; Tian, J; Wang, N; Wei, S; Zhang, D, 2020)	0.84
" No serious adverse events related to atropine were reported."	( Safety and Efficacy of Low-Dose Atropine Eyedrops for the Treatment of Myopia Progression in Chinese Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial. An, W; Du, J; Li, SM; Liang, X; Sun, Y; Tian, J; Wang, N; Wei, S; Zhang, D, 2020)	1.11
" We report 2 cases of atropine overdose after sublingual administration illustrating that atropine can expose to severe adverse effects when administered sublingually."	( Atropine-induced toxicity after off-label sublingual administration of eyedrop for sialorrhoea treatment in neurological disabled patients. Alvarez, JC; Azouvi, P; Genevée, A; Larabi, IA; Lefèvre-Dognin, C; Lemoine, J; Lillo-Lelouet, A; Michelon, H; Paquereau, J, 2021)	2.38
"01% atropine is effective and safe for preventing the progression of childhood myopia."	( Efficacy and safety of 0.01% atropine for prevention of childhood myopia in a 2-year randomized placebo-controlled study. Fujikado, T; Hasebe, S; Hieda, O; Hiraoka, T; Ishiko, S; Kinoshita, S; Kurihara, T; Morimoto, T; Nakai, T; Nakamura, Y; Negishi, K; Nishi, Y; Nishida, K; Nishikawa, N; Ono, M; Oshika, T; Shigeno, Y; Song, YS; Sotozono, C; Takahashi, H; Tan, D; Tanaka, S; Tokutake, T; Torii, H; Tsubota, K, 2021)	1.47
" The safety, adverse effects, and efficacy of DopSE were then assessed in 105 patients, 98 of whom had ALD."	( Safety and feasibility of dopamine-atropine stress echocardiography. Feigenbaum, H; Ghumman, W; Khemka, A; Mahenthiran, J; Rao, RA; Sawada, SG, 2021)	0.9
" In 105 patients who underwent DopSE, none had adverse effects that required early stress termination."	( Safety and feasibility of dopamine-atropine stress echocardiography. Feigenbaum, H; Ghumman, W; Khemka, A; Mahenthiran, J; Rao, RA; Sawada, SG, 2021)	0.9
"Dopamine-atropine stress echocardiography appears to be a safe stress modality and provides greater increases in RPP in patients with ALD compared to DSE."	( Safety and feasibility of dopamine-atropine stress echocardiography. Feigenbaum, H; Ghumman, W; Khemka, A; Mahenthiran, J; Rao, RA; Sawada, SG, 2021)	1.32
" The treatment efficiency and the incidence of adverse reactions were used as the main outcome indicators."	( The clinical efficacy and safety of atropine combined with omeprazole in the treatment of patients with acute gastritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chen, H; Lin, X; Lin, YN, 2021)	0.9
"The combination of atropine with omeprazole in the treatment of acute gastritis demonstrated a high effective rate with few adverse reactions than."	( The clinical efficacy and safety of atropine combined with omeprazole in the treatment of patients with acute gastritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chen, H; Lin, X; Lin, YN, 2021)	1.22
" The risk for adverse effects tended to rise as the atropine concentration was increased, although this tendency was not evident for distance BCVA."	( Efficacy and Safety of 8 Atropine Concentrations for Myopia Control in Children: A Network Meta-Analysis. Ha, A; Jung, JH; Kim, SJ; Kim, YK; Shim, SR, 2022)	1.28
"Pediatric sedation is a clinical activity with potential for serious but rare airway adverse events, particularly laryngospasm."	( Anticholinergics and serious adverse events in pediatric procedural sedation: A report of the pediatric sedation research consortiums. Boriosi, JP; Ferrazzano, P; Hollman, GA; Lasarev, MR; Peters, ME, 2022)	0.72
"The objective of this study is to describe the current practice of anticholinergic use in pediatric sedation and to compare the frequency of serious sedation-related adverse events in patients who received anticholinergics to those who did not."	( Anticholinergics and serious adverse events in pediatric procedural sedation: A report of the pediatric sedation research consortiums. Boriosi, JP; Ferrazzano, P; Hollman, GA; Lasarev, MR; Peters, ME, 2022)	0.72
" Patient characteristics, procedure type, sedation provider, sedatives, location of sedation, anticholinergic administered, adverse events, and airway interventions were reported."	( Anticholinergics and serious adverse events in pediatric procedural sedation: A report of the pediatric sedation research consortiums. Boriosi, JP; Ferrazzano, P; Hollman, GA; Lasarev, MR; Peters, ME, 2022)	0.72
" Use of anticholinergics was more common in patients with well-described risk factors for airway adverse events: active/history of upper respiratory infection, history of reactive airway disease/asthma, and exposure to smoke."	( Anticholinergics and serious adverse events in pediatric procedural sedation: A report of the pediatric sedation research consortiums. Boriosi, JP; Ferrazzano, P; Hollman, GA; Lasarev, MR; Peters, ME, 2022)	0.72
"In this large Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium study, we found the use of anticholinergic adjuvants independently associated with greater odds of serious adverse events, especially airway adverse events, after adjusting for well-known sedation risk factors using propensity score matching and multivariate analysis."	( Anticholinergics and serious adverse events in pediatric procedural sedation: A report of the pediatric sedation research consortiums. Boriosi, JP; Ferrazzano, P; Hollman, GA; Lasarev, MR; Peters, ME, 2022)	0.72
" Increased pupil diameter was the major side effect of the combination therapy, with no negative impact on the amplitude of accommodation, intraocular pressure, tear film break-up time or corneal endothelial cell density."	( The synergistic efficacy and safety of combined low-concentration atropine and orthokeratology for slowing the progression of myopia: A meta-analysis. Tan, KW; Zheng, NN, 2022)	0.96
"DIMS spectacle lenses are safe for participation in road traffic and do not relevantly impair traffic safety, neither alone nor under the acute influence of 0,01% atropine."	( Safety of DIMS Spectacle Lenses and Atropine as Combination Therapy for Myopia Progression. Graff, B; Kaymak, H; Langenbucher, A; Mattern, AI; Neller, K; Schwahn, H; Seitz, B, 2022)	1.19
" The safety outcomes included accommodation amplitude, pupil size and adverse effects."	( Efficacy and safety of atropine in myopic children: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Li, X; Long, H; Shi, MH, 2023)	1.22
" We aimed to evaluate the incidence of adverse events induced by atropine in children with myopia."	( Incidence of Adverse Events Induced by Atropine in Myopic Children: A Meta-Analysis. Bu, F; Sun, H; Xin, X; Yan, J, 2023)	1.42
" Secondary outcomes included adverse events and reactions, choroidal thickness and ocular biometry."	( Safety and efficacy of 0.01% and 0.1% low-dose atropine eye drop regimens for reduction of myopia progression in Danish children: a randomized clinical trial examining one-year effect and safety. Bek, T; Hansen, NC; Hvid-Hansen, A; Jacobsen, N; Kessel, L; Larsen, DA; Møller, F, 2023)	1.17
" A total of 108 adverse events were reported during the initial six-month loading dose period, primarily in the loading dose group, and 14 were reported in the six months following dose switching, all deemed mild except two serious adverse events, unrelated to the intervention."	( Safety and efficacy of 0.01% and 0.1% low-dose atropine eye drop regimens for reduction of myopia progression in Danish children: a randomized clinical trial examining one-year effect and safety. Bek, T; Hansen, NC; Hvid-Hansen, A; Jacobsen, N; Kessel, L; Larsen, DA; Møller, F, 2023)	1.17
"Low-dose atropine eye drops are safe over twelve months in otherwise healthy children."	( Safety and efficacy of 0.01% and 0.1% low-dose atropine eye drop regimens for reduction of myopia progression in Danish children: a randomized clinical trial examining one-year effect and safety. Bek, T; Hansen, NC; Hvid-Hansen, A; Jacobsen, N; Kessel, L; Larsen, DA; Møller, F, 2023)	1.58

Pharmacokinetics

There was no significant difference between plasma levels and pharmacokinetic parameters of 2-PAM in the two groups of animals. We performed a clinical study in 12 healthy subjects receiving methantheline as immediate-release coated tablets (IR) or in watery solution (SOL)

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The administration of papaverine did not change the AUC and Cmax, but tmax was significantly longer."	( Effect of papaverine and atropine on pharmacokinetics of paracetamol administered orally. Gawrońska-Szklarz, B; Kaźmierczyk, J; Samochowiec, L; Wójcicki, J, )	0.43
" Toxicological and pharmacodynamic studies were done in the cardiovascular system and in vitro on certain muscles."	( [Experimental toxicological and pharmacodynamic studies of a triple drug association (adrenaline, atropine and papaverine) with anti-bronchospastic activity]. Alise, G; Del Vecchio, F; Di Tonto, B; Giordano, L; Lampa, E; Rosatti, F; Rossi, F; Vacca, C, )	0.35
" A triple crossover pharmacokinetic study using adult sheep was conducted."	( The pharmacokinetics of atropine and diazepam in sheep: intramuscular co-administration. Lukey, BJ; Moore, DH; Smallridge, RC; von Bredow, JD, 1991)	0.59
" The elimination half-life ranged from 35 min in normal rats to 86 min in sarin-poisoned rats."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of obidoxime in sarin-poisoned rats. Alioth-Streichenberg, CM; Bodmer, DM; Waser, PG, 1991)	0.28
"97) micrograms/l and mean Tmax (time to Cmax) of 13."	( Radioreceptor assay for pharmacokinetic studies of glycopyrrolate. Ali-Melkkilä, T; Iisalo, E; Kaila, T; Kanto, J, 1990)	0.28
"In a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled crossover study, the pharmacokinetics and some clinically important pharmacodynamic effects of intramuscular atropine (dl-hyoscyamine) were studied in 6 healthy male volunteers."	( Intramuscular atropine in healthy volunteers: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study. Iisalo, E; Kaila, T; Kanto, J; Kentala, E, 1990)	0.84
" The effects of methoxyflurane anesthesia, administration of atropine with and without diazepam were determined on the serum half-life (t1/2), clearance rate (CL), and the volume of distribution (Vd) following intramuscular (IM) administration of HI-6 (30 mg kg-1)."	( Pharmacokinetics of the acetylcholinesterase oxime reactivator, HI-6, in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): effect of atropine, diazepam, and methoxyflurane anesthesia. Briggs, CJ; Clement, JG; Lee, MJ; Simons, KJ, 1990)	0.73
" Pharmacokinetic studies were performed in mongrel dogs under two experimental conditions, moderate hemorrhage and hypothyroidism, to determine whether im absorption and elimination of atropine (0."	( Atropine pharmacokinetics are affected by moderate hemorrhage and hypothyroidism. Chernow, B; Geelhoed, G; Kinzer, C; Pamplin, C; Smallridge, RC; Teich, S; Umstott, C, 1989)	1.91
"Several specific and sensitive new methods for determining atropine and its metabolites in biological fluids have increased the possibility to characterise the pharmacokinetic properties of this antimuscarinic agent."	( Pharmacokinetic implications for the clinical use of atropine, scopolamine and glycopyrrolate. Kanto, J; Klotz, U, 1988)	0.77
"9 ng/ml at 5, 15, and 30 min postbolus, respectively, with an elimination phase half-life of 35."	( Cardiovascular and pharmacodynamic effects of high-dose fentanyl in newborn piglets. Cook, DR; Schieber, RA; Stiller, RL, 1985)	0.27
" Pharmacodynamic effects of atropine were measured simultaneously."	( Integrated pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of atropine in healthy humans. I: Pharmacokinetics. Gundert-Remy, U; Hinderling, PH; Schmidlin, O, 1985)	0.81
" Both the pharmacokinetic and effect data were fitted to an integrated kinetic-dynamic model."	( Integrated pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of atropine in healthy humans. II: Pharmacodynamics. Gundert-Remy, U; Heinzel, G; Hinderling, PH; Schmidlin, O, 1985)	0.52
"The pharmacokinetics and some pharmacodynamic properties of atropine, glycopyrrolate and scopolamine are reviewed."	( Pharmacokinetics and related pharmacodynamics of anticholinergic drugs. Ali-Melkkilä, T; Iisalo, E; Kanto, J, 1993)	0.53
" The plasma HI-6 peak concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) demonstrated linear pharmacokinetics with low intradose variability, suggestive of uniformity of effect among subjects."	( The acetylcholinesterase oxime reactivator HI-6 in man: pharmacokinetics and tolerability in combination with atropine. Bailey, DG; Clement, JG; Madill, HD; Spence, JD; Tran, LT, 1995)	0.5
" The other pharmacokinetic data likewise did not reveal any differences between the groups."	( Pharmacokinetics of atropine in dogs after i.m. injection with newly developed dry/wet combination autoinjectors containing HI 6 or HLö 7. Eyer, P; Klimmek, R; Radtke, M; Spöhrer, U; Thiermann, H, 1996)	0.62
" The purpose of the present study was to determine the immediate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of atropine following administration by either of these routes."	( Atropine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics following endotracheal versus endobronchial administration in dogs. Almog, S; Barzilay, Z; Ben-Abraham, R; Ezra, D; Lotan, D; Mayan, H; Mazkereth, R; Paret, G; Sella, R, 1999)	1.96
"A Phase I study was performed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), toxicities, and pharmacokinetic profile of irinotecan (CPT-11) and its active metabolites when given on a once-every-3-week schedule."	( Phase I dose-finding and pharmacokinetic trial of irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT-11) using a once-every-three-week dosing schedule for patients with advanced solid tumor malignancy. Adjei, AA; Alberts, SA; Burch, PA; Elfring, G; Erlichman, C; Goldberg, RM; Miller, LL; Pitot, HC; Reid, JM; Rubin, J; Schaaf, LJ; Skaff, PA; Sloan, JA, 2000)	0.31
" There was no significant difference between plasma levels and pharmacokinetic parameters of 2-PAM in the two groups of animals, given 2-PAM alone and in conjunction with atropine."	( Pharmacokinetics and dosage regimen of 2-pyridine aldoxime in Bubalus bubalis intoxicated with fenitrothion. Malik, JK; Srivastava, AK, 2001)	0.5
" The plasma drug concentration versus time data were linked to the response versus time data using a signal transduction pharmacodynamic model that was fitted simultaneously to all four experimental data sets."	( A signal transduction pharmacodynamic model of the kinetics of the parasympathomimetic activity of low-dose scopolamine and atropine in rats. Hoffman, A; Krzyzanski, W; Perlstein, I; Stepensky, D, 2002)	0.52
" A comparison is also presented between several methods based on animal pharmacokinetic data, using the same set of proprietary compounds, and it lends further support for the use of this method, as opposed to methods that require the gathering of pharmacokinetic data in laboratory animals."	( Prediction of human volume of distribution values for neutral and basic drugs. 2. Extended data set and leave-class-out statistics. Gao, F; Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Shalaeva, MY, 2004)	0.32
" HI-6 (500 mg 2Cl or 633 mg DMS) resulted in an identical pharmacokinetic profile unaffected by atropine co-administration."	( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two HI-6 salts in swine and efficacy in the treatment of GF and soman poisoning. Berger, BJ; Davidson, C; Hamilton, MG; Hill, I; Lecavalier, P; Lundy, PM; Vair, C; Weatherby, KL, 2005)	0.55
" pharmacokinetic data on 670 drugs representing, to our knowledge, the largest publicly available set of human clinical pharmacokinetic data."	( Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds. Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Waters, NJ, 2008)	0.35
" To provide basic information on the pharmacokinetics, magnitude of pharmacodynamic (PD) effects and their correlations with plasma concentrations, we performed a clinical study in 12 healthy subjects receiving methantheline as immediate-release coated tablets (IR) or in watery solution (SOL) in comparison with atropine and placebo tablets."	( Relative bioavailability and pharmacodynamic effects of methantheline compared with atropine in healthy subjects. Franke, G; Giessmann, T; Lötsch, J; Müller, C; Siegmund, W; Walter, R; Zschiesche, M, 2012)	0.78
" Hence OCT can have a potential pharmacokinetic role in modulating the ocular bioavailability of their substrates administered topically, which are used as ocular therapeutics."	( Potential pharmacokinetic role of organic cation transporters in modulating the transcorneal penetration of its substrates administered topically. Azad, RV; Biswas, NR; Nirmal, J; Singh, SB; Thavaraj, V; Velpandian, T, 2013)	0.39
" Clinical phenomena suggested that the changes of substituent group were related to the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of the agents."	( Comparative study on pharmacokinetics of a series of anticholinergics, atropine, anisodamine, anisodine, scopolamine and tiotropium in rats. Chen, X; Li, C; Li, N; Liu, Q; Lu, Y; Ren, S; Tian, F; Wang, X; Zhao, D; Zhou, S, 2015)	0.65
" The pharmacokinetic parameters revealed areas under the curve of 22."	( Simultaneous determination of atropine, scopolamine, and anisodamine from Hyoscyamus niger L. in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetics study. Deng, X; Li, Y; Liao, Q; Liu, G; Sun, X; Xie, Z; Zhang, P; Zhou, Y, 2014)	0.69
"), MB327 DMS reached plasma Cmax of 22μM at 12min with an elimination t1/2 of 22min."	( Pharmacokinetic profile and quantitation of protection against soman poisoning by the antinicotinic compound MB327 in the guinea-pig. Bird, M; Docx, CJ; Fairhall, SJ; Flint, DP; Green, AC; Poole, SJC; Price, ME; Rice, H; Tattersall, JEH; Timperley, CM; Whiley, L, 2016)	0.43
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained from modeling the plasma concentrations."	( The pharmacokinetics of intraosseous atropine in hypovolemic swine. Baldwin, P; Bellenger, S; Bradshaw, F; Burgert, J; Causapin, E; Claessens, A; Demotica, R; Gegel, B; Johnson, D; Lee, C; Livingston, M; Loughren, M; Yost, J, 2015)	0.69
" Peak plasma concentration and time to reach peak concentration were both significantly lower for the IM groups."	( The pharmacokinetics of intraosseous atropine in hypovolemic swine. Baldwin, P; Bellenger, S; Bradshaw, F; Burgert, J; Causapin, E; Claessens, A; Demotica, R; Gegel, B; Johnson, D; Lee, C; Livingston, M; Loughren, M; Yost, J, 2015)	0.69
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained from modeling the plasma concentrations."	( Pharmacokinetics of sternal intraossesous atropine administration in normovolemic and hypovolemic swine. Christianson, K; Cornell, M; Grayson, K; Johnson, D; Kelbaugh, J; Loughren, M; O'Sullivan, J; Todd, B, 2016)	0.7
" The hypovolemic group had slower clearance and longer half-life compared to the normovolemic group."	( Pharmacokinetics of sternal intraossesous atropine administration in normovolemic and hypovolemic swine. Christianson, K; Cornell, M; Grayson, K; Johnson, D; Kelbaugh, J; Loughren, M; O'Sullivan, J; Todd, B, 2016)	0.7
" Atropine data were analyzed by means of population compartmental modeling and pharmacokinetic parameters estimated."	( Topical ophthalmic atropine in horses, pharmacokinetics and effect on intestinal motility. Bondesson, U; Dalin, F; Domberg, M; Ekstrand, C; Hedeland, M; Stenlund, C; Ström, L; Toutain, PL, 2021)	1.86

Compound-Compound Interactions

Atropine combined with the OK lens significantly slowed down the axial elongation of low and moderate myopia, SMD = -0.5. The potential amblyogenic effect to the sound eye of atropin combined with optical penalization was also explored.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" When 'C7/3-phthalimido-propyl' was combined with competitive antagonists such as (+)-benzetimide, atropine or homatropine the degree of antagonism was greater than expected for combination of 2 competitive antagonists."	( Antimuscarinic action of an alkane-bis-ammonium compound alone and in combination with (+)-benzetimide. Mitchelson, F, )	0.35
" If pentobarbital was the CS and d-amphetamine or nicotine sulfate the US, then after about four drug-drug pairings the pentobarbital CS produced a higher heart rate (HR) than control conditions."	( Drug-drug heart rate conditioning in rats: effective USs when pentobarbital is the CS. Reilly, S; Revusky, S, 1992)	0.28
" By using a large photodiode array in combination with a voltage-sensitive dye, membrane potential changes in a slice of the rat adrenal gland were recorded upon brief local electrical stimulation."	( Synaptic activation of rat adrenal medulla examined with a large photodiode array in combination with a voltage-sensitive dye. Iijima, T; Kidokoro, Y; Matsumoto, G, 1992)	0.28
" One was mainly Chinese traditional dialectic therapy combined with western medicine."	( [Comparison of Chinese traditional therapy combined with Western medicine and Western medicine alone in the treatment of uveitis]. Gao, R; Hu, Z; Wen, S, 1991)	0.28
"The behavioral effects of phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine administered alone and in combination with naloxone, atropine, methyl atropine, chlorpromazine and d-amphetamine were studied in squirrel monkeys trained to press a response lever under a fixed-ratio 30 schedule maintained by the termination of a stimulus associated with electric shock presentation."	( Behavioral effects of phencyclidine and ketamine alone and in combination with other drugs. Byrd, LD; Howell, LL; Standish, LJ, 1987)	0.48
"05) by means of the drug combination Droperidol/atropine (IV)."	( [Acute mucosal damage of the stomach of the Wistar rat and its prevention with the drug combination droperidol/atropine--an animal experiment study]. Schramm, H; Weber, PM, 1985)	0.74
"Atropine, in combination with 1 of 6 other drugs, was tested in mice for the ability to prevent death by an otherwise lethal dose of the cholinesterase inhibitor, physostigmine."	( Efficacy and toxicity of drug combinations in treatment of physostigmine toxicosis. Klemm, WR, 1983)	1.71
" It is suggested that glycopyrrolate should be used in combination with antacid therapy before obstetric anaesthesia and puerperal tubal ligation because of its prolonged duration of action, effect on gastric secretion and failure to cross the placental barrier."	( Effects of glycopyrrolate and atropine combined with antacid on gastric acidity. Roper, RE; Salem, MG, 1981)	0.55
"Lithium (250 mg/kg IP) administered in combination with haloperidol (2-5 mg/kg IP) or thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) (10 or 20 mg/kg, IP) evoked jumping in mice."	( Lithium in combination with haloperidol or thyrotropin-releasing hormone induces jumping in mice. Furukawa, T; Ushijima, I; Yamada, K, 1982)	0.26
" Studies revealed that tripelennamine (Tp) alone produced antinociception (ANTI) in mice and also caused potentiation when combined with morphine (M) or nalbuphene (NB)."	( The effect of tripelennamine alone and in combination with opiates to produce antinociception in mice. Hanig, JP; Hui, FW; Sun, CJ; Tocus, EC, 1983)	0.27
"The efficacy of cholinesterase reactivators tetroxime, HI-6 and obidoxime in combination with atropine against highly toxic organophosphate soman as well as organophosphorus insecticide fosdrin was evaluated in male mice using median lethal dose (LD50) for 48 hours."	( [Comparison of the effect of selected cholinesterase reactivators combined with atropine on soman and fosdrin toxicity in mice]. Kassa, J, 1995)	0.74
"The therapeutic efficacy of the new asymmetric bispyridinium oxime BI-6 against acute toxicity of the highly toxic organophosphate soman and the organophosphorus insecticide fosdrin by means of affecting the LD50 values of these noxiores substances was compared with the effect of the hitherto most perspective oxime HI-6 and the classic obidoxime always in combination with the identical dose of atropine."	( [Comparison of the effects of BI-6, a new asymmetric bipyridine oxime, with HI-6 oxime and obidoxime in combination with atropine on soman and fosdrine toxicity in mice]. Kassa, J, 1999)	0.68
"We evaluate the safety and efficacy of a single dose of hyoscyamine sulfate in combination with ketorolac tromethamine for the reduction of pain in emergency department patients with ureteral colic."	( Sublingual hyoscyamine sulfate in combination with ketorolac tromethamine for ureteral colic: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Brizendine, EJ; Cordell, WH; Giles, BK; Jones, JB, 2001)	0.31
"Hyoscyamine sulfate did not provide any additional pain relief from ureteral colic when administered with ketorolac tromethamine."	( Sublingual hyoscyamine sulfate in combination with ketorolac tromethamine for ureteral colic: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Brizendine, EJ; Cordell, WH; Giles, BK; Jones, JB, 2001)	0.31
"The potential amblyogenic effect to the sound eye of atropine combined with optical penalization is powerful, and frequent patient monitoring is necessary when using this therapy."	( Severe amblyopia of the sound eye resulting from atropine therapy combined with optical penalization. Donahue, S; Morrison, DG; Palmer, NJ; Sinatra, RB, )	0.64
"To investigate the effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride(PH)/atropine combined with neostigmine for antagonizing residual neuromuscular block on the hemodynamics."	( [Effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride or atropine combined with neostigmine for antagonizing residual neuromuscular block on patient's hemodynamics]. Chen, YM; Liang, SW, 2005)	0.83
" Here we have studied the pharmacokinetics of pralidoxime after its intramuscular injection alone or in combination with avizafone and atropine using an auto-injector device."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis of pralidoxime after its intramuscular injection alone or in combination with atropine-avizafone in healthy volunteers. Abbara, C; Bardot, I; Diquet, B; Ferec, S; Lallement, G; Lelièvre, B; Rousseau, JM; Turcant, A, 2010)	0.78
"The injection of pralidoxime combination with atropine and avizafone provided a higher pralidoxime maximal concentration than that obtained after the injection of pralidoxime alone (out of bioequivalence range), while pralidoxime AUC values were equivalent."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis of pralidoxime after its intramuscular injection alone or in combination with atropine-avizafone in healthy volunteers. Abbara, C; Bardot, I; Diquet, B; Ferec, S; Lallement, G; Lelièvre, B; Rousseau, JM; Turcant, A, 2010)	0.83
"We evaluated the efficacy of aerosolized acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivator oxime MMB-4 in combination with the anticholinergic atropine sulfate for protection against respiratory toxicity and lung injury following microinstillation inhalation exposure to nerve agent soman (GD) in guinea pigs."	( Aerosolized delivery of oxime MMB-4 in combination with atropine sulfate protects against soman exposure in guinea pigs. Doctor, BP; Nambiar, MP; Oguntayo, S; Perkins, MW; Pierre, Z; Sabnekar, P; Sciuto, AM; Song, J; Soojhawon, I, 2012)	0.83
"To compare the effect of myopia control between patients treated with low-concentration atropine eye drops combined with auricular acupoint stimulation and those treated with atropine alone."	( The effect of low-concentration atropine combined with auricular acupoint stimulation in myopia control. Cheng, HC; Hsieh, YT, 2014)	0.91
" Auricular acupoint stimulation in combination with low-concentration topical atropine was beneficial for myopia control."	( The effect of low-concentration atropine combined with auricular acupoint stimulation in myopia control. Cheng, HC; Hsieh, YT, 2014)	0.91
"To investigate the clinical effect of hemoperfusion combined with hemodialysis in the treatment of severe organophosphate pesticide poisoning."	( [Clinical effect of hemoperfusion combined with hemodialysis in treatment of severe organophosphate pesticide poisoning]. Guo, L; Pan, L; Sun, L; Ye, H; Ying, B, 2014)	0.4
" The control group was given conventional emergency treatment, while the observation group was given hemoperfusion combined with hemodialysis and the conventional emergency treatment."	( [Clinical effect of hemoperfusion combined with hemodialysis in treatment of severe organophosphate pesticide poisoning]. Guo, L; Pan, L; Sun, L; Ye, H; Ying, B, 2014)	0.4
"Seventy-four patients undergoing TURBT were randomly allocated to receive either glycopyrrolate 10 μg/kg (glycopyrrolate group, n = 37) or atropine 15 μg/kg (atropine group, n = 37) in combination with neostigmine 25 μg/kg at the end of surgery for reversal of neuromuscular blockade."	( Effect of glycopyrrolate versus atropine coadministered with neostigmine for reversal of rocuronium on postoperative catheter-related bladder discomfort in patients undergoing transurethral resection of bladder tumor: a prospective randomized study. Kim, HC; Lim, SM; Park, HP; Seo, H, 2015)	0.9
"To observe the effect of sodium bicarbonate combined with ulinastatin on cholinesterase activity for patients with acute phoxim pesticide poisoning."	( [The influence of sodium bicarbonate combined with ulinastatin on cholinesterase activity for patients with acute phoxim pesticide poisoning]. Gao, D; Jian, X; Sun, B; Xiao, L; Yang, L; Zhao, B; Zou, X, 2016)	0.43
"Sodium bicarbonate combined with ulinastatin can improve the therapeutic effect and reduce complications in the treatment of acute phoxim pesticide poisoning, and have beneficial effects on the recovery of cholinesterase activity."	( [The influence of sodium bicarbonate combined with ulinastatin on cholinesterase activity for patients with acute phoxim pesticide poisoning]. Gao, D; Jian, X; Sun, B; Xiao, L; Yang, L; Zhao, B; Zou, X, 2016)	0.43
"The effect of three newly developed bispyridinium non-oxime compounds (MB408, MB442, and MB444) on the therapeutic efficacy of a standard antidotal treatment (atropine in combination with the oxime HI-6 or obidoxime) of acute poisoning by two nerve agents (sarin and cyclosarin) in mice was studied."	( Some benefit from non-oximes MB408, MB442 and MB444 in combination with the oximes HI-6 or obidoxime and atropine in antidoting sarin or cyclosarin poisoned mice. Bird, M; Green, AC; Kassa, J; Tattersall, JEH; Timperley, CM; Williams, RL, 2018)	0.89
" The effects of EPI in combination with diuretics for clinical use, as well as with L-NAME, atropine and indomethacin were also explored."	( Preclinical evaluation of the diuretic and saluretic effects of (-)-epicatechin and the result of its combination with standard diuretics. Andrade, SF; Boeing, T; Cechinel-Filho, V; da Silva, LM; da Silva, RCMVAF; de Souza, P; Mariano, LNB; Niero, R, 2018)	0.7
" Some ongoing trials have applied atropine combined with orthokeratology for myopia control, but few studies explored the effect of the strategy on axial elongation."	( The Efficacy of Atropine Combined With Orthokeratology in Slowing Axial Elongation of Myopia Children: A Meta-Analysis. Gao, C; Han, J; Wan, S; Zhang, Y, 2021)	1.25
"This meta-analysis demonstrates atropine combined with orthokeratology is effective in slowing axial elongation in myopia children."	( The Efficacy of Atropine Combined With Orthokeratology in Slowing Axial Elongation of Myopia Children: A Meta-Analysis. Gao, C; Han, J; Wan, S; Zhang, Y, 2021)	1.25
"To evaluate the effect of low concentration atropine combined with Orthokeratology (OK) lens compared with the OK lens on the changes of axial length in children with moderate and low myopia by meta-analysis."	( Low concentration atropine combined with orthokeratology in the treatment of axial elongation in children with myopia: A meta-analysis. Bai, J; Liu, L; Yang, N, 2022)	1.32
"Databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library were comprehensively searched to collect related studies on atropine combined with the OK lens in the treatment of children with moderate and low myopia."	( Low concentration atropine combined with orthokeratology in the treatment of axial elongation in children with myopia: A meta-analysis. Bai, J; Liu, L; Yang, N, 2022)	1.26
" Compared with OK lens treatment, low concentration atropine combined with the OK lens significantly slowed down the axial elongation of low and moderate myopia, SMD = -0."	( Low concentration atropine combined with orthokeratology in the treatment of axial elongation in children with myopia: A meta-analysis. Bai, J; Liu, L; Yang, N, 2022)	1.31
"Low concentration atropine combined with the OK lens is more effective than the OK lens in the treatment of children with low to moderate myopia in reducing axial elongation."	( Low concentration atropine combined with orthokeratology in the treatment of axial elongation in children with myopia: A meta-analysis. Bai, J; Liu, L; Yang, N, 2022)	1.39
"To date, guidelines on the impact and value of atropine combined with omeprazole in the treatment of acute gastritis have not been well established or well defined."	( The clinical efficacy and safety of atropine combined with omeprazole in the treatment of patients with acute gastritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chen, H; Lin, X; Lin, YN, 2021)	1.15
" Atropine combined with omeprazole significantly alleviated the clinical symptoms of the patients."	( The clinical efficacy and safety of atropine combined with omeprazole in the treatment of patients with acute gastritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chen, H; Lin, X; Lin, YN, 2021)	1.81
"01% atropine combined with orthokeratology (OK)."	( Accommodation and vergence function in children using atropine combined with orthokeratology. Feng, Z; Hu, Y; Jiang, J; Li, Z; Long, W; Yang, X; Zhao, F; Zhao, W; Zheng, B, 2023)	1.72
" We demonstrate that NV354, in combination with atropine and pralidoxime therapy, significantly improved cerebral mitochondrial complex IV-linked respiration and reduced signs of brain injury in a rodent model of acute DFP exposure."	( Succinate prodrugs in combination with atropine and pralidoxime protect cerebral mitochondrial function in a rodent model of acute organophosphate poisoning. Clayman, CL; Ehinger, JK; Elmér, E; Hansson, MJ; Jang, DH; Janowska, JI; Jose, JS; Karlsson, M; Kilbaugh, TJ; McManus, MJ; Piel, S; Sheldon, M; Starr, J; Ward, JL, 2022)	1.25
"01% atropine alone and in combination with orthokeratology for myopia control using a meta-analysis."	( The efficacy and safety of 0.01% atropine alone or combined with orthokeratology for children with myopia: A meta-analysis. Jiang, B; Meng, Y; Qie, S; Wang, P; Wang, Z; Yan, Z, 2023)	1.75

Bioavailability

The objective of the present study was to prepare stable and high bioavailability ocular atr. After elimination of the muscarinic receptors with atropine, efferent stimulation of the cut vagus nerve in the neck relaxed the gallbladder, reduced the net water absorption rate across its wall, and increased bile outflow from the liver.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In this model k1 related amount of fructose in intestine to absorption rate and Ae represented absorption efficiency."	( Oral fructose tolerance, gastric emptying and absorption: a compartmental model. Bostian, KA; Elwell, MR; Faulkner, RT; Pettit, GW, 1976)	0.26
" mean) h for both routes; peak drug levels occurred 1--2 h after ingestion and bioavailability was 53%."	( Pindolol pharmacokinetics in relation to time course of inhibition of exercise tachycardia. Bobik, A; Fagan, ET; Jennings, GL; Korner, PI, 1979)	0.26
" Net water absorption rate was largely unaffected by intestinal vasodilatation."	( The effect of vasodilatation and sympathetic nerve activation on net water absorption in the cat's small intestine. Brunsson, I; Eklund, S; Jodal, M; Lundgren, O; Sjövall, H, 1979)	0.26
" An increase of the extent of bioavailability of paracetamol was observed after the atropine administration, however the absorption of the drug was delayed."	( Effect of papaverine and atropine on pharmacokinetics of paracetamol administered orally. Gawrońska-Szklarz, B; Kaźmierczyk, J; Samochowiec, L; Wójcicki, J, )	0.66
" CV-705 was well absorbed through the digestive tract."	( [Vasodilator action of (+/-)-1-(3, 4, 5-trimethoxybenzyl)-6-hydroxy-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline hydrochloride (CV-705) in anesthetized dogs (author's transl)]. Ikezawa, K; Kiyomoto, A; Nagao, T; Nakajima, H; Sato, M, 1977)	0.26
" The addition of metoclopramide increased the rate of diazepam absorption and peak concentrations were reached by 30 min, while morphine, pethidine and atropine reduced the rate of absorption with no apparent peak being reached by 90 min."	( Some pharmacological factors influencing the absorption of diazepam following oral administration. Dundee, JW; Gamble, JA; Gaston, JH; Nair, SG, 1976)	0.45
"The rate of absorption and plasma concentrations of lidocaine were determined in 15 supine patients under general anesthesia following either endotracheal spray of 200 mg."	( Plasma concentration of lidocaine after endotracheal spray. Brannan, MD; Chu, SS; Cohen, JL; Rah, KH, )	0.13
" A comparison of the parameters describing relative bioavailability at the 80% probability level did not reveal any significant differences between the formulations of HI-6."	( Pharmacokinetics of the oxime HI-6 from a mixture with atropine sulphate in dogs. Jovanović, D; Kovacević, V; Maksimović, M, 1992)	0.53
" The extent of bioavailability was little affected by the gastric emptying time, but significantly influenced by the small intestinal transit time."	( Effect of small intestinal transit time on gastrointestinal absorption of 2-[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridin-1-yl ] ethyl acetate, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent. Kawazoe, Y; Mizuta, H; Ogawa, K, 1990)	0.28
" atropine and pirenzepine) and the results were compared with the bioavailability (i."	( The mean cumulative fraction absorbed-time profiles of paracetamol as an index of gastric emptying. Meyer, EC; Moncrieff, J; Sommers, DK; van Wyk, M, 1990)	1.19
" We examined the effect of two types of automatic injector delivery of two drugs which are components of the standard antidote to anticholinesterase poisoning and which have been previously shown to have a reduced absorption rate when mixed together in a manual injection."	( Atropine absorption after intramuscular administration with 2-pralidoxime chloride by two automatic injector devices. Friedl, KE; Hannan, CJ; Jacob, WH; Schadler, PW, 1989)	1.72
"9 ng/ml) and drug bioavailability (48."	( Atropine pharmacokinetics are affected by moderate hemorrhage and hypothyroidism. Chernow, B; Geelhoed, G; Kinzer, C; Pamplin, C; Smallridge, RC; Teich, S; Umstott, C, 1989)	1.72
" Mean bioavailability of atropine following the endobronchial route reached only 23% during the first 6 h when compared to intravenous administration."	( Comparison of intravenous and endobronchial atropine: a pharmacokinetic and -dynamic study in pigs. de Zeeuw, RA; Eichelkraut, W; Ensing, K; Hörnchen, U; Schüttler, J; Stoeckel, H, 1989)	0.84
" deltoideus) injection, a very fast rate of absorption was found with mean peak serum concentration occurring after only 13 min."	( Intramuscular atropine in elderly people: pharmacokinetic studies using the radioreceptor assay and some pharmacodynamic responses. Kaila, T; Kanto, J; Kentala, E, 1989)	0.64
" or oral atropine administration, typical anticholinergic effects coincide quite well with the absorption rate of the drug, indicating that the premedication should be given about 1 and 2 h before induction of anaesthesia."	( Pharmacokinetic implications for the clinical use of atropine, scopolamine and glycopyrrolate. Kanto, J; Klotz, U, 1988)	0.94
"Metoclopramide was found to increase the absorption rate constant (ka) of cimetidine by the duodenum and jejunum in both ligated and unligated rats."	( Effect of metoclopramide on the absorption of cimetidine in rats. Funaki, T; Furuta, S; Kaneniwa, N, 1986)	0.27
"The permeability of gastric wall barrier to phenolsulfonphthalein (phenol red), a poorly absorbed drug, was examined as an index of an assessment of gastric mucosal damages in vivo."	( An assessment of gastric ulcers in vivo: enhancement of urinary recovery after oral administration of phenolsulfonphthalein in rats. Hamaura, T; Heya, T; Kimura, T; Nakamura, J; Ohtsuka, N; Sezaki, H; Takada, S; Ueda, S; Yamamoto, A, 1984)	0.27
" The drug absorption parameters calculated using a deconvolution computer program indicate that the rate and extent of enterohepatic recycling affects the elimination and absorption rate constants and thus confound the bioavailability calculations of nitrofurantoin, heretofore unrecognized in the literature."	( Absorption and disposition characteristics of nitrofurantoin in dogs. Niazi, S; Veng-Pedersen, P; Vishnupad, KS, )	0.13
" After elimination of the muscarinic receptors with atropine, efferent stimulation of the cut vagus nerve in the neck relaxed the gallbladder, reduced the net water absorption rate across its wall, and increased the bile outflow from the liver."	( Influence of electrical vagal stimulation and acetylcholine on the function of the feline gallbladder. Björck, S; Jansson, R; Svanvik, J, 1983)	0.52
" Plasma concentrations of ketamine and norketamine were measured in eight children and revealed a pharmacokinetic pattern indicating comparatively low bioavailability probably due to incomplete absorption from the rectum and a high 'first-pass' metabolism."	( Rectal ketamine for induction of anaesthesia in children. Holasek, J; Idvall, J; Stenberg, P, 1983)	0.27
"6 mg), both separately and combined, on the absorption rate and relative oral bioavailability of the antiarrhythmic drug, mexiletinee (400 mg) was studied in eight fasting healthy males using a Latin Square design for order of pretreatment administration."	( The effect of metoclopramide and atropine on the absorption of orally administered mexiletine. Birkett, DJ; Grygiel, JJ; Meffin, PJ; Smith, KJ; Wing, LM, 1980)	0.54
" In this study the tolerance, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of 500 mg HI 6 [1-(((4-(aminocarbonyl) pyridinio)methoxy) methyl)-2-((hydroxyimino)methyl) pyridinium dichloride monohydrate] or 200 mg HLö 7 [1-(((4-(aminocarbonyl) pyridinio)methoxy)methyl)-2,4- bis((hydroxyimino)methyl)pyridinium dimethanesulfonate] in combination with 2 mg atropine sulfate versus atropine alone, delivered by two dry/wet autoinjector types, were investigated in eight male beagle dogs (16 kg) in a complete cross-over design."	( Pharmacokinetics of the oximes HI 6 and HLö 7 in dogs after i.m. injection with newly developed dry/wet autoinjectors. Eyer, P; Klimmek, R; Spöhrer, U; Thiermann, H, 1994)	0.46
"The effect of atropine on gastrointestinal motility and the bioavailability of cyclosporine A (CyA) was studied in rats."	( Effect of atropine on gastrointestinal motility and the bioavailability of cyclosporine A in rats. Iwakawa, S; Komada, F; Ohnishi, N; Okumura, K; Quijano, RF; Umeda, K, )	0.89
" The superiority of the GI physiology regulated-dogs over the intact dogs was confirmed by comparative bioavailability studies using two classes of preparations of poorly water-soluble 4-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-[2-(4-isobutylphenyl)ethyl]-6,9-dimethyl-6H- thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]diazepine (Y-24180)."	( Gastrointestinal physiology-regulated dogs: utilization of a bioavailability study of a new thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]-diazepine, an antagonist of platelet-activating factor, and its preparations. Kawazoe, Y; Mizuta, H; Sagara, K; Shibata, M; Yamada, I, 1994)	0.29
" To allow comparison of the bioavailability of atropine from various autoinjectors, the AUCs were normalized to a constant dose."	( Pharmacokinetics of atropine in dogs after i.m. injection with newly developed dry/wet combination autoinjectors containing HI 6 or HLö 7. Eyer, P; Klimmek, R; Radtke, M; Spöhrer, U; Thiermann, H, 1996)	0.87
" In contrast, the bioavailability of C-granule was only 35% in the intact dogs, but was 55% in the regulated dogs."	( Gastrointestinal physiology-regulated dogs for bioavailability evaluation of an oral controlled-release dosage form composed of pulsatile release granules. Kawata, M; Matsuura, Y; Sagara, K; Shibata, M; Yamada, I, 1996)	0.29
"To investigate the pharmacological basis of systemic effects of atropine eyedrops, we estimated the bioavailability of ophthalmic 1% atropine solution in healthy volunteers."	( Systemic bioavailability of ocularly applied 1% atropine eyedrops. Kaila, T; Korte, JM; Saari, KM, 1999)	0.8
" The mean bioavailability was 63."	( Systemic bioavailability of ocularly applied 1% atropine eyedrops. Kaila, T; Korte, JM; Saari, KM, 1999)	0.56
"The systemic bioavailability of 1-hyoscyamine was considerable and may explain the systemic anticholinergic side effects reported in association with the clinical use of atropine eyedrops."	( Systemic bioavailability of ocularly applied 1% atropine eyedrops. Kaila, T; Korte, JM; Saari, KM, 1999)	0.75
"The quantitative structure-bioavailability relationship of 232 structurally diverse drugs was studied to evaluate the feasibility of constructing a predictive model for the human oral bioavailability of prospective new medicinal agents."	( QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability. Topliss, JG; Yoshida, F, 2000)	0.31
"5% bioavailability relative to iv administration."	( Toxicokinetics of the nerve agent (+/-)-VX in anesthetized and atropinized hairless guinea pigs and marmosets after intravenous and percutaneous administration. Benschop, HP; Lander, BJ; Langenberg, JP; van der Schans, MJ; van der Wiel, H, 2003)	0.32
"A three-limbed randomized crossover study in 10 healthy volunteers was completed to determine the ability of a 50 g dose of activated charcoal to reduce the bioavailability of a simulated overdose of acetaminophen (12 x 325 mg tablets) in the presence and absence of a concurrently present anticholinergic drug, atropine (0."	( Effect of anticholinergic drugs on the efficacy of activated charcoal. Green, R; Sitar, DS; Tenenbein, M, 2004)	0.5
" time curve, a single dose of activated charcoal 1 h after drug ingestion reduced acetaminophen bioavailability by 20% (95% CI 4-36%) and by 47% (95% CI 35-59%) in the presence of atropine (P<0."	( Effect of anticholinergic drugs on the efficacy of activated charcoal. Green, R; Sitar, DS; Tenenbein, M, 2004)	0.52
" It is therefore conceivable that any alteration of the gastrointestinal motility can affect the rate of absorption of fluoride and leads to aggravation of its toxic effects."	( Effect of sodium fluoride on gastric emptying and intestinal transit in mice. Amira, S; Gharzouli, K; Soufane, S, 2005)	0.33
" Early blood bioavailability and atropinization pattern confirmed its value as a potential replacement to parenteral atropine in field conditions."	( Development and clinical trial of nano-atropine sulfate dry powder inhaler as a novel organophosphorous poisoning antidote. Ahmad, FJ; Ali, R; Bhatnagar, A; Iqbal, Z; Jain, GK; Khar, RK; Malhotra, G; Pandit, P; Sule, S; Talegaonkar, S, 2009)	0.83
"The aim of this study was to assess the relative bioavailability of diazepam after administration of diazepam itself or as a water-soluble prodrug, avizafone, in humans."	( Bioavailability of diazepam after intramuscular injection of its water-soluble prodrug alone or with atropine-pralidoxime in healthy volunteers. Abbara, C; Bardot, I; Clair, P; Comets, E; Diquet, B; Lallement, G; Rousseau, JM; Turcant, A, 2009)	0.57
"Oral bioavailability (F) is a product of fraction absorbed (Fa), fraction escaping gut-wall elimination (Fg), and fraction escaping hepatic elimination (Fh)."	( Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination. Chang, G; El-Kattan, A; Miller, HR; Obach, RS; Rotter, C; Steyn, SJ; Troutman, MD; Varma, MV, 2010)	0.36
" The objectives of the present study were to develop a novel atropine sulfate (AS) sublingual injection formulation, to create its bioavailability data in humans and to evaluate its suitability for field use with a view to obtain early therapeutic drug concentration in comparison to the conventional intramuscular route that provides a therapeutic peak of 6 to 8 ng/mL in blood at 30 minutes."	( Clinical and bioavailability studies of sublingually administered atropine sulfate. Ali, R; Bhandari, SK; Bhatnagar, A; Mittal, G; Rajpal, S, 2010)	0.84
"1 mL of AS was sublingually injected in 6 volunteers, and bioavailability and atropinization signs (blood pressure, pupil diameter, and heart rate) were noted."	( Clinical and bioavailability studies of sublingually administered atropine sulfate. Ali, R; Bhandari, SK; Bhatnagar, A; Mittal, G; Rajpal, S, 2010)	0.6
"Human bioavailability curve was created, which was equivalent to 2 mg IM injection in amplitude within 10 minutes and describing a better curve thereafter."	( Clinical and bioavailability studies of sublingually administered atropine sulfate. Ali, R; Bhandari, SK; Bhatnagar, A; Mittal, G; Rajpal, S, 2010)	0.6
" The relative bioavailability for DPIA was 87% (based on output dose)."	( Systemic delivery of atropine sulfate by the MicroDose Dry-Powder Inhaler. Choi, J; Cook, RO; Corcoran, TE; Donahoe, M; Gao, YY; George, MP; Hoffman, RM; Oakum, CD; Petrov, A; Richards, T; Venkataramanan, R; Zhang, S, 2013)	0.71
"Dry powder inhalation is a highly bioavailable route for attaining rapid and consistent systemic concentrations of atropine."	( Systemic delivery of atropine sulfate by the MicroDose Dry-Powder Inhaler. Choi, J; Cook, RO; Corcoran, TE; Donahoe, M; Gao, YY; George, MP; Hoffman, RM; Oakum, CD; Petrov, A; Richards, T; Venkataramanan, R; Zhang, S, 2013)	0.92
" We therefore measured the systemic bioavailability of antidotes for organophosphorus nerve agent and cyanide poisoning when administered by the intraosseous, intravenous, and intramuscular routes in a small study of Göttingen minipigs."	( Rapid and complete bioavailability of antidotes for organophosphorus nerve agent and cyanide poisoning in minipigs after intraosseous administration. Blain, PG; Clutton, RE; Dunn, M; Eddleston, M; Jefferson, RD; Murray, DB; Thomas, S; Thompson, A; Vidler, DS, 2012)	0.38
"This study showed rapid and substantial antidote bioavailability after intraosseous administration that appeared similar to that of the intravenous route."	( Rapid and complete bioavailability of antidotes for organophosphorus nerve agent and cyanide poisoning in minipigs after intraosseous administration. Blain, PG; Clutton, RE; Dunn, M; Eddleston, M; Jefferson, RD; Murray, DB; Thomas, S; Thompson, A; Vidler, DS, 2012)	0.38
"Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is the receptor for nitric oxide (NO) and in pathophysiologic conditions where NO formation or bioavailability is impaired, erectile dysfunction (ED) occurs."	( Analysis of erectile responses to BAY 41-8543 and muscarinic receptor stimulation in the rat. Allain, AV; Dhaliwal, JS; Kadowitz, PJ; Lasker, GF; Murthy, SN; Pankey, EA; Stasch, JP, 2013)	0.39
" Hence OCT can have a potential pharmacokinetic role in modulating the ocular bioavailability of their substrates administered topically, which are used as ocular therapeutics."	( Potential pharmacokinetic role of organic cation transporters in modulating the transcorneal penetration of its substrates administered topically. Azad, RV; Biswas, NR; Nirmal, J; Singh, SB; Thavaraj, V; Velpandian, T, 2013)	0.39
" We hypothesized that the inhibition of cholinesterase activity might increase acetylcholine bioavailability and consequently cholinoceptor activation, leading to concomitant adenosine release from nerve endings and skeletal muscle fibers."	( Paradoxical neostigmine-induced TOFfade: on the role of presynaptic cholinergic and adenosine receptors. Alves-Do-Prado, W; Ambiel, CR; Antônio, MB; Correia-de-Sá, P; de Paula Ramos, E, 2014)	0.4
" Because of their partial solubility, Atr, Ani, AT3, and Sco had different bioavailability in rats of 21."	( Comparative study on pharmacokinetics of a series of anticholinergics, atropine, anisodamine, anisodine, scopolamine and tiotropium in rats. Chen, X; Li, C; Li, N; Liu, Q; Lu, Y; Ren, S; Tian, F; Wang, X; Zhao, D; Zhou, S, 2015)	0.65
"Objective was (a) to develop a novel inhalable submicronic-AS respiratory fluid as potential antidote for OPI poisoning, (b) in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation in terms of respiratory fraction, and (c) clinical study to assess drug bioavailability in blood and atropinization pattern post-inhalation."	( Development and clinical study of submicronic-atropine sulphate respiratory fluid as a novel organophosphorous poisoning antidote. Bhatnagar, A; Chhillar, M; Jaimini, A; Kumar, N; Mittal, G; Rawat, H, 2016)	0.69
" Six healthy volunteers were inhaled the test formulation and blood bioavailability and atropinization were noted serially."	( Development and clinical study of submicronic-atropine sulphate respiratory fluid as a novel organophosphorous poisoning antidote. Bhatnagar, A; Chhillar, M; Jaimini, A; Kumar, N; Mittal, G; Rawat, H, 2016)	0.69
" Early blood bioavailability and atropinization pattern confirmed that therapeutic concentration of the drug in blood was reached within 5 min."	( Development and clinical study of submicronic-atropine sulphate respiratory fluid as a novel organophosphorous poisoning antidote. Bhatnagar, A; Chhillar, M; Jaimini, A; Kumar, N; Mittal, G; Rawat, H, 2016)	0.69
"3% submicronic-AS respiratory fluid might be used as potential prophylactic/therapeutic option against OPI poisoning with several advantages over intramuscular injection, including early blood bioavailability and atropinization."	( Development and clinical study of submicronic-atropine sulphate respiratory fluid as a novel organophosphorous poisoning antidote. Bhatnagar, A; Chhillar, M; Jaimini, A; Kumar, N; Mittal, G; Rawat, H, 2016)	0.69
" The aim of the present study was to clarify the effect of the changes in MC on in vivo drug absorption after nasal application, and to justify the pharmacokinetic model to which the MC parameter was introduced, to enable prediction of bioavailability after intranasal administration."	( Quantitative Estimation of the Effect of Nasal Mucociliary Function on in Vivo Absorption of Norfloxacin after Intranasal Administration to Rats. Furubayashi, T; Higaki, K; Inoue, D; Katsumi, H; Kimura, S; Kiriyama, A; Ogawara, KI; Sakane, T; Tanaka, A; Yamamoto, A; Yutani, R, 2018)	0.48
" Atropine has good ocular bioavailability with concentrations of two magnitudes higher than its binding affinity in most tissues at 3 days."	( The penetration and distribution of topical atropine in animal ocular tissues. Barathi, VA; Beuerman, RW; Li, S; Neo, J; Syn, N; Tong, L; Wang, LZ; Zhou, L, 2019)	1.69
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
" Ocular bioavailability and systemic bioavailability are counterbalanced."	( Atropine in topical formulations for the management of anterior and posterior segment ocular diseases. Alvarez-Lorenzo, C; García Del Valle, I, 2021)	2.06
" The bioavailability after administration of an ophthalmic preparation as an eye drop or topical infusion were 69 and 68%, respectively."	( Topical ophthalmic atropine in horses, pharmacokinetics and effect on intestinal motility. Bondesson, U; Dalin, F; Domberg, M; Ekstrand, C; Hedeland, M; Stenlund, C; Ström, L; Toutain, PL, 2021)	0.95
"The objective of the present study was to prepare stable and high bioavailability ocular atropine loaded films (ATR-films) as potential ocular drug delivery systems for the treatment of myopia."	( Stable Atropine Loaded Film As a Potential Ocular Delivery System For Treatment Of Myopia. Gou, J; He, H; Ji, M; Jia, Y; Kong, J; Liu, H; Ma, S; Tang, X; Yin, T; Zhang, Y, 2021)	1.3
"The ATR-film with good stability and high bioavailability will have great potential for the treatment of myopia."	( Stable Atropine Loaded Film As a Potential Ocular Delivery System For Treatment Of Myopia. Gou, J; He, H; Ji, M; Jia, Y; Kong, J; Liu, H; Ma, S; Tang, X; Yin, T; Zhang, Y, 2021)	1.08

Dosage Studied

Atropine and pirenzepine in the dose-response curves for ACh were not parallel after in vitro treatment of the muscle with DFP. The rational atropine dosage for treatment of AOIP should be enough to antagonize the accumulation of acety.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The choice of a suitable counter-ion can also drastically improve the detection limit, permitting the determination of drug substances in low dosage and possibly of by-products or breakdown products."	( High-speed ion-pair partition chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis. Frei, RW; Huen, JM; Santi, W, 1975)	0.25
" The dose-response curves in all anesthetics remained unaltered in the presence of either 3 x 10(-7) M dl-propranolol or 1 x 10(-6) M atropine."	( Mechanisms of chronotropic effects of volatile inhalation anesthetics. Krisna, G; Paradise, RR, )	0.33
"1--1000 microgram) administered into the inferior mesenteric artery to reach the mesenteric ganglion induced a dose-dependent rise in perfusion pressure and this dose-response curve was shifted to the right by C6 or atropine."	( In vivo direct effects of cholinergic agents on the inferior mesenteric and cardiac ganglia with relation to their receptors in the dog. Furukawa, T; Ichimasa, S; Kamiya, H; Kushiku, K, 1979)	0.45
" The magnitude of the response was greater in tolerant animals, but no parallel shift in the dose-response curve was seen."	( The effects of atropine on the tolerance and the convulsions seen after withdrawal from forced barbital drinking in the rat. Wahlström, G, 1978)	0.61
" Dose-response curves constructed from peak responses showed that the maximal responses to CCK-OP (37."	( Interaction of acetylcholine and cholecystokinin with dispersed smooth muscle cells. Bitar, KN; Makhlouf, GM; Zfass, AM, 1979)	0.26
"20 mg/kg IM) caused only decreases in response rates, the dose-response curve for atropine being particularly flat over a wide range of doses."	( Effects of phencyclidine, atropine and physostigmine, alone and in combination, on variable-interval performance in the squirrel monkey. Balster, RL; Chait, LD, 1979)	0.79
"In six patients with extrinsic bronchial asthma the inhalation of prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha in a small dosage produced significant bronchoconstriction, whereas PGE2 produced bronchodilatation."	( Atropine, sodium cromoglycate, and thymoxamine in PGF2 alpha-induced bronchoconstriction in extrinsic asthma. Patel, KR, 1975)	1.7
"Effects of electrical stimulation of the hippocampus (HPC), lateral amygdala (1-AMYG) and midbrain central gray matter (CG) on the release of ovulatory gonadotropin were examined using proestrous Wistar rats with or without pretreatment with reserpine, atropine or p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) at such dosage that had been confirmed not to block ovulation."	( Cholinergic and serotonergic neural links and the inhibitory effects of hippocampus, lateral amygdala and central gray matter on gonadotropin release. Kawagoe, S; Kawakami, M; Kimura, F, 1976)	0.44
" The slopes of the dose-response curves for the two catecholamines and the maxima of the curves were the same."	( Substitution of calorigenic effects of noradrenaline and adrenaline and differences in their inhibition by propranolol. Cervinka, M; Janský, L; Mejsnar, J, 1976)	0.26
" Atropine (5 x 10(-6) M) causes a 17-fold shift to the right on the dose-response curve to carbamylcholine."	( Potassium release from the rat submaxillary gland in vitro. II. Induction by parasympathomimetic secretagogues. Martinez, JR; Quissell, DO, 1976)	1.17
" In vitro dose-response curves to gastrin I, CCK, and the octapeptide of CCK (OP) demonstrated that both CCK and OP were partial agonists on the LES muscle."	( Mechanism of cholecystokinin inhibition of lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Cohen, S; DiMarino, AJ; Fisher, RS, 1975)	0.25
" Dose-response relationships for isoproterenol (IP) reveal a noncompetitive inhibition of the inotropic action of the catecholamine by ACh."	( Catecholamine antagonism of acetylcholine and dibutyrl guanosine 3',-5'-monophosphate in the mammalian ventricular myocardium. Jacob, R; Schwegler, M, 1975)	0.25
" For both CCK-OP and carbamylcholine there was close agreement between the dose-response curve for stimulation of calcium outflux and that for increase of cellular cyclic GMP."	( Action of cholecystokinin, cholinergic agents, and A-23187 on accumulation of guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate in dispersed guinea pig pancreatic acinar cells. Christophe, JP; Conlon, TP; Frandsen, EK; Gardner, JD; Krishna, G, 1976)	0.26
" It is suggested that when propantheline is selected as an anticholinergic for clinical use, there is need for greater awareness of the marked reduction in bioavailablity that results when the drug is administered at conventional therapeutic dosage by the oral as opposed to the intravenous route."	( Effects of intravenous and oral propantheline and metoclopramide on ethanol absorption. Gibbons, DO; Lant, AF, 1975)	0.25
" Statistical tests of parallelism revealed a significant difference between the log dose-response curves of Sch 15280 and ephedrine but not between those of Sch 15280, atropine and aminophylline."	( Experimental study of a potential anti-asthmatic agent: SCH 15280. Adams, GK; Bleidt, B; Diamond, L; Williams, B, 1975)	0.45
"The effect of lidocaine was studied in guinea pig trachealis muscle by dose-response reversal and protection of agonist-induced contractures in a superfusion system."	( The effect of local anesthetic, lidocaine, on guinea pig trachealis muscle in vitro. Anderson, WH; O'Brien, KP; Weiss, EB, 1975)	0.25
"The protection against bradycardia afforded by atropine given intravenously just prior to a second dose of suxamethonium during halothane inhalation anaesthesia was studied in 100 healthy, adult patients randomly allocated to one of five groups characterized by dosage of atropine."	( Halothane anaesthesia and suxamethonium III. Atropine 30 s before a second dose of suxamethonium during inhalation anaesthesia: effects and side-effects. Brandt, MR; Viby-Mogensen, J, 1978)	0.77
" Best therapeutic efficiency was shown by HGG-42 in a dosage of 30 muMol/kg."	( Therapeutic effects of the bis-pyridinium salts HGG-12, HGG-42, and atropine, benactyzine in organophosphate poisoning of dogs. Hauser, W; Weger, N, 1979)	0.5
"The effects of atropine on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion of water, H, Cl, Na, K, and pepsin were determined by kinetic analysis of dose-response studies in 5 dogs with esophagostomy and gastric cannula."	( Kinetics of atropine inhibition of pentagastrin-stimulated H+, electrolyte, and pepsin secretion in the dog. Hirschowitz, BI; Hutchison, GA, 1977)	0.99
"From a study on the interrelationship between electroshock-induced convulsions, autonomic function, catecholamines, and cardiovascular homeostasis in dogs, the authors found that: (1) the asystole of electroshock (ES) was significnatly prolonged by high spinal anesthesia but not by relative alpha- or beta-adrenergic blockade; (2) increased levels of circulating catecholamines were solely responsible for the marked hypertensive response to ES, since the pressor effect could be blocked by preventing the release of catecholamines with high spinal anesthesia or by inhibiting alpha-adrenergic receptors with phenoxybenzamine; (3) the adrenal medulla appeared to be the source of most of the ES-induced increase in circulating catecholamines; (4) the asystole and arrhythmias of ES were a cholinergic effect, since they were blocked by atropine; (5) there was a dose-response relationship between the coulombs of electricity administered and the catecholamine and cardiovascular responses; and (6) that the adverse cardiovascular effects of ES therapy could be ameliorated pharmacologically."	( Autonomic blockade and the cardiovascular and catecholamine response to electroshock. Anton, AH; Redderson, CL; Uy, DS, )	0.28
" Also, it was shown that bronchial secretions frequently do achieve therapeutic concentrations of tobramycin at this dosage level and route of administration."	( The concentration of tobramycin in bronchial secretions. Alexander, MR; Berglund, EM; Chinn, WM; Fox, A; Kasik, JE, 1979)	0.26
" A submaximal gastrin dose added with OP-CCK, shifted the OP-CCK dose-response curve to the left and significantly reduced the D50, but the calculated maximal response (CMR) did not change."	( Interaction between gastrin, CCK, and secretin on canine antral smooth muscle in vitro. Berkowitz, JM; Fara, JW; Praissman, M, 1979)	0.26
" The stimulated amylase secretion was dose-response related."	( Experimental acute pancreatitis: action of atropine and beta-haloethylamine furoate on muscarine-induced exocrine pancreatic secretion. Cullen, AP; Sankaran, H, 1979)	0.52
" Administration of a standard premedication dosage to patients sedated for other reasons occasionally led to worsened respiratory status; pre-medication should be reduced or eliminated in sedated patients."	( Bronchofiberscopy in the postoperative management of lung surgery patients. Nakhosteen, JA, 1979)	0.26
" The latter dosage of this drug combination, therefore, appears preferable in patients presenting for emergency surgery if the integrity of the lower esophageal sphincter is to be maintained during extubation and recovery from general anesthesia."	( Lower esophageal sphincter tone during reversal of neuromusclar blockade by atropine and neostigmine. Brock-Utne, JG; Dimopoulos, GE; Downing, JW; Moshal, MG; Welman, S, )	0.36
" The dose-response curves were carefully checked in each experiment to confirm that the second protectors did not interfere with the specific coverage provided by the first protector."	( Purification of histamine receptor (VI). An improved double labeling method with "double protection". Uchida, M, 1977)	0.26
" The normalized dose-response relations for histamine with an IMX background and for carbamylcholine were also similar in these two fractions."	( The actions of secretagogues on oxygen uptake by isolated mammalian parietal cells. Soll, AH, 1978)	0.26
" These results suggest that codeine phosphate has a beneficial effect on ileostomy function, reducing the loss of water and electrolytes, while Lomotil has a similar but less effective action in the dosage tested."	( Effect of codeine phosphate, Lomotil, and Isogel on iileostomy function. Newton, CR, 1978)	0.26
" The sensitivity of the longitudinal muscle of the fundus to cholinergic agonists and serotonin was not modified by chronic sympathectomy or vagotomy when determined from the ED50 of the dose-response curve."	( [Changes in the response to drugs of the rat stomach after a chronic vagotomy and a sympathectomy (author's transl)]. Kamata, K; Kasuya, Y; Watanabe, M, 1978)	0.26
" Complete dose-response curves were determined for the effect of these peptides on the force and frequency of contraction for muscle strips and for the effect on amplitude of the plateau and frequency of the action potential for single cells."	( Electrical and mechanical effects of molecular variants of CCK on antral smooth muscle. Go, VL; Morgan, KG; Schmalz, PF; Szurszewski, JH, 1978)	0.26
" The dose-response curves in the presence of atropine and consequently the calculation of the pA2 values were determined after the equilibrium of the antagonist with the preparation has been attained."	( On the nature of the antagonism atropine-acetylcholine on the guinea pig heart. Antonio, A; Carrijo, JB; Rocha e Silva, M, 1977)	0.8
" There was a clear dose-response relationship and methylatropine was about 3 times as potent as atropine."	( Effect of intravenous atropine and methylatropine on heart rate and secretion of saliva in man. Lönnerholm, G; Widerlöv, E, 1975)	0.82
" While 3 to 100 mg/kg of TRH reduced pentobarbital sleeping time when administered prior to the barbiturate, a dose-response relationship to TRH could not be established."	( Effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) on the actions of pentobarbital and other centrally acting drugs. Breese, GR; Cooper, BR; Cott, JM; Lipton, MA; Plotnikoff, NP; Prange, AJ, 1975)	0.25
"The effect of atropine sulfate on the heart rate of the unanesthetized guinea pig was studied using a wide range of doses injected via a chronic jugular cannula; dose-response data are presented for the range of 5 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg."	( Atropine-induced bradycardia in the guinea pig: dose-response. Andrew, M; Shucard, DW, 1977)	2.06
"47-fold shift to the left in the dose-response curve to norepinephrine and carbachol, respectively, after pretreatment with reserpine."	( Potassium release from the rat submaxillary gland in vitro. III. Effects of pretreatment with reserpine. Martinez, JR, 1977)	0.26
" In albino rats, a dosage of 2 mg/kg significantly depressed plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activity, and decreased motor activity 15 min after injection but only higher dosages (3 and 5 mg/kg) significantly depressed brain cholinesterase activity and avoidance performance."	( Behavioral and biochemical effects of the carbamate insecticide, MOBAM. Kurtz, PJ, 1977)	0.26
" At the end of 10 weeks the right atrium was excised, in vitro measurements were made of ISF, and chronotropic dose-response curves to acetylcholine and norepinephrine were established."	( Reduction of intrinsic sinoatrial frequency and norepinephrine response of the exercised rat. Fitzgerald, JD; Hughson, RL; Jones, NL; Sutton, JR, 1977)	0.26
" Neither the control rate of ACh release nor the dose-response curve for atropine were altered by (a) an 8-day morphine injection schedule, and (b) exposure of the tissue to morphine in the bath for 90 min."	( Muscarinic feedback inhibition of acetylcholine release from the myenteric plexus in the quinea pig ileum and its status after chronic exposure to morphine. Jhamandas, K; Sawynok, J, 1977)	0.49
" The dosage of 15-methyl-PGF2a was 200 mcg, then 300 mcg every 3 hours for up to 30 hours."	( Prostaglandins and abortion. I. intramuscular administration of 15-methyl prostaglandin F2alpha for induction of abortion in weeks 10 to 20 of pregnancy. World Health Organization Task Force on the Use of Prostaglandins for the Regulation of Fertility. , 1977)	0.26
" Change in anesthesiologists may have been a factor in increasing apprehension and anesthetic dosage in later treatments."	( Low-dose intramuscular ketamine for pediatric radiotherapy: a case report. Amberg, HL; Gordon, G, )	0.13
"Inhaled atropine sulfate is a bronchodilator in man, but its efficacy and optimal dosage are still unknown."	( Inhaled atropine sulfate: dose response characteristics. Cavanaugh, MJ; Cooper, DM, 1976)	1.12
" Dose-response curves show a parallel shift to the right with no change in the maximum response suggesting a competitive atropine-like action."	( The action of tetraethyl-ammonium chloride on the response of the rat anococcygeus muscle to motor and inhibitory nerve stimulation and to some drugs. Gillespie, JS; Tilmisany, AK, 1976)	0.46
" Drug potency was obtained from log dose-response curves."	( Factors determining the potency of mydriatic drugs in man. Smith, SA, 1976)	0.26
" Gallamine caused parallel rightward shifts of the dose-response curves to the agonists, with no depression of the maximal response."	( The inhibitory effect of gallamine on muscarinic receptors. Clark, AL; Mitchelson, F, 1976)	0.26
" When aerosol dose-response curves were obtained for these agonists immediately following an "allergic asthmatic" episode, the airways were hyporeactive to PGF2alpha, H, and 5-HT, but not to ACh."	( Canine airway responses to acetylcholine, prostaglandin F2alpha, histamine, and serotonin after chronic antigen exposure. Chakrin, LW; Christian, P; Giannone, E; Krell, RD; McCoy, J; Osborn, R, 1976)	0.26
" Fusaric acid produced a shift to the right and down in the dose-response curves to all tested agonists, and antagonized acetylcholine and serotonin most effectively among these agonists."	( Relaxation of isolated rabbit arteries by fusaric (5-butylpicolinic) acid. Asano, M; Hidaka, H, 1976)	0.26
" Dose-response curves which demonstrate the effect of acetylcholine on the force of contraction in the presence of various Ca++ concentrations were made."	( The influence of extracellular calcium on muscarinic receptors in vascular smooth muscle. Ahlquist, RP; Carrier, GO, 1976)	0.26
" Depending on the dosage the effect of stimulation can be diminished or abolished by atropine as well as by Buscopan."	( [Cholinergic contraction of the dog urinary bladder by electrical stimulation of the n. pelvicus and the ligamenta lateralia nerves and its affection by atropine and scopolaminebutylbromide (author's transl)]. Bauer, R; Wick, H, 1976)	0.68
"Pentazocine, a systemic analgesic, can be utilized in local analgesic and intravenous techniques to provide better operating conditions in difficult cases, a reduction in the dosage of other agents employed, and a smoother recovery period."	( The value of associating pentazocine with drugs used in accepted intravenous techniques. Armstrong, PJ, 1975)	0.25
" Comparison if single injections of MSB and atropine in normal subjects also demonstrated a more reliable dose-response relationship with MSB."	( Cardiac rate and rhythm changes with atropine and methscopolamine. Allen, AT; Coleman, E; Frederickson, EL; Goldberg, LI; Neeld, JB, 1975)	0.79
"Mice were given several atropine injections at a high dosage level."	( Sensitivity changes to morphine and other drugs induced by cholinergic blockade. Contreras, E; Quijada, L; Tamayo, L, 1975)	0.56
" Both At and Sc in a wide range of dosage protect against the tonic phase of convulsions produced by electroshock."	( Central action of drugs acting on the cholinergic muscarinic receptor. III. Influence of atropine and scopolamine injected intraventricularly on behavior and levels of biogenic amines in the rat brain. Kleinrok, Z; Poddubiuk, Z; Zebrowska-Lupina, I, 1975)	0.48
" There were controlled: blood-pressure, pulse, respiration, common dosing of the narcotica, dosing of the analgetica, and the patients' post-operative condition."	( [Clinical studies on the use of neuroleptanalgesia in Wertheim's abdominal radical surgery]. Krafft, W; Laube, R; Schmidt, D, 1975)	0.25
" Whereas contractility increased in response to small doses of digitalis, displaying a linear dose-response relation independent of autonomic tone, A-V nodal transmission indexes responded minimally to less than 50 percent of the toxic dose of digitalis, and the response was dependent upon autonomic tone."	( Dissociation of the inotropic effect of digitalis from its effect on atrioventricular conduction. Kim, YI; Noble, RJ; Zipes, DP, 1975)	0.25
" It was shown that atropine sulfate injected either chronically or at high dosage suppressed DRL responding."	( Cholinergic blockade, septal lesions, and DRL performance in the rat. Aitken, WC; Ellen, P; Sims, T; Stahl, JM, 1975)	0.58
" Phenoxybenzamine also blocked the response to NA but a dose-response relationship was not apparent."	( Effect of intraventricular administration of noradrenaline on water diuresis in goats. Peeters, G; Vandeputte-Van Messon, G, 1975)	0.25
" Pancuronium produced no change in isometric contraction of rabbit atrial or cat papillary muscle but displaced the acetylcholine dose-response curve to the right in the papillary muscle preparations, verifying a muscarinic blocking effect of this drug."	( The myocardial effects of pancuronium. Duke, PC; Fung, H; Gartner, J, 1975)	0.25
" At all dosage levels its effect on blood pressure was biphasic."	( Influence of some antidepressant drugs on the circulatory system. I. Imipramine. Banaszkiewicz, W; Grzymislawska, I; Mrozikiewicz, A, 1975)	0.25
" The drug is shown to display a marked antidotal action when used in a dosage range of 490-10 mg/kg."	( [Experimental data on a new cholinesterase reactivator from the group of thiohydroximic esters]. Kagan, IuS; Kokshareva, NV; Krivenchuk, VE; Sasinovich, LM, )	0.13
" Atropine methylbromide inhibited duodenal ulcers induced by cysteamine dose-dependently and pyloric ligation immediately prior to cysteamine dosing completely inhibited ulceration."	( Influence of various factors and drugs on cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers in the rat. Fujii, Y; Ishii, Y, 1975)	1.16
" Incremental doses of amphetamine and pilocarpine correspondingly suppressed PhAD parameters in a dose-response fashion."	( Pharmacological suppression of photically evoked after-discharges in rats: incremental dose, hippocampal EEG and behavioral activity correlates. Bigler, ED; Fleming, DE, 1976)	0.26
" In dose-response studies on the aortic strip, trans-metanicotine was significantly less active than nicotine."	( Nicotine-like actions of cis-metanicotine and trans-metanicotine. Bowman, ER; Chang, RS; McKennis, H; Wilson, KL, 1976)	0.26
" 13-nle-motilin increased intraluminal pressure in the pylorus and duodenum, and dose-response analysis showed the duodenum to be twice as sensitive as the pylorus to the polypeptide."	( Effects of 13-nle-motilin on the electrical and mechanical activity of the isolated perfused canine stomach and duodenum. Demling, L; Domschke, W; Green, WE; Ritchie, HD; Ruppin, H; Wingate, DL; Wünsch, DE, 1976)	0.26
" The dye leakage response to nasal capsaicin challenge was abolished by pretreatment with topical lidocaine, general substance P analogue, topical or general high dosage capsaicin."	( Study on the dye leakage response of nasal mucosa following topical, capsaicin challenge in guinea pigs. Asakura, K; Kataura, A; Kojima, T; Narita, S; Shirasaki, H, 1992)	0.28
" All these antagonists caused a concentration-dependent rightward shift of the dose-response curve for carbachol-stimulated amylase release without altering the maximal response."	( Characterization of muscarinic receptor subtypes on rat pancreatic acini: pharmacological identification by secretory responses and binding studies. Kashima, K; Kataoka, K; Kato, M; Kuriyama, K; Ohkuma, S, 1992)	0.28
" The dosage was measured in nanoamperes of microiontophoretic ejecting current."	( Rapidly recurring cortical seizures induce changes in neuronal responsiveness to acetylcholine. Bravo, J; Galindo-Morales, JA; Solís, H, )	0.13
" The average dosage of atropine for pre-atropinization was 58."	( [Clinical study of 76 cases of counterattack induced by acute organic phosphorus pesticides intoxication]. Chen, JS; Shen, RR; Ye, CY, 1992)	0.59
" The dose-response curve for this suppression was very similar to that for stimulation of inositol monophosphate (IP1) formation and for stimulation of the initial rise of [Ca2+]i elicited by carbachol."	( Suppressive effect of carbachol on forskolin-stimulated neurite outgrowth in human neuroblastoma NB-OK1 cells. Nakagawa-Yagi, Y; Nakamura, H; Saito, Y; Takada, Y, 1992)	0.28
" Simultaneously, a dose-response diuretic and natriuretic effect was observed with all the aminoacids."	( Renal and systemic effects of aminoacids administered separately: comparison between L-arginine and non-nitric oxide donor aminoacids. Caramelo, C; Casado, S; Cernadas, MR; Digiuni, E; Espinosa, G; Gallego, MJ; Hernando, L; López-Farré, A; Riesco, A, 1992)	0.28
" To see if this increase in LESP is due to upregulation of mAChR, we evaluated both mAChR binding and dose-response curves for bethanechol and atropine-induced changes in LESP before and after acute and chronic ethanol exposure."	( Chronic ethanol feeding produces a muscarinic receptor upregulation, but not a muscarinic supersensitivity in lower esophageal sphincter muscle. Fields, JZ; Gordon, JH; Keshavarzian, A; Urban, G; Willson, C, 1992)	0.48
" Dose-response curves to acetylcholine (ACh) and nicotine were established for pairs of tissues with and without epithelium, each pair receiving only one dose of nicotine."	( Nicotine-induced airway smooth muscle contraction: neural mechanisms involving the airway epithelium. Functional and histologic studies in vitro. Bleicher, S; Hahn, HL; Lang, M; Rausch, C; Zwerenz, S, )	0.13
"025), and resulted in decreases in % success at each of two energy levels, falling in the midrange of the dose-response curve."	( Isoproterenol increases defibrillation energy requirements in dogs. Dorian, P; Ogilvie, RI; Wang, M, 1992)	0.28
" In cases with heart disease and elderly subjects, a lower dosage or omission of atropine was common."	( [Manipulation, premedication, and chemoprophylaxis for fiberoptic bronchoscopy]. Hasegawa, Y; Ogasawara, T; Saka, H; Shimokata, K; Watanabe, A, 1992)	0.51
" There were no significant differences between ET and SED cardiac preparations in either the efficacy (maximal response) or potency (EC50) of isoproterenol dose-response relationships for chronotropic or inotropic responses."	( Adrenergic responsiveness and intrinsic sinoatrial automaticity of exercise-trained rats. Adams, HR; Allert, JA; Laughlin, MH; Schaefer, ME, 1992)	0.28
" The ratio of the slope of the dose-response curve for ISMM in non-atropinized mice to that in atropinized mice was about 4:1."	( Influence of atropine on the acute toxicity of isometamidium. Gimbi, AA; Kinabo, LD, 1992)	0.65
" The mean digoxin dosage at the development of fatal arrhythmias after the 100 micrograms/kg of FK 33,824 was 30% lower than the control group."	( Opioid receptor agonists D-Ala-2-Me-Phe-4-Met-(O)-ol enkephalin and ethylketocyclazocine in the brain accentuate digoxin-induced arrhythmias. Rabkin, SW, )	0.13
" Dose-response curves showed that the parietal sheet was more sensitive to the physiological agonist (acetylcholine) than to carbachol."	( Cholinergic effects on intracellular free calcium concentration in renal corpuscle: role of parietal sheet. Lebrun, F; Marchetti, J; Morel, F; Vassent, G, 1992)	0.28
" Venom doses of 100 and 200 micrograms/kg produced tachycardia with a dose-response relationship, whereas 400 micrograms/kg evoked sinus tachycardia followed by bradycardia then tachycardia."	( Effect of scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus (H&E) venom on rat's heart rate and blood pressure. Abdel-Rahman, MS; Nabil, ZI; Omran, MA, 1992)	0.28
" The severity of atropinization was correlated with the dose following a classic nonlinear, dose-response relationship."	( Atropine poisoning in children during the Persian Gulf crisis. A national survey in Israel. Almog, S; Amitai, Y; Bentur, Y; Danon, YL; Hammer, R; Singer, R, 1992)	1.73
" The Q-T interval developed a dose-response relationship after venom administration."	( The role of propranolol and atropine in mitigating the toxic effects of scorpion venom on rat electrocardiogram. Abdel-Rahman, MS; Nabil, ZI; Omran, MA, 1992)	0.58
"Determination of the alpha-adrenergic blocking potency of drugs in humans is usually done by measuring the shift in the blood pressure versus logarithm of intravenous phenylephrine dose-response relationship."	( Determination of alpha-adrenergic blocking potency. Brodie, CL; Jamieson, MJ; Kwan, CM; Shepherd, AM, 1991)	0.28
"001) of the mean dose-response relationship."	( Cholinergic mechanisms involved with histamine hyperreactivity in immune rabbit airways challenged with ragweed antigen. Ando, RE; Irvin, CG; Larsen, GL; Tanaka, DT, 1991)	0.28
"h-1) shifted the dose-response curve to bethanechol (1-32 mg."	( Effects of atropine on pancreatic response to bethanechol, cholecystokinin, and food intake in rats. O'Rourke, MF; Reidelberger, RD; Solomon, TE, 1991)	0.67
" Low concentrations of pirenzepine (10(-8) M), produced a rightward shift in the dose-response curve to McN, without inhibiting responses to carbachol."	( Functional subtyping of muscarinic receptors on canine esophageal mucosa. Donoff, B; Lad, R; Rangachari, PK, 1991)	0.28
" On the other hand, the dose-response relationship to carbachol, a cholinergic agonist resistant to cholinesterase degradation, was unaffected by CTZ."	( The effect of chlorothiazide on neurally mediated contraction of rabbit bronchial smooth muscle. Brunner, SL; Scott, JY; Tanaka, DT, 1992)	0.28
" GLP-1-related peptides were administered in a dosage of 400 pmol within 10 min into the pancreatic artery during glucose or arginine infusion and the changes in plasma insulin and glucagon in the pancreatic vein were studied."	( The structure-function relationship of GLP-1 related peptides in the endocrine function of the canine pancreas. Kawai, K; Koizumi, F; Ohashi, S; Ohneda, A; Ohneda, K; Ohneda, M; Suzuki, S, 1991)	0.28
" The changes in the contractile activity of the smooth-muscle strips after carbachol applied cumulatively were examined and dose-response curves were plotted."	( Changes in the responsiveness of the colonic smooth muscle to carbachol in Hirschsprung's disease. Apostolov, A; Atanassova, E; Boyanov, A; Christov, C; Ivanchev, I; Noeva, A; Todorov, S; Zlatarski, G, 1991)	0.28
"The dose recommendations for atropine in anesthetized children vary, and the dose-response for heart rate has not been defined."	( Dose-response for atropine and heart rate in infants and children anesthetized with halothane and nitrous oxide. Brown, MP; Palmisano, BW; Setlock, MA; Siker, D; Tripuraneni, R, 1991)	0.91
" After recovery, dose-response curves of pancreatic bicarbonate and protein response to perfusion of the extrinsically denervated or innervated jejunoileum with HCl (1."	( Hormonal control of pancreatic secretion by intrajejunal HCl: studies in dogs with an autotransplanted entire jejunoileum. Beglinger, C; Niebel, W; Singer, MV, 1991)	0.28
" This behavioral toxicity was lessened by reducing ATR dosage from 128 to 64 mg/kg, but 2-PAM dosage did not influence the behavioral toxicity of the treatment combinations within the range of dosages studied."	( Protection from lethality and behavioral incapacitation resulting from intoxication by soman (pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate) and treatment with atropine sulfate and 2-PAM chloride in the guinea pig, cavia porcellus. Mays, MZ; Murrow, ML; Romano, JA; Terry, MR, 1991)	0.48
" To ascertain whether test dosing with other agents might be more useful, we sought to determine if and at what dose levels three different intravenous drugs (adrenaline, isoprenaline and 1% lignocaine with 1/200,000 adrenaline) produced an increase in heart rate (HR) in halothane-anaesthetized lambs."	( Efficacy of adrenaline, lignocaine-adrenaline and isoprenaline as a test dose in halothane-anaesthetized lambs. Berde, CB; Desparmet, JF; Hershenson, MB; Lunn, RJ; Schwartz, DC, 1991)	0.28
" Two consecutive dose-response curves at 20 min apart were determined in the control group."	( Evidence for vasoactive intestinal peptide as a mediator of non-adrenergic non-cholinergic neurotransmission in the trachea. Holmes, EP; O'Malley, NA; Venugopalan, CS, 1990)	0.28
" Dose-response studies of intestinal muscle after 3 mo of untreated diabetes showed normal tension development to both bethanechol chloride and physostigmine."	( Adaptation of cholinergic enteric neuromuscular transmission in diabetic rat small intestine. Harrington, B; Kalbfleisch, J; Nowak, TV, 1990)	0.28
" The dose-response relationships of norepinephrine and sympathetic nerve stimulation were enhanced by 10(-6) M cocaine in control muscles; this did not occur in muscles from reserpine pretreated ferrets."	( Effects of cocaine on excitation-contraction coupling of aortic smooth muscle from the ferret. Egashira, K; Morgan, JP; Morgan, KG, 1991)	0.28
" A maximally effective dose of LY53857 (1 mg/kg) produced larger shifts of the dose-response curves to serotonin, 5-methoxytryptamine and alpha-methyl-serotonin than did a maximally effective dose of ketanserin (1 mg/kg)."	( A pharmacologic examination of receptors mediating serotonin-induced bronchoconstriction in the anesthetized guinea pig. Buckner, CK; Dea, D; Krell, RD; Liberati, N, 1991)	0.28
" Dose-response curves to the muscarinic agonist bethanechol (BCh) alone were compared with responses to BCh plus U46619."	( Airway generation-dependent induction of muscarinic hyperresponsiveness by thromboxane mimetic in vitro. Barger, LW; Evans, JN, 1991)	0.28
" The following methods were used: a) gastric acid hypersecretion induced by histamine and carbachol in the pylorus-ligated rat preparation; b) contractile dose-response curves to histamine and carbachol in the guinea pig ileum; c) dimaprit-stimulated guinea pig atrium in vitro."	( Mechanism of action of doxepin in the treatment of chronic urticaria. Almeida, L; Figueiredo, A; Gonçalo, M; Poiares-Baptista, A; Ribeiro, CA; Teixeira, F, 1990)	0.28
" Atropine or tetrodotoxin (TTX) caused a similar rightward shift of the CCK-8 dose-response curve for stimulation of SO contraction."	( Characterization of cholecystokinin receptors on the sphincter of Oddi. Cox, KL; Gardner, JD; Jensen, RT; Moran, TH; von Schrenck, T, 1990)	1.19
" Electromyographic activity recorded from the diaphragms of rats (n = 5) during continuous toxin administration revealed an increase in muscular electrical activity that became more random and finally decreased prior to death, suggesting a toxin-induced neuromuscular blockade in vivo which ultimately was the cause of death of the anatoxin-a(s) dosed rats."	( Pathophysiologic effects of anatoxin-a(s) in anaesthetized rats: the influence of atropine and artificial respiration. Beasley, VR; Carmichael, WW; Cook, WO; Iwamoto, GA; Schaeffer, DJ, 1990)	0.5
" TRCP produced consistent signs of convulsive activity within 60-90 min after dosing and extensive loss of CAT hippocampal pyramidal cells when examined 7 days after dosing."	( Acute exposure to tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate produces hippocampal neuronal loss and impairs learning in rats. Matthews, HB; McLamb, RL; Tilson, HA; Veronesi, B, 1990)	0.28
" Dose-response analysis of peak and plateau phases of intracellular Ca2+ shows different agonist potencies for both phases, carbachol being more potent for the plateau phase."	( Muscarinic-receptor-mediated changes in intracellular Ca2+ and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate mass in a human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y. Lambert, DG; Nahorski, SR, 1990)	0.28
" Effects were noted after intraduodenal fat instillation and after dosage with exogenous cholecystokinin inducing plasma cholecystokinin concentrations similar to those after intraduodenal fat instillation."	( Role of cholecystokinin and the cholinergic system in intestinal stimulation of gallbladder contraction in man. Hopman, WP; Jansen, JB; Lamers, CB; Rosenbusch, G, 1990)	0.28
" Assuming that the binding of carbachol to one site (Site 1) increases [14C]aminopyrine accumulation but its binding to the other site (Site 2) reduces [14C]aminopyrine accumulation, we analysed the dose-response curves for the carbachol effects in the absence and presence of different concentrations of atropine, pirenzepine and AF-DX 116."	( Carbachol-induced potentiation and inhibition of acid secretion by guinea pig gastric gland. Haga, T; Honda, N; Ichiyama, A; Kajimura, M; Kaneko, E, 1990)	0.45
" The dosing was either metoclopramide alone or combined with either neostigmine and pirenzepine or with neostigmine and atropine."	( The effect of neostigmine on metoclopramide-induced aldosterone secretion after the administration of muscarinic antagonists in man. Meyer, EC; Sommers, DK; van Wyk, M, 1990)	0.49
" The dose-response relationship varied in the three systems (stomach, salivary glands and heart rate) studied."	( Effect of intravenous atropine on gastric emptying, paracetamol absorption, salivary flow and heart rate in young and fit elderly volunteers. Bateman, DN; Rashid, MU, 1990)	0.59
" This inhibition resulted in a rightward shift in the dose-response curve for carbamylcholine-stimulated amylase secretion without altering the maximal increase in amylase secretion."	( Comparative inhibitory effects of pirenzepine and atropine on cholinergic stimulation of exocrine and endocrine rat pancreas. Baba, S; Fujii, M; Nakamura, T; Oka, T; Okabayashi, Y; Otsuki, M, 1985)	0.52
" The dose-response curve for carbachol was biphasic."	( Stimulation of acid formation by histamine, carbachol and pentagastrin in isolated pig parietal cells. Ljungström, M; Mårdh, S; Norberg, L; Vega, FV, 1986)	0.27
" In the isolated acini, pirenzepine did not have any significant effect on cholecystokinin-induced amylase release but caused an inhibition of amylase secretion initiated by secretin and shifted the dose-response curve for amylase secretion to the right."	( Inhibitory effects of pirenzepine on cholecystokinin and secretin stimulation on exocrine and endocrine rat pancreas. Baba, S; Fujii, M; Nakamura, T; Oka, T; Okabayashi, Y; Otsuki, M; Tani, S, 1987)	0.27
" Leucine-thiorphan shifted, in concentration-dependent fashions, the dose-response curves to all tachykinins to lower concentrations."	( Enkephalinase inhibitor potentiates mammalian tachykinin-induced contraction in ferret trachea. Basbaum, CB; Borson, DB; Graf, PD; Nadel, JA; Sekizawa, K; Tamaoki, J, 1987)	0.27
" The shifts caused by atropine and pirenzepine in the dose-response curves for ACh were not parallel after in vitro treatment of the muscle with DFP."	( Contractile responses of tracheal smooth muscle in organophosphate-treated swine: 2. Effects of antagonists. Dwyer, TM; Farley, JM; Murali Mohan, P; Yang, CM, 1988)	0.59
"We performed three consecutive dose-response curves to rapid intravenous infusions of substance P (SP) in anesthetized, mechanically ventilated guinea pigs."	( Enhanced airway responses to substance P after repeated challenge in guinea pigs. Drazen, JM; Shore, SA, 1989)	0.28
" BWA1433U induced a parallel shift of the adenosine dose-response curve to the right; however, it had no significant inhibitory effect on the decrease in lobar arterial pressure in response to ATP."	( Adenosine does not mediate the pulmonary vasodilator response of adenosine 5'-triphosphate in the feline pulmonary vascular bed. Hyman, AL; Kadowitz, PJ; Lippton, H; Neely, CF; Neiman, M, 1989)	0.28
" In spite of the fact that there was a doubling of the density of M2 sites, no significant differences in dose-response curves for carbachol-induced inhibition of [3H]cAMP accumulation were observed in slices of CTX plus DH from control and l-atropine-treated rats."	( Regulation of muscarinic receptor subtypes and their responsiveness in rat brain following chronic atropine administration. Lee, W; Wolfe, BB, 1989)	0.68
"The effect of vecuronium on the heart rate response to atropine has been studied by comparing dose-response relationships in two groups of patients who underwent extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy."	( Effect of vecuronium on atropine-induced changes in heart rate. Gaylard, DG; Lim, M; Ridley, S, 1989)	0.83
" Dose-response curves for methacholine-induced acid and pepsin secretion at the perigee did not differ from those obtained with ganglionic blockade."	( A comparative study of gastric secretory stimulants in conscious dogs. Magee, DF; Naruse, S; Pap, A, 1989)	0.28
" Adenosine also increased the histamine-induced contraction causing a leftward shift of the histamine dose-response curves, an effect that was abolished in the presence of atropine."	( Adenosine potentiates neurally- and histamine-induced contraction of canine airway smooth muscle. Katayama, M; Kobayashi, K; Sakai, N; Takizawa, T; Tamaoki, J, 1989)	0.47
" Hexamethonium impaired the dose-response effect of carbachol on kaliuresis, but had no effect on natriuresis and enhanced the antidiuretic effect of carbachol."	( Carbachol injection into the medial preoptic area induces natriuresis, kaliuresis and antidiuresis in rats. Camargo, LA; De Luca Júnior, LA; Menani, JV; Renzi, A; Saad, WA, 1989)	0.28
" S1 served as a control and at S2-4 oxotremorine dose-response curves were taken expressing the dose-related inhibition of the evoked release of [3H]norepinephrine as percentage of the control."	( Antagonism by tricyclic antidepressants of the muscarinic receptors located on the adrenergic nerve endings in rabbit heart atrium. Perel, JM; Somogyi, GT, 1989)	0.28
" The mentioned acetylcholinesterase is stated to be inhibited through the treatment with 50% of Neguvon dosage applied to the experimental animals."	( [Methods of treating experimental Neguvon poisoning and a comparison of their effects]. Kassa, J; Stefánik, M, 1989)	0.28
" On Day 1 we performed a dose-response challenge to methacholine and defined responsiveness as the provocative dose (PD35) needed to cause a 35% decrease in specific airway conductance (SGaw)."	( The influence of aerosol retention and pattern of deposition on bronchial responsiveness to atropine and methacholine in humans. Briggs, BA; Gillett, MK; Snashall, PD, 1989)	0.5
" We conclude that each drug should be titrated separately: atropine dosage should be adjusted to the severity of tracheobronchial secretions and bronchospasm, while full doses of obidoxime are justified for the period before "aging" sets in."	( Antidotal therapy of severe acute organophosphate poisoning: a multihospital study. Finkelstein, Y; Kushnir, A; Raikhlin-Eisenkraft, B; Taitelman, U, )	0.37
" In five dogs, dose-response curves were generated by rapid intra-arterial injection of 10(-10) to 10(-6) mol PAF into the isolated tracheal circulation; tracheal contractile response was measured isometrically in situ."	( PAF-induced contraction of canine trachea mediated by 5-hydroxytryptamine in vivo. Blake, JS; Leff, AR; Mack, MM; Moss, J; Munoz, NM; Murphy, TM, 1989)	0.28
" In light of this reduced bioavailability, we suggest an adult dosage in humans of atropine 2 mg diluted in 5-10 ml of saline administered endobronchially to attain a reliable increase in heart rate during a cardiac emergency when, in an intubated individual, no intravenous line is readily available."	( Comparison of intravenous and endobronchial atropine: a pharmacokinetic and -dynamic study in pigs. de Zeeuw, RA; Eichelkraut, W; Ensing, K; Hörnchen, U; Schüttler, J; Stoeckel, H, 1989)	0.76
" 4-DAMP, atropine, and pirenzepine caused a progressive parallel rightward shift in the dose-response curve of pancreatic secretion for bethanechol."	( Subtypes of muscarinic receptors in pancreatic exocrine secretion in anesthetized dog. Chiba, S; Haruta, K; Homma, N; Horiuchi, A; Iwatsuki, K; Yonekura, H, 1989)	0.69
" Dose-response curves to CCK-8 and BN were generated for each tissue."	( In vitro response of rat gastrointestinal segments to cholecystokinin and bombesin. Margolis, RL; McHugh, PR; Moran, TH, )	0.13
"The dose-response relationship and the doses of atropine required to prevent neostigmine from lowering heart rates below baseline in 50 per cent (ED50) and 95 percent (ED95) of patients after antagonism of pancuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade were determined in 70 patients with neostigmine-atropine mixtures."	( Atropine-neostigmine mixture: a dose-response study. Gomaa, M; Naguib, M, 1989)	1.98
"8 mM), the dose-response curve for ATP was shifted to the left in a parallel fashion at this concentration."	( Low calcium and calcium antagonists potentiate the contraction of guinea-pig vas deferens induced by ATP: a permissive role for P2-purinoceptors. Furukawa, T; Morishita, H, 1989)	0.28
" Dose-response curves to carbachol, muscarine and oxotremorine were shifted to the right by gallamine and pirenzepine in a parallel manner with no change in maximal response ostensibly indicating simple competitive inhibition."	( Pharmacologic discrimination between receptor heterogeneity and allosteric interaction: resultant analysis of gallamine and pirenzepine antagonism of muscarinic responses in rat trachea. Boselli, C; Kenakin, T, 1989)	0.28
" Lower degrees of distension were also tested to determine if a dose-response relationship existed."	( Gastric distension is a physiologic satiety signal in the dog. Debas, HT; Melendez, RL; Pappas, TN, 1989)	0.28
" Denervation caused a shift to the left of the 86Rb efflux dose-response curve to carbachol and phenylephrine (3."	( Effect of parasympathetic denervation on K+ release by rat parotid slices. Adham, N; Templeton, D, 1987)	0.27
" The dose-response relations for the increase in inositol phosphates closely paralleled the binding of carbachol to muscarinic receptors with a Km of 17 microM."	( Stimulation of acid secretion and phosphoinositol production by rat parietal cell muscarinic M2 receptors. Herz, A; Paumgartner, G; Pfeiffer, A; Rochlitz, H, 1988)	0.27
" In the order of potency L-648,051 greater than FPL-55712 greater than L-649,923, these agents antagonized contractions to LTD4 and produced parallel rightward shifts in the dose-response curves."	( Leukotriene and anti-IgE induced contractions of human isolated trachea: studies with leukotriene receptor antagonists and a novel 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. Charette, L; Denis, D; Jones, TR, 1988)	0.27
" Neither GE 410 nor dbcGMP affected the ACH and histamine (His) response of the muscle strips but both antagonists shifted the dose-response curve of CCK 7 to the right, GE 410 (cholecystokinin antagonist) being a much more potent antagonist of CCK 7 as compared to dbcGMP."	( Responses of guinea-pig gastric, ileal and gall bladder smooth muscle to desamino-cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK 7). Henklein, P; Milenov, K; Nieber, K; Oehme, P; Rakovska, A, 1988)	0.27
" Pirenzepine caused a progressive parallel rightward shift in the dose-response curves for SLI inhibition and gastrin stimulation by carbachol, suggesting competitive inhibition."	( Pirenzepine-sensitive muscarinic receptors regulate gastric somatostatin and gastrin. Soll, AH; Sue, R; Todisco, A; Toomey, ML; Yamada, T, 1985)	0.27
" The dose-response curves for CCK8 were shifted in parallel to the right by 10(-6) to 10(-5) M of the three benzodiazepines, although the maximum response to CCK8 was depressed by higher concentrations."	( Cholecystokinin antagonism by benzodiazepines in the contractile response of the isolated guinea-pig gallbladder. Kubota, K; Matsuda, I; Sugaya, K; Sunagane, N; Uruno, T, 1985)	0.27
" The dose-response pattern was similar to that seen with methacholine and histamine aerosol administration in dogs employing the same methodology."	( Antigen challenge and canine tracheal mucus. Angus, GE; El-Azab, J; King, M; Phillips, DM, 1985)	0.27
" Atropine sulphate administered locally into the skin antagonised the response to carbachol: the dose-response curve for carbachol was shifted to the right without any depression of the maximum of the curve."	( Effects of locally and systemically administered cholinoceptor antagonists on the secretory response of human eccrine sweat glands to carbachol. Bradshaw, CM; Longmore, J; Szabadi, E, 1985)	1.18
" Amitraz did not significantly shift the dose-response curve to isoprenaline or acetylcholine but antagonized histamine rate responses competitively in the presence of propranolol (2 X 10(-6) M)."	( The cardiac effects of amitraz in the guinea-pig in vivo and in vitro. Pascoe, AL; Reynoldson, JA, 1986)	0.27
"The dose-response curves of the central and peripheral airways to intravenously injected nicotine were studied in 55 anesthetized dogs."	( Dose-response curves of central and peripheral airways to nicotine injections in dogs. Haga, T; Miyano, M; Nakamura, M; Sasaki, H; Takishima, T, 1986)	0.27
" Atropine (500 nM) shifted the dose-response curve for acetylcholine parallel to the right."	( Is there functional cholinergic innervation in the frog duodenum (Rana catesbeiana)? Furuhashi, H; Kitazawa, T; Kondo, H; Morioka, M; Temma, K; Umezawa, K, 1986)	1.18
" A method that avoided tachyphylaxis encountered in prior investigations was developed for isometric measurement of multiple dose-response effects."	( Parasympathetic involvement in PAF-induced contraction in canine trachealis in vivo. Leff, AR; Munoz, NM; Popovich, KJ; Shioya, T; Stimler-Gerard, NP; White, SR, 1987)	0.27
" Dose-response curves were constructed for the increase in cGMP-immunofluorescence intensity for K+ and carbachol."	( Single cell quantitative immunocytochemistry of cyclic GMP in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat. Garssen, J; Schipper, J; Steinbusch, HW; Tilders, FJ; Vente, JD, 1987)	0.27
" Dose-response curves for the relatively specific ligands for the mu-, kappa-, and sigma-receptors were determined using morphine (mu-receptors), dynorphin-(1-13) (kappa-receptors), and N-allylnormetazocine (sigma-receptors)."	( Sites of action of mu-, kappa- and sigma-opiate receptor agonists at the feline ileocecal sphincter. Cohen, S; Ouyang, A; Vos, P, 1988)	0.27
" The slope of the curve is significantly higher for amethocaine (tetracaine) than for procaine while for dibucaine the dose-response relation is not linear."	( Depolarizing effect of various local anaesthetics on the Helix aspersa neurons: dose-response relationship. Cardi, P; Lartigue, M; Meunier, JM, 1988)	0.27
" The muscarinic antagonist atropine, 1 microM, and the beta 2-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol, 10 microM, had no effect on the dose-response curve for dimaprit-induced relaxation of the lung strip."	( A study of the histamine H2-receptor mediating relaxation of the parenchymal lung strip preparation of the guinea-pig. Foreman, JC; Rising, TJ; Webber, SE, 1985)	0.57
" Cumulative dose-response curves were constructed for 8-OH-DPAT, ipsapirone and clonidine."	( Evidence that the putative 5-HT1A receptor agonists, 8-OH-DPAT and ipsapirone, have a central hypotensive action that differs from that of clonidine in anaesthetised cats. Fozard, JR; Ramage, AG, 1987)	0.27
" Dose-response curves to several muscarinic agonists were constructed using brain and parotid gland slices."	( Muscarinic receptors and hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids in rat cerebral cortex and parotid gland. Downes, CP; Jacobson, MD; Wusteman, M, 1985)	0.27
" Both drugs reduced blood pressure without change in heart rate after acute dosing and after seven days."	( Acute and chronic effects of the converting enzyme inhibitors enalapril and lisinopril on reflex control of heart rate in normotensive man. Ajayi, AA; Campbell, BC; Howie, CA; Reid, JL, 1985)	0.27
" The effect of GABA was mimicked by (-)-baclofen, which gave a dose-response curve overlapping that of GABA, while (+)-baclofen was about one hundred times less potent."	( Modulatory activity of GABAB receptors on cholinergic tone in guinea-pig distal colon. Giotti, A; Luzzi, S; Maggi, CA; Spagnesi, S; Zilletti, L, 1985)	0.27
" HA-1004 shifted the dose-response curve for CaCl2 to the right in a competitive manner in depolarized rabbit renal arterial strips."	( Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle by HA-1004, an inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase. Hidaka, H; Inagaki, M; Ishikawa, T; Watanabe, M, 1985)	0.27
" This effect proved to be receptor-mediated because preincubation with 10(-5)M atropine shifted the dose-response curve one order of magnitude rightward."	( Intact human lymphocyte membranes respond to muscarinic receptor stimulation by oxotremorine with marked changes in microviscosity and an increase in cyclic GMP. Consolo, S; Ladinsky, H; Masturzo, P; Nordstrom, O; Salmona, M, 1985)	0.5
" Prazosin produced a parallel shift to the right of the norepinephrine, but not the histamine, dose-response curves indicating the presence of prazosin-sensitive alpha-adrenoceptors in this vessel."	( Evidence for functional alpha-adrenoceptors in rabbit basilar arteries. Bevan, JA; Laher, I, 1985)	0.27
" The inhibition was characterized by displacement of the dose-response to histamine to the right, in parallel, without depression of the maximum."	( Actions of nizatidine on the rat uterus, dog stomach and experimentally induced gastric lesions. Evans, DC; Lin, TM; Ruffolo, RR; Warrick, MW, 1986)	0.27
" These maximal effects were observed 3 h after atropine dosing for salivary secretion and 1 h for heart rate."	( Evaluation of the antimuscarinic activity of atropine, terfenadine and mequitazine in healthy volunteers. Advenier, C; Beaumont, D; Brion, N, 1988)	0.79
" The dose-response curves for 45Ca uptake and release were identical to those of the hormonally evoked [Ca2+]i increase."	( Agonist-sensitive calcium pool in the pancreatic acinar cell. I. Permeability properties. Fimmel, CJ; Muallem, S; Pandol, SJ; Schoeffield, MS, 1988)	0.27
" This bivalent dose-response relationship was also observed after beta-blockade."	( Dose-response curves of pirenzepine in man in relation to M1- and M2-cholinoceptor occupancy. Pitschner, HF; Wellstein, A, 1988)	0.27
" We determined the nebulizer concentration of PAF which reduced specific airway conductance (SGaw) 35% (PC35 SGaw) and the slope of the PAF dose-response curve."	( Mechanism of platelet activating factor-induced bronchoconstriction in humans. Patterson, R; Rubin, AH; Smith, LJ, 1988)	0.27
"Three consecutive dose-response curves to aerosolized histamine were obtained in 11 anesthetized dogs."	( Characteristics of tachyphylaxis to inhaled histamine in anesthetized dogs. Antol, PJ; Fujita, M; Hyatt, RE, 1988)	0.27
"In the present study we set out to explain the complex atropine dose-response curves in man in relation to M-cholinoceptor subtype occupancy."	( Complex dose-response curves of atropine in man explained by different functions of M1- and M2-cholinoceptors. Pitschner, HF; Wellstein, A, 1988)	0.81
" A dosage of atropine that crosses the blood-brain barrier is an exact substitute for cervical vagotomy."	( K transfer in ureter ligated dogs loaded with KCl. Chapman, LW; Hiatt, J; Hiatt, N; Mack, H, 1988)	0.64
" The carbachol-induced responses were decreased by repeated injections of high dosage or large volume of carbachol solution, and were reversed by atropine."	( Vocalization accompanying emotional-aversive response induced by carbachol in the cat. Reproducibility and dose-response study. Brudzynski, SM; Eckersdorf, B, 1988)	0.48
" Vagotomy and atropine prevented the effect of morphine so that the dose-response relationships and the mean digoxin dose at onset of ventricular arrhythmias and the development of fatal arrhythmias were not significantly different from the control group receiving saline."	( The interrelationship of morphine and the parasympathetic nervous system in digoxin-induced arrhythmias in the guinea-pig. Rabkin, SW, 1988)	0.64
" In infants 1-6 months old, either dosage of oral atropine preserved HR and SBP as compared with placebo."	( Oral atropine premedication in infants attenuates cardiovascular depression during halothane anesthesia. Friesen, RH; Miller, BR, 1988)	1.04
" comparison of routes of administration, dose-response relationships, and time to effect."	( In vivo protection against soman toxicity by known inhibitors of acetylcholine synthesis in vitro. Doukas, PH; O'Neill, JJ; Sheldon, RJ; Sterling, GH, 1988)	0.27
" Partial protection was seen in three out of three birds dosed prior to DFP challenge with sufficient C(-)P(+) isomer of soman (1."	( High doses of soman protect against organophosphorus-induced delayed polyneuropathy but tabun does not. Benschop, HP; De Bisschop, HC; Johnson, MK; Read, DJ; Willems, JL, 1988)	0.27
" In the presence of atropine (10(-5) M), the dose-response curve for ACh was shifted to the right."	( Voltage-independent catecholamine release mediated by the activation of muscarinic receptors in guinea-pig adrenal glands. Nakazato, Y; Ohga, A; Oleshansky, M; Tomita, U; Yamada, Y, 1988)	0.6
" Cumulative log dose-response curves were constructed."	( Measurement of pharmacological antagonism produced by atropine in bronchi of normal and asthmatic subjects. Gillett, MK; Snashall, PD, 1988)	0.52
" In order to determine potential differences due to route of administration, we compared the dose-response effects of im and iv administration in rats."	( Intramuscular and intravenous atropine: comparison of effects in the heat-stressed rat. Francesconi, RP; Hubbard, RW; Matthew, CB; Thomas, GJ, 1988)	0.56
"The dose-response and the doses required to prevent bradycardia in 50% (ED50) and 95% (ED95) of patients were determined for atropine after antagonism of pancuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade in 72 patients with edrophonium-atropine mixtures."	( Atropine-edrophonium mixture: a dose-response study. Absood, GH; Gomaa, M; Naguib, M, 1988)	1.92
" Dose-response experiments indicate that norepinephrine is approximately 10,000 times more potent on a molar basis than carbachol in stimulating antral gastrin release."	( Comparison of adrenergic and cholinergic receptor-mediated stimulation of gastrin release from rat antral fragments. Harty, RF; Maico, DG; McGuigan, JE, )	0.13
" In contrast, a combination of methoctramine with gallamine produced a less than additive shift of the dose-response curve for carbachol, confirming that gallamine acts as an allosteric antagonist at cardiac muscarinic receptors."	( Antimuscarinic action of methoctramine, a new cardioselective M-2 muscarinic receptor antagonist, alone and in combination with atropine and gallamine. Angeli, P; Lambrecht, G; Melchiorre, C; Mutschler, E; Picchio, MT; Wess, J, 1987)	0.48
" In an attempt to clarify these observations, the dose-inhibition effect of atropine, the dose-response effect of a cholinergic agonist and the effect of vagal stimulation on pancreatic protein output in alcoholic and normal dogs was compared."	( Does ethanol exert its effect on the canine pancreas by mediation of cholinergic nerves? Schmidt, DN, 1986)	0.5
" Thus: (a) Dose-response relationships between IP3 accumulation, MLC phosphorylation and muscle contraction for CCh suggest a fairly good correlation between the biochemical and pharmacological responses."	( Muscarinic-receptor induced myo-inositol trisphosphate accumulation, myosin light chain phosphorylation and contraction in the rabbit iris sphincter smooth muscle. Abdel-Latif, AA; Akhtar, RA; Howe, PH, 1987)	0.27
"The relationships between occupancy of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on iris sphincter muscle, measured by [3H]quinuclidinylbenzylate (QNB) binding, carbachol (CCh)-stimulated phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate hydrolysis, measured as myo-inositol trisphosphate (IP3) accumulation, myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation and contraction were analyzed by examination of the dose-response relationships and the effects of the muscarinic antagonists, atropine and pirenzepine (PZ)."	( M2 muscarinic receptor subtype is associated with inositol trisphosphate accumulation, myosin light chain phosphorylation and contraction in sphincter smooth muscle of rabbit iris. Abdel-Latif, AA; Akhtar, RA; Honkanen, RE; Howe, PH, 1987)	0.44
" Atropine sulfate (10(-6) M) slightly but significantly reduced CCK-OP (10(-11) M-3 X 10(-7) M) induced contractions and the dose-response curve for CCK-OP was shifted to the right of the muscle strips of the human gallbladders."	( Effects of cholecystokinin-octapeptide on the human gallbladder both in vivo and in vitro. Ishikawa, Y; Kantoh, M; Takahashi, T; Utsunomiya, J; Yamamura, T, 1986)	1.18
" Cholinergic agents (methacholine and acetylcholine) as well as 40-150 mM K+ showed a dose-response relationship and induced tension up to 12 mg."	( Contractility of isolated single submucosal gland from trachea. Sasaki, H; Sasaki, T; Shimura, S; Takishima, T, 1986)	0.27
" Pharmacokinetic data for drugs administered endotracheally are lacking; therefore, dosage recommendations are empirical."	( Endotracheal drug therapy in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Raehl, CL, 1986)	0.27
" The dose-response relation of the coronary diameter to histamine was not influenced by pretreatment with the nerve transmitter blockers guanethidine (3 X 10(-6) M), atropine (10(-6) M), and tetrodotoxin (3 X 10(-7) M)."	( Pathogenesis of coronary artery spasm in miniature swine with regional intimal thickening after balloon denudation. Egashira, K; Kawasaki, T; Kobayashi, T; Nakamura, M; Tomoike, H; Yamamoto, Y, 1987)	0.47
"Reevaluation of current concepts in drug treatment during CPR was followed by some new recommendations concerning indication or dosage of drugs for CPR: While epinephrine remains the catecholamine of choice for cardiac resuscitation, application of buffer solutions should be performed with care."	( [New aspects of drug therapy in cardiopulmonary resuscitation]. Hörnchen, U; Schüttler, J; Stoeckel, H, 1987)	0.27
" The cimetidine dose-response curves and the calculated ED50 values were similar in the different experimental situations."	( Effects of cimetidine, atropine and pirenzepine on basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion in the rat. Ekelund, M; Håkanson, R; Vallgren, S, 1987)	0.58
" We calculated the provocative concentration of LTD4 required to produce a 35% fall in SGaw (PC35SGaw) or a 30% fall in V30P (PC30V30P) and the slope of the LTD4 dose-response curve."	( Mechanism of leukotriene D4-induced bronchoconstriction in normal subject. Bernstein, PR; Kern, R; Krell, RD; Patterson, R; Smith, LJ, 1987)	0.27
" Moreover, dose-response curves for added acetylcholine (ACh) were not modified by ASA."	( Cholinergic and non-cholinergic components of the inotropism evoked by electric field stimulation in the isolated rat urinary bladder. Influence of some eicosanoids. Dveksler, G; Gimeno, AL; Gimeno, MF, 1987)	0.27
"A slurry of activated carbon (activated charcoal) in electrolyte replacement solution given by stomach tube and antiarrhythmic drugs given parenterally cured 9 of 11 calves dosed 7 to 24 h previously with a lethal amount (20g/kg) of Bryophyllum tubiflorum flower heads."	( Curing experimental Bryophyllum tubiflorum poisoning of cattle with activated carbon, electrolyte replacement solution and antiarrhythmic drugs. Dunster, PJ; McKenzie, RA, 1987)	0.27
" APP shifted the dose-response curve for VIP and the frequency-response curve for pelvic nerve stimulation to the right."	( Effects of avian pancreatic peptide on smooth muscle relaxations by vasoactive intestinal peptide and inhibitory nerve stimulation. Ito, S; Nakazato, Y; Ohga, A; Ohta, T; Yanaihara, N, 1986)	0.27
"To determine if clinical concentrations of halothane have direct relaxant effects on airway smooth muscle, the authors compared dose-response curves to histamine in the control state (thiopental) and during halothane anesthesia (1."	( Mode of action of halothane on histamine-induced airway constriction in dogs with reactive airways. Hirshman, CA; Shah, MV, 1986)	0.27
" The slopes of log dose-response curves (SLDRC) to H and SLDRC to ACH were of similar magnitude both in N and AST and linearly related; however, for either agonist, bronchial sensitivity (PD40) and reactivity (SLDRC) failed to correlate."	( The relationship between acetylcholine- and histamine-induced constriction of large airways in normal subjects and subjects with asthma: a possible role for postreceptor mechanisms. Popa, V, 1986)	0.27
" The antisecretory dosage of pirenzepine caused a significant reduction in the surface area of the ulcer by the seventh postoperative day, whereas neither the antisecretory dosage of atropine nor the nonantisecretory dosage of pirenzepine significantly affected the size of the ulcer."	( Effects of atropine and pirenzepine on healing of gastric ulcer induced by mucosal excision in rats. Fujiwara, M; Kitagawa, H; Sano, M, 1985)	0.85
" In hexamethonium, pirenzepine shifted the acetylcholine dose-response curve to the right with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 200 nM, indicating an interaction with a m2-type of muscarinic receptor."	( Acetylcholine acts on m2-muscarinic receptors to excite rat locus coeruleus neurones. Egan, TM; North, RA, 1985)	0.27
" In each dog, dose-response curves to inhaled aerosolized histamine were obtained in both lungs separately but synchronously."	( Central and local cholinergic components of histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in dogs. Bai, TR; Martin, JG; Shore, SA; Wang, CG, 1985)	0.27
"Alfentanil in combination with etomidate and N2O/O2 was given to 50 patients as single dosage (0."	( [Alfentanil in routine clinical use. A study of 50 patients]. Löffler, B, 1985)	0.27
" The dosage was identical based on a predetermined dose-response curve (dose of 2 mg/kg)."	( [Mode of action of purinergic derivatives of adenine on auriculo-ventricular conduction. Experimental study in dogs]. Koliopoulos, N; Lehujeur, C; Munoz, A; Puech, P; Sassine, A, 1985)	0.27
" Carbachol dose-response curves for isometric stress development and myosin phosphorylation were superimposable but shifted to the left of the shortening velocity dose-response."	( Calcium dependence of myosin phosphorylation and airway smooth muscle contraction and relaxation. Gerthoffer, WT, 1986)	0.27
"Histamine dose-response curves were performed on anesthetized tracheostomized guinea pigs that were paralyzed and mechanically ventilated at a constant tidal volume and breathing frequency."	( Histamine dose-response curves in guinea pigs. Hogg, JC; Hulbert, WC; McLean, T; Paré, PD; Wiggs, B, 1985)	0.27
"5 kPa, at this pressure the dose-response curve sloped more steeply."	( Chronotropic effects of the reversed carboxyl (RC) analogue of acetylcholine (beta-homobetaine methylester) at defined intraluminal pressures on isolated right rabbit atria. Rossberg, F; Seim, H; Strack, E, 1985)	0.27
" It is suggested that the dosage of anticholinergic agents given with neostigmine could be reduced in elderly patients in comparison to that in younger patients."	( Antagonism of neuromuscular block in the elderly. A comparison of atropine and glycopyrronium in a mixture with neostigmine. Mirakhur, RK, 1985)	0.51
"Submaximal histamine dose-response curves were obtained on 34 dogs divided into six groups."	( Interaction of verapamil hydrochloride and atropine sulphate on histamine-induced bronchoconstriction. Brandt, HD; Bunn, AE; Krivoy, N, 1985)	0.53
" Pretreatment with propranolol or the combination of propranolol and atropine prior to the histamine dose-response curve did not affect the increased response seen after cigarette smoke exposure, but pretreatment with atropine abolished it."	( The effect of acute airway inflammation on bronchial reactivity in guinea pigs. Hogg, JC; Hulbert, WM; McLean, T, 1985)	0.5
" Naloxone, in the dosage used (40 micrograms/kg body wt as a bolus, followed by 10 micrograms/kg body wt X h) had no independent effects on motility or flow, but did blunt the stimulatory effects of morphine and atropine on migrating motor complexes."	( Effects of morphine and atropine on motility and transit in the human ileum. Borody, TJ; Haddad, A; Phillips, SF; Quigley, EM; Tucker, RL; Wienbeck, M; Zinsmeister, AR, 1985)	0.76
" In both species at 30 min after im injection of Py and Ph, a linear relationship was found between percentage of whole blood AChE inhibition and ln dosage of carbamate."	( Relationship between reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibition and efficacy against soman lethality. Anderson, DR; Harris, LW; Lennox, WJ; Talbot, BG, 1985)	0.27
"Three consecutive dose-response curves to inhaled aerosolized histamine, separated by 1-h intervals, were obtained in 20 anesthetized mongrel dogs."	( Tachyphylaxis to inhaled aerosolized histamine in anesthetized dogs. Martin, JG; Shore, S, 1985)	0.27
"75 to 750 pM) of alpha-thrombin prior to contracting in response to higher concentrations during cumulative dose-response experiments."	( Thrombin-elicited contractile responses of aortic smooth muscle. Aiken, M; Anderson, GF; Ciaglowski, RE; Fenton, JW; Walz, DA, 1985)	0.27
" The dose-response relationship for hyperactivity in grouped mice following the injection of morphine sulphate has been established."	( Monoamine mediation of the morphine-induced activation of mice. Carroll, BJ; Sharp, PT, 1972)	0.25
" Increasing doses of propranolol produced parallel shifts to the right in the isoproterenol dose-response curve."	( Effects of adrenergic receptor activation and blockade on the systolic preejection period, heart rate, and arterial pressure in man. Harris, WS; Schoenfeld, CD; Weissler, AM, 1967)	0.25
" At the beginning of an experiment some dose-response relationship could often be observed, but later tachyphylaxis developed."	( The action of bombesin on the systemic arterial blood pressure of some experimental animals. Erspamer, V; Melchiorri, P; Sopranzi, N, 1972)	0.25
" With the exception of gamma-amino butyric acid and L-alanine benzyl ester all analogues which had appreciable activity gave dose-response curves parallel to L-alanine."	( Isolation and identification of pharmacologically active amino acids in skin and their structure-activity relationship on the guinea-pig ileum. Lewis, GP; McMartin, C; Rosenthal, SR; Yates, C, 1972)	0.25
" Regression lines of the dose-response curves for ACTH, crude CRH and different volumes of medium from electrically stimulated hypothalami were parallel."	( Stimulation electrically and by acetylcholine of the rat hypothalamus in vitro. Bradbury, MW; Burden, J; Hillhouse, EW; Jones, MT, 1974)	0.25
" All three catecholamines increased the rate of weight loss but isoprenaline was effective in a much smaller dosage than either adrenaline or noradrenaline."	( The role of circulating catecholamines in sweat production in man. Allen, JA; Roddie, IC, 1972)	0.25
" A plateau secretion of acid evoked by infusing histamine in a near maximal dosage was inhibited by atropine to the same extent as the gastrin-induced secretion in the Pavlov pouch."	( Inhibition of gastric secretion by atropine in conscious rats. Johansson, I; Lundell, L; Svensson, SE, 1971)	0.74
" A method of analysis has been applied which allows a complete dose-response curve to be obtained from only two responses."	( Diffusion of drugs through stationary water layers as the rate limiting process in their action at membrane receptors. Cuthbert, AW; Dunant, Y, 1970)	0.25
" Log dose-response curves to oxotremorine and acetylcholine were similar and both drugs were competitively antagonized by atropine."	( Investigation of the mechanism of action of oxotremorine on the guinea-pig isolated ileum preparation. Cox, B; Hecker, SE, 1971)	0.46
" There is no tachyphylaxis but, generally, a good dose-response relationship."	( The actions of caerulein on the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract and the gall bladder. Bertaccini, G; De Caro, G; Endean, R; Erspamer, V; Impicciatore, M, 1968)	0.25
" The dose-response curves for both inhibitors are unchanged by prostigmine."	( The action of tubocurarine and atropine on the normal and denervated rat diaphragm. Beránek, R; Vyskocil, F, 1967)	0.53
" The dose-response curves for steroidogenesis and that for PI labeling were superimposable in the case of angiotensin II (ED50 = 1 X 10(-8) M) and of acetylcholine (ED50 = 5 X 10(-7) M), while the two responses were dissociated under graded ACTH challenge."	( Stimulation of phosphatidylinositol turnover by acetylcholine, angiotensin II and ACTH in bovine adrenal fasciculata cells. Chambaz, EM; Culty, M; Hadjian, AJ, 1984)	0.27
" Atropine blocked the pressor responses to norepinephrine and shifted the dose-response curve for norepinephrine to the right to a similar extent in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats."	( Studies on the hypotensive response to atropine in hypertensive rats. Abraham, S; Cantor, EH; Spector, S, 1981)	1.44
"To investigate the nature of the variable response to inhaled histamine in monkeys, we performed dose-response curves in a group of 10 anesthetized Macaca mulatta monkeys before and after administration of propranolol and atropine in inhaled doses sufficient to produce significant beta-adrenergic and cholinergic blockade of airway smooth muscle."	( Bronchial response to histamine after inhaled propranolol and atropine in monkeys. Nicholls, I; Pare, PD, 1982)	0.69
" A dose-response analysis of the effect of methylphenidate revealed no differences among the dietary groups."	( Effect of dietary lipid on locomotor activity and response to psychomotor stimulants. Brenneman, DE; Rutledge, CO, 1982)	0.26
" 4 The fact that the shift of the dose-response curve of isoprenaline-induced tachycardia was smaller after metoprolol than after propranolol supports the hypothesis that beta 2-adrenoceptors are present in the heart."	( Relevance of selectivity and non-selectivity in beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs. Bonelli, J, 1982)	0.26
" Blocking the direct actions of histamine with concentrations of pyrilamine greater than 10(-7) M resulted in a biphasic histamine dose-response curve: lower histamine concentrations produced a dose-dependent decrease of the twitch response; higher concentrations produced a potentiation."	( Histamine receptors in the myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig ileum: H1- and H2-receptor-mediated potentiation of the contractile response to electrical stimulation. Yellin, TO; Zavecz, JH, 1982)	0.26
") produced about a 10 fold rightward shift of the dose-response curve for guanoxabenz."	( alpha 2-Adrenoceptor agonists induced mydriasis in the rat by an action within the central nervous system. Berridge, TL; Gadie, B; Roach, AG; Tulloch, IF, 1983)	0.27
" Graded bolus injections of isoprenaline sulphate were given intravenously and control dose-response curves were drawn for the changes in heart rate and blood pressure."	( Heart rate and blood pressure responses to intravenous boluses of isoprenaline in the presence of propranolol, practolol and atropine. Arnold, JM; McDevitt, DG, 1983)	0.47
" Cumulative histamine dose-response curves were obtained on three groups each consisting of six dogs."	( Different, dose-dependent effects of verapamil inhalation on histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in anaesthetized dogs. Brandt, HD; Bunn, AE; Krivoy, N, 1984)	0.27
" In the isolated rat aorta preparation the aforementioned substances in low doses shifted the dose-response curves of norepinephrine to the right, whereas higher doses also reduced the maximum contraction."	( [The hypotensive effect of aromatic amidines and imidazolines]. Bielenberg, GW; Krieglstein, J, 1984)	0.27
" The dose-response curves to ACh showed nonparallel increases in H+ secretion and histamine release."	( Evidence for a direct action of acetylcholine on the gastric oxyntic cell of the amphibian. Michelangeli, F; Ruiz, MC, 1984)	0.27
" Atropine caused a dose-dependent rightward shift in the dose-response curves of inhibitory and excitatory effects of the two muscarinic agonists."	( Pharmacologic identification, activation and antagonism of two muscarine receptor subtypes in the lower esophageal sphincter. Gilbert, R; Goyal, RK; Rattan, S, 1984)	1.18
" This drug, as a nasal spray, could markedly inhibit metacholine-induced hypersecretion for a prolonged period, in a dosage having no demonstrable systemic effects, in treatment of patients with perennial rhinitis and watery rhinorrhoea as the major symptoms."	( Effect of a cholino-ceptor antagonist in the nose. Borum, P; Mygind, N, 1983)	0.27
" Three dosage regimes of atropine were used: 20 micrograms/kg, 12 micrograms/kg, both intramuscularly, and 10 micrograms/kg intravenously."	( The safety of atropine premedication in children with Down's syndrome. Marian, P; Overton, JH; Wark, HJ, 1983)	0.93
"To investigate the mechanism of intracellular transmission of three representative stimuli for gastric acid secretion, the dose-response relations of cyclic nucleotides accompanied by acid secretion stimulated by histamine, pentagastrin and bethanechol were comparatively studied using an in vitro preparation of guinea pig gastric mucosa surviving with a constant potential difference and acid secretion sensitive to amytal."	( Cyclic nucleotide response to acid-secreting stimuli in guinea pig gastric mucosa in vitro. Matsumoto, H; Miyoshi, A; Ohe, K; Shirakawa, T, 1981)	0.26
" The action of AcCho is cooperative, three transmitter-receptor complexes being required to cause a membrane conductance change, and the dose-response curve in most cases can be fitted by an equation assuming the existence of two binding sites with an affinity ratio of about 11."	( Cyclic GMP mimics the muscarinic response in Xenopus oocytes: identity of ionic mechanisms. Dascal, N; Landau, EM, 1982)	0.26
" Comparisons were made on the basis of dose-response relationships."	( Anorexia and hyperphagia produced by five pharmacologic classes of hallucinogens. Morton, EC; Vaupel, DB, 1982)	0.26
" Cumulative administrations of leukotrienes desensitized the lung strip, whereas non-cumulative dose-response relationships for the leukotrienes and histamine were reasonably parallel."	( Mechanisms of leukotriene-induced contractions of guinea pig airways: leukotriene C4 has a potent direct action whereas leukotriene B4 acts indirectly. Dahlén, SE; Granström, E; Hammarström, S; Hedqvist, P; Lindgren, JA; Rådmark, O; Westlund, P, 1983)	0.27
" In six subjects with asthma, we constructed dose-response curves to inhaled methacholine and to eucapnic hyperpnea with cold air after treatment with inhaled atropine (0."	( Effect of route of atropine delivery on bronchospasm from cold air and methacholine. Boushey, HA; Epstein, J; Holtzman, MJ; Nadel, JA; Sheppard, D, 1983)	0.79
" In 8 asthmatic subjects, dose-response curves were determined to isocapnic hyperventilation of cold air 30 min after inhalation of chlorpheniramine maleate (18 mg nebulized during tidal breathing), 2 doses of atropine sulphate (3 mg and 18 mg nebulized), or placebo."	( The protective effect of inhaled chlorpheniramine and atropine on bronchoconstriction stimulated by airway cooling. Daniel, EE; Hargreave, FE; Morris, M; O'Byrne, PM; Roberts, RS; Thomson, NC, 1983)	0.7
" Cumulative log dose-response curves were constructed."	( Methacholine dose-response curves in normal and asthmatic man: effect of starting conductance and pharmacological antagonism. Chung, KF; Snashall, PD, 1984)	0.27
" Drug distribution during the use of CPR or pneumatic trousers should be similar to that of circulatory failure with spontaneous circulation, but few data are available to guide drug dosing during the use of these interventions."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations in drug therapy of cardiac emergencies. Benowitz, N; Pentel, P, )	0.13
" Cardiorespiratory studies in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats revealed that both compounds shifted the dose-response curves to methacholine in terms of arterial blood pressure, heart rate and respiration upwards; indicative of cholinergic blockade."	( Pharmacological properties of two amino esters of diphenylpropanoic acid. Flavin, MT; Lu, MC; Shih, LB; Thompson, EB; Wu, L, 1984)	0.27
" The procedure presented here provides possibilities for the assay of these compounds in various dosage forms."	( [Gas chromatography determination of atropine, theophylline, phenobarbital and aminophenazone in tablets]. Majlát, P, 1984)	0.54
" We conclude that, at the dosage levels used, ciguatoxin acts mainly at the nerve endings, while maitotoxin exerts prominent toxic effects on muscles."	( Effects of ciguatoxin and maitotoxin on isolated rat atria and rabbit duodenum. Bagnis, R; Legrand, AM, 1984)	0.27
" A sigmoid dose-response curve was obtained for the phasic contraction."	( Effect of sodium propionate on the contractile response of the rat ileum in situ. Yajima, T, 1984)	0.27
"The dose-response relationship, onset, duration of action, atropine requirement, and pharmacokinetic variables of edrophonium were determined in infants and children during N2O-halothane anesthesia."	( Clinical pharmacology of edrophonium in infants and children. Cronnelly, R; Fisher, DM; Miller, RD; Sharma, M, 1984)	0.51
" TM-906 noncompetitively antagonized the contractile response to methacholine, and it caused a parallel shift of dose-response curves for the contractile response to CaCl2 to higher concentrations."	( Effects of trimebutine maleate (TM-906) on the smooth muscles of isolated guinea pig gallbladder. Magaribuchi, T; Takenaga, H; Tamaki, H, 1984)	0.27
" showed moderate effects, but the dosage also inhibited cysteamine-stimulated acid secretion."	( Effects of a gastric antisecretory-cytoprotectant 2-methyl-8-(phenylmethoxy)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-acetonitrile (Sch 28 080) on cysteamine, reserpine and stress ulcers in rats. Barnett, A; Brown, AD; Chiu, PJ; Gerhart, C, 1984)	0.27
" The absorption half-lives were higher when nitrofurantoin was administered as a solid dosage form compared to a solution."	( Absorption and disposition characteristics of nitrofurantoin in dogs. Niazi, S; Veng-Pedersen, P; Vishnupad, KS, )	0.13
" The adrenaline-stimulated water flux exhibited a linear dose-response curve up to an adrenaline dosage of 750 micrograms kg-1; wt."	( Cholinergic and adrenergic effects on diffusional water flux in the toadfish, Opsanus beta. Evans, DH; Oduleye, SO, 1983)	0.27
" The tested compounds did not show any significant activity; some of them, in particular the isoxazole derivative (X), shift the dose-response curve of norepinephrine to the left."	( Synthesis and biological activity of heterocyclic acyl-cholines. De Amici, M; De Micheli, C; Grana, E; Santagostino Barbone, MG; Zonta, F, 1983)	0.27
" DA and 5-HT turnover rates were little affected by the same dosage of MCI-2016."	( [Effects of 4-(o-benzylphenoxy)-N-methylbutylamine hydrochloride (MCI-2016) on monamine metabolism in the brain]. Egawa, M; Ida, S; Inokuchi, T; Tobe, A, 1983)	0.27
" Pancreatic dose-response tests with graded bethanechol stimulation on constant secretion stimulation, without or with a low dose of background atropine, were performed in four chronic gastric and duodenal fistula dogs after 3 and 12 months of intragastric feeding with ethanol."	( Cholinergic stimulation and inhibition of pancreatic secretion in alcohol-adapted dogs. Biedzinski, TM; Devaux, MA; Sarles, H; Schmidt, DN, 1983)	0.47
" The dose-response curve for the stimulating effect of neostigmine on saliva production was shifted to the right in borderline hypertensive as compared with normotensive subjects."	( Studies of salivary flow in borderline hypertension: effects of drugs acting on structures innervated by the autonomic nervous system. Rahn, KH; Schols, M; van Baak, MA; van Hooff, M, 1984)	0.27
" Study I determined the threshold of physiological effects and the gradation of these effects with increasing dosage of atropine."	( Effect of atropine on the exercise-heat performance of man. Appleton, BS; Joyce, BE; Kolka, MA; Levine, L; Pandolf, KB; Sawka, MN, 1984)	0.88
"5 X 10(-6)M), added to the bath fluid 5 minutes before the administration of acetylcholine (10(-7) - 10(-6)M), caused an almost parallel shift (to the right) in the log dose-response curve of acetylcholine on isolated driven left atria of guinea-pigs."	( Reversible antagonism between acetylcholine and phenoxybenzamine in isolated atria of guinea-pigs. Ojewole, JA, 1984)	0.27
" The recorded tremor intensity showed a clear dose-response relationship for physostigmine."	( Quantification of tremor in rats induced by physostigmine. Gothóni, P; Lehtinen, M; Silen, L, 1981)	0.26
" We assessed bronchoconstrictor responses in anesthetized dogs by determining the increase in total pulmonary resistance before and after increasing doses of atropine and then constructing inhibition dose-response curves."	( Intravenous versus inhaled atropine for inhibiting bronchoconstrictor responses in dogs. Fabbri, LM; Graf, PD; Hahn, HL; Holtzman, MJ; McNamara, MP; Nadel, JA; Sheppard, D, 1983)	0.76
" The dose-response curve of CV rats shifted markedly to the right compared to that of GF rats, suggesting that CV rats were less sensitive to the acute effects of propionate than GF rats."	( Alteration in sensitivity of transmural electrical response to propionate in rat colon after chronic luminal infusion of short-chain fatty acids. Kojima, K; Mutai, M; Tohyama, K; Yajima, T, 1983)	0.27
" Atropine given in higher dosage (80mg/kg) with digoxin (40mg/kg) produced arrhythmias in 100% of rats as did digoxin alone, but significantly shortened their onset and modified the types of arrhythmias seen."	( Modification of digoxin induced arrhythmogenicity in adult rats following atropine administration. Kaplanski, J; Martin, O; Weinhouse, E, 1983)	1.41
" This was associated with a shift of the blood pressure dose-response curves to the left, and larger falls in mean, systolic and diastolic pressures (30."	( Contribution of the vagus to the haemodynamic responses following intravenous boluses of isoprenaline. Arnold, JM; McDevitt, DG, 1983)	0.27
" Dose-response curves to cholecystokinin and acetylcholine were first established."	( In vitro effects of pancreatic polypeptide and motilin on contractility of human gallbladder. Davison, JS; Pomeranz, IS; Shaffer, EA, 1983)	0.27
"3 mg/kg) or prazosin in high dosage (0."	( Bronchopulmonary effects of clonidine on the bronchomotor responses of the guinea-pig. Advenier, C; Floch, A; Mallard, B, 1983)	0.27
"1 mg/kg iv) was given after the second aerosol histamine challenge, and a third dose-response curve was performed."	( Effect of endotoxin on airway responsiveness to aerosol histamine in sheep. Brigham, KL; Hinson, JM; Hutchison, AA; Snapper, JR, 1983)	0.27
"We studied the effects of atropine (10(-10) to 10(-6) M), tetrodotoxin (TTX) (10(-6) g/ml), and neostigmine (10(-7) M) on the histamine dose-response curve of canine tracheal smooth muscle (TSM) in vitro."	( Mechanisms of histamine-induced contraction of canine airway smooth muscle. Irvin, CG; Martin, JG; Shenkier, T; Shore, S, 1983)	0.57
" In contrast, neither the dose-response nor the time course of TMT-induced hypothermia were affected by any of the drugs tested."	( Antinociceptive and hypothermic effects of trimethyltin. Costa, LG; Doctor, SV; Murphy, SD, 1982)	0.26
" Increasing dosage of atropine (0,06, pointed out a moderate competitive antagonism with ATP."	( [ATP effects on eccito-conduction and arterial pressure before and after block of the vagus. Haemodynamic and electrophysiologic study (author's transl)]. Amodio, F; Capogrosso, V; Cifarelli, A; Colonna, L; Cristallo, E; Rizzo, A, 1981)	0.58
" Dose-response relationships provided security for the comparison of the activities of these two pharmaca."	( [Antipyretic activity of 3-amino-4-mercapto-6-methylpyridazine and some standard pharmaca]. Bluth, R, 1982)	0.26
" Adverse effects are often related to dosage or other factors."	( Mydriatic and cycloplegic drugs: a review of ocular and systemic complications. Doughty, CB; Rengstorff, RH, 1982)	0.26
" Alterations in phosphorylation produced by carbachol were dose-dependent (maximal at 1-3 microM) and consistent with the dose-response relationship for carbachol-induced amylase secretion."	( Effects of carbachol, cholecystokinin, and insulin on protein phosphorylation in isolated pancreatic acini. Burnham, DB; Williams, JA, 1982)	0.26
" atropine pretreatment, the PCP dose-response curve was shifted to the right, and the magnitude of the pressor responses was reduced by about 50%."	( Reduction by atropine of phencyclidine hypertension and apneusis. Holsapple, MP; Malave, A; Yim, GK, 1982)	1.54
" Intravenous supplementation of the sedation was limited by the protocol to a maximum secobarbital dosage of 2 mg/kg."	( The choice of sedation for computed tomography in children: a prospective evaluation. Ashwal, S; Hasso, AN; Hinshaw, DB; Holden, BS; Schneider, S; Thompson, JR, 1982)	0.26
" Ten of the studies are dose-response evaluations."	( Sleep spindles: pharmacological effects in humans. Hirshkowitz, M; Karacan, I; Thornby, JI, 1982)	0.26
" after 30 min pretreatment produced a significant and parallel shift in OTMN's analgesic dose-response line, assessed by the hot plate test (55 degrees C)."	( Some observations on the effects of enantiomers of two benzomorphan narcotic antagonists and atropine on analgesia, tremor and hypothermia produced by oxotremorine. Ben-Sreti, MM; Sewell, RD; Upton, N, 1982)	0.48
"High-performance liquid chromatographic separations are described for the analysis of hyoscyamine-atropine and scopolamine in combination pharmaceutical dosage forms containing phenobarbital."	( Belladonna alkaloids and phenobarbital combination pharmaceuticals analysis I: High-performance liquid chromatographic determinations of hyoscyamine-atropine and scopolamine. Pennington, LJ; Schmidt, WF, 1982)	0.68
" The dose-response curves of the frequency for acetylcholine were shifted to the right by atropine and to the left by neostigmine in both preparations."	( Effects of acetylcholine on the tone and miniature contractions of isolated dog urinary bladder. Ikegami, K; Mutoh, S; Sakanashi, M; Ueda, S; Yano, S, 1982)	0.49
"125 mg/kg, however, the dose-response curve was not parallel to those for neostigmine or pyridostigmine."	( Edrophonium: duration of action and atropine requirement in humans during halothane anesthesia. Cronnelly, R; Miller, RD; Morris, RB, 1982)	0.54
" The infused dose of atropine shifted the dose-response relationship to the right, thus making it more evident."	( Early increased pancreatic secretory capacity during alcohol adaptation in the dog. Devaux, MA; Sarles, H; Schmidt, DN, 1982)	0.58
" 4 The dose-response curve following intraventricular administration demonstrated that hemicholinium-3 was not as lethal after central administration as it was after peripheral administration."	( Peripheral toxicity of hemicholinium-3 in mice. Freeman, JJ; Kosh, JW; Parrish, JS, 1982)	0.26
"Adult proestrous rats were subjected to either electrochemical or electrical stimulation of the medial preoptic area after ovulation-blocking dosage with either pentobarbital (PTBL), morphine, chlorpromazine, or atropine."	( Similarity of luteinizing hormone surges induced by medial preoptic stimulation in female rats blocked with pentobarbital, morphine, chlorpromazine, or atropine. Everett, JW; Tyrey, L, 1982)	0.65
" We constructed cumulative log dose-response curves and determined the steepest slope and the provocative dose of histamine (PD35) needed to cause a 35% fall in specific airway conductance (SGaw)."	( Histamine dose-response relationships in normal and asthmatic subjects. The importance of starting airway caliber. Chung, KF; Keyes, SJ; Morgan, B; Snashall, PD, 1982)	0.26
" Glycopyrrolate, being about twice as potent as atropine in the clinical situation, was used in half the dosage of atropine."	( A comparison of atropine and glycopyrrolate in anaesthetic practice. Kongsrud, F; Sponheim, S, 1982)	0.87
" Dose-response curves for selected agents showed that maximal stimulation of synthesis was to 136-140% of the value without an antagonist."	( Evidence for the pharmacological similarity between the central presynaptic muscarinic autoreceptor and postsynaptic muscarinic receptors. Bowen, DM; Marek, KL, 1982)	0.26
" Dose response relationship is noted in individual fetuses with multiple dosage injections."	( Effect of hypoxemia and acidemia on the fetal cardiac response to acetylcholine: experimental observations in fetal baboons. Daniel, SS; James, LS; Morishima, HO; Stark, RI; Yeh, MN, 1981)	0.26
"The effect of a forced long-term barbital treatment (daily dosage about 200 mg/kg for 32 weeks) on cholinergic brain mechanisms was studied on days 53 and 81 - 83 after withdrawal."	( Changes in cholinergic function in rat brain late in abstinence after chronic barbital treatment. Nordberg, A; Wahlström, G, 1981)	0.26
"3 Pretreatment of the mice with naloxone caused a dose-dependent shift to the right of the dose-response curve to morphine."	( Evidence for an action of morphine and the enkephalins on sensory nerve endings in the mouse peritoneum. Bentley, GA; Newton, SH; Starr, J, 1981)	0.26
" In Ca2+ -free buffer the BaCl2 dose-response curve was shifted to the right."	( BaCl2-induced contractions in the guinea pig ileum longitudinal muscle: role of presynaptic release of neurotransmitters and Ca2+ translocation in the postsynaptic membrane. Clement, JG, 1981)	0.26
" The dose-response relation between alinidine and frequency is not altered by atropine, and alinidine does not block the positive chronotropic action of isoprenaline."	( Pacemaker selectivity: influence on rabbit atria of ionic environment and of alinidine, a possible anion antagonist. Millar, JS; Williams, EM, 1981)	0.49
"We studied bronchial responsiveness to methacholine in 10 normal subjects, in 60 patients with bronchial asthma and in 30 patients with bronchitis using a new device, with which we were able to obtain the dose-response curve of respiratory resistance (Rrs) continuously and graphically by the 3 Hz oscillation method during inhalation of methacholine."	( Direct graphical recordings of the cumulative dose-response curves of the airway to methacholine in normal, bronchitic and asthmatic subjects. Hida, W; Sasaki, T; Suzuki, S; Takishima, T, 1981)	0.26
" Cimetidine caused parallel displacement of the dose-response curve to histamine, but failed to alter the response to carbachol or gastrin."	( Secretagogue stimulation of [14C]aminopyrine accumulation by isolated canine parietal cells. Soll, AH, 1980)	0.26
" 2 A marked parallel displacement to the left (potentiation; not additive effect) of the dose-response curve for acetylcholine was observed when 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), noradrenaline, histamine, angiotensin II or KCl were added at a concentration that caused only slight contraction (0."	( Potentiation of the contractile response to acetylcholine in aortic strips by low concentrations of vascular contractile agonists. Asano, M; Hidaka, H, 1980)	0.26
" Dose-response curves obtained for carbachol and isoproterenol indicated that the maximum response to carbachol is greater than that to isoproterenol but that the threshold for response to isoproterenol is much lower than that to carbachol."	( Autonomic control of lacrimal protein secretion. Bromberg, BB, 1981)	0.26
" Atropine (10(-6) M) and tetrodotoxin (3 x 10(-7) M) did not affect NKA-induced contractions, but inhibited SP- and NKB-induced contractions; the dose-response curves for SP and NKB were rightwardly shifted by atropine."	( Tachykinin-induced contractions in the circular muscle of guinea pig ileum. Gomi, Y; Mizuno, K; Suzuki, N, 1994)	1.2
" A remarkable finding was the dose-response curve to APNEA, which is thought to have some selective activity on the A3 receptor."	( Characterization of the adenosine receptors in the airways. Joos, GF; Pauwels, RA, )	0.13
" The dose-response curve for carbachol showed a significantly lower maximal response in the striatum of senescent rats, whereas the time course of [3H]inositol incorporation into inositol metabolites and the accumulation of free [3H]inositol in tissues from young and old animals were not different."	( Decreased phospholipase C-beta immunoreactivity, phosphoinositide metabolism, and protein kinase C activation in senescent F-344 rat brain. Friedman, E; Undie, AS; Wang, HY, )	0.13
"A simple and specific liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of atropine in nerve gas antidotes and several other dosage forms."	( Liquid chromatographic determination of atropine in nerve gas antidotes and other dosage forms. Lawrence, GD; Lehr, GJ; Yuen, SM, )	0.62
" Dose-response relationship of the effects of annetocin and its related peptides on the annelid and mammalian systems shows that amino acid residue at the third position of these peptides is important for exertion of excitatory action on the smooth muscle systems."	( Effects of annetocin, an oxytocin-related peptide isolated from the earthworm Eisenia foetida, and some putative neurotransmitters on gut motility of the earthworm. Fujita, T; Ikeda, T; Matsushima, O; Minakata, H; Nomoto, K; Oumi, T; Ukena, K, 1995)	0.29
" The cholecystokinin dose-response with a somatostatin-14 background was then repeated with the addition of atropine (10 micrograms/kg/h)."	( Somatostatin inhibits cholecystokinin-induced pancreatic protein secretion via cholinergic pathways. Brodish, RJ; Fink, AS; Kuvshinoff, BW; McFadden, DW, 1995)	0.5
" Greatest suppression was found in the highest dosage of atropine in response to the intraduodenal tryptophane at gradually increasing doses."	( Effect of atropine and truncal vagotomy on the exocrine pancreatic function in dogs stimulated with intraduodenal tryptophan. Calpena Rico, R; Candela Polo, F; Compañ Rosique, A; Medrano Heredia, J; Pérez Vázquez, MT, 1994)	0.94
" Because of inefficiency of the general measures (compressive pantyhose), the sympathomimetic agonists, and the centrally active alpha-2-antagonists, norepinephrine was administered via a miniature dosing pump."	( [Orthostatic hypotension]. Düsing, R; Glänzer, K; Ko, Y; Schmitz, U; Seewald, S; Vetter, H, 1995)	0.29
"The authors report dose-response relationships for atropine in their rat model of human delirium."	( Rat model of delirium: atropine dose-response relationships. Ciongoli, K; Leavitt, ML; Trzepacz, PT, 1994)	0.85
") administration of pirenzepine (1 and 10 micrograms/10 microliters), a selective M1 receptor antagonist, caused a rightward shift of the 5-HT dose-response curve for efferent vagus nerve activity."	( Involvement of muscarinic M1 receptor in the central pathway of the serotonin-induced Bezold-Jarisch reflex in rats. Kitabatake, A; Kohya, T; Saito, K; Yoshioka, M, 1994)	0.29
" In contrast, the dose-response curves of 5-HT-induced IPs accumulation were not shifted until the concentrations of NAN-190 and metoclopramide (5-HT1A and 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, respectively) were increased up to 10 microM."	( 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in canine cultured tracheal smooth muscle cells. Hsieh, JT; Ong, R; Yang, CM; Yo, YL, 1994)	0.29
" The effects of drugs on IGP, IDP, and ICP (increase or decrease) can be assessed and a dose-response curve before and after antagonists can be computed."	( A method for simultaneous measurement of intragastric, intraduodenal, and intracolonic pressures in the bilaterally vagotomized spinal rat. Dhasmana, KM; Erdmann, W; Zhu, YN, 1994)	0.29
" A dose-response effect was established for respiratory rate, electroencephalogram, and cardiac sinus rate, which exhibited a stepwise decrease from 10% trifluoromethane."	( Evaluation of the acute cardiac and central nervous system effects of the fluorocarbon trifluoromethane in baboons. Branch, CA; Butt, SS; Ewing, JR; Fagan, SC; Gayner, J; Goldberg, DA, 1994)	0.29
" The pancreatic dose-response curve to 40-min venous infusions of neurotensin 1-13 (0."	( Mechanism of neurotensin stimulation of external pancreatic secretion in the rat. Chariot, J; Nagain, C; Rozé, C, 1993)	0.29
" Naloxone shifted to the right the dose-response curves for each opioid peptide significantly enhancing the ED50 values."	( Modulation of non-adrenergic non-cholinergic inhibitory transmission in rat duodenum: role of opiates and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Adamo, EB; Di Giovanni, G; Marini, R; Mulè, F; Postorino, A; Serio, R, 1993)	0.29
" The myocardial depression cannot be necessarily attenuated by vagolysis regardless of the dosage of atropine."	( Echocardiographic evaluation of vagolytic effects of atropine sulfate during pediatric halothane anesthesia. Hirano, T; Horigome, H; Tsuji, M; Yamashita, M, 1993)	0.75
" Tetrodotoxin (1 mumol/L) and atropine (1 mumol/L) caused a rightward shift of the dose-response curve for CCK-8-stimulated sphincter relaxation."	( Characterization of cholecystokinin receptors on the human sphincter of Oddi. Concepcion, W; Cox, KL; Esquivel, CO; Itasaka, H; Nakazato, P; Tokunaga, Y, 1993)	0.57
" Significant dose-response curves were obtained for both carbamylcholine and atropine."	( [Isolated smooth muscle cells of the human colon. Cytophysiological study]. Balas, D; Giannarelli, S; Rampal, P, 1993)	0.51
" Modifications in the dose or dosing interval have been recommended for epinephrine, atropine, lidocaine, bretylium, and procainamide during cardiopulmonary resuscitation."	( Changes in the pharmacotherapy of CPR. Gonzalez, ER; Grillo, JA, )	0.36
" Dose-response relationships were established for 5-HT in experiments in which each mouse was treated with a single dose of 5-HT without antagonist or after LY53857."	( Serotonin-induced pulmonary responses are mediated by the 5-HT2 receptor in the mouse. Cohen, ML; Drazen, JM; Martin, TR, 1994)	0.29
"Dobutamine stress echocardiography was safely performed using supplemental atropine and an aggressive dosing protocol."	( Symptoms, adverse effects, and complications associated with dobutamine stress echocardiography. Experience in 1118 patients. Feigenbaum, H; Foltz, J; Kovacs, R; Mertes, H; Ryan, T; Sawada, SG; Segar, DS, 1993)	0.52
" NA increased mucociliary activity at a dosage of 10(-5) mol/kg, the maximal increase being 16."	( The effect of noradrenaline on mucociliary activity in the rabbit maxillary sinus. Cervin, A; Lindberg, S; Mercke, U, 1993)	0.29
" Ultrasonically nebulized hypertonic saline challenge was given in a dose-response manner to determine the provocative dose of hypertonic saline-laden air required to produce a fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) of 20% or greater (PD20HS)."	( The contribution of neurogenic reflexes to hypertonic saline-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. Holgate, ST; Makker, HK, 1993)	0.29
" The dose-response to ipratropium bromide was determined using a Williams square design experiment in which 25, 50 or 75 micrograms ipratropium bromide/ml (4 ml/100 kg bwt) or the same volume of vehicle was administered to each horse by nebulisation."	( The airway response of horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves) to aerosol administration of ipratropium bromide. Berney, C; Derksen, FJ; Goossens, L; Robinson, NE, 1993)	0.29
" Since the dose-response relationship is not typical of a drug-receptor interaction, it appears unlikely that the leukotoxin is a direct agonist of H1 receptors."	( Effects of Pasteurella haemolytica culture supernate on bovine tracheal smooth muscle. Bélanger, A; Harris, WH; Yamashiro, S, 1993)	0.29
"1-10 mumol/kg) produced a bell-shaped dose-response curve for the secretory rate, bicarbonate and protein outputs."	( Effects of peptide histidine isoleucine on pancreatic exocrine secretion in anaesthetized dogs. Chiba, S; Iwatsuki, K; Ren, LM, )	0.13
", owing to the higher dosage used in our study (50 mg as against 20 mg)."	( [Oral premedication with clorazepate dipotassium. Comparison with oral premedication with flunitrazepam and intramuscular premedication with promethazine, pethidine and atropine in adults]. Gonzales, I; Kretz, FJ; Peidersky, P, 1993)	0.48
"Six trace elements were monitored in neural tissue homogenates from White Leghorn hens orally dosed with tri-o-tolyl phosphate (TOTP) or tri-m-tolyl phosphate (TMTP) (200 mg/kg)."	( Change in hen sciatic nerve calcium after a single oral dose of tri-o-tolyl phosphate. Luttrell, WE; Olajos, EJ; Pleban, PA, 1993)	0.29
"04 mg/kg); oral quinidine was then administered at a daily dosage of 1,200 mg for 3 to 4 days, after which the QT duration was reassessed using the same method in a second study."	( Direct and autonomically mediated effects of oral quinidine on RR/QT relation after an abrupt increase in heart rate. Alboni, P; Antonioli, GE; Cappato, R; Codecà, L; Guardigli, G; Toselli, T, 1993)	0.29
" The dose-response curve and ED50 value for KCl were not different between neurogenic and control bladders."	( [Response of the human neurogenic bladder induced by intramural nerve stimulation]. Kato, T; Kondo, A; Miyake, K; Saito, M, 1993)	0.29
" In contrast, benactyzine and trihexyphenidyl showed a third profile of activity: There was a smaller increase in drug dosage required for anticonvulsant activity as seizure duration increased, and both drugs could terminate seizures that had progressed for 40 min."	( Pharmacological modulation of soman-induced seizures. McDonough, JH; Shih, TM, 1993)	0.29
" There was little evidence of a dose-response relationship for either compound, and a loss of efficacy for ondansetron was seen at 3 mg/kg."	( Ondansetron improves cognitive performance in the Morris water maze spatial navigation task. Daniels, SE; Eglen, RM; Fontana, DJ; Henderson, C; Wong, EH, 1995)	0.29
" Inhibitors of phospholipase C, protein kinase C, calcium/calmodulin, nitric oxide synthase and guanylate cyclase, shifted the dose-response curve of carbachol on contractility to the right."	( Endogenous nitric oxide signalling system and the cardiac muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-inotropic response. Borda, E; Echagüe, AV; Genaro, A; Leiros, CP; Sterin-Borda, L, 1995)	0.29
" Thus, the dose-response curve adopted an inverted U-shaped form."	( Effects of posttraining administration of glucose on retention of a habituation response in mice: participation of a central cholinergic mechanism. Baratti, CM; Kopf, SR, 1996)	0.29
" In nine other rats a lower dosage (5 mg kg-1) was used."	( Haemodynamic and electrophysiological acute toxic effects of mercury in anaesthetized rats and in langendorff perfused rat hearts. Amaral, SM; Massaroni, L; Oliveira, EM; Rossoni, LV; Stefanon, I; Vassallo, DV, )	0.13
" The modified euglycaemic clamp method for assessing insulin responses was shown to be reproducible up to four times in the same animal and was sufficiently sensitive and quantitative to be able to generate a dose-response curve in each animal for atropine-induced insulin resistance."	( Induction of insulin resistance by cholinergic blockade with atropine in the cat. Lautt, WW; Xie, H, 1995)	0.71
" Medetomidine significantly reduces propofol dosage requirements."	( Comparative responses to propofol anaesthesia alone and with alpha 2-adrenergic medications in a canine model. Bufalari, A; Giannoni, C; Short, CE; Vainio, O, 1996)	0.29
" In the three types of preparations, the dose-response curves for acetylcholine were alike with similar EC50s."	( Spontaneous tone in different types of longitudinal muscle preparations of guinea pig ileum. Gomi, Y; Mambo, T; Shibayama, T; Suzuki, N, 1995)	0.29
" The YM022 dosage required to inhibit basal acid secretion is consistent with that required to suppress pentagastrin-induced acid secretion."	( Comparative evaluation of the role of endogenous gastrin in basal acid secretion in conscious rats provided with chronic fistula and pylorus ligation. Akuzawa, S; Miyata, K; Nishida, A; Takemoto, Y; Uchida-Kobayashi, A, 1996)	0.29
" Next, a controlled-release (CR) dosage form of pranoprofen was tentatively prepared by combining A-, B- and C-granules at the ratio of 3:4:3 (w/w in contents of pranoprofen)."	( Gastrointestinal physiology-regulated dogs for bioavailability evaluation of an oral controlled-release dosage form composed of pulsatile release granules. Kawata, M; Matsuura, Y; Sagara, K; Shibata, M; Yamada, I, 1996)	0.29
"5-200 ng/kg/h CCK dose-response and 125 ng/kg/h secretin studies."	( The effect of pancreatic denervation and atropine on the cholecystokinin-induced pancreatic exocrine response. Berry, SM; Fink, AS; Kuvshinoff, BW; McFadden, DW, 1996)	0.56
" The present experiments show that glucose attenuates deficits in paradoxical sleep and memory after atropine administration, with similar dose-response curves for both actions."	( Glucose attenuation of atropine-induced deficits in paradoxical sleep and memory. Gold, PE; Rudd, RJ; Stone, WS, 1995)	0.82
"kg-1 orally is not an equipotent dosage to atropine, 20 micrograms."	( Plasma concentration following oral and intramuscular atropine in children and their clinical effects. Dick, WF; Duda, D; el Gindi, M; Gervais, HW; Palm, D; Radermacher, PR; Volz-Zang, C, 1997)	0.81
" The dose-response curve for stimulation by betagamma subunits of the m2 and rhodopsin phosphorylation was shifted to the higher concentration of betagamma subunits by addition of Ca2+-calmodulin."	( Ca2+-dependent inhibition of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 by calmodulin. Haga, K; Haga, T; Tsuga, H, 1997)	0.3
" Response to beta-adrenergic stimulation showed a classic sigmoidal dose-response curve; however, there was very little tachycardiac response to vagal blockade, indicating low resting vagal tone."	( Cardiovascular indexes in the mouse at rest and with exercise: new tools to study models of cardiac disease. Barsh, GS; Bernstein, D; Desai, KH; Kobilka, BK; Sato, R; Schauble, E, 1997)	0.3
"055 nmol from the dose-response curve."	( Central regulation of urine production by a selective mu-opioid agonist, [D-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Gly5-ol]-enkephalin, in rats. Matsuda, T; Mori, M; Tsushima, H, 1997)	0.3
" A muscarinic agonist, carbachol, produced a dose-related rightward shift of the dose-response curve to IMI."	( Suppression of the rat micturition reflex by imipramine. Kim, CY; Sohn, UD, 1997)	0.3
" Dose-response curves were constructed using the putatively selective antagonists pirenzepine (M1), gallamine (M2) and 4-DAMP (M3: 4-diphenyl-acetoxy-N-methylpiperidine) and compared with the non-selective blocker, atropine."	( Functional characterization of peripheral muscarinic subtypes in anesthetized cats. Koss, MC, 1997)	0.48
" These anti-muscarinic M2 receptor antibodies shifted the dose-response relationship of the beta-adrenoceptor agonist isoproterenol to higher concentrations whereas preimmune rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) or antibodies against the N-terminus of the beta 1-adrenoceptor had no effect."	( Anti-M2 muscarinic receptor antibodies inhibit beta-adrenoceptor-mediated inotropic response in rat myocardium. Fu, ML; Hjalmarson, A; Hoebeke, J; Osnes, JB; Schiander, IG; Skomedal, T, 1997)	0.3
" Dosage of the separate drugs in ophthalmic preparations is also presented."	( Development and validation of a capillary zone electrophoresis method for the determination of atropine, homatropine and scopolamine in ophthalmic solutions. Cherkaoui, S; Christen, P; Mateus, L; Veuthey, JL, 1997)	0.52
" This dosage of atropine caused a 93 +/- 13."	( Effects of a selective and a nonselective muscarinic cholinergic antagonist on heart rate and intestinal motility in dogs. Hendrix, PK; Robinson, EP, 1997)	0.64
" Oral dosing of diazinon at 75 and 100 mg/kg produced signs of toxicosis in mice characteristic of cholinergic over-stimulation, and the percentages of deaths were 90 and 100%, respectively."	( Medetomidine protection against diazinon-induced toxicosis in mice. Mohammad, FK; Yakoub, LK, 1997)	0.3
" The rational atropine dosage for treatment of AOIP should be enough to antagonize the accumulation of acetylcholine but should not cause too much body feedback regulation."	( [Study on observation indexes of rational dosage of atropine in treatment of acute organophosphorus insecticides poisoning]. Fang, Y; Li, Z; Pei, ZI, 1997)	0.91
" At a dosage of 100 mg/kg BW, atropine was mildly toxic and at 200 mg/kg 2-PAM was severely toxic (but not lethal), whereas at dosages of 50 and 100 mg/kg BW, respectively, the antidotes were at their most effective."	( New treatment regimens in organophosphate (diazinon) and carbamate (methomyl) insecticide-induced toxicosis in fowl. Bellaiche, M; Ershov, E; Hanji, V; Shlosberg, A, 1997)	0.59
" Pretreatment with atropine shifted the dose-response curve of acetylcholine to the right and the maximal response was reduced by 9%, 49% and 77% respectively with pretreatment with atropine 10(-8), 10(-7) and 10(-6) mole/kg."	( Effects of atropine, isoproterenol and propranolol on the rabbit bladder contraction induced by intra-arterial administration of acetylcholine and ATP. Horan, P; Levin, RM; Liu, SP, 1998)	1.02
" It was stimulated by empty receptors at high receptor densities, and the dose-response curve was shifted to the left by the agonist carbachol and to the right by the antagonist atropine."	( Effects of an agonist, allosteric modulator, and antagonist on guanosine-gamma-[35S]thiotriphosphate binding to liposomes with varying muscarinic receptor/Go protein stoichiometry. Haga, T; Jakubík, J; Tucek, S, 1998)	0.49
") shifted the dose-response curves to capsaicin to the right in a dose-dependent fashion."	( Cholinergic influence on the sensitivity of cough reflex in awake guinea-pigs. Jia, YX; Sasaki, H; Sekizawa, K, 1998)	0.3
" The pattern of shift of the dose-response curve for nicotine-induced convulsion in mice was determined in the presence of increasing concentrations of the anticholinergic antiparkinson drugs."	( Anti-nicotinic properties of anticholinergic antiparkinson drugs. Cui, WY; Fan, QH; Gao, ZG; Li, LJ; Liu, BY; Liu, CG, 1998)	0.3
" A dose-response curve was constructed."	( Real-time measurement of cardiac vagal tone in conscious dogs. Hansen, S; Julu, PO; Little, CJ; Reid, SW, 1999)	0.3
" Vagal ligation but not perivagal capsaicin treatment reduced the inhibitory effect of secretin on bethanechol-stimulated contraction of isolated forestomach muscle strips, causing a right shift in the dose-response curve."	( Vagus nerve modulates secretin binding sites in the rat forestomach. Chang, TM; Chey, WY; Kwon, HY; Lee, KY, 1999)	0.3
" Muscarine shifted the GABA dose-response curve to the left, with the GABA EC50 decreased from 45 +/- 2 to 13 +/- 2 microM."	( Enhancement of GABA-activated current by muscarine in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Hu, HZ; Li, ZW; Shao, M, 1999)	0.3
"After reading this article, the reader should be able to describe techniques for the control of saliva during dental procedures; discuss the problems associated with saliva contamination of an operative field; explain the clinical benefits, dosing guidelines, and contraindications for using atropine sulfate to temporarily reduce saliva flow during dental procedures."	( Atropine sulfate--a current review of a useful agent for controlling salivation during dental procedures. Sherman, BR; Sherman, CR, )	1.75
" The RIST index is sufficiently sensitive and reproducible to permit establishment of insulin dose-response curves and interference of insulin action by elimination of hepatic parasympathetic nerves, using atropine."	( Rapid insulin sensitivity test (RIST). Lautt, WW; Legare, DJ; Macedo, MP; Sadri, P; Wang, X, 1998)	0.49
" At doses of 10(-6)-3 x 10(-5) M, propiverine caused both a rightward shift and inhibition of the maximum response in the acetylcholine (ACh) dose-response curve."	( [Effects of propiverine hydrochloride (propiverine) on isolated rat and dog urinary bladder]. Kaneko, S; Nakano, D; Nishimori, T; Ohara, M, 1999)	0.3
" The combined application of this pair of muscarinic agonist and antagonist yielded a set of bell-shaped dose-response curves."	( Influence of atropine on carbachol dual effect on Ca2+ mobilization in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Akerman, KE; Järv, J; Oras, A, 1999)	0.67
" In the isolated AV node preparation, dose-response curves for negative dromotropic effects (prolongation of Atrio-His interval) of carbachol (CCh) injected into the posterior septal artery were shifted to the right in parallel by AF-DX, pirenzepine, and atropine with apparent pA2-values of 13, 27."	( Comparison of anti-M2-muscarinic effect of AF-DX 116 on atrioventricular nodal conduction with those of pirenzepine and atropine as antibradyarrhythmic drugs. Motomura, S; Sasaki, S, 1999)	0.69
" An increase in airway sensitivity was defined as a significant leftward shift of the dose-response curve when compared with saline-challenged control sensitized animals."	( Airway hyperresponsiveness in anaesthetised guinea-pigs 18-24 hours after antigen inhalation does not occur with all intravenously administered spasmogens. Broadley, KJ; Johnson, A, 1999)	0.3
") elevated blood pressure to a plateau of 30-50 mm Hg above baseline level and shifted the dose-response curve for acetylcholine-induced responses to the right by about 70-fold."	( Inhibitory mechanism of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine on acetylcholine-induced depressor responses in dogs. Ishii, K; Nakahara, T; Nakayama, K; Nejishima, H, 1999)	0.3
"To report toxicity resulting from donepezil administration following a tenfold dosing error."	( Donepezil overdose: a tenfold dosing error. Edwards, R; Klein-Schwartz, W; Shepherd, G, )	0.13
"A tenfold dosing error caused donepezil toxicity."	( Donepezil overdose: a tenfold dosing error. Edwards, R; Klein-Schwartz, W; Shepherd, G, )	0.13
"6 microgram/kg) and aminophylline (25 mg/kg), which were determined by the dose-response curves for inhibition of histamine-induced bronchoconstriction, were intravenously administered 5 minutes before the propranolol inhalation."	( Difference in bronchoprotective effects of bronchodilators on postallergic propranolol-induced bronchoconstriction. Fujimura, M; Ishiura, Y; Matsuda, T; Mizuhashi, K; Myou, S, 1999)	0.3
" At the lowest dose studied (20 microgram/kg iv), the inhibitory effects of candesartan were competitive, whereas at the highest dose (100 microgram/kg iv) the dose-response curve for angiotensin II was shifted to the right in a nonparallel manner with inhibitory effects that could not be surmounted."	( Role of AT(1) receptors and autonomic nervous system in mediating acute pressor responses to ANG II in anesthetized mice. Bivalacqua, TJ; Champion, HC; Dalal, A; Kadowitz, PJ, 1999)	0.3
"The present experiments evaluate the effects on oesophageal motility of an o-raffinose cross-linked haemoglobin-based oxygen carrier (HBOC) purified from outdated donated human blood cells (HemolinkTM), with attention to dose-response (0."	( Effect of an o-raffinose cross-linked haemoglobin product on oesophageal and lower oesophageal sphincter motor function. Christoff, B; Diamant, NE; Miller, D; Paterson, W; Valdez, D; Wong, LT; Xue, S, 1999)	0.3
" The response that occurred within 1 minute of atropine dosing was recorded as none, partial, complete, or adverse."	( Acute myocardial infarction complicated by hemodynamically unstable bradyarrhythmia: prehospital and ED treatment with atropine. Aufderheide, TP; Brady, WJ; DeBehnke, DJ; MA, OJ; Swart, G, 1999)	0.77
" A dobutamine perfusion was given at increasing dosage up to 50 micrograms/kg/min, in combination with intravenous atropine if needed to obtain a heart rate close to the theoretical maximum."	( [Diagnostic value of electrocardiography using dobutamine in coronary artery disease]. Arsenescu, I; Extramiana, F; Fournier, C; Mokaddem, J; Witchitz, S, 1999)	0.51
" Atropine displaced the dose-response curve for carbamylcholine to the right so that in the presence of 7 microM atropine a concentration of 1 mM carbamylcholine now gave an optimal rate of enzyme secretion."	( Morphological changes in rat pancreatic slices associated with inhibition of enzyme secretion by high concentrations of secretagogues. Savion, N; Selinger, Z, 1978)	1.17
" In Experiment 3, LH infusion by reverse microdialysis of the D(2) receptor blocker sulpiride released ACh in the LH in a dose-response manner."	( Dopamine-acetylcholine interaction in the rat lateral hypothalamus in the control of locomotion. De Parada, MP; Hernandez, L; Hoebel, BG; Parada, MA; Rada, P, 2000)	0.31
"The combination of meperidine, atropine, and pentobarbital is a safe and effective premedication for cardiac catheterization when administered in standard dosage based upon body weight."	( Oral meperidine, atropine, and pentobarbital for pediatric conscious sedation. Porter, AG; Vincent, RN; Winn, CW, )	0.76
"We studied the dose-response relationships for atropine-induced heart rate (HR) changes in 61 patients during propofol anesthesia."	( Heart rate response to intravenous atropine during propofol anesthesia. Horiguchi, T; Nishikawa, T, 2002)	0.85
"0 min after the intravenous administration of each drug and at all dosages except the lowest dosage of atropine."	( Ultrasonographic evaluation of reticular motility in cows after administration of atropine, scopolamine and xylazine. Braun, U; Gansohr, B; Haessig, M, 2002)	0.76
" To investigate the adenosine receptor-subtype(s) mediating this effect, the dose-response relationships for increasing rapid eye movement sleep by two highly selective adenosine receptor agonists were compared."	( Enhancement of rapid eye movement sleep in the rat by actions at A1 and A2a adenosine receptor subtypes with a differential sensitivity to atropine. Birabil, CG; Marks, GA; Shaffery, JP; Speciale, SG, 2003)	0.52
" FFTs of raw signals were generated at baseline (predose) and after intraperitoneal dosing of the rats with atropine (30 min postdose; 6 mg/kg), caffeine (90 and 150 min postdose; 30 mg/kg), ketamine (15 and 30 min postdose; 50 mg/kg), and pentobarbarbital (60 and 90 min postdose; 40 mg/kg)."	( Development of a quantitative method for evaluation of the electroencephalogram of rats by using radiotelemetry. Cain, C; Fitzgerald, AL; Juneau, P; Southwick, K, 2003)	0.53
" twice, 30 min before each dosing of dopamine."	( Dopamine-induced protection against indomethacin-evoked intestinal lesions in rats--role of anti-intestinal motility mediated by D2 receptors. Kato, S; Matsumoto, M; Miyazawa, T; Takeuchi, K, 2003)	0.32
" The inhibitory effect of the maximum bladder contraction pressure by the pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2', 4'-disulphonate (PPADS) dosage after the atropine dosage was not recognized it in the control group, but the effect was recognized powerfully in the obstructed group."	( [Acceleration of ATP-induced contraction in the obstructed bladder of the rat]. Kato, T; Otomo, R; Sato, K; Sato, S; Shimoda, N; Wada, H, 2003)	0.52
"Use of isometric handgrip exercise with DASE decreases time to target heart rate, recovery time, overall study time, and mean dosage of dobutamine and atropine."	( Isometric handgrip exercise during dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography increases heart rate acceleration and decreases study duration and dobutamine and atropine dosage. Moldenhauer, S; Sherrid, MV; Yao, SS, 2003)	0.78
" Sensitivity was high, results reproducible and linear log dose-response relationships obtained over a wide dosage range."	( A method for the quantitative estimation of drugs on the isolated intact trachea. JAMIESON, D, 1962)	0.24
" Atropine 1 mg should be the first dosage when executing Atropine test."	( [Clinical diagnosis of 26 cases of brain death]. Sheng, HQ; Shi, YJ; Wei, GH; Zhang, TX; Zhao, WG, 2004)	1.23
" We investigated further the incidence and dose-response relationship of this paradoxic atropine response and explored predictive factors."	( Atropine often results in complete atrioventricular block or sinus arrest after cardiac transplantation: an unpredictable and dose-independent phenomenon. Bernheim, A; Brunner-La Rocca, HP; Fatio, R; Kiowski, W; Rickli, H; Weilenmann, D, 2004)	1.99
"When treated for lavage with nasal gastric tube, the duration of coma, the time for reaching atropinization and the dosage of atropine needed, the total dosage of atropine used, the mechanical ventilation time, the time for restoring 50% of the normal value of choline esterase, the hospitalization time and charges, the relapse rate, the rate of atropine toxicosis and mortality were respectively: 13 (3 - 24) h, 180 (60 - 290) min, 150 (80 - 310) mg, 300 (90 - 870) mg, 17 (4 - 52) h, (5."	( [Evaluation of gastric lavage treatment for severe acute organophosphorus pesticides poisoning complicated by respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation]. Gu, YL; Lu, ZH; Xie, WJ; Yao, L, 2004)	0.53
" Dose-response curves were established for the noradrenaline-induced (10(-12) to 10(-7) mol/kg) increase of diastolic blood pressure in pithed rats treated with tubocurarine, propranolol, and atropine."	( Reduction of vascular noradrenaline sensitivity by AT1 antagonists depends on functional sympathetic innervation. Dendorfer, A; Dominiak, P; Raasch, W; Ziegler, A, 2004)	0.51
" Depletion of endogenous ACh in the presence of HC-3 was achieved by construction of an ACh dose-response curve, using exogenous ACh, prior to re-testing the effects of emodin in the presence of HC-3."	( The stimulant cathartic, emodin, contracts the rat isolated ileum by triggering release of endogenous acetylcholine. Ali, S; Osborne, RH; Watson, MS, 2004)	0.32
" Indeed, atropine-induced suppression of the DCE was found to be an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve."	( Cholinergic effects on fear conditioning I: the degraded contingency effect is disrupted by atropine but reinstated by physostigmine. Carnicella, S; Oberling, P; Pain, L, 2005)	0.97
"Ghrelin, GHRP-6, and capromorelin accelerated gastric emptying in an equipotent manner, with bell-shaped dose-response relationships."	( Gastric motor effects of peptide and non-peptide ghrelin agonists in mice in vivo and in vitro. De Smet, B; Depoortere, I; Kitazawa, T; Peeters, TL; Verbeke, K, 2005)	0.33
" Ghrelin was more potent than GHRP-6 and the dose-response relationship for ghrelin but not for GHRP-6 was bell-shaped."	( Comparison of the gastroprokinetic effects of ghrelin, GHRP-6 and motilin in rats in vivo and in vitro. De Man, J; De Winter, B; Depoortere, I; Peeters, T; Pelckmans, P; Thijs, T, 2005)	0.33
" The stimulation parameters in all but dose-response sessions included a frequency of 20 ppm, pulse width of 200 ms, and amplitude of 3 mA."	( Anal electrical stimulation with long pulses increases anal sphincter pressure in conscious dogs. Chen, JD; Nie, Y; Pasricha, JP, 2006)	0.33
" Experiments with adenosine demonstrated that the selected dose of SPT elicited marked rightward shifts in the dose-response curves for both the inotropic and vascular actions."	( Acute dilatory and negative inotropic effects of homocysteine are inhibited by an adenosine blocker. Boerma, M; Hauer-Jensen, M; Joseph, J; Kennedy, RH; Melchert, RB; Owings, R, 2006)	0.33
" Therefore, the Regional Emergency Medical Advisory Committee of New York City and the Fire Department, City of New York, Bureau of Emergency Medical Services, in collaboration with the Center for Pediatric Emergency Medicine of the New York University School of Medicine and the Bellevue Hospital Center, have developed a pediatric nerve agent antidote dosing schedule that addresses these considerations."	( Pediatric nerve agent poisoning: medical and operational considerations for emergency medical services in a large American city. Asaeda, G; Bove, J; Cherson, A; Cooper, A; Curran, J; Foltin, G; Gonzalez, D; Kaufman, B; Langsam, Y; Marshall, L; Tunik, M; van Amerongen, R, 2006)	0.33
" This article will help nurses to understand the use of drugs in cardiac arrest resuscitation, explaining the rationale for their use, the dosage and any significant problems likely to be encountered."	( Understanding the drugs used during cardiac arrest response. Gallimore, D, )	0.13
" Our results suggest that the association between an antimuscarinic drug and an antagonist of P2X purinoceptors such as suramin might be helpful to reduce the therapeutic dosage of the antimuscarinic drug, along with its side effects."	( Altered neurogenic and mechanical responses to acetylcholine, ATP and substance P in detrusor from rat with outlet obstruction. Pinna, C; Puglisi, L; Sanvito, P, 2006)	0.33
"The extraction methods in selected monographs of the European and the Swiss Pharmacopoeia were compared to pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with respect to the yield of constituents to be dosed in the quantitative assay for the respective herbal drugs."	( Are extraction methods in quantitative assays of pharmacopoeia monographs exhaustive? A comparison with pressurized liquid extraction. Basalo, C; Hamburger, M; Mohn, T, 2006)	0.33
" Validation showed that carbachol produced a dose-response curve closely mirroring that observed in the isolated muscle strips and demonstrated the dual nature of electrically evoked neurotransmission, consisting of a cholinergic component largely mediated by M(3) receptors and a purinergic component mediated by P2X receptors."	( The use of the isolated mouse whole bladder for investigating bladder overactivity. Brading, AF; Fabiyi, AC, 2006)	0.33
" The absence of atropine in hair is consistent with its very low dosage in the flower of Datura inoxia."	( Testing for atropine and scopolamine in hair by LC-MS-MS after Datura inoxia abuse. Barguil, Y; Charlot, JY; Cirimele, V; Kintz, P; Villain, M, 2006)	1.06
" We know of no paper that has systematically examined the possibility of assessing the conventional dose-response effects of iontophoresis and laser Doppler investigation of vasoactive substances and compared those relations to data obtained from strips mounted on a strain gauge."	( Assessment of microvascular function by study of the dose-response effects of iontophoretically applied drugs (acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside)--methods and comparison with in vitro studies. Henricson, J; Nilsson, G; Persson, K; Sjöberg, F; Tesselaar, E, 2007)	0.34
"After determining appropriate dosing for comparison, rodents were randomized to receive one of four intraperitoneal antidotes (n = 10 per group): 1) normal saline (0."	( Pretreating rats with parenteral ophthalmic antimuscarinic agents decreases mortality from lethal organophosphate poisoning. Aks, SE; Bryant, SM; Rhee, JW; Thompson, TM, 2007)	0.34
" In the abdominal constriction test, LXM-10 had a significant dose-response effect, and the maximal inhibition ratio was 79."	( Antinociceptive effects of the novel spirocyclopiperazinium salt compound LXM-10 in mice. Li, CL; Li, RT; Sun, Q; Ye, J; Yue, CQ, 2007)	0.34
" The duration and dosage of atropine and palidroxime were recorded."	( Organophosphate poisoning: 10 years of experience in southern Taiwan. Cheng, MH; Chong, IW; Huang, MS; Hung, JY; Hwang, JJ; Sheu, CC; Tsai, JR; Wang, CS, 2007)	0.63
" For caffeine and scopolamine, even the lowest dosage tested (5 mg/horse/day and 2 mg/horse/day respectively) induced detectable concentrations of the molecule in urine."	( Urinary excretion of dietary contaminants in horses. Bonnaire, Y; Julliand, V; Lallemand, A; Respondek, F, 2006)	0.33
" That some patients still yielded to acute organophosphate poisoning despite repeated dosing of atropine suggests that cellular mechanisms that are independent of muscarinic receptor activation may also be engaged in organophosphate poisoning."	( Muscarinic receptor-independent activation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase in rostral ventrolateral medulla underlies the sympathoexcitatory phase of cardiovascular responses during mevinphos intoxication in the rat. Chan, SH; Chang, AY; Tsai, CY; Wu, CH, 2007)	0.56
" To explore the optimal KX dosage and observation time for murine echocardiography, we compared the effects of various KX combinations on echocardiographic measurement."	( Optimizing dosage of ketamine and xylazine in murine echocardiography. Dart, AM; Du, XJ; Ming, Z; Xu, Q, )	0.13
"5 mg) or Mark 1 kits (2 mg), while children over 1 year of age should be given a full dose of both atropine and pralidoxime from the Mark 1 kit when more accurate weight-based dosing of antidotes is impossible."	( Antidotes for nerve agent poisoning: should we differentiate children from adults? Baker, MD, 2007)	0.56
" Analysis of the dose-response curves indicated that tropicamide showed approximately the same potency as atropine for suppression of pilocarpine-induced jaw movements but was more potent than atropine on the suppression of pimozide-induced jaw movements."	( The muscarinic receptor antagonist tropicamide suppresses tremulous jaw movements in a rodent model of parkinsonian tremor: possible role of M4 receptors. Betz, AJ; Burgos, M; McLaughlin, PJ; Salamone, JD; Weber, SM, 2007)	0.55
"There is a wide variation and lack of evidence in current recommendations for atropine dosing schedules leading to subsequent variation in clinical practice."	( Comparison of two commonly practiced atropinization regimens in acute organophosphorus and carbamate poisoning, doubling doses vs. ad hoc: a prospective observational study. Dawson, AH; Gawarammana, I; Perera, PM; Shahmy, S, 2008)	0.57
" Both synthetic mixtures and dosage forms were assayed."	( A quantitative NMR protocol for the simultaneous analysis of atropine and obidoxime in parenteral injection devices. Dubey, DK; Ganesan, K; Gupta, PK; Mazumder, A; Sharma, R; Vijayaraghavan, R, 2009)	0.59
"RR interval responses exhibited the expected curvilinear pattern to atropine administration with all subjects exhibiting a bradycardia with at least one dose and RR interval returning to baseline or decreasing in most subjects as atropine dosing progressed."	( Incongruous changes in heart period and heart rate variability with vagotonic atropine: implications for rehabilitation medicine. Picard, G; Tan, CO; Taylor, JA; Zafonte, R, 2009)	0.82
" Substantial recovery of cholinesterase activity was noted at both 8 and 29days after dosing but significant inhibition was still noted in some brain regions at the latest time-point."	( Behavioral sequelae following acute diisopropylfluorophosphate intoxication in rats: comparative effects of atropine and cannabinomimetics. Liu, J; Nallapaneni, A; Pope, CN; Wright, LK, )	0.34
" Intravenous atropine could prevent a fall in HR, but not a fall in BP, during induction of intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil of our dosing regimen."	( Can intravenous atropine prevent bradycardia and hypotension during induction of total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil? Ariyama, J; Hayashida, M; Kitamura, A; Maruyama, K; Nakagawa, H; Nishikawa, Y, 2010)	1.08
" Furthermore, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of a single dose of atropine, obidoxime and diazepam, administered at appearance of first clinical signs, versus that of repetitive dosing of these drugs on the reappearance of signs."	( Percutaneous exposure to the nerve agent VX: Efficacy of combined atropine, obidoxime and diazepam treatment. Joosen, MJ; van der Schans, MJ; van Helden, HP, 2010)	0.83
" We proposed a systematic classification scheme using FDA-approved drug labeling to assess the DILI potential of drugs, which yielded a benchmark dataset with 287 drugs representing a wide range of therapeutic categories and daily dosage amounts."	( FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury. Chen, M; Fang, H; Liu, Z; Shi, Q; Tong, W; Vijay, V, 2011)	0.37
" This meta-analysis was conducted to address the efficacy and safety of atropine on myopia in children and the dose-response relationship between atropine and annual rate of myopia progression."	( Atropine in ameliorating the progression of myopia in children with mild to moderate myopia: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Chen, HZ; Qi, H; Rong, ZX; Song, YY; Wang, BS; Wang, H, 2011)	2.04
"281log (dose+1), revealed the dose-response relationship between atropine and myopia progression."	( Atropine in ameliorating the progression of myopia in children with mild to moderate myopia: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Chen, HZ; Qi, H; Rong, ZX; Song, YY; Wang, BS; Wang, H, 2011)	2.05
"Although the importance of atropine in therapy of organophosphate (OP) poisoning is generally recognized, its dosing is a matter of debate."	( Atropine maintenance dosage in patients with severe organophosphate pesticide poisoning. Eyer, F; Eyer, P; Felgenhauer, N; Radtke, M; Steinritz, D; Thiermann, H; Worek, F; Zilker, T, 2011)	2.11
" A study was therefore undertaken to determine the optimal dosing regimen for atropine in the treatment of OPC poisoning."	( Open-label randomized clinical trial of atropine bolus injection versus incremental boluses plus infusion for organophosphate poisoning in Bangladesh. Abedin, MJ; Basher, A; Faiz, MA; Hoque, G; Maude, RJ; Sayeed, AA, 2012)	0.87
"95×10(-4) mg/kg in rabbit was progressively inhibited by atropine, dosed between 5×10(-4) to 5×10(-2) mg/kg."	( Effect on blood pressure of a dietary supplement containing traditional medicinal plants of Côte d'Ivoire. Abrogoua, DP; Adepo, AJ; Dano, DS; Ehoulé, K; Goze, NB; Kablan, BJ; Manda, P, 2012)	0.62
" Bolus injections of GA elicited dose-response vasodilation, which was abolished after endothelium removal."	( Endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation induced by Globularia alypum extract is mediated by EDHF in perfused rat mesenteric arterial bed. Ben Cheikh, R; Chokri, A; El Abida, K; Zegzouti, YF, 2012)	0.38
"The MicroDose DPIA utilizes a novel piezoelectric system to aerosolize drug and excipient from a foil dosing blister."	( Systemic delivery of atropine sulfate by the MicroDose Dry-Powder Inhaler. Choi, J; Cook, RO; Corcoran, TE; Donahoe, M; Gao, YY; George, MP; Hoffman, RM; Oakum, CD; Petrov, A; Richards, T; Venkataramanan, R; Zhang, S, 2013)	0.71
"0-10 mg/mL relaxed high K+ (80 mM) and phenylephrine (PE, 1 μM)-induced contractions and shifted Ca++ dose-response curves to right, similar to that caused by verapamil."	( Hypotensive effect of Gentiana floribunda is mediated through Ca++ antagonism pathway. Khan, AU; Murugan, DD; Mustafa, MR, 2012)	0.38
" Patients admitted to the hospital for organophosphate poisoning were divided into 2 groups with different therapeutic regimens: group A was administered a repeated pulse intramuscular injection of pralidoxime chloride, and group B received the same initial dosage of atropine and pralidoxime chloride, but pralidoxime chloride intravenous therapy was administered for only 3 days, regardless of the length of atropine therapy."	( Repeated pulse intramuscular injection of pralidoxime chloride in severe acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning. Hu, J; Tang, X; Wang, R; Xie, H; Zhao, W, 2013)	0.57
"Atropine is the mainstay of therapy in organophosphate (OP) toxicity, though research and consensus on dosing is lacking."	( Comparison of current recommended regimens of atropinization in organophosphate poisoning. Connors, NJ; Harnett, ZH; Hoffman, RS, 2014)	1.85
"A 3 × 3 phase I clinical trial paradigm was used in 12 subjects, to determine the maximum dosage of atropine which could be prescribed without creating symptoms or clinical signs of insufficient accommodation or excessive pupillary dilation."	( Maximum atropine dose without clinical signs or symptoms. Cooper, J; Eisenberg, N; Schulman, E; Wang, FM, 2013)	1.04
" This would be an appropriate starting point in evaluating a low dosage of atropine to slow myopic progression."	( Maximum atropine dose without clinical signs or symptoms. Cooper, J; Eisenberg, N; Schulman, E; Wang, FM, 2013)	1.05
" The dose-response curve for ACh (0."	( In vitro study of acetylcholine and histamine induced contractions in colon and rectum of adult and neonate rats. Mandal, MB; Singh, S, )	0.13
" However, further trials are needed to explore different dosing regimens of pralidoxime in order to determine its efficacy in OP poisoning."	( Efficacy of pralidoxime in organophosphorus poisoning: revisiting the controversy in Indian setting. Banerjee, I; Roy, AS; Tripathi, SK, )	0.13
" The occlusion dose monitor introduced quantitative monitoring methods in patching, which sparked our initial understanding of the dose-response relationship for patching amblyopia treatment."	( Compliance and patching and atropine amblyopia treatments. Wang, J, 2015)	0.71
"3125 g/l (1/32 of its therapeutic dosage in eye clinic), had a dose- and time-dependent toxicity to HCEP cells by inducing morphological abnormality, cytopathic effect, viability decline, and proliferation retardation."	( Cytotoxicity of atropine to human corneal epithelial cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis. Fan, TJ; Tian, CL; Wen, Q, 2015)	0.76
" The studies all found beneficial effects of atropine in myopia control, as well as a clear but perhaps clinically insignificant dose-response relationship between atropine and myopia progression rates."	( Use of Atropine for Prevention of Childhood Myopia Progression in Clinical Practice. Chan, TC; Cheng, AC; Fan, DS; Lai, JS; Li, WW; Ng, AL; Shih, KC, 2016)	1.15
" In pediatric patients, eye diseases such as myopia and retinoblastoma can potentially be treated pharmacologically, but the risk associated with high drug concentrations coupled with the need for regular dosing limits their effectiveness."	( Atropine and Roscovitine Release from Model Silicone Hydrogels. Lasowski, F; Sheardown, H, 2016)	1.88
" The total atropine dosage, total pralidoxime methylchloride dosage and hospitalization days were better than the conventional treatment group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0."	( [The influence of sodium bicarbonate combined with ulinastatin on cholinesterase activity for patients with acute phoxim pesticide poisoning]. Gao, D; Jian, X; Sun, B; Xiao, L; Yang, L; Zhao, B; Zou, X, 2016)	0.82
" In conclusion, atropine above 1/128 of its clinical therapeutic dosage has a dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity to HCE cells in vitro which is confirmed by CCE cells in vivo, and its cytotoxicity is achieved by inducing HCE cell apoptosis via a death receptor-mediated mitochondrion-dependent signaling pathway."	( Cytotoxicity of atropine to human corneal endothelial cells by inducing mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis. Fan, TJ; Tian, CL; Wen, Q, 2016)	1.13
" We aim to develop AS FDSTs as an alternative non-invasive and portable dosage form for the emergency treatment of organophosphate (OP) toxicity."	( Formulation and Evaluation of Fast-Disintegrating Sublingual Tablets of Atropine Sulfate: the Effect of Tablet Dimensions and Drug Load on Tablet Characteristics. Aodah, A; Bafail, RS; Rawas-Qalaji, M, 2017)	0.69
"Some uncertainty about the clinical value and dosing of atropine for the treatment of myopia in children remains."	( Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Atropine in Childhood Myopia: A Meta-analysis. Chen, B; Gong, Q; Janowski, M; Liu, L; Luo, M; Wei, H; Yang, G, 2017)	0.98
" Several studies evaluated the optimal dosage of atropine with regard to myopic progression, rebound after treatment cessation, and minimization of side effects."	( Atropine for the Prevention of Myopia Progression in Children: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Galvin, JA; Hutchinson, AK; Kraker, RT; Lambert, SR; Pineles, SL; VanderVeen, DK; Wilson, LB, 2017)	2.15
" Cell sensitivity was assessed based on the total area under and over the dose-response curves (AUOC) in relation to baselines."	( Differentiated mitochondrial function in mouse 3T3 fibroblasts and human epithelial or endothelial cells in response to chemical exposure. Boncler, M; Dastych, J; Golanski, J; Lukasiak, M; Watala, C, 2019)	0.51
" Additionally, by means of occlusion dose monitors, it was found that adherence to occlusion affects the outcome, as a dose-response relationship exists between adherence and visual acuity."	( The treatment of amblyopia: current practice and emerging trends. Asproudis, I; Gottlob, I; Maconachie, G; Papageorgiou, E; Tsironi, EE, 2019)	0.51
"Atropine sulfate (AS) fast-disintegrating sublingual tablets (FDSTs) were tested for AS sublingual permeation's feasibility as a potential alternative dosage form to treat organophosphates (OP) toxicity."	( Effect of Fast-Disintegrating Tablets' Characteristics on the Sublingual Permeability of Atropine Sulfate for the Potential Treatment of Organophosphates Toxicity. Aodah, A; Bafail, R; Rawas-Qalaji, M, 2019)	2.18
" This is a complicating factor in the prediction of efficacy in the human situation, largely because atropine dosing also influences therapeutic efficacy of oximes and anticonvulsants generally part of the treatment administered."	( Comparative physiology and efficacy of atropine and scopolamine in sarin nerve agent poisoning. Bohnert, S; Cornelissen, AS; Joosen, MJA; Klaassen, SD; van Groningen, T, 2020)	1.04
" More research is required to compare the effect of sublingual atropine with other anticholinergic medications and different dosage forms."	( The effect of sublingual atropine sulfate on clozapine-induced hypersalivation: a multicentre, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lambert, T; Mubaslat, O, 2020)	1.1
" Both the low- and high-cumulative atropine dosage subgroups showed significantly lower myopic progression than the untreated group, but there was no significant difference between the two subgroups in terms of different cumulative dosages."	( A STROBE-compliant case-control study: Effects of cumulative doses of topical atropine on intraocular pressure and myopia progression. Cheng, SF; Liou, SW; Wang, YS; Wu, TE; Yu, TC, 2020)	1.06
" Finally, limitations of traditional dosage forms and potential advantages of under investigation delivery systems are analyzed."	( Atropine in topical formulations for the management of anterior and posterior segment ocular diseases. Alvarez-Lorenzo, C; García Del Valle, I, 2021)	2.06
" In part II, topical ophthalmic atropine sulfate and control treatment was administered to four horses in two dosing regimens to assess the effect on gastro-intestinal motility."	( Topical ophthalmic atropine in horses, pharmacokinetics and effect on intestinal motility. Bondesson, U; Dalin, F; Domberg, M; Ekstrand, C; Hedeland, M; Stenlund, C; Ström, L; Toutain, PL, 2021)	1.23
"A nonlinear dose-response relationship exists between atropine and PD and AA."	( A Meta-Analysis Assessing Change in Pupillary Diameter, Accommodative Amplitude, and Efficacy of Atropine for Myopia Control. Coroneo, M; Ha, TTX; Jong, M; Naduvilath, T; Sankaridurg, P; Tran, HDM; Tran, TD; Tran, YH, 2021)	1.09
"The results from this study suggest that the frequency of dosing for topical atropine may be reduced from the widely used daily dosing regimen without loss of myopia control efficacy."	( Daily or Less Frequent Topical 1% Atropine Slows Defocus-Induced Myopia Progression in Contact Lens-Wearing Guinea Pigs. Goto, S; Singh, S; Torres, JA; Wildsoet, CF; Zhu, Q, 2022)	1.23
"The purpose of this study was to assess the dose-response effects of low-dose atropine on myopia progression and safety in pediatric subjects with mild-to-moderate myopia."	( Atropine Ophthalmic Solution to Reduce Myopia Progression in Pediatric Subjects: The Randomized, Double-Blind Multicenter Phase II APPLE Study. Chia, A; Choudry, N; Ngo, C; Tan, D; Yamakawa, Y, )	1.8

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate Oxygenase	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	39.8107	0.1778	14.3909	39.8107	AID2147
GLI family zinc finger 3	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	27.2783	0.0007	14.5928	83.7951	AID1259369; AID1259392
AR protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	29.8493	0.0002	21.2231	8,912.5098	AID743040
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	27.2783	0.0010	22.6508	76.6163	AID1224838
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.9521	0.0002	14.3764	60.0339	AID720692
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	17.3590	0.0008	17.5051	59.3239	AID1159527
pregnane X nuclear receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	27.2783	0.0054	28.0263	1,258.9301	AID1346982
DNA polymerase beta	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	5.0119	0.0224	21.0102	89.1251	AID485314
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	21.4100	0.1400	16.6250	50.0000	AID1224863
Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	12.2000	0.2100	5.5537	10.0000	AID386625
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	133.0000	0.6315	4.4531	9.3000	AID1473740
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	133.0000	0.2000	5.6774	10.0000	AID1473741
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4	Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)	IC50 (µMol)	1.0120	0.0001	1.0076	8.7800	AID625218
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4	Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)	Ki	0.5300	0.0000	0.8871	10.0000	AID625218
Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	422.6667	0.1100	7.1903	10.0000	AID1443980; AID1449628; AID1473738
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0067	0.0000	1.2326	7.7930	AID1598801; AID1648499; AID625152
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0038	0.0000	0.6902	10.0000	AID141150; AID141151; AID141152; AID141159; AID141327; AID141400; AID142516; AID142854; AID1482282; AID1482283; AID1482284; AID1574980; AID1648528; AID1648529; AID1648530; AID1648531; AID1648532; AID1648533; AID511606; AID625152; AID744634
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0007	0.0000	1.1546	7.5858	AID625154
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0013	0.0000	0.7951	9.1201	AID141150; AID141151; AID141152; AID141159; AID141400; AID141883; AID1450349; AID1486718; AID511608; AID625154; AID744632
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0010	0.0005	2.7739	25.1700	AID142485; AID566264
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0010	0.0001	0.5797	10.0000	AID142072; AID142221; AID142607; AID187173; AID498951; AID724747
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0010	0.0005	2.8919	25.1700	AID142485; AID566264
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	49,763,374,333,952.0000	0.0001	1.4833	9.1400	AID141739; AID142072; AID142221; AID142607; AID498953
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0010	0.0005	2.7478	25.1700	AID142485; AID566264
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0008	0.0001	0.6868	8.2600	AID142072; AID142221; AID142607; AID498949
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0010	0.0005	2.7802	25.1700	AID142485; AID566264
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0008	0.0001	0.6661	8.2600	AID142072; AID142221; AID142607; AID498954
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0009	0.0001	0.9917	8.0000	AID625155
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0010	0.0000	0.7292	6.9183	AID1160788; AID141150; AID141151; AID141152; AID141159; AID141400; AID142153; AID1574984; AID371750; AID511609; AID619750; AID625155
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0010	0.0005	3.3142	49.5000	AID142485; AID566264
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	17,609,889,735,566.2230	0.0001	0.5890	8.2600	AID140936; AID142072; AID142221; AID142607; AID34453; AID498952
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0015	0.0000	1.4039	10.0000	AID625151
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0010	0.0000	0.5972	9.1201	AID140903; AID141150; AID141151; AID141152; AID141159; AID141168; AID141400; AID142607; AID1574978; AID337903; AID625151; AID714454; AID714458; AID744635
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0021	0.0001	1.0104	9.9280	AID625153
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0011	0.0000	0.5405	7.7600	AID141150; AID141151; AID141152; AID141159; AID141400; AID141466; AID1574982; AID511607; AID625153; AID744633
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	1.3540	0.0002	0.7568	8.8970	AID625200
Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.6660	0.0000	0.3609	10.0000	AID625200
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	1.0120	0.0001	1.0302	9.0000	AID625218
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.5300	0.0001	0.9549	10.0000	AID625218
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	Mus musculus (house mouse)	Ki	0.0005	0.0005	0.7452	2.1100	AID498949
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7	Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)	IC50 (µMol)	12.2000	2.0300	5.5313	9.9000	AID386625
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor	Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)	Ki	158,489,007,620,096.0000	0.0001	0.6120	3.8019	AID140936
Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	133.0000	2.4100	6.3433	10.0000	AID1473739
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
short transient receptor potential channel 6 isoform 1	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	0.0800	0.0200	20.5189	70.7900	AID2696
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	0.0014	0.0005	0.1623	0.9300	AID141278; AID141284; AID141289
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	0.0014	0.0009	0.1883	0.9300	AID141278; AID141289
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Kd	0.0015	0.0003	1.8500	9.1000	AID142371; AID142479; AID142482
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Kd	0.0015	0.0004	0.4116	9.1000	AID142371; AID142479; AID142482
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Kd	0.0015	0.0013	2.2200	9.1000	AID142371; AID142479; AID142482
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Kd	0.0015	0.0013	2.2200	9.1000	AID142371; AID142479; AID142482
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	0.0014	0.0009	0.1883	0.9300	AID141278; AID141289
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Kd	0.0018	0.0002	1.3882	9.1000	AID142371; AID142479; AID142482; AID142933
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	0.0014	0.0009	0.9829	2.6915	AID141278; AID141289
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	0.0014	0.0009	0.1883	0.9300	AID141278; AID141289
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor	Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)	Kd	0.0011	0.0009	0.9282	3.5481	AID141278; AID141284; AID1495368
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)	ED50	0.0001	0.0000	0.0901	0.2700	AID222253; AID222254
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)	ID50	0.0001	0.0001	0.0051	0.0100	AID222275
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)	Kb	0.0015	0.0015	0.0594	0.4100	AID101564; AID142110
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	Homo sapiens (human)	ED50	0.0001	0.0000	0.0334	0.1000	AID222253; AID222254
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	Homo sapiens (human)	ID50	0.0001	0.0001	0.0051	0.0100	AID222275
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	K app	0.0007	0.0000	0.9824	6.2000	AID142085; AID142087; AID142095; AID142096; AID142097; AID142098; AID142099; AID142206; AID142209; AID142210; AID142211; AID142212
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Kapp	0.0007	0.0005	1.6511	6.9000	AID1682111; AID1682112
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	K 0.5	0.0006	0.0006	0.0006	0.0006	AID141610
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	K app	0.0007	0.0000	0.9824	6.2000	AID142085; AID142087; AID142095; AID142096; AID142097; AID142098; AID142099; AID142206; AID142209; AID142210; AID142211; AID142212
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	K 0.5	0.0005	0.0005	0.0005	0.0005	AID142009
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	K app	0.0007	0.0000	0.9824	6.2000	AID142085; AID142087; AID142095; AID142096; AID142097; AID142098; AID142099; AID142206; AID142209; AID142210; AID142211; AID142212
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	K 0.5	0.0007	0.0007	0.0007	0.0007	AID142279
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	K app	0.0007	0.0000	0.9824	6.2000	AID142085; AID142087; AID142095; AID142096; AID142097; AID142098; AID142099; AID142206; AID142209; AID142210; AID142211; AID142212
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Homo sapiens (human)	ED50	0.0001	0.0000	1.0251	2.7000	AID222253; AID222254
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Homo sapiens (human)	ID50	0.0001	0.0001	0.0051	0.0100	AID222275
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	K 0.5	0.0018	0.0018	0.0018	0.0018	AID142924
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	K app	0.0007	0.0000	1.0084	6.2000	AID142085; AID142087; AID142095; AID142096; AID142097; AID142098; AID142099; AID142206; AID142209; AID142210; AID142211; AID142212
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Kb	0.0015	0.0015	0.0054	0.0085	AID101564
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)	ED50	0.0001	0.0000	2.8000	6.5000	AID222253; AID222254
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)	ID50	0.0001	0.0001	0.0051	0.0100	AID222275
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)	Kb	0.0004	0.0004	0.0052	0.0100	AID141438
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Mus musculus (house mouse)	K 0.5	0.0006	0.0006	0.0006	0.0006	AID141432
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)	ED50	0.0001	0.0000	0.6501	2.5000	AID222253; AID222254
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)	ID50	0.0001	0.0001	0.0051	0.0100	AID222275
Histamine H2 receptor	Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)	K0.5	1.2360	0.0001	0.4036	4.8000	AID88009
Reverse transcriptase/RNaseH	Human immunodeficiency virus 1	ED50	0.0002	0.0002	0.9935	9.8000	AID222254
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
xenobiotic metabolic process	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
serotonin transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
establishment or maintenance of transmembrane electrochemical gradient	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
organic cation transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
quaternary ammonium group transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
putrescine transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
spermidine transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
thiamine transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
epinephrine transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
serotonin uptake	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine uptake	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
thiamine transmembrane transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
metanephric proximal tubule development	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
purine-containing compound transmembrane transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine uptake	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic cation transmembrane transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrier	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
(R)-carnitine transmembrane transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
acyl carnitine transmembrane transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
spermidine transmembrane transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular detoxification	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport across blood-brain barrier	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic process	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transport	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transport	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transport	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transport	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transport	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transport	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrier	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin secretion	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cilium assembly	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
platelet degranulation	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic process	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
urate transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
export across plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrier	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
fatty acid metabolic process	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid biosynthetic process	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic process	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transport	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stress	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid metabolic process	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compound	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transport	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transport	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
protein ubiquitination	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transport	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid signaling pathway	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
cholesterol homeostasis	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
response to estrogen	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
response to ethanol	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cell	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid homeostasis	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipid homeostasis	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bile acid secretion	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of bile acid metabolic process	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transport	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system development	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of heart contraction	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
response to virus	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of smooth muscle contraction	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of locomotion	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	Homo sapiens (human)
gastric acid secretion	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine transport	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Homo sapiens (human)
transmission of nerve impulse	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of phosphatidylinositol dephosphorylation	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of monoatomic ion transport	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular synaptic transmission	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system development	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of locomotion	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
saliva secretion	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
cognition	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of glial cell proliferation	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intracellular protein transport	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium-mediated signaling	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
smooth muscle contraction	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, cholinergic	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
nervous system development	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of insulin secretion	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
protein modification process	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
saliva secretion	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
ion channel modulating, G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated ion channel signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of smooth muscle contraction	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferation	Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron-glial cell signaling	Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cell-cell signaling	Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway	Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vasoconstriction	Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascade	Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral fear response	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasis	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
locomotory behavior	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
feeding behavior	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
cGMP-mediated signaling	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of nervous system process	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of appetite	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of fat cell differentiation	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of calcium-mediated signaling	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
serotonin receptor signaling pathway	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic process	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transport	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expression	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transport	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transport	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
heme catabolic process	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cell	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transport	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
transepithelial transport	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transport	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transport	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrier	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport across blood-brain barrier	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
acetylcholine transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine:sodium symporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine:sodium symporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
secondary active organic cation transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
organic cation transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
pyrimidine nucleoside transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
thiamine transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
putrescine transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
spermidine transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
quaternary ammonium group transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
toxin transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
(R)-carnitine transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP binding	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transmembrane transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
icosanoid transmembrane transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP binding	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
urate transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
purine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
efflux transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP binding	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid transmembrane transporter activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transmembrane transporter activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activity	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
arrestin family protein binding	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activity	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C activity	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activity	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C activity	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activity	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C activity	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor activity	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor activity	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
acetylcholine binding	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
alpha1-adrenergic receptor activity	Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
Gq/11-coupled serotonin receptor activity	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
serotonin binding	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
1-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine binding	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP binding	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activity	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin transmembrane transporter activity	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activity	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activity	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activity	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activity	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activity	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activity	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
plasma membrane	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membrane	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
lateral plasma membrane	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
presynapse	Solute carrier family 22 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membrane	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolus	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
platelet dense granule membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
external side of apical plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
endosome	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculus	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular canaliculus	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
asymmetric synapse	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
symmetric synapse	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
axon terminus	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapse	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
cholinergic synapse	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
axon terminus	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapse	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic density membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapse	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
cholinergic synapse	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor complex	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculus	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID1345343	Human M3 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	2001	AAPS pharmSci, , Volume: 3, Issue:4	Receptor binding studies of soft anticholinergic agents.
AID1345286	Human M1 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))
AID1345286	Human M1 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	1987	The EMBO journal, Dec-20, Volume: 6, Issue:13	Distinct primary structures, ligand-binding properties and tissue-specific expression of four human muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
AID1345326	Human M2 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	1998	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Feb, Volume: 284, Issue:2	Pharmacological comparison of the cloned human and rat M2 muscarinic receptor genes expressed in the murine fibroblast (B82) cell line.
AID1345343	Human M3 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	2006	British journal of pharmacology, Aug, Volume: 148, Issue:7	Quantifying the association and dissociation rates of unlabelled antagonists at the muscarinic M3 receptor.
AID1345189	Rat M1 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	1992	Life sciences, , Volume: 51, Issue:12	Cloning of the rat M3, M4 and M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor genes by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the pharmacological characterization of the expressed genes.
AID1345286	Human M1 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	1998	Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6	On the unique binding and activating properties of xanomeline at the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor.
AID1345343	Human M3 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))
AID1345326	Human M2 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	2006	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Jan, Volume: 316, Issue:1	Constitutive activity and inverse agonism at the M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor.
AID1345326	Human M2 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	2002	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Oct, Volume: 303, Issue:1	Lithocholylcholine, a bile acid/acetylcholine hybrid, is a muscarinic receptor antagonist.
AID1345326	Human M2 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	2001	AAPS pharmSci, , Volume: 3, Issue:4	Receptor binding studies of soft anticholinergic agents.
AID1345511	Rat M5 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	1992	Life sciences, , Volume: 51, Issue:12	Cloning of the rat M3, M4 and M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor genes by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the pharmacological characterization of the expressed genes.
AID1345364	Rat M2 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	1998	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Feb, Volume: 284, Issue:2	Pharmacological comparison of the cloned human and rat M2 muscarinic receptor genes expressed in the murine fibroblast (B82) cell line.
AID1345699	Rat M3 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	1992	Life sciences, , Volume: 51, Issue:12	Cloning of the rat M3, M4 and M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor genes by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the pharmacological characterization of the expressed genes.
AID1345543	Human M5 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	2001	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, May, Volume: 297, Issue:2	Pharmacological properties of (2R)-N-[1-(6-aminopyridin-2-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl]-2-[(1R)-3,3-difluorocyclopentyl]-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamide: a novel mucarinic antagonist with M(2)-sparing antagonistic activity.
AID1345465	Human M4 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	1987	The EMBO journal, Dec-20, Volume: 6, Issue:13	Distinct primary structures, ligand-binding properties and tissue-specific expression of four human muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
AID1345465	Human M4 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	1989	Molecular pharmacology, Apr, Volume: 35, Issue:4	Antagonist binding properties of five cloned muscarinic receptors expressed in CHO-K1 cells.
AID1345465	Human M4 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	2001	AAPS pharmSci, , Volume: 3, Issue:4	Receptor binding studies of soft anticholinergic agents.
AID1345326	Human M2 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	1989	Molecular pharmacology, Apr, Volume: 35, Issue:4	Antagonist binding properties of five cloned muscarinic receptors expressed in CHO-K1 cells.
AID1345286	Human M1 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	2001	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, May, Volume: 297, Issue:2	Pharmacological properties of (2R)-N-[1-(6-aminopyridin-2-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl]-2-[(1R)-3,3-difluorocyclopentyl]-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamide: a novel mucarinic antagonist with M(2)-sparing antagonistic activity.
AID1345343	Human M3 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	1987	The EMBO journal, Dec-20, Volume: 6, Issue:13	Distinct primary structures, ligand-binding properties and tissue-specific expression of four human muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
AID1345286	Human M1 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	2006	Molecular pharmacology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Identification of various allosteric interaction sites on M1 muscarinic receptor using 125I-Met35-oxidized muscarinic toxin 7.
AID1345326	Human M2 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	2001	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, May, Volume: 297, Issue:2	Pharmacological properties of (2R)-N-[1-(6-aminopyridin-2-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl]-2-[(1R)-3,3-difluorocyclopentyl]-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamide: a novel mucarinic antagonist with M(2)-sparing antagonistic activity.
AID1345326	Human M2 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	1987	The EMBO journal, Dec-20, Volume: 6, Issue:13	Distinct primary structures, ligand-binding properties and tissue-specific expression of four human muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
AID1345543	Human M5 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	1989	Molecular pharmacology, Apr, Volume: 35, Issue:4	Antagonist binding properties of five cloned muscarinic receptors expressed in CHO-K1 cells.
AID1345699	Rat M3 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	2002	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Oct, Volume: 303, Issue:1	Lithocholylcholine, a bile acid/acetylcholine hybrid, is a muscarinic receptor antagonist.
AID1345343	Human M3 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	1989	Molecular pharmacology, Apr, Volume: 35, Issue:4	Antagonist binding properties of five cloned muscarinic receptors expressed in CHO-K1 cells.
AID1345286	Human M1 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	2001	AAPS pharmSci, , Volume: 3, Issue:4	Receptor binding studies of soft anticholinergic agents.
AID1345364	Rat M2 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	1992	Life sciences, , Volume: 51, Issue:12	Cloning of the rat M3, M4 and M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor genes by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the pharmacological characterization of the expressed genes.
AID1345435	Rat M4 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	1992	Life sciences, , Volume: 51, Issue:12	Cloning of the rat M3, M4 and M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor genes by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the pharmacological characterization of the expressed genes.
AID1345189	Rat M1 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	2002	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Oct, Volume: 303, Issue:1	Lithocholylcholine, a bile acid/acetylcholine hybrid, is a muscarinic receptor antagonist.
AID1345465	Human M4 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	2001	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, May, Volume: 297, Issue:2	Pharmacological properties of (2R)-N-[1-(6-aminopyridin-2-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl]-2-[(1R)-3,3-difluorocyclopentyl]-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamide: a novel mucarinic antagonist with M(2)-sparing antagonistic activity.
AID1345189	Rat M1 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	1989	Molecular pharmacology, Apr, Volume: 35, Issue:4	Antagonist binding properties of five cloned muscarinic receptors expressed in CHO-K1 cells.
AID1345343	Human M3 receptor (Acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic))	2001	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, May, Volume: 297, Issue:2	Pharmacological properties of (2R)-N-[1-(6-aminopyridin-2-ylmethyl)piperidin-4-yl]-2-[(1R)-3,3-difluorocyclopentyl]-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamide: a novel mucarinic antagonist with M(2)-sparing antagonistic activity.
AID30377	Maximum percent of enhancement of binding.	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 28, Issue:9	Structure-activity relationships of some pyridine, piperidine, and pyrrolidine analogues for enhancing and inhibiting the binding of (+/-)-[3H]nicotine to the rat brain P2 preparation.
AID232956	Inhibitory selectivity for Muscarinic receptors M3 and M1	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 41, Issue:17	Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of O-alkynyloximes of tropinone and N-methylpiperidinone as muscarinic agonists.
AID142079	Inhibition of [3H]QNB binding against muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in rat brain.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 34, Issue:11	Synthesis, molecular modeling studies, and muscarinic receptor activity of azaprophen analogues.
AID141547	Concentration of compound for 50% displacement of [3H]QNB from Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in rat brain	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 23, Issue:8	Conformationally restricted tricyclic antidepressants. 1. Octahydrodibenzazepinonaphthyridines as rigid imipramine analogues.
AID400114	Antihypertensive activity in anesthetized SHR rat assessed as decrease in basal mean arterial blood pressure at 2 mg/kg, iv after 24 to 26 seconds	1998	Journal of natural products, Mar, Volume: 61, Issue:3	Cardiovascular effects of aspidofractinine-type alkaloids from Kopsia.
AID142898	Inhibition of (-)-[3H]-QNB muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding on rat/ dog ventricular muscle	1982	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 25, Issue:9	Analogues of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate.
AID1574986	Selectivity ratio of Ki for displacement of [3H]NMS from human M1 AChR expressed in CHO cell membranes to Ki for displacement of [3H]NMS from human M5 AChR expressed in CHO cell membranes	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-01, Volume: 29, Issue:3	Muscarinic agonist, (±)-quinuclidin-3-yl-(4-fluorophenethyl)(phenyl)carbamate: High affinity, but low subtype selectivity for human M
AID724747	Displacement of [3H]NMS from rat muscarinic M1 receptor expressed in CHO cells after 3 hrs	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 23, Issue:1	Further exploration of M₁ allosteric agonists: subtle structural changes abolish M₁ allosteric agonism and result in pan-mAChR orthosteric antagonism.
AID28236	Unbound fraction (tissues)	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-20, Volume: 45, Issue:13	Prediction of volume of distribution values in humans for neutral and basic drugs using physicochemical measurements and plasma protein binding data.
AID588220	Literature-mined public compounds from Kruhlak et al phospholipidosis modelling dataset	2008	Toxicology mechanisms and methods, , Volume: 18, Issue:2-3	Development of a phospholipidosis database and predictive quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models.
AID135107	Anti-tremorine effect in mice following s.c. administration.	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 26, Issue:12	Parasympatholytic (anticholinergic) esters of the isomeric 2-tropanols. 2. Non-glycolates.
AID28233	Fraction ionized (pH 7.4)	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-20, Volume: 45, Issue:13	Prediction of volume of distribution values in humans for neutral and basic drugs using physicochemical measurements and plasma protein binding data.
AID1482283	Displacement of [3H]UR-AP060 from human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 expressed in CHOK9 cell homogenate after 3 hrs by liquid scintillation counting assay	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-27, Volume: 60, Issue:8	Radiolabeled Dibenzodiazepinone-Type Antagonists Give Evidence of Dualsteric Binding at the M
AID7783	Unbound fraction (plasma)	2004	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-26, Volume: 47, Issue:5	Prediction of human volume of distribution values for neutral and basic drugs. 2. Extended data set and leave-class-out statistics.
AID496817	Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma cruzi	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID26355	pKa value was determined	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 33, Issue:8	Synthesis and biological evaluation of new antimuscarinic compounds with amidine basic centers. A useful bioisosteric replacement of classical cationic heads.
AID79352	Antimuscarinic activity was assayed for its ability to block the acetyl-choline induced contraction of the guinea pig ileum	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5	6-Methyl-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3 alpha-ol 2,2-diphenylpropionate (azaprophen), a highly potent antimuscarinic agent.
AID1598801	Antagonist activity at human muscarinic M2 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells co-expressing HA-Galphaq/i5 assessed as inhibition of carbachol-induced IP1 accumulation pre-incubated for 30 mins followed by carbachol addition and measured after 1 hr by HTRF
AID1633046	Antagonist activity at muscarinic M3 receptor in guinea-pig ileum assessed as inhibition of carbachol-induced contractions incubated for 15 mins
AID566264	Inhibition of rat muscarinic M receptor	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 18, Issue:21	Discovery of {1-[4-(2-{hexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(1H)-yl}-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)piperidin-1-yl]cyclooctyl}methanol, systemically potent novel non-peptide agonist of nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor as analgesic for the treatment of neuropathic pain: de
AID19424	Partition coefficient (logD7.4)	2001	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-19, Volume: 44, Issue:15	ElogD(oct): a tool for lipophilicity determination in drug discovery. 2. Basic and neutral compounds.
AID142371	Antagonist activity against Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of rat bladder	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 31, Issue:9	Enantioselectivity of muscarinic antagonists. 2,2-Dicyclohexyl-5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1,3-oxathiolane methiodides and related 3-oxides.
AID205268	Inhibition of binding of Batrachotoxinin [3H]BTX-B to high affinity sites on voltage dependent sodium channels in a vesicular preparation from guinea pig cerebral cortex at 10 uM	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 28, Issue:3	[3H]Batrachotoxinin A 20 alpha-benzoate binding to voltage-sensitive sodium channels: a rapid and quantitative assay for local anesthetic activity in a variety of drugs.
AID311934	Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-24, Volume: 51, Issue:2	Identification of new functional inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase using a structure-property-activity relation model.
AID142209	In vitro binding affinity against muscarinic acetylcholine receptor from rat cortical homogenates using [3H]N-methylscopolamine as radioligand	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 33, Issue:10	Synthesis and biological activity of 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives: highly potent and efficacious agonists for cortical muscarinic receptors.
AID142570	Slow dissociation constant for [3H]NMS binding to guinea pig cerebral muscarinic receptors after a 90 min incubation with 2 nM [3H]NMS and 1 uM atropine	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 45, Issue:4	Pyridophens: binary pyridostigmine-aprophen prodrugs with differential inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and muscarinic receptors.
AID336478	Inhibition of COX2 at 100 uM by scintillation proximity assay	2002	Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 65, Issue:11	Screening of ubiquitous plant constituents for COX-2 inhibition with a scintillation proximity based assay.
AID1636356	Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP2C9-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 300 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of NA	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16	Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID744638	Displacement of [3H] N-methylscopolamine from muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in guinea pig brain homogenate after 30 mins by scintillation counting analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Discovery of subtype selective muscarinic receptor antagonists as alternatives to atropine using in silico pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening methods.
AID88626	Compound was tested for the displacement of [3H]mepyramine from Histamine H1 receptor by competition binding assay.	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-12, Volume: 42, Issue:16	Synthesis, evaluation, and comparative molecular field analysis of 1-phenyl-3-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenes as ligands for histamine H(1) receptors.
AID78012	Anticholinergic activity was determined in vitro by measuring their effect on the acetylcholine chloride induced contraction of guinea pig ileum	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5	Antisecretory activity of human, dog, and rat metabolites of fenoctimine.
AID400117	Antihypertensive activity in anesthetized SHR rat assessed as heart rate at 2 mg/kg, iv after 10 mins	1998	Journal of natural products, Mar, Volume: 61, Issue:3	Cardiovascular effects of aspidofractinine-type alkaloids from Kopsia.
AID231933	Ratio for Ki for M2 (inhibition of adenylate cyclase of rat heart) to Ki for M1 (phosphatidyl inositol turnover in rat cortex)	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 31, Issue:7	Affinity and selectivity of the optical isomers of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate and related muscarinic antagonists.
AID231716	Ratio between gastric emptying(GE) and acute gastric fistula(AGF)	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 26, Issue:4	4-(Diphenylmethyl)-1-[(imino)methyl]piperidines as gastric antisecretory agents.
AID619750	Displacement of [3H]QNB from muscarinic acetylcholine M5 receptor after 1.5 hrs by scintillation counting	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 19, Issue:19	CNS and antimalarial activity of synthetic meridianin and psammopemmin analogs.
AID77642	Inhibition of carbachol-induced contraction of guinea pig ileum longitudinal muscle was determined	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 33, Issue:1	Synthesis of some 3-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl) 3-amino-2-hydroxy-2-phenylpropionates: profile of antimuscarinic efficacy and selectivity.
AID141278	Antagonist activity against Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of guinea pig heart.	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 31, Issue:9	Enantioselectivity of muscarinic antagonists. 2,2-Dicyclohexyl-5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1,3-oxathiolane methiodides and related 3-oxides.
AID101556	Ability to displace [3H](-)-quinuclidinyl benzilate(QNB) from M2 receptor in rat heart homogenate	1993	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-02, Volume: 36, Issue:7	Synthesis and biodistribution of iodine-125-labeled 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl alpha-hydroxy-alpha-(1-iodo-1-propen-3-yl)-alpha-phenylacetate. A new ligand for the potential imaging of muscarinic receptors by single photon emission computed tomography.
AID141284	Antagonist potency against muscarinic receptors was assed by antagonism of carbachol induced inhibition of electrically stimulated guinea pig atria	1989	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 32, Issue:1	Structure-activity relationships among methoctramine-related polymethylene tetraamines. Chain-length and substituent effects on M-2 muscarinic receptor blocking activity.
AID142221	Binding affinity against Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors using [3H]oxotremorine-M as radioligand in rat cortex	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 40, Issue:4	Muscarinic analgesics with potent and selective effects on the gastrointestinal tract: potential application for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.
AID101730	Antagonist activity against muscarinic M1 receptor from guinea pig ileum	1993	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-05, Volume: 36, Issue:5	Synthesis and antimuscarinic activity of some 1-cycloalkyl-1-hydroxy-1-phenyl-3-(4-substituted piperazinyl)-2-propanones and related compounds.
AID142516	Binding affinity (Ki) against binding of [3H]NMS to membranes from CHO cells expressing cloned human Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 45, Issue:4	Cyclohexylmethylpiperidinyltriphenylpropioamide: a selective muscarinic M(3) antagonist discriminating against the other receptor subtypes.
AID77410	The compound was tested for mydriasis in guinea pig.	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 35, Issue:23	Synthesis and antimuscarinic properties of some N-substituted 5-(aminomethyl)-3,3-diphenyl-2(3H)-furanones.
AID77632	In vitro functional studies in guinea pig left atrium	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 33, Issue:8	Synthesis and biological evaluation of new antimuscarinic compounds with amidine basic centers. A useful bioisosteric replacement of classical cationic heads.
AID1682112	Displacement of [3H]-NMS from rat cerebral cortex muscarinic M1 receptor incubated for 60 mins by liquid scintillation spectrometry	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 28, Issue:24	Pyridine alkaloids with activity in the central nervous system.
AID77620	Antimuscarinic activity was assayed for its ability to block the acetyl-choline induced contraction of the guinea pig ileum	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5	6-Methyl-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3 alpha-ol 2,2-diphenylpropionate (azaprophen), a highly potent antimuscarinic agent.
AID744632	Displacement of [3H] N-methylscopolamine from human muscarinic M4 receptor expressed in CHOK1 cells after 30 mins by scintillation counting analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Discovery of subtype selective muscarinic receptor antagonists as alternatives to atropine using in silico pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening methods.
AID72063	Minimum intravenous effective dose required to inhibit spontaneous motility in ferrets	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 40, Issue:4	Muscarinic analgesics with potent and selective effects on the gastrointestinal tract: potential application for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.
AID142480	Compound was evaluated for blocking activity on Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in rat ileum	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 30, Issue:1	Differential blockade of muscarinic receptor subtypes by polymethylene tetraamines. Novel class of selective antagonists of cardiac M-2 muscarinic receptors.
AID409956	Inhibition of mouse brain MAOB	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21	Quantitative structure-activity relationship and complex network approach to monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors.
AID142492	Inhibition of [3H]pirenzepine binding towards muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in rat brain.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 34, Issue:4	Crystal, solution, and molecular modeling structural properties and muscarinic antagonist activity of azaprophen.
AID31800	NMS/OXO-M values are calculated from the ratio of the respective apparent Ki values	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-20, Volume: 35, Issue:6	Synthesis and cholinergic properties of bis[[(dimethylamino)methyl]furanyl] analogues of ranitidine.
AID142607	Binding affinity towards muscarinic m1 receptor	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-22, Volume: 37, Issue:15	Novel 1-phenylcycloalkanecarboxylic acid derivatives are potent and selective sigma 1 ligands.
AID359834	Enhancement of disulfide bond cross-linking formation in rat M3'(3C)-Xa receptor A91C/T549C mutant expressed in african green monkey COS7 cells at 100 nM by Western blotting	2007	The Journal of biological chemistry, Sep-07, Volume: 282, Issue:36	Distinct structural changes in a G protein-coupled receptor caused by different classes of agonist ligands.
AID444051	Total clearance in human	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID496821	Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID141883	Binding affinity (Ki) against binding of [3H]NMS using membranes from CHO cells expressing cloned human Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 45, Issue:4	Cyclohexylmethylpiperidinyltriphenylpropioamide: a selective muscarinic M(3) antagonist discriminating against the other receptor subtypes.
AID141152	Affinity for Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in urinary bladder from Guinea Pig by (-)-[3H]3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate (-)-[3H]-QNB displacement.	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-07, Volume: 40, Issue:23	Antimuscarinic 3-(2-furanyl)quinuclidin-2-ene derivatives: synthesis and structure-activity relationships.
AID142490	Inhibition of [3H]QNB binding towards muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in rat heart	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 34, Issue:4	Crystal, solution, and molecular modeling structural properties and muscarinic antagonist activity of azaprophen.
AID231529	Ratio of binding affinity towards M2 (bovine striatum) to M1 (rat myocardium) receptor	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 31, Issue:7	Affinity and selectivity of the optical isomers of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate and related muscarinic antagonists.
AID359840	Inverse agonist activity at rat M3'(3C)-Xa receptor expressed in african green monkey COS7 cells assessed as reduction in basal inositol monophosphate accumulation at 10 uM	2007	The Journal of biological chemistry, Sep-07, Volume: 282, Issue:36	Distinct structural changes in a G protein-coupled receptor caused by different classes of agonist ligands.
AID625288	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID112394	Tremorolytic activity administered intraperitoneally to mice	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 31, Issue:3	5-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone analogues of oxotremorine as selective muscarinic agonists.
AID142658	Ability to displace [3H]oxotremorine ([3H]-OXO-M) from mouse cerebral cortex	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-21, Volume: 35, Issue:17	Synthesis and cholinergic properties of N-aryl-2-[[[5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2-furanyl]methyl]thio]ethylamino analogs of ranitidine.
AID77004	Salivation inhibitory activity in guinea pig	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 35, Issue:23	Synthesis and antimuscarinic properties of some N-substituted 5-(aminomethyl)-3,3-diphenyl-2(3H)-furanones.
AID196804	Antispasmodic activity calculated as ability of compound to block ACh-induced contractions of the ileum and expressed as pA2	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 30, Issue:2	Molecular modification of anticholinergics as probes for muscarinic receptors. 2. Amino esters of alpha-methyltropic acid.
AID425202	Inhibition of [3H]NMS binding to muscarinic receptor in mouse N4TG1 neuroblastoma cells	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 17, Issue:11	3D-QSAR studies of 2,2-diphenylpropionates to aid discovery of novel potent muscarinic antagonists.
AID233598	Ratio of Ki (M1 receptor) to Ki (M2 receptor) was determined	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 34, Issue:10	Muscarinic receptor binding profile of para-substituted caramiphen analogues.
AID114544	Tested for mydriatic activity in mice, expressed as the dose required to cause half-maximal pupillary dilation.	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 28, Issue:12	Stereoselectivity of muscarinic receptors in vivo and in vitro for oxotremorine analogues. N-[4-(tertiary amino)-2-butynyl]-5-methyl-2-pyrrolidones.
AID91480	Ability to bind to human serum albumin (HSA)	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 23, Issue:5	Accumulation of drugs by guinea pig isolated atria. Quantitative correlations.
AID1495368	Antagonist potency at muscarinic M3 receptor in guinea-pig ileum assessed as inhibition of carbachol-induced contractions after 15 mins
AID24862	Tested for antimuscarinic potency on rat bladder	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 31, Issue:9	Enantioselectivity of muscarinic antagonists. Isomeric 2-cyclohexyl-2-phenyl-5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1,3-oxathiolane methiodides.
AID142075	Inhibition of [3H]QNB binding to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of rat heart membrane preparation.	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 35, Issue:12	Synthesis and muscarinic receptor activity of ester derivatives of 2-substituted 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-5-ol and -6-ol.
AID496827	Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania amazonensis	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID232452	Selectivity ratio between antagonistic potency in atria and ileum	1989	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 32, Issue:1	Structure-activity relationships among methoctramine-related polymethylene tetraamines. Chain-length and substituent effects on M-2 muscarinic receptor blocking activity.
AID625290	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID222253	In vivo antimuscarinic activity evaluated for its liability to cause mydriasis in guinea pig	1993	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-05, Volume: 36, Issue:5	Synthesis and antimuscarinic activity of some 1-cycloalkyl-1-hydroxy-1-phenyl-3-(4-substituted piperazinyl)-2-propanones and related compounds.
AID361985	Lipophilicity, log D of compound at pH 7.4 by microfluidic liquid-liquid extraction method	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-28, Volume: 51, Issue:16	Determination of log D via automated microfluidic liquid-liquid extraction.
AID142096	Apparent binding affinity at rat cortical muscarinic acetylcholine receptor by the displacement of [3H]oxotremorine-M.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 34, Issue:3	Tetrahydropyridyloxadiazoles: semirigid muscarinic ligands.
AID176599	In vitro activity against oxotremorine induced salivation in rat (iv)	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 33, Issue:8	Synthesis and biological evaluation of new antimuscarinic compounds with amidine basic centers. A useful bioisosteric replacement of classical cationic heads.
AID540209	Volume of distribution at steady state in human after iv administration	2008	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7	Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID625287	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID496818	Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID27359	Acute toxicity in mice	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 28, Issue:12	Stereoselectivity of muscarinic receptors in vivo and in vitro for oxotremorine analogues. N-[4-(tertiary amino)-2-butynyl]-5-methyl-2-pyrrolidones.
AID625283	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID114741	Tested for tremorolytic activity in mice, expressed as dose required to double the dose of oxotremorine inducing a predetermined (grade 2) tremor intensity.	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 28, Issue:12	Stereoselectivity of muscarinic receptors in vivo and in vitro for oxotremorine analogues. N-[4-(tertiary amino)-2-butynyl]-5-methyl-2-pyrrolidones.
AID744641	Inhibition of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in rat cortex	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Discovery of subtype selective muscarinic receptor antagonists as alternatives to atropine using in silico pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening methods.
AID409954	Inhibition of mouse brain MAOA	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21	Quantitative structure-activity relationship and complex network approach to monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors.
AID19262	Aqueous solubility	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-05, Volume: 10, Issue:11	Prediction of drug solubility from Monte Carlo simulations.
AID491167	Agonist activity at muscarinic M2 receptor in guinea pig left atrium assessed as negative ionotropic activity in presence of 1 uM atropine	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-24, Volume: 53, Issue:12	Novel quinolizidinyl derivatives as antiarrhythmic agents: 2. Further investigation.
AID1574980	Displacement of [3H]NMS from human M2 AChR expressed in CHO cell membranes after 1 to 2 hrs by liquid scintillation spectrometry method	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-01, Volume: 29, Issue:3	Muscarinic agonist, (±)-quinuclidin-3-yl-(4-fluorophenethyl)(phenyl)carbamate: High affinity, but low subtype selectivity for human M
AID79837	Antagonist affinity, in electrically paced (1 Hz) guinea pig left atria using the APE as agonist	2001	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-22, Volume: 44, Issue:24	Design, synthesis, and biological activity of methoctramine-related polyamines as putative G(i) protein activators.
AID235374	Selectivity ratio (m5/m3)	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 45, Issue:4	Cyclohexylmethylpiperidinyltriphenylpropioamide: a selective muscarinic M(3) antagonist discriminating against the other receptor subtypes.
AID744630	Selectivity ratio of Ki for human muscarinic M3 receptor to Ki for human muscarinic M1 receptor	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Discovery of subtype selective muscarinic receptor antagonists as alternatives to atropine using in silico pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening methods.
AID1648506	Antagonist activity at human muscarinic M2 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells co-expressing HA-Galphaq/i5 assessed as inhibition of carbachol-induced IP1 accumulation at 22 degree C pre-incubated for 180 mins followed by carbachol addition and further inc	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-23, Volume: 63, Issue:8	Red-Emitting Dibenzodiazepinone Derivatives as Fluorescent Dualsteric Probes for the Muscarinic Acetylcholine M
AID31796	Compound was evaluated for the binding affinity by displacing [3H]methylscopolamine [3H]NMS from mouse cerebral cortex tissue.	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-20, Volume: 35, Issue:6	Synthesis and cholinergic properties of bis[[(dimethylamino)methyl]furanyl] analogues of ranitidine.
AID142078	The compound was tested for inhibition of [3H]NMS binding against muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in rat brain	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 34, Issue:11	Synthesis, molecular modeling studies, and muscarinic receptor activity of azaprophen analogues.
AID625286	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1636357	Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP3A4-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 300 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of NA	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16	Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID498951	Displacement of [3H]NMS from rat recombinant muscarinic M1 receptor expressed in CHO cells after 2 hrs by microplate scintillation counting	2008	Nature chemical biology, Jan, Volume: 4, Issue:1	An allosteric potentiator of M4 mAChR modulates hippocampal synaptic transmission.
AID625280	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID744635	Displacement of [3H] N-methylscopolamine from human muscarinic M1 receptor expressed in CHOK1 cells after 30 mins by scintillation counting analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Discovery of subtype selective muscarinic receptor antagonists as alternatives to atropine using in silico pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening methods.
AID196435	Inhibition constant on radiolabeled [125 I] FIDA1 binding to rat striatal membranes	1993	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-22, Volume: 36, Issue:2	Fluorinated and iodinated dopamine agents: D2 imaging agents for PET and SPECT.
AID496830	Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania major	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1160788	Displacement of [3H]NMS from human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 5 expressed in CHO cell membranes by scintillation counting method	2014	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-25, Volume: 57, Issue:18	Development of a highly potent, novel M5 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) demonstrating CNS exposure: 1-((1H-indazol-5-yl)sulfoneyl)-N-ethyl-N-(2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidine-4-carboxamide (ML380).
AID77009	The compound was tested for urinary bladder contraction ability in guinea pig.	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 35, Issue:23	Synthesis and antimuscarinic properties of some N-substituted 5-(aminomethyl)-3,3-diphenyl-2(3H)-furanones.
AID625278	FDA Liver Toxicity Knowledge Base Benchmark Dataset (LTKB-BD) drugs of no concern for DILI	2011	Drug discovery today, Aug, Volume: 16, Issue:15-16	FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury.
AID311367	Permeability coefficient in human skin	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 15, Issue:22	Transdermal penetration behaviour of drugs: CART-clustering, QSPR and selection of model compounds.
AID22293	Delta logD (logD6.5 - logD7.4)	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13	QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID540213	Half life in human after iv administration	2008	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7	Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID425203	Toxicity in orally dosed rat	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 17, Issue:11	3D-QSAR studies of 2,2-diphenylpropionates to aid discovery of novel potent muscarinic antagonists.
AID104022	Antagonist activity against muscarinic M1 receptor from rabbit vas deferens	1993	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-05, Volume: 36, Issue:5	Synthesis and antimuscarinic activity of some 1-cycloalkyl-1-hydroxy-1-phenyl-3-(4-substituted piperazinyl)-2-propanones and related compounds.
AID1473740	Inhibition of human MRP3 overexpressed in Sf9 insect cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 10 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay	2013	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1	A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1648529	Displacement of 4-(2-((1E,3E)-5-((E)-3,3-Dimethyl-1-(6-oxo-6-((2-(4-(4-(1-(2-oxo-2-(11-oxo-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)ethyl)piperidin-4-yl)butyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)amino)hexyl)indolin-2-ylidene)penta-1,3-dien-1-yl)-3,3-dimethyl-3H-i	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-23, Volume: 63, Issue:8	Red-Emitting Dibenzodiazepinone Derivatives as Fluorescent Dualsteric Probes for the Muscarinic Acetylcholine M
AID142369	The selectivity ratio of Kapp of NMS/OXO -M	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 33, Issue:10	Synthesis and biological activity of 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives: highly potent and efficacious agonists for cortical muscarinic receptors.
AID1654803	Activity at muscarinic receptor in BALB/c mouse MSC assessed as increase in cell viability at 10'-10M incubated for 24 hrs by Cell-titer 96 aqueous one solution reagent based assay
AID142489	Inhibition of [3H]QNB binding towards muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in rat brain	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 34, Issue:4	Crystal, solution, and molecular modeling structural properties and muscarinic antagonist activity of azaprophen.
AID26362	Ionization constant (pKa)	2004	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-26, Volume: 47, Issue:5	Prediction of human volume of distribution values for neutral and basic drugs. 2. Extended data set and leave-class-out statistics.
AID1648499	Antagonist activity at human muscarinic M2 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells co-expressing HA-Galphaq/i5 assessed as inhibition of carbachol-induced IP1 accumulation at 37 degree C pre-incubated for 30 mins followed by carbachol addition and measured aft	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-23, Volume: 63, Issue:8	Red-Emitting Dibenzodiazepinone Derivatives as Fluorescent Dualsteric Probes for the Muscarinic Acetylcholine M
AID496824	Antimicrobial activity against Toxoplasma gondii	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1682110	Selectivity ratio of displacement of [3H]-NMS from rat cerebral cortex muscarinic M1 receptor to displacement of [3H]-oxo-M from rat cerebral cortex muscarinic M1 receptor	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 28, Issue:24	Pyridine alkaloids with activity in the central nervous system.
AID230246	Ratio of NMS/oxo-M apparent binding affinities (Kapp)	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 31, Issue:2	2-Methyl-1,3-dioxaazaspiro[4.5]decanes as novel muscarinic cholinergic agonists.
AID129058	Analgesic activity as percentage analgesic efficacy on male albino swiss-webster mice with the hotplate test	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-27, Volume: 37, Issue:11	Presynaptic cholinergic modulators as potent cognition enhancers and analgesic drugs. 1. Tropic and 2-phenylpropionic acid esters.
AID141287	Antagonist potency against carbachol induced contractions of isolated guinea pig ileum Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor	1989	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 32, Issue:1	Structure-activity relationships among methoctramine-related polymethylene tetraamines. Chain-length and substituent effects on M-2 muscarinic receptor blocking activity.
AID1486718	Displacement of [3H]NMS from human recombinant muscarinic M4 receptor expressed in CHO cell membranes
AID141614	In vitro receptor binding against Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 in rat submandibular gland was determined using [3H]pirenzepine	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 33, Issue:8	Synthesis and biological evaluation of new antimuscarinic compounds with amidine basic centers. A useful bioisosteric replacement of classical cationic heads.
AID142566	Fast dissociation constant for [3H]NMS binding to guinea pig cerebral muscarinic receptors after a 90 min incubation with 2 nM [3H]NMS and 1 uM atropine	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 45, Issue:4	Pyridophens: binary pyridostigmine-aprophen prodrugs with differential inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and muscarinic receptors.
AID231432	Pulmonary selectivity measured as the ratio of salivation and bronchospasm	1989	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 32, Issue:3	3-(aminoalkyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5H-[1]benzopyrano[3,4-c] pyridin-5-ones as potential anticholinergic bronchodilators.
AID142656	Ability to displace [3H]methylscopolamine ([3H]NMS) from mouse cerebral cortex	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-21, Volume: 35, Issue:17	Synthesis and cholinergic properties of N-aryl-2-[[[5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2-furanyl]methyl]thio]ethylamino analogs of ranitidine.
AID337595	Inhibition of acetylcholine-induced contraction in guinea pig ileum at 0.1 ug/ml	1994	Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 57, Issue:9	(+/-)-Gelliusines A and B, two diastereomeric brominated tris-indole alkaloids from a deep water new caledonian marine sponge (Gellius or Orina sp.).
AID142127	Antimuscarinic activity on the acetylcholine-induced inhibition of contraction of guinea pig ileum which has M2 muscarinic receptor subtype.	1989	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 32, Issue:7	Binary antidotes for organophosphate poisoning: aprophen analogues that are both antimuscarinics and carbamates.
AID625292	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID311933	Inhibition of ASM in rat PC12 cells assessed as residual activity at 10 uM	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-24, Volume: 51, Issue:2	Identification of new functional inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase using a structure-property-activity relation model.
AID141144	Dissociation constant towards Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in guinea pig ileum	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 33, Issue:12	Resolved pyrrolidine, piperidine, and perhydroazepine analogues of the muscarinic agent N-methyl-N-(1-methyl-4-pyrrolidino-2-butynyl)acetamide.
AID1359269	Antagonist activity at muscarinic receptor in guinea pig ileum assessed as carbachol-induced ileum contraction measured after 15 mins	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-25, Volume: 152	Synthesis and biological activity of novel tert-butyl and tert-pentylphenoxyalkyl piperazine derivatives as histamine H
AID1473741	Inhibition of human MRP4 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay	2013	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1	A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID350220	Lipophilicity, log K at pH 2 by by hydrophilic interaction chromatography using 100% water as mobile phase	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-28, Volume: 52, Issue:10	Lipophilicity of basic drugs measured by hydrophilic interaction chromatography.
AID116740	Acute toxicity administered intraperitoneally to mice	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 31, Issue:3	5-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone analogues of oxotremorine as selective muscarinic agonists.
AID1482284	Displacement of [3H]NMS from human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 expressed in CHOK1 cells	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-27, Volume: 60, Issue:8	Radiolabeled Dibenzodiazepinone-Type Antagonists Give Evidence of Dualsteric Binding at the M
AID781328	pKa (acid-base dissociation constant) as determined by Luan ref: Pharm. Res. 2005	2014	Pharmaceutical research, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4	Comparison of the accuracy of experimental and predicted pKa values of basic and acidic compounds.
AID24861	Tested for antimuscarinic potency on guinea pig ileum	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 31, Issue:9	Enantioselectivity of muscarinic antagonists. Isomeric 2-cyclohexyl-2-phenyl-5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1,3-oxathiolane methiodides.
AID141400	Inhibit the binding of [N-mnethyl-3H]-scopolamine [3H]-NMS) to Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of human IRM-30 neuroblastoma cells	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5	6-Methyl-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3 alpha-ol 2,2-diphenylpropionate (azaprophen), a highly potent antimuscarinic agent.
AID182615	Antispasmodic activity was calculated as molar concentration of antagonist that inhibited 50% of a standard contraction response from isolated rat ileum preparation	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 30, Issue:2	Molecular modification of anticholinergics as probes for muscarinic receptors. 2. Amino esters of alpha-methyltropic acid.
AID1482282	Displacement of [3H]UNSW-MK259 from human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 expressed in CHOK9 cells after 3 hrs by liquid scintillation counting assay	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-27, Volume: 60, Issue:8	Radiolabeled Dibenzodiazepinone-Type Antagonists Give Evidence of Dualsteric Binding at the M
AID142153	Binding affinity (Ki) against binding of [3H]NMS using membranes from CHO cells expressing cloned human Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 45, Issue:4	Cyclohexylmethylpiperidinyltriphenylpropioamide: a selective muscarinic M(3) antagonist discriminating against the other receptor subtypes.
AID496832	Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1574978	Displacement of [3H]NMS from human M1 AChR expressed in CHO cell membranes after 1 to 2 hrs by liquid scintillation spectrometry method	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-01, Volume: 29, Issue:3	Muscarinic agonist, (±)-quinuclidin-3-yl-(4-fluorophenethyl)(phenyl)carbamate: High affinity, but low subtype selectivity for human M
AID134595	LD50 in mice following i.v. administration.	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 26, Issue:12	Parasympatholytic (anticholinergic) esters of the isomeric 2-tropanols. 2. Non-glycolates.
AID444057	Fraction escaping hepatic elimination in human	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID1654802	Activity at muscarinic receptor in BALB/c mouse MSC assessed as reduction in cell viability at 10'-4M incubated for 24 hrs by Cell-titer 96 aqueous one solution reagent based assay
AID1450349	Displacement of [3H]-NMS from recombinant human M4 receptor expressed in CHO cell membranes	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-01, Volume: 27, Issue:11	Synthesis and evaluation of 4,6-disubstituted pyrimidines as CNS penetrant pan-muscarinic antagonists with a novel chemotype.
AID371750	Activation of human muscarinic M5 receptor expressed in CHO cells coexpressing Gq protein assessed as increase in acetylcholine potency at 30 uM by calcium mobilization-based ACh concentration-response curve assay relative to control	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-11, Volume: 52, Issue:11	Discovery of the first highly M5-preferring muscarinic acetylcholine receptor ligand, an M5 positive allosteric modulator derived from a series of 5-trifluoromethoxy N-benzyl isatins.
AID141150	Ability of compound to displace (-)-[3H]3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate (-)-[3H]-QNB from Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the heart from Guinea Pig.	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-07, Volume: 40, Issue:23	Antimuscarinic 3-(2-furanyl)quinuclidin-2-ene derivatives: synthesis and structure-activity relationships.
AID141466	Binding affinity (Ki) against binding of [3H]NMS using membranes from CHO cells expressing cloned human Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 45, Issue:4	Cyclohexylmethylpiperidinyltriphenylpropioamide: a selective muscarinic M(3) antagonist discriminating against the other receptor subtypes.
AID229403	Selectivity ratio of pA2 of rat ileum to pA2 of rat bladder	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 30, Issue:1	Differential blockade of muscarinic receptor subtypes by polymethylene tetraamines. Novel class of selective antagonists of cardiac M-2 muscarinic receptors.
AID588211	Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in humans	2010	Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1	Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID142081	Inhibition of [3H]OXO-M binding against muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in rat brain membranes	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 34, Issue:11	Synthesis, molecular modeling studies, and muscarinic receptor activity of azaprophen analogues.
AID496765	Modulation of neurological behavior in zebrafish assessed as prolongation of high intensity light-induced motor response at 10 to 100 uM by photomotor response assay	2010	Nature chemical biology, Mar, Volume: 6, Issue:3	Rapid behavior-based identification of neuroactive small molecules in the zebrafish.
AID142098	In vitro displacement of [3H]OXO-M from muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in rat cortical homogenates	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 33, Issue:4	Novel quinuclidine-based ligands for the muscarinic cholinergic receptor.
AID178847	Antisecretory activity against acute gastric fistula(AGF) in rat when administered perorally	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 26, Issue:4	4-(Diphenylmethyl)-1-[(imino)methyl]piperidines as gastric antisecretory agents.
AID496831	Antimicrobial activity against Cryptosporidium parvum	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1648532	Displacement of 4-(2-((1E,3E)-5-((E)-1-(6-((3,5-Bis((2-(3-(1-(4-(1-(2-oxo-2-(11-oxo-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)ethyl)piperidin-4-yl)butyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanamido)ethyl)carbamoyl)benzyl)amino)-6-oxohexyl)-3,3-dimethyl-5-sulfoindo	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-23, Volume: 63, Issue:8	Red-Emitting Dibenzodiazepinone Derivatives as Fluorescent Dualsteric Probes for the Muscarinic Acetylcholine M
AID142095	Apparent binding affinity to rat cortical muscarinic acetylcholine receptor by the displacement of [3H]N-methylscopolamine	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 34, Issue:3	Tetrahydropyridyloxadiazoles: semirigid muscarinic ligands.
AID222589	% inhibition of twitch contraction at 0.1 uM in electrically stimulated guinea pig ileum preparation	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 45, Issue:9	Studies on the synthesis and opioid agonistic activities of mitragynine-related indole alkaloids: discovery of opioid agonists structurally different from other opioid ligands.
AID141024	Displacement of [3H]QNB from rat ileum Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 33, Issue:1	Synthesis of some 3-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl) 3-amino-2-hydroxy-2-phenylpropionates: profile of antimuscarinic efficacy and selectivity.
AID25870	Tested for the dissociation constant of the compound	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 23, Issue:5	Accumulation of drugs by guinea pig isolated atria. Quantitative correlations.
AID222254	In vivo antimuscarinic activity in guinea pig cystometrogram (CMG) model	1993	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-05, Volume: 36, Issue:5	Synthesis and antimuscarinic activity of some 1-cycloalkyl-1-hydroxy-1-phenyl-3-(4-substituted piperazinyl)-2-propanones and related compounds.
AID425653	Renal clearance in human	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15	Physicochemical determinants of human renal clearance.
AID1482277	Antagonist activity at human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 expressed in HEK293 cells coexpressing HA tagged Galpha-protein qi5 assessed as inhibition of 0.3 uM carbachol-induced IP1 accumulation preincubated for 30 mins followed by carbachol additi	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-27, Volume: 60, Issue:8	Radiolabeled Dibenzodiazepinone-Type Antagonists Give Evidence of Dualsteric Binding at the M
AID444050	Fraction unbound in human plasma	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID496829	Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania infantum	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID128205	Induction of mydriasis in mice following s.c. administration.	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 26, Issue:12	Parasympatholytic (anticholinergic) esters of the isomeric 2-tropanols. 2. Non-glycolates.
AID235373	Selectivity ratio (m4/m3)	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 45, Issue:4	Cyclohexylmethylpiperidinyltriphenylpropioamide: a selective muscarinic M(3) antagonist discriminating against the other receptor subtypes.
AID497005	Antimicrobial activity against Pneumocystis carinii	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID142921	Binding affinity against Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 by displacement of [3H]pirenzepine in bovine striatum	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 31, Issue:7	Affinity and selectivity of the optical isomers of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate and related muscarinic antagonists.
AID714458	Displacement of [3H]NMS from EGFP-fused human M1 receptor N-terminal truncated at 17 residues expressed in HEK293 cells after 22 hrs by liquid scintillation counting	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-08, Volume: 55, Issue:5	Fluorescent derivatives of AC-42 to probe bitopic orthosteric/allosteric binding mechanisms on muscarinic M1 receptors.
AID141149	Ability of compound to displace (-)-[3H]3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate (-)-[3H]-QNB from Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in cerebral cortex from Guinea Pig.	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-07, Volume: 40, Issue:23	Antimuscarinic 3-(2-furanyl)quinuclidin-2-ene derivatives: synthesis and structure-activity relationships.
AID425204	Toxicity in orally dosed mouse	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 17, Issue:11	3D-QSAR studies of 2,2-diphenylpropionates to aid discovery of novel potent muscarinic antagonists.
AID141858	Binding affinity to Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 by measuring its ability to displace [3H]pirenzepine from rat cerebral cortex	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 41, Issue:17	Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of O-alkynyloximes of tropinone and N-methylpiperidinone as muscarinic agonists.
AID187623	Relative potency with respect to (+/-)-3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-2-phenyl-propionic acid 2-diethylamino-ethyl ester in isolated rat ileum preparation	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 30, Issue:2	Molecular modification of anticholinergics as probes for muscarinic receptors. 2. Amino esters of alpha-methyltropic acid.
AID625285	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1812921	Myorelaxant effect in Sprague-Dawley rat tracheal ring assessed as relaxation of carbachol-induced smooth muscle contraction by organ bath assay	2021	Journal of natural products, 08-27, Volume: 84, Issue:8	Monomeric, Dimeric, and Trimeric Tropane Alkaloids from
AID142107	Inhibition of carbachol-induced release of alpha-amylase from pancreatic acinar cells from that of rat ileum contained the Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 subtypes	1989	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 32, Issue:7	Binary antidotes for organophosphate poisoning: aprophen analogues that are both antimuscarinics and carbamates.
AID625291	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID78478	Binding to guinea pig atrial homogenate	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 23, Issue:5	Accumulation of drugs by guinea pig isolated atria. Quantitative correlations.
AID77631	In vitro functional studies in guinea pig ileum	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 33, Issue:8	Synthesis and biological evaluation of new antimuscarinic compounds with amidine basic centers. A useful bioisosteric replacement of classical cationic heads.
AID142087	Affinity to displace radioligand [3H]oxotremorine (OXO) at muscarinic acetylcholine receptor from rat cortical homogenate.	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 33, Issue:7	Synthesis and muscarinic activities of 1,2,4-thiadiazoles.
AID30523	Compounds was evaluate for their ability to enhance (+/-)-[3H]nicotine binding at a dose range 10 E -12- 10 E -5 M was reported	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 28, Issue:9	Structure-activity relationships of some pyridine, piperidine, and pyrrolidine analogues for enhancing and inhibiting the binding of (+/-)-[3H]nicotine to the rat brain P2 preparation.
AID26304	Partition coefficient (logD6.5)	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13	QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID142917	Ratio of [3H]N-methylscopolamine (NMS) to [3H]oxotremorine (OXO) at muscarinic acetylcholine receptor from rat cortical homogenate.	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 33, Issue:7	Synthesis and muscarinic activities of 1,2,4-thiadiazoles.
AID142959	Inhibition of carbachol-induced release of alpha-amylase from pancreatic acinar cells from that of rat ileum contained the M2 receptor subtypes	1989	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 32, Issue:7	Binary antidotes for organophosphate poisoning: aprophen analogues that are both antimuscarinics and carbamates.
AID496825	Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania mexicana	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1648533	Displacement of [3H]-NMS from human muscarinic M2 receptor expressed in CHO-K9 cells measured after 60 mins by Hoechst H33342 dye based confocal plate reader assay	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-23, Volume: 63, Issue:8	Red-Emitting Dibenzodiazepinone Derivatives as Fluorescent Dualsteric Probes for the Muscarinic Acetylcholine M
AID224995	50% in vivo effective dose that inhibits ACh-induced bronchoconstriction (M3) in rat assay systems after intravenous administration was reported	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 45, Issue:4	Cyclohexylmethylpiperidinyltriphenylpropioamide: a selective muscarinic M(3) antagonist discriminating against the other receptor subtypes.
AID359835	Enhancement of disulfide bond cross-linking formation in rat M3'(3C)-Xa receptor F92C/F550C mutant expressed in african green monkey COS7 cells at 100 nM by Western blotting	2007	The Journal of biological chemistry, Sep-07, Volume: 282, Issue:36	Distinct structural changes in a G protein-coupled receptor caused by different classes of agonist ligands.
AID444052	Hepatic clearance in human	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID176290	Antisecretory activity was evaluated in acute gastric fistula of rat after peroral administration	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5	Antisecretory activity of human, dog, and rat metabolites of fenoctimine.
AID511607	Displacement of [3H]-4-DAMP from human muscarinic M3 receptor expressed in BHK-21 cells	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-09, Volume: 53, Issue:17	Discovery of N-{1-[3-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]oxazin-4-yl)propyl]piperidin-4-yl}-2-phenylacetamide (Lu AE51090): an allosteric muscarinic M1 receptor agonist with unprecedented selectivity and procognitive potential.
AID224997	50% in vivo effective dose that inhibits Ach-induced bradycardia (M2) in rat assay systems after intravenous administration was reported	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 45, Issue:4	Cyclohexylmethylpiperidinyltriphenylpropioamide: a selective muscarinic M(3) antagonist discriminating against the other receptor subtypes.
AID142090	Apparent binding affinity at Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, by displacing [3H]N-methylscopolamine (NMS) in rat cortex	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 31, Issue:2	2-Methyl-1,3-dioxaazaspiro[4.5]decanes as novel muscarinic cholinergic agonists.
AID294051	Antinociceptive activity in mouse assessed as licking latency at 5 mg/kg, ip by hot plate method	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 15, Issue:6	Structure-activity relationships of methoctramine-related polyamines as muscarinic antagonist: effect of replacing the inner polymethylene chain with cyclic moieties.
AID540212	Mean residence time in human after iv administration	2008	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7	Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID444054	Oral bioavailability in human	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID141739	Binding affinity to Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 by measuring its ability to displace [3H]N-methylscopolamine binding in rat submandibulary gland	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 41, Issue:17	Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of O-alkynyloximes of tropinone and N-methylpiperidinone as muscarinic agonists.
AID222275	In vivo antimuscarinic activity to decrease carbachol-stimulated salivation in guinea pig	1993	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-05, Volume: 36, Issue:5	Synthesis and antimuscarinic activity of some 1-cycloalkyl-1-hydroxy-1-phenyl-3-(4-substituted piperazinyl)-2-propanones and related compounds.
AID467613	Volume of distribution at steady state in human	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 44, Issue:11	Prediction of volume of distribution values in human using immobilized artificial membrane partitioning coefficients, the fraction of compound ionized and plasma protein binding data.
AID140903	Inhibition of [3H]QNB binding to CHO cells bearing transfected muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 34, Issue:4	Crystal, solution, and molecular modeling structural properties and muscarinic antagonist activity of azaprophen.
AID226399	Muscarinic receptor binding comparison to QNB, Relative binding index(RBI)	1982	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 25, Issue:9	Analogues of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate.
AID141143	Tested for agonist activity at Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in guinea pig ileum	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 28, Issue:12	Stereoselectivity of muscarinic receptors in vivo and in vitro for oxotremorine analogues. N-[4-(tertiary amino)-2-butynyl]-5-methyl-2-pyrrolidones.
AID350219	Lipophilicity, log K at pH 2 by by hydrophilic interaction chromatography using 95% acetonitrile as mobile phase	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-28, Volume: 52, Issue:10	Lipophilicity of basic drugs measured by hydrophilic interaction chromatography.
AID1648507	Antagonist activity at human muscarinic M4 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells co-expressing HA-Galphaq/i5 assessed as inhibition of carbachol-induced IP1 accumulation at 22 degree C pre-incubated for 180 mins followed by carbachol addition and further inc	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-23, Volume: 63, Issue:8	Red-Emitting Dibenzodiazepinone Derivatives as Fluorescent Dualsteric Probes for the Muscarinic Acetylcholine M
AID142479	Compound was evaluated for blocking activity on Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in rat bladder	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 30, Issue:1	Differential blockade of muscarinic receptor subtypes by polymethylene tetraamines. Novel class of selective antagonists of cardiac M-2 muscarinic receptors.
AID141327	muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 34, Issue:4	Crystal, solution, and molecular modeling structural properties and muscarinic antagonist activity of azaprophen.
AID142085	Ability to displace radioligand [3H]N-methylscopolamine (NMS) at muscarinic acetylcholine receptor from rat cortical homogenate.	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 33, Issue:7	Synthesis and muscarinic activities of 1,2,4-thiadiazoles.
AID29925	Volume of distribution in man (IV dose)	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-20, Volume: 45, Issue:13	Prediction of volume of distribution values in humans for neutral and basic drugs using physicochemical measurements and plasma protein binding data.
AID540211	Fraction unbound in human after iv administration	2008	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7	Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID142660	Ratio of Ki of [3H]-NMS binding to that of [3H]OXO-M binding.	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-21, Volume: 35, Issue:17	Synthesis and cholinergic properties of N-aryl-2-[[[5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2-furanyl]methyl]thio]ethylamino analogs of ranitidine.
AID511608	Displacement of [3H]-4-DAMP from human muscarinic M4 receptor expressed in BHK-21 cells	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-09, Volume: 53, Issue:17	Discovery of N-{1-[3-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]oxazin-4-yl)propyl]piperidin-4-yl}-2-phenylacetamide (Lu AE51090): an allosteric muscarinic M1 receptor agonist with unprecedented selectivity and procognitive potential.
AID142206	In vitro ability to displace [3H]oxotremorine-M from the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in rat cerebral cortical membranes	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-06, Volume: 35, Issue:5	Synthesis and in vitro biological profile of all four isomers of the potent muscarinic agonist 3-(3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane.
AID71930	Intravenous effective dose required to produce a 1 mV increase in transmural potential difference in ferrets (GI side effect)	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 40, Issue:4	Muscarinic analgesics with potent and selective effects on the gastrointestinal tract: potential application for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.
AID142072	Inhibition of [3H]- Oxo-M binding to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of rat brain membrane preparations	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 35, Issue:12	Synthesis and muscarinic receptor activity of ester derivatives of 2-substituted 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-5-ol and -6-ol.
AID142935	Binding affinity against Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 by displacement of [3H]QNB in rat myocardium	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 31, Issue:7	Affinity and selectivity of the optical isomers of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate and related muscarinic antagonists.
AID124472	Antimuscarinic activity on the intact mice.(Dose required to double the dose of oxotremorine inducing a predetermined tremor intensity.)	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-24, Volume: 35, Issue:2	Phenyl-substituted analogues of oxotremorine as muscarinic antagonists.
AID404304	Effect on human MRP2-mediated estradiol-17-beta-glucuronide transport in Sf9 cells inverted membrane vesicles relative to control	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 51, Issue:11	Prediction and identification of drug interactions with the human ATP-binding cassette transporter multidrug-resistance associated protein 2 (MRP2; ABCC2).
AID141279	Antagonist activity against Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor of guinea pig ileum	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 31, Issue:9	Enantioselectivity of muscarinic antagonists. 2,2-Dicyclohexyl-5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1,3-oxathiolane methiodides and related 3-oxides.
AID333845	Genotoxicity against CHO cells after UV irradiation
AID141159	Inhibition of [3H]NMS (N-[3H]methylscopolamine) binding to Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR)	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 45, Issue:4	Pyridophens: binary pyridostigmine-aprophen prodrugs with differential inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and muscarinic receptors.
AID123415	Antimuscarinic activity in intact mice was determined as the dose required to double the dose of oxotremorine inducing a predetermined tremor intensity	1989	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 32, Issue:4	Conformationally restricted analogues of the muscarinic agent N-methyl-N-(1-methyl-4-pyrrolidino-2-butynyl)acetamide.
AID142110	Antimuscarinic activity to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 from atria of guinea pig.	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 35, Issue:23	Synthesis and antimuscarinic properties of some N-substituted 5-(aminomethyl)-3,3-diphenyl-2(3H)-furanones.
AID444058	Volume of distribution at steady state in human	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID195821	Potency (isolated rat ileum) relative to adiphenine was determined.	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 30, Issue:2	Molecular modification of anticholinergics as probes for muscarinic receptors. 1. Amino esters of alpha-substituted phenylacetic acid and related analogues.
AID142950	Displacement of [3H](-)-quinuclidinyl benzilate(QNB) from muscarinic (M2) receptor in rat heart homogenates	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 34, Issue:10	Muscarinic receptor binding profile of para-substituted caramiphen analogues.
AID496819	Antimicrobial activity against Plasmodium falciparum	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1574981	Displacement of [3H]NMS from human M2 AChR expressed in CHO cell membranes at 100 uM after 1 to 2 hrs by liquid scintillation spectrometry method relative to control	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-01, Volume: 29, Issue:3	Muscarinic agonist, (±)-quinuclidin-3-yl-(4-fluorophenethyl)(phenyl)carbamate: High affinity, but low subtype selectivity for human M
AID1648531	Displacement of 4-(2-((1E,3E)-5-((E)-3,3-Dimethyl-1-(6-oxo-6-((2-(3-(1-(4-(1-(2-oxo-2-(11-oxo-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)ethyl)piperidin-4-yl)butyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanamido)ethyl)-amino)hexyl)-5-sulfoindolin-2-ylidene)penta-1,3-d	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-23, Volume: 63, Issue:8	Red-Emitting Dibenzodiazepinone Derivatives as Fluorescent Dualsteric Probes for the Muscarinic Acetylcholine M
AID141145	Determination of dissociation constant from antimuscarinic activity on isolated guinea pig ileum.	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-24, Volume: 35, Issue:2	Phenyl-substituted analogues of oxotremorine as muscarinic antagonists.
AID101564	Antagonist activity against muscarinic M1 receptor from guinea pig atria	1993	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-05, Volume: 36, Issue:5	Synthesis and antimuscarinic activity of some 1-cycloalkyl-1-hydroxy-1-phenyl-3-(4-substituted piperazinyl)-2-propanones and related compounds.
AID567091	Drug absorption in human assessed as human intestinal absorption rate	2011	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 46, Issue:1	Prediction of drug intestinal absorption by new linear and non-linear QSPR.
AID235371	Selectivity ratio (m1/m3)	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 45, Issue:4	Cyclohexylmethylpiperidinyltriphenylpropioamide: a selective muscarinic M(3) antagonist discriminating against the other receptor subtypes.
AID128478	Analgesic activity measured using mouse writhing antinociceptive assay after subcutaneous administration	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 40, Issue:4	Muscarinic analgesics with potent and selective effects on the gastrointestinal tract: potential application for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.
AID182614	Antispasmodic activity against isolated rat ileum by the procedure of Long and Chiou.	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 30, Issue:2	Molecular modification of anticholinergics as probes for muscarinic receptors. 1. Amino esters of alpha-substituted phenylacetic acid and related analogues.
AID134266	Anti-oxotremorine activity (anticholinergic property) and reduction of tremor in mice at a dose of 3 mg/kg.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 34, Issue:2	Synthesis and biological activity of D3-trishomocubyl-4-amines.
AID1812922	Myorelaxant effect in Sprague-Dawley rat tracheal ring assessed as maximal relaxation of carbachol-induced smooth muscle contraction by organ bath assay	2021	Journal of natural products, 08-27, Volume: 84, Issue:8	Monomeric, Dimeric, and Trimeric Tropane Alkaloids from
AID467611	Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 44, Issue:11	Prediction of volume of distribution values in human using immobilized artificial membrane partitioning coefficients, the fraction of compound ionized and plasma protein binding data.
AID29811	Oral bioavailability in human	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13	QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID625289	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID142485	Displacement of [3H]- quinuclidinyl benzilate from rat brain Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 26, Issue:4	4-(Diphenylmethyl)-1-[(imino)methyl]piperidines as gastric antisecretory agents.
AID496826	Antimicrobial activity against Entamoeba histolytica	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID1638969	Antagonist activity at muscarinic M3 receptor in guinea-pig ileum assessed as inhibition of carbachol-induced contractions after 15 mins	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-01, Volume: 27, Issue:7	Alkyl derivatives of 1,3,5-triazine as histamine H
AID24860	Tested for antimuscarinic potency on guinea pig heart rate	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 31, Issue:9	Enantioselectivity of muscarinic antagonists. Isomeric 2-cyclohexyl-2-phenyl-5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1,3-oxathiolane methiodides.
AID496828	Antimicrobial activity against Leishmania donovani	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID157520	Inhibition of carbachol-induced release of alpha-amylase from pancreatic acini from rat was determined	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5	6-Methyl-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3 alpha-ol 2,2-diphenylpropionate (azaprophen), a highly potent antimuscarinic agent.
AID142933	In vitro receptor binding against Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 in rat heart was determined using [3H]pirenzepine	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 33, Issue:8	Synthesis and biological evaluation of new antimuscarinic compounds with amidine basic centers. A useful bioisosteric replacement of classical cationic heads.
AID141168	Binding affinity (Ki) against binding of [3H]NMS using membranes from CHO cells expressing cloned human Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 45, Issue:4	Cyclohexylmethylpiperidinyltriphenylpropioamide: a selective muscarinic M(3) antagonist discriminating against the other receptor subtypes.
AID141438	Antimuscarinic activity test against muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 from rabbit vas deferens	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 35, Issue:23	Synthesis and antimuscarinic properties of some N-substituted 5-(aminomethyl)-3,3-diphenyl-2(3H)-furanones.
AID781326	pKa (acid-base dissociation constant) as determined by Avdeef ref: DOI: 10.1002/047145026X	2014	Pharmaceutical research, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4	Comparison of the accuracy of experimental and predicted pKa values of basic and acidic compounds.
AID4036	Binding affinity towards 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor by the displacement of [125I]trans-8-OH-PIPAT in membrane homogenates of hippocampal tissue of rat brain	1993	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-15, Volume: 36, Issue:21	Synthesis of (R,S)-trans-8-hydroxy-2-[N-n-propyl-N-(3'-iodo-2'-propenyl)amino]tetral in (trans-8-OH-PIPAT): a new 5-HT1A receptor ligand.
AID142089	Apparent binding affinity at Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor by displacing [3H]oxotremorine-M in rat cortex	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 31, Issue:2	2-Methyl-1,3-dioxaazaspiro[4.5]decanes as novel muscarinic cholinergic agonists.
AID1473738	Inhibition of human BSEP overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-taurocholate in presence of ATP measured after 15 to 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay	2013	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1	A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID140936	Binding affinity to Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 by measuring its ability to displace [3H]N-methylscopolamine binding in rat heart	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 41, Issue:17	Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of O-alkynyloximes of tropinone and N-methylpiperidinone as muscarinic agonists.
AID196436	Inhibition constant on radiolabeled [125 I] FIDA2 binding to rat striatal membranes	1993	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-22, Volume: 36, Issue:2	Fluorinated and iodinated dopamine agents: D2 imaging agents for PET and SPECT.
AID1574987	Selectivity ratio of Ki for displacement of [3H]NMS from human M2 AChR expressed in CHO cell membranes to Ki for displacement of [3H]NMS from human M3 AChR expressed in CHO cell membranes	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-01, Volume: 29, Issue:3	Muscarinic agonist, (±)-quinuclidin-3-yl-(4-fluorophenethyl)(phenyl)carbamate: High affinity, but low subtype selectivity for human M
AID498954	Displacement of [3H]NMS from rat recombinant muscarinic M5 receptor expressed in CHO cells after 2 hrs by microplate scintillation counting	2008	Nature chemical biology, Jan, Volume: 4, Issue:1	An allosteric potentiator of M4 mAChR modulates hippocampal synaptic transmission.
AID233564	The ratio of Kapp([3H]-NMS) / Kapp([3H]-OXO-M) was determined	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 33, Issue:4	Novel quinuclidine-based ligands for the muscarinic cholinergic receptor.
AID1574984	Displacement of [3H]NMS from human M5 AChR expressed in CHO cell membranes after 1 to 2 hrs by liquid scintillation spectrometry method	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-01, Volume: 29, Issue:3	Muscarinic agonist, (±)-quinuclidin-3-yl-(4-fluorophenethyl)(phenyl)carbamate: High affinity, but low subtype selectivity for human M
AID467612	Fraction unbound in human plasma	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 44, Issue:11	Prediction of volume of distribution values in human using immobilized artificial membrane partitioning coefficients, the fraction of compound ionized and plasma protein binding data.
AID625282	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1648528	Displacement of 4-(2-((1E,3E)-5-((E)-3,3-Dimethyl-1-(6-oxo-6-((2-(4-(4-(1-(2-oxo-2-(11-oxo-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)ethyl)piperidin-4-yl)butyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)amino)hexyl)-5-sulfoindolin-2-ylidene)penta-1,3-dien-1-yl)-3,3-dimet	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-23, Volume: 63, Issue:8	Red-Emitting Dibenzodiazepinone Derivatives as Fluorescent Dualsteric Probes for the Muscarinic Acetylcholine M
AID142210	In vitro binding affinity against muscarinic acetylcholine receptor from rat cortical homogenates using [3H]oxotremorine-M radioligand	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 33, Issue:10	Synthesis and biological activity of 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives: highly potent and efficacious agonists for cortical muscarinic receptors.
AID29423	HPLC capacity factor (k')	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-20, Volume: 45, Issue:13	Prediction of volume of distribution values in humans for neutral and basic drugs using physicochemical measurements and plasma protein binding data.
AID744631	Selectivity ratio of Ki for human muscarinic M1 receptor to Ki for human muscarinic M3 receptor	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Discovery of subtype selective muscarinic receptor antagonists as alternatives to atropine using in silico pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening methods.
AID181349	Compound was tested for decrease in rate of lever pressing by rat	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 30, Issue:5	6-Methyl-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3 alpha-ol 2,2-diphenylpropionate (azaprophen), a highly potent antimuscarinic agent.
AID1574979	Displacement of [3H]NMS from human M1 AChR expressed in CHO cell membranes at 100 uM after 1 to 2 hrs by liquid scintillation spectrometry method relative to control	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-01, Volume: 29, Issue:3	Muscarinic agonist, (±)-quinuclidin-3-yl-(4-fluorophenethyl)(phenyl)carbamate: High affinity, but low subtype selectivity for human M
AID444053	Renal clearance in human	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID496823	Antimicrobial activity against Trichomonas vaginalis	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID229402	Selectivity ratio of pA2 of guinea pig atria to pA2 of rat ileum	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 30, Issue:1	Differential blockade of muscarinic receptor subtypes by polymethylene tetraamines. Novel class of selective antagonists of cardiac M-2 muscarinic receptors.
AID141696	In vitro receptor binding against Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 in rat cerebral cortex was determined using [3H]pirenzepine	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 33, Issue:8	Synthesis and biological evaluation of new antimuscarinic compounds with amidine basic centers. A useful bioisosteric replacement of classical cationic heads.
AID498953	Displacement of [3H]NMS from rat recombinant muscarinic M3 receptor expressed in CHO cells after 2 hrs by microplate scintillation counting	2008	Nature chemical biology, Jan, Volume: 4, Issue:1	An allosteric potentiator of M4 mAChR modulates hippocampal synaptic transmission.
AID141829	Displacement of [3H]pirenzepine from muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 in rat cortex homogenates	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 34, Issue:10	Muscarinic receptor binding profile of para-substituted caramiphen analogues.
AID1483248	Protein binding in human plasma at 10 uM after 5 hrs by rapid equilibrium dialysis
AID187173	Evaluated for the phosphatidyl inositol turnover at Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 in rat cortex	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 31, Issue:7	Affinity and selectivity of the optical isomers of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate and related muscarinic antagonists.
AID333844	Genotoxicity against CHO cells
AID496820	Antimicrobial activity against Trypanosoma brucei	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 18, Issue:6	Multi-target spectral moment QSAR versus ANN for antiparasitic drugs against different parasite species.
AID361986	Lipophilicity, log D of compound at pH 7.4 by shake flask method	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-28, Volume: 51, Issue:16	Determination of log D via automated microfluidic liquid-liquid extraction.
AID189559	Relative potency against atropine	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 26, Issue:4	4-(Diphenylmethyl)-1-[(imino)methyl]piperidines as gastric antisecretory agents.
AID697817	Displacement of [3H]NMS from human muscarinic M1 receptor expressed in CHO cells	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 22, Issue:22	Synthesis and biological characterization of a series of novel diaryl amide M₁ antagonists.
AID59367	Inhibition of dog salivation by 50% of control value.	1989	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 32, Issue:3	3-(aminoalkyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5H-[1]benzopyrano[3,4-c] pyridin-5-ones as potential anticholinergic bronchodilators.
AID337903	Displacement of [3H]pirenzepine from muscarinic M1 receptor	1993	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 56, Issue:4	The role of receptor binding in drug discovery.
AID142279	Compound was evaluated for the affinity at the cloned radio labelled Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-04, Volume: 41, Issue:12	Substituted naphthofurans as hallucinogenic phenethylamine-ergoline hybrid molecules with unexpected muscarinic antagonist activity.
AID1654805	Antagonist activity at muscarinic receptor in BALB/c mouse MSC assessed as inhibition of carbachol-induced increase in cell viability at 10'-10M incubated for 24 hrs by Cell-titer 96 aqueous one solution reagent based assay
AID350218	Octanol-water partition coefficient, log PC of the compound	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-28, Volume: 52, Issue:10	Lipophilicity of basic drugs measured by hydrophilic interaction chromatography.
AID1682111	Displacement of [3H]-oxo-M from rat cerebral cortex muscarinic M1 receptor incubated for 40 mins by liquid scintillation spectrometry	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 28, Issue:24	Pyridine alkaloids with activity in the central nervous system.
AID104018	Ability to displace [3H]pirenzepine (PZ) from M1 receptor in rat cortex homogenate	1993	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-02, Volume: 36, Issue:7	Synthesis and biodistribution of iodine-125-labeled 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl alpha-hydroxy-alpha-(1-iodo-1-propen-3-yl)-alpha-phenylacetate. A new ligand for the potential imaging of muscarinic receptors by single photon emission computed tomography.
AID176598	In vitro activity against carbachol-induced colonic spasms in rat (iv)	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 33, Issue:8	Synthesis and biological evaluation of new antimuscarinic compounds with amidine basic centers. A useful bioisosteric replacement of classical cationic heads.
AID625284	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID142482	Affinity for the Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 30, Issue:2	Molecular modification of anticholinergics as probes for muscarinic receptors. 1. Amino esters of alpha-substituted phenylacetic acid and related analogues.
AID419688	Antagonist activity at muscarinic receptor	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 19, Issue:11	3D-QSAR study of 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1] octane analogs antagonists of cholinergic receptor.
AID511609	Displacement of [3H]-4-DAMP from human muscarinic M5 receptor expressed in BHK-21 cells	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-09, Volume: 53, Issue:17	Discovery of N-{1-[3-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]oxazin-4-yl)propyl]piperidin-4-yl}-2-phenylacetamide (Lu AE51090): an allosteric muscarinic M1 receptor agonist with unprecedented selectivity and procognitive potential.
AID444056	Fraction escaping gut-wall elimination in human	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID386625	Inhibition of 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium uptake at human OCT1 expressed in HEK293 cells by confocal microscopy	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-09, Volume: 51, Issue:19	Structural requirements for drug inhibition of the liver specific human organic cation transport protein 1.
AID350216	Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-28, Volume: 52, Issue:10	Lipophilicity of basic drugs measured by hydrophilic interaction chromatography.
AID142009	Compound was evaluated for the affinity at the cloned radio labelled Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-04, Volume: 41, Issue:12	Substituted naphthofurans as hallucinogenic phenethylamine-ergoline hybrid molecules with unexpected muscarinic antagonist activity.
AID425652	Total body clearance in human	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15	Physicochemical determinants of human renal clearance.
AID140889	Inhibition of [3H]NMS binding to cerebral cortex membranes which contain predominantly the Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 subtypes	1989	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 32, Issue:7	Binary antidotes for organophosphate poisoning: aprophen analogues that are both antimuscarinics and carbamates.
AID714454	Competitive inhibition of EGFP-fused human M1 receptor N-terminal truncated at 17 residues expressed in HEK293 cells after 4 hrs by FRET assay in presence of para-LRB-AC42	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-08, Volume: 55, Issue:5	Fluorescent derivatives of AC-42 to probe bitopic orthosteric/allosteric binding mechanisms on muscarinic M1 receptors.
AID1574983	Displacement of [3H]NMS from human M3 AChR expressed in CHO cell membranes at 100 uM after 1 to 2 hrs by liquid scintillation spectrometry method relative to control	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-01, Volume: 29, Issue:3	Muscarinic agonist, (±)-quinuclidin-3-yl-(4-fluorophenethyl)(phenyl)carbamate: High affinity, but low subtype selectivity for human M
AID142211	In vitro binding affinity against cortical muscarinic acetylcholine receptor measured by displacement of [3H]NMS.	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-24, Volume: 35, Issue:2	Synthesis and muscarinic activity of quinuclidinyl- and (1-azanorbornyl)pyrazine derivatives.
AID588213	Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in non-rodents	2010	Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1	Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1365279	Antagonist activity at 5-HT2A receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat ielum assessed as reduction in 5-HT-evoked contraction at 1 uM	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 10-15, Volume: 25, Issue:20	New 5-HT
AID142924	Compound was evaluated for the affinity at the cloned radio labelled Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-04, Volume: 41, Issue:12	Substituted naphthofurans as hallucinogenic phenethylamine-ergoline hybrid molecules with unexpected muscarinic antagonist activity.
AID235372	Selectivity ratio (m2/m3)	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 45, Issue:4	Cyclohexylmethylpiperidinyltriphenylpropioamide: a selective muscarinic M(3) antagonist discriminating against the other receptor subtypes.
AID142099	In vitro ability to displace [3H]N-methylscopolamine from the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in rat cerebral cortical membranes	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-06, Volume: 35, Issue:5	Synthesis and in vitro biological profile of all four isomers of the potent muscarinic agonist 3-(3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane.
AID141151	Ability of compound to displace (-)-[3H]3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate (-)-[3H]-QNB from Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the parotid gland from Guinea Pig.	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-07, Volume: 40, Issue:23	Antimuscarinic 3-(2-furanyl)quinuclidin-2-ene derivatives: synthesis and structure-activity relationships.
AID338187	Displacement of [3H]pirenzepine from muscarinic M1 receptor assessed as specific binding relative to total binding	1993	Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 56, Issue:4	The role of receptor binding in drug discovery.
AID59366	Compound dose for inhibiting dog cholinergic bronchoconstriction by 50% of control value.	1989	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 32, Issue:3	3-(aminoalkyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5H-[1]benzopyrano[3,4-c] pyridin-5-ones as potential anticholinergic bronchodilators.
AID1160787	Displacement of [3H]NMS from human muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 5 expressed in CHO cell membranes assessed as radioligand binding level by scintillation counting method	2014	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-25, Volume: 57, Issue:18	Development of a highly potent, novel M5 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) demonstrating CNS exposure: 1-((1H-indazol-5-yl)sulfoneyl)-N-ethyl-N-(2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)piperidine-4-carboxamide (ML380).
AID1574982	Displacement of [3H]NMS from human M3 AChR expressed in CHO cell membranes after 1 to 2 hrs by liquid scintillation spectrometry method	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-01, Volume: 29, Issue:3	Muscarinic agonist, (±)-quinuclidin-3-yl-(4-fluorophenethyl)(phenyl)carbamate: High affinity, but low subtype selectivity for human M
AID141610	Compound was evaluated for the affinity at the cloned radio labelled Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-04, Volume: 41, Issue:12	Substituted naphthofurans as hallucinogenic phenethylamine-ergoline hybrid molecules with unexpected muscarinic antagonist activity.
AID8002	Observed volume of distribution	2004	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-26, Volume: 47, Issue:5	Prediction of human volume of distribution values for neutral and basic drugs. 2. Extended data set and leave-class-out statistics.
AID183830	Antispasmodic activity was measured as percent reduction in rat ileum contraction against 300 ug/mL barium chloride 0.5 ug/mL (1.5 X 10E-6 uM)	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 30, Issue:2	Molecular modification of anticholinergics as probes for muscarinic receptors. 2. Amino esters of alpha-methyltropic acid.
AID29359	Ionization constant (pKa)	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-29, Volume: 43, Issue:13	QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability.
AID1648530	Displacement of 4-(2-((1E,3E)-5-((E)-3,3-Dimethyl-1-(6-oxo-6-((2-(4-(4-(1-(2-oxo-2-(11-oxo-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepin-5-yl)ethyl)piperidin-4-yl)butyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)amino)hexyl)-5-sulfoindolin-2-ylidene)penta-1,3-dien-1-yl)-3,3-dimet	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-23, Volume: 63, Issue:8	Red-Emitting Dibenzodiazepinone Derivatives as Fluorescent Dualsteric Probes for the Muscarinic Acetylcholine M
AID178197	Effective dose in blocking conditioned avoidance responding (CAR) in the rat when administered intraperitoneally	1989	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 32, Issue:5	Activity of aromatic substituted phenylpiperazines lacking affinity for dopamine binding sites in a preclinical test of antipsychotic efficacy.
AID232955	Inhibitory selectivity for Muscarinic receptors M2 and M1	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 41, Issue:17	Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of O-alkynyloximes of tropinone and N-methylpiperidinone as muscarinic agonists.
AID744633	Displacement of [3H] N-methylscopolamine from human muscarinic M3 receptor expressed in CHOK1 cells after 30 mins by scintillation counting analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Discovery of subtype selective muscarinic receptor antagonists as alternatives to atropine using in silico pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening methods.
AID444055	Fraction absorbed in human	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID1574985	Displacement of [3H]NMS from human M5 AChR expressed in CHO cell membranes at 100 uM after 1 to 2 hrs by liquid scintillation spectrometry method relative to control	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-01, Volume: 29, Issue:3	Muscarinic agonist, (±)-quinuclidin-3-yl-(4-fluorophenethyl)(phenyl)carbamate: High affinity, but low subtype selectivity for human M
AID625281	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID311935	Partition coefficient, log P of the compound	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-24, Volume: 51, Issue:2	Identification of new functional inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase using a structure-property-activity relation model.
AID142367	Ratio of apparent binding affinities of NMS and Oxo-M	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 34, Issue:3	Tetrahydropyridyloxadiazoles: semirigid muscarinic ligands.
AID1636469	Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP2D6-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 6.7 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of NA	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16	Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID588208	Literature-mined public compounds from Lowe et al phospholipidosis modelling dataset	2010	Molecular pharmaceutics, Oct-04, Volume: 7, Issue:5	Predicting phospholipidosis using machine learning.
AID334626	Inhibition of acetylcholine-induced contraction in guinea pig ileum preincubated for 5 mins before acetylcholine challenge
AID232957	Inhibitory selectivity for Muscarinic receptors M3 and M2	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 41, Issue:17	Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of O-alkynyloximes of tropinone and N-methylpiperidinone as muscarinic agonists.
AID88009	Displacement of [3H](-)-trans-H2-PAT from histamine H2 PAT binding site by competition binding assay.	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-12, Volume: 42, Issue:16	Synthesis, evaluation, and comparative molecular field analysis of 1-phenyl-3-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenes as ligands for histamine H(1) receptors.
AID224996	50% in vivo effective dose that inhibits ACh-induced pressor response (M1) in rat assay systems after intravenous administration was reported	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 45, Issue:4	Cyclohexylmethylpiperidinyltriphenylpropioamide: a selective muscarinic M(3) antagonist discriminating against the other receptor subtypes.
AID1099220	Insecticidal activity against Bombyx mori Shunrei x Shogetu fourth-instar larvae assessed as induction of delay in 4th ecdysis at 100 ug/larva applied daily through topical route (Rvb = 4.3 +/- 0.48 days)	1998	Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry, Oct, Volume: 62, Issue:10	Effect of tropine derivatives, antimuscarinic agents, on the growth of Bombyx mori larvae.
AID511606	Displacement of [3H]-AFDX-384 from human muscarinic M2 receptor expressed in CHO-K1 cells	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-09, Volume: 53, Issue:17	Discovery of N-{1-[3-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]oxazin-4-yl)propyl]piperidin-4-yl}-2-phenylacetamide (Lu AE51090): an allosteric muscarinic M1 receptor agonist with unprecedented selectivity and procognitive potential.
AID142212	In vitro binding affinity against cortical muscarinic acetylcholine receptor measured by displacement of [3H]OXO-M.	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-24, Volume: 35, Issue:2	Synthesis and muscarinic activity of quinuclidinyl- and (1-azanorbornyl)pyrazine derivatives.
AID24859	Tested for antimuscarinic potency on guinea pig heart force	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 31, Issue:9	Enantioselectivity of muscarinic antagonists. Isomeric 2-cyclohexyl-2-phenyl-5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1,3-oxathiolane methiodides.
AID31797	Compound was evaluated for the binding affinity by displacing [3H]oxotremorine from mouse cerebral cortex tissue.	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-20, Volume: 35, Issue:6	Synthesis and cholinergic properties of bis[[(dimethylamino)methyl]furanyl] analogues of ranitidine.
AID229401	Selectivity ratio of pA2 of guinea pig atria to pA2 of rat bladder	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 30, Issue:1	Differential blockade of muscarinic receptor subtypes by polymethylene tetraamines. Novel class of selective antagonists of cardiac M-2 muscarinic receptors.
AID744634	Displacement of [3H] N-methylscopolamine from human muscarinic M2 receptor expressed in CHOK1 cells after 30 mins by scintillation counting analysis	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Discovery of subtype selective muscarinic receptor antagonists as alternatives to atropine using in silico pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening methods.
AID79835	Antagonist affinity, in electrically paced (1 Hz) guinea pig left atria using 1'-[8-(1-(2-methoxy -benzyl)-[4,4']bipiperidinyl)-octyl]-1-(2-methoxy-benzyl)-[4,4']biiperidinyl as agonist	2001	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-22, Volume: 44, Issue:24	Design, synthesis, and biological activity of methoctramine-related polyamines as putative G(i) protein activators.
AID498949	Displacement of [3H]NMS from rat recombinant muscarinic M4 receptor expressed in CHO cells after 2 hrs by microplate scintillation counting	2008	Nature chemical biology, Jan, Volume: 4, Issue:1	An allosteric potentiator of M4 mAChR modulates hippocampal synaptic transmission.
AID134261	Anti-oxotremorine activity (anticholinergic property) and reduction of salivation in mice at a dose of 3 mg/kg.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 34, Issue:2	Synthesis and biological activity of D3-trishomocubyl-4-amines.
AID141432	Compound was evaluated for the affinity at the cloned radio labelled Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-04, Volume: 41, Issue:12	Substituted naphthofurans as hallucinogenic phenethylamine-ergoline hybrid molecules with unexpected muscarinic antagonist activity.
AID142368	Ratio of geometric mean of the affinity constant (Kapp) of NMS/OXO-M	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-24, Volume: 35, Issue:2	Synthesis and muscarinic activity of quinuclidinyl- and (1-azanorbornyl)pyrazine derivatives.
AID28235	Unbound fraction (plasma)	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-20, Volume: 45, Issue:13	Prediction of volume of distribution values in humans for neutral and basic drugs using physicochemical measurements and plasma protein binding data.
AID1474166	Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index	2016	Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4	DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID625279	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID498952	Displacement of [3H]NMS from rat recombinant muscarinic M2 receptor expressed in CHO cells after 2 hrs by microplate scintillation counting	2008	Nature chemical biology, Jan, Volume: 4, Issue:1	An allosteric potentiator of M4 mAChR modulates hippocampal synaptic transmission.
AID176600	In vitro activity against oxotremorine induced tumors in rat (iv)	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 33, Issue:8	Synthesis and biological evaluation of new antimuscarinic compounds with amidine basic centers. A useful bioisosteric replacement of classical cationic heads.
AID1474167	Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status	2016	Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4	DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID29337	Ionisation constant (pKa)	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-20, Volume: 45, Issue:13	Prediction of volume of distribution values in humans for neutral and basic drugs using physicochemical measurements and plasma protein binding data.
AID101728	Ability to displace [3H]N-methylscopolamine (NMS) from M3 receptor in rat submaxillary gland homogenate	1993	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-02, Volume: 36, Issue:7	Synthesis and biodistribution of iodine-125-labeled 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl alpha-hydroxy-alpha-(1-iodo-1-propen-3-yl)-alpha-phenylacetate. A new ligand for the potential imaging of muscarinic receptors by single photon emission computed tomography.
AID141076	Antimuscarinic activity against muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 from the ileum of guinea pig	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 35, Issue:23	Synthesis and antimuscarinic properties of some N-substituted 5-(aminomethyl)-3,3-diphenyl-2(3H)-furanones.
AID395325	Lipophilicity, log P by microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-26, Volume: 52, Issue:6	Relationship between brain tissue partitioning and microemulsion retention factors of CNS drugs.
AID142357	Ratio of Kapp(NMS)/Kapp(OXO-M)	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-06, Volume: 35, Issue:5	Synthesis and in vitro biological profile of all four isomers of the potent muscarinic agonist 3-(3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane.
AID23672	Partition coefficient (logP)	1980	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 23, Issue:5	Accumulation of drugs by guinea pig isolated atria. Quantitative correlations.
AID1099217	Effect on feeding in Bombyx mori Shunrei x Shogetu fourth-instar larvae assessed as change in quantity of excrement at 10 to 30 ppm administered in diet relative to untreated control	1998	Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry, Oct, Volume: 62, Issue:10	Effect of tropine derivatives, antimuscarinic agents, on the growth of Bombyx mori larvae.
AID386623	Inhibition of 4-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-N-methylpyridinium uptake at human OCT1 expressed in HEK293 cells at 100 uM by confocal microscopy	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-09, Volume: 51, Issue:19	Structural requirements for drug inhibition of the liver specific human organic cation transport protein 1.
AID1473739	Inhibition of human MRP2 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay	2013	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1	A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID395328	Lipophilicity, log P of the compound	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-26, Volume: 52, Issue:6	Relationship between brain tissue partitioning and microemulsion retention factors of CNS drugs.
AID79836	Antagonist affinity, in electrically paced (1 Hz) guinea pig left atria using 1-[1'-(2-Methoxy-benzyl)-[4,4']bipiperidinyl-1-yl]-ethanone as agonist	2001	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-22, Volume: 44, Issue:24	Design, synthesis, and biological activity of methoctramine-related polyamines as putative G(i) protein activators.
AID400115	Antihypertensive activity in anesthetized SHR rat assessed as decrease in heart rate at 2 mg/kg, iv after 24 to 26 seconds	1998	Journal of natural products, Mar, Volume: 61, Issue:3	Cardiovascular effects of aspidofractinine-type alkaloids from Kopsia.
AID1099219	Insecticidal activity against Bombyx mori Shunrei x Shogetu fourth-instar larvae assessed as induction of delay in 4th ecdysis at 10 to 30 ppm administered in diet relative to untreated control	1998	Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry, Oct, Volume: 62, Issue:10	Effect of tropine derivatives, antimuscarinic agents, on the growth of Bombyx mori larvae.
AID227718	Binding energy by using the equation deltaG obsd = -RT ln KD	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 27, Issue:12	Functional group contributions to drug-receptor interactions.
AID354341	Effect on gastrointestinal motility in fasted Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as distance of charcoal moved from stomach to cecum at 3 mg/kg, ip (RVb= 42.1+/-1.8 %)	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 52, Issue:9	Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 8-(pyrid-3-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazines: potent, orally bioavailable corticotropin releasing factor receptor-1 (CRF1) antagonists.
AID1443980	Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in fall armyworm sf9 cell plasma membrane vesicles assessed as reduction in vesicle-associated [3H]-taurocholate transport preincubated for 10 mins prior to ATP addition measured after 15 mins in presence of [3H]-tauroch	2010	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Dec, Volume: 118, Issue:2	Interference with bile salt export pump function is a susceptibility factor for human liver injury in drug development.
AID1278102	Inhibition of 5-HT-induced contraction in Sprague-Dawley rat ileum at 1 uM incubated for 10 mins	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-03, Volume: 110	Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo pharmacological evaluation of serotoninergic ligands containing an isonicotinic nucleus.
AID400116	Antihypertensive activity in anesthetized SHR rat assessed as basal mean arterial blood pressure at 2 mg/kg, iv after 10 mins	1998	Journal of natural products, Mar, Volume: 61, Issue:3	Cardiovascular effects of aspidofractinine-type alkaloids from Kopsia.
AID75762	Dissociation constant of the compound-receptor complex.	1989	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 32, Issue:4	Conformationally restricted analogues of the muscarinic agent N-methyl-N-(1-methyl-4-pyrrolidino-2-butynyl)acetamide.
AID142854	Binding affinity towards muscarinic m2 receptor	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-22, Volume: 37, Issue:15	Novel 1-phenylcycloalkanecarboxylic acid derivatives are potent and selective sigma 1 ligands.
AID588212	Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in rodents	2010	Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1	Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID141025	Inhibition of [3H]QNB binding towards muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in guinea pig ileum.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 34, Issue:4	Crystal, solution, and molecular modeling structural properties and muscarinic antagonist activity of azaprophen.
AID142097	In vitro for its ability to displace [3H]NMS from muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in rat cortical homogenates	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 33, Issue:4	Novel quinuclidine-based ligands for the muscarinic cholinergic receptor.
AID132273	Analgesic activity after subcutaneous administration in male albino Swiss-Webster mice with the hotplate test	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-27, Volume: 37, Issue:11	Presynaptic cholinergic modulators as potent cognition enhancers and analgesic drugs. 1. Tropic and 2-phenylpropionic acid esters.
AID178276	Anticholinergic activity against carbachol induced gastric emptying(GE) in rat when administered perorally	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 26, Issue:4	4-(Diphenylmethyl)-1-[(imino)methyl]piperidines as gastric antisecretory agents.
AID34453	Evaluated for the inhibition of adenylate cyclase at M2 receptor in rat heart	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 31, Issue:7	Affinity and selectivity of the optical isomers of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate and related muscarinic antagonists.
AID141289	Compound was evaluated for blocking activity on Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in guinea pig atria	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 30, Issue:1	Differential blockade of muscarinic receptor subtypes by polymethylene tetraamines. Novel class of selective antagonists of cardiac M-2 muscarinic receptors.
AID1244292	Displacement of [3H]-quinuclydinyl benzylate from muscarinic receptor (unknown origin)	2015	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-28, Volume: 101	4-Fluoro-3',4',5'-trimethoxychalcone as a new anti-invasive agent. From discovery to initial validation in an in vivo metastasis model.
AID540210	Clearance in human after iv administration	2008	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7	Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1449628	Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in baculovirus transfected fall armyworm Sf21 cell membranes vesicles assessed as reduction in ATP-dependent [3H]-taurocholate transport into vesicles incubated for 5 mins by Topcount based rapid filtration method	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Dec, Volume: 40, Issue:12	Mitigating the inhibition of human bile salt export pump by drugs: opportunities provided by physicochemical property modulation, in silico modeling, and structural modification.
AID504749	qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation	2011	Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043	Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID588460	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, Validation Compound Set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588460	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, Validation Compound Set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588460	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, Validation Compound Set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588459	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, Validation compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588459	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, Validation compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588459	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, Validation compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588461	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, Validation compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588461	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, Validation compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588461	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, Validation compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID504810	Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID504812	Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1347159	Primary screen GU Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347160	Primary screen NINDS Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1224864	HCS microscopy assay (F508del-CFTR)	2016	PloS one, , Volume: 11, Issue:10	Increasing the Endoplasmic Reticulum Pool of the F508del Allele of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Leads to Greater Folding Correction by Small Molecule Therapeutics.
AID1159607	Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction	2016	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	16197 (65.11)	18.7374
1990's	4355 (17.51)	18.2507
2000's	2434 (9.78)	29.6817
2010's	1500 (6.03)	24.3611
2020's	390 (1.57)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	1,259 (4.71%)	5.53%
Reviews	684 (2.56%)	6.00%
Case Studies	1,140 (4.27%)	4.05%
Observational	26 (0.10%)	0.25%
Other	23,602 (88.36%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Low-dose Atropine for Myopia Control in Children, a Prospective, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Multicentric, Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03865160]	Phase 2/Phase 3	300 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-10-19	Recruiting
Phase I Clinical Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of PRO-201 Ophthalmic Solution Applied on the Ocular Surface of Healthy Volunteers. [NCT05470881]	Phase 1	29 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-08-20	Completed
Novel Role of Acetylcholine in Regulating Vascular Tone: Effects of Age and Exercise Training [NCT03972683]	Early Phase 1	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-04-16	Withdrawn(stopped due to no participants enrolled)
Atropine for Children and Adolescent Myopia Progression Study (ACAMP) [NCT03949101]	Phase 4	222 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-05-08	Enrolling by invitation
A Phase 4 Double-Blinded, Randomized, Active Comparator-Controlled Clinical Trial to Study the Efficacy, Safety, and Pharmacokinetics of Sugammadex (MK-8616) for Reversal of Neuromuscular Blockade in Pediatric Participants [NCT03351608]	Phase 4	288 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-02-12	Completed
Combined Subconjunctival Atropine and Intracameral Epinephrine Injection for Pupil Dilation in Phacoemulsification Under Peribulbar Anesthesia. [NCT03638726]	Phase 4	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-09-28	Recruiting
A Single-centre, Randomized Pilot Study on the Effects of Different Premedication Treatments for Less Invasive Surfactant Administration (LISA) on Pain, Cerebral Tissue Oxygenation and Cortisol Levels in Preterm Infants [NCT03718507]	Phase 1	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-05-20	Withdrawn(stopped due to no recrutiment started)
Investigator Led, Double-masked, Multicenter, Randomized Clinical Trial for the Comparison of Atropine 0.5% Versus Atropine 0.05% Eye Drops for the Prevention of Myopia Progression in Dutch Children [NCT05667454]	Phase 3	550 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-12-19	Recruiting
Identification of Biometric Marker(s) Capable of Detecting Early Prediabetes: Clinical Trial 1: Antagonism of Hepatic Muscarinic Receptors Attenuates the Postprandial Actions of Hepatic Insulin Sensitizing Substance (HISS) [NCT04625088]		24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-03-01	Completed
A One-month, Randomized, Single Centre, Double-masked, Comparative Study to Evaluate the Short-term Ocular Effects of Experimental BHVI2 and 0.02% Atropine Eye Drops Either Alone or in Combination [NCT03690414]	Phase 1	52 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-10-01	Completed
The Effect and Safety of Red Light Intervention on Myopic Progression of Myopic Children: Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT05203432]		104 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-02-10	Recruiting
Optimization of Procedural Sedation Protocol Used for Dental Care Delivery in People With Mental Disability [NCT02078336]	Phase 4	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-12-31	Recruiting
Role of Intralipid in Management of Organophosphorus Poisoning [NCT04393103]	Phase 2/Phase 3	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-04-30	Not yet recruiting
Effect of Adding Nebulized Salbutamol to Intravenous Atropine and Oxygen During Resuscitation of OP Pesticide Poisoned Patients [NCT02160548]	Phase 3	75 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-04-30	Completed
Evaluation of Two-week Effects of 0.01%, 0.02% and 0.03% Atropine Eye Drops on Children Eyes With Myopia [NCT03699423]	Phase 1	58 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-03-08	Completed
The Effect of 0.6 vs. 1.2 Milligram Atropine Together With Neostigmine 2.5 Milligram on Heart Rate in Patient Receiving Muscle Relaxant During General Anesthesia [NCT02186132]	Phase 4	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-03-31	Completed
The Personalized Chinese Herb Formulas Are Evaluated for Their Effectiveness to Relieve Symptoms in Hypertensive Bradyarrhythmia [NCT04505228]		72 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-01-20	Completed
Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Atropine Oral Gel in Healthy Adults [NCT05164367]	Early Phase 1	10 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-10-01	Active, not recruiting
The Effects of Atropine Eyedrops on Ocular Alignment and Binocular Vision [NCT05379855]		334 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-07-01	Not yet recruiting
Effect of Sugammadex Versus Neostigmine/Atropine Combination on Cognitive Function After Elective Adult Surgery [NCT02419352]		160 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-09-30	Completed
Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic Analysis of Reversal of Rocuronium-induced Neuromuscular Blockade by Sugammadex in Children [NCT03943888]	Phase 2	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-08-12	Completed
Assessing The Role Of Intravenous Lipid Emulsion As A Life Saving Therapy In Pesticides Toxicity: A Randomized Controlled Trial In Poison Control Center Of Ain Shams University Hospitals [NCT05006638]	Phase 4	62 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-12-31	Recruiting
the Effect of Low-Concentration Atropine Combined With Auricular Acupoint Stimulation in Myopia Control [NCT02055378]		73 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-01-31	Completed
A Phase 2, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Dose-Ranging Study Evaluating Safety/ Efficacy Atropine Doses With Pseudoephedrine and Chlorpheniramine in SAR Patients 12 Years of Age and Older [NCT02082054]	Phase 2	125 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-03-31	Active, not recruiting
Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center [NCT04699357]		357 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-07-04	Recruiting
Intrathecal Atropine Versus Preoperative Intravenous Ondasetron for Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Due to Intrathecal Morphine in Perineal Surgery [NCT05137288]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-12-01	Not yet recruiting
Side Effects of Atropine (SEA) Study [NCT03593044]	Phase 1/Phase 2	31 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-07-23	Completed
[NCT02522858]	Phase 4	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-08-31	Completed
a Parallel Assignment Prospective, Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo-controlled Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of 0.01% Atropine for Near Work-induced Transient Myopia and Myopic Progression [NCT06034366]		150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-10-01	Recruiting
Intravenous Dexamethasone Combined With Intrathecal Atropine to Prevent Morphine-related Nausea and Vomiting After Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Double-blinded Study [NCT03387956]		120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-03-20	Completed
The Effects of Low Dose Atropine on Choroidal Thickness [NCT03544827]	Phase 4	36 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-05-21	Completed
Treatment Effect of Topical Application of Low-concentration (0.01%) Atropine on the Human Eye With Fast and Slow Myopia Progression Rate as Classified by Electro-retinal Responses [NCT03374306]		56 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-01	Completed
Intrathecal Atropine Versus Intravenous Metoclopramide for Prevention of Nausea and Vomiting During Caesarian Section Under Spinal Anesthesia [NCT03932578]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-05-05	Completed
Myopia Control in Children With Low-dose Atropine and Soft Bifocal Contact Lenses [NCT03312257]		49 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-07-31	Completed
Short-term Effects of 0.01% Atropine on Adult Myopes Pupil Size and Subjective Quality of Vision [NCT06071260]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-12-01	Not yet recruiting
Comparison of Sugammadex and Neostigmine in Terms of Awakening, Pain, Agitation, Nausea and Vomiting in Pediatric Patients'' [NCT05618236]		130 participants (Anticipated)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2022-11-08	Active, not recruiting
Study on the Effect of Two Ways of Cycloplegia on Biological Parameters of Ciliary Muscle [NCT05449015]	Phase 4	144 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-12-22	Recruiting
A Randomized, Blinded, Prospective Study of the Combined Use of Low-dose Sugammadex Plus Neostigmine Administered for Reversal of Rocuronium-induced Neuromuscular Block in Obese Patients [NCT03328312]	Early Phase 1	90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-12-01	Not yet recruiting
Effect of Atropine or Glycopyrrolate on the Prevention of Bradycardia During Sedation Using Dexmedetomidine in Adult Patients Undergoing Lower Extremity Surgery Under Spinal Anesthesia [NCT03322150]		2 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-10-01	Terminated(stopped due to The research was terminated because the recruitment of the study subjects was not smooth and the overseas training of the investigator was scheduled.)
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Therapeutic Effect and Safety of LPTAT in Children With Myopia [NCT05529056]	Phase 3	472 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-05-25	Recruiting
Safety and Feasibility of Atropine Added During Treadmill Stress Testing in Patients With Chronotropic Incompetence or Poor Exercise Capacity. [NCT00623207]	Phase 3	103 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-12-31	Completed
The Impact of Intravenous Anaesthesia on Angiogenesis in Patients With Breast Cancer [NCT02839668]	Phase 2	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-08-31	Completed
Phase I Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of the Ophthalmic Solution PRO-230 When Applied to the Ocular Surface of Healthy Volunteers. [NCT05481489]	Phase 1	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2023-02-01	Withdrawn(stopped due to Due to sponsors convenience.)
Effect of Glycopyrrolate and Atropine as Adjuncts to Reversal of Non-Depolarizing Neuromuscular Blocking Agents on Postoperative Catheter-Related Bladder Discomfort [NCT02228473]		76 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-09-30	Recruiting
The Effects of Low-dose Atropine and Orthokeratology in Pediatric Myopia Control [NCT05478356]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-08-01	Recruiting
Comparison of Atropine Versus Glycopyrrolate in Preventing Spinal Anesthesia Induced Hypotension in Adult Patient Undergoing Major Lower Limb Orthopedic Surgeries [NCT03580889]	Phase 4	138 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-09-15	Recruiting
Low Concentrations of Atropine for Controlling Myopia Progression in School Children [NCT02130167]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-08-31	Completed
Is Aminophylline More Effective Than Neostigmine/Atropine Mixture in the Treatment of Post-dural Puncture Headache: A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT03997006]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-01-01	Completed
An Open Label Study to Characterize the Incidence and Severity of Diarrhea in Patients With HER2+ Breast Cancer Treated With Neratinib With or Without Trastuzumab [NCT03094052]	Phase 2	11 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-10-09	Completed
Effectiveness of Caudal Epidural Block on Intraoperative Blood Loss During Hypospadias Repair; A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT02752308]	Phase 2/Phase 3	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-09-30	Completed
Ketamine vs Propofol for Sedation During Pediatric Bronchoscopy [NCT02743104]		150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-05-31	Suspended(stopped due to Protocol being reconsidered)
The Effects of Bariatric Surgeries on Glucose Metabolism [NCT02823665]	Early Phase 1	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-07-31	Recruiting
Hormonal and Neural Control of Insulin Secretion Following Gastric Bypass Surgery [NCT00992901]	Early Phase 1	160 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-10-31	Recruiting
Low-dose Atropine Eye Drops to Reduce Progression of Myopia in Children: a Multi-centre Placebo Controlled Randomised Trial in the United Kingdom [NCT03690089]	Phase 2	289 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-04-03	Active, not recruiting
Pharmacological or Non-Pharmacological Management of Maternal Hypotension During Elective Cesarean Section Under Subarachnoid Anesthesia: a Randomized, Controlled Trial [NCT00991627]	Phase 4	36 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-09-30	Completed
[NCT02215382]	Phase 4	36 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-08-31	Completed
Low-dose Atropine for the Prevention of Myopia Progression in Danish Children - a Randomized, Double-masked, Multicenter, 36-month Prospective 1:1:1 Study of Safety and Efficacy of 0.1% Atropine Loading Dose to Single 0.01% Atropine and Placebo [NCT03911271]	Phase 2	97 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-05-30	Active, not recruiting
Comparison of the Clinical Utility of Atropine and Isoprenaline in the Invasive Diagnosis of Arrhythmias [NCT06082388]		200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-11-09	Not yet recruiting
Comparison of Effect of Atropine or Ephedrine Pretreatment for Preventing Bradycardia Under Sedation With Dexmedetomidine After Spinal Anesthesia in Elderly Patients [NCT03984526]	Phase 4	102 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-06-25	Completed
The Effects of Colloid Pre-Loading on D-Dimer of the Mother and Her Baby During Cesarean Section Under Spinal Anesthesia for Mild Preeclampsia [NCT02622126]	Phase 2	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Completed
Prevention of Brad Arrhythmia Induced by Repeated Succinylcholine by Atropine Sulfate During Gynecological Laparoscopic Surgery: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02676011]	Phase 2	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-02-29	Completed
The Role of Induced Phase 3 Contractions in the Control of Hunger and Food Intake [NCT02633579]		28 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-10-31	Completed
A Multi-center, Randomized, Parallel-group, Comparative, Active-controlled, Safety-assessor Blinded Trial in Adult Subjects Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Sugammadex (SCH 900616, ORG 25969) Administered at 1-2 PTC With Neostigmine Administered at Re [NCT00724932]	Phase 3	140 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-07-16	Completed
A Multi-center, Randomized, Parallel-group, Active-controlled, Safety-assessor Blinded Trial, Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of 2.0 mg.Kg-1 Sugammadex With 50 μg.Kg-1 Neostigmine Administered at Reappearance of T2 After Rocuronium in Chinese and Europe [NCT00825812]	Phase 3	308 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-01-31	Completed
Dynamics and State Transitions During Resuscitation in In-hospital Cardiac Arrest [NCT00920244]		285 participants (Actual)	Observational	2009-08-31	Completed
The Pathophysiology of Orthostatic Hypotension [NCT00748059]	Phase 1	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1996-12-31	Completed
Recovery of Muscle Function After Deep Neuromuscular Block by Means of Dia-phragm Ultrasonography and Adductor Pollicis Acceleromyography: Comparison of Neostigmine vs. Sugammadex as Reversal Drugs. [NCT02698969]	Phase 4	58 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-11-30	Recruiting
[NCT02648503]	Phase 4	120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-03-31	Not yet recruiting
A Phase 4 Double-blinded, Randomized, Active Comparator-controlled Clinical Trial to Study the Efficacy, Safety, and Pharmacokinetics of Sugammadex (MK-8616) for Reversal of Neuromuscular Blockade in Pediatric Participants Aged Birth to <2 Years [NCT03909165]	Phase 4	137 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-07-23	Completed
Intrathecal Atropine to Prevent Nausea and Vomiting After Spinal Anesthesia With Morphine for Elective Caesarean Section: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT00921102]	Phase 4	216 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-05-31	Completed
Comprehensive Assessment of Histopathologic and Physiologic Profile in Esophageal Motility Disorders [NCT04641702]	Phase 4	80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-03-17	Recruiting
Development of an Inhaled, Dry Powder Delivery System for the Administration of Atropine Sulfate [NCT00947596]	Phase 1	18 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-08-31	Completed
Impact of Pre-spinal Atropine on Post Spinal Hemodynamics and Cardiac Output Measured by Electrical Cardiometry in Caesarean Delivery: Randomized Double Blinded Controlled Trial [NCT05658380]	Phase 3	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-12-25	Completed
Combined Spinal Epidural Anesthesia in Obese Patients Undergoing Cesarean Surgery: A Randomised Comparison of Lateral Decubitus and Sitting Positions [NCT04612998]		100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-02-01	Completed
Efficacy Comparison of 2 Low-dose Atropine Eye Drops in Vietnamese Children Myopia Management [NCT05803863]	Phase 4	108 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-04-15	Not yet recruiting
Multi-centered Clinical Trial on Myopia Intervention in Children and Adolescents and Establishment of a Precise Intervention Model Based on Deep Learning [NCT05357326]	Phase 4	186 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-07-01	Recruiting
Atropine for Preventing Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia [NCT02704923]	Phase 2	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-02-28	Completed
Evaluation of the Effects of the Addition of Atropine During Propofol/Remifentanil Induction of Anesthesia on Hemodynamics, Microvascular Blood Flow and Tissue Oxygenenation in Patients Undergoing Ophthalmic Surgery [NCT01871922]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-10-31	Completed
A Multicenter, Double-blind, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Low-concentration Atropine for Myopia Control in Chinese Children and Adolescents [NCT05597163]		588 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-01-15	Not yet recruiting
Neostigmine and Atropine for the Treatment of Post Dural Puncture Headache After Known Dural Puncture With a Tuohy Needle: A Pilot Study [NCT05116930]	Phase 2	18 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-11-19	Recruiting
Effectiveness of Bright Light Therapy, Myopic Defocus, Atropine and the Combinations for Controlling Myopic Eye Growth in Schoolchildren: A Randomized Control Trial [NCT04923841]		760 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-09-09	Recruiting
Remifentanil and Atropine for Intubation in Neonates; a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT00815048]	Phase 4	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-01-31	Completed
Pilot Study of Prevention Myopia in Children With Low Concentration of Atropine [NCT00541177]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2007-04-30	Recruiting
Cerebral NIRS Profiles During Premedication for Neonatal Intubation [NCT02700893]	Phase 2/Phase 3	28 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-31	Completed
The Effects of GIP and/or Xenin-25, With and Without Atropine, on Insulin Secretion in Humans With Pre-diabetes [NCT01951729]	Phase 1	15 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-03-13	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-masked, Vehicle-controlled Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of SYD-101 Ophthalmic Solution for the Treatment of Myopia in Children [NCT03918915]	Phase 3	852 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-04-24	Active, not recruiting
The Role of N-acetylcysteine as a Novel Adjuvant Treatment in Acute Organophosphorus.A Randomized, Clinical Trial in Poison Control Center -Ain Shams University Hospitals [NCT05927259]	Early Phase 1	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-01-01	Completed
The Response to Atropine Drops (RAD) Study [NCT05199597]	Early Phase 1	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-05-19	Completed
A Double-blind, Randomized Controlled Study of Low Concentration Atropine in the Prevention of Myopia in Pre-myopia Children. [NCT05939882]		428 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-04-01	Recruiting
Atropine for Prevention of Dysrhythmias Caused by Percutaneous Ethanol Instillation for Hepatoma Therapy [NCT00575523]	Phase 4	31 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-10-31	Completed
Kubota Corrective Spectacles and Low Dose Atropine for Slowing Myopic Progression in Taiwanese Children [NCT06034379]		45 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-10-31	Not yet recruiting
Is Atropine Needed With Ketamine Sedation? [NCT00834470]	Phase 4	140 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-08-31	Completed
Pharmacological Intervention in Insulin Resistance Targeting Autonomic Nerve Activity - a Concept Study in Mani [NCT00689208]	Early Phase 1	12 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2007-05-31	Completed
Atropine in Laparoscopic Gynaecological Surgery (The ALGOS Trial) A Randomised, Double Blind, Controlled Trial [NCT02769325]	Phase 4	150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-05-31	Not yet recruiting
Effects of Addition of Systemic Tramadol or Adjunct Tramadol to Lidocaine Used for Intravenous Regional Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Hand Surgery [NCT02658721]	Phase 3	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-01-31	Completed
A Study of Time and Dose-dependent Effect of Low Concentration Atropine on Accommodation and Pupil Size [NCT02870478]	Phase 3	32 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-07-31	Completed
The Influence of Two Different Premedication Protocols for Endotracheal Intubation in Neonates on Cerebral Oxygenation [NCT01427985]	Phase 4	24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-06-30	Completed
Comparison of Intrathecal Levobupivacaine Combined With Sufentanil, Fentanyl, or Placebo for Elective Caesarean Section: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Study [NCT01858090]	Phase 3	93 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-01-31	Completed
A Randomized, Open-label Phase I Clinical Study to Evaluate the Systemic Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Atropine Sulfate Eye Drops in Healthy Chinese Volunteers [NCT05855018]	Phase 1	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-05-09	Recruiting
Comparison of Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments® (DIMS®) Lenses Alone Versus Monofocal Lenses + Atropine 0.05% Eyedrops on the Evolution of Ocular Axial Length at 2 Years in Myopia Control in Children: Single-centre Prospective Randomised Controlled [NCT05062031]		242 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-10-19	Recruiting
Early Diagnosis of Diastolic Dysfunction and Reliability of Dobutamine Stress Echo (DSE) in Detecting Stress Diastolic Dysfunction [NCT00998205]		16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-06-30	Completed
Randomized Clinical Trial on Atropine 0.01% for the Control of Myopia in Omani Children [NCT03508817]	Early Phase 1	150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-12-20	Enrolling by invitation
Combined Atropine With Orthokeratology in Childhood Myopia Control (AOK) -A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02955927]		89 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-11-30	Completed
Low-Dose Atropine for Treatment of Myopia (Myopia Treatment Study) [NCT03334253]	Phase 3	200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-06-01	Completed
Assessment of Ultrasonographic Carotid Artery Corrected Flow Time and Internal Jugular Vein Collapsibility Index in Prediction of Hypotension During Induction of General Anesthesia [NCT06078228]		70 participants (Anticipated)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2023-09-24	Enrolling by invitation
A Randomised, Double-Masked Study to Compare The Safety and Efficacy of Bilateral 0.5%, 0.1% & 0.01% Atropine Treatment In Controlling Progression of Myopia In Children [NCT00371124]	Phase 2/Phase 3	400 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2006-03-31	Active, not recruiting
Wavelet Transform and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Atropine and Propranolol Induced Changes in Human Heart Rate Variability [NCT00251602]	Phase 1	24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-03-31	Completed
Effects of Epinephrine and I.V. Needle on CPR Outcome [NCT00121524]	Phase 2	904 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-01-31	Completed
Dropless Pars Plana Vitrectomy Study [NCT05331664]	Phase 4	168 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-07-25	Recruiting
Use of Premedication for Less Invasive Surfactant Administration: A Randomized Control Trial [NCT05065424]	Phase 4	58 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-03-14	Recruiting
[NCT00328900]		24 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2006-01-31	Recruiting
A Randomized Trial Comparing Daily Atropine Versus Weekend Atropine [NCT00094614]	Phase 4	168 participants	Interventional	2002-06-30	Completed
An Evaluation of Treatment of Amblyopia in 7 To <18 Year Olds [NCT00094692]	Phase 3	507 participants	Interventional	2002-10-31	Completed
Mechanisms of Choroidal Blood Flow Changes During Dark/Light Transitions [NCT00431392]	Phase 2	42 participants	Interventional	2001-09-30	Completed
[NCT00457717]	Phase 1	60 participants	Interventional	2005-07-31	Completed
Regulation of Antro-pyloro-duodenal and Proximal Gastric Motility by GLP-1: Involvement of Cholinergic Pathways [NCT00468091]	Phase 1	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1999-02-28	Completed
Ketamine Tolerance in Children After Repeated Administrations During Radiotherapy Sessions [NCT02512055]	Phase 4	33 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-05-31	Completed
[NCT02939430]		40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-11-30	Recruiting
The Significances of Atropin Administration for the GLP-1 Potentiation of Glucose Induced Insulin Secretion and the Cephalic Insulin Response [NCT01534442]		10 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-09-30	Recruiting
Phase 4 Study of Optimal Relaxation With Rocuronium Infusion Followed by Rapid Reliable Reversal With Sugammadex: A Comparison With Conventional Practice [NCT01539044]	Phase 4	49 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-02-29	Completed
Amblyopia Treatment Study: Occlusion Versus Pharmacologic Therapy for Moderate Amblyopia [NCT00000170]	Phase 3	419 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1999-04-30	Completed
The Use of Atropine 0.01% in the Prevention and Control of Myopia (ATOM3) [NCT03140358]	Phase 3	300 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-04-21	Active, not recruiting
Diclofenac Premedication, as the Effect of Preemptive Analgesia After Post-thoracotomy Chest and Shoulder Pain, as Well as the Changes of the Postoperative Breathing Function Values, a Randomized, Controlled, Prospective Trial [NCT02445599]	Phase 4	3 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-04-30	Completed
Effect of Atropine or Glycopyrrolate on the Prevention of Bradycardia During Sedation Using Dexmedetomidine in Geriatric Patients Undergoing Total Knee Replacement Under Spinal Anesthesia [NCT03322098]		54 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-10-16	Completed
Influence of Corneal Biomechanical Properties on Myopia Reduction and Axial Elongation in Children Using Orthokeratology and 0.01% Atropine [NCT05090592]		100 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2021-01-01	Enrolling by invitation
Decision Support for Intraoperative Low Blood Pressure [NCT02726620]		22,435 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-01-05	Completed
Olfactory Deficits in Mild Cognitive Impairment as a Predictor of Improved Cognition on Donepezil [NCT01845636]	Phase 4	41 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-08-31	Completed
A Randomized Trial to Evaluate Combined Patching-Atropine for Residual Amblyopia [NCT00506675]	Phase 3	55 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-10-31	Terminated(stopped due to Poor enrollment and infeasibility of ever reaching the necessary sample size)
"Death Rattle - A Double Blind, Randomly Controlled, Crossover Trial" [NCT00320892]		2 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-01-31	Terminated(stopped due to Difficulties in recruiting appropriate participants to the study)
Do Small Doses of Atropine Cause Bradycardia in Young Children [NCT01819064]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-02-28	Completed
A Randomized, Controlled, Parallel-group, Double-blind Trial of Sugammadex or Usual Care (Neostigmine or Spontaneous Recovery) for Reversal of Rocuronium- or Vecuronium-induced Neuromuscular Blockade in Patients Receiving Thromboprophylaxis and Undergoing [NCT01422304]	Phase 3	1,198 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-10-12	Completed
A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Traditional Methods of Neuromuscular Block Reversal to Sugammadex for Extubation in the Operating Room in ASA 4 and 4E Patients. [NCT01761552]	Phase 4	130 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-08-31	Recruiting
Effectiveness of Atropine and Glycopyrrolate to Reduce Hyper Salivation With Ketamine Sedation [NCT01191398]		52 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-06-30	Completed
Potential for Improved Analgesia From Combined Medication for Superficial Pain [NCT02194088]	Phase 3	100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-04-30	Completed
Pretreatment With Atropine to Reduce Exercise-triggered Ventricular Ectopy in Patients With Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (CPVT) [NCT02927223]		6 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-10-31	Completed
"Efficacy and Safety of 1% Atropine 5+3 Regimen in Children and Adolescents Controlling Myopia" [NCT05448989]	Phase 4	192 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-01-01	Recruiting
Study of Intubation Time Required for Excellent Tracheal Intubation With Low Dose Rocuronium During Propofol Anaesthesia in Children With and Without Atropine [NCT01464489]		44 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-05-31	Completed
Prophylactic Efficacy and Safety of Intrathecal Dexamethasone, Atropine or Their Combination on Morphine Induced Post-operative Nausea and Vomiting on Patients Undergoing Caesarean Section With Spinal Anaesthesia [NCT05560542]		150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-10-01	Not yet recruiting
Amblyopia Treatment Study [NCT00001864]	Phase 3	20 participants	Interventional	1999-05-31	Completed
A Multicenter, Double-Masked, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Atropine 0.1% and 0.01% Ophthalmic Solutions Administered With a Microdose Dispenser for the Reduction of Pediatric Myopia Progression (The CHAPERONE [NCT03942419]	Phase 3	420 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-06-03	Recruiting
Atropine Versus no Atropine for Neonatal Rapid Sequence Intubation [NCT01595399]	Phase 4	70 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-04-30	Recruiting
Topical 0.01% Atropine for the Control of Fast Progressing Myopia [NCT04173780]	Phase 2/Phase 3	160 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-02-12	Active, not recruiting
Open Prospective With Historical Control Clinical Study of 0.01 % Atropine Sulfate Effectiveness in Controlling of Myopia Progression in Children [NCT04338373]	Phase 3	70 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-02-17	Recruiting
Adverse Events Questionnaire for Low Dose Atropine Eye Drops [NCT05683535]		148 participants (Actual)	Observational	2018-06-19	Completed
Effects of Neuromuscular Block Reversal With Sugammadex vs Neostigmine on Postoperative Respiratory Outcomes After Major Abdominal Surgery - A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02361060]	Phase 4	130 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-02-28	Completed
A Randomized, Three-Sequence, Three-Period Crossover Study to Assess the Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics of a Single Dose of Atropine Administered Sublingually in Healthy Adult Volunteers [NCT04290039]	Phase 1	15 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-01-04	Completed
Intraoperative Lidocaine Infusion vs. Esmolol Infusion for Postoperative Analgesia in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: a Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT02327923]	Phase 4	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Completed
A Randomized Trial Comparing Atropine to Atropine Plus a Plano Lens for the Sound Eye As Prescribed Treatments for Amblyopia in Children 3 to <7 Years Old [NCT00315302]	Phase 3	240 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-02-28	Completed
Myopia Control in the Pediatric Population: a Comparison of MiSight, Naturalvue Multifocal, and Atropine 0.05% [NCT05815784]	Phase 2	348 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-04-20	Not yet recruiting
A Randomized Trial Comparing Patching Versus Atropine for Amblyopia in 7 to < 13 Year Olds [NCT00315328]	Phase 3	233 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-08-31	Completed
A Two-Stage, Phase 1/2 Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacodynamics of CBT-009 Eye Drop in Healthy Volunteers [NCT05372991]	Phase 1/Phase 2	84 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-07-20	Completed
Augmenting Atropine Treatment for Amblyopia in Children 3 to < 8 Years Old [NCT00944710]	Phase 3	73 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-08-31	Completed
Comparative Effects of Nebulized Dexmedetomidine Versus Neostigmine / Atropine in Treating Postdural Puncture Headache After Cesarean Section: A Double Blind Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT04910477]	Phase 3	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-06-01	Completed
Delaying the Onset of Nearsightedness Until Treatment Study [NCT06029530]	Phase 1	70 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-01-01	Not yet recruiting
Treatment of Sympathetic Blockade During Spinal Anesthesia in Cesarian Section Patients With Low-dose, Slow-administered Preemptive Atropine [NCT05892913]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2023-07-19	Completed
Low Dose Atropine For Symptomatic Vitreous Floaters [NCT06174935]	Phase 2	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-01-01	Not yet recruiting
Short Term Refractive and Ocular Parameter Changes After Topical Atropine [NCT03839888]		96 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-01	Completed
The Safety and Effectiveness of Cholinergic Receptor Block Therapy in the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [NCT04391361]	Phase 2	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-11-01	Not yet recruiting
A Non-randomized Experimental Study of Optically Registered Pharmacodynamic Responses During Iontophoresis of Vasoactive Substances to the Skin of Healthy Volunteers [NCT04777383]		90 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-04-01	Recruiting
Outcome of OPC Poisoning Patients Between Two Treatment Groups One With Atropine Plus Pralidoxime and Other With Only Atropine [NCT06111352]	Phase 2	96 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-11-30	Recruiting
"Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Atropine+Propofol Versus Atropine+Atracurium+Sufentanil as a Premedication Prior to Semi-urgent or Elective Endotracheal Intubation of Term and Preterm Newborns" [NCT01490580]	Phase 2/Phase 3	173 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-05-31	Completed
Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic Analysis of Conventional Reversal of Rocuronium-induced Neuromuscular Blockade by Sugammadex in Children [NCT04347486]	Phase 2	32 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-04-29	Completed
The Influence of Atropine on Choroidal Thickness [NCT03158142]	Phase 4	32 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-03-15	Completed
Recovery From Anesthesia After Robotic Assisted Radical Cystectomy. Two Different Reversal of Neuromuscular Blockade [NCT03144453]	Phase 4	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-05-02	Recruiting
Deep Neuromuscular Block During General Anaesthesia in Laparoscopic (and Robotic Laparoscopic) Surgery and Its Potential Benefits for Certain Physiological Parameters in Perioperative Period [NCT03420937]	Phase 4	138 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-06-30	Completed
Phase 2a Two-site Randomised Controlled Trial to Determine Safety of and Adherence With a New 'Binocularly Balanced Viewing' Treatment for Unilateral Amblyopia Compared With Standard Treatment in Children Age 3-8 Years [NCT03754153]		32 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-10-28	Completed
Comparative Effect of Neuromuscular Blockade Reversal Agent on Extubation Conditions, Postoperative Cognitive Function and Behaviour of School-aged Children Undergoing Ear Note Throat (ENT) Surgery [NCT02455921]	Phase 4	200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-06-30	Completed
"Randomized, Parallel Group, Controlled Trial to Compare Two Different NMB + Reversal Strategies in Adult Obese Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Abdominal Surgery" [NCT02410590]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-07-31	Withdrawn
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial	Outcome
NCT00315302 (9) [back to overview]	Mean Change in Visual Acuity in the Sound Eye
NCT00315302 (9) [back to overview]	Mean Change in Visual Acuity in the Amblyopic Eye
NCT00315302 (9) [back to overview]	Distribution of Change in Visual Acuity in the Amblyopic Eye
NCT00315302 (9) [back to overview]	Randot Preschool Stereoacuity at 18 Weeks- Anisometropic Participants Only
NCT00315302 (9) [back to overview]	Visual Acuity Distribution in the Sound Eye
NCT00315302 (9) [back to overview]	Visual Acuity Distribution in the Amblyopic Eye
NCT00315302 (9) [back to overview]	Randot Preschool Stereoacuity at 18 Weeks- Participants With All Causes of Amblyopia
NCT00315302 (9) [back to overview]	Distribution of Change in Visual Acuity in the Sound Eye
NCT00315302 (9) [back to overview]	Visual Acuity Mean Score in the Amblyopic Eye
NCT00315328 (15) [back to overview]	Mean Change in Visual Acuity in the Amblyopic Eye From Baseline to 17 Weeks
NCT00315328 (15) [back to overview]	Stereoacuity Measured by the Randot Preschool Test at 17 or 19 Weeks- Participants With Moderate Amblyopia From Strabismus Only or Combined Mechanism
NCT00315328 (15) [back to overview]	Stereoacuity Measured by the Randot Preschool Test at 17 or 19 Weeks- Participants With All Causes of Moderate Amblyopia
NCT00315328 (15) [back to overview]	Stereoacuity Measured by the Randot Preschool Test at 17 or 19 Weeks- Participants With All Causes of Moderate Amblyopia
NCT00315328 (15) [back to overview]	Stereoacuity Measured by the Randot Preschool Test at 17 or 19 Weeks- Anisometropic Participants With Moderate Amblyopia Only
NCT00315328 (15) [back to overview]	Distribution of Visual Acuity in the Fellow Eye at 17 Weeks
NCT00315328 (15) [back to overview]	Distribution of Visual Acuity in the Amblyopic Eye at 17 Weeks
NCT00315328 (15) [back to overview]	Distribution of Change in Visual Acuity in the Fellow Eye From Baseline to 17 Weeks
NCT00315328 (15) [back to overview]	Distribution of Change in Visual Acuity in the Amblyopic Eye From Baseline to 17 Weeks
NCT00315328 (15) [back to overview]	Mean Visual Acuity in the Fellow Eye at 17 Weeks
NCT00315328 (15) [back to overview]	Mean Visual Acuity in the Amblyopic Eye at 17 Weeks
NCT00315328 (15) [back to overview]	Mean Change in Visual Acuity in the Fellow Eye From Baseline to 17 Weeks
NCT00315328 (15) [back to overview]	Amblyopia Treatment Index - Social Stigma (Moderate Amblyopia Only)
NCT00315328 (15) [back to overview]	Amblyopia Treatment Index - Compliance (Moderate Amblyopia Only)
NCT00315328 (15) [back to overview]	Amblyopia Treatment Index - Adverse Effects Scale (Moderate Amblyopia Only)
NCT00506675 (4) [back to overview]	Distribution of Amblyopic Eye Visual Acuity Change From Baseline to 10 Weeks
NCT00506675 (4) [back to overview]	Distribution of Amblyopic Eye Visual Acuity at 10 Weeks
NCT00506675 (4) [back to overview]	Mean (SD) Distribution of Visual Acuity at 10 Weeks
NCT00506675 (4) [back to overview]	Mean (SD) Change in Visual Acuity in the Amblyopic Eye at the 10 Week Primary Outcome Exam
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Time From Tracheal Extubation to Operating Room Discharge Ready
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Time From Start of Administration of the Last Dose of Rocuronium to the Time of Reappearance of T2 in the 50 μg.Kg-1 Neostigmine Group
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Reoccurrence of Neuromuscular Blockade Based on the Train-of-Four- (TOF-) Watch® SX Recording (i.e. a Decline in T4/T1 Ratio From >=0.9 to <0.8 in at Least Three Consecutive TOF Values)
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Monitoring of Clinical Signs of Recovery According to Routine Anesthetic Procedures at the Trial Sites
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Number of Female Participants or Partners of Male Participants Who Became Pregnant During Study
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Clinical Evidence of Reoccurrence of Neuromuscular Blockade or Residual Neuromuscular Blockade (Routine Oxygen Saturation by Pulse Oximetry and Breath Frequency Measurement)
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Events Due to a Possible Interaction of Sugammadex With Endogenous Compounds or With Exogenous Compounds Other Than Rocuronium
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Train-of-Four- (TOF-) Watch® SX and Arm Board Related Adverse Events
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Time From Actual Operating Room Discharge to Actual PACU Discharge
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Time From Actual Operating Room Discharge to PACU Discharge Ready
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Time From Operating Room Admission to Actual Operating Room Discharge
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Time From Operating Room Admission to Operating Room Discharge Ready
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Time From Operating Room Discharge Ready to Actual Operating Room Discharge
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Time From Operating Room Discharge Ready to Actual PACU Discharge
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Time From Operating Room Discharge Ready to Post Anesthetic Care Unit (PACU) Discharge Ready
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Time From PACU Admit to Actual PACU Discharge
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Time From PACU Admit to PACU Discharge Ready
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Time From Start of Administration of IMP to Recovery of the T4/T1 Ratio to 0.7
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Time From Start of Administration of IMP to Recovery of the T4/T1 Ratio to 0.8
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Time From Start of Administration of Investigational Medicinal Product (IMP, Sugammadex or Neostigmine) to Recovery of the Fourth Twitch/First Twitch (T4/T1) Ratio to 0.9
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Time From Start of Administration of the Last Dose of Rocuronium to the Time of 1-2 PTC in the 4.0 mg.Kg-1 Sugammadex Group
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Time From Start of IMP Administration to Actual Operating Room Discharge
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Time From Start of IMP Administration to Operating Room Discharge Ready
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Time From Start of IMP Administration to Tracheal Extubation
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Time From Tracheal Extubation to Actual Operating Room Discharge
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Mean Diastolic Blood Pressure
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Mean Heart Rate
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Mean Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Experienced Pre-treatment Non-serious Adverse Events (AEs) and Post-treatment Non-serious AEs
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Experienced Pre-treatment Serious Adverse Events (SAEs) and Post-treatment SAEs
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Time From Start of Administration of IMP to Recovery of the T4/T1 Ratio to 0.5 and 0.6
NCT00724932 (32) [back to overview]	Time From Start of Administration of the Last Dose of Rocuronium to Recovery of the T4/T1 Ratio to 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9
NCT00825812 (2) [back to overview]	Time From Start of Administration of IMP to Recovery of the T4/T1 Ratio to 0.7 and 0.8.
NCT00825812 (2) [back to overview]	Time From Start of Administration of Investigational Medicinal Product (IMP) to Recovery of the T4/T1 Ratio to 0.9.
NCT00944710 (26) [back to overview]	Distribution of 12-week Fellow-Eye Visual Acuity
NCT00944710 (26) [back to overview]	Atropine Compliance at 10 Weeks by Treatment Group
NCT00944710 (26) [back to overview]	Treatment Group Comparison of the Proportion of Participants Who Have Improved by 2 or More logMAR Visual Acuity Lines Based on Visual Acuity at Best Outcome Visit
NCT00944710 (26) [back to overview]	Distribution of Amblyopic-Eye Visual Acuity at Best Outcome Visit
NCT00944710 (26) [back to overview]	Treatment Group Comparison of the Proportion of Participants Who Achieved 20/25 or Better Visual Acuity at 10 Weeks Since Randomization
NCT00944710 (26) [back to overview]	Average Atropine Compliance by Treatment Group
NCT00944710 (26) [back to overview]	Distribution of Baseline Characteristics at the 10-week Outcome
NCT00944710 (26) [back to overview]	Treatment Group Comparison of the Proportion of Participants Who Have Improved by 2 or More logMAR Visual Acuity Lines at 10 Weeks Since Randomization
NCT00944710 (26) [back to overview]	Distribution of Change in Amblyopic-Eye Visual Acuity From Randomization to Best Outcome Visit
NCT00944710 (26) [back to overview]	Mean Interocular Difference at 12-week Exam
NCT00944710 (26) [back to overview]	Mean Fellow-Eye Visual Acuity at 12-week Exam
NCT00944710 (26) [back to overview]	Distribution of Change in Fellow-Eye Visual Acuity at 12 Weeks From Randomization
NCT00944710 (26) [back to overview]	Mean Change in Fellow-Eye Visual Acuity at 12 Weeks From Randomization
NCT00944710 (26) [back to overview]	Distribution of Interocular Difference at 12-week Exam
NCT00944710 (26) [back to overview]	Distribution of Randot Preschool Stereoacuity Scores at 12 Weeks for Participants With Anisometropic Amblyopia
NCT00944710 (26) [back to overview]	Mean 10-week Amblyopic-Eye Visual Acuity
NCT00944710 (26) [back to overview]	Distribution of the Change in Amblyopic-Eye Visual Acuity
NCT00944710 (26) [back to overview]	Mean Amblyopic Eye Visual at Randomization According to Baseline Characteristics for 10-week Outcome
NCT00944710 (26) [back to overview]	Spectacle Compliance at 10 Weeks by Treatment Group
NCT00944710 (26) [back to overview]	Treatment Comparison of Mean Amblyopic Eye Visual Acuity Change at 10-weeks According to Baseline Characteristics
NCT00944710 (26) [back to overview]	Distribution of Randot Preschool Stereoacuity Score at 12 Weeks
NCT00944710 (26) [back to overview]	Mean Change in Amblyopic-Eye Visual Acuity at Best Outcome Visit
NCT00944710 (26) [back to overview]	Mean Amblyopic-Eye Visual Acuity at Best Outcome Visit
NCT00944710 (26) [back to overview]	Mean Change in Amblyopic-Eye Visual Acuity at 10 Weeks From Randomization
NCT00944710 (26) [back to overview]	Average Spectacle Compliance by Treatment Group
NCT00944710 (26) [back to overview]	Distribution of 10-week Amblyopic-Eye Visual Acuity
NCT00998205 (2) [back to overview]	Change in Early Transmitral Velocity/Early Lateral Mitral Velocity (E/E')
NCT00998205 (2) [back to overview]	Change in Left Ventricle Mean Diastolic Pressure
NCT01191398 (2) [back to overview]	Difference in Salivary Flow Rate (ml/Min) Between Study Groups
NCT01191398 (2) [back to overview]	Monitoring of Adverse Events During Study Administration
NCT01422304 (13) [back to overview]	Total Transfusion Volume in Participants Who Required Postoperative Transfusion
NCT01422304 (13) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With One or More Adjudicated Events of Bleeding (Major or Non-major) With Onset Within 14 Days After Study Drug Administration
NCT01422304 (13) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With One or More Adjudicated Events of Anaphylaxis With Onset Within 14 Days After Study Drug Administration
NCT01422304 (13) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Requiring Any Postoperative Transfusion
NCT01422304 (13) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With One or More Adjudicated Events of Bleeding (Major or Non-major) With Onset Within 24 Hours After Study Drug Administration
NCT01422304 (13) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With One or More Adjudicated Major Events of Bleeding With Onset Within 24 Hours After Study Drug Administration
NCT01422304 (13) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With One or More Adjudicated Venous Thromboembolic (VTE) Events With Onset Within 14 Days After Study Drug Administration
NCT01422304 (13) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With One or More Postoperative Anemia Adverse Events With Onset Within 72 Hours After Study Drug Administration
NCT01422304 (13) [back to overview]	Postoperative Changes in Hgb Concentrations Using the Bleeding Index
NCT01422304 (13) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With One or More Adjudicated Major Events of Bleeding With Onset Within 14 Days After Study Drug Administration
NCT01422304 (13) [back to overview]	Percent Change From Baseline in Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) at 10 and 60 Minutes Post Study Drug Administration
NCT01422304 (13) [back to overview]	Postoperative Drainage Volume Within 24 Hours After Study Drug Administration
NCT01422304 (13) [back to overview]	Percent Change From Baseline in Prothrombin Time (International Normalized Ratio) (PT[INR]) at 10 and 60 Minutes Post Study Drug Administration
NCT01490580 (8) [back to overview]	Duration of Intubation Procedure
NCT01490580 (8) [back to overview]	Number of Patients Surviving Without Ages and Stages Questionnaire Score Below Threshold at Age 2
NCT01490580 (8) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Prolonged Desaturation
NCT01490580 (8) [back to overview]	Short Term Neurological Outcome: Worsening of Head Ultrasound
NCT01490580 (8) [back to overview]	Heart Rate
NCT01490580 (8) [back to overview]	Mean Blood Pressure
NCT01490580 (8) [back to overview]	Pulse Oxymetry
NCT01490580 (8) [back to overview]	Transcutaneous PCO2 (TcPCO2) Measurement
NCT01819064 (1) [back to overview]	Incidence of Bradycardia
NCT01845636 (5) [back to overview]	Selective Reminding Test (SRT)
NCT01845636 (5) [back to overview]	Clinician's Interview Based Impression of Change Plus Caregiver Input (CIBIC-plus)
NCT01845636 (5) [back to overview]	Measurement of Everyday Cognition (Ecog)
NCT01845636 (5) [back to overview]	Total Number of Errors Measured Using the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive (ADAS-Cog)
NCT01845636 (5) [back to overview]	Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ)
NCT02194088 (1) [back to overview]	Pain Scores on Standardized Experimental Pain Testing
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Estimated Intraoperative Blood Loss
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Incidence of a MAP < 50 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Incidence of a MAP < 50 mmHg for > 10 Minutes
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Incidence of a MAP < 50 mmHg for > 20 Minutes
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Incidence of a MAP < 55 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Incidence of a MAP < 55 mmHg for > 10 Minutes
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Incidence of a MAP < 55 mmHg for > 20 Minutes
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Incidence of a MAP < 60 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Incidence of a MAP < 60 mmHg for > 10 Minutes
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Incidence of a MAP < 60 mmHg for > 20 Minutes
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Intraoperative Administration of Intravenous Fluids
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Intravenous Anesthetic Drug Use During Intraoperative Hypotension: MAP < 50 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Intravenous Anesthetic Drug Use During Intraoperative Hypotension: MAP < 55 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Intravenous Anesthetic Drug Use During Intraoperative Hypotension: MAP < 60 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Intravenous Anesthetic Drug Use During Intraoperative Hypotension: MAP < 65 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Postoperative Rise in Creatinine Levels
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Time to Discharge Readiness at the Postanesthesia Care Unit (PACU)
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Timing of Cardiovascular Drugs for MAP < 50 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Timing of Cardiovascular Drugs for MAP < 55 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Timing of Cardiovascular Drugs for MAP < 60 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Timing of Cardiovascular Drugs for MAP < 65 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Usage Frequency of Cardiovascular Drugs: Ephedrine
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Usage Frequency of Cardiovascular Drugs: Ephinephrine
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Usage Frequency of Cardiovascular Drugs: Glycopyrrolate
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Usage Frequency of Cardiovascular Drugs: Norepinephrine
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	In-hospital Mortality
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Inhaled Anesthetic Drug Use During Intraoperative Hypotension: MAP < 50 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Inhaled Anesthetic Drug Use During Intraoperative Hypotension: MAP < 55 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Inhaled Anesthetic Drug Use During Intraoperative Hypotension: MAP < 60 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Inhaled Anesthetic Drug Use During Intraoperative Hypotension: MAP < 65 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Usage Frequency of Cardiovascular Drugs: Phenylephrine
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	30-day Mortality
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Average Use of Cardiovascular Drugs: Ephedrine
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Average Use of Cardiovascular Drugs: Epinephrine
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Average Use of Cardiovascular Drugs: Glycopyrrolate
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Average Use of Cardiovascular Drugs: Norepinephrine
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Average Use of Cardiovascular Drugs: Phenylephrine
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Depth and Duration of Intraoperative Hypotension - Threshold MAP 50 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Depth and Duration of Intraoperative Hypotension - Threshold MAP 55 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Depth and Duration of Intraoperative Hypotension - Threshold MAP 60 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Depth and Duration of Intraoperative Hypotension - Threshold MAP 65 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Depth and Duration of Intraoperative Hypotension - Threshold MAP 70 mmHg
NCT02726620 (43) [back to overview]	Depth and Duration of Intraoperative Hypotension - Threshold MAP 75 mmHg
NCT02927223 (1) [back to overview]	Number of Ventricular Ectopic Beats Recorded During Exercise (and Recovery)
NCT03094052 (6) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Neratinib Dose Holds
NCT03094052 (6) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Neratinib Dose-reductions
NCT03094052 (6) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Grade 3 or Greater Diarrhea
NCT03094052 (6) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Multiple Anti-diarrheal Medications
NCT03094052 (6) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Treatment-related Adverse Events
NCT03094052 (6) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Discontinued Neratinib Early
NCT03312257 (2) [back to overview]	Refractive Error Progression
NCT03312257 (2) [back to overview]	Axial Length Progression
NCT03334253 (2) [back to overview]	Treatment Group Comparison of Change in Spherical Equivalent Refractive Error.
NCT03334253 (2) [back to overview]	Treatment Group Comparison of Change From Baseline to 30 Months in Spherical Equivalent
NCT03351608 (9) [back to overview]	Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve (AUC) From Dosing to Infinity (AUC0-∞) of Sugammadex [Part A]
NCT03351608 (9) [back to overview]	Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Sugammadex [Part A]
NCT03351608 (9) [back to overview]	Time to Recovery of Participant Train-of-Four (TOF) Ratio to ≥0.9 [Part B]
NCT03351608 (9) [back to overview]	Time to Recovery of Participant TOF Ratio to ≥0.8 [Part B]
NCT03351608 (9) [back to overview]	Time to Recovery of Participant TOF Ratio to ≥0.7 [Part B]
NCT03351608 (9) [back to overview]	Plasma Half-Life (t½) of Sugammadex [Part A]
NCT03351608 (9) [back to overview]	Plasma Clearance (CL) of Sugammadex [Part A]
NCT03351608 (9) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With ≥1 Adverse Event (AE) [Parts A and B]
NCT03351608 (9) [back to overview]	Apparent Volume of Distribution (Vz) of Sugammadex [Part A]
NCT03593044 (6) [back to overview]	Ability to Change Focus From Far to Near Measured by Stimulating and Relaxing Focus of the Eyes as Many Times as Possible in One Minute.
NCT03593044 (6) [back to overview]	Visual Acuity With Bailey-Lovie logMAR Visual Acuity Charts
NCT03593044 (6) [back to overview]	Eye Focusing Measured by the Closest One Can Read a Letter and Focusing Accuracy Measured by an Autorefractor
NCT03593044 (6) [back to overview]	Diameter of the Pupil Measured With a Neuroptix Pupillometer
NCT03593044 (6) [back to overview]	Change in Subjective Assessment of Potential Side Effects by Asking the Same Questions Before and After Administration of Eye Drops.
NCT03593044 (6) [back to overview]	Change in Intraocular Pressure Using a Tonopen
NCT03943888 (3) [back to overview]	Plasma Concentrations
NCT03943888 (3) [back to overview]	Plasma Concentrations
NCT03943888 (3) [back to overview]	Neuromuscular Recovery
NCT04290039 (12) [back to overview]	Clearance (CL/F)
NCT04290039 (12) [back to overview]	Area Under the Curve to From Time Zero to Infinity (AUC_∞)
NCT04290039 (12) [back to overview]	Area Under the Curve From Time Zero to Last Quantifiable Timepoint (AUC_t)
NCT04290039 (12) [back to overview]	Xerostomia Assessment - Difficulty Swallowing Due to Mouth Dryness
NCT04290039 (12) [back to overview]	Xerostomia Assessment - Dryness of Lips
NCT04290039 (12) [back to overview]	Xerostomia Assessment - Dryness of Tongue
NCT04290039 (12) [back to overview]	Treatment-Emergent Serious Adverse Events
NCT04290039 (12) [back to overview]	Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events
NCT04290039 (12) [back to overview]	Time to Maximum Concentration (t_max)
NCT04290039 (12) [back to overview]	Terminal Elimination Half-Life (t_1/2)
NCT04290039 (12) [back to overview]	Maximum Concentration (C_max)
NCT04290039 (12) [back to overview]	Volume of Distribution (V_d/F)

Intervention	logMAR units (Mean)
Atropine-Moderate Amblyopia	0.4
Atropine Plus Plano-Moderate Amblyopia	0.0
Atropine-Severe Amblyopia	0.10
Atropine Plus Plano-Severe Amblyopia	0.15

Intervention	logMAR units (Mean)
Atropine-Moderate Amblyopia	2.4
Atropine Plus Plano-Moderate Amblyopia	2.8
Atropine-Severe Amblyopia	4.5
Atropine Plus Plano-Severe Amblyopia	5.1

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	-3 (worse)	-2	-1	0	+1	+2	+3	+4	>= +5 (better)
Atropine Plus Plano-Moderate Amblyopia	1	0	2	5	11	19	18	18	14
Atropine Plus Plano-Severe Amblyopia	0	1	1	2	3	1	2	3	3
Atropine-Moderate Amblyopia	0	0	2	4	18	18	22	17	3
Atropine-Severe Amblyopia	0	0	0	2	2	3	3	4	3

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Failed black & white shape identification pretest	>800 arcsec (worst)	800 arcsec	400 arcsec	200 arcsec	100 arcsec	60 arcsec	40 arcsec (best)	Not done
Atropine Plus Plano-Moderate Amblyopia	0	9	3	6	3	6	1	1	1
Atropine-Moderate Amblyopia	0	7	2	5	8	3	1	2	1

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	20/63 (worse)	20/50	20/40	20/32	20/25	20/20	20/16 (better)
Atropine Plus Plano-Moderate Amblyopia	1	3	3	16	22	28	15
Atropine Plus Plano-Severe Amblyopia	1	3	4	7	7	7	2
Atropine-Moderate Amblyopia	1	0	2	10	14	36	21
Atropine-Severe Amblyopia	0	1	1	6	8	6	2

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	20/400 (worse)	20/320	20/250	20/200	20/160	20/125	20/100	20/80	20/63	20/50	20/40	20/32	20/25	20/20	20/16 (better)
Atropine Plus Plano-Moderate Amblyopia	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	4	6	7	9	24	19	12	4
Atropine Plus Plano-Severe Amblyopia	1	1	2	0	1	4	2	2	2	4	0	8	1	1	2
Atropine-Moderate Amblyopia	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	2	4	6	18	28	12	11	1
Atropine-Severe Amblyopia	0	0	1	0	2	4	1	1	5	5	3	1	0	1	0

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Failed black & white shape identification pretest	>800 arcsec (worst)	800 arcsec	400 arcsec	200 arcsec	100 arcsec	60 arcsec	40 arcsec (best)	Not done
Atropine Plus Plano-Moderate Amblyopia	4	41	10	12	6	10	1	1	3
Atropine-Moderate Amblyopia	3	40	7	11	10	4	5	2	2

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	-4 (worse)	-3	-2	-1	0	+1	+2	+3 (better)
Atropine Plus Plano-Moderate Amblyopia	1	1	3	12	50	17	4	0
Atropine Plus Plano-Severe Amblyopia	0	0	4	2	13	12	0	0
Atropine-Moderate Amblyopia	1	0	0	3	49	24	6	1
Atropine-Severe Amblyopia	0	0	1	0	11	9	3	0

Intervention	logMAR units (Mean)
Atropine-Moderate Amblyopia	0.23
Atropine Plus Plano-Moderate Amblyopia	0.22
Atropine-Severe Amblyopia	0.54
Atropine Plus Plano-Severe Amblyopia	0.50

Intervention	ETDRS letter score (Mean)
Patching-Moderate Amblyopia	8.6
Atropine-Moderate Amblyopia	7.6
Patching-Severe Amblyopia	9.0
Atropine-Severe Amblyopia	7.5

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Failed black & white shape identification pretest	>800 arcsec (worse)	800 arcsec	400 arcsec	200 arcsec	100 arcsec	60 arcsec	40 arcsec (best)
Atropine-Moderate Amblyopia	4	28	2	10	6	4	2	4
Patching-Moderate Amblyopia	1	21	6	4	3	0	1	6

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Failed black & white shape identification pretest	>800 arcsec (worse)	800 arcsec	400 arcsec	200 arcsec	100 arcsec	60 arcsec	40 arcsec (best)
Atropine-Moderate Amblyopia	4	34	3	14	10	12	2	9
Patching-Moderate Amblyopia	1	26	9	9	10	9	7	13

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	>= 2 levels worse	Within 1 level	>= 2 levels better
Atropine-Moderate Amblyopia	9	54	18
Patching-Moderate Amblyopia	4	57	17

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Failed black & white shape identification pretest	>800 arcsec (worse)	800 arcsec	400 arcsec	200 arcsec	100 arcsec	60 arcsec	40 arcsec (best)
Atropine-Moderate Amblyopia	0	6	1	4	4	8	0	5
Patching-Moderate Amblyopia	0	5	3	5	7	9	6	7

Intervention	participants (Number)
	20/50 (63 to 67 letters) (worse)	20/40 (68 to 72 letters)	20/32 (73 to 77 letters)	20/25 (78 to 82 letters)	20/20 (83 to 87 letters)	20/16 (88 to 92 letters)	20/12 (93 to 97 letters) (best)
Atropine-Moderate Amblyopia	0	0	4	12	42	29	1
Atropine-Severe Amblyopia	0	1	1	2	4	11	1
Patching-Moderate Amblyopia	0	0	2	5	31	42	4
Patching-Severe Amblyopia	0	0	0	1	4	5	3

Intervention	participants (Number)
	20/400 (18 to 22 letters) (worse)	20/320 (23 to 27 letters)	20/250 (28 to 32 letters)	20/200 (33 to 37 letters)	20/160 (38 to 42 letters)	20/125 (43 to 47 letters)	20/100 (48 to 52 letters)	20/80 (53 to 57 letters)	20/63 (58 to 62 letters)	20/50 (63 to 67 letters)	20/40 (68 to 72 letters)	20/32 (73 to 77 letters)	20/25 (78 to 82 letters)	20/20 (83 to 87 letters)	20/16 (88 to 92 letters) (best)
Atropine-Moderate Amblyopia	0	0	0	0	0	1	4	6	12	14	15	21	10	4	1
Atropine-Severe Amblyopia	0	1	3	3	3	2	2	3	1	1	0	0	1	0	0
Patching-Moderate Amblyopia	0	0	0	0	1	0	3	3	5	13	20	19	14	6	0
Patching-Severe Amblyopia	0	0	0	3	1	4	1	4	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Intervention	participants (Number)
	>=10 letters worse	5 to 9 letters worse	+/- 4 letters	5 to 9 letters better	>=10 letters better
Atropine-Moderate Amblyopia	0	7	72	9	0
Atropine-Severe Amblyopia	1	2	11	4	2
Patching-Moderate Amblyopia	0	4	69	11	0
Patching-Severe Amblyopia	0	1	8	4	0

Intervention	participants (Number)
	>=15 letters worse	10 to 14 letters worse	5 to 9 letters worse	+/- 4 letters	5 to 9 letters better	10 to 14 letters better	>=15 letters better
Atropine-Moderate Amblyopia	0	2	3	22	26	20	15
Atropine-Severe Amblyopia	0	0	2	6	4	3	5
Patching-Moderate Amblyopia	1	0	0	23	22	17	21
Patching-Severe Amblyopia	0	0	0	2	4	2	5

Intervention	ETDRS letter score (Mean)
Patching-Moderate Amblyopia	87.3
Atropine-Moderate Amblyopia	85.8
Patching-Severe Amblyopia	88.5
Atropine-Severe Amblyopia	86.5

Intervention	ETDRS letter score (Mean)
Patching-Moderate Amblyopia	71.0
Atropine-Moderate Amblyopia	69.2
Patching-Severe Amblyopia	46.0
Atropine-Severe Amblyopia	45.0

Intervention	ETDRS letter score (Mean)
Patching-Moderate Amblyopia	1.5
Atropine-Moderate Amblyopia	0.3
Patching-Severe Amblyopia	1.0
Atropine-Severe Amblyopia	1.0

Intervention	Units on a scale (Mean)
Patching-Moderate Amblyopia	2.37
Atropine-Moderate Amblyopia	1.91

Intervention	Units on a scale (Mean)
Patching-Moderate Amblyopia	2.59
Atropine-Moderate Amblyopia	2.03

Intervention	Units on a scale (Mean)
Patching-Moderate Amblyopia	2.28
Atropine-Moderate Amblyopia	2.22

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.	3.23	6	0	O-acylcarnitine	human metabolite
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	1.95	1	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
ethylene dichloride ethylene dichloride: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; structure given in first source. 1,2-dichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes substituted by two chloro groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.39	2	0	chloroethanes	hepatotoxic agent; mutagen; non-polar solvent
ethylene chlorohydrin Ethylene Chlorohydrin: Used as a solvent, in the manufacture of insecticides, and for treating sweet potatoes before planting. May cause nausea, vomiting, pains in head and chest, stupefaction. Irritates mucous membranes and causes kidney and liver degeneration.. chloroethanol : An organochlorine compound that is ethanol substituted by at least one chloro group.	3.34	1	1	chloroethanol	xenobiotic metabolite
2,3-diphosphoglycerate 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.	1.97	1	0	bisphosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	human metabolite
3-phenylpropionic acid 3-phenylpropionic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-phenylpropionic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 3 by a phenyl group.	1.96	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid	antifungal agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	13.64	174	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	2.36	2	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-aminovaleric acid 5-aminovaleric acid: from red fox anal secretion; RN given refers to parent cpd. 5-aminopentanoic acid : A delta-amino acid comprising pentanoic acid with an amino substituent at C-5; a methylene homologue of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that is a weak GABA agonist.	2.88	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	human metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	11.32	52	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	2.08	1	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	4.15	16	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	3.56	9	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	2.43	2	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.65	3	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	8.92	13	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
9-xylosyladenine 9-xylosyladenine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	purine nucleoside
agmatine Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.	2.04	1	0	guanidines; primary amino compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
allantoin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	3.58	9	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
anthranilic acid anthranilic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #565. anthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.	1.93	1	0	aminobenzoic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	6.17	32	1	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	2.69	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzaldehyde [no description available]	2	1	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	2.65	3	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.73	3	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.44	2	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	4.62	8	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	6.79	50	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	3.07	5	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	3.48	8	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cadaverine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	10.31	109	2	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	4.76	10	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	2.53	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
aminooxyacetic acid Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.	3.66	10	0	amino acid; hydroxylamines; monocarboxylic acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
carnitine [no description available]	8.68	10	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	3.05	5	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	3.68	10	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
chlordecone [no description available]	2.04	1	0	cyclic ketone; organochlorine compound	insecticide; persistent organic pollutant
choline [no description available]	9.27	333	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	4.78	10	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	10.63	244	1	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	14.13	74	2	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	3.13	5	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	3.85	12	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
aminoethylphosphonic acid Aminoethylphosphonic Acid: An organophosphorus compound isolated from human and animal tissues.. (2-aminoethyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus of phosphonic acid is substituted by a 2-aminoethyl group.	2	1	0	phosphonic acids; primary amino compound; zwitterion	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
phloroglucinol Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.	3.81	2	1	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	algal metabolite
2-aminoacetaldehyde 2-aminoacetaldehyde: structure. 2-aminoacetaldehyde : An amino aldehyde that is acetaldehyde in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by an amino group.	1.96	1	0	amino aldehyde; omega-aminoaldehyde	Escherichia coli metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	4.07	15	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	2.38	2	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	2.02	1	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
nornicotine nornicotine: agricultural or horticultural insecticide; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; structure	3.35	1	0
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	3.35	2	0	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	5.1	13	0	aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	2.07	1	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
2-aminoadipic acid 2-Aminoadipic Acid: A metabolite in the principal biochemical pathway of lysine. It antagonizes neuroexcitatory activity modulated by the glutamate receptor, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; (NMDA).. 2-aminoadipic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is adipic acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2. An intermediate in the formation of lysine.	2.37	2	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; mammalian metabolite
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	2.13	1	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
propionaldehyde propionaldehyde: may cause respiratory irritation; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propanal : An aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent. The parent of the class of propanals.	2	1	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite
phosphoglycolate phosphoglycolate: RN given refers to parent acid. 2-phosphoglycolic acid : The O-phospho derivative of glycolic acid.	1.96	1	0	carboxyalkyl phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.	2.07	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; monocarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	ethylene releasers; plant metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	2.13	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; phosphonic acids	antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	5.72	20	1	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.	6.08	9	1	amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite
dibenzofuran Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.	2	1	0	dibenzofurans; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	xenobiotic
fosmidomycin fosmidomycin: from Streptomyces lavendulae; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in second source. fosmidomycin : Propylphosphonic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a formyl(hydroxy)amino group. An antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lavendulae, it specifically inhibits DXP reductoisomerase (EC 1.1.1.267), a key enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis.	2.06	1	0	hydroxamic acid; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.1.1.267 (1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase) inhibitor
creatine [no description available]	3.56	9	0	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	7.68	3	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alanine [no description available]	2	1	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion	fundamental metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	11.97	28	1	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dihydrouracil hexahydropyrimidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 5,6-dihydrouracil : A pyrimidine obtained by formal addition of hydrogen across the 5,6-position of uracil.	1.96	1	0	pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
diacetyl butane-2,3-dione : An alpha-diketone that is butane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite produced during the malolactic fermentation.	8.85	12	0	alpha-diketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethylglycine dimethylglycine: metabolic product of calcium pangamate; mutagen when mixed with nitrite; RN given refers to parent cpd. N,N-dimethylglycine : An N-methylglycine that is glycine carrying two N-methyl substituents.	1.97	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dimethylamine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	methylamines; secondary aliphatic amine	metabolite
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole : A dimethylbenzimidazole carrying methyl substituents at positions 5 and 6.	2.04	1	0	dimethylbenzimidazole	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	4.04	15	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethanolamine [no description available]	2.94	4	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	4.14	16	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hexachlorocyclohexane Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.	2.68	3	0	chlorocyclohexane
glycine [no description available]	11.66	54	1	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.	1.98	1	0	aldotriose	fundamental metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	5.54	23	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
alpha-glycerophosphoric acid [no description available]	2.04	1	0	glycerol monophosphate	algal metabolite; human metabolite
glycolic acid glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.	2.03	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; primary alcohol	keratolytic drug; metabolite
hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen Cyanide: Hydrogen cyanide (HCN); A toxic liquid or colorless gas. It is found in the smoke of various tobacco products and released by combustion of nitrogen-containing organic materials.. hydrogen cyanide : A one-carbon compound consisting of a methine group triple bonded to a nitrogen atom	2.66	3	0	hydracid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; poison
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	13.33	195	4	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine [no description available]	16.54	934	14	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	5.96	21	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	2.91	4	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	2.47	2	0	imidazole
indole [no description available]	2	1	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	7.94	37	2	diatomic iodine	nutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	8.34	79	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
pipecolic acid pipecolic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pipecolic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position C-2.. pipecolate : A piperidinecarboxylate that is the conjugate base of pipecolic acid.	2.41	2	0	piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	2.66	3	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	4.29	19	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	10.21	50	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	9.06	15	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
croton oil [no description available]	2.34	2	0	N-acyl-hexosamine
acetanilide acetanilide: a phenylacetamide; use ACETANILIDES for the plural group meaning of the singular term. N-phenylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.67	3	0	acetamides; anilide	analgesic
naphthalene [no description available]	2.41	2	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
naringenin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	4'-hydroxyflavanones; trihydroxyflavanone
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	8.69	10	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	4.15	17	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	5.62	25	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidine bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position 2.	3.35	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridine alkaloid; pyrrolidine alkaloid
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	13.75	45	4	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	6.93	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	4.59	27	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	11.07	188	32	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
1-octanol 1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.	2.39	2	0	octanol; primary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; fuel additive; kairomone; plant metabolite
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	8.05	5	0	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.37	2	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
oxamic acid Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.	2.37	2	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide	Escherichia coli metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	4.78	10	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.4	2	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.39	2	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
parathion [no description available]	8.31	128	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol PENTA: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorophenol; organochlorine pesticide; pentachlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite
phenol [no description available]	3.09	5	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylacetaldehyde [no description available]	1.99	1	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; phenylacetaldehydes	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenylacetic acid phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.	7.42	2	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid; phenylacetic acids	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; auxin; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; toxin
phenethylamine phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016. 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.64	3	0	alkaloid; aralkylamine; phenylethylamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	1.96	1	0	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	2.65	3	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
picolinic acid picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.	3.65	2	0	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; MALDI matrix material
diphosphoric acid diphosphoric acid : An acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride obtained by condensation of two molecules of phosphoric acid.	2.34	2	0	acyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; phosphorus oxoacid	Escherichia coli metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	1.96	1	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	5.47	16	1	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	3.69	10	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
pteridines [no description available]	1.96	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	6.93	1	0	purine
putrescine [no description available]	2.66	3	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	4.68	8	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyrazinoic acid pyrazinoic acid: active metabolite of pyrazinamide; structure. pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid : The parent compound of the class of pyrazinecarboxylic acids, that is pyrazine bearing a single carboxy substituent. The active metabolite of the antitubercular drug pyrazinamide.	2.13	1	0	pyrazinecarboxylic acid	antitubercular agent; drug metabolite
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	3.33	7	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	4.49	23	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	aminoalkylpyridine; hydroxymethylpyridine; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; iron chelator; mouse metabolite; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	6.4	18	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	3.74	11	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	4.01	4	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	1.97	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
dimethyl sulfide dimethyl sulfide: structure. dimethyl sulfide : A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.. methyl sulfide : Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.	2	1	0	aliphatic sulfide	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; marine metabolite
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	3.06	5	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	1.97	1	0	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	3.07	5	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	2.36	2	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.75	3	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	1.93	1	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.	5.13	11	1	sulfur oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant
taurine [no description available]	4.17	17	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	6.24	20	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	3.46	8	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethyloxamine trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.	1.94	1	0	tertiary amine oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; osmolyte
trimethylamine [no description available]	2.92	4	0	methylamines; tertiary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
trimethylsulfonium [no description available]	2.01	1	0	sulfonium compound	animal metabolite
tryptophan [no description available]	2.1	1	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; aminoalkylindole; aromatic amino acid; polar amino acid	Daphnia magna metabolite
tryptamine [no description available]	2.66	3	0	aminoalkylindole; aralkylamino compound; indole alkaloid; tryptamines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	3.36	7	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	7.29	33	1	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
catechin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hydroxyflavan
epibatidine [no description available]	3.35	1	0	alkaloid
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	5.06	42	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
sk&f 81297 [no description available]	2.17	1	0	benzazepine
7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin 7-hydroxy-2-N,N-dipropylaminotetralin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.39	2	0	tetralins
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively	4.38	21	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	4.42	8	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist	3.12	5	0
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.	2.7	3	0	amphetamines; dimethoxybenzene; organoiodine compound
1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone 1-hydroxy-3-amino-2-pyrrolidone: a CNS depressant; structure in first source	2.37	2	0
ibotenic acid Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.	10.87	12	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	neurotoxin
gallopamil Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.	5.32	18	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
normetanephrine Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.	3.06	5	0	catecholamine
2-(n-phenethyl-n-propyl)amino-5-hydroxytetralin 2-(N-phenethyl-N-propyl)amino-5-hydroxytetralin: potent, specific D2 dopamine receptor agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	tetralins
sk&f-38393 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393	4	14	0	benzazepine; catechols; secondary amino compound
vanilmandelic acid Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.	2.36	2	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; phenols	human metabolite
huperzine a huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source. huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.	3.29	6	0	quinolone
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	5.93	5	2	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
mandelic acid SAMMA: mandelic acid condensation polymer	1.94	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; benzenes	antibacterial agent; human xenobiotic metabolite
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	2.38	2	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	2.41	2	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine 1,3-diethyl-8-phenylxanthine: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.	3.73	10	0	oxopurine	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine 1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist	1.97	1	0
pk 11195 PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine	2.38	2	0	aromatic amide; isoquinolines; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent
1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	piperazines
1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide 1-(3-chlorophenyl)biguanide: RN given refers to parent cp; a 5-HT3 receptor agonist	1.99	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.	2.93	4	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine	drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole 1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole: an inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in mouse	2.7	3	0	imidazoles
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	7.74	36	2	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	3.08	5	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.	4.09	15	0	oxadiazoloquinoxaline	EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
hoe 33342 BXI-72: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	fluorochrome
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	2.43	2	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	3.09	5	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2-hydroxysaclofen 2-hydroxysaclofen: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	organochlorine compound
2-methyl-5-ht 2-methyl-5-HT: M-receptor agonist	2.9	4	0	tryptamines	serotonergic agonist
2-nitro-4-carboxyphenyl-n,n-diphenylcarbamate 2-nitro-4-carboxyphenyl-N,N-diphenylcarbamate: inhibits phospholipase C and serine esterases; structure in first source	2.68	3	0
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.	2.02	1	0	organoboron compound; primary amino compound	calcium channel blocker; IP3 receptor antagonist; potassium channel opener
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine: An amphetamine derivative that inhibits uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters. It is a hallucinogen. It is less toxic than its methylated derivative but in sufficient doses may still destroy serotonergic neurons and has been used for that purpose experimentally.	1.98	1	0	benzodioxoles
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.	2.7	3	0	amphetamines; benzodioxoles	neurotoxin
amitrole Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	2.4	2	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor; herbicide
phaclofen phaclofen: peripheral & central baclofen & GABA antagonist; structure given in first source	3.61	3	0	organophosphate oxoanion; zwitterion
tramiprosate tramiprosate: GABA receptor agonist and a glycosaminoglycan mimetic; has nootropic acitivity; structure; a sulfonate analog of GABA. 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the 3-amino derivative of propanesulfonic acid.	3.47	8	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; GABA agonist; nootropic agent
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine: decarboxylase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.31	1	0	phenols
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.65	3	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
enprofylline enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.	4.03	4	0	oxopurine	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
3-nitropropionic acid 3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.	2.11	1	0	C-nitro compound	antimycobacterial drug; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mycotoxin; neurotoxin
ro 5-4864 4'-chlorodiazepam: selectively binds peripheral benzodiazepine receptor	2.69	3	0
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	7.88	60	1	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium 4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium: muscarinic receptor antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse abbreviation 4-DAMP with a similar cpd which does not contain dimethyl groups. 4-DAMP(1+) : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by formal methylation of the tertiary amino function of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine.	7.63	140	1	quaternary ammonium ion	cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	5.83	23	1	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenytoin [no description available]	16.05	103	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid: A 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid containing 4 alkyne bonds. It inhibits the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins E(2) and F(2a).	3.07	5	0	long-chain fatty acid
5-dimethylamiloride 5-dimethylamiloride: has anti-HIV-1 activity	1.97	1	0
5-carboxamidotryptamine 5-carboxamidotryptamine: agonist of 5-HT receptor; structure given in first source	3.08	5	0	tryptamines
5-fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid 5-fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist	2.13	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
5-hydroxydecanoate 5-hydroxydecanoic acid: Potassium Channel Blocker; RN refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	6.97	24	1	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
5-methoxytryptamine 5-Methoxytryptamine: Serotonin derivative proposed as potentiator for hypnotics and sedatives.. 5-methoxytryptamine : A member of the class of tryptamines that is the methyl ether derivative of serotonin.	4.18	5	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound; tryptamines	5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist; 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor agonist; 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor agonist; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; radiation protective agent; serotonergic agonist
6-fluoronorepinephrine 6-fluoronorepinephrine: agonist for activation of alpha & beta adrenergic-sensitive cyclic AMP-generating systems; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0	catechols
7-chlorokynurenic acid 7-chlorokynurenic acid: selective antagonist at the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex; structure given in first source. 7-chlorokynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinaldic acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and by a chlorine at position 7. It is a potent NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist which antagonizes the strychnine-insensitive glycine site of the NMDA receptor. It also prevents neurodegeneration produced by quinolinic acid.	1.98	1	0	organochlorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
etofylline etofylline: etophyllin appeared once in PubMed: Wien Med Wochenschr. 1986 May 15;136(9):213-8 as a combination drug with theophylline (spelt without e, theophllin)	2.13	1	0	oxopurine
7-nitroindazole 7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure	3.27	6	0
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline 8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline: adenosine antagonist	3.23	6	0
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats	2.4	2	0	oxopurine
8-phenyltheophylline 8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist	2.88	4	0
oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.	2.07	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	6.29	48	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
aa 861 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source. docebenone : A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.	2.44	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones; acetylenic compound; primary alcohol	EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor
acebutolol Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.	5.42	19	0	aromatic amide; ethanolamines; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent
aceclidine aceclidine: was heading 1975-94; use QUINUCLIDINES to search ACECLIDINE 1975-94; cholinomimetic used to reduce intraocular pressure in glaucoma	2	1	0	quinuclidines
acephate acephate : A phosphoramide that is methamidophos in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.	2.43	2	0	mixed diacylamine; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphoramide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	9.51	45	5	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetarsol [no description available]	2.5	2	0	acetamides; anilide
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	13.33	58	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.	2.45	2	0	acetophenones; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
acetohydroxamic acid acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.86	3	0	acetohydroxamic acids; carbohydroximic acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
methacholine methacholine : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the nitrogen is substituted with three methyl groups and a 2-acetoxypropyl group. Parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor drug used in clinical diagnosis.	2.04	1	0	acetate ester; quaternary ammonium ion	bronchoconstrictor agent; cholinergic agonist; epitope; muscarinic agonist; vasodilator agent
ethacridine Ethacridine: A topically applied anti-infective agent.	2.07	1	0	acridines
4-(acetylamino)benzeneacetic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	acetamides; anilide
adiphenine adiphenine: was heading 1963-94; use DIPHENYLACETIC ACIDS to search ADIPHENINE 1966-94	8.73	11	0	diarylmethane
beta-aminoethyl isothiourea beta-Aminoethyl Isothiourea: A radiation-protective agent that can inhibit DNA damage by binding to the DNA. It also increases the susceptibility of blood cells to complement-mediated lysis.	2.64	3	0
tyrphostin a23 tyrphostin A23: inhibits EGF-stimulated thymidine incorporation as well as EGF-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation & tyrosine phosphorylation & cell proliferation; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	catechols
aklomide aklomide: structure	2.07	1	0	carbonyl compound; organohalogen compound
alaproclate alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer	3.81	3	0	alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole [no description available]	4.43	6	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	11.62	81	8	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	4.1	4	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin alfuzosin: structure given in first source	3.86	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; quinazolines; tetrahydrofuranol	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
alosetron alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.	4.05	4	0	imidazoles; pyridoindole	antiemetic; gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic antagonist
alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate: specific inhibitor of pyruvate transport in rat liver mitochondria & human erythrocytes; structure	2.02	1	0
alpha-methylserotonin alpha-methylserotonin: potent agonist at M & D receptors of serotonin; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.91	4	0	tryptamines	serotonergic agonist
alprazolam Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.	12.56	16	1	organochlorine compound; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant; sedative; xenobiotic
alprenolol Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.	6.65	42	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
altretamine Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.	4.28	5	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine
aluminum fluoride [no description available]	2.37	2	0	aluminium coordination entity
am 251 AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.	2.44	2	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; organoiodine compound; pyrazoles	antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; CB1 receptor antagonist
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	6.53	37	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
ambenonium ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.	3.23	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ambroxol Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.	2.74	3	0	aromatic amine
ametantrone ametantrone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0
diatrizoic acid Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.	6.58	16	1	acetamides; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	3.59	2	0	diamine; organic thiophosphate	antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.	3.31	6	0	dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline	adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	2.93	4	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	4.04	4	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid 4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid comprising 4-aminobutyric acid having a 2-hydroxy substituent.	1.97	1	0	3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid
theophylline [no description available]	13.83	222	6	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
2-aminothiazole 2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.	2.04	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; primary amino compound
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	6.89	36	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
dan 2163 [no description available]	2.98	4	0	aromatic amide; aromatic amine; benzamides; pyrrolidines; sulfone	environmental contaminant; second generation antipsychotic; xenobiotic
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	12.81	76	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amlexanox amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pyridochromene	anti-allergic agent; anti-ulcer drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	10.4	18	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
amobarbital Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.	9.39	22	0	barbiturates
amodiaquine Amodiaquine: A 4-aminoquinoline compound with anti-inflammatory properties.. amodiaquine : A quinoline having a chloro group at the 7-position and an aryl amino group at the 4-position.	2.65	3	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; phenols; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 2.1.1.8 (histamine N-methyltransferase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
amoxapine Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.	4.44	6	0	dibenzooxazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amprolium Amprolium: A veterinary coccidiostat that interferes with THIAMINE metabolism.. amprolium : An organic chloride salt having 1-[(4-amino-2-propylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-2-methylpyridin-1-ium as the counterion. Used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.. amprolium(1+) : A pyridinium ion that is the cationic portion of amprolium, a veterinary drug which is used for prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and cattle.	2.07	1	0	pyridinium ion	coccidiostat
amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.	2.97	4	0	acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anabasine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	piperidine alkaloid; pyridine alkaloid	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; plant metabolite; teratogenic agent
anastrozole [no description available]	3.87	3	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anethole trithione Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.	2.4	2	0	methoxybenzenes
aniracetam [no description available]	2.44	2	0	N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidin-2-ones
anisindione anisindione: structure. anisindione : A cyclic beta-diketone consisting of indane-1,3-dione having a 4-methoxyphenyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.41	2	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone	anticoagulant; vitamin K antagonist
antazoline Antazoline: An antagonist of histamine H1 receptors.. antazoline : A member of the class of imidazolines that is 2-aminomethyl-2-imidazoline in which the exocyclic amino hydrogens are replaced by benzyl and phenyl groups. Antazoline is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.	3.69	10	0	aromatic amine; imidazolines; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
9-anthroic acid 9-anthroic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; chloride channel blocker; do not confuse with c-ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) which is frequently abbreviated as ANCA. 9-anthroic acid : An anthroic acid carrying the carboxy substituent at position 9.	2.89	4	0	anthroic acid
anthralin Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.	2.47	2	0	anthracenes	antipsoriatic
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	7.06	26	1	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid: glutamate antagonist in locust muscle; structure; do not confuse with L-AP4, which is the propionic acid version	2.38	2	0
6-methyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo[de,g]quinoline-10,11-diol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aporphine alkaloid
apraclonidine apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	1.96	1	0	dichlorobenzene; guanidines; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antiglaucoma drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; diagnostic agent; ophthalmology drug
aprindine Aprindine: A class Ib anti-arrhythmia agent used to manage ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	2.44	2	0	indanes
arcaine arcaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,4-diguanidinobutane : A guanidine derivative consisting of butane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 4-positions.	2.04	1	0	guanidines
1-methyl-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine-5-carboxylic acid prop-2-ynyl ester [no description available]	2	1	0	dihydropyridine
arecoline Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.	7.01	103	0	enoate ester; methyl ester; pyridine alkaloid; tetrahydropyridine	metabolite; muscarinic agonist
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	10.28	120	1	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	3.28	6	0	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	9.82	103	1	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
atrazine [no description available]	2	1	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
azasetron azasetron: a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source;	2.4	2	0	benzoxazine
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	4.99	12	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azelaic acid nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.	2.13	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; plant metabolite
azelastine azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.	3.27	6	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
azinphosmethyl Azinphosmethyl: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.. azinphos-methyl : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,3-benzotriazine substituted by an oxo group at position 4 and a [(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3.	2.04	1	0	benzotriazines; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
baclofen [no description available]	8.57	64	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
barbital 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).	5.01	13	0	barbiturates	drug allergen
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	4.58	26	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
bemegride Bemegride: A CNS stimulant that is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals. It has also been used as a respiratory stimulant and in the treatment of barbiturate overdose.	8.55	9	0	piperidones
bencyclane Bencyclane: A vasodilator agent found to be effective in a variety of peripheral circulation disorders. It has various other potentially useful pharmacological effects. Its mechanism may involve block of calcium channels.	1.96	1	0	benzenes
bendazac bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.	3.87	3	0	indazoles; monocarboxylic acid	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger
bendroflumethiazide Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.	4.1	4	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
benextramine benextramine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
benfluorex [no description available]	2.04	1	0	benzoate ester
benserazide Benserazide: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that does not enter the central nervous system. It is often given with LEVODOPA in the treatment of parkinsonism to prevent the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, thereby increasing the amount that reaches the central nervous system and reducing the required dose. It has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.. benserazide : A carbohydrazide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of DL-serine with the primary amino group of 4-(hydrazinylmethyl)benzene-1,2,3-triol. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as its hydrochloride salt as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.	3.9	13	0	carbohydrazide; catechols; primary alcohol; primary amino compound	antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
benzamide benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.	2.72	3	0	benzamides
benzbromarone Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.	4.78	9	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone	uricosuric drug
benzocaine Benzocaine: A surface anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along NERVE FIBERS and at NERVE ENDINGS.. dextran sulfate sodium : An organic sodium salt of dextran sulfate. It induces colitis in mice.. benzocaine : A benzoate ester having 4-aminobenzoic acid as the acid component and ethanol as the alcohol component. A surface anaesthetic, it is used to suppress the gag reflex, and as a lubricant and topical anaesthetic on the larynx, mouth, nasal cavity, respiratory tract, oesophagus, rectum, urinary tract, and vagina.	12.03	14	2	benzoate ester; substituted aniline	allergen; antipruritic drug; sensitiser; topical anaesthetic
benzquinamide [no description available]	2.37	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
benzothiazide benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.	2.5	2	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
bepridil Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.	3.27	6	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
berberine [no description available]	3.39	7	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
betahistine Betahistine: A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in MENIERE DISEASE and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers.. betahistine : An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.	2.88	4	0	aminoalkylpyridine; secondary amino compound	H1-receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
bethanidine Bethanidine: A guanidinium antihypertensive agent that acts by blocking adrenergic transmission. The precise mode of action is not clear.	2.88	4	0	guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent
betaxolol [no description available]	4.94	11	0	propanolamine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bethanechol Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	11.05	148	4	carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
bevantolol bevantolol: structure given in first source. bevantolol : A propanolamine that is 3-aminopropane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by 3-methylphenyl and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl. A beta1 adrenoceptor antagonist, it has been shown to be as effective as other beta-blockers for the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension.	2.72	3	0	propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; calcium channel blocker
bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.	4.43	6	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol
bifemelane bifemelane: structure given in first source	2.65	3	0	diarylmethane
bay h 4502 bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.	3.29	6	0	biphenyls; imidazoles
biperiden Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.	12.09	27	1	piperidines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antidote to sarin poisoning; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
bisacodyl Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)	4.49	7	0	diarylmethane
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	3.51	8	0
bisoprolol Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.	7.15	15	2	secondary alcohol; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bretylium bretylium: RN given refers to parent cpd. bretylium : A quaternary ammonium cation having 2-bromobenzyl, ethyl and two methyl groups attached to the nitrogen. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.	4.48	24	0	quaternary ammonium ion	adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent
brimonidine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	imidazoles; quinoxaline derivative; secondary amine	adrenergic agonist; alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent
bromazepam Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.	3.7	10	0	organic molecular entity
bromhexine Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).	3.53	8	0	organobromine compound; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	mucolytic
bromopride bromopride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.97	4	0	benzamides
bromisovalum Bromisovalum: A sedative and mild hypnotic with potentially toxic effects.. bromisoval : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-bromisoval. It was previously used for its hypnotic and sedative properties but the use of bromides is now deprecated due to the possibility of the toxic accumulation of bromine in the body.. 2-bromo-N-carbamoyl-3-methylbutanamide : An N-acylurea that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 2-bromo-3-methybutanoyl group.	2.05	1	0	N-acylurea; organobromine compound
bromperidol bromperidol: bromine-substituted for chlorine in haloperidol; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	aromatic ketone
seratrodast [no description available]	2.45	2	0	organic molecular entity
bronopol [no description available]	2.08	1	0	nitro compound
brotizolam brotizolam: structure	3.09	5	0	organic molecular entity
bufexamac Bufexamac: A benzeneacetamide with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic action. It is administered topically, orally, or rectally.. bufexamac : A hydroxamic acid derived from phenylacetamide in which the benzene moiety is substituted at C-4 by a butoxy group. It has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; hydroxamic acid	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
buflomedil buflomedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym LL 1656 refers to HCl; structure	2.74	3	0	aromatic ketone
bumetanide [no description available]	5.84	30	0	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bunazosin bunazosin: structure	3.07	5	0	quinazolines
bunitrolol bunitrolol: was heading 1975-94 (see under PROPANOLAMINES 1975-90); KO 1366 was see BUNITROLOL 1975-94; use PROPANOLAMINES to search BUNITROLOL 1975-94; a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist with weak antiarrhythmic activity and minor ability to decrease the heart rate	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	6.55	26	2	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
bupranolol Bupranolol: An adrenergic-beta-2 antagonist that has been used for cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, hypertension, glaucoma, and as an antithrombotic.	2.39	2	0	aromatic ether
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.	5.28	16	0	azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
busulfan [no description available]	4.95	11	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
secbutabarbital secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital	4.04	2	0	barbiturates
butacaine butacaine: was MH 1965-92; BUTAPROBENZ & BUTOCAIN were see BUTACAINE 1978-92; use 4-AMINOBENZOIC ACID to search BUTACAINE 1966-92	8.06	5	0	benzoate ester
butalbital butalbital: management of butalbital withdrawal can be simplified by using a phenobarbital-loading protocol; RN given refers to parent cpd. butalbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by an allyl group and an isobutyl group. Frequently combined with other medicines, such as aspirin, paracetamol and codeine, it is used for treatment of pain and headache.	2.45	2	0	barbiturates	analgesic; sedative
butamben butamben: structure. butamben : An amino acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-aminobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol. Its local anaesthetic properties have been used for surface anaesthesia of the skin and mucous membranes, and for relief of pain and itching associated with some anorectal disorders.	2.71	3	0	amino acid ester; benzoate ester; primary amino compound; substituted aniline	local anaesthetic
cacodylic acid dimethylarsinic acid : The organoarsenic compound that is arsenic acid substituted on the central arsenic atom with two methyl groups.	1.97	1	0	organoarsenic compound	xenobiotic metabolite
caffeine [no description available]	10.38	143	2	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	11.39	222	3	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
pantogab pantogab: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; synonym hopantenic acid refers to (R)-isomer; synonym pantogam refers to Ca salt (2:1), ((R)-isomer	1.97	1	0
metrizoate Metrizoic Acid: A diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt.	2.92	4	0	monocarboxylic acid	radioopaque medium
calmidazolium calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.	2.38	2	0	imidazolium ion	apoptosis inducer; calmodulin antagonist
camostat camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.	2.89	4	0	benzoate ester; carboxylic ester; diester; guanidines; tertiary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifibrinolytic drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; serine protease inhibitor
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	4.83	6	0	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
candesartan cilexetil candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects	2.05	1	0	biphenyls
candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.	4.05	4	0	benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cannabinol Cannabinol: A physiologically inactive constituent of Cannabis sativa L.	1.95	1	0	dibenzopyran
carbamylcholine [no description available]	2.93	4	0
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	7.43	25	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbazochrome carbazochrome: a hemostatic which increases capillary resistance & activates platelet factors, Note: Adona is a multimeaning tradename	2.04	1	0
carbetapentane carbetapentane: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.41	2	0	benzenes
carbidopa [no description available]	2.1	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
carbinoxamine carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.	4.23	5	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
carbofuran Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	4.69	9	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
carbazilquinone Carbazilquinone: An alkylating agent structurally similar to MITOMYCIN and found to be effective in the treatment of leukemia and various other neoplasms in mice. It causes leukemia and thrombocytopenia in almost all human patients.	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
carisoprodol Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.	4.99	7	0	carbamate ester	muscle relaxant
carmofur [no description available]	2.04	1	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	3.56	8	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carprofen carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.	2.47	2	0	carbazoles; organochlorine compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; photosensitizing agent
carteolol Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.	3.41	7	0	quinolone; secondary alcohol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
carvedilol [no description available]	4.86	10	0	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	2.37	2	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
cefuroxime Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.	1.99	1	0	carbamate ester; cephalosporin
celecoxib [no description available]	4.26	5	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celiprolol Celiprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.	2.47	2	0	aromatic ketone
cefixime Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. cefixime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.	1.97	1	0
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	10.62	5	1	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
cetraxate [no description available]	2	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
cetylpyridinium Cetylpyridinium: Cationic bactericidal surfactant used as a topical antiseptic for skin, wounds, mucous membranes, instruments, etc.; and also as a component in mouthwash and lozenges.	1.95	1	0	pyridinium ion
cgp 12177 CGP 12177 : A benzimidazole that is benzimidazol-2-one substituted at position 4 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic antagonist
cgs 15943 9-chloro-2-(2-furyl)-(1,2,4)triazolo(1,5-c)quinazolin-5-imine: non-xanthine triazoloquinazoline adenosine antagonist. CGS 15943 : A member of the class of triazoloquinazolines that is [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline substited at positions 2, 5 and 9 by furan-2-yl, amino and chloro groups respectively. A potent antagonist at adenosine A1 and adenosine A2A receptors.	2.01	1	0	aromatic amine; biaryl; furans; organochlorine compound; primary amino compound; quinazolines; triazoloquinazoline	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; antineoplastic agent; central nervous system stimulant
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	3.12	5	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate [no description available]	13.83	25	3	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	5	12	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness	3.86	3	0	diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.	9.97	75	5	benzodiazepine
chlormezanone Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.	3.87	3	0	1,3-thiazine; lactam; monochlorobenzenes; sulfone	antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; muscle relaxant
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	6.9	38	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.	6.7	20	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
chloroxine chloroxine : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 have been substituted by chlorine. A synthetic antibacterial prepared by chlorination of quinolin-8-ol, it is used for the treatment of dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis of the scalp.	2.04	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound	antibacterial agent; antifungal drug; antiseborrheic
chloroxylenol chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.	2.74	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; molluscicide
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	10.04	112	6	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	13.48	368	4	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.	5.28	16	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	9.59	25	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	4.94	11	0	isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	4.55	7	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound	muscle relaxant; sedative
cifenline [no description available]	3.27	6	0	diarylmethane
ciclopirox [no description available]	2.08	1	0	cyclic hydroxamic acid; hydroxypyridone antifungal drug; pyridone	antibacterial agent; antiseborrheic
ciglitazone ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.	2.47	2	0	aromatic ether; thiazolidinone	antineoplastic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug
cilostazol [no description available]	3.9	3	0	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	13.35	230	5	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
aricine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	cinchona alkaloid
eucalyptol [no description available]	2.01	1	0
cinoxacin Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.	2.78	3	0	cinnolines; oxacycle; oxo carboxylic acid	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate [no description available]	3.15	5	0	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	5.75	15	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
cisapride Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.	7.89	34	2	benzamides
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	5.34	17	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clebopride clebopride: antidopaminergic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.39	2	0	piperidines
clenbuterol Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	6.17	10	1	amino alcohol; dichlorobenzene; ethanolamines; primary arylamine; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent
clidinium clidinium: see also record for clidinium compounds; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. clidinium : The ester resulting from formal condensation of benzilic acid and 3-hydroxy-1-methyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. It is used, generally as the bromide, for the symptomatic treatment of peptic ulcer disease and also to help relieve abdominal or stomach spasms or cramps due to colicky abdominal pain, diverticulitis, and irritable bowel syndrome.	3.77	11	0	diarylmethane
clioquinol Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	3.26	6	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound; organoiodine compound	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; chelator; copper chelator
clobazam Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.	2.73	3	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clobenpropit clobenpropit: histamine H3 receptor antagonist. clobenpropit : An imidothiocarbamic ester that consists of isothiourea bearing S-3-(imidazol-4-yl)propyl and N-4-chlorobenzyl substituents. An extremely potent histamine H3 antagonist/inverse agonist (pA2 = 9.93). Also displays partial agonist activity at H4 receptors; induces eosinophil shape change with an EC50 of 3 nM.	1.99	1	0	imidazoles; imidothiocarbamic ester; organochlorine compound	H3-receptor antagonist; H4-receptor agonist
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.	2.97	4	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenazines	dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofedanol clofedanol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. clofedanol : A diarylmethane that is 2-chlorophenyl(phenyl)methane substituted on the methane carbon by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. Used in the treatment of dry cough, it suppresses the cough reflex by a direct effect on the cough centre in the medulla of the brain.	1.97	1	0	diarylmethane; tertiary amino compound	antitussive
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	4.78	9	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene [no description available]	4.27	5	0	tertiary amine	estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	12.04	25	1	dibenzoazepine	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.	12.05	17	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	12	179	9	clonidine; imidazoline
4-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-3-sulfamoylbenzamide [no description available]	2.78	3	0	sulfonamide
cloperastine cloperastine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	diarylmethane
chlorazepate clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.	3.86	3	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator; prodrug
clotiazepam clotiazepam: was heading 1975-94 (see under AZEPINES 1978-90; was Y 6047 see under AZEPINES 1975-77); Y 6047 was see CLOTIAZEPAM 1978-94; use AZEPINES to search CLOTIAZEPAM 1975-94; thienodiazepine derivative with actions similar to those of benzodiazepines	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
clotrimazole [no description available]	4.66	8	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cloxyquin cloxyquin: has antitubercular activity; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	organochlorine compound; quinolines
coumaphos Coumaphos: A organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an anthelmintic, insecticide, and as a nematocide.	2.35	2	0	organic thiophosphate; organochlorine compound; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antinematodal drug; avicide; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
4-cresol 4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.	2	1	0	cresol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; uremic toxin
cromolyn cromoglycic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is the bis-chromone derivative of glycerol. It is effective as a mast cell stabilizer.	2.75	3	0	chromones; dicarboxylic acid	anti-asthmatic drug; calcium channel blocker
phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyltyrosyl-tryptophyl-ornithyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyltyrosyl-tryptophyl-ornithyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide: cyclic somatostatin octapeptide analog with high affinity & selectivity toward mu opioid receptors	2.43	2	0
cyclandelate Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels.	2.75	3	0	carboxylic ester; secondary alcohol	vasodilator agent
cyclobenzaprine cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	4.4	6	0	carbotricyclic compound	antidepressant; muscle relaxant; tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.	3.86	3	0	organic molecular entity
cycloleucine Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.	3.38	7	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	EC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyclopentolate Cyclopentolate: A parasympatholytic anticholinergic used solely to obtain mydriasis or cycloplegia.. cyclopentolate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (1-hydroxycyclopentyl)(phenyl)acetic acid with N,N-dimethylethanolamine. A tertiary amine antimuscarinic with actions similar to atropine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt to produce mydriasis (excessive dilation of the pupil) and cycloplegia (paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye) for opthalmic diagnostic procedures. It acts more quickly than atropine and has a shorter duration of action.	13.62	51	12	carboxylic ester; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	diagnostic agent; muscarinic antagonist; mydriatic agent; parasympatholytic
cyclothiazide cyclothiazide: inhibits the desensitization of AMPA-type receptors; structure. cyclothiazide : 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.	2.4	2	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	8.65	76	2	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
cystamine [no description available]	3.66	10	0	organic disulfide; primary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
danthron danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.	2.05	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.	3.35	7	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione	muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapsone [no description available]	5.01	12	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
debrisoquin Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.	3.25	6	0	carboxamidine; isoquinolines	adrenergic agent; antihypertensive agent; human metabolite; sympatholytic agent
decamethonium decamethonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. decamethonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is a depolarising muscle relaxant whose structure comprises a decane-1,10-diamine core in which each amino group carries three methyl substituents.	3.35	7	0	quaternary ammonium ion	muscle relaxant; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
deferiprone Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.	2.54	2	0	4-pyridones	iron chelator; protective agent
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	5.4	11	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
denbufylline denbufylline: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	oxopurine
dequalinium Dequalinium: A topical bacteriostat that is available as various salts. It is used in wound dressings and mouth infections and may also have antifungal action, but may cause skin ulceration.. dequalinium : A quinolinium ion comprising decane in which one methyl hydrogen at each end of the molecule has been replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylquinolin-1-yl group.	2.02	1	0	quinolinium ion	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiseptic drug; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	14.82	104	2	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nordazepam Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.	2.94	4	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator; human metabolite; sedative
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	10.64	189	2	primary amine
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	2.74	3	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	17.51	420	52	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazinon Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	5.15	15	0	organic thiophosphate; pyrimidines	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; nematicide; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	10.83	30	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
dibenzothiophene dibenzothiophene : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a thiophene ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.	2.07	1	0	dibenzothiophenes; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent	keratolytic drug
dibucaine Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.	4.3	20	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	topical anaesthetic
dicamba Dicamba: A chlorinated organic herbicide.. dicamba : A methoxybenzoic acid that is O-methylsalicylic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 6.	2.04	1	0	dichlorobenzene; methoxybenzoic acid	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; synthetic auxin; xenobiotic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	9.89	31	4	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	4.84	11	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
dichlorophen Dichlorophen: Nontoxic laxative vermicide effective for taenia infestation. It tends to produce colic and nausea. It is also used as a veterinary fungicide, anthelmintic, and antiprotozoan. (From Merck, 11th ed.)	2.13	1	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; diarylmethane
dichlorphenamide Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.	4.67	9	0	dichlorobenzene; sulfonamide	antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; ophthalmology drug
dichlorvos Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	4.72	30	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organophosphate insecticide	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
dicyclomine Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.	12.71	30	1	carboxylic ester; tertiary amine	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
3,4-dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzoic acids
diethyl pyrocarbonate Diethyl Pyrocarbonate: Preservative for wines, soft drinks, and fruit juices and a gentle esterifying agent.. diethyl pyrocarbonate : The diethyl ester of dicarbonic acid.	1.97	1	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	3.22	6	0	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	3.77	3	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
diphenidol diphenidol: shows anti-arrhythmic activity; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. diphenidol : A tertiary alcohol that is butan-1-ol substituted by two phenyl groups at position 1 and a piperidin-1-yl group at position 4.	2.67	3	0	benzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	antiemetic
diflunisal Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.	4.76	9	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dilazep Dilazep: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic activity.. dilazep : A member of the class of diazepanes that is 1,4-diazepane substituted by 3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy]propyl groups at positions 1 and 4. It is a potent adenosine uptake inhibitor that exhibits antiplatelet, antianginal and vasodilator properties.	2.67	3	0	benzoate ester; diazepane; diester; methoxybenzenes	cardioprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
dilacor xr 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate : A lactam that is 2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-4(5H)-one in which positions 2 and 3 are substituted by 4-methoxyphenyl and acetoxy, respectively, while the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group.	2.07	1	0	acetate ester; aromatic ether; benzothiazepine; lactam; tertiary amino compound
dimaprit Dimaprit: A histamine H2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors.	3.76	11	0	imidothiocarbamic ester
dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.	5.08	8	0	dithiol; primary alcohol	chelator
dimethadione Dimethadione: An anticonvulsant that is the active metabolite of TRIMETHADIONE.	2.39	2	0	oxazolidinone
dimethoate Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.	10.43	20	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
dinitolmide Dinitolmide: A coccidiostat for poultry.	2.04	1	0	dinitrotoluene
dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. dihexadecanoyl phosphatidic acid : A phosphatidic acid in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both palmitoyl (hexadecanoyl).	1.96	1	0	phosphatidic acid
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	11.55	225	3	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
diphenylpyraline diphenylpyraline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. allergen : A chemical compound, or part thereof, which causes the onset of an allergic reaction by interacting with any of the molecular pathways involved in an allergy.. diphenylpyraline : A member of the class of piperidines that is the benzhydryl ether derivative of 1-methyl-4-hydroxypiperidine. A sedating antihistamine, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and hay fever, and in pruritic skin disorders. It is also used as the teoclate salt (piprinhydrinate) as an ingredient in compound preparations for the symptomatic relief of coughs and the common cold.	2.71	3	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	11.2	70	6	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
dipyrone metamizole : A pyrazole that is antiipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfomethyl)amino group, the sodium salt of which, metamizole sodium, was widely used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic, but withdrawn from many markets from the 1970s due to a risk of causing risk of causing agranulocytosis.	2.04	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; pyrazoles	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
disopyramide Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.	8.5	38	2	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
distigmine distigmine : A carbamate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of hexane-1,6-diylbis(methylcarbamic acid) with the hydroxy group of 3-hydroxy-1-methylpyridinium.	2.08	1	0	carbamate ester; pyridinium ion	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; muscarinic agonist
disulfiram [no description available]	5.1	14	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
diuron Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.	2	1	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; dichlorobenzene	environmental contaminant; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; photosystem-II inhibitor; urea herbicide; xenobiotic
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	12.33	22	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid: (D)-isomer active as an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate excitation of central neurons; (L)-isomer inactive; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.67	3	0
racemetirosine alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)	4.05	15	0
p-chloroamphetamine p-Chloroamphetamine: Chlorinated analog of AMPHETAMINE. Potent neurotoxin that causes release and eventually depletion of serotonin in the CNS. It is used as a research tool.	2.36	2	0
thiorphan Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.	3.99	14	0	N-acyl-amino acid
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	6.82	35	2	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	5.69	14	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
adtn ADTN: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.93	4	0
doxapram Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.	4.86	11	0	morpholines; pyrrolidin-2-ones	central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.	5.77	6	1	aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent
doxepin Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.	10.44	20	0	dibenzooxepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant
doxylamine Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.	3.86	3	0	pyridines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antitussive; cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; sedative
cycloadiphenine cycloadiphenine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.4	2	0	benzenes
droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.	11.84	78	18	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
dipropizine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	piperazines
dsp 4 DSP 4: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.4	2	0
dup 697 DuP 697: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	thiophenes
dyclonine [no description available]	2.49	2	0	aromatic ketone; piperidines	topical anaesthetic
dyphylline Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.	4.55	7	0	oxopurine; propane-1,2-diols	bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
e 4031 E 4031: class III anti-arrhythmia agent; structure given in UD	2.48	2	0	sulfonamide
ebastine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic molecular entity
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	2.5	2	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
econazole Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.	2.76	3	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes
edrophonium Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.	11.87	69	15	phenols; quaternary ammonium ion	antidote; diagnostic agent; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine 9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine: specific inhibitor of adenosine deaminase	1.96	1	0
ellipticine ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.	2.13	1	0	indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; polycyclic heteroarene	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
emedastine emedastine: structure given in first source. emedastine : 1-Methyl-1,4-diazepane in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 4 is substituted by a 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl group. A relatively selective histamine H1 antagonist, it is used as the difumatate salt for allergic rhinitis, urticaria, and pruritic skin disorders, and in eyedrops for the symptomatic relief of allergic conjuntivitis.	1.97	1	0	benzimidazoles	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	3.71	9	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
endosulfan Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.	2.4	2	0	cyclic sulfite ester; cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
enflurane Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.	7.68	31	6	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	anaesthetic
enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.	2.97	4	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
eperisone eperisone : A racemate that is an equimolar mixture of (R)- and (S)-eperisone. It is used (as the hydrochloride salt) as a muscle relaxant for the symptomatic treatment of muscle spasm and spasticity.. 1-(4-ethylphenyl)-2-methyl-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one : An aromatic ketone that is N-propylpiperidine in which a hydrogen at positon 2 of the propyl group is replaced by a p-ethylbenzoyl group.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ketone; piperidines
epirizole Epirizole: 4-Methoxy-2-(5-methoxy-3-methylpyrazol-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine. A pyrimidinyl pyrazole with antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity.	2.43	2	0	aromatic ether
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	3.92	13	0
estazolam Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.	3.59	2	0	triazoles; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
etazolate Etazolate: A potent phosphodiesterase inhibitor proposed as an antipsychotic agent.. etazolate : A pyrazolopyridine that is 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 5 by ethyl, 2-isopropylidenehydrazino, and ethoxycarbonyl groups, respectively. A phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor with antidepressant and anxiolytic properties.	1.96	1	0	ethyl ester; hydrazone; pyrazolopyridine	alpha-secretase activator; antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	5.75	16	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
myambutol [no description available]	2.13	1	0	amino alcohol
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	6.08	30	1	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethinamate ethinamate: short duration hypnotic with fast onset & relatively low toxicity; may cause dependence; minor descriptor (76-85); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBAMATES (76-85). ethinamate : A carbamate ester that is the 1-vinylcyclohexyl ester of carbamic acid. A short-acting sedative-hypnotic, it was formerly used to treat insomnia.	2.04	1	0	carbamate ester; terminal acetylenic compound	sedative
profenamine profenamine: was heading 1972-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINES 1972-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search ETHOPROPAZINE 1972-94. profenamine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is phenothiazine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)propyl group. An antimuscarinic, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease.	2.46	2	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amino compound	adrenergic antagonist; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
ethosuximide Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.	4.8	10	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector; T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.	3.6	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant
ethoxzolamide Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.	2.49	2	0	aromatic ether; benzothiazoles; sulfonamide	antiglaucoma drug; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
ethyl loflazepate ethyl loflazepate: structure given in first source	2.74	3	0	organic molecular entity
ethylenediamine ethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; edamine is the recommended contraction for the ethylenediamine radical. ethylenediamine : An alkane-alpha,omega-diamine in which the alkane is ethane.	2.01	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	GABA agonist
etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.	3.87	3	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
etilefrine Etilefrine: A phenylephrine-related beta-1 adrenergic and alpha adrenergic agonist used as a cardiotonic and antihypotensive agent.	4.35	6	0	phenols
etizolam etizolam: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
etodolac Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.	4.55	7	0	monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810 [no description available]	4.41	6	0	2-aminopurines; acetate ester	antiviral drug; prodrug
famotidine Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.	6.83	11	2	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; hydrazone; nitrile; organofluorine compound	ATP synthase inhibitor; geroprotector; ionophore
felbamate Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.	4.56	7	0	carbamate ester	anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent
4-biphenylylacetic acid biphenyl-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is substituted by a biphenyl-4-yl group. An active metabolite of fenbufen, it is used as a topical medicine to treat muscle inflammation and arthritis.	2.51	2	0	biphenyls; monocarboxylic acid	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	5.26	16	0	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fenbufen fenbufen: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.44	2	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; biphenyls	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fendiline Fendiline: Coronary vasodilator; inhibits calcium function in muscle cells in excitation-contraction coupling; proposed as antiarrhythmic and antianginal agents.	2.93	4	0	diarylmethane
fenfluramine Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.	3.58	9	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; secondary amino compound	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenipentol fenipentol: stimulates plasma secretion & exocrine pancreatic secretion	1.93	1	0	benzenes
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	4.87	10	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fenoldopam Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.	4.04	4	0	benzazepine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; dopamine agonist; dopaminergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
fenoprofen Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.	4.25	5	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.	8.68	22	3	resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
fenspiride fenspiride: was heading 1975-94 (see under SPIRO COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SPIRO COMPOUNDS to search FENSPIRIDE 1975-94; bronchodilator agent used in asthma	2.45	2	0	azaspiro compound
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	15.47	182	37	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fenthion Fenthion: Potent cholinesterase inhibitor used as an insecticide and acaricide.. fenthion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen atom of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-methyl-4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl group. It exhibits acaricidal and insecticidal activities.	3.77	11	0	organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
fexofenadine fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.	3.58	2	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
fipexide fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level	4.1	4	0	benzodioxoles
flavoxate Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.	9.79	10	0	carboxylic ester; flavones; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
flecainide Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).	5.47	20	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; piperidines	anti-arrhythmia drug
fleroxacin Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.	3.16	5	0	difluorobenzene; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; quinolines	antibacterial drug; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	5.27	16	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.	4.86	10	0	aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone	prodrug
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.	3.49	8	0	aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine [no description available]	10.08	14	0	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	7.68	28	1	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
flumequine flumequine: structure. flumequine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-flumequine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, formerly used in veterinary medicine for stock breeding and treatment of aquacultures.. 9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline carrying additional carboxy, methyl and fluoro substituents at positions 2, 5 and 9 respectively.	2.52	2	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; pyridoquinoline; quinolone antibiotic
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	9.12	17	6	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorescite fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.	4.26	5	0	benzoic acids; cyclic ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; phenols; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	5.26	16	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	6.35	29	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
fluphenazine depot fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.	2.04	1	0	decanoate ester; N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; prodrug
fluphenazine enanthate [no description available]	2.04	1	0	phenothiazines
flurazepam Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.	4.7	5	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	5.22	15	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluspirilene Fluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia.	2.7	3	0	diarylmethane
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	5.11	13	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
flutazolam flutazolam: structure	2.04	1	0	hemiaminal ether; organic molecular entity
fomepizole Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.	3.59	2	0	pyrazoles	antidote; EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor; protective agent
foscarnet Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	4.26	5	0	carboxylic acid; one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furafylline [no description available]	2.11	1	0	oxopurine
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	11.29	48	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
fusaric acid Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.	3.5	2	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	4.76	9	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gabexate Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.	3.08	5	0	benzoate ester
gaboxadol gaboxadol: GABA agonist; inhibitor of GABA uptake systems; structure	3.22	6	0	oxazole
gallamine triethiodide [no description available]	2.73	3	0	aromatic ether
vanoxerine vanoxerine: structure given in first source. vanoxerine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.	2.93	4	0	ether; N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound	dopamine uptake inhibitor
gbr 12935 1-[2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-(benzhydryloxy)ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent and selective inhibitor of dopamine uptake (KD = 5.5 nM in rat striatal membranes).	1.99	1	0	ether; N-alkylpiperazine; tertiary amino compound	dopamine uptake inhibitor
gemfibrozil [no description available]	4.86	10	0	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	4.32	20	0
glafenine Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.	4.09	4	0	aminoquinoline; carboxylic ester; glycol; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	3.42	7	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source	4.87	10	0	sulfonamide
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	5.02	12	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
glutethimide Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.	4.32	6	0	piperidines
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	6.33	49	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester [no description available]	3.23	1	0	benzenes
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	2.05	1	0
granisetron [no description available]	4.08	4	0	aromatic amide; indazoles
fluorometholone [no description available]	2.13	1	0
guaiazulene guaiazulene: structure	2.05	1	0	sesquiterpene
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	9.79	73	1	methoxybenzenes
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	10.68	445	0	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
guanfacine Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.	4.52	7	0	acetamides
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	3.99	4	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
guvacine guvacine: RN given refers to parent cpd. guvacine : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid which has been hydrogenated at the 1-2 and 5-6 positions of the pyridine ring.	1.98	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; beta-amino acid; pyridine alkaloid; secondary amino compound; tetrahydropyridine	GABA reuptake inhibitor; plant metabolite
n-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide [no description available]	1.98	1	0	isoquinolines; sulfonamide
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	4.14	16	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
ha 1004 N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	isoquinolines
fasudil fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.	3.15	5	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonyldiazepane	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent; vasodilator agent
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	10.45	269	1	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	14.01	271	38	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
harmaline Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.	5.37	7	0	harmala alkaloid	oneirogen
harmalol harmalol: inhibitor of rat liver microsomal UDP-glucuronyltransferase; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. harmalol : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is hydroxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.	2.87	1	0	harmala alkaloid	algal metabolite; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
hexachlorophene Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.	2.49	2	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; polyphenol; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
miltefosine miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.	2.05	1	0	phosphocholines; phospholipid	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; immunomodulator; protein kinase inhibitor
hexahydrosiladifenidol [no description available]	5.75	28	0
4-fluorohexahydrosiladifenidol [no description available]	4.56	25	0
hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.	9.08	603	1	quaternary ammonium salt
hexestrol [no description available]	2.39	2	0	stilbenoid
hexetidine Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)	2.05	1	0	organic heteromonocyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	6.18	45	0	barbiturates
hexoprenaline Hexoprenaline: Stimulant of adrenergic beta 2 receptors. It is used as a bronchodilator, antiasthmatic agent, and tocolytic agent.	5.15	3	1
hexylresorcinol [no description available]	2.04	1	0	resorcinols
tele-methylhistamine tele-methylhistamine: histamine methyltransferase antagonist. N(tele)-methylhistamine : A primary amino compound that is the N(tele)-methyl derivative of histamine.	1.96	1	0	imidazoles; primary amino compound	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha-methylhistamine alpha-methylhistamine: a histamine H3 receptor agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the alpha-position.	2.39	2	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	animal metabolite; H3-receptor agonist
hexamethylene bisacetamide N,N'-diacetyl-1,6-diaminohexane: chemical name obtained from Acta Biol Hung 1990;41(1-3):199-208	2.5	2	0	acetamides
homochlorocyclizine homochlorocyclizine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.45	2	0	diarylmethane
huprine x huprine X: structure in first source	2.42	2	0
hycanthone Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.	2.9	4	0	thioxanthenes	mutagen; schistosomicide drug
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	5.43	20	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	5.44	20	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.	4.56	7	0	benzothiadiazine; thiazide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
p-hydroxyamphetamine p-Hydroxyamphetamine: Amphetamine metabolite with sympathomimetic effects. It is sometimes called alpha-methyltyramine, which may also refer to the meta isomer, gepefrine.	3.05	1	0	amphetamines
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	3.99	4	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	5.03	12	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.	10.76	56	10	hydroxyether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent; antipruritic drug; anxiolytic drug; dermatologic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
hypericin [no description available]	2.43	2	0
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	5.73	26	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
phenelzine Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.	4.48	7	0	primary amine
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	16.58	412	17	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
mephentermine Mephentermine: A sympathomimetic agent with specificity for alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It is used to maintain BLOOD PRESSURE in hypotensive states such as following SPINAL ANESTHESIA.	3.46	8	0	amphetamines
alverine alverine : A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.	2.45	2	0	tertiary amine	antispasmodic drug
ici 118551 [no description available]	2.4	2	0	indanes
idebenone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; primary alcohol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor
ifosfamide [no description available]	4.67	8	0	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
imetit imetit: structure given in first source. imetit : An imidothiocarbamic ester that consists of isothiourea in which the thiol hydrogen is substituted by a 2-(imidazol-4-yl)ethyl group. An extremely potent, high affinity agonist at H3 and H4 receptors (Ki values are 0.3 and 2.7 nM respectively). Induces shape change in eosinophils with an EC50 of 25 nM. Centrally active following systemic administration.	2	1	0	imidazoles; imidothiocarbamic ester	H3-receptor agonist; H4-receptor agonist
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	10.47	158	2	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.	5.02	12	0	bipyridines	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
incadronate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)
indapamide Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.	4.76	9	0	indoles; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	13.64	422	4	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
indoprofen Indoprofen: A drug that has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Following reports of adverse reactions including reports of carcinogenicity in animal studies it was withdrawn from the market worldwide. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p21). indoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)phenyl group. Initially used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic, it was withdrawn from the market due to causing severe gastrointestinal bleeding. It has been subsequently found to increase production of the survival motor neuron protein.	2.44	2	0	gamma-lactam; isoindoles; monocarboxylic acid	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
iodamide Iodamide: An ionic monomeric contrast medium. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706). iodamide : A benzoic acid compound having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions, an acetamido substituent at the 3-position and an acetamidomethyl substituent at the 5-position.	2.04	1	0	benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
iodoquinol Iodoquinol: One of the halogenated 8-quinolinols widely used as an intestinal antiseptic, especially as an antiamebic agent. It is also used topically in other infections and may cause CNS and eye damage. It is known by very many similar trade names world-wide.. iodoquinol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by iodine. It is considered the drug of choice for treating asymptomatic or moderate forms of amoebiasis.	2.07	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organoiodine compound	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiseptic drug
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.	2.97	4	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iopromide iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.	2.45	2	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; nephrotoxic agent; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iothalamic acid Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.	4.74	7	1	organic molecular entity
iodipamide Iodipamide: A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.. adipiodone : An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.	3.34	7	0	benzoic acids; organoiodine compound; secondary carboxamide	radioopaque medium
iotroxic acid iotroxic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.06	1	0	organic molecular entity
ioversol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoic acid (8-methyl-8-propan-2-yl-8-azoniabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl) ester [no description available]	2.42	2	0	tropane alkaloid
ipriflavone ipriflavone : A member of the class of isoflavones that is isoflavone in which the hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by an isopropoxy group. A synthetic isoflavone, it was formerly used for the treatment of osteoporosis, although a randomised controlled study failed to show any benefit. It is still used to prevent osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; isoflavones	bone density conservation agent
iproniazid [no description available]	6.67	44	0	carbohydrazide; pyridines
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.	4.08	4	0	azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	4.99	40	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isocarboxazid Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)	5.84	7	1	benzenes
isoetharine Isoetharine: Adrenergic beta-2 agonist used as bronchodilator for emphysema, bronchitis and asthma.	5.92	7	4	catecholamine
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	9.93	49	12	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoguvacine isoguvacine: A GABA agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0	tetrahydropyridine
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	6.69	31	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
isopropamide iodide [no description available]	2.04	1	0	diarylmethane
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	11.67	134	2	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	20.29	1,111	40	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.	4.47	7	0	alkylbenzene
isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.	4.82	10	0	benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester
itopride [no description available]	2.06	1	0	benzamides
itraconazole [no description available]	4.86	10	0	piperazines
staurosporine aglycone staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor	2.48	2	0
nsc 664704 kenpaullone: inhibits CDK1/cyclin B; structure in first source. kenpaullone : An indolobenzazepine that is paullone in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by a bromo substituent. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta).	2.05	1	0	indolobenzazepine; lactam; organobromine compound	cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	16.08	208	26	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	13.86	63	1	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	5.16	14	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	5.38	18	0	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ketorolac Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.	5.1	13	0	amino acid; aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolizines; racemate	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.	4.72	9	0	cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	3.99	4	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
kinetin Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.	1.97	1	0	6-aminopurines; furans	cytokinin; geroprotector
kojic amine kojic amine: author refers to above as GABA analog; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.37	2	0
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	3.86	12	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid 2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid: metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist; do not confuse AP-3 used as an abbreviation for this with enhancer-binding protein AP-3 (a trans-activator) or clathrin assembly protein AP-3. 2-amino-3-phosphonopropanoic acid : A non-proteinogenc alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl group has been replaced by a dihydroxy(oxido)-lambda(5)-phosphanyl group.	1.98	1	0	alanine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; phosphonic acids	human metabolite; metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
labetalol Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.	5.68	25	0	benzamides; benzenes; phenols; primary carboxamide; salicylamides; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
lamotrigine [no description available]	4.85	10	0	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	10.23	15	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.	2.05	1	0	benzochromenone; orthoquinones	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	1.99	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	4.68	8	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole [no description available]	4.42	6	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
tetramisole 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole : An imidazothiazole that is imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole in which the double bonds at the 2-3 and 5-6 positions have been reduced to single bonds and in which one of the hydrogens at position 6 is replaced by a phenyl group.. tetramisole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levamisole and dexamisole.	2.42	2	0	imidazothiazole	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nordefrin Nordefrin: A norepinephrine derivative used as a vasoconstrictor agent.	2.36	2	0	catecholamine
lidoflazine Lidoflazine: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic action.	1.95	1	0	diarylmethane
linopirdine linopirdine: acetylcholine releasing drug	2.41	2	0	indoles
lofepramine Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.	3.14	5	0	aromatic ketone; dibenzoazepine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant
lomefloxacin lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.	3.87	3	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; photosensitizing agent
lomustine [no description available]	4.26	5	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	10.08	33	2	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	4.76	9	0	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	11.78	19	1	benzodiazepine
lorglumide lorglumide: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. lorglumide : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-lorglumide.. N(2)-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)-N,N-dipentyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-(3,4-dichlorobenzoyl)glutamic acid with the amino group of dipentylamine.	8.48	8	0	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; dichlorobenzene; glutamic acid derivative
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	5.52	21	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.	4.08	4	0	dibenzooxazepine	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
ly 171883 LY 171883: structure in first source; leukotriene receptor antagonist. tomelukast : A member of the class of acetophenones that is 1-phenylethanone substituted at position 2 by a hydroxy group, a propyl group at position 3 and a 4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy group at position 4. A leukotriene antagonist, it exhibits anti-asthmatic activity.	2.92	4	0	acetophenones; aromatic ether; phenols; tetrazoles	anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
ly 278584 LY 278584: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0	aromatic amide; indazoles
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.41	2	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione: structure given in first source; SRS-A & guanylate cyclase antagonist. 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione : A quinolone that is quinoline-5,8-dione in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by an anilino group.	2.4	2	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic amine; p-quinones; quinolone	antineoplastic agent; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
mabuterol mabuterol: structure given in first source	2	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	6.02	37	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate: structure in first source	2.39	2	0	isopropyl ester
maprotiline Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.	5.34	17	0	anthracenes
mazindol Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.	2.94	4	0	organic molecular entity
edaravone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	4.76	9	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
mebeverine mebeverine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	methoxybenzoic acid
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	10.13	347	1	primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	4.57	8	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
meclizine Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.	9.69	9	0	diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	5.22	16	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
meclofenamate sodium anhydrous [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic sodium salt
meclofenoxate Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.	2.65	3	0	monocarboxylic acid
medazepam Medazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used in the treatment of anxiety. It has sedative, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsant properties. One of its metabolites is DIAZEPAM and one of its excretion products is OXAZEPAM.	1.96	1	0	organic molecular entity
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	4.49	7	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
mefloquine hydrochloride [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.	2.05	1	0	organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinolines; secondary alcohol
memantine [no description available]	6.69	16	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	3.11	5	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
mepenzolate mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	8.77	3	0	diarylmethane
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	16.63	309	56	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
mephenesin Mephenesin: A centrally acting muscle relaxant with a short duration of action.. 1-(2-methylphenyl)glycerol : A glycerol ether in which a single 2-methylphenyl group is attached at position 1 of glycerol via an ether linkage.	4.83	11	0	aromatic ether; glycerol ether
mephenytoin Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.	4.26	5	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant
mepivacaine Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.	6.26	20	0	piperidinecarboxamide	drug allergen; local anaesthetic
meprobamate Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)	13.92	42	3	organic molecular entity
benzoic acid [2-methyl-2-(propylamino)propyl] ester [no description available]	2.4	2	0	benzoate ester
mequitazine mequitazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	9.05	3	1	phenothiazines
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	4.26	5	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mescaline Mescaline: Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.. mescaline : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.	4.38	22	0	methoxybenzenes; phenethylamine alkaloid; primary amino compound	hallucinogen
mesoridazine Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.	4.39	6	0	phenothiazines; sulfoxide; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.	12.48	94	17	aralkylamino compound; phenylethanolamines; resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	5.17	14	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	9.53	55	1	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methamidophos methamidophos: structure. methamidophos : An organic thiophosphate resulting from the N-deacylation of the proinsecticide acephate.	3.63	9	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphoramide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide
methantheline Methantheline: A quaternary ammonium compound that acts as an antimuscarinic agent. It has been used in the treatment of PEPTIC ULCER, in gastrointestinal disorders associated with smooth muscle spasm, and in the management of urinary incontinence, and may also be used for the treatment of HYPERHIDROSIS.	8.25	36	1	xanthenes
methapyrilene Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.	2.97	4	0	ethylenediamine derivative	anti-allergic agent; carcinogenic agent; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative
metharbital metharbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ENDIEMAL, METHARBITONE, & METHOBARBITONE were see METHARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search METHARBITAL 1976-94; long-acting barbiturate that is demethylated to barbital in the liver; has broad-spectrum anticonvulsant action, but used mainly to treat myoclonic spasms in infants	1.96	1	0	organic molecular entity
methazolamide Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.	3.63	2	0	sulfonamide; thiadiazoles
methenamine Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.	2.85	4	0	polyazaalkane; polycyclic cage; tetramine	antibacterial drug
methiothepin Methiothepin: A serotonin receptor antagonist in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM used as an antipsychotic.. methiothepin : A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively).	4	14	0	aryl sulfide; dibenzothiepine; N-alkylpiperazine; tertiary amino compound	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
methocarbamol Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.	4.22	5	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester; secondary alcohol
methoctramine [no description available]	3.39	7	0	aromatic ether; tetramine	muscarinic antagonist
methomyl Methomyl: A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.. methomyl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.	3.1	5	0	aliphatic sulfide; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; nematicide; xenobiotic
methoxyamine methoxyamine: analytical reagent for aldehydes and ketones; strong irritant, can probably produce methemoglobinemia; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.05	1	0	organooxygen compound
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	3.83	3	0	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
methoxyflurane Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.	8.39	35	2	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	hepatotoxic agent; inhalation anaesthetic; nephrotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic
methoxyphenamine methoxyphenamine: structure. methoxyphenamine : An amphetamine methylated on nitrogen and with the phenyl ring methoxylated at C-2. A beta-adrenergic receptor agonist, it is used as a bronchodilator.	2.1	1	0	amphetamines	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent
methyclothiazide Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)	3.58	2	0	benzothiadiazine
methyl parathion Methyl Parathion: The methyl homolog of parathion. An effective, but highly toxic, organothiophosphate insecticide and cholinesterase inhibitor.. parathion-methyl : A C-nitro compound that is 4-nitrophenol substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	3.22	6	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; genotoxin
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	3.81	3	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
n-methylcarbamylcholine N-methylcarbamylcholine: structure given in first source	2	1	0
3-Hydroxy-alpha-methyl-DL-tyrosine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
5-methylfurtrethonium 5-methylfurtrethonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.68	10	0	aralkylamine
methyl methanesulfonate [no description available]	1.93	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	6.27	29	0	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
methyprylon methyprylon: was heading 1973-94 (see under HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES 1963-72); use PIPERIDONES to search METHYPRYLON 1973-94	2.45	2	0	organic molecular entity
methixene methixene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0	piperidines; thioxanthenes	antiparkinson drug; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	11.97	105	15	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metolazone Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.	4.41	6	0	organochlorine compound; quinazolines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	12.11	79	7	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	5.88	18	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	4.51	7	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.	11.53	14	1	aromatic ether; primary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	4.2	17	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	2.94	4	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	14.29	104	32	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
midodrine Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.	4.32	3	0	amino acid amide; aromatic ether; secondary alcohol	alpha-adrenergic agonist; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone [no description available]	9.61	8	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
minaprine minaprine: Agr 1240 refers to di-HCl; short-acting type A MAO inhibitor (MAOI) of mild potency; structure	1.97	1	0	morpholines; pyridazines; secondary amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; cholinergic drug; dopamine uptake inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.	5.03	12	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.	5.02	12	0	benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist
mitotane Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.	3.87	3	0	diarylmethane
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	4.64	8	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
moclobemide Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.	3.55	8	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
modafinil Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.	3.86	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfoxide
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	3.61	9	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
moxisylyte Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)	7.57	17	3	monoterpenoid
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	7.28	56	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
deet N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.	2.67	3	0	benzamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	environmental contaminant; insect repellent; xenobiotic
1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine: acts as serotonin agonist; structure. 1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group at position 1. A serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug.	2.38	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; N-arylpiperazine	environmental contaminant; psychotropic drug; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
n-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; structure given in first source. N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is 5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens of the nitrogen atom is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.	2	1	0	naphthalenes; organochlorine compound; primary amino compound; sulfonamide
n-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
acecainide Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.	3.54	8	0	acetamides; benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	4.21	18	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
fg 7142 FG 7142: benzodiazepine receptor agonist	2.4	2	0	beta-carbolines
clorgyline Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.	2.45	2	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
deoxyepinephrine Deoxyepinephrine: Sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor agent.	1.95	1	0	catecholamine
fenamic acid fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	2.67	3	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	membrane transport modulator
apnea Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	8.8	62	3	purine nucleoside
nabumetone Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	4.25	5	0	methoxynaphthalene; methyl ketone	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
nadolol [no description available]	4.1	4	0	tetralins
nafronyl Nafronyl: A drug used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is claimed to enhance cellular oxidative capacity and to be a spasmolytic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1310) It may also be an antagonist at 5HT-2 serotonin receptors.	2.07	1	0	naphthalenes
naftopidil [no description available]	2.52	2	0	piperazines
nalidixic acid [no description available]	4.74	9	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
nan 190 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(4-(2-phthalimido)butyl)piperazine: RN from Toxlit. NAN 190 : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of (2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine in which the amine hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(2-phthalimido)butyl group.	2.39	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; phthalimides	serotonergic antagonist
activins Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.	1.98	1	0
naphazoline Naphazoline: An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.	3.46	8	0	naphthalenes
naratriptan naratriptan: structure given in first source	4.08	4	0	heteroarylpiperidine; sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct	5.24	15	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; analgesic; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nefopam Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.	3.15	5	0	benzoxazocine; tertiary amino compound
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	19.91	754	68	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	5.17	14	0	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.	6.67	24	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	5.71	26	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
niceritrol Niceritrol: An ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the VLD- and LD-lipoprotein fractions.	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	9.58	141	1	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
niflumic acid Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.96	4	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
nilutamide [no description available]	3.59	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; imidazolidinone	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
nilvadipine [no description available]	2.69	3	0	dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester; nitrile
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	4.57	7	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimetazepam nimetazepam : A nitrazepam which is substituted at positions 1 by a methyl group. It is used as an anticonvulsant and as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia.	2.04	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound	anticonvulsant; antispasmodic drug; GABA modulator; sedative
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	5.33	17	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nipecotic acid nipecotic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is piperidine in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.	2.43	2	0	beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.	4.73	9	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
nisoxetine nisoxetine: potent inhibitor for norepinephrine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes & brain; NM refers to (+-)-isomer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. nisoxetine : A secondary amino compound that is N-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-amine substituted at position 3 by a 2-methoxyphenoxy group.	2.92	4	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant
nitrazepam Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).	3.55	8	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound	anticonvulsant; antispasmodic drug; drug metabolite; GABA modulator; sedative
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	9.32	19	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	9.12	121	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
nitromide nitromide: antibacterial agent for prevention & treatment of Salmonella pullorum infections in chickens & turkeys & for fowl typhoid & paratyphoid; used in feed; structure	2.07	1	0
nizatidine [no description available]	4.92	11	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound; carboxamidine; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; cholinergic drug; H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.	5.7	15	0	isoquinolines	dopamine uptake inhibitor
masoprocol nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)	2.05	1	0	catechols; lignan; tetrol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; plant metabolite
norfenefrine norfenefrine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.96	1	0	phenols
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	4.69	8	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cm 7116 norflutoprazepam: structure	2.13	1	0	benzodiazepine
norfluoxetine norfluoxetine: metabolite of fluoxetine; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.	7.18	29	1	organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite
6,7-dimethoxy-3-(4-methoxy-6-methyl-7,8-dihydro-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinolin-5-yl)-3H-isobenzofuran-1-one [no description available]	2.07	1	0	isoquinolines
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist	1.98	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.	2.7	3	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
nylidrin Nylidrin: A beta-adrenergic agonist. Nylidrin causes peripheral vasodilation, a positive inotropic effect, and increased gastric volume of gastric juice. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and premature labor.	4	4	0	alkylbenzene
octopamine Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.	3.99	14	0	phenylethanolamines; tyramines	neurotransmitter
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	5.03	12	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
olomoucine olomoucine: inhibits protein P34CDC2. olomoucine : A 9H-purine that is substituted by a (2-hydroxyethyl)nitrilo, benzylnitrilo and a methyl group at positions 2,6 and 9, respectively. It is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor.	2.05	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines; ethanolamines	EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	8.71	58	1	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	15.28	49	4	carbazoles
orphenadrine Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.	5.54	23	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; NMDA receptor antagonist; parasympatholytic
oxamniquine Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.	2.45	2	0	aromatic primary alcohol; C-nitro compound; quinolines; secondary amino compound
oxaprozin Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	4.07	4	0	1,3-oxazoles; monocarboxylic acid	analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxatomide oxatomide: structure; an anti-allergic & an anti-asthmatic. oxatomide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one substituted by a 3-[4-(diphenylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at position 1. It is an anti-allergic drug.	2.05	1	0	benzimidazoles; diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.	7.07	15	1	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxethazaine [no description available]	3.23	6	0	amino acid amide
oxibendazole oxibendazole: structure	2.07	1	0	benzimidazoles; carbamate ester
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	5.26	52	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxiracetam oxiracetam: structure in first source	2.45	2	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
oxolinic acid quinolone antibiotic : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.	4.82	4	2	aromatic carboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; enzyme inhibitor
oxotremorine m oxotremorine M: structure given in first source	4.08	15	0	quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
oxotremorine Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.	8.22	346	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxprenolol Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.	10.55	23	0	aromatic ether
oxybenzone oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.	2.05	1	0	hydroxybenzophenone; monomethoxybenzene	dermatologic drug; environmental contaminant; protective agent; ultraviolet filter; xenobiotic
benoxinate benoxinate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. oxybuprocaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-amino-3-butoxybenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; an ester-based local anaesthetic (ester "caine") used especially in ophthalmology and otolaryngology.	4.29	4	1	amino acid ester; benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	drug allergen; local anaesthetic; topical anaesthetic
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	8.38	41	1	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
oxymetazoline Oxymetazoline: A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251). oxymetazoline : A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion.	3.37	7	0	carboxamidine; imidazolines; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; nasal decongestant; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
oxyphenbutazone Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.	4.66	9	0	phenols; pyrazolidines	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; drug metabolite; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite
oxyphencyclimine oxyphencyclimine: minor descriptor (65-85); on-line & Index Medicus search PYRIMIDINES (65-85); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	4.26	4	1	monocarboxylic acid
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	4.57	7	0	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	6.45	59	0	phenylalanine derivative
pholedrine pholedrine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 4-hydroxymethamphetamine : A phenolic compound, the structure of which is that of methamphetamine methyl-substituted at the 4-position of the phenyl ring.	1.96	1	0	amphetamines
o-methyltyramine O-methyltyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methoxyphenylethylamine : A primary amino compound consisting of ethylamine having a 4-methoxyphenyl substituent at the 2-position.	1.96	1	0	primary amino compound
pamidronate [no description available]	4.08	4	0	phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.	9.65	8	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	13	295	8	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
4-dichlorobenzene dichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.. 1,4-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1 and 4.	2.04	1	0	dichlorobenzene	insecticide
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	4.97	40	0	aromatic amine
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	3.12	5	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pemoline Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.	4.22	5	0	1,3-oxazoles	central nervous system stimulant
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	4.75	9	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	12.27	355	6	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	4.93	11	0	oxopurine
perazine Perazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.. perazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazinecarries a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl substituent at the N-10 position.	2.05	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; phenothiazines	dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
perhexiline Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.	4.55	7	0	piperidines	cardiovascular drug
periciazine periciazine: was heading 1963-94 (Prov 1963-72); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PROPERICIAZINE 1966-94. periciazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)propyl group at the nitrogen atom and a carbonitrile group at position 2. Periciazine is a first generation antipsychotic.	2.47	2	0	hydroxypiperidine; nitrile; phenothiazines	adrenergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; sedative
perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	7.85	33	2	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacemide phenacemide: anti-epileptic drug; structure	2.74	3	0	acetamides
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	5.89	19	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
phenazopyridine Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.	4.02	4	0	diaminopyridine; monoazo compound	anticoronaviral agent; carcinogenic agent; local anaesthetic; non-narcotic analgesic
phenindione Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)	2.76	3	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone	anticoagulant
pheniramine Pheniramine: One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.	2.88	4	0	pyridines; tertiary amino compound
phenmetrazine Phenmetrazine: A sympathomimetic drug used primarily as an appetite depressant. Its actions and mechanisms are similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. phenmetrazine : A member of the class of morpholines that is morpholine substituted with a phenyl group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 3.	1.94	1	0	morpholines	metabolite; sympathomimetic agent
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	12.43	167	3	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenolphthalein Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.	2.96	4	0	phenols
phenolsulfonphthalein Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.	5.52	9	2	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; diagnostic agent; two-colour indicator
phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.	11.1	525	0	aromatic amine
phentermine Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.	5.92	7	1	primary amine	adrenergic agent; appetite depressant; central nervous system drug; central nervous system stimulant; dopaminergic agent; sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid 4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.	3.63	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug
oxophenylarsine oxophenylarsine: inhibits protein-tyrosine-phosphatase. phenylarsine oxide : An arsine oxide derived from phenylarsine.	2.41	2	0	arsine oxides	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
phenyl biguanide phenyl biguanide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenyl biguanide : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group.	3.08	5	0	guanidines	central nervous system drug
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	5.94	35	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.	2.7	3	0	acyl fluoride	serine proteinase inhibitor
phloretin [no description available]	2.87	4	0	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
phorate Phorate: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. phosphatidylcholine O-34:2 : A glycerophosphocholine that is an alkyl,acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine in which the alkyl or acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 contain a total of 34 carbons and 2 double bonds.	3.87	2	1	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
phthalylsulfathiazole phthalylsulfathiazole: minor descriptor (63-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SULFATHIAZOLES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd. phthalylsulfathiazole : A sulfonamide incorporating 2-carboxybenzamido and 1,3-thiazol-2-yl moieties that is a broad-spectrum antibiotic indicated in the treatment of dysentery, colitis, gastroenteritis and intestinal surgery.	2.06	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide
moxonidine moxonidine: structure given in first source	3.31	6	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
1,3a,8-Trimethyl-1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indol-5-yl methylcarbamate [no description available]	2.07	1	0	pyrroloindole
pimethixene pimethixene: structure	2.04	1	0	thioxanthenes
pimobendan pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	benzimidazoles; pyridazinone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)	3.52	8	0	pyridines
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	8.88	39	1	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	4.43	6	0	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
pipamperone pipamperone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pipamperone : A member of the class of bipiperidines that is 1,4'-bipiperidine which is substituted at the 1' and 4' positions by 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl and carboxamide groups, respectively. A first generation antipsychotic, its properties are generally similar to those of haloperidol.	2.39	2	0	aromatic ketone; bipiperidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
pipemidic acid Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.	2.49	2	0	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; pyridopyrimidine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
pipenzolate pipenzolate: RN given refers to parent cpd; NM refers to bromide; structure	1.95	1	0	diarylmethane
piperazine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
pipobroman Pipobroman: An antineoplastic agent that acts by alkylation.. pipobroman : An N-acylpiperazine that is piperazine in which each of the nitrogens has been acylated by a 3-bromopropionoyl group. An anti-cancer drug.	2.04	1	0	N-acylpiperazine; organobromine compound; tertiary carboxamide	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	3.31	6	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pirbuterol pirbuterol: structure	2.06	1	0	pyridines
pirenperone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic ketone
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	16.81	560	20	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
piretanide piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure	2.74	3	0	aromatic ether
piribedil Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.	3.36	7	0	N-arylpiperazine
polythiazide [no description available]	3.58	2	0	benzothiadiazine
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	8.68	183	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	5.86	4	1	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
4-aminobenzoic acid para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.	3.36	7	0	aminobenzoate; aromatic amino-acid anion	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert. 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.	4.33	19	0	arenesulfonic acid; azobenzenes; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; organic phosphate; pyridinecarbaldehyde	purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
practolol Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	8.63	52	3	acetamides; ethanolamines; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
duodote duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents	3.87	3	0	pyridinium ion	antidote to organophosphate poisoning; antidote to sarin poisoning; cholinergic drug; cholinesterase reactivator
pramoxine pramoxine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pramocaine : A member of the class of morpholines that is morpholine substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 3-(4-butoxyphenoxy)propyl group.	2.39	2	0	aromatic ether; morpholines	local anaesthetic
ono 1078 pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2.93	4	0	chromones
pyranoprofen pyranoprofen: RN given refers to unlabled parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.72	3	0	pyridochromene
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	4.42	6	0	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	14.5	182	1	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
pridinol pridinol: antispasmodic & muscle relaxant; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7539. pridinol : A piperidine substituted at position 1 by a 3-hydroxy-3,3-diphenylpropyl group.	2.04	1	0	piperidines; tertiary alcohol	antiparkinson drug; muscle relaxant
prilocaine Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.	3.37	7	0	amino acid amide; monocarboxylic acid amide	anticonvulsant; local anaesthetic
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	5.76	16	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
primidone Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.	4.89	11	0	pyrimidone	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	3.82	12	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	6.79	19	1	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	3.15	5	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	10.99	102	1	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	12.77	278	5	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	4.21	5	0	benzamides; hydrazines	antineoplastic agent
procaterol Procaterol: A long-acting beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonist.	2.42	2	0	quinolines
prochlorperazine Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.	6.98	24	1	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antiemetic; cholinergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.	7.02	25	1	pyrrolidines; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist
proglumide Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.	16.06	52	6	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; glutamine derivative; racemate	anti-ulcer drug; cholecystokinin antagonist; cholinergic antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; drug metabolite; gastrointestinal drug; opioid analgesic; xenobiotic metabolite
promazine Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.	6.94	41	2	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	13.54	193	21	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
pronethalol pronethalol: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-66); NAPHTHYLISOPROTERENOL was see PRONETHALOL 1977-94; use ETHANOLAMINES to search PRONETHALOL 1966-94	3.44	8	0	naphthalenes
propafenone Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.	5.77	16	0	aromatic ketone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.	10.86	70	6	xanthenes
proxymetacaine proxymetacaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	4.06	3	1	benzoate ester
propentofylline [no description available]	1.96	1	0	oxopurine
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.42	2	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propiomazine propiomazine: was heading 1966-94 (prov 1966-72); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PROPIOMAZINE 1966-94; phenothiazine derivative used for sedation and as an antiemetic during labor. propiomazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)propyl group at nitrogen atom and a propanoyl group at position 2.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ketone; phenothiazines; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
propiverine propiverine: anticholinergic used for overactive bladder syndrome	9.03	14	0	diarylmethane
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	14.6	86	34	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propoxur Propoxur: A carbamate insecticide.. propoxur : A carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted at position 2 by a propan-2-yloxy group.	2.89	4	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	21.43	2,437	52	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
propyl gallate Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.	1.97	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
protriptyline Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.	4.8	10	0	carbotricyclic compound	antidepressant
proxyphylline [no description available]	2.48	2	0	oxopurine
pyridinolcarbamate Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)	2.38	2	0	pyridines
pyridostigmine [no description available]	4.38	6	0	pyridinium ion
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	12.85	143	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	4.61	8	0	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134 quazepam: structure given in first source	3.23	1	0	benzodiazepine
quetiapine [no description available]	3.86	3	0	dibenzothiazepine; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
quipazine Quipazine: A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic.	3.05	5	0	piperazines; pyridines
6-nitroquipazine 6-nitroquipazine: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	nitro compound; quinolines
qx-222 QX-222: amphipathic amine; RN given refers to ion; structure	1.96	1	0	amino acid amide
rabeprazole Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.	4.26	5	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.	3.54	2	0	1-benzothiophenes; aromatic ketone; N-oxyethylpiperidine; phenols	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine [no description available]	4.39	20	0	aralkylamine
opc 12759 rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase	3.61	3	0	secondary carboxamide
resorcinol resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.	2.67	3	0	benzenediol; phenolic donor; resorcinols	erythropoietin inhibitor; sensitiser
pf 5901 alpha-pentyl-3-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)benzenemethanol: structure given in first source; platelet activating factor antagonist	2.13	1	0	quinolines
riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.	4.42	6	0	benzothiazoles
rimantadine Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.	3.23	1	0	alkylamine
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	5.45	19	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
ritanserin Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.	3.51	8	0	organofluorine compound; piperidines; thiazolopyrimidine	antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate	4.07	4	0	tryptamines	anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
ro 31-8220 Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor	2.69	3	0	imidothiocarbamic ester; indoles; maleimides	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.	3.06	5	0	methoxybenzenes
rofecoxib [no description available]	3.65	9	0	butenolide; sulfone	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram [no description available]	3.38	7	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
ronidazole Ronidazole: Antiprotozoal and antimicrobial agent used mainly in veterinary practice.. ronidazole : A carbamate ester that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by methyl and (carbamoyloxy)methyl groups, respectively. An antiprotozoal agent, it is used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of histomoniasis and swine dysentery.	2.13	1	0	C-nitro compound; carbamate ester; imidazoles	antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
ropinirole [no description available]	3.64	2	0	indolones; tertiary amine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; dopamine agonist
roxarsone Roxarsone: An arsenic derivative which has anticoccidial action and promotes growth in animals.. roxarsone : An organoarsonic acid where the organyl group is 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl.	2.07	1	0	2-nitrophenols; organoarsonic acid	agrochemical; animal growth promotant; antibacterial drug; coccidiostat
butyl phosphorotrithioate butyl phosphorotrithioate: a herbicide	1.95	1	0	organic thiophosphate	defoliant
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	8.57	9	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
safrole Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.	1.98	1	0	benzodioxoles	flavouring agent; insecticide; metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylamide salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source	8.13	5	0	phenols; salicylamides	antirheumatic drug; non-narcotic analgesic
salicylsalicylic acid salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.	3.86	3	0	benzoate ester; benzoic acids; phenols; salicylates	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
sc-10 N-(m-heptyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide: protein kinase C activator	1.98	1	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
dpi 201-106 DPI 201-106: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0	diarylmethane
sdz 205-557 [no description available]	3.09	5	0	methoxybenzoic acid
secobarbital Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.	12.99	15	2	barbiturates	anaesthesia adjuvant; GABA modulator; sedative
semustine Semustine: 4-Methyl derivative of LOMUSTINE; (CCNU). An antineoplastic agent which functions as an alkylating agent.. semustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-methylcyclohexyl group.	2.04	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	9.42	28	9	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride	5.62	5	1	organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-obesity agent; serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	5.13	14	0	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.25	6	0	morpholines
sk&f 97541 3-aminopropyl(methyl)phosphinic acid: structure given in first source; GABA-A receptor antagonist	2.02	1	0
sodium fluoride [no description available]	3.77	11	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
ipodate Ipodate: Ionic monomeric contrast media. Usually the sodium or calcium salts are used for examination of the gall bladder and biliary tract. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p704)	2.04	1	0
risedronic acid Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.	4.41	6	0	pyridines
sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	6.8	49	0	ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
4-phenylbutyric acid, sodium salt sodium phenylbutyrate : The organic sodium salt of 4-phenylbutyric acid. A prodrug for phenylacetate, it is used to treat urea cycle disorders.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; orphan drug; prodrug
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	5.33	18	0	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
aldactazide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	steroid lactone
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	1.98	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
imatinib [no description available]	4.42	6	0	aromatic amine; benzamides; N-methylpiperazine; pyridines; pyrimidines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
streptonigrin [no description available]	2.48	2	0	pyridines; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	4.08	4	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.	16.3	282	29	quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
succinylsulfathiazole succinylsulfathiazole: intestinal antimicrobial agent; structure	2.47	2	0	1,3-thiazoles
sulfabenzamide sulfabenzamide : A sulfonamide containing a benzamido substituent on nitrogen. An antibacterial/antimicrobial, it is often used in conjunction with sulfathiazole and sulfacetamide as a topical, intravaginal antibacterial preparation.	2.13	1	0	benzenes; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial drug
sulfacetamide Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.	3.23	6	0	N-sulfonylcarboxamide; substituted aniline	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.	3.11	5	0	aromatic ether; pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfaguanidine Sulfaguanidine: A sulfanilamide antimicrobial agent that is used to treat enteric infections.. sulfaguanidine : A sulfonamide incorporating a guanidine moiety used to block the synthesis of folic acid; mostly used in veterinary medicine	2.04	1	0	sulfonamide antibiotic	antiinfective agent
sulfamerazine [no description available]	2.77	3	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen
sulfameter Sulfameter: Long acting sulfonamide used in leprosy, urinary, and respiratory tract infections.. sulfamethoxydiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having a methoxy substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.05	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; leprostatic drug; renal agent
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.98	4	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfamethizole Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.	4.1	4	0	sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	4.07	14	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxypyridazine Sulfamethoxypyridazine: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfamethoxypyridazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridazine having a methoxy substituent at the 6-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	4.08	3	1	pyridazines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfanilamide [no description available]	2.88	4	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfanitran [no description available]	2.46	2	0	sulfonamide
sulfaphenazole Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.	2.37	2	0	primary amino compound; pyrazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
sulfapyridine Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.45	2	0	pyridines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; dermatologic drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	5.69	15	0
sulfathiazole Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	3.86	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.	3.29	6	0	pyrazolidines; sulfoxide	uricosuric drug
sulfisomidine Sulfisomidine: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfisomidine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.	6.96	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent
sulfisoxazole Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.	5.17	11	1	isoxazoles; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	2.38	2	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	2.05	1	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
sulfoxone sulfoxone: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	sulfonamide
sulmazole sulmazole: structure given in first source. sulmazole : An imidazopyridine that is 1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-methoxy-4-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl group. An A1 adenosine receptor antagonist, it was formerly used as a cardiotonic agent.	1.96	1	0	imidazopyridine; sulfoxide	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol [no description available]	4.08	4	0	alkylbenzene
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	6.64	52	1	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
sultopride [no description available]	2.06	1	0	salicylamides
sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.	7.73	19	1	sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.	3.15	5	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antirheumatic drug; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	5.01	39	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
talipexole talipexole: dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.66	3	0	azepine
gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.	3.56	8	0	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.	2.08	1	0	acetylenic compound; ethyl ester; pyridines; retinoid; thiochromane	keratolytic drug; prodrug; teratogenic agent
tegafur [no description available]	2.76	3	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
telenzepine telenzepine: structure given in first source	4.19	17	0	benzodiazepine
temazepam Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.	4.02	4	0	benzodiazepine
temozolomide [no description available]	4.26	5	0	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
terazosin Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia	4.94	11	0	furans; piperazines; primary amino compound; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	10	51	4	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	10.29	12	1	diarylmethane
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	8.84	55	2	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	5.21	50	0	quaternary ammonium ion
krypton Krypton: A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs.	2.64	3	0	monoatomic krypton; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide: N,N',N'',N'''-Tetraisopropylpyrophosphamide. A specific inhibitor of pseudocholinesterases. It is commonly used experimentally to determine whether pseudo- or acetylcholinesterases are involved in an enzymatic process.	1.97	1	0	phosphoramide
tetrahydroxy-1,4-quinone tetrahydroxy-1,4-quinone: structure. tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone : A hydroxybenzoquinone in which all four protons of the benzoquinone structure are substituted by hydroxy groups. A systemic keratolytic, it is normally supplied as its hydrate (CHEBI:137471).	2.07	1	0	hydroxybenzoquinone	keratolytic drug
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	5.1	8	0	phthalimides; piperidones
theobromine Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.	4.03	3	1	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; bronchodilator agent; food component; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate	4.38	6	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug
thiethylperazine Thiethylperazine: A dopamine antagonist that is particularly useful in treating the nausea and vomiting associated with anesthesia, mildly emetic cancer chemotherapy agents, radiation therapy, and toxins. This piperazine phenothiazine does not prevent vertigo or motion sickness. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p457). thiethylperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is perazine substituted by a ethylsulfanyl group at position 2.	2.86	4	0	N-methylpiperazine; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
2-thiosalicylic acid 2-thiosalicylic acid: a degradation product of thimerosal; RN given refers to parent cpd. thiosalicylic acid : A sulfanylbenzoic acid that is the 2-sulfanyl derivative of benzoic acid.	2.07	1	0	sulfanylbenzoic acid	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic
2,2'-thiodiethanol 2,2'-thiodiethanol: product of yperite hydrolysis; a hydrolysis product opf mustard gas; strongly stimulates differentiation of chick embryo myogenic cells. thiodiglycol : A diol that is pentane-1,5-diol in which the methylene group at position 3 is replaced by a sulfur atom	2.04	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; diol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite; solvent
thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.	8	39	2	phenothiazines; piperidines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).	4.63	8	0	aziridines
thiothixene Thiothixene: A thioxanthine used as an antipsychotic agent. Its effects are similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.	1.96	1	0	thioxanthenes
tiapride [no description available]	2.73	3	0	benzamides
tiaprofenic acid tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	drug allergen; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tiaramide tiaramide: NTA-194, solantal, FK 1160 refer to mono-HCl salt; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	benzothiazoles
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	4.42	6	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tilorone Tilorone: An antiviral agent used as its hydrochloride. It is the first recognized synthetic, low-molecular-weight compound that is an orally active interferon inducer, and is also reported to have antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory actions.. tilorone : A member of the class of fluoren-9-ones that is 9H-fluoren-9-one which is substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethoxy group at positions 2 and 7. It is an interferon inducer and a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7 nAChR) agonist. Its hydrochloride salt is used as an antiviral drug.	2.97	4	0	aromatic ether; diether; fluoren-9-ones; tertiary amino compound	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; interferon inducer; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
tinidazole Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.	4.77	9	0	imidazoles	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
tiopronin Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.	4.22	5	0	N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.	4.91	11	0	benzothiadiazole; imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic agonist; muscle relaxant
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.69	10	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
nikethamide Nikethamide: A central nervous system stimulant. It was formerly used in the treatment of barbiturate overdose but is now considered to be of no value for such purposes and may be dangerous. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1229)	8.81	12	0	pyridinecarboxamide
tofisopam tofisopam: structure; dextofisopam is the R-enantiomer of tofisopam & antidiarrheal	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
tolazamide Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	4.27	5	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; potassium channel blocker
tolazoline Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.	6.73	79	0	imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	5.76	28	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
tolmetin Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.	5.43	4	1	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrroles	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolnaftate [no description available]	2.97	4	0	monothiocarbamic ester	antifungal drug
tolperisone Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)	2.45	2	0	aromatic ketone
(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid: a GABA-C receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
ultram 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.	4.93	11	0	aromatic ether; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	4.38	6	0	amino acid
trapidil Trapidil: A coronary vasodilator agent.	2.94	4	0	triazolopyrimidines
trazodone Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.	5.38	18	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazolopyridine	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
tremorine [no description available]	5.78	92	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
trequinsin trequinsin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	pyridopyrimidine
triacetin Triacetin: A triglyceride that is used as an antifungal agent.. triacetin : A triglyceride obtained by acetylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol. It has fungistatic properties (based on release of acetic acid) and has been used in the topical treatment of minor dermatophyte infections.	1.94	1	0	triglyceride	adjuvant; antifungal drug; food additive carrier; food emulsifier; food humectant; fuel additive; plant metabolite; solvent
triamterene Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.	4.82	10	0	pteridines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
triazolam Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.	4.64	8	0	triazolobenzodiazepine	sedative
trichlormethiazide Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.	2.96	4	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide antibiotic	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
2,2',2''-trichlorotriethylamine 2,2',2''-trichlorotriethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0
triclofos triclofos: derivative 7 metabolic precursor of trichloroethanol; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	4.31	2	2	monoalkyl phosphate
triclosan [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trifluoperazine [no description available]	10.84	31	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trifluperidol Trifluperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES including MANIA and SCHIZOPHRENIA. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p621)	2.68	3	0	aromatic ketone
triflupromazine Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.	10.54	17	1	organofluorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
trigonelline trigonelline: in hydra among other organisms; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure. N-methylnicotinic acid : A pyridinium ion consisting of nicotinic acid having a methyl substituent on the pyridine nitrogen.. N-methylnicotinate : An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.	3.35	1	0	alkaloid; iminium betaine	food component; human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
trihexyphenidyl Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.	7.15	71	0	amine
trimebutine Trimebutine: Proposed spasmolytic with possible local anesthetic action used in gastrointestinal disorders.	3.48	8	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
trimeprazine Trimeprazine: A phenothiazine derivative that is used as an antipruritic.	7.03	19	5	phenothiazines
trimethadione Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.	9.78	10	0	oxazolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector
trimethobenzamide trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.	3.48	2	0	benzamides; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	5.58	22	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
trimetrexate Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.	4.07	4	0
trimipramine Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.	6.55	15	1	dibenzoazepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
trioxsalen Trioxsalen: Pigmenting photosensitizing agent obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. It is administered either topically or orally in conjunction with ultraviolet light in the treatment of vitiligo.. lactone : Any cyclic carboxylic ester containing a 1-oxacycloalkan-2-one structure, or an analogue having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.. antipsoriatic : A drug used to treat psoriasis.. trioxsalen : 7H-Furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which positions 2, 5, and 9 are substituted by methyl groups. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division, and can lead to cell injury; recovery from the cell injury may be followed by increased melanisation of the epidermis.	2.42	2	0	psoralens	dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent
tripelennamine Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.	5.57	74	0	aromatic amine
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	4.78	9	0	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
tropicamide Tropicamide: One of the MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS with pharmacologic action similar to ATROPINE and used mainly as an ophthalmic parasympatholytic or mydriatic.	12.83	41	6	acetamides
thenoyltrifluoroacetone Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.	2.08	1	0
tulobuterol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	organochlorine compound
tyramine [no description available]	14.34	161	1	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
delavirdine Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	3.58	2	0	aminopyridine; indolecarboxamide; N-acylpiperazine; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
undecylenic acid undecylenic acid: a fatty acid with a terminal double bond. 10-undecenoic acid : An undecenoic acid having its double bond in the 10-position. It is derived from castor oil and is used for the treatment of skin problems.. undecenoic acid : A C11, straight-chain fatty acid carrying a C=C double bond at any position.	2.08	1	0	undecenoic acid	antifungal drug; plant metabolite
urapidil [no description available]	3.43	7	0	piperazines
5-methylurapidil [no description available]	2.39	2	0
urethane [no description available]	7.36	88	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
venlafaxine venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.	5.23	15	0	cyclohexanols; monomethoxybenzene; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; serotonin uptake inhibitor; xenobiotic
vesamicol vesamicol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.72	10	0	piperidines
vesnarinone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
vigabatrin [no description available]	9.27	5	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
viloxazine Viloxazine: A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE.	7.67	3	0	aromatic ether
w 7 W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist	3.37	7	0
n-(2-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl)ethyl)-n-(2-pyridinyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide [no description available]	2.15	1	0	piperazines
wb 4101 N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine bearing a [(2',6'-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]methyl group at position 2. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.	6.47	10	1	aromatic ether; benzodioxine; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
pirinixic acid pirinixic acid: structure	2.76	3	0	aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; pyrimidines
xylazine Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.	8.39	57	2	1,3-thiazine; methylbenzene; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; emetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
xylometazoline xylometazoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.46	2	0	alkylbenzene
ici 204,219 zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	4.55	7	0	carbamate ester; indoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	anti-asthmatic agent; leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.	4.26	5	0	nitrile; pyrazolopyrimidine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; central nervous system depressant; sedative
zolpidem Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.	4.41	6	0	imidazopyridine	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; sedative
zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.	3.87	3	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide	anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.	3.32	6	0	monochloropyridine; pyrrolopyrazine	central nervous system depressant; sedative
zotepine zotepine: structure	2.36	2	0	dibenzothiepine; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic drug
guanidine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic chloride salt	protein denaturant
hydrocortisone acetate hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.96	4	0	cortisol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cortisone acetate Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.	3.59	2	0	corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	4.21	5	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
oxyphenonium bromide [no description available]	2.13	1	0
oxyphenonium Oxyphenonium: A quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent with peripheral side effects similar to those of ATROPINE. It is used as an adjunct in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer, and to relieve visceral spasms. The drug has also been used in the form of eye drops for mydriatic effect.	5.52	23	0	acylcholine
corticosterone [no description available]	5.44	63	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	9.2	76	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	4.45	7	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.	8.14	139	0	ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	13.32	602	3	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.	2.69	3	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	17.2	1,070	8	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
hexobendine Hexobendine: A potent vasoactive agent that dilates cerebral and coronary arteries, but slightly constricts femoral arteries, without any effects on heart rate, blood pressure or cardiac output.	1.96	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	10.25	17	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	1.94	1	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	3.67	10	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.	2.97	4	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide [no description available]	2.71	3	0	benzodioxoles	pesticide synergist
triethylenemelamine Triethylenemelamine: Toxic alkylating agent used in industry; also as antineoplastic and research tool to produce chromosome aberrations and cancers.	2.04	1	0	1,3,5-triazines	alkylating agent; insect sterilant
bromouracil Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.	2.05	1	0	nucleobase analogue; pyrimidines	mutagen
3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid tiratricol : A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)acetic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy group. It is a thyroid hormone analogue that has been used in the treatment of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome.	2.4	2	0
dichloroisoproterenol dichloroisoproterenol: was heading 1968-94; was DICHLORISOPROTERENOL 1963-76; DCI was see DICHLOROISOPROTERENOL 1975-94; use ISOPROTERENOL to search DICHLOROISOPROTERENOL 1968-94 & DICHLORISOPROTERENOL 1966-67	4.29	20	0
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	2.34	2	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
histamine dihydrochloride Ceplene: Tradename for histamine dihydrochloride.	2.05	1	0
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	12.82	34	1	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dibenzylchlorethamine Dibenzylchlorethamine: An alpha adrenergic antagonist.	6.74	80	0
neostigmine methylsulfate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	arylammonium sulfate salt	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	7.99	93	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	13.33	1,722	1	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.	2.45	2	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; terminal acetylenic compound	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	4.6	8	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
prednisolone acetate prednisolone acetate: RN given refers to cpd with locant for acetate group in position 21 & (11 beta)-isomer	3.31	6	0	corticosteroid hormone
cyclobarbital cyclobarbital: was heading 1977-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1977-90); CYCLOBARBITONE, HEXEMAL, & TETRAHYDROPHENOBARBITAL were see CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; use BARBITURATES to search CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; short to intermediate duration barbiturate used as hypnotic and sedative	2.73	3	0	barbiturates
aldosterone [no description available]	12.46	22	2	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
allobarbital allobarbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ALLOBARBITONE, DIALLYLBARBITAL, DIALLYLBARBITURIC ACID, & DIALLYLMAL were see ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; a barbiturate derivative with effects of intermediate duration; at lower doses, it is used as a sedative; at higher doses, it displays hypnotic effects	2.45	2	0	barbiturates
pentolinium tartrate Pentolinium Tartrate: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.. pentolinium tartrate : The bitartrate salt of pentolinium.	5.64	79	0	tartrate salt	antihypertensive agent
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	5.04	13	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	4.11	16	0	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
norethandrolone Norethandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity.	2.04	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
cysteine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	cysteine zwitterion; cysteine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flour treatment agent; human metabolite
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	8.39	61	1	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	4.48	7	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
paramethasone Paramethasone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of corticosteroids. It has been used by mouth in the treatment of all conditions in which corticosteroid therapy is indicated except adrenal-deficiency states for which its lack of sodium-retaining properties makes it less suitable than HYDROCORTISONE with supplementary FLUDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p737)	2.68	3	0	fluorinated steroid
fluprednisolone Fluprednisolone: A synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties.	2.13	1	0	fluorinated steroid
oxandrolone Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.	4.08	4	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; oxa-steroid	anabolic agent; androgen
androsterone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	2.41	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
promazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride
nad [no description available]	2.05	1	0	NAD	geroprotector
azauridine Azauridine: A triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. As the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic.	2.48	2	0	N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite
camylofine camylofine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.36	2	0	alpha-amino acid ester
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	5.94	20	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
idoxuridine [no description available]	3.56	9	0	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
metaraminol Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.	8.5	31	1	phenylethanolamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
pilocarpine hydrochloride pilocarpine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of (+)-pilocarpine, a medication used to treat increased pressure inside the eye and dry mouth.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	11.24	574	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.	6.18	135	0	N-arylpiperazine; organic iodide salt; piperazinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	6.62	70	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
amifampridine Amifampridine: 4-Aminopyridine derivative that acts as a POTASSIUM CHANNEL blocker to increase release of ACETYLCHOLINE from nerve terminals. It is used in the treatment of CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES.	2.67	3	0	aminopyridine
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	6.09	23	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	1.96	1	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
isonicotinic acid isonicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is at position 4 of the pyridine ring.	2.1	1	0	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride (4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.	5.21	50	0
pheniprazine pheniprazine: was heading 1963-94; use HYDRAZINES to search PHENIPRAZINE 1966-94	2.63	3	0	amphetamines
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	8.92	169	0	dialkyl phosphate
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	5.07	14	0	guanidines
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	4.69	9	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
tetraethylammonium chloride tetraethylammonium chloride : A quarternary ammonium chloride salt in which the cation has four ethyl substituents around the central nitrogen.	1.96	1	0	organic chloride salt; quaternary ammonium salt	potassium channel blocker
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	5.6	18	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	8.47	8	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.	2.88	4	0	corticosteroid hormone
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	7.13	49	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	4.41	22	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	7.15	16	2	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	3.49	8	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
benzyltrimethylammonium chloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
benzyltrimethylammonium benzyltrimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
demecarium demecarium: major descriptor (65-85); on-line search AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS (66-85); Index Medicus search DEMECARIUM BROMIDE (65-85). demarcarium : The bis(quaternary ammonium) dication obtained by N,N'-dimethylation of the N,N'-bis[3-(dimethylamino)phenyl carbamate] derivative of 2,13-diazatetradecane.	1.94	1	0	carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion
allyl isothiocyanate allyl isothiocyanate: used in the manufacture of flavors, war gases; medical use as a counterirritant; structure. allyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate with the formula CH2=CHCH2N=C=S. A colorless oil with boiling point 152degreeC, it is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi.	3.01	4	0	alkenyl isothiocyanate; isothiocyanate	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; lachrymator; metabolite
cetrimonium bromide cetyltrimethylammonium bromide : The organic bromide salt that is the bromide salt of cetyltrimethylammonium; one of the components of the topical antiseptic cetrimide.	2.46	2	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	detergent; surfactant
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	5.1	46	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
chlorobutanol [no description available]	3.45	8	0	tertiary alcohol
vincristine [no description available]	4.25	5	0	acetate ester; formamides; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	15.28	1,302	4	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	4.9	37	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	3.66	9	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
chlordan Chlordan: A highly poisonous organochlorine insecticide. The EPA has cancelled registrations of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or tops of non-food plants. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.85	4	0	cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
testosterone propionate Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.	2.05	1	0	steroid ester
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	14.21	546	9	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	7.15	119	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	7.72	52	1	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
methyltestosterone Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.	3.79	3	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enone	anabolic agent; androgen; antineoplastic agent
dromostanolone dromostanolone: synthetic anabolic androgenic steroid used to lower plasma cholesterol & as antineoplastic agent in advanced breast neoplasms; major descriptor (66-86); on-line search ANDROSTANOLS (80-86); ANDROSTANES (68-86); INDEX MEDICUS search DROMOSTANOLONE (66-86); RN given refers to (2alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer	2.04	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	anabolic agent; antineoplastic agent
promethazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
tetrabenazine 9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.	5.49	22	0	benzoquinolizine; cyclic ketone; tertiary amino compound
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	5.71	27	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.	3.11	5	0	azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	1.99	1	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
uridine [no description available]	3.22	6	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine monophosphate Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. uridine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having uracil as the nucleobase.	2.03	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	4.83	10	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
ethopabate Ethopabate: An inhibitor of folate metabolism. It is used as a coccidiostat in poultry.	2.07	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	2.92	4	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	2.35	2	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	3.81	4	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
piperoxan Piperoxan: A benzodioxane alpha-adrenergic blocking agent with considerable stimulatory action. It has been used to diagnose PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and as an antihypertensive agent.	2.87	4	0
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	16.89	431	29	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
thiamine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	6.44	43	1	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
tolazoline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzenes
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	8.44	46	1	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
tributyrin tributyrin: structure. tributyrin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by butyric acid.	2.15	1	0	butyrate ester; triglyceride	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug; protective agent
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	2.02	1	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	4.7	30	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	10.67	26	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.	3.63	2	0	quaternary ammonium salt
monomethylhydrazine Monomethylhydrazine: Hydrazine substituted by one methyl group.	1.95	1	0
penthienate [no description available]	6.93	1	0	heteroarene
veratramine veratramine: structure. veratramine : A piperidine alkaloid comprising the 14,15,16,17-tetradehydro derivative of veratraman having two hydroxy groups at the 3- and 23-positions.	1.99	1	0	piperidine alkaloid
phlorhizin [no description available]	2.36	2	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
mepazine mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.	4.16	5	0	phenothiazines
acepromazine Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.	6.09	30	1	aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; phenothiazines; tertiary amino compound	phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
methoxamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
methoxamine Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .	12.96	67	1	amphetamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	5.13	15	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
papaverine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	3.36	7	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
n,n-dimethyltryptamine N,N-Dimethyltryptamine: An N-methylated indoleamine derivative and serotonergic hallucinogen which occurs naturally and ubiquitously in several plant species including Psychotria veridis. It also occurs in trace amounts in mammalian brain, blood, and urine, and is known to act as an agonist or antagonist of certain SEROTONIN RECEPTORS.. N,N-dimethyltryptamine : A tryptamine derivative having two N-methyl substituents on the side-chain.	5.15	3	1	tryptamine alkaloid; tryptamines
niridazole Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.	2.45	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound
cloxacillin Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.	4.08	4	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	6.08	39	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
bretylium tosylate Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.	6.61	22	0	organosulfonate salt; quaternary ammonium salt	adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent
zoxazolamine Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.	3.06	5	0	benzoxazole
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	4.4	22	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
berlition berlition: antioxidant preparation containing alpha-lipoic acid, used in the neuroprotective therapy of chronic brain ischemia for correction of free-radical processes. (R)-lipoic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of lipoic acid. A vitamin-like, C8 thia fatty acid with anti-oxidant properties.. lipoic acid : A heterocyclic thia fatty acid comprising pentanoic acid with a 1,2-dithiolan-3-yl group at the 5-position.	2.44	2	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; lipoic acid; thia fatty acid	cofactor; nutraceutical; prosthetic group
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	12.14	172	13	quaternary ammonium salt
aniline [no description available]	2.88	4	0	anilines; primary arylamine
calcium acetate calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.	3.23	1	0	calcium salt	chelator
2-aminoisobutyric acid 2-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2-aminoisobutyric acid : A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays.	1.97	1	0	2,2-dialkylglycine zwitterion; 2,2-dialkylglycine
diphemanil methylsulfate diphemanil methylsulfate : The alkene resulting from the formal Wittig olefination of benzophenone and 1,1-dimethyl-4-bromopiperidinium methylsulfate. A quaternary ammonium anticholinergic, it binds muscarinic acetycholine receptors and thereby decreases secretory excretion of stomach acids, saliva and sweat, It is used topically in the treatment of hyperhidorsis (excessive sweating).	2.35	2	0	piperidines; quaternary ammonium salt	bronchodilator agent; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	2.75	3	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbaryl Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.	3.91	13	0	carbamate ester; naphthalenes	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant
cytidine monophosphate Cytidine Monophosphate: Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. cytidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.	1.96	1	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.68	3	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	5.77	8	3	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	5.76	17	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	4.52	25	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
Mebutamate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	4.15	17	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	6.64	29	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
gallamine triethiodide Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)	15.49	177	6
cytidine [no description available]	2.67	3	0	cytidines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mebanazine mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.59	2	0	benzenes
strophanthidin Strophanthidin: 3 beta,5,14-Trihydroxy-19-oxo-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. The aglycone cardioactive agent isolated from Strophanthus Kombe, S. gratus and other species; it is a very toxic material formerly used as digitalis. Synonyms: Apocymarin; Corchorin; Cynotoxin; Corchorgenin.	3.35	7	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 19-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; cardenolides; steroid aldehyde
uracil mustard Uracil Mustard: Nitrogen mustard derivative of URACIL. It is a alkylating antineoplastic agent that is used in lymphatic malignancies, and causes mainly gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage.	2.04	1	0	aminouracil; nitrogen mustard
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	4.24	5	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	6.83	28	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
ficusin Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.	2.42	2	0	psoralens	plant metabolite
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	5.63	76	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
barbituric acid barbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure from Merck Index, 9th ed, #966. barbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4 and -6 by oxo groups. Barbituric acid is the parent compound of barbiturate drugs, although it is not itself pharmacologically active.	2.63	3	0	barbiturates	allergen; xenobiotic
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	11.57	16	1	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.	2.76	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
triamcinolone diacetate triamcinolone diacetate: lysyl oxidase antagonist; Polcortolon may also refers to triamcinolone	2.08	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	1.95	1	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	3.1	5	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.	2.49	2	0	oxo steroid
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	3.87	3	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
triaziquone Triaziquone: Alkylating antineoplastic agent used mainly for ovarian tumors. It is toxic to skin, gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow and kidneys.. triaziquone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which three of the ring hydrogens are replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups.	2.04	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; aziridines	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
benziodarone benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)	4.1	4	0	aromatic ketone
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.	2.47	2	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; progestin
chlorpromazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorisondamine Chlorisondamine: A nicotinic antagonist used primarily as a ganglionic blocker in animal research. It has been used as an antihypertensive agent but has been supplanted by more specific drugs in most clinical applications.	11.71	92	0	isoindoles
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	12.41	22	1	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	6.5	36	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
cytarabine [no description available]	4.72	9	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	1.96	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
trifluridine Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.	2.77	3	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	2.94	4	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	2.13	1	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	1.94	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-toluenesulfonamide 4-toluenesulfonamide: RN given refers to parent cpd. toluene-4-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide bearing a methyl group at position 4.	2	1	0	sulfonamide
4-hydroxypropiophenone [no description available]	2.48	2	0	acetophenones
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	4.43	23	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.	4.04	3	1	pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; plant metabolite
1,1,1-trichloroethane Trichloroethanes: Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.. 1,1,1-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.	2.38	2	0	chloroethanes	polar solvent
medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available]	2.94	4	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester	adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
veratridine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	steroid	sodium channel modulator
sulfobromophthalein sodium bromosulfophthalein sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of bromosulfophthalein.. bromosulfophthalein : An organosulfonic acid that consists of phthalide bearing four bromo substituents at positions 4, 5, 6 and 7 as well as two 4-hydroxy-3-sulfophenyl groups both located at position 1.	2.74	3	0	organic sodium salt	dye
isopropamide iodide isopropamide iodide: was heading 1965-94; use AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS to search ISOPROPAMIDE IODIDE 1966-94	2.65	3	0	diarylmethane
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	4.2	17	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.37	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol [no description available]	2.89	4	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; terminal acetylenic compound	prodrug; xenoestrogen
methaqualone Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.	3.76	3	0	quinazolines	GABA agonist; sedative
trypan blue VisionBlue: A trypan blue ophthalmic solution.	2.05	1	0
methandrostenolone Methandrostenolone: A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
cordycepin [no description available]	2.4	2	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines	antimetabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	7.88	36	1	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	2.07	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
quinethazone quinethazone: RN given for cpd without isomeric designation. quinethazone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2, 6 and 7 by ethyl, sulfamoyl and chloro groups respectively; a thiazide-like diuretic used to treat hypertension.	2.04	1	0	quinazolines	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
lidocaine hydrochloride lidocaine hydrochloride : The anhydrous form of the hydrochloride salt of lidocaine.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	anti-arrhythmia drug; local anaesthetic
nifenalol nifenalol: adrenergic beta-blocker with good antiarrhythmic properties; also tends to lower blood pressure & provide protection against angina; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ETHANOLAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0	C-nitro compound
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	10.35	171	3	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
methyl chloride Methyl Chloride: A hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent. It has been used as an aerosal propellent, as a refrigerant and as a local anesthetic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p1403). chlorocarbon : Compounds consisting wholly of chlorine and carbon.. chloromethane : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a chloro group.	1.94	1	0	chloromethanes; methyl halides	marine metabolite; mutagen; refrigerant
methyl iodide methyl iodide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF of CH3-I. iodomethane : A member of the class of iodomethanes that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by iodine.	1.93	1	0	iodomethanes; methyl halides	fumigant insecticide
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	1.98	1	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	6.39	12	4	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
ethyl chloride Ethyl Chloride: A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine.. chloroethane : The simplest and least toxic member of the class of chloroethanes, that is ethane in which a single hydrogen is substituted by a chlorine. A colourless gas at room temperature and pressure (boiling point 12degreeC), it is used as a mild topical anaesthetic to numb the skin prior to ear piercing, skin biopsies, etc., and is also used in the treatment of sports injuries. It was formerly used in the production of tetraethyllead.	2.35	2	0	chloroethanes	antipruritic drug; inhalation anaesthetic; local anaesthetic
ethylamine ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.9	4	0	primary aliphatic amine	human metabolite
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
cyclopropane cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.	3.73	11	0	cycloalkane; cyclopropanes	inhalation anaesthetic
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	1.95	1	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
acetyl chloride [no description available]	2.01	1	0	acyl chloride
phosgene Phosgene: A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304). phosgene : An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.. chloroketone : A ketone containing a chloro substituent.	1.96	1	0	acyl chloride
fluoroform fluoroform: structure	1.98	1	0	fluoromethanes	refrigerant
nitromethane nitromethane: structure. nitromethane : A primary nitroalkane that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replace by a nitro group. A polar solvent (b.p. 101 degreeC), it is an important starting material in organic synthesis. It is also used as a fuel for rockets and radio-controlled models.	2	1	0	primary nitroalkane; volatile organic compound	EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; explosive; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
tetramethylammonium tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.	3.83	12	0	quaternary ammonium ion
tert-butyl alcohol tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2	1	0	tertiary alcohol	human xenobiotic metabolite
methanesulfonic acid [no description available]	2.34	2	0	alkanesulfonic acid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
tribromoethanol tribromoethanol: major descriptor (66-90); on-line search ETHANOL (66-90); INDEX MEDICUS search TRIBROMOETHANOL (66-90)	2.04	1	0	alcohol; organobromine compound
dalapon dalapon: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	carboxylic acid; organohalogen compound
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	2.65	3	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
perflutren Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.	3.23	1	0	fluoroalkane; fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	5.4	11	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.	3.23	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; fluorinated steroid	anabolic agent; antineoplastic agent
bromthymol blue Bromthymol Blue: A pH sensitive dye that has been used as an indicator in many laboratory reactions.. bromothymol blue : A member of the class of 2,1-benzoxathioles that is 2,1-benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-2-methylphenyl groups.	7.37	2	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; organobromine compound; polyphenol; sultone	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
mepenzolate bromide [no description available]	2.74	3	0	diarylmethane
allylpropymal allylpropymal: RN given refers to parent cpd. aprobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by an isopropyl and a prop-1-en-3-yl group at position 5.	2.05	1	0	barbiturates
gibberellic acid gibberellic acid: RN given refers to (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-isomer; structure. gibberellin A3 : A C19-gibberellin that is a pentacyclic diterpenoid responsible for promoting growth and elongation of cells in plants. Initially identified in Gibberella fujikuroi,it differs from gibberellin A1 in the presence of a double bond between C-3 and C-4.	2.02	1	0	C19-gibberellin; gibberellin monocarboxylic acid; lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	6.41	56	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
caramiphen caramiphen: structure	4.18	5	0	benzenes
butobarbital butobarbital: Butobarbital should be distinguished from Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital)	2.7	3	0	barbiturates
methsuximide methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	3.23	1	0	organic molecular entity
carbromal carbromal: was heading 1963-94 (Prov 1963-73); use UREA to search CARBROMAL 1963-94	2.04	1	0	N-acylurea
methylpentynol methylpentynol: structure	2.04	1	0	ynone
tabun tabun: proposed as military nerve gas and exptl cholinesterase inhibitor; extremely poisonous; structure	6.1	39	0
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	6.91	13	1	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
quinic acid (-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.	2.01	1	0
3-mercaptopropionic acid 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.	1.99	1	0	mercaptopropanoic acid	algal metabolite
tetraethoxysilane [no description available]	2.17	1	0
pentaerythritol tetranitrate Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate: A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a more prolonged duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1025). pentaerythritol tetranitrate : A pentaerythritol nitrate in which all four hydroxy groups of pentaerythritol have been converted to the corresponding nitrate ester. It is a vasodilator with properties similar to those of glyceryl trinitrate, but with a more prolonged duration of action, and is used for treatment of angina pectoris. It is also one of the most powerful high explosives known and is a component of the plastic explosive known as Semtex.	1.94	1	0	pentaerythritol nitrate	explosive; vasodilator agent
tri-o-cresyl phosphate tri-o-cresyl phosphate: see also related IMOL S-140	2.87	4	0
dioxathion dioxathion: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.94	1	0	dioxanes
triparanol Triparanol: Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts.	2.45	2	0	stilbenoid	anticoronaviral agent
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	2.65	3	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
methylethyl ketone methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.	2.4	2	0	butanone; dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone; volatile organic compound	bacterial metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.	4.94	9	1	chloroethenes	inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite
methyl acetate methyl acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of acetic acid with methanol. A low-boiling (57 degreeC) colourless, flammable liquid, it is used as a solvent for many resins and oils.	2	1	0	acetate ester; methyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; fragrance; polar aprotic solvent
nitroethane nitroethane : A nitroalkane that is ethane substituted by a nitro group.	2	1	0	primary nitroalkane
dichloroacetic acid [no description available]	2.04	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	astringent; marine metabolite
pempidine Pempidine: A nicotinic antagonist most commonly used as an experimental tool. It has been used as a ganglionic blocker in the treatment of hypertension but has largely been supplanted for that purpose by more specific drugs.	4.47	24	0	piperidines
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	3.22	6	0	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	2.06	1	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
sulfachlorpyridazine Sulfachlorpyridazine: A sulfonamide antimicrobial used for urinary tract infections and in veterinary medicine.. sulfachloropyridazine : A sulfonamide antimicrobial used for urinary tract infections and in veterinary medicine.	2.07	1	0	organochlorine compound; pyridazines; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
alpha-pinene [no description available]	2.05	1	0	pinene	plant metabolite
methylmethacrylate Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.	2.38	2	0	enoate ester; methyl ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
dehydrocholic acid Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.	3.06	5	0	12-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-5beta-steroid; 7-oxo steroid; oxo-5beta-cholanic acid	gastrointestinal drug
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	3.58	9	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
cyclizine Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.	4.73	7	1	N-alkylpiperazine	antiemetic; central nervous system depressant; cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic
buclizine buclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine carrying (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and 4-tert-butylbenzyl groups.	2.04	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine	antiemetic; central nervous system depressant; cholinergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; local anaesthetic
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	12.01	24	1	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	3.1	5	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
thiopropazate thiopropazate: minor descriptor (66-72); major descriptor (73-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-72); THIOPROPAZATE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. thiopropazate : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has a chloro subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-acetoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	2.04	1	0	acetate ester; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
9,10-phenanthrenequinone 9,10-phenanthrenequinone: structure	2.13	1	0	phenanthrenes
syrosingopine syrosingopine: was heading 1963-94; SYRINGOPINE was see SYROSINGOPINE 1977-94; use RESERPINE to search SYROSINGOPINE 1966-94	2.34	2	0	yohimban alkaloid
diquat Diquat: A contact herbicide used also to produce desiccation and defoliation. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). diquat : The organic cation formed formally by addition of an ethylene bridge between the nitrogen atoms of 2,2'-bipyridine. Most often available as the dibromide.	3.04	1	0	organic cation	defoliant; herbicide
acetrizoic acid Acetrizoic Acid: An iodinated radiographic contrast medium used as acetrizoate sodium in HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY.	2.65	3	0	aminobenzoic acid
pyocyanine Pyocyanine: Antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.. pyocyanine : An iminium betaine that is 5-methylphenazin-5-ium which is substituted at position 1 by an oxidanidyl group. An antibiotic pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	1.98	1	0	iminium betaine; phenazines	antibacterial agent; bacterial metabolite; biological pigment; virulence factor
brompheniramine Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.	4.78	10	0	organobromine compound; pyridines	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
phensuximide phensuximide: major descriptor (73-84); on-line search SUCCINIMIDES (73-84); Index Medicus search PHENSUXIMIDE (73-84); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.07	1	0	pyrrolidines
propoxycaine Propoxycaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a rapid onset of action and a longer duration of action than procaine hydrochloride. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1017)	4.06	3	1	benzoate ester
fluorene [no description available]	2.35	2	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon
dimethisoquin [no description available]	2.4	2	0	isoquinolines
penicillin v Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.	4.62	8	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.	11.99	14	1	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
hexamethylbenzene hexamethylbenzene : A methylbenzene that is benzene in which all six hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups.	2	1	0	methylbenzene
2,4,6-trichlorophenol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	trichlorophenol	carcinogenic agent
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.92	4	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
picric acid picric acid: used as antiseptic, astringent & stimulant for epitheliazation; structure. picric acid : A C-nitro compound comprising phenol having three nitro substtituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.4	2	0	C-nitro compound	antiseptic drug; explosive; fixative
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	2.69	3	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
aminacrine Aminacrine: A highly fluorescent anti-infective dye used clinically as a topical antiseptic and experimentally as a mutagen, due to its interaction with DNA. It is also used as an intracellular pH indicator.. 9-aminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by an amino group. A fluorescent dyd and topical antiseptic agent, it is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) in eye drops for the treatment of superficial eye infections.	1.95	1	0	aminoacridines; primary amino compound	acid-base indicator; antiinfective agent; antiseptic drug; fluorescent dye; MALDI matrix material; mutagen
pseudoephedrine Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.	9.54	7	0	phenylethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; central nervous system drug; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
diethylpropion Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.	3.48	2	0	aromatic ketone; tertiary amine	appetite depressant
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	6.09	47	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline [no description available]	2.66	3	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
isatin tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;	2.69	3	0	indoledione	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	1.93	1	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
thenyldiamine thenyldiamine: structure	1.95	1	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
3,3'-diaminobenzidine 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine: A chemically and thermodynamically stable derivative of BENZIDINE.. 3,3'-diaminobenzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is benzidine in which one of the hydrogens ortho to each of the amino groups has been replaced by an amino group.	2.05	1	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	histological dye
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	1.97	1	0
phenidone phenidone: photographic developer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	0
diphenyl diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	3.03	5	0	aromatic fungicide; benzenes; biphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative
phenylpiperazine phenylpiperazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.41	2	0
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	7.55	17	3	xanthene
phenothiazine 10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.	5.29	18	0	phenothiazine	ferroptosis inhibitor; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
benzidine benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.	2	1	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	carcinogenic agent
2-naphthoic acid 2-naphthoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthoic acid : A naphthoic acid that is naphthalene carrying a carboxy group at position 2.	2.1	1	0	naphthoic acid	mouse metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
methyl benzoate methyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by condensation of benzoic acid and methanol.	2	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester	insect attractant; metabolite
mecoprop mecoprop: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl group.. mecoprop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mecoprop.	2.52	2	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes
fenoprop fenoprop: RN given is for parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	phenoxy herbicide
synephrine [no description available]	3.08	5	0	ethanolamines; phenethylamine alkaloid; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; plant metabolite
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	2.66	3	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
parethoxycaine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	benzoate ester
benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.	2.05	1	0	carbonyl compound
nicotinic acid benzyl ester nicotinic acid benzyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6344. benzyl nicotinate : A benzyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of nicotinic acid with benzyl alcohol. It has been used as a rubefacient.	2.03	1	0	benzyl ester	vasodilator agent
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.. (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.48	2	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; monochlorobenzenes	environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
1,2-diaminobenzene 1,2-diaminobenzene: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,2-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the two amino groups are ortho to each other.	1.97	1	0	phenylenediamine	hydrogen donor
3,4-dimethylphenol 3,4-dimethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,4-xylenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 4.	2.03	1	0	phenols
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	3.48	8	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
soman Soman: An organophosphorus compound that inhibits cholinesterase. It causes seizures and has been used as a chemical warfare agent.	9.98	197	1	phosphonic ester
dichlofenthion [no description available]	1.95	1	0	organic thiophosphate
1,3-ditolylguanidine 1,3-ditolylguanidine: structure given in first source; a selective ligand for the sigma binding sites in the brain	2.38	2	0	toluenes
butyl methacrylate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	enoate ester
ethylene dimethacrylate ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.02	1	0	enoate ester	allergen; cross-linking reagent; polymerisation monomer
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	1.94	1	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
benzotrifluoride alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene: structure in first source. (trifluoromethyl)benzene : A fluorohydrocarbon that is fluoroform in which the hydrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.	2	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; fluorohydrocarbon	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
arsanilic acid Arsanilic Acid: An arsenical which has been used as a feed additive for enteric conditions in pigs and poultry. It causes blindness and is ototoxic and nephrotoxic in animals.	2.13	1	0	organoarsonic acid
butylphen butylphen: irritant; structure. 4-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted with a tert-butyl group at position 4.	2	1	0	phenols	allergen
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	4.59	26	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
acetophenone acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.41	2	0	acetophenones	animal metabolite; photosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
nitrobenzene nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.	2	1	0	nitroarene; nitrobenzenes
3-aminobenzoic acid 3-aminobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid carrying an amino group at position 3.	2.13	1	0	aminobenzoic acid
methyl gallate methyl gallate: has both immunosuppressive and phytogenic antineoplastic activities; isolated from Acer saccharinum. methyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with methanol. It exhibits anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory properties.	2.15	1	0	gallate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
dicloran 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline : A nitroaniline that is 4-nitroaniline in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide, it is not approved for use in the European Union.	2.04	1	0	aromatic fungicide; dichlorobenzene; nitroaniline	antifungal agrochemical
carvone carvone: an oxidized derivative of limonene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; L-carvone has spearmint flavor, D-carvone has dill/caraway flavor. carvone : A p-menthane monoterpenoid that consists of cyclohex-2-enone having methyl and isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 5, respectively.	2	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; carvones	allergen
methylparaben methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.	2.04	1	0	paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
2-diethylaminoethanol 2-diethylaminoethanol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. 2-diethylaminoethanol : A member of the class of ethanolamines that is aminoethanol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by ethyl groups.	2.03	1	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; tertiary amino compound
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	2.03	1	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
benzonitrile benzonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2	1	0	benzenes; nitrile
phenylhydrazine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	phenylhydrazines	xenobiotic
anisole anisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.	2.42	2	0	monomethoxybenzene	plant metabolite
2-ethylpyridine 2-ethylpyridine: RN given refers to compound with locant	1.96	1	0
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	10.67	99	3	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
dyrene dyrene: structure. anilazine : A member of the class of triazenes that is dichlorotriazene in which the hydrogen is replaced by an o-chloroanilino group. A fungicide formerly used to control leaf spots and downy mildew, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.	2.04	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine pesticide; secondary amino compound; triazines	antifungal agrochemical
pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.	11.46	116	8	pyridinium salt
cyclopentamine cyclopentamine: structure	1.94	1	0	secondary amino compound
triethanolamine triethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethanolamine : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.42	2	0	amino alcohol; tertiary amino compound; triol	buffer; surfactant
tributylamine tributylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	tertiary amine
n-benzyl-n,n-dimethylamine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
benzonatate benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.	3.87	3	0	benzoate ester; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	anaesthetic; antitussive
4-chloroaniline 4-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloroaniline : A chloroaniline in which the chloro atom is para to the aniline amino group.	2	1	0	chloroaniline; monochlorobenzenes
4-phenylenediamine 4-phenylenediamine: agent hair dye responsible for contact dermatitis; RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,4-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.	2.03	1	0	phenylenediamine	allergen; dye; hapten; reagent
acrolein [no description available]	3.21	6	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
propionitrile propionitrile: structure. propionitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the carbon-carbon double bond has been reduced to a single bond.	2	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
acrylonitrile [no description available]	6.96	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
isethionic acid Isethionic Acid: A colorless, syrupy, strongly acidic liquid that can form detergents with oleic acid.. isethionic acid : An alkanesulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is directly linked to a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.36	2	0	alkanesulfonic acid	human metabolite
sarin Sarin: An organophosphorus ester compound that produces potent and irreversible inhibition of cholinesterase. It is toxic to the nervous system and is a chemical warfare agent.. isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate : A phosphinic ester that is the isopropyl ester of methylphosphonofluoridic acid.. sarin : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-sarin. A potent and irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase that is toxic to the nervous system and is employed as a chemical warfare agent.	9.14	91	1	fluorine molecular entity; phosphinic ester
tetraethyl pyrophosphate tetraethyl pyrophosphate: topical agent for glaucoma; structure	2.84	4	0	organic diphosphate
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2.21	1	0	alkane
deanol Deanol: An antidepressive agent that has also been used in the treatment of movement disorders. The mechanism of action is not well understood.. N,N-dimethylethanolamine : A tertiary amine that is ethanolamine having two N-methyl substituents.	3.21	6	0	ethanolamines; tertiary amine	curing agent; radical scavenger
biuret Biuret: Used as feed supplement for sheep and cattle since it is a good non-protein nitrogen source. In strongly alkaline solution biuret gives a violet color with copper sulfate.. biuret : A member of the class of condensed ureas that is the compound formed by the condensation of two molecules of urea; the parent compound of the biuret group of compounds. Used as a non-protein nitrogen source in ruminant feed.	1.93	1	0	condensed ureas
3-chlorophenol 3-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol carrying the chloro substituent at position 3.	2.42	2	0	monochlorophenol
2,6-lutidine 2,6-dimethylpyridine : A member of the class of methylpyridines that is pyridine carrying methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	1.96	1	0	methylpyridines
bromobenzene [no description available]	2	1	0	bromoarene; bromobenzenes; volatile organic compound	hepatotoxic agent; mouse metabolite; non-polar solvent
4-methylpyridine 4-methylpyridine: structure in first source. 4-methylpyridine : A methylpyridine in which the methyl substituent is at position 4.	1.96	1	0	methylpyridine
chlorobenzene [no description available]	2	1	0	monochlorobenzenes	solvent
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	2.38	2	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
3-methylpyridine 3-methylpyridine : A methylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 3.	1.96	1	0	methylpyridine
4-methylmorpholine [no description available]	2.1	1	0
2-methylpiperidine 2-methylpiperidine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	piperidines
2-picoline 2-picoline: structure in first source. 2-methylpyridine : A methylpyridine carrying a methyl substituent at position 2.	1.96	1	0	methylpyridine
butyl bromide [no description available]	2.34	2	0
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	2	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
n-butylamine n-butylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. butan-1-amine : A primary aliphatic amine that is butane substituted by an amino group at position 1.	2.47	2	0	primary aliphatic amine
n-butyl mercaptan n-butyl mercaptan: hydrolytic product of merphos; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.95	1	0	alkanethiol
dimethoxymethane dimethoxymethane : An acetal that is the dimethyl acetal derivative of formaldehyde.	2	1	0	acetal; diether
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	5.14	15	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	2.41	2	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	2.43	2	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	5.6	24	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
2,5-hexanedione 2,5-hexanedione: metabolite of methyl-n-butyl ketone. 2,5-hexanedione : A diketone that is hexane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5. It is a toxic metabolite of hexane and of 2-hexanone	6.98	1	0	diketone; methyl ketone	human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	2.46	2	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
n-amylamine n-amylamine: strong irritant; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pentan-1-amine : A primary aliphatic amine that is n-pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by an amino group. A water-soluble liquid with boiling point 104degreeC, it is a strong irritant.	1.95	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
cyclohexane Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.	2	1	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
cyclohexene cyclohexene : A cycloalkene that is cylohexane with a single double bond.	2	1	0	cycloalkene
piperidine [no description available]	7.66	3	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
morpholine [no description available]	2.95	4	0	morpholines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	NMR chemical shift reference compound
thiodipropionic acid thiodipropionic acid: structure	2.13	1	0	dicarboxylic acid
1-hexanol 1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	1.95	1	0	hexanol; primary alcohol	alarm pheromone; antibacterial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
hexahydroazepine hexahydroazepine: RN given refers to parent cpd. azepane : An azacycloalkane that is cycloheptane in which one of the carbon atoms is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	2.1	1	0	azacycloalkane; azepanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
heptanol Heptanol: A colorless liquid with a fragrant odor. It is used as an intermediate, solvent and in cosmetics.. heptanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of seven carbon atoms.. heptan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It has been isolated from Capillipedium parviflorum.	1.97	1	0	heptanol; primary alcohol	flavouring agent; fragrance; gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; plant metabolite
n-butoxyethanol n-butoxyethanol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-butoxyethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a butoxy group. A high-boiling (171degreeC) colourless liquid, it is used as a solvent for paints and inks, as well as in some dry cleaning solutions.	2.03	1	0	glycol ether; primary alcohol	protic solvent
tetraethylenepentamine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	polyazaalkane	copper chelator
ergotamine Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.	7	104	0	peptide ergot alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; mycotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; oxytocic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
estradiol dipropionate estradiol dipropionate: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/83	2.42	2	0	steroid ester
methylergonovine Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.48	2	0	ergoline alkaloid
imipramine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant
neostigmine bromide neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.	3.31	6	0	bromide salt
phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.	4.7	9	0	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
obidoxime chloride Obidoxime Chloride: Cholinesterase reactivator occurring in two interchangeable isomeric forms, syn and anti.	7.83	98	2
dimethyl ether dimethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to two methyl groups.	1.97	1	0	ether
mephobarbital Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	2.4	2	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant
bromphenol blue Bromphenol Blue: A dye that has been used as an industrial dye, a laboratory indicator, and a biological stain.. bromophenol blue : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. It is used as a laboratory indicator, changing from yellow below pH 3 to purple at pH 4.6, and as a size marker for monitoring the progress of agarose gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It has also been used as an industrial dye.	1.95	1	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; organobromine compound; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
paramethadione paramethadione: structure	2.04	1	0	oxazolidinone	anticonvulsant
ambenonium chloride Ambenonium Chloride: A quaternary ammonium compound that is an inhibitor of cholinesterase activity with actions similar to those of NEOSTIGMINE, but of longer duration. Ambenonium is given by mouth in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1112). ambenonium chloride : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium salt having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.	4.15	5	0	organic chloride salt; quaternary ammonium salt	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neurotransmitter agent
tris(chloroethyl)phosphate tris(chloroethyl)phosphate: has gonadotoxic effects. tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate : A trialkyl phosphate that is the tris(2-chloroethyl) ester of phosphoric acid.	1.97	1	0	organochlorine compound; trialkyl phosphate
edrophonium chloride edrophonium chloride : The chloride salt of edrophonium. A reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes), it is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.	2.13	1	0	chloride salt; quaternary ammonium salt	antidote; diagnostic agent; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	1.97	1	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid : A benzoic acid derivative carrying 3-, 4- and 5-methoxy substituents.	1.99	1	0	benzoic acids; methoxybenzenes	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
etryptamine etryptamine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.93	1	0	indoles
maltol maltol: found in bark of young larch trees; isolated from Passiflora incarnata; possesses depressant properties in mice; potentiates hexobarbital-induced narcosis & inhibits spontaneous motor activity; structure	2.13	1	0	4-pyranones	metabolite
hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.	2.05	1	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorobenzenes	antifungal agrochemical; carcinogenic agent; persistent organic pollutant
chloranil Chloranil: A quinone fungicide used for treatment of seeds and foliage.. tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquiones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by chlorines.	2.04	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; organochlorine compound	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; metabolite
trinitrotoluene Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.	2.05	1	0	trinitrotoluene	explosive
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	7.81	32	2	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
isoquinoline [no description available]	2.66	3	0	azaarene; isoquinolines; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene
tropine [no description available]	6.05	23	0
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate: structure	2	1	0	ethyl ester; paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
n-methylpyrrolidine N-methylpyrrolidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.4	2	0
vanillic acid Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	1.94	1	0	methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
triethylamine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	tertiary amine
3-nitrobenzoic acid 3-nitrobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.05	1	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
iodoantipyrine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
deserpidine deserpidine: minor descriptor (66-84); on-line search RESERPINE/AA (75-84), RESERPINE (66-74); Index Medicus search RESERPINE/AA (75-84), YOHIMBANS (69-74), RESERPINE (66-68); RN given refers to (3beta,16beta,17alpha,18beta,20alpha)-isomer	1.93	1	0	alkaloid ester; benzoate ester; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; yohimban alkaloid
diatrizoate meglumine Diatrizoate Meglumine: A versatile contrast medium used for DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY RADIOLOGY.. meglumine amidotrizoate : The N-methylglucamine salt of amidotrizoic acid. Both the sodium and the meglumine salts of amidotrizoic acid have been widely used as water-soluble radioopaque media in diagnostic radiography. The use of a mixture of the two salts is often preferred, as adverse effects can be reduced.	4.25	4	1	monocarboxylic acid anion	radioopaque medium
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	4.7	9	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
cinchophen cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94	4.44	6	0	quinolines
chloroprocaine chloroprocaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroprocaine : Procaine in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the carboxylic acid group is substituted by chlorine. It is used as its monohydrochloride salt as a local anaesthetic, particularly for oral surgery. It has the advantage over lidocaine of constricting blood vessels, so reducing bleeding.	2.49	2	0	benzoate ester; monochlorobenzenes	central nervous system depressant; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
iodohippuric acid Iodohippuric Acid: An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.. 2-iodohippuric acid : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-iodobenzoic acid with the amino group of glycine.	2.35	2	0	benzamides; N-acylglycine; organoiodine compound
amiben Amiben: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	chlorobenzoic acid
amprotropine [no description available]	2.34	2	0	monocarboxylic acid
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	3.58	9	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
methapyrilene hydrochloride methapyrilene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of methapyrilene.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	anti-allergic agent; carcinogenic agent; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative
oxythiamine Oxythiamine: Thiamine antagonist, antimetabolite.. oxythiamine(1+) : A 1,3-thiazolium cation that is 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazole alkylated at the N3 position by a (2-methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyrimidin-5-yl)methyl group.	3.06	1	0	1,3-thiazolium cation	antimetabolite; vitamin B1 antagonist
phenazopyridine hydrochloride phenazopyridine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining phenazopyridine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.	2.53	2	0	hydrochloride	carcinogenic agent; local anaesthetic; non-narcotic analgesic
tetrracaine hydrochloride leocaine: a crystal beta-modification of the beta-dimethylaminoethyl ether of n-butylaminobenzoic acid hydrochloride	2.13	1	0	benzoate ester
shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.	2.01	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
protocatechualdehyde protocatechualdehyde: found in wheat grains, wheat seedlings, & other plants; RN given refers to parent cpd; see also rancinamycins; structure	2.13	1	0	dihydroxybenzaldehyde
monuron monuron: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search UREA/AA (72-74) & HERBICIDES (72-74) & HERBICIDES UREA (75-83); RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. monuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a p-chlorophenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups.	2.04	1	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; monochlorobenzenes	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
sterogenol hexadecylpyridinium bromide: structure in first source. cetylpyridinium bromide : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and bromide as the anion.	2.05	1	0	bromide salt; pyridinium salt	antiseptic drug; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; surfactant
citronellol citronellol: alcohol form of citronellal; found in rose oil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. citronellol : A monoterpenoid that is oct-6-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 3 and 7.. insect repellent : An insecticide that acts as a repellent to insects.	2.01	1	0	monoterpenoid	plant metabolite
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2	1	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-hydroxypyridine hydroxypyridine : Any member of the class of pyridines with at least one hydroxy substituent.. pyridin-2-ol : A monohydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	1.96	1	0	monohydroxypyridine	plant metabolite
iminodiacetic acid iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.	2.04	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; glycine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	chelator
sodium cyanide Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.	8.36	7	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; sodium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
tetraphenylborate Tetraphenylborate: An anionic compound that is used as a reagent for determination of potassium, ammonium, rubidium, and cesium ions. It also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and forms complexes with biological materials, and is used in biological assays.	7.35	2	0
anileridine anileridine: minor descriptor (64-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search ISONIPECOTIC ACIDS (68-86); RN given refers to parent cpd. anileridine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of isonipecotic acid in which the hydrogen alpha- to the carboxyl group is substituted by a phenyl group, and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl group.	2.37	2	0	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; substituted aniline	opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist
pregnenolone [no description available]	2.03	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
20-alpha-dihydroprogesterone 20-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone: A biologically active 20-alpha-reduced metabolite of PROGESTERONE. It is converted from progesterone to 20-alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one by the 20-ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE in the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA.	2.13	1	0	20-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	7.85	178	1	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
3-o-methylglucose 3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.	2.67	3	0	D-aldohexose derivative
2-chloroadenosine 5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source	9.34	6	0	purine nucleoside
diphenhydramine hydrochloride Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.	6.8	11	2	hydrochloride; organoammonium salt	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; sedative
nafcillin Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.	4.06	4	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	2.9	4	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
merphos merphos: structure	1.95	1	0
mequinol mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
potassium cyanide [no description available]	3.49	8	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
aziridine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	azacycloalkane; aziridines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	alkylating agent
methohexital Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.	11.95	73	11	acetylenic compound; barbiturates	drug allergen; intravenous anaesthetic
octamethyl pyrophosphoramide octamethyl pyrophosphoramide: structure	2.34	2	0	phosphorodiamide
o,o,s-trimethyl phosphorothioate [no description available]	6.97	1	0
quinestrol Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011)	2.49	2	0	17-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
sulfalene Sulfalene: Long-acting plasma-bound sulfonamide used for respiratory and urinary tract infections and also for malaria.	2.04	1	0	pyrazines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide
cycloguanil cycloguanil: the active metabolite of proguanil; antifolate drug; structure in first source. cycloguanil : A triazine in which a 1,6-dihydro-1,3,5-triazine ring is substituted at N-1 by a 4-chlorophenyl group, at C-2 and -4 by amino groups and at C-6 by gem-dimethyl groups. A dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, it is a metabolite of the antimalarial drug proguanil.	2.05	1	0	triazines	antifolate; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
dydrogesterone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid	progestin
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	2.42	2	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
tripelennamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
thiamine pyrophosphate Thiamine Pyrophosphate: The coenzyme form of Vitamin B1 present in many animal tissues. It is a required intermediate in the PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX and the KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX.. thiamine(1+) diphosphate chloride : An organic chloride salt of thiamine(1+) diphosphate.	3.96	4	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
phenetidine Phenetidine: Used in the manufacture of acetophenetidin.. 4-ethoxyaniline : An aromatic ether that is aniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by an ethoxy group. It is a hydrolysis metabolite of phenacetin.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound; substituted aniline	drug metabolite
diazooxonorleucine Diazooxonorleucine: An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-norleucine which is substituted at position 5 by an oxo group and at position 6 by a diazo group. It is as inhibitor of various glutamine-utilising enzymes.	2.04	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; diazo compound; ketone; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	analgesic; antibacterial agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.4.2.14 (amidophosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor; EC 6.3.4.2 [CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.1 [NAD(+) synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.2 [GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.3 (phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase) inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.4 [asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.5 [carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; glutamine antagonist
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	2.02	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	4.32	20	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	5.12	11	1	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	3.51	8	0	indazole
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	3.53	8	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	3.4	7	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	6.16	26	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	3.47	8	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	4.26	19	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	4.17	17	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	3.1	5	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
propantheline bromide [no description available]	2.77	3	0	xanthenes
methylphenazonium methosulfate Methylphenazonium Methosulfate: Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.	1.96	1	0	azaheterocycle sulfate salt; phenazines
calcium gluconate [no description available]	4.17	5	0	calcium salt	nutraceutical
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	13.06	159	16	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
muscarine Muscarine: A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.	7.63	142	1	monosaccharide
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	4.67	29	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
chlormadinone acetate Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	2.92	4	0	corticosteroid hormone
benactyzine Benactyzine: A centrally acting muscarinic antagonist. Benactyzine has been used in the treatment of depression and is used in research to investigate the role of cholinergic systems on behavior.	7.08	112	0	diarylmethane
pirinitramide Pirinitramide: A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.	2.45	2	0	nitrile
methylpentynol carbamate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
mechlorethamine n-oxide [no description available]	2.04	1	0	nitrogen mustard
edrophonium bromide [no description available]	2.46	2	0
norchlorcyclizine norchlorcyclizine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.45	2	0
2h-benzo(a)quinolizin-2-ol, 2-ethyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- 2H-Benzo(a)quinolizin-2-ol, 2-Ethyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-: Proposed catecholamine depletor.	2.35	2	0
2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0
ethamivan ethamivan: minor descriptor (65-72); major descriptor (73-86); on-line search BENZAMIDES (66-86); INDEX MEDICUS search BENZAMIDES (65-72); ETHAMIVAN (73-86). etamivan : Phenol substituted at C-2 and C-4 by a methoxy group and an N,N-diethylaminocarbonyl group respectively. A respiratory stimulant drug related to nikethamide, it has now fallen largely into disuse.	2.38	2	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
pargyline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
pentamine pentamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck	1.97	1	0
benzoquinonium benzoquinonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.03	1	0	aromatic amine
paraoxon [no description available]	5.52	68	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
hemicholinium 3 Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.	7.83	141	0
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	3.94	13	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
testosterone enanthate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	heptanoate ester; sterol ester	androgen
opipramol Opipramol: A tricyclic antidepressant with actions similar to AMITRIPTYLINE.	3.05	5	0	dibenzoazepine
dibenzepin dibenzepin: was heading 1975-94 (see under DIBENZAZEPINES 1975-90); use DIBENZAZEPINES to search DIBENZEPIN 1975-94; tricyclic antidepressant similar in action to imipramine	2.1	1	0	dibenzodiazepine
thioproperazine thioproperazine: was heading 1963-94; use PHENOTHIAZINES to search THIOPROPERAZINE 1966-94. thioproperazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a dimethylaminosulfonyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at N-10.	1.94	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; phenothiazines; sulfonamide	phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	10.91	115	2	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	4.25	5	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
haloxon haloxon: structure	2	1	0
phenyramidol phenyramidol: considered as a drug that possibly causes hepatotoxicity	2.05	1	0	aminopyridine
linuron Linuron: A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). linuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is N-methyl urea substituted by a methoxy group at position 1 and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at position 3.	2.04	1	0	dichlorobenzene; phenylureas	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
flurothyl Flurothyl: A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy.	1.95	1	0	ether
carbutamide Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)	2.74	3	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
glymidine glymidine: was MH 1975-92 (see under SULFONAMIDES 1975-90); GLIDIAZINE & GLYCODIAZINE were see GLYMIDINE 1975-92; use SULFONAMIDES to search GLYMIDINE 1975-92; a sulfonamide hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion. glymidine : A sulfonamide that is N-(pyrimidin-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at position 5 of the pyrimidine ring by a 2-methoxyethoxy group. It is a hypoglycemic drug used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.	2.04	1	0	diether; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	hypoglycemic agent
orphenadrine hydrochloride orphenadrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of ophenadrine and hydrogen chloride.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; NMDA receptor antagonist; parasympatholytic
methylthioinosine Methylthioinosine: 6-(Methylthio)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine. An analog of inosine with a methylthio group replacing the hydroxyl group in the 6-position.	2	1	0	purine ribonucleoside; thiopurine
fluocinonide Fluocinonide: A topical glucocorticoid used in the treatment of ECZEMA.	2.47	2	0	organic molecular entity
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	8.34	32	2	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	4.01	4	0	steroid ester
methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.	11.07	273	1	ergoline alkaloid
bucladesine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; butanamides; butyrate ester	agonist; cardiotonic drug; vasodilator agent
phenylbenzoquinone phenylbenzoquinone: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
procarbazine hydrochloride procarbazine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining procarbazine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride	antineoplastic agent
N-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-1-[4-[[(2-chlorophenyl)methylamino]methyl]cyclohexyl]methanamine [no description available]	2.45	2	0	aromatic amine
methyl-4-tyramine methyl-4-tyramine: found in barley malt; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	tyramines	mouse metabolite
mipafox mipafox: structure	1.96	1	0	phosphoramide
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	2.92	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trifluoroethylamine trifluoroethylamine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified fluorine locants	2.1	1	0
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	4.43	22	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
prenylamine Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)	3.46	8	0	diarylmethane
benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(n,n-dimethyl-n-2-propenyl-), dibromide Benzenaminium, 4,4'-(3-oxo-1,5-pentanediyl)bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-), Dibromide: Proposed cholinesterase inhibitor.	2.38	2	0
perflubron perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.	2.05	1	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; perfluorinated compound	blood substitute; radioopaque medium
fluorometholone Fluorometholone: A glucocorticoid employed, usually as eye drops, in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye. It has also been used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluorometholone : A member of the class of glucocorticoids that is Delta(1)-progesterone substituted at positions 11beta and 17 by hydroxy groups, at position 6alpha by a methyl group and at position 9 by a fluoro group. Used for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.	2.5	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
cyproterone acetate [no description available]	2.46	2	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; chlorinated steroid; steroid ester	androgen antagonist; geroprotector; progestin
lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.	2.01	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	3.25	6	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
xanthinol niacinate Xanthinol Niacinate: A vasodilator used in peripheral vascular disorders and insufficiency. It may cause gastric discomfort and hypotension.	3.51	2	0
thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: active against thimerosal intoxication; acts on cell membranes of tumor cells causing reverse transformation to normal cells; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfur-containing amino acid; thiazolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antidote; antioxidant; hepatoprotective agent
2-aminopurine 2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.	2.03	1	0	2-aminopurines; nucleobase analogue	antimetabolite
4-toluenesulfonyl fluoride 4-toluenesulfonyl fluoride: inhibitor of peptide hydrolases; structure in second source	1.99	1	0
coniine coniine: alkaloid isolated from Conium maculatum L.; properties as an analgesics, antineuralgic, & teratogen; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.96	1	0
2-fluoroethylamine 2-fluoroethylamine: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	3.65	10	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
chlorphentermine Chlorphentermine: A sympathomimetic agent that was formerly used as an anorectic. It has properties similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been implicated in lipid storage disorders and pulmonary hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1223)	2.68	3	0	amphetamines
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	2	1	0	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
3-aminopyridine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
n-pentyl nitrite Amyl Nitrite: A vasodilator that is administered by inhalation. It is also used recreationally due to its supposed ability to induce euphoria and act as an aphrodisiac.. n-pentyl nitrite : A nitrite ester having n-pentyl as the alkyl group.	6.44	35	0	nitrite esters	vasodilator agent
beta-erythroidine beta-erythroidine: alkaloid found in various species of Erythrina; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. beta-erythroidine : An organic heterotetracyclic indole alkaloid isolated from the seeds and other parts of Erythrina species. It differs from the alpha isomer in having the double bond of the dihydropyranone ring located beta,gamma- to the lactone carbonyl group instead of alpha,beta-.	2.03	1	0	delta-lactone; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	muscle relaxant; plant metabolite
dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.	5.02	13	0	1-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoate	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
ketobemidone ketobemidone: structure	2.39	2	0	piperidines
chlorfenvinphos Chlorfenvinphos: An organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and an acaricide.	2.43	2	0	dichlorobenzene; organic phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; organophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	3.74	3	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
glycyrrhetinic acid [no description available]	2.49	2	0	cyclic terpene ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	immunomodulator; plant metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	10.58	5	1	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycocholic acid Glycocholic Acid: The glycine conjugate of CHOLIC ACID. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed.. glycocholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having cholic acid as the bile acid component.. glycocholate : A cholanic acid conjugate anion that is the conjugate base of glycocholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	1.98	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	1.93	1	0
boldine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aporphine alkaloid
2-bromolysergic acid diethylamide 2-bromolysergic acid diethylamide: was heading 1975-94 (see under LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE 1975-90); BROMO-LSD was see 2-BROMOLYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE 1975-94; use LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE to search 2-BROMOLYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE 1975-94; a serotonin antagonist	1.93	1	0
lucanthone Lucanthone: One of the SCHISTOSOMICIDES, it has been replaced largely by HYCANTHONE and more recently PRAZIQUANTEL. (From Martindale The Extrapharmacopoeia, 30th ed., p46). lucanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. Formerly used for the treatment of schistosomiasis. It is a prodrug, being metabolised to hycanthone.	2.36	2	0	thioxanthenes	adjuvant; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; mutagen; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; schistosomicide drug
dichloralantipyrine dichloralantipyrine: 1:2 compound of antipyrine with chloral hydrate	3.77	2	1
plumbagin plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator. plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.	2.04	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone; phenols	anticoagulant; antineoplastic agent; immunological adjuvant; metabolite
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	4.05	15	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
dihydralazine Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)	2.93	4	0	phthalazines
cytisine [no description available]	5.11	14	0	alkaloid; bridged compound; lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary amino compound	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; phytotoxin; plant metabolite
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	6.83	101	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
adenosine phosphosulfate Adenosine Phosphosulfate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with sulfuric acid. The initial compound formed by the action of ATP sulfurylase on sulfate ions after sulfate uptake. Synonyms: adenosine sulfatophosphate; APS.. 5'-adenylyl sulfate : An adenosine 5'-phosphate having a sulfo group attached to one the phosphate OH groups.	2.02	1	0	acyl monophosphate; acyl sulfate; adenosine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	6.67	28	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
bufotenin Bufotenin: A hallucinogenic serotonin analog found in frog or toad skins, mushrooms, higher plants, and mammals, especially in the brains, plasma, and urine of schizophrenics. Bufotenin has been used as a tool in CNS studies and misused as a psychedelic.. bufotenin : A tertiary amine that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at position 5.	5.55	5	1	tertiary amine; tryptamine alkaloid	coral metabolite; hallucinogen
fructose-1,6-diphosphate beta-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	1.96	1	0	D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate	mouse metabolite
thymoquinone thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.	2.06	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	adjuvant; anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite
pamaquine pamaquine: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	aminoquinoline
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	11	26	1	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
benzohydroxamic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0
sodium carbonate sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure	2.37	2	0	carbonate salt; organic sodium salt
cis methyldioxolane [no description available]	1.97	1	0
arecaidine [no description available]	3.11	5	0	citraconoyl group
carvacrol carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).	2.07	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; p-menthane monoterpenoid; phenols	agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; flavouring agent; TRPA1 channel agonist; volatile oil component
4-hydroxybutyric acid 4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.23	1	0	4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	general anaesthetic; GHB receptor agonist; neurotoxin; sedative
azetidine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	azacycloalkane; azetidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	7.34	35	1
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	2.39	2	0	thiazolidine
mustard gas Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.	9	4	0	ethyl sulfide; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; vesicant
oleanolic acid [no description available]	2.73	3	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
tetranitromethane [no description available]	1.97	1	0	organonitrogen compound
methadyl acetate Methadyl Acetate: A narcotic analgesic with a long onset and duration of action.	2.65	3	0	diarylmethane
dihydroergotamine Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.	5.8	30	0	ergot alkaloid; semisynthetic derivative	dopamine agonist; non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
echothiophate iodide Echothiophate Iodide: A potent, long-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used as a miotic in the treatment of glaucoma.. ecothiopate iodide : The iodide salt of ecothiopate. An irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, it is used an ocular antihypertensive in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma, particularly when other drugs have proved inadequate.	5.91	34	0	iodide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	antiglaucoma drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
abietic acid abietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-7,13-diene substituted by a carboxy group at position 18.	2.01	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; monocarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
methallenestril methallenestril: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	naphthalenes
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	2.74	3	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
mepiperphenidol [no description available]	6.93	1	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.45	2	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
psilocybin Psilocybin: The major of two hallucinogenic components of Teonanacatl, the sacred mushroom of Mexico, the other component being psilocin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). psilocybin : A tryptamine alkaloid that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine carrying an additional phosphoryloxy substituent at position 4. The major hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from Psilocybe mushrooms (also known as Teonanacatl or "magic mushrooms").	3.55	9	0	organic phosphate; tertiary amino compound; tryptamine alkaloid	fungal metabolite; hallucinogen; prodrug; serotonergic agonist
medroxyprogesterone [no description available]	5.93	7	1	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
androstenediol Androstenediol: An intermediate in TESTOSTERONE biosynthesis, found in the TESTIS or the ADRENAL GLANDS. Androstenediol, derived from DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE by the reduction of the 17-keto group (17-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES), is converted to TESTOSTERONE by the oxidation of the 3-beta hydroxyl group to a 3-keto group (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES).. androst-5-ene-3beta,17beta-diol : A 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid that is 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-ene carrying an additional hydroxy group at position 17beta.	2.04	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	3.46	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of tetryzoline. It is used as a nasal decongestant.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	nasal decongestant; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
dimenhydrinate gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source	4.46	7	0	diarylmethane
1,2-naphthoquinone naphthalene-1,2-dione: structure given in first source. 1,2-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,2-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 2 of the naphthalene ring. It is a metabolite of naphthalene and is found in diesel exhaust particles.	2.13	1	0	1,2-naphthoquinones	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	2.1	1	0	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	4.65	9	0	organic molecular entity
trimellitic acid trimellitic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. trimellitic acid : Benzene substituted at the 1,2, and 4 positions by carboxy groups.	1.96	1	0	tricarboxylic acid
apronalide apronalide: structure	2.04	1	0	N-acylurea
4-(benzoylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-(benzoylamino)-2-hydroxybenzoic acid: Bepask is calcium salt	2.07	1	0	benzamides
tropic acid tropic acid: acid moiety of ester alkaloids hyoscyamine & scopolamine; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure. tropic acid : A 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a phenyl group, and one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a hydroxy group.	3.76	11	0	3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
hexylcaine hexylcaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0	benzoate ester
piperocaine piperocaine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.96	1	0	benzoate ester
chlormethiazole Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.	10.88	9	1	thiazoles
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol : A hydroxytoluene that is o-cresol carrying nitro substituents at positions 4 and 6.	2.04	1	0	dinitrophenol acaricide; hydroxytoluene; nitrotoluene	dinitrophenol insecticide; fungicide; herbicide
pyrithiamine Pyrithiamine: A thiamine antagonist due to its inhibition of thiamine pyrophosphorylation. It is used to produce thiamine deficiency.. pyrithiamine : A pyridinium ion that is 3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methylpyridine substituted at position 1 by a (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl group.	3.06	1	0
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.	4.62	6	1	methoxybenzenes; phenols
3-ethylpyridine 3-ethylpyridine: structure given in Merck	1.96	1	0	pyridines
diperodon diperodon: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	carbamate ester
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	6.99	43	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
cyclomethycaine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	benzoate ester
4-chloroacetanilide 4-chloroacetanilide : Acetamide substituted on nitrogen by a para-chlorophenyl group.	2	1	0	acetamides; monochlorobenzenes
1-chloropropane 1-chloropropane: structure in first source	2	1	0
levocarnitine (R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.	3.86	3	0	carnitine	antilipemic drug; nootropic agent; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; water-soluble vitamin (role)
pentamethonium pentamethonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentamethonium : A quarternary ammonium cation that is cadaverine in which the terminal amino hydrogens are substituted methyl groups. Its bromide and iodide salt exhibits ganglionic blocking activity and used in the treatment of hypertension.	7.35	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
decamethonium dibromide [no description available]	2.04	1	0
furtrethonium furtrethonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; minor descriptor (75-79); on-line and Index Medicus search AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS (75-81)	2.65	3	0	aralkylamine
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	9.86	7	1	dialdehyde	biomarker
poldine methylsulfate [no description available]	1.95	1	0
poldine poldine: major descriptor (66-86); on-line search BENZILATES (66-86); INDEX MEDICUS search POLDINE (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd	7.63	3	0	diarylmethane
sulfanilylurea sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure	3.59	2	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.4	2	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
lucanthone hydrochloride Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.	1.95	1	0
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	2.37	2	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
thiphenamil thiphenamil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.36	2	0	diarylmethane
amitriptyline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic tricyclic compound
naphazoline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic molecular entity
1-naphthylisothiocyanate 1-Naphthylisothiocyanate: A tool for the study of liver damage which causes bile stasis and hyperbilirubinemia acutely and bile duct hyperplasia and biliary cirrhosis chronically, with changes in hepatocyte function. It may cause skin and kidney damage.	2.76	3	0	isothiocyanate	insecticide
aminopenicillanic acid aminopenicillanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 6-aminopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid compound having a (6R)-amino substituent. The active nucleus common to all penicillins, it may be substituted at the 6-amino position to form the semisynthetic penicillins, resulting in a variety of antibacterial and pharmacologic characteristics.	2.1	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; penicillanic acids	allergen
hematoporphyrin Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.	2.37	2	0
4,4'-bipyridyl 4,4'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-4 and C-4'.	2.13	1	0	bipyridine
lithium carbonate Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.	2.04	1	0	carbonate salt; lithium salt	antimanic drug
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate 4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.	2.36	2	0	arenesulfonic acid; arylmercury compound
glycyl-glycyl-glycine glycyl-glycyl-glycine : A tripeptide in which three glycine units are linked via peptide bonds in a linear sequence.	2.1	1	0	tripeptide zwitterion; tripeptide
methanesulfonyl fluoride methanesulfonyl fluoride: structure	2.38	2	0
doxylamine succinate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic molecular entity
phenoperidine Phenoperidine: A narcotic analgesic partly metabolized to meperidine in the liver. It is similar to morphine in action and used for neuroleptanalgesia, usually with droperidol.	3.65	10	0	piperidines
glycerylphosphorylcholine Glycerylphosphorylcholine: A component of PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES or LECITHINS, in which the two hydroxy groups of GLYCEROL are esterified with fatty acids. (From Stedman, 26th ed)	2.42	2	0	glycerophosphocholine
monoacetyldapsone monoacetyldapsone: used in leprosy chemotherapy. monoacetyldapsone : A secondary carboxamide resulting from acetylation of one of the amino groups of dapsone.	2.13	1	0	acetamides; anilide; secondary carboxamide; sulfone
metahexamide metahexamide: major descriptor (64-83); on-line search SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS (64-83); Index Medicus search METAHEXAMIDE (64-83); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.44	2	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
formestane [no description available]	2.13	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enol; hydroxy steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
chlorotrianisene Chlorotrianisene: A powerful synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen.	2.13	1	0	chloroalkene	antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor modulator; xenoestrogen
phenindamine phenindamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	indene
congo red Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.	1.97	1	0	bis(azo) compound
lactulose [no description available]	4.09	4	0	glycosylfructose	gastrointestinal drug; laxative
2,3-dichlorophenol dichlorophenol : Any chlorophenol carrying chloro substituents.	2	1	0
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	1.97	1	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
aminacrine [no description available]	2.13	1	0
isoxsuprine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	alkylbenzene
anatabine anatabine: alkaloid found in tobacco; structure	3.35	1	0	bipyridines
toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate: Skin irritant and allergen used in the manufacture of polyurethane foams and other elastomers.. toluene 2,4-diisocyanate : A toluene meta-diisocyanate in which the isocyanato groups are at positions 2 and 4 relative to the methyl group on the benzene ring.	2.68	3	0	toluene meta-diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
bethanechol chloride bethanechol chloride : The chloride salt of bethanechol. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	2.13	1	0	carbamate ester; chloride salt; quaternary ammonium salt	muscarinic agonist
3,5-dichlorophenol 3,5-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol in which the two chloro substituents are located at positions 3 and 5.	2	1	0	dichlorophenol
mercuric cyanide [no description available]	1.93	1	0	mercury coordination entity
megestrol acetate [no description available]	3.32	6	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; steroid ester	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
glycopyrrolate Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.. glycopyrronium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt composed of 3-{[cyclopentyl(hydroxy)phenylacetyl]oxy}-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.	17.93	210	90	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt
methyl carbamate methyl carbamate : A carbamate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of carbamic acid with methanol.	2.35	2	0	carbamate ester
n,n-dimethylethylamine [no description available]	2.1	1	0
methyl nitrate methyl nitrate: C-H3-N-O3	1.92	1	0
pamabrom [no description available]	3.23	1	0
2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
toyocamycin Toyocamycin: 4-Amino-5-cyano-7-(D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine. Antibiotic antimetabolite isolated from Streptomyces toyocaensis cultures. It is an analog of adenosine, blocks RNA synthesis and ribosome function, and is used mainly as a tool in biochemistry.. toyocamycin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is tubercidin in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the pyrrolopyrimidine moiety has been replaced by a cyano group.	2.04	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; nitrile; ribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite
2-hydroxyacetanilide 2-acetamidophenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 2-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group. A positional isomer of paracetamol which possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and anti-platelet aggregation properties.	2.13	1	0	acetamides; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; apoptosis inducer; platelet aggregation inhibitor; xenobiotic metabolite
diethylmethylamine [no description available]	2.1	1	0
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	7.01	14	1	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
glycine ethyl ester glycine ethyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.1	1	0
methyl butyrate [no description available]	2	1	0	fatty acid ester
methyl isocyanate methyl isocyanate: structure. methyl isocyanate : The isocyanate that is methane modified by a single isocyanato substituent.	6.97	1	0	isocyanates	allergen; apoptosis inducer
6-methyluracil 6-methyluracil: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. 6-methyluracil : A pyrimidone that is uracil with a methyl group at position 6.	1.95	1	0	pyrimidone	metabolite
n-methylpiperidine N-methylpiperidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.4	2	0
valeramide pentanamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by the formal condensation of valeric acid with ammonia.	6.92	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	1.94	1	0
phendimetrazine phendimetrazine: minor descriptor (66-86); file maintained to MORPHOLINES (66-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search MORPHOLINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.44	2	0
trimetozine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	morpholines
4-hydroxyisophthalic acid 4-hydroxyisophthalic acid: structure given in first source	1.93	1	0
clopamide Clopamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide piperidine. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	2.13	1	0	sulfonamide
benzydamine Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.	2.9	4	0	aromatic ether; indazoles; tertiary amino compound	analgesic; central nervous system stimulant; hallucinogen; local anaesthetic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin stearate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aminoglycoside
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	10.94	47	5	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
isovanillic acid 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid : A methoxybenzoic acid that is 4-methoxybenzoic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 3.	2.01	1	0	methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
formal glycol [no description available]	1.98	1	0	cyclic acetal; dioxolane
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	2.04	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
isosorbide Isosorbide: 1,4:3,6-Dianhydro D-glucitol. Chemically inert osmotic diuretic used mainly to treat hydrocephalus; also used in glaucoma.	2.06	1	0	organic molecular entity
butaperazine butaperazine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search BUTAPERAZINE 1966-94	2.04	1	0	phenothiazines
mannoheptulose Mannoheptulose: A 7-carbon keto sugar having the mannose configuration.. D-keto-manno-heptulose : The open chain form of D-manno-heptulose.. D-manno-heptulose : A manno-heptulose with a D-configuration. It has been found in avocados.	2.65	3	0	D-manno-heptulose
docosanol Tadenan: from powdered bark of Pygaeum africanum (Rosaceae), see also heading for docosanol (a priciple ingredient of extract). docosan-1-ol : A long-chain primary fatty alcohol that is docosane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It is a non-prescription medicine approved by the FDA to shorten healing time of cold sores.. docosanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of twenty-two carbon atoms.	2.07	1	0	docosanol; long-chain primary fatty alcohol	antiviral drug; plant metabolite
xylocholine xylocholine: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for methylxylocholine (RN 363-42-8); structure	2.35	2	0	aromatic ether
homoserine homoserine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine substituted at the alpha-position by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.. L-homoserine : The L-enantiomer of homoserine.	2	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; homoserine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.64	3	0	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
hadacidin hadacidin: inhibitor of AMP synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hadacidin : A monocarboxylic acid that is N-hydroxyglycine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a formyl group. It was originally isolated from cultures of Penicillium frequentans.	2.04	1	0	aldehyde; monocarboxylic acid; N-hydroxy-alpha-amino-acid	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
phosmet Phosmet: An organothiophosphorus insecticide that has been used to control pig mange.	2.9	4	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phthalimides	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
hydroxychloroquine sulfate [no description available]	2.08	1	0
carbophenothion carbophenothion: structure	7.42	2	0	organic sulfide
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	4.1	4	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
porfiromycin Porfiromycin: Toxic antibiotic of the mitomycin group, obtained from MITOMYCIN and also from Streptomyces ardus and other species. It is proposed as an antineoplastic agent, with some antibiotic properties.	2.04	1	0
1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate hexamethylene diisocyanate : A diisocyanate compound with the two isocyanates linked by a hexane-1,6-diyl group.	2	1	0	diisocyanate	allergen; hapten
tempidon 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinone: structure in first source	2.1	1	0	piperidones
lormetazepam lormetazepam: RN given refers to cpd with specified locant for methyl group; structure given in first source. lormetazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-chlorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position.	3.28	6	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	sedative
vinblastine [no description available]	3.75	10	0
malononitrile dimer Malononitrile dimer: has antithyroid activity; inhibits conversion of monoiodotyrosine to diiodotyrosine	2.13	1	0
diphenyl disulfide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzenes
diphenoxylate Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.	11.34	86	4	ethyl ester; nitrile; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amine	antidiarrhoeal drug
demeton-s-methyl [no description available]	2.67	3	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
1-methylpyridinium 1-methylpyridinium: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.62	3	0	methylpyridines
fonofos Fonofos: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.	7.4	2	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
methylparaoxon [no description available]	2.01	1	0	C-nitro compound
methidathion methidathion: widely used on citrus, tobacco, alfalfa, cotton, sorghum & several other crops	2.37	2	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
deoxyuridine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
oxolamine oxolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	oxadiazole; ring assembly
ethylestrenol Ethylestrenol: An anabolic steroid with some progestational activity and little androgenic effect.. ethylestrenol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is estrane containing a double bond between positions 4 and 5 and substituted by an ethyl group and a hydroxy group at the 17alpha and 17beta positions, respectively. It is an anabolic steroid that has little androgenic effect and only slight progestational activity. It has been used to promote growth in boys with delayed bone growth.	2.04	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alcohol	anabolic agent
testolactone Testolactone: An antineoplastic agent that is a derivative of progesterone and used to treat advanced breast cancer.	2.04	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; seco-androstane
cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous) cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : The hydrochloride salt of cyproheptadine. Note that the drug named cyproheptadine hydrochloride generally refers to cyproheptadine hydrochloride sesquihydrate.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride
benzohexonium benzohexonium: RN given refers to dibenzenesulfonate salt; see also hexamethonium: 60-26-4	3.99	14	0
estradiol valerate [no description available]	2.49	2	0	steroid ester
cytidine diphosphate choline Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.	3.4	7	0	nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s; phosphocholines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
fentanyl citrate fentanyl citrate : The citric acid salt of fentanyl, comprising equimolar amounts of citric acid and fentanyl. A mu-opioid receptor agonist, it is a potent opioid analgesic used in the management of labour pain, postoperative pain, and chronic intractable cancer pain. It is also widely used as the analgesic component of balanced anaesthesia.	2	1	0	citrate salt	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
chlormequat Chlormequat: A plant growth regulator that is commonly used on ornamental plants.. chlormequat : A quaternary ammonium ion that is choline in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a chlorine. Its salts (particularly the chloride salt, known as chlormequat chloride) are used as plant growth retardants.	7.41	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion	plant growth retardant
carcainium chloride carcainium chloride: lidocaine derivative with antiarrhythmic activity; structure	1.96	1	0
ethambutol hydrochloride ethambutol dihydrochloride : The dihydrchloride salt of ethambutol. A bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, it is effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol dihydrochloride is used alone.	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride	antitubercular agent
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	4.66	8	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
pyrithioxin Pyrithioxin: A neurotropic agent which reduces permeability of blood-brain barrier to phosphate. It has no vitamin B6 activity.	2.04	1	0	methylpyridines
dimethoxon dimethoxon: pesticide	2.92	4	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
n-nitrosodiethanolamine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	nitroso compound
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	2.5	2	0	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
lachesine lachesine: RN given refers to parent cpd	6.92	1	0
2,2'-dipyridylamine dipyridin-2-ylamine: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
prothipendyl prothipendyl: a neuroleptic azaphenothiazine; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.34	2	0	aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound
phenazocine Phenazocine: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1095)	3.66	10	0
dehydroepiandrosterone acetate 3beta-acetoxyandrost-5-en-17-one: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	steroid ester
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.68	3	0	alkali metal hydroxide
thorium dioxide Thorium Dioxide: Thorium oxide (ThO2). A radiographic contrast agent that was used in the early 1930s through about 1954. High rates of mortality have been linked to its use and it has been shown to cause liver cancer.	2.35	2	0	thorium molecular entity
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	1.96	1	0
beta-pinene beta-pinene: alpha-pinene is also available. beta-pinene : An isomer of pinene with an exocyclic double bond. It is a component of essential oils from many plants.	2.05	1	0	pinene	plant metabolite
hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric Acid: Hydrofluoric acid. A solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. It is a colorless fuming liquid which can cause painful burns.. hydrogen fluoride : A diatomic molecule containing covalently bonded hydrogen and fluorine atoms.. organofluorine compound : An organofluorine compound is a compound containing at least one carbon-fluorine bond.	2.02	1	0	hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chondocurine chondocurine: inhibits quick death of mice treated with bacillus Calmetta Guerin & elicited with lipopolysaccharide; structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
antimycin a [no description available]	2.47	2	0	benzamides; formamides; macrodiolide; phenols	antifungal agent; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; piscicide
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	5.67	14	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
nsc 65346 sangivamycin: RN given refers to parent cpd. sangivamycin : A nucleoside analogue that is adenosine in which the nitrogen at position 7 is replaced by a carbamoyl-substituted carbon. It is a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C.	2.04	1	0	nucleoside analogue	protein kinase inhibitor
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	2.42	2	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	4.32	6	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
propanidid Propanidid: An intravenous anesthetic that has been used for rapid induction of anesthesia and for maintenance of anesthesia of short duration. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p918)	6.92	28	3	methoxybenzenes
amidephrine amidephrine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.65	3	0	sulfonamide
pregnenolone carbonitrile Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.	2.51	2	0	aliphatic nitrile
guanazole Guanazole: A cytostatic triazole derivative which is not to be confused with guanazolo, the generic name for 8-azaguanine.. guanazole : An aromatic amine that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at positions 3 and 5 by amino groups.	2.04	1	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor
selenomethionine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	selenoamino acid; selenomethionines	plant metabolite
fluanisone fluanisone: former provisional as haloanisone; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0	aromatic ketone
flurandrenolone Flurandrenolone: A corticosteroid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream or an ointment, and is also used as a polyethylene tape with an adhesive. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p733)	2.5	2	0	21-hydroxy steroid
ibufenac ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects.	3.59	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate: The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.	2	1	0	diarylmethane
vincamine Vincamine: A major alkaloid of Vinca minor L., Apocynaceae. It has been used therapeutically as a vasodilator and antihypertensive agent, particularly in cerebrovascular disorders.	2.35	2	0	alkaloid ester; hemiaminal; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; vinca alkaloid	antihypertensive agent; metabolite; vasodilator agent
3-hydroxyphenyltrimethylammonium 3-hydroxyphenyltrimethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.98	1	0
metylperon metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.7	3	0	aromatic ketone
diethylcarbamazine citrate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	piperazinecarboxamide
azaperone Azaperone: A butyrophenone used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. azaperone : An N-arylpiperazine that is 2-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridine in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a 3-(4-fluobenzoyl)propyl group. Used mainly as a tranquiliser for pigs and elephants.	3.06	5	0	aminopyridine; aromatic ketone; monofluorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; tertiary amino compound	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
meturedepa meturedepa: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6031	2.04	1	0	phosphoramide
metaxalone [no description available]	3.58	2	0	aromatic ether
ioxynil ioxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. ioxynil : A nitrile that is benzonitrile substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and iodo groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.04	1	0	iodophenol; nitrile	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
bromoxynil bromoxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile : A dibromobenzene that is 2,6-dibromophenol substituted by a cyano group at position 4.	2.04	1	0	dibromobenzene; hydroxynitrile; phenols	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
spectinomycin Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.	4.07	4	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic hemiketal; cyclic ketone; pyranobenzodioxin; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
clopyralid clopyralid : An organochlorine pesticide having a 3,6-dichlorinated picolinic acid structure.	2.1	1	0	organochlorine pesticide; pyridines	herbicide
dimethylaminopropionitrile [no description available]	2.1	1	0
azacyclonol azacyclonol: major descriptor (65-84); on-line search PIPERIDINES (65-84); Index Medicus search AZACYCLONOL (65-84); RN given refers to parent cpd	2.66	3	0	diarylmethane
5-methyltryptamine 5-methyltryptamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	tryptamines
5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol : The 5alpha-stereoisomer of androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol.	2.13	1	0	androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite
guaiacoxyacetic acid guaiacoxyacetic acid: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
phenyltrimethylammonium phenyltrimethylammonium: d9-cpd suppresses methylation artifacts in gas chromatography of serum extracts; RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethylphenylammonium : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by methylation of N,N-dimethylaniline.	2.89	4	0	quaternary ammonium ion
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	5.42	8	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
picloram Picloram: A picolinic acid derivative that is used as a herbicide.. picloram : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine-2-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a chloro group at positions 3,5 and 6, and by an amino group at position 4. It is a systemic herbicide used to control deeply rooted herbaceous weeds and woody plants in rights-of-way, forestry, range lands, pastures, and small grain crops.	2.04	1	0	aminopyridine; chloropyridine; organochlorine pesticide; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	herbicide; synthetic auxin
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	5.42	20	0	tertiary amine
tetrabutylammonium tetrabutylammonium: lipophilic probe; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
ethoglucid Ethoglucid: Alkylating antineoplastic agent used especially in bladder neoplasms. It is toxic to hair follicles, gastro-intestinal tract, and vasculature.	2.04	1	0	epoxide
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	7.25	32	1	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
methionine sulfoximine methionine sulfoximine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is the sulfoximine derivative of methionine .	9.14	5	0	methionine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide
methylene diphosphonate medronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) consisting of methane substituted by two phosphonic acid groups.	2.13	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)	bone density conservation agent; chelator
amiloride hydrochloride, anhydrous amiloride hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining amiloride with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	5.8	29	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
decachlorobiphenyl decachlorobiphenyl: structure. decachlorobiphenyl : A polychlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	2	1	0	pentachlorobenzenes; polychlorobiphenyl
clothiapine clothiapine: was heading 1975-94 (was see under DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES 1975-90); CLOTIAPINE was see CLOTHIAPINE 1978-94; use DIBENZOTHIAZEPINES to search CLOTHIAPINE 1975-94; antipsychotic similar to clozapine	2.04	1	0	dibenzothiazepine
pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.	11.26	48	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound	antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
benperidol Benperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It has been used in the treatment of aberrant sexual behavior. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p567)	7.14	35	3	aromatic ketone
phenylphosphonothioic acid, 2-ethyl 2-(4-nitrophenyl) ester Phenylphosphonothioic Acid, 2-Ethyl 2-(4-Nitrophenyl) Ester: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as a acaricide.	1.97	1	0	organic phosphonate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphonic ester	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
bromophos bromophos: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHORUS COMPOOUNDS (72) & INSECTICIDES (72) & INSECTICIDES, ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATE (73-83); structure	1.97	1	0	organic thiophosphate
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.	2.42	2	0	azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
flumethasone Flumethasone: An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in veterinary practice.	2.69	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone valerate Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.	2.03	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid ester	anti-inflammatory drug
guanoxan guanoxan: was MH 1976-92 (see under GUANIDINES 1976-90); use GUANIDINES to search GUANOXAN 1976-92; antihypertensive agent similar in its mechanism of action to guanethidine; may cause liver damage	2.06	1	0	benzodioxine
azaribine azaribine: pyrimidine analogue; anti-metabolite used in psoriasis & mycosis fungoides;. azaribine : A N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine that is 6-azauridine acetylated at positions 2', 3' and 5' on the sugar ring. It is a prodrug for 6-azauridine and is used for treatment of psoriasis.	2.75	3	0	acetate ester; N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine	antipsoriatic; prodrug
hydrocortisone hemisuccinate hydrocortisone succinate : A derivative of succinic acid in which one of the carboxy groups is esterified by the C-21 hydroxy group of cortisol (hydrocortisone).	2.13	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; hemisuccinate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
benzoylcholine Benzoylcholine: The benzoic acid ester of choline.	2.37	2	0	benzoate ester
menthol (+-)-menthol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-menthol. Both (+-)- and (-)-menthol are used to relieve symptoms of conditions such as bronchitis and sinusitis. When applied to the skin, menthol dilates the blood vessels, giving a sensation of coldness followed by an analgesic effect that relieves itching. It is therefore used in creams and ointments for the relief of pruritis and urticaria.. (-)-menthol : A p-menthan-3-ol which has (1R,2S,5R)-stereochemistry. It is the most common naturally occurring enantiomer.	2.01	1	0	p-menthan-3-ol	antipruritic drug; antispasmodic drug; antitussive
phenethyl isothiocyanate phenethyl isothiocyanate: a dietary liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; promotes urinary bladder carcinoma. phenethyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties.	2.04	1	0	isothiocyanate	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; metabolite
5-phenylvaleric acid 5-phenylvaleric acid: from Polygonum salicifolium. 5-phenylpentanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is valeric acid substituted by a phenyl group at the delta-position.	2.1	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	7.9	4	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.	1.96	1	0	corticosteroid hormone; hemisuccinate
beta-methylcholine beta-methylcholine: RN given refers to non-isomeric parent cpd; see also record for methylcholine; do not confuse with alpha-methylcholine	1.94	1	0	cholines
dexbrompheniramine dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.	3.23	1	0	brompheniramine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
flupenthixol Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.	2.36	2	0	thioxanthenes
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	2.64	3	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
sulfadoxine Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.	2.97	4	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antimalarial
1,3,5-triglycidyl-s-triazinetrione [no description available]	2.04	1	0
butyrylcholine butyrylcholine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	acylcholine
tetrapentylammonium tetrapentylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
antazoline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
4-nitro-3-cresol 4-nitro-3-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-nitro-m-cresol : A C-nitro compound in which the nitro group is attached at C-4 of m-cresol.	1.97	1	0	4-nitrophenols
ioglycamic acid Ioglycamic Acid: A radiopaque medium. It is a mixture of its meglumine and sodium salts and is used to visualize the biliary tract.	1.95	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
acadesine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor
3-aminofluoranthene 3-aminofluoranthene: structure given in first source	2	1	0
acetophenazine acetophenazine: major descriptor (73-85); minor descriptor (64-72); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-72); ACETOPHENAZINE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. acetophenazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the nitogen atom and an acetyl group at position 2.	2.74	3	0	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; phenothiazines	phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
mebeverine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
propinox propinox: used as premedication when performing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)	2	1	0	diarylmethane
chlordesmethyldiazepam [no description available]	2.43	2	0	benzodiazepine
butoxamine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
stavudine Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	4.78	9	0	dihydrofuran; nucleoside analogue; organic molecular entity	antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.	3.14	5	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
dicloxacillin Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.	4.83	10	0	dichlorobenzene; penicillin	antibacterial drug
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.05	1	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	1.95	1	0	thujene	plant metabolite
improsan improsan: synonyms NSC-102627, alkylating agent 864 & yoshi 864 refer to HCl; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	organosulfonic ester
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	2.35	2	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
anabaseine anabaseine: structure given in first source	3.35	1	0	bipyridines
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	3.21	6	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
cyclacillin Cyclacillin: A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID.	2.1	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial drug
clidinium bromide clidinium bromide : The bromide salt of clinidium. It is used for the symptomatic treatment of peptic ulcer disease and also to help relieve abdominal or stomach spasms or cramps due to colicky abdominal pain, diverticulitis, and irritable bowel syndrome.	2.13	1	0
iproclozide iproclozide: structure	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether
megestrol Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.	3.23	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
cyclazocine Cyclazocine: An analgesic with mixed narcotic agonist-antagonist properties.	3.56	9	0
cephaloglycin Cephaloglycin: A cephalorsporin antibiotic.. cefaloglycin : A cephalosporin antibiotic containing at the 7beta-position of the cephem skeleton an (R)-amino(phenyl)acetamido group.	2.04	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin	antimicrobial agent
cyclic cmp Cyclic CMP: A cyclic nucleotide formed from CYTIDINE TRIPHOSPHATE by the action of cytidylate cyclase. It is a potential cyclic nucleotide intracellular mediator of signal transductions.. 3',5'-cyclic CMP : A 3',5'-cyclic pyrimidine nucleotide having cytosine as the nucleobase.	2.17	1	0	3',5'-cyclic pyrimidine nucleotide	human metabolite
sulfotepp sulfotepp: analog of TEPP in which one keto-oxygen and one ether linked oxygen are replaced by sulfur atoms; insecticide; acaricide; structure	1.97	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.	5.06	14	0	2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
diloxanide furoate diloxanide furoate: structure. diloxanide furoate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of furan-2-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of 2,2-dichloro-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N-methylacetamide. It is a drug used for the treatment of asymptomatic amebiasis.	2.13	1	0	carboxylic ester; furans; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	antiamoebic agent; prodrug
bpmc BPMC: structure. fenobucarb : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 2-sec-butylphenol with methylcarbamic acid.	2.39	2	0	carbamate ester	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; herbicide; insecticide
streptomycin [no description available]	5.26	17	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	3.34	7	0	carbon oxoanion
piperacetazine piperacetazine: was MH 1975-91 (see under PHENOTHIAZINE TRANQUILIZERS 1975-90)	2.04	1	0	phenothiazines
Brilliant Blue brilliant blue: coal tar derivative food dye; used as the di-NH4 or di-Na salts; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	organic molecular entity
tri-xylenyl phosphate tri-xylenyl phosphate: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified methyl-locants	6.98	1	0
nitroxoline nitroxoline: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6475; RN given refers to parent cpd. nitroxoline : A monohydroxyquinoline in which the hydroxy group is positioned at C-8 with a nitro group trans to it at C-5.	2.13	1	0	C-nitro compound; monohydroxyquinoline	antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; renal agent
cladribine [no description available]	4.42	6	0	organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent
amitriptyline n-oxide [no description available]	2.02	1	0	organic tricyclic compound
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd. mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : The mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	6.97	1	0	phthalic acid monoester
beclomethasone [no description available]	2.98	4	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; corticosteroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug
acetylthiocholine Acetylthiocholine: An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.	3.34	7	0
butyrylthiocholine Butyrylthiocholine: A sulfur-containing analog of butyrylcholine which is hydrolyzed by butyrylcholinesterase to butyrate and thiocholine. It is used as a reagent in the determination of butyrylcholinesterase activity.. butyrylthiocholine : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of butyric acid with the thiol group of thiocholine. It is used as a reagent for determination of butyrylcholinesterase activity.	2.35	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion
pyrodifenium bromide pyrodifenium bromide: was heading 1976-94 (see under PYRROLIDINES 1976-90); PRIFINIUM BROMIDE was see PYRODIFENIUM BROMIDE 1976-94: use PYRROLIDINES to search PYRODIFENIUM BROMIDE 1976-94; quaternary ammonium anticholinergic agent more specific for the gastrointestinal tract than atropine	2.42	2	0	organic molecular entity
carbenicillin Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.	4.07	4	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
st 91 ST 91: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.36	2	0	substituted aniline
carbenicillin disodium [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt
n-hydroxypiperidine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
vantocil polihexanide: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.14	1	0
dehydroemetine dehydroemetine: was MH 1991-94 (see under EMETINE 1976-90); use EMETINE to search DEHYDROEMETINE 1976-94; amebicide, derivative of emetine. dehydroemetine : A pyridoisoquinoline which was developed in response to the cardiovascular toxicity associated with emetine and results from the dehydrogenation of the heterotricylic ring of emetine. It is an antiprotozoal agent and displays antimalarial, antiamoebic, and antileishmanial properties.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; isoquinolines; pyridoisoquinoline	antileishmanial agent; antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug
noxiptilin noxiptilin: proposed tricyclic antidepressent; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search DIBENZOCYCLOHEPTENES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd	2.45	2	0	organic tricyclic compound
metanephrine Metanephrine: Product of epinephrine O-methylation. It is a commonly occurring, pharmacologically and physiologically inactive metabolite of epinephrine.	2.65	3	0	catecholamine
benorilate benorilate: was heading 1980-94 (see under SALICYLATES 1980-90); was BENORYLATE see under SALICYLATES 1975-79; BENORYLATE was see BENORILATE 1980-94; use SALICYLATES to search BENORILATE 1980-90 & BENORYLATE 1975-79; an ester of aspirin and paracetamol with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity used in the treatment of rheumatoid diseases; it has less severe side effects than aspirin	2.45	2	0	carbonyl compound
trimetazidine Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.	9.07	3	1	aromatic amine
dexpropranolol [no description available]	1.96	1	0	propranolol
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	2	1	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
5,6-dihydroxytryptamine 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 6. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacologic research.	2.88	4	0
metocurine metocurine: from Chinese herb Cyclea hainanensis Mrr	2.93	4	0	isoquinolines
norleucine Norleucine: An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to METHIONINE, however it does not contain SULFUR.. L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino group at C-2. It does not occur naturally.	2.64	3	0	2-aminohexanoic acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
floxacillin Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.	3.55	8	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
clomacran clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	4.08	4	0	acridines
imidocarb Imidocarb: One of ANTIPROTOZOAL AGENTS used especially against BABESIA in livestock. Toxicity has been reported.	5.07	3	3	ureas	antiprotozoal drug
1-(piperidinomethyl)-2-naphthol 1-(piperidinomethyl)-2-naphthol: structure in first source	1.99	1	0
pentaquine pentaquine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
u 0521 U 0521: catechol methyltransferase antagonist; structure	1.96	1	0	acetophenones
dihydrostreptomycin sulfate Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate: A semi-synthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in the treatment of TUBERCULOSIS.	1.95	1	0
beclomethasone dipropionate beclomethasone dipropionate : A steroid ester comprising beclomethasone having propionyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.	2.04	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; corticosteroid; enone; glucocorticoid; propanoate ester; steroid ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	2.39	2	0	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
diadenosine tetraphosphate P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate : A diadenosyl tetraphosphate compound having the two 5'-adenosyl residues attached at the P(1)- and P(4)-positions.	2.45	2	0	diadenosyl tetraphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
alverine citrate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	citrate salt; organoammonium salt	antispasmodic drug; cholinergic antagonist
iprindole Iprindole: A tricyclic antidepressant that has actions and uses similar to those of AMITRIPTYLINE, but has only weak antimuscarinic and sedative effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p257)	2.9	4	0	indoles
chlorpyrifos-methyl chlorpyrifos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	2.06	1	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
o,o-diethyl o-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphate [no description available]	2.78	3	0
benzetimide [no description available]	2.36	2	0	piperidines
iodinated glycerol iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant	3.04	5	0	dioxolane
tocamphyl [no description available]	1.98	1	0	carboxylic ester
dimethindene Dimethindene: A histamine H1 antagonist. It is used in hypersensitivity reactions, in rhinitis, for pruritus, and in some common cold remedies.	2.39	2	0	indene
acetylpyruvic acid acetylpyruvic acid: structure. acetylpyruvic acid : A dioxo monocarboxylic acid that is pentanoic acid carrying two oxo groups at positions 2 and 4.	1.96	1	0	beta-diketone; dioxo monocarboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite
methenamine hippurate methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action	3.23	1	0	N-acylglycine
cyclogyl cyclopentolate hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of cyclopentolate. It is used to produce mydriasis (excessive dilation of the pupil) and cycloplegia (paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye) for opthalmic diagnostic procedures. It acts more quickly than atropine and has a shorter duration of action.	2.13	1	0
isometheptene isometheptene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5040	2.04	1	0	secondary amino compound
olsalazine olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.	4.26	5	0	azobenzenes; dicarboxylic acid	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
diazoline diazoline: see also record for mebhydroline, RN: 524-81-2. diazoline : A five-membered organic heteromonocyclic compound containing two nitrogen atoms and a double bond.	2	1	0	polymer
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	6.03	37	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
xylamidine xylamidine: structure	1.97	1	0
3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,5,6-trichloropyridine-2-one : A pyridone that is pyridin-2(1H)-one substituted by chloro groups at positions 3, 5 and 6. It is a metabolite of the agrochemical chlorpyrifos.. 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol : A hydroxypyridine that is pyridin-2-ol substituted by chloro groups at positions 3,5 and 6. It is a metabolite of the agrochemical chlorpyrifos.	1.97	1	0	chloropyridine; hydroxypyridine; pyridone	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
quinuclidinyl benzilate [no description available]	3.07	5	0
tiadenol tiadenol: structure	2.05	1	0	aliphatic sulfide
terodiline [no description available]	3.69	10	0	diarylmethane
trimethaphan Trimethaphan: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocker in hypertension, as an adjunct to anesthesia, and to induce hypotension during surgery.. trimethaphan : A complex heterocyclic sulfonium compound with an imidazolium core, used to treat hypertension.	6.85	37	2	sulfonium compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antihypertensive agent; nicotinic antagonist; vasodilator agent
1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene 1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
metoclopramide hydrochloride metoclopramide hydrochloride : A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of metoclopramide monohydrochloride.	2.13	1	0
zolertine zolertine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	0
isoetharine mesylate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
psoromic acid psoromic acid: structure in first source	1.93	1	0	carbonyl compound
hepes [no description available]	1.95	1	0	HEPES; organosulfonic acid
etidronate disodium etidronate disodium : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of two protons from etidronic acid (one from from each of the phosphonic acid groups) by sodium ions.	2.08	1	0	organic sodium salt	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
molindone Molindone: An indole derivative effective in schizophrenia and other psychoses and possibly useful in the treatment of the aggressive type of undersocialized conduct disorder. Molindone has much lower affinity for D2 receptors than most antipsychotic agents and has a relatively low affinity for D1 receptors. It has only low to moderate affinity for cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors. Some electrophysiologic data from animals indicate that molindone has certain characteristics that resemble those of CLOZAPINE. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p283)	2.39	2	0	indoles
iridium Iridium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Ir, atomic number 77, and atomic weight 192.22.	1.98	1	0	cobalt group element atom; platinum group metal atom
lanthanum [no description available]	4.67	29	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	5.86	32	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	3.55	9	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	1.95	1	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
neon Neon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ne, atomic number 10, and atomic weight 20.18. It is found in the earth's crust and atmosphere as an inert, odorless gas and is used in vacuum tubes and incandescent lamps.	1.95	1	0	monoatomic neon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
niobium Niobium: A metal element atomic number 41, atomic weight 92.906, symbol Nb.	1.95	1	0	vanadium group element atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	1.94	1	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	2.1	1	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	7.67	3	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	7.77	3	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.	2.86	4	0	vanadium group element atom
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	4.52	25	0	manganese group element atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	2.43	2	0	titanium group element atom
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	9.33	20	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	2.69	3	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.69	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	2.9	4	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	3.56	9	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	1.95	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.	3.82	12	0	monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
yttrium Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.	2.01	1	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	2.66	3	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
cupric chloride cupric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. copper(II) chloride : An inorganic chloride of copper in which the metal is in the +2 oxidation state.	2.04	1	0	copper molecular entity; inorganic chloride	EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor
zalcitabine Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.	3.66	9	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	8.14	18	3	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	2.7	3	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	1.97	1	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
hexocyclium hexocyclium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.9	4	0	amine
6-nitroindazole [no description available]	2.13	1	0
metocurine iodide [no description available]	2.45	2	0	aromatic ether
cesium chloride cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.	2.67	3	0	inorganic caesium salt; inorganic chloride	phase-transfer catalyst; vasoconstrictor agent
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	2.01	1	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
propionylpromazine propionylpromazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	6.38	8	2	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
nickel chloride nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.	2.41	2	0	nickel coordination entity	calcium channel blocker; hapten
isopentenyladenosine Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.	2.04	1	0	N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	8.44	8	0	diatomic bromine
barium sulfate Barium Sulfate: A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield.. barium sulfate : A metal sulfate with formula BaO4S. Virtually insoluble in water at room temperature, it is mostly used as a component in oil well drilling fluid it occurs naturally as the mineral barite.	8	16	3	barium salt; inorganic barium salt; metal sulfate	radioopaque medium
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	2.38	2	0	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
sodium sulfite [no description available]	1.96	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt	food preservative; reducing agent
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	2.34	2	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	2.67	3	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
metoprine metoprine: histamine methyltransferase antagonist	1.96	1	0
sodium thiosulfate sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	9.18	5	0	inorganic sodium salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antifungal drug; nephroprotective agent
calcium sulfate Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.	2.34	2	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	3.34	7	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	3.74	11	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	5.28	13	1	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
silver chloride [no description available]	1.98	1	0	inorganic chloride; silver salt
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	1.96	1	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
methyl demeton methyl mercaptophos: was MH 1972-91 (see under INSECTICIDES, ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATE (1975-90, Prov 1972-74))	2.94	4	0
desmedipham desmedipham: structure. desmedipham : A carbamate ester that is phenylcarbamic acid in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3-[(ethoxycarbonyl)amino]phenyl group. It is an agrochemical used as a herbicide.	2	1	0	carbamate ester	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	3.65	10	0
vasotocin Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.. vasotocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin. It is a pituitary hormone that acts as an endocrine regulator for water balance, osmotic homoeostasis and is involved in social and sexual behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates.	3.39	7	0
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	5.43	15	1	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
lead nitrate lead nitrate: RN given refers to unspecified lead nitrate	2.07	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; lead coordination entity
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	2.41	2	0	cadmium coordination entity
ancitabine Ancitabine: Congener of CYTARABINE that is metabolized to cytarabine and thereby maintains a more constant antineoplastic action.. ancitabine : An organic heterotricyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the oxo group of cytidine to the 2' position with loss of water to give the corresponding cyclic ether. A prodrug, it is metabolised to the antineoplastic agent cytarabine, so is used to maintain a more constant antineoplastic action.	2.44	2	0	diol; organic heterotricyclic compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
amopyroquine amopyroquine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.05	1	0
barium chloride barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.	3.59	9	0	barium salt; inorganic chloride	potassium channel blocker
chlormerodrin Chlormerodrin: A mercurial compound that has been used as a diuretic but is now superseded by more potent and less toxic drugs. The radiolabeled form has been used as a diagnostic and research tool.. chlormerodrin : Urea in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 3-chloromercury-2-methoxyprop-1-yl group. It was formerly used as a diuretic, but more potent and less toxic drugs are now available. Its radiolabelled ((197)Hg, (203)Hg) forms were used in diagnostic aids in renal imaging and brain scans.	1.94	1	0	organomercury compound; ureas	diagnostic agent; diuretic
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	3.65	10	0
clortermine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	amphetamines
stanozolol Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.	2.05	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anabolic agent; androgen
chloropyramine chloropyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.69	3	0	aminopyridine
phenacid phenacid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	2.45	2	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
chloramine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	halide
coformycin [no description available]	2.36	2	0	coformycins	EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
nicofuranose nicofuranose: derivative of nicotinic acid that produces fewer side effects than pure nicotinic acid; used in peripheral vascular disease; also proposed as anticholesteremic; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line search NIACIN/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search NIACIN/AA (83-84), NICOTINIC ACIDS (75-82)	2.04	1	0	organooxygen compound
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	3.74	11	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
mafenide acetate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	carboxylic acid
reproterol reproterol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.67	3	0	oxopurine
terbufos [no description available]	2	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organosulfur compound; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
ethionine L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.	2.05	1	0	S-ethylhomocysteine	antimetabolite; carcinogenic agent
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	2.11	1	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
(1S,2R)-tranylcypromine (1S,2R)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1S,2R)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.	2.07	1	0	2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
apazone Apazone: An anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It also has uricosuric properties and has been used to treat gout.. apazone : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine bearing a dimethylamino substitutent at position 3 and a methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the nitrogens at positions 1 and 2 are both acylated by a carboxy group of propylmalonic acid.	2.44	2	0	benzotriazines	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; uricosuric drug
quinalphos quinalphos: RN given refers to cpd with locant for quinoxalinyl group in position 2; structure	2.37	2	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
hydrocortisone-17-butyrate cortisol 17-butyrate : Cortisol esterified with butyric acid at the 17-hydroxy group.	2.13	1	0	butyrate ester; cortisol ester; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	dermatologic drug; drug allergen
diacerein diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;	2.08	1	0	anthraquinone
metopimazine metopimazine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.99	1	0	phenothiazines
menthone menthone : The trans-stereoisomer of p-menthan-3-one.. (-)-menthone : A menthone that is cyclohexanone substituted by a methyl and an isopropyl group at positions 5 and 2 respectively (the 2S,5R-stereoisomer).	2	1	0	menthone
tiletamine Tiletamine: Proposed anesthetic with possible anticonvulsant and sedative properties.	5.06	5	2	aralkylamine
parbendazole parbendazole: anthelmintic used against a variety of gastrointestinal parasites; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZIMIDAZOLES; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0	benzimidazoles; carbamate ester
cloforex cloforex: carbamic ethyl ester of chlorphentermine; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2275	2.45	2	0	amphetamines
xipamide Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.	2.74	3	0	benzamides
etorphine Etorphine: A narcotic analgesic morphinan used as a sedative in veterinary practice.	8.58	9	0
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	5.09	13	0	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
selegiline hydrochloride, (r)-isomer [no description available]	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	8.7	10	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
clobutinol clobutinol: was minor as SILOMAT mapped to AMINO ALCOHOLS (63-79)	2.04	1	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
benserazide hydrochloride benserazide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of benserazide. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide hydrochloride has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
clemastine Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.	4.71	9	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpyrrolidine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
thiamphenicol [no description available]	3.11	5	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent; immunosuppressive agent
pancuronium bromide pancuronium bromide : A bromide salt consisting of two bromide ions and one pancuronium dication.	2.08	1	0	bromide salt	cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
pizotyline Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.	2.4	2	0	benzocycloheptathiophene	histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.	4.54	7	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	12.03	73	9	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug	4.81	7	1	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
pentamethylmelamine pentamethylmelamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.48	2	0
eedq EEDQ: peptide coupling reagent	2.13	1	0
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	4.97	39	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
ornidazole Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.	2.51	2	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; organochlorine compound; secondary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antiprotozoal drug; antitrichomonal drug; epitope
fluorides [no description available]	4.81	34	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
calusterone calusterone: was MH 1975-92 (see under METHYLTESTOSTERONE 1975-90); use METHYLTESTOSTERONE to search CALUSTERONE 1975-92	2.04	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
edifenphos edifenphos: structure. edifenphos : An organic thiophosphate that is the O-ethyl-S,S-diphenyl ester of phosphorodithioic acid. Used to control a variety of fungal diseases on rice including blast, ear blight and stem rot. Edifenphos is moderately toxic to mammals and fish but poses more of a risk to aquatic invertebrates.	1.94	1	0	organic thiophosphate	antifungal agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; neurotoxin; phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitor
hypnorm Hypnorm: contains fentanyl & fluanisone	1.97	1	0
danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.	4.55	7	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector
benzoctamine benzoctamine: minor descriptor (72); major descriptor (73-86); on line search ANTHRACENES (72-86); INDEX MEDICUS search ANTHRACENES (72); BENZOCTAMINE (73-86)	6.96	1	0	anthracenes
tetridamin tetridamin: do not confuse with tetrodamine; structure	2.13	1	0
deslanoside Deslanoside: Deacetyllanatoside C. A cardiotonic glycoside from the leaves of Digitalis lanata.. deslanoside : A cardenolide glycoside that is lanatoside C with the acetoxy group replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.04	3	1	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; cardenolide glycoside; tetrasaccharide derivative	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; metabolite
metergoline Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.	5.45	15	1	carbamate ester; ergoline alkaloid	dopamine agonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
clonixin Clonixin: Anti-inflammatory analgesic.. clonixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a (2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl)amino group. Used (as its lysine salt) for treatment of renal colic, muscular pain and moderately severe migraine attacks.	4.47	5	1	aminopyridine; organochlorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; lipoxygenase inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
fenclozic acid fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd	3.87	3	0
lisuride Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).	2.04	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; serotonergic agonist
cresyl violet cresyl violet: RN given refers to chloride. cresyl violet : A cationic heterotetracyclic fluorescent dye derived from benzo[a]phenoxazine.	1.97	1	0
etoprine etoprine: do not confuse with 3,5-dicarbethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-ethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine, also called DDEP	2.04	1	0
laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane [no description available]	3.59	2	0
dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10(11h)-carboxylic acid, 8-chloro-, 2-acetylhydrazide Dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10(11H)-carboxylic acid, 8-chloro-, 2-acetylhydrazide: Inhibits the activity of prostaglandins.	2.66	3	0
iodine [no description available]	4.3	20	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	4.18	5	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
aluminum phosphide [no description available]	2	1	0
razoxane Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.	2.71	3	0	N-alkylpiperazine
capobenic acid [no description available]	2.5	2	0	benzamides
lofexidine lofexidine: reduces narcotic withdrawal symptoms; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #6247	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; dichlorobenzene; imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent
cephapirin Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.	2.44	2	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
leptophos Leptophos: An organothiophosphate insecticide.. leptophos : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-leptophos. It is an organothiophosphate insecticide that shows neurotoxic effect in humans.. O-(4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl) O-methyl phenylphosphonothioate : An organic phosphonate that is phenylphosphonothioic O,O-acid in which the hydroxy groups are substituted by methoxy and 4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenoxy groups.	1.97	1	0	bromobenzenes; dichlorobenzene; organic phosphonate; phosphonic ester
diftalone [no description available]	2.07	1	0
fludarabine phosphate fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.	4.08	4	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	1.99	1	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
dexetimide Dexetimide: A muscarinic antagonist that has been used to treat neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism. Benzetimide is the (-)-enantimorph of dexetimide.	4.27	19	0	piperidines
levetimide levetimide: inactive enantiomer of dexetimide	1.99	1	0
alclofenac alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.	3.59	2	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	drug allergen; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
5-(2-cyclohexylidene-ethyl)-5-ethylbarbiturate 5-(2-cyclohexylidene-ethyl)-5-ethylbarbiturate: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
carbimazole Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	2.47	2	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; carbamate ester	antithyroid drug; prodrug
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	6.55	15	1	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
ergocristine ergocristine: an ergot alkaloid; one of the three components of ergotoxine; has alpha blocking action, stimulates smooth muscles & antagonizes serotonin; used as oxytocic & in peripheral disorders; minor descriptor (77-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search EROLINES (77-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer). ergocristine : Ergotaman bearing benzyl, hydroxy, and isopropyl groups at the 5', 12' and 2' positions, respectively, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid.	2.04	1	0	ergot alkaloid
fenitrothion Fenitrothion: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.. fenitrothion : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-phenyl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a nitro group at position 4.	11.27	11	1	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	8.88	72	1	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	2.04	1	0	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
paraldehyde Paraldehyde: A hypnotic and sedative with anticonvulsant effects. However, because of the hazards associated with its administration, its tendency to react with plastic, and the risks associated with its deterioration, it has largely been superseded by other agents. It is still occasionally used to control status epilepticus resistant to conventional treatment. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p608-9). paraldehyde : A trioxane that is 1,3,5-trioxane substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.	3.2	6	0	trioxane	sedative
pyrrolidine [no description available]	2.4	2	0	azacycloalkane; pyrrolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	3.77	11	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
oxyphenisatin [no description available]	3.87	3	0	indoles
thymolphthalein Thymolphthalein: Used as a pH indicator and as a reagent for blood after decolorizing the alkaline solution by boiling with zinc dust.	2.13	1	0	terpene lactone
azetepa [no description available]	2.04	1	0	phosphoramide
tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.	2.05	1	0	chlorocarbon; chloroethenes	nephrotoxic agent
dimethylacetamide hallucinogen : Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations and other alterations of mood and thinking.. N,N-dimethylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which the hydrogens attached to the N atom have been replaced by two methyl groups respectively. Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism.	2	1	0	acetamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	human metabolite
fludrocortisone Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.	5.91	4	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; fluorinated steroid; mineralocorticoid	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	3.87	3	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.	4.61	6	1	3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid	human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	2	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
metipranolol Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.	3.61	9	0	acetate ester; aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
proquazone proquazone: nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agent; structure	2.04	1	0	pyrimidines
benzonidazole benzonidazole: used in treatment of Chagas' disease. benznidazole : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease.	2.47	2	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antiprotozoal drug
halazepam halazepam: structure	2.45	2	0	organic molecular entity
butachlor butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amide; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
4-methoxyamphetamine 4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation	3.04	5	0
du-21220 Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.	4.88	8	1	benzyl alcohols; polyphenol; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
dihydro-beta-erythroidine Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine: Dihydro analog of beta-erythroidine, which is isolated from the seeds and other plant parts of Erythrina sp. Leguminosae. It is an alkaloid with curarimimetic properties.. dihydro-beta-erythroidine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the partial hydrogenation of the 1,3-diene moiety of beta-erythroidine to give the corresponding 2-ene.	4.72	30	0	delta-lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	nicotinic antagonist
sulforidazine sulforidazine: structure in Merck	1.97	1	0	phenothiazines
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	4.12	16	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
carticaine Carticaine: A thiophene-containing local anesthetic pharmacologically similar to MEPIVACAINE.	7.65	3	0	thiophenecarboxylic acid
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	2	1	0
rose bengal b disodium salt [no description available]	2.47	2	0
propamocarb propamocarb: RN given refers to parent cpd. propamocarb : A carbamate ester that is the propyl ester of 3-(dimethylamino)propylcarbamic acid. It is a systemic fungicide, used (normally as the hydrochloride salt) for the control of soil, root and leaf diseases caused by oomycetes, particularly Phytophthora and Pythium species.	2.1	1	0	carbamate ester; carbamate fungicide; tertiary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
clobetasol propionate Clobetasol Propionate: This is the form in trademark preparations.. clobetasol propionate : The 17-O-propionate ester of clobetasol. A potent corticosteroid, it is used to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.	2.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid	anti-inflammatory drug
androstane-3,17-diol Androstane-3,17-diol: The unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE with androgenic activity. It has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion.	1.95	1	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid
isofenphos [no description available]	2.37	2	0	isopropyl ester; organic phosphonate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphonic ester; salicylates	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
jingsongling jingsongling: structure given in first source	6.97	1	0
alkenes [no description available]	2.89	4	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	7.93	101	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
dexchlorpheniramine dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer	3.83	3	0	chlorphenamine
ribostamycin Ribostamycin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial isolated from Streptomyces ribosifidicus.. ribostamycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is 4,6-diaminocyclohexane-1,2,3-triol having a 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 1 and a beta-D-ribosyl residue attached at position 2. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ribosidificus (formerly S. thermoflavus).	2.04	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; metabolite
adenylyl imidodiphosphate Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.	2.89	4	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate
clometacin clometacin: structure	3.59	2	0	N-acylindole
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	5.42	11	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
bis(4-methyl-1-homopiperazinylthiocarbonyl)disulfide Bis(4-Methyl-1-Homopiperazinylthiocarbonyl)disulfide: An inhibitor of the last step of noradrenaline biosynthesis.	3.05	5	0
frentizole frentizole: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.13	1	0
ripazepam [no description available]	2.44	2	0	benzenes
pivampicillin Pivampicillin: Pivalate ester analog of AMPICILLIN.. pivampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the pivaloyloxymethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a prodrug of ampicillin.	1.95	1	0	penicillanic acid ester; pivaloyloxymethyl ester	prodrug
torpedo Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.	3.58	9	0
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	1.96	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	3.82	12	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	3.36	7	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	5.18	14	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	10.75	60	1	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.	3.53	8	0	tryptamines
penfluridol Penfluridol: One of the long-acting ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS used for maintenance or long-term therapy of SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS.	2.39	2	0	diarylmethane
tramadol Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.	4.83	2	1	2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antitussive; capsaicin receptor antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; muscarinic antagonist; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
almitrine Almitrine: A respiratory stimulant that enhances respiration by acting as an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies. The drug increases arterial oxygen tension while decreasing arterial carbon dioxide tension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It may also prove useful in the treatment of nocturnal oxygen desaturation without impairing the quality of sleep.. almitrine : A triamino-1,3,5-triazine compound having allylamino substituents at the 2- and 4-positions and a 4-(bis(p-fluorophenyl)methyl)-1-piperazinyl group at the 6-position.	2.67	3	0	piperazines; triamino-1,3,5-triazine	central nervous system stimulant
eterobarb [no description available]	2.13	1	0	barbiturates
nicergoline Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.	4.07	3	1	organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
emepronium Emepronium: A muscarinic antagonist used mainly in the treatment of urinary syndromes. It is incompletely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier.	3.21	6	0	diarylmethane
nigericin Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	1.97	1	0	polycyclic ether	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	4.11	4	0	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
difenoxin difenoxin: was EP to DIPHENOXYLATE (77-81); RN given refers to parent cpd. difenoxin : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-phenylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom is substituted by a 3-cyano-3,3-diphenylpropyl group.	2.85	4	0	nitrile; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid; tertiary amine	antidiarrhoeal drug
carbidopa carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.	4.11	4	0	catechols; hydrazines; monocarboxylic acid	antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
prednimustine Prednimustine: Ester of CHLORAMBUCIL and PREDNISOLONE used as a combination alkylating agent and synthetic steroid to treat various leukemias and other neoplasms. It causes gastrointestinal and bone marrow toxicity.	2.04	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
toloxatone toloxatone: oxazolidinone derivative; psychotropic drug; structure. toloxatone : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-toloxatone. It is a reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor and antidepressant.. 5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(3-methylphenyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one substituted by a 3-methylphenyl group at position 3.	2.45	2	0	oxazolidinone; primary alcohol; toluenes
moricizine hydrochloride moricizine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained from equimola amounts of moricizine and hydrogen chloride.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	anti-arrhythmia drug
moricizine Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.	4.48	7	0	carbamate ester; morpholines; phenothiazines	anti-arrhythmia drug
amygdalin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	cyanogenic glycoside; disaccharide derivative; gentiobioside	plant metabolite
amineptin amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.	4.55	7	0	amino acid; carbocyclic fatty acid; carbotricyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor
bitolterol bitolterol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bitolterol : The di-4-toluate ester of (+-)-N-tert-butylnoradrenaline (colterol). A pro-drug for colterol, a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist, bitolterol is used as its methanesulfonate salt for relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.	1.95	1	0	carboxylic ester; diester; ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; prodrug
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	5.29	16	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
clanobutin clanobutin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0	benzamides
feprazone Feprazone: A pyrazole that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It has been used in mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation associated with musculoskeletal and joint disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p15)	2.46	2	0	organic molecular entity
zolazepam Zolazepam: A pyrazolodiazepinone with pharmacological actions similar to ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS. It is commonly used in combination with TILETAMINE to obtain immobilization and anesthesia in animals.	5.06	5	2
5,7-dihydroxytryptamine 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 7. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacology as a tool.	2.66	3	0
pirprofen pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure	3.87	3	0	pyrroline
medifoxamine medifoxamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2	1	0	aromatic ether
sisomicin Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).	2.45	2	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic; beta-L-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative
amdinocillin Amdinocillin: An amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action.. mecillinam : A penicillin in which the 6beta substituent is [(azepan-1-yl)methylidene]amino; an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria.	2.04	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	6.05	15	2	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
proroxan hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
proroxan proroxan: Russian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.98	1	0
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	4.93	11	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
amitraz amitraz: ixodicide (tick control); structure. amitraz : A tertiary amino compound that is 1,3,5-triazapenta-1,4-diene substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and 2,4-dimethylphenyl groups at positions 1 and 5.	3.79	11	0	formamidines; tertiary amino compound	acaricide; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
etomidate ethnor: an adsorbable haemostatic bone sealant	2.13	1	0	imidazoles
alinidine [no description available]	3.06	5	0
buspirone hydrochloride buspirone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of buspirone and hydrogen chloride.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
etoposide [no description available]	5.02	12	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	11.49	389	1	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
acetosulfame acetosulfame: RN given refers to parent cpd. acesulfame : A sulfamate ester that is 1,2,3-oxathiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide substituted by a methyl group at position 6.	2.03	1	0	organic heteromonocyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; sulfamate ester	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
propafenone hydrochloride propafenone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of propafenone. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	anti-arrhythmia drug
dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	18.33	222	40	catecholamine; secondary amine	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
tertatolol tertatolol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	thiochromane
ticarcillin Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.	2.96	4	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
phenyl-2-aminoethyl sulfide phenyl-2-aminoethyl sulfide: dopamine-beta-hydroxylase substrate; structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
trimazosin trimazosin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
halofantrine halofantrine: used in treatment of mild to moderate acute malaria	2.45	2	0	phenanthrenes
propylbenzilylcholine mustard Propylbenzilylcholine Mustard: An analog of benzilylcholine mustard. It is an alkylating nitrogen mustard analog that binds specifically and irreversibly to cholinergic muscarinic receptors and is used as an affinity label to isolate and study the receptors.	3.67	10	0
butaclamol (+)-butaclamol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is 2,3,4,4a,8,9,13b,14-octahydro-1H-benzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2,3-de]pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinoline substituted at position 3 by both hydroxy and tert-butyl groups.	2.38	2	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound
butaclamol [no description available]	2.41	2	0	amino alcohol; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist
4-methylhistamine 4-methylhistamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the 5 position on the ring.	2.66	3	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	histamine agonist; metabolite
penbutolol Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.	5.76	6	1	ethanolamines
etidocaine Etidocaine: A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.. etidocaine : An amino acid amide in which 2-[ethyl(propyl)amino]butanoic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. Used as a local anaesthetic (amide caine), it has rapid onset and long action properties, similar to bupivacaine, and is given by injection during surgical procedures and during labour and delivery.	2.69	3	0	amino acid amide	local anaesthetic
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	4.67	8	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
adinazolam adinazolam: structure in first source. adinazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a dimethylaminomethyl group at the 1-position, a phenyl group at the 6-position and a chloro substituent at the 8-position.	2.74	3	0	triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; sedative
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	4.54	7	0	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	5.64	25	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
thiocholine Thiocholine: A mercaptocholine used as a reagent for the determination of CHOLINESTERASES. It also serves as a highly selective nerve stain.	2.35	2	0
tolamolol [no description available]	2.92	4	0
flunixin flunixin : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamino group. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine (usually as the meglumine salt) for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.	1.98	1	0	aminopyridine; organofluorine compound; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
pranolium pranolium: deriv of propranolol; RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym UM 272 refers to iodide; synonym SC 27761 refers to chloride; structure	1.97	1	0
carbidopa [no description available]	2.06	1	0	catechols; hydrate; hydrazines; monocarboxylic acid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
cephradine Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.	4.25	5	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
hydroxymaprotilin hydroxymaprotilin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.39	2	0
ticrynafen Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.	4.1	4	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antihypertensive agent; hepatotoxic agent; loop diuretic
nolinium bromide nolinium bromide: structure	2.35	2	0
profenofos [no description available]	1.96	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; organic thiophosphate; organochlorine insecticide; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	13.19	35	1	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent
tocainide Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.	3.41	7	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	anti-arrhythmia drug; local anaesthetic; sodium channel blocker
sulbenicillin Sulbenicillin: Semisynthetic penicillin-type antibiotic.. sulbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-[phenyl(sulfo)acetamido] side-chain.	2.45	2	0	penicillin
bezafibrate [no description available]	2.77	3	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
sq-11725 Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.	5.75	20	1
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	13.35	57	1	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
flunixin meglumine flunixin meglumine : An organoammonium salt obtained by combining flunixin with one molar equivalent of 1-deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A relatively potent non-narcotic, nonsteroidal analgesic with anti-inflammatory, anti-endotoxic and anti-pyretic properties; used in veterinary medicine for treatment of horses, cattle and pigs.	9.06	3	1	organoammonium salt	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimustine Nimustine: Antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. The resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine. The drug has also been used in combination with other antineoplastic agents or with radiotherapy for the treatment of various neoplasms.. nimustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-ylmethyl] group. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.	2.04	1	0	aminopyrimidine; N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
levobunolol Levobunolol: The L-Isomer of bunolol.. levobunolol : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclic ketone; propanolamine	antiglaucoma drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.04	1	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
nonachlazine Nonachlazine: Coronary vasodilator with a novel mechanism of action; proposed as antianginal agent.	2.05	1	0
supidimide supidimide: non-teratogenic analog of thalidomide; has mild tranquilizing action; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
vecuronium bromide Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.	15.53	43	10	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent; nicotinic antagonist
vecuronium vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.	3.23	1	0	acetate ester; androstane; quaternary ammonium ion	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent; nicotinic antagonist
vx VX nerve agent : A organic thiophosphate that is the ethyl ester of S-{2-[di(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl} O hydrogen methylphosphonothioate. A toxic nerve agent used in chemical warfare.	6.58	37	0	organic thiophosphate; tertiary amino compound	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	11.47	222	2	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
benoxaprofen benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.	4.28	5	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antipsoriatic; antipyretic; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; nephrotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; protein kinase C agonist
tiamenidine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	organochlorine compound
amafolone amafolone: RN given refers to parent cpd; NM refers to HCl	1.96	1	0
phenazepam [no description available]	2.08	1	0
doxantrazole doxantrazole: structure	2.41	2	0
picobenzide [no description available]	2.4	2	0
permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141	2.05	1	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes	agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide
pinazepam pinazepam: structure	2.05	1	0	benzodiazepine
exifone [no description available]	3.59	2	0	benzophenones
quisqualic acid Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.	4.28	7	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
pirfenidone pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.	2.05	1	0	pyridone	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefloquine (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	3.23	1	0	[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol	antimalarial
pinaverium pinaverium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2	1	0	monoterpenoid
desbromoleptophos desbromoleptophos: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
lodoxamide ethyl lodoxamide ethyl: inhibits anaphylactic reactions; structure	1.99	1	0
desogestrel Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).	2.05	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
flecainide acetate flecainide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining flecainide with one molar equivalent of acetic acid. An antiarrhythmic agent used to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).	2.13	1	0	acetate salt	anti-arrhythmia drug
meptazinol Meptazinol: A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.	3.59	9	0	azepanes
nicardipine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	dihydropyridine	geroprotector
metacine metacine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	3.07	5	0
triadimenol triadimenol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butane-1,2-diol substituted at position O1 by a 4-chlorophenyl group. A fungicide for cereals, beet and brassicas used to control a range of diseases including powdery mildew, rusts, bunts and smuts.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; conazole fungicide; hemiaminal ether; monochlorobenzenes; secondary alcohol; triazole fungicide	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; xenobiotic metabolite
impromidine Impromidine: A highly potent and specific histamine H2 receptor agonist. It has been used diagnostically as a gastric secretion indicator.	2.88	4	0
muzolimine Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene
butibufen butibufen: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.45	2	0	monoterpenoid
nitazoxanide nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug	3.61	2	0	benzamides; carboxylic ester
sufentanil Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	11.8	25	10	anilide; ether; piperidines; thiophenes	anaesthesia adjuvant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
acarbose [no description available]	3.61	2	0	tetrasaccharide derivative	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
torsemide Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.	4.26	5	0	aminopyridine; N-sulfonylurea; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; loop diuretic
medroxalol medroxalol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0	salicylamides
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	4.25	5	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
spiromustine [no description available]	2.04	1	0
cefmetazole Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.	2.04	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
desflurane Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.	6.66	9	2	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
prenalterol Prenalterol: A partial adrenergic agonist with functional beta 1-receptor specificity and inotropic effect. It is effective in the treatment of acute CARDIAC FAILURE, postmyocardial infarction low-output syndrome, SHOCK, and reducing ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION in the SHY-RAGER SYNDROME.	2.42	2	0	aromatic ether
secoverine secoverine: RN given refers to parent; structure in first source	3.98	14	0
diaziquone diaziquone: RN given refers to parent cpd. diaziquone : A 1,4-benzoquinone that is substituted at positions 2 and 5 have been replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups and at positions 3 and 6 by (ethoxycarbonyl)amino groups.	2.04	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; aziridines; carbamate ester; enamine	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
elliptinium elliptinium: synthetic ellipticine deriv; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	carbazoles
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	5.1	45	0
Flamprop [no description available]	2.1	1	0	benzamides
lorcainide [no description available]	3.43	7	0	acetamides
idarubicin Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.	4.25	5	0	anthracycline antibiotic; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative
dihydroalprenolol Dihydroalprenolol: Hydrogenated alprenolol derivative where the extra hydrogens are often tritiated. This radiolabeled form of ALPRENOLOL, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation and study.	3.98	4	0
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	3.07	5	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ceforanide ceforanide: RN given refers to (6R-(trans))-isomer. ceforanide : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with {[1-(carboxymethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and 2-(aminomethyl)phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is effective against many coliforms, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus, and most strains of Salmonella, Shigella, Hemophilus, Citrobacter and Arizona species.	2.04	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
cefonicid Cefonicid: A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.. cefonicid : A cephalosporin bearing {[1-(sulfomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	2.04	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	4.41	6	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
tribonate Tribonate: a bicarbonate-containing buffer; do not confuse with the pesticide tribonate	2.39	2	0
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	5.16	14	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
triciribine phosphate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	7.53	41	1	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
bopindolol bopindolol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. bopindolol : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bopindolol and (S)-bopindolol. It is a non-selective antagonist of beta1- and beta2-adrenoceptors and a prodrug in which the ester group is hydrolysed to form the corresponding hydroxy derivative.. 1-(tert-butylamino)-3-[(2-methyl-1H-indol-4-yl)oxy]propan-2-yl benzoate : A methylindole that is 2-methyl-1H-indol-4-ol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(benzoyloxy)-3-(tert-butylamino)propyl group.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; benzoate ester; methylindole; secondary amino compound
cefoperazone Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.	4.08	4	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
staurosporine [no description available]	2.99	4	0	indolocarbazole alkaloid; organic heterooctacyclic compound	apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; geroprotector
terazosin hydrochloride anhydrous [no description available]	2.13	1	0
foscarnet sodium trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	2.47	2	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antiviral drug
Arbaclofen [no description available]	1.96	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
indalpine indalpine: selective 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0	indoles
ethylcholine aziridinium ethylcholine aziridinium: causes passive avoidance deficits	3.09	5	0
mezlocillin Kassinin: Dodecapeptide tachykinin found in the central nervous system of the amphibian Kassina senegalensis. It is similar in structure and action to other tachykinins, but is especially effective in contracting smooth muscle tissue and stimulating the micturition reflex.	2.66	3	0
salsoline salsoline: monomethylated metabolite of salsolinol; endogenous neurotoxin found in CSF of patients with Parkinson's disease	2.05	1	0	isoquinolines
4-(n-methyl-n-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: structure; from tobacco smoke	2.44	2	0	nitrosamine; pyridines
atracurium Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.	11.72	38	9	diester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
atracurium besylate atracurium besylate : The bisbenzenesulfonate salt of atracurium.	2.08	1	0	organosulfonate salt; quaternary ammonium salt	muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
moxalactam Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.	2.74	3	0	cephalosporin; oxacephem	antibacterial drug
lidamidine lidamidine: synonym WHR-1142A refers to HCl; structure	2.07	1	0	ureas
nicorandil Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.	3.24	6	0	nitrate ester; pyridinecarboxamide	potassium channel opener; vasodilator agent
endralazine BQ 22-708: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	benzamides
bw-755c 4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.	2.4	2	0
pergolide Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.	4.49	7	0	diamine; methyl sulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
pergolide mesylate pergolide mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained from pergolide by mixing eqimolar amount of pergolide and methanesulfonic acid. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.	2.51	2	0	methanesulfonate salt	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; geroprotector
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	6.53	62	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	4.54	7	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
encainide Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.	3.13	5	0	benzamides; piperidines	anti-arrhythmia drug; sodium channel blocker
talniflumate talniflumate: an anti-inflammatory molecule for the treatment of cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma	2.48	2	0	benzofurans
fenoldopam mesylate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	benzazepine
cerm-1978 bepridil hydrochloride : The hydrochloride of bepridil.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride
pipecuronium Pipecuronium: A piperazinyl androstane derivative which is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (NEUROMUSCULAR NONDEPOLARIZING AGENTS). It is used as a muscle relaxant during ANESTHESIA and surgical procedures.	2.38	2	0	steroid ester
tiotidine tiotidine: UD gives slightly different structure for this cpd; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2.67	3	0	thiazoles
nedocromil Nedocromil: A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS.	3.38	7	0	dicarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fialuridine [no description available]	3.59	2	0
fenoctimine fenoctimine: structure & RN from first source	1.97	1	0
doxofylline doxofylline : An oxopurine that is a derivative of xanthine, methylated at N-1 and N-3 and carrying a 1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmethyl group at N-7, used in the treatment of asthma.	2.04	1	0	oxopurine	anti-asthmatic drug; antitussive; bronchodilator agent
cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	4.08	4	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
bucindolol bucindolol: an indolyl-tert-butyl-phenoxypropanolamine benzonitrile derivative	2.04	1	0
pefloxacin Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.	3.15	5	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
alfentanil Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.	13.55	20	7	monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	central nervous system depressant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	16.02	593	13	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
fenoxycarb fenoxycarb: used against mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae); structure given in first source. fenoxycarb : A carbamate ester that is the O-ethyl carbamate of 2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy)ethylamine.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester	environmental contaminant; insecticide; juvenile hormone mimic; xenobiotic
miglustat miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.	3.59	2	0	piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
oxmetidine oxmetidine: specific histamine H2 receptor antagonist with MW around 1.8 times that of cimetidine; differs from cimetidine by carrying an isocytosine ring instead of a cyanoguanidine in side chain; RN given refers to parent cpd. oxmetidine : A 2-aminopyrimidin-4(1H)-one derivative bearing a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl group at the 5-position and with a 4-(5-methyl-(1H)imidazol-4-yl)-3-thiabutyl substituent attached to the 2-amino group. It is a specific histamine H2-receptor antagonist.	2.37	2	0	benzodioxoles; imidazoles; pyrimidone	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist
pramiracetam pramiracetam: cognition activator	1.96	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
haloperidol decanoate [no description available]	3.23	1	0	organic molecular entity
metsulfuron methyl metsulfuron methyl : A N-sulfonylurea in which the sulfonyl group is attached to a 2-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl group while a (4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl group replaces one of the amino hydrogens of the remaining urea group.	1.92	1	0	1,3,5-triazines; benzoate ester; N-sulfonylurea	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
dazoxiben hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
dazoxiben dazoxiben: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.44	2	0
cefotetan Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.	4.41	6	0
recainam recainam: structure given in first source	2.97	4	0
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	4.95	11	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
flupirtine flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	3.3	6	0	aminopyridine
tolrestat tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source	4.09	4	0	naphthalenes	EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
rimcazole rimcazole: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.39	2	0	carbazoles
enoximone Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.	3.14	5	0	aromatic ketone
stepronin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
piritrexim piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.74	3	0
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	5.02	12	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
idazoxan Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.	4.34	20	0	benzodioxine; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.	3.65	9	0	dimethoxybenzene
quinpirole Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.	9.07	15	0	pyrazoloquinoline	dopamine agonist
balsalazide balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.	3.23	1	0
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	4.95	11	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
cabergoline Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.	3.61	2	0	N-acylurea	antineoplastic agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
caracemide [no description available]	2.04	1	0
bambuterol bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.	2.74	3	0	carbamate ester; phenylethanolamines	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
atomoxetine hydrochloride Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.	2.47	2	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant
atomoxetine atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.	4.54	7	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound; toluenes	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
benfuracarb benfuracarb: a procarbamate insecticide	6.98	1	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester; ethyl ester	agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
quinapril Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	4.42	6	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; isoquinolines; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
alpidem [no description available]	3.87	3	0	imidazoles
n-methyl-n-(1-methyl-4-pyrrolidino-2-butynyl)acetamide N-methyl-N-(1-methyl-4-pyrrolidino-2-butynyl)acetamide: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.89	4	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
gepirone gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	4.65	8	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
quinacainol quinacainol: structure	1.97	1	0
dopexamine dopexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0	catecholamine
trospectomycin trospectomycin: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; RN refers to 2R-(2alpha,4abeta,5abeta,6beta,7beta,8beta,9beta,9alpha,9aalpha,10abeta)-(9CI)-isomer	2.45	2	0	dioxanes
imazodan imazodan: RN & structure given in first source;	1.97	1	0
detomidine detomidine: structure given in first source	5.07	10	1
zaltidine zaltidine: RN given for parent cpd; structure given in first source	2	1	0
oxodipine [no description available]	2.08	1	0
lonapalene RS 43179: used in treatment of psoriasis	2.07	1	0	naphthalenes; organochlorine compound
cilazapril, anhydrous Cilazapril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors) used for hypertension. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat.. cilazapril : A pyridazinodiazepine resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of cilazaprilat with ethanol. It is a drug used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	2.04	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; pyridazinodiazepine	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
fosphenytoin fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source	3.56	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	2.47	2	0	naphthoic acid
ranolazine Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.	3.6	2	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary alcohol
ipsapirone [no description available]	2.4	2	0	N-arylpiperazine
clentiazem clentiazem: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	5.07	43	0
eticlopride eticlopride: blocks dopamine-D2 binding sites; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	2.91	4	0	salicylamides
flesinoxan [no description available]	1.97	1	0
finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	4.41	6	0	3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	2.08	1	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
cy 208-243 CY 208-243: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	phenanthridines
sematilide sematilide: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source	2.97	4	0
n 0437, (-)-isomer rotigotine: Antiparkinson Agent and dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0	tetralins
esmolol methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.	9.99	28	5	aromatic ether; ethanolamines; methyl ester; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
clinafloxacin clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl	2.74	3	0	quinolines
sertindole sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group.	2.08	1	0	heteroarylpiperidine; imidazolidinone; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; phenylindole	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
adapalene Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.	2.08	1	0	adamantanes; monocarboxylic acid; naphthoic acid	dermatologic drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
adefovir adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	4.54	7	0	6-aminopurines; ether; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent
loxiglumide loxiglumide: cholecystokinin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in first source	10.26	27	5	organic molecular entity
aromasil [no description available]	3.61	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sparfloxacin [no description available]	3.3	6	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone
zileuton [no description available]	4.42	6	0	1-benzothiophenes; ureas	anti-asthmatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
remacemide remacemide: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	stilbenoid
tebufelone tebufelone: structure given in first source	2.42	2	0
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	3.91	3	0	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.	4.55	7	0	phosphonic acids; pyrimidone	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent
tiagabine Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.	4.25	5	0	beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes	anticonvulsant; GABA reuptake inhibitor
marbofloxacin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	quinolines
mibefradil Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.	3.13	5	0	tetralins	T-type calcium channel blocker
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	3.85	3	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
elgodipine elgodipine: structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
tenidap tenidap: structure given in first source; RN refers to (Z)-isomer	2.06	1	0
bromfenac bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.	4.76	9	0	aromatic amino acid; benzophenones; organobromine compound; substituted aniline	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride; organofluorine compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	4.1	4	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
ibutilide ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt	5.63	5	1	benzenes; organic amino compound
technetium tc 99m mertiatide Technetium Tc 99m Mertiatide: A technetium diagnostic aid used in renal function determination.	1.99	1	0
aripiprazole Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.	3.87	3	0	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
xanomeline xanomeline: a cholinergic agonist; used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease; structure given in first source	4.04	14	0	tetrahydropyridine; thiadiazoles	muscarinic agonist; serotonergic agonist
remifentanil Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.	10.98	22	10	alpha-amino acid ester; anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidinecarboxylate ester	intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; sedative
atorvastatin calcium anhydrous [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic calcium salt
atorvastatin [no description available]	3.88	3	0	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	5.04	12	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration.	2.08	1	0	duloxetine hydrochloride	antidepressant
duloxetine [no description available]	3.59	2	0	duloxetine
irinotecan [no description available]	12.86	12	2	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
pobilukast pobilukast: a leukotriene receptor antagonist; an antiasthmatic agent; structure in first source; RN refers to (R-(R,S)-isomer	1.97	1	0
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	4.77	9	0	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ibandronic acid Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	3.86	3	0
ziprasidone ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.	4.41	6	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; indolones; organochlorine compound; piperazines	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
zanamivir Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.	2.96	4	0	guanidines	antiviral agent; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
zolmitriptan zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.	4.26	5	0	oxazolidinone; tryptamines	anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
3-iodobenzylguanidine 3-Iodobenzylguanidine: A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.	4.07	3	1	organoiodine compound
adefovir dipivoxil bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	2.47	2	0	6-aminopurines; carbonate ester; ether; organic phosphonate	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent; prodrug
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	3.61	2	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tasosartan tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source	3.89	3	0	biphenyls
tiludronic acid tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source	3.23	1	0	organochlorine compound
tirofiban Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.	3.85	3	0	L-tyrosine derivative; piperidines; sulfonamide	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	3.59	2	0	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	11	148	5	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
safranal safranal: a monoterpene aldehyde; one of the main components responsible for the aroma of saffron; structure given in first source. safranal : A monoterpenoid formally derived from beta-cyclocitral by dehydrogenation.	2.06	1	0	monoterpenoid
2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3,6-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-benzoquinone 2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3,6-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-benzoquinone: structure	2.04	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones
amyl nitrate [no description available]	3.76	2	1
d-lactic acid (R)-lactic acid : An optically active form of lactic acid having (R)-configuration.	2.1	1	0	2-hydroxypropanoic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	3.08	5	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
dimethylhydrazines Dimethylhydrazines: Hydrazines substituted with two methyl groups in any position.	1.96	1	0
tobramycin sulfate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
carfentanil carfentanil : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of methyl 4-anilino-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidine-4-carboxylate with propanoic acid.	1.96	1	0	methyl ester; piperidines; tertiary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; tranquilizing drug
benzylaminopurine benzylaminopurine: a plant growth regulator. N-benzyladenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a benzyl group.	2.13	1	0	6-aminopurines	cytokinin; plant metabolite
morzid morzid: structure	2.04	1	0	morpholines
bis(trichloromethyl)sulfone bis(trichloromethyl)sulfone: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
tenocyclidine tenocyclidine : A tertiary amino compound that consists of cyclohexane having piperidin-1-yl and thiophen-2-yl groups attached at position 1. A dissociative anaesthetic drug with halluccinogenic and stimulant effects. Its effects are similar to those of phencyclidine (PCP, an analogue with the thienyl group replaced by phenyl), but it is rather more potent.	2.91	4	0	piperidines; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes	central nervous system stimulant; hallucinogen; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
colestipol Colestipol: Highly crosslinked and insoluble basic anion exchange resin used as anticholesteremic. It may also may reduce triglyceride levels.. colestipol : A high molecular weight copolymer of diethylenetriamine and epichlorohydrin (hydrochloride), with approximately 1 out of 5 amine nitrogens protonated. Due to the highly cross-linked and insoluble nature of the material, no structural formula has been assigned and no specific molecular weight information is available. A basic anion exchange resin, it is used as its hydrochloride for binding bile acids in the intestine, inhibiting their reabsorption.	3.46	2	0
fluoxetine hydrochloride fluoxetine hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride; N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine
cyamemazine cyamemazine: phototoxic neuroleptic effects; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	phenothiazines
paroxetine hydrochloride paroxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of paroxetine. It is an antidepressant drug.	2.48	2	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
bupropion hydrochloride [no description available]	2.08	1	0	aromatic ketone
cisatracurium cisatracurium: RN refers to (1R-(1alpha,2alpha(1'R,2'R)))-isomer. cisatracurium : A diester that is the (1R,1'R,2R,2'R)-diastereoisomer of atracurium, a quaternary ammonium ion consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxy functions bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups. The active species in the skeletal muscle relaxant cisatracurium besylate.	5.07	5	2	diester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
halofuginone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	quinazolines
diltiazem hydrochloride Carex: fluoride (1.8%) containing varnish; no further information available 8/91. diltiazem hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of diltiazem and hydrogen chloride. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	2.46	2	0	hydrochloride	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	2.49	2	0	hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	3.16	5	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
fosinoprilat fosinoprilat: active phosphinic acid metabolite of prodrug fosenopril, which is activated by esterases in vivo; structure given in first source; binds zinc with phosphinic acid group. fosinoprilat : A phosphinic acid-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. An inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), it is used as the phosphinate ester pro-drug fosinopril for treatment of hypertension and chronic heart failure.	2.04	1	0	L-proline derivative; phosphinic acids	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ortho-cept ethinyl estradiol-desogestrel combination: Ethinyl Estradiol and Desogestrell given in fixed proportions; has proved to be an effective & well-tolerated oral contraceptive, which improves cycle control & has a beneficial effect on acne	2.05	1	0
trovafloxacin trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.	4.67	8	0
verapamil hydrochloride verapamil hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil hydrochloride and (S)-verapamil hydrochloride.	2.5	2	0
cefprozil [no description available]	3.86	3	0	cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
doxazosin mesylate Cardura: Trade name in United States.	2.51	2	0	methanesulfonate salt	geroprotector
4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	stilbenoid
febrifugine febrifugine: antimalarials; structure	2.04	1	0	quinazolines
caffeine, sodium benzoate drug combination caffeine, sodium benzoate drug combination: RN given refers to an equal mixture of caffeine and benzoate; Merck, 9th ed, #1628 reference for caffeine sodium benzoate	1.93	1	0
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	4.08	4	0	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.	4.09	4	0	aryl sulfide; benzamides; organic heterobicyclic compound; phenols; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; HIV protease inhibitor
amantadine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	antiviral agent; dopamine agonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
2,4-diamino-5-adamantyl-6-methylpyrimidine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
u 37883a U 37883A: an antagonist of vascular ATP-sensitive potassium channel openers; structure given in first source	2.69	3	0
cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate: acetylcholinesterase inhibitor	4.26	18	0
doxapram hydrochloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hydrochloride	central nervous system stimulant
atropine sulfate-diphenoxylate hydrochloride drug combination atropine sulfate-diphenoxylate hydrochloride drug combination: contains diphenoxylate & atropine sulfate; see also record for Lyspafen whcih contains difenoxine & atropine sulfate	9.26	42	1
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	2.89	4	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
anisodamine anisodamine: alkaloid isolated from Chinese solanacea plant	7.31	33	1
mevastatin mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.	2.08	1	0	2-pyranones; carboxylic ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
lanthanum chloride lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.67	3	0
bupivacaine hydrochloride bupivacaine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine hydrochloride and levobupivacaine hydrochloride. The monohydrate form is commonly used as a local anaesthetic.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride; racemate	adrenergic antagonist; amphiphile; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; local anaesthetic
3,3-diphenylpropanoate [no description available]	1.99	1	0
fenofibric acid fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ketone; chlorobenzophenone; monocarboxylic acid	drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
ursolic acid [no description available]	2.72	3	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
propamidine propamidine: structure given in first source. propamidine : A polyether that is the bis(4-guanidinophenyl) ether of propane-1,3-diol. Used (as its isethionate salt) for the treatment of minor eye or eyelid infections, such as conjunctivitis and blepharitis.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; guanidines; polyether	antimicrobial agent; antiseptic drug
n-methylnicotinamide N-methylnicotinamide: structure. N-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the amide hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.	2.44	2	0	pyridinecarboxamide	metabolite
1,5-anhydroglucitol 1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.	2.05	1	0	anhydro sugar	human metabolite
norharman norharman: RN given refers to parent cpd. beta-carboline : The parent compound of the beta-carbolines, a tricyclic structure comprising an indole ring system ortho- fused to C-3 and C-4 of a pyridine ring.	2.13	1	0	beta-carbolines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent	fungal metabolite; marine metabolite
betulinic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
baicalin [no description available]	2.41	2	0	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
plerixafor plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.	3.61	2	0	azacycloalkane; azamacrocycle; benzenes; crown amine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist; immunological adjuvant
amprenavir [no description available]	4.09	4	0	carbamate ester; sulfonamide; tetrahydrofuryl ester	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	3.89	3	0	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
thymine arabinoside thymine arabinoside: selectively inhibits replication of herpes simplex virus	2.04	1	0	N-glycosyl compound
n-acetylaspartic acid N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid : An N-acyl-L-aspartic acid in which the acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.11	1	0	N-acetyl-L-amino acid; N-acyl-L-aspartic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; rat metabolite
psicofuranine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	psicose derivative; purine nucleoside
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol : A phosphatidylglycerol in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both palmitoyl.	1.99	1	0	phosphatidylglycerol
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	2.08	1	0	iodine oxoacid
fluorophosphate fluorophosphate: inhibits Phosphorylas phosphatase irreversibly; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.18	6	0	fluorine molecular entity; phosphoric acid derivative
desipramine hydrochloride desipramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of desipramine.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	drug allergen
ticlopidine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.51	2	0	hydrochloride
dopamine hydrochloride P 498: structure in first source; do not confuse with dopamine chloride, also known as P 498	2.13	1	0	catecholamine
proadifen hydrochloride [no description available]	1.97	1	0
epirubicin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.08	1	0
peroxynitric acid [no description available]	2	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	2.45	2	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
fenclofenac fenclofenac: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.69	3	0	aromatic ether
triciribine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	nucleoside analogue	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
pelanserin pelanserin: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
sinefungin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	adenosines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
iopamidol Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.	2.04	1	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound; pentol	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
proxicromil proxicromil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.07	1	0
sulconazole, mononitrate, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	2.13	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; organic nitrate salt
5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine [no description available]	2.04	1	0
histamine phosphate histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.	3.23	1	0	phosphate salt	histamine agonist
n-benzyl-3-pyrrolidylacetate methobromide [no description available]	2.36	2	0
diethazine diethazine: phenothiazine derivative anti-Parkinson agent with anticholinergic and antihistaminic actions; is effective against Parkinson tremor; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search PHENOTHIAZINES (75-86); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	6.93	1	0	phenothiazines
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	2.03	1	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
acetylcholine bromide acetylcholine bromide : The bromide salt of acetylcholine.	2.13	1	0	bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt
fenpipramide fenpipramide: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.95	1	0
imipramine n-oxide imipramine N-oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	dibenzooxazepine
tilbroquinol [no description available]	3.59	2	0	organohalogen compound; quinolines
tropodifene tropodifene: russian drug; RN given refers to (endo)-isomer; structure	2.37	2	0
bendamustine [no description available]	3.86	3	0	benzimidazoles
erdosteine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
zatebradine [no description available]	2.44	2	0	benzazepine
aloxistatin aloxistatin: a membrane-permeable cysteine protease inhibitor. aloxistatin : An L-leucine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3S)-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)oxirane-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of N-(3-methylbutyl)-L-leucinamide.	2.13	1	0	epoxide; ethyl ester; L-leucine derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide	anticoronaviral agent; cathepsin B inhibitor
droxicam droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.	3.87	3	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; pyridines	cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prodrug
metapramine metapramine: structure	1.97	1	0	dibenzooxazepine
trofosfamide trofosfamide: cyclophosphamide analog; structure	2.04	1	0	ifosfamides
xanthene-9-carboxylic acid xanthene-9-carboxylic acid: degradation product of propantheline	1.96	1	0	xanthenes
rutecarpine rutacarpine: from Evodia rutaecarpa; an ingredient in zhuyu hewei zhitong capsules	1.98	1	0	beta-carbolines
ceftezole ceftezole: RN given refers to (6R-(trans))-isomer; structure. ceftezole : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [2-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)acetamido side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	2.04	1	0	cephalosporin; thiadiazoles
4-aminobenzoic acid-n-xyloside 4-aminobenzoic acid-N-xyloside: K 247 refers to Na salt; RN given refers to (D)-isomer	2.04	1	0
flutonidine flutonidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
tryptamide tryptamide: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
tretoquinol Tretoquinol: An adrenergic beta-agonist used as a bronchodilator agent in asthma therapy.	1.95	1	0	isoquinolines
etofibrate etofibrate: analog of clofibrate with nicotinic acid substituted on the 2-carbon of the ethyl ester group; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
fotrin fotrin: ethyleneamine derivative; antineoplastic; Russian drug; structure	2.04	1	0
sufosfamide sufosfamide: stronger immunosuppressive activity than cyclophosphamide; structure	2.04	1	0
tobanum tobanum: tobanum is for (+-)-isomer, HCl salt; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.75	2	1	dichlorobenzene
azetirelin azetirelin: TRH analog; has more potent effect than TRH on central nervous system; structure given in first source; RN from Toxline	2.68	3	0
nuvenzepine nuvenzepine: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
nafagrel nafagrel: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
esreboxetine esreboxetine: a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether
inaperisone inaperisone: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.98	1	0	aromatic ketone
lercanidipine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	diarylmethane
ebrotidine ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector	3.59	2	0	sulfonamide
physostigmine heptyl physostigmine heptyl: RN given for (3aS-cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; possible use in therapy of Alzheimer's disease	2.39	2	0
ecabapide [no description available]	2.4	2	0
torbafylline torbafylline: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
web 2086 WEB 2086: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	1.97	1	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
mizolastine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzimidazoles
nebracetam nebracetam: RN given refers to parent cpd; agonist for muscarinic receptors	2.38	2	0
dexloxiglumide dexloxiglumide: a CCK receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	4.35	4	1	glutamic acid derivative
terikalant terikalant: experimental class II antiarrhythmic drug; RN gioven refers to terikalant ((S-(-))-isomer)	1.99	1	0	piperidines
azelnidipine azelnidipine: structure given in first source	2.42	2	0	isopropyl ester
intoplicine intoplicine: structure in first source	2.45	2	0	pyridoindole
pazufloxacin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	quinolines
repaglinide [no description available]	4.41	6	0	piperidines
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	4.55	7	0	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aralkylamine
methacycline [no description available]	2.38	2	0	1,2-diglyceride
benzylaniline benzylaniline: major metabolite of antazoline; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.92	1	0
oxyphencyclimine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyrimidines
thioridazine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	first generation antipsychotic; geroprotector
diphenylpyraline hydrochloride diphenylpyraline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenylpyraline. A sedating antihistamine, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and hay fever, and in pruritic skin disorders.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist
armin Armin: A reversible organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It also affects the presynaptic membrane and inhibits membrane postsynaptic cholinergic receptors. The compound had former use as a miotic.	7.89	4	0	organic phosphonate; phosphonic ester
procainamide hydrochloride procainamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride which has procainamide as the amino component.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	anti-arrhythmia drug
siquil [no description available]	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	anticoronaviral agent
mepivacaine hydrochloride mepivacaine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of mepivacaine. It is used as a local anaesthetic.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride; piperidinecarboxamide	local anaesthetic
hexestrol bis(diethylaminoethyl ether) hexestrol bis(diethylaminoethyl ether): minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search HEXESTROL/AA (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.45	2	0	stilbenoid
benzilonium bromide [no description available]	3.34	1	1
oxymetazoline hydrochloride oxymetazoline hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar quantities of oxymetazoline and hydrogen chloride. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used to relieve nasal congestion.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	alpha-adrenergic agonist; nasal decongestant; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
propatyl nitrate propatyl nitrate: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	nitrate ester
dexfenfluramine Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.	4.52	5	1	fenfluramine	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
diphenidol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	diarylmethane
alprenolol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride
xenon radioisotopes Xenon Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes.	4.62	3	2
edoxudin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	2.76	3	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
6-ketoestradiol [no description available]	2.13	1	0
17 beta-estradiol hemisuccinate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
amizyl [no description available]	2.13	1	0
salicylhydroxamic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	hydroxamic acid; phenols	antibacterial drug; EC 1.11.2.2 (myeloperoxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor; trypanocidal drug
benzeneboronic acid [no description available]	2.41	1	0	boronic acids
sulfamidochrysoidine sulfamidochrysoidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. prontosil : A diphenyldiazene compound having two amino substituents at the 2- and 4-positions and an aminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position. It was the first antibacterial drug, (introduced 1935) and the first of the sulfonamide antibiotics.	2.04	1	0
synthalin a synthalin A: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. synthalin : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of decamethylenediguanidine with 2 mol eq. of hydrogen chloride.. synthalin A : A member of the class of guanidines that is decane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 10-positions.	2.46	2	0	guanidines	hepatotoxic agent; hypoglycemic agent; nephrotoxin
ethinyl estradiol-17-sulfate ethinyl estradiol-17-sulfate: RN given refers to the (17alpha)-isomer	2.04	1	0
thiamorpholine thiamorpholine: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiomorpholine : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is an analogue of morpholine where the oxygen atom is replaced by sulfur.	2.1	1	0	saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; thiomorpholines
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	2.87	4	0	phenanthroline
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	3.6	9	0	1,2,3-triazole
3-fluoro-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	3.96	4	0	anthocyanidin chloride
dyclonine hydrochloride dyclonine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dyclonine.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	topical anaesthetic
7-methylxanthine [no description available]	4.22	2	0	oxopurine; purine alkaloid	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
perilla ketone perilla ketone: potent lung toxin from Perilla frutescens; structure	1.99	1	0	aromatic ketone
clomipramine hydrochloride clomipramine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of clomipramine and hydrogen chloride. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug
prazosin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride
mianserin hydrochloride mianserin hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of mianserin, a tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	geroprotector
miconazole nitrate miconazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole nitrate. An antifungal used for the treatment of athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	2.51	2	0
ibopamine ibopamine: structure given in UD 31;67a & in 2nd source	2.45	2	0	benzoate ester; phenols
disobutamide [no description available]	2.45	2	0	acetamides
ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate: binds to albumin at 2 sites	2.04	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; steroid sulfate	antineoplastic agent; estrogen
econazole nitrate econazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole nitrate. Used to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.	2.13	1	0
medetomidine Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.	7.24	19	6	imidazoles
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	3.38	1	1	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	4.54	7	0	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
sanguinarine chloride [no description available]	2.04	1	0
picosulfate sodium picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure	2.05	1	0	aryl sulfate; pyridines
cefcanel cefcanel: RN given refers to (6R-(6 alpha,7 beta(R*)))-isomer; structure	2.45	2	0
pumitepa pumitepa: structure; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.04	1	0
arbekacin arbekacin: structure given in first source. arbekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B bearing an N-(2S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group on the aminocyclitol ring.	2.06	1	0	aminoglycoside; kanamycins	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
rilmenidine Rilmenidine: Oxazole derivative that acts as an agonist for ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION.	2.94	4	0	isourea
selfotel selfotel: a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist; used to treat stroke-induced impairment	2.05	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	4.41	6	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
epristeride epristeride: structure given in first source	2.74	3	0	steroid acid
talinolol [no description available]	2.93	4	0	ureas
climazolam climazolam: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
pirlindole pirlindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym pyrazidol refers to mono-HCl; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2812	2.05	1	0	carbazoles
elmustine elmustine: structure	2.04	1	0
mesudipine mesudipine: structure	1.96	1	0
artemisinin (+)-artemisinin : A sesquiterpene lactone obtained from sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua, which is used as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.08	1	0	organic peroxide; sesquiterpene lactone	antimalarial; plant metabolite
brinzolamide brinzolamide: an antiglaucoma agent	2.49	2	0	sulfonamide; thienothiazine	antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
mesulergine mesulergine: RN given refers to parent cpd; CU 32-085 is synonymous to mono-HCl; metabolized into dopaminergic agonists; structure given in first source. mesulergine : A member of the class of ergot alkaloids that is known to act on serotonin and dopamine receptors.	2.54	2	0	ergot alkaloid; sulfamides	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; serotonergic antagonist
dienogest [no description available]	2.05	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; aliphatic nitrile; steroid hormone	progesterone receptor agonist; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
midaglizole midaglizole: orally effective hypoglycemic agent structurally unrelated to known hypoglycemics; RN given for parent cpd	2.38	2	0
drospirenone drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; steroid lactone	aldosterone antagonist; contraceptive drug; progestin
cloricromen cloricromen: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	coumarins
vinconate vinconate: synthetic hexa-hydrocanthane alkaloid; RN given refers to (+ -)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avai lable 8/89	2.38	2	0
forphenicinol [no description available]	2.04	1	0
artemether Artemether: An artemisinin derivative that is used in the treatment of MALARIA.. artemether : An artemisinin derivative that is artemisinin in which the lactone has been converted to the corresponding lactol methyl ether. It is used in combination with lumefantrine as an antimalarial for the treatment of multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria.	2.47	2	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; organic peroxide; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial
2,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.13	1	0
3-amino-3-phenylpropionic acid 3-amino-3-phenylpropionic acid: structure given in first source. 3-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid : A beta-amino acid that is beta-alanine substituted at position 3 by a phenyl group.	1.97	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid
glycyl-glycyl-glycyl-glycine [no description available]	2.1	1	0
morphazinamide morphazinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for mono-HCL: 1473-73-0; structure in Merck Index	2.05	1	0	morpholines; pyrazines; secondary carboxamide
opromazine opromazine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in 9th ed, Merck Index, #6697	2.35	2	0	phenothiazines
tyrosine methyl ester tyrosine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. methyl L-tyrosinate : An L-tyrosyl ester that is the methyl ester of L-tyrosine.	2.05	1	0	L-tyrosyl ester; methyl ester
3-amino-1,2,4-triazine [no description available]	1.98	1	0
nibufin nibufin: structure	1.95	1	0
D-alanine [no description available]	3.08	1	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; D-alpha-amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
dipropylacetamide dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.	2.44	2	0	fatty amide	geroprotector; metabolite; teratogenic agent
aprofen aprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.77	11	0
denaverine denaverine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.46	2	0	diarylmethane
pafenolol pafenolol: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
acamprosate Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.	3.59	2	0	acetamides; organosulfonic acid	environmental contaminant; neurotransmitter agent; xenobiotic
isaxonine isaxonine: promotes nerve growth	3.59	2	0	aminopyrimidine
n-methylscopolamine N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.	7.44	116	1
enrofloxacin Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.	2.5	2	0	cyclopropanes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
cromakalim Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)	3.28	6	0
falipamil falipamil: bradycardic agent which blocks myocardial calcium channels in frequency- & voltage-dependent manner; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in Unlisted Drugs	2.38	2	0
picoprazole picoprazole: inhibits gastric acid secretion by blocking (H+ + K+)ATPase	2.36	2	0
6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate 6-amino-1-hydroxyhexane-1,1-diphosphonate: used for therapy of Paget's disease of bone & malignant hypercalcaemia	2.05	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)
diprafenone diprafenone: structure given in first source	2.72	3	0	aromatic compound
nebivolol 2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.	4.07	4	0	chromanes; diol; organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
atipamezole [no description available]	7.9	4	0
uk 68798 [no description available]	4.83	10	0	aromatic ether; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; potassium channel blocker
ljc 10627 biapenem: structure given in first source. biapenem : A carbapenem antibiotic in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazolium-6-ylthio substituents respectively.	2.45	2	0	carbapenems; organic sulfide; pyrazolotriazole	antibacterial drug
hp 873 iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.	3.61	2	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; monoamine; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.	4.08	4	0	razoxane	antineoplastic agent; cardiovascular drug; chelator; immunosuppressive agent
clobetasone butyrate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic molecular entity
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	3.36	7	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
loxapine succinate [no description available]	2.51	2	0	succinate salt	geroprotector
guanfacine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	acetamides	geroprotector
labetalol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	salicylamides
diflorasone diacetate diflorasone diacetate : The 17,21-diacetate derivative of diflorasone. It is used topically for its anti-inflammatory and antipruritic properties in the treatment of various skin disorders.	2.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; acetate ester; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
acecainide hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
loperamide hydrochloride loperamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining loperamide with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Used for treatment of diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
fenoxypropazine [no description available]	3.59	2	0	aromatic ether
maprotiline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	anthracenes
thiospasmin thiospasmin: RN given refers to iodide	2.62	3	0
hydroxyzine dihydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	4.25	5	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
inproquone inproquone: major descriptor (78-80); replaced major descriptor Bayer E39 (63-77); on-line search AZIRINES (66-80); Index Medicus search Bayer E39 (63-77), INPROQUONE (78-80)	2.04	1	0
betamipron [no description available]	2.99	4	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
prethcamide prethcamide: mixture of cropropamide & crotethamide used as respiratory stimulant & analgesic; major descriptor (66-85); on-line search AMINOBUTYRIC ACIDS (66-85); Index Medicus search PRETHCAMIDE (66-85)	2.34	2	0
rexigen clobenzorex: RN given refers to (+)-isomer; structure	2.05	1	0
mepindolol mepindolol: 2-methyl deriv of pindolol; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.07	1	0	indoles
fpl 52791 FPL 52791: also has anti-allergic properties; related to sodium cromoglycate; structure	2.07	1	0
bufuralol bufuralol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.95	4	0	benzofurans
carazolol carazolol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.7	3	0	carbazoles
uroxatral [no description available]	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride
aceclofenac [no description available]	3.87	3	0	amino acid; carboxylic ester; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 46470 BRL 46470: a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist and anxiolytic compound; BRL 46470A is the hydrochloride salt	1.98	1	0
secnidazole [no description available]	2.13	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; secondary alcohol	epitope
clociguanil clociguanil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.74	3	0
nitrefazole [no description available]	3.59	2	0	imidazoles
stercuronium stercuronium: analog of conessine; RN given refers to iodide	1.96	1	0
minaxolone minaxolone: RN given refers to parent cpd(2beta,3alpha,5alpha,11alpha)-isomer	4.26	4	1
pro-diazepam pro-diazepam: diazepam prodrug	5.77	11	2	peptide
romifidine romifidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	4.86	4	2
tebuquine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
epanolol epanolol: structure given in first source	2.43	2	0	acetamides
panipenem panipenem: synthetic cpd; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
perindoprilat perindoprilat : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of N-[(1S)-1-carboxyethyl]-L-norvaline with the amino group of (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid. The major active metabolite of perindopril.	2.04	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide; L-alanine derivative; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cyclobutyrol cyclobutyrol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclobutyrol : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid in which the hydroxy group is geminal to a 1-carboxypropyl group on a cyclohexane ring.	7.37	2	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	bile therapy drug
thiocolchicoside [no description available]	2.08	1	0	glycoside
terlipressin terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function.	2.05	1	0	polypeptide
sydnophen sydnophen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer	1.97	1	0
octylonium octylonium: RN given refers to bromide; structure	2.38	2	0	benzamides
fenoverine [no description available]	2.37	2	0	phenothiazines
siguazodan [no description available]	1.98	1	0	pyridazinone
tiemonium iodide [no description available]	1.96	1	0	aralkylamine
tiquizium bromide thiaton: antispasmodic; RN refers to bromide (trans)-isomer. tiquizium bromide : A organic bromide salt of tiquizium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of convulsion and hypermobility in gastritis, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, enteritis, irritable bowel syndrome, gallbladder disease, biliary tract disease and urolithiasis.	2.68	3	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
timoprazole timoprazole: gastric acid secretion inhibitor	2.88	4	0
7-hydroxystaurosporine [no description available]	2.04	1	0
methotrimeprazine Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.	10.44	15	1	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; cholinergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
4-o-methyl-12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate [no description available]	2.02	1	0
magnolol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	biphenyls
isoflavone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	isoflavones
chelerythrine chloride [no description available]	2.04	1	0
jatrorrhizine jatrorrhizine: isolated from bark of Enantia chlorantha (Annonaceae); structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	alkaloid
betulin betulin: isolated from various white birch bark (BETULA). betulin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is lupane having a double bond at position 20(29) as well as 3beta-hydroxy and 28-hydroxymethyl substituents.	2.01	1	0	diol; pentacyclic triterpenoid	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; metabolite
clevudine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
nobiletin nobiletin : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 3' and 4' respectively.	2.1	1	0	methoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lividomycin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	lividomycins	metabolite
gentamicin c1 [no description available]	2.45	2	0
9-aminocamptothecin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline
sch 34343 Sch 34343: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (5R-(5alpha,6alpha))-isomer	2.45	2	0
oleandomycin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	oleandomycins
squalamine squalamine: from dogfish shark Squalus acanthias; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	bile acid
2-(4'-methylpiperazino-1-methyl)-1,3-diazafluoranthene 1-oxide 2-(4'-methylpiperazino-1-methyl)-1,3-diazafluoranthene 1-oxide: structure	2.45	2	0
neplanocin a neplanocin A: neplanocins are antitumor antibiotics & carbocyclic analogs of purine nucleosides from Ampullarilla regularis A11079; see also neplanocin B, neplanocin C, neplanocin D & neplanocin F; structure in first source; a potent inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase	2.04	1	0
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	2.7	3	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
doripenem Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.	3.61	2	0	carbapenems
dauricine dauricine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dauricine : A bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid resulting from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 4-{[(1R)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl]methyl}phenol by attachment of the phenolic oxygen of one molecule to the benzene ring of the second (ortho to the phenolic hydroxy group of the latter).	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines; phenols; tertiary amino compound	plant metabolite
ergocornine ergocornine: a component of ergotoxine; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ERGOLINES (75-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer). ergocornine : Ergotaman bearing a hydroxy group at the 12' position, isopropyl groups at the 2' and 5'alpha positions, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid.	2.13	1	0	ergot alkaloid
indicine indicine: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,7(2R,3S),7abeta))-isomer	2.01	1	0	carboxylic ester; pyrrolizines
tetracenomycin c tetracenomycin C: chemically related to tetracyclines & anthracyclinones but not a member of either group; produced by Streptomyces glaucescens, strain Tu 49	1.96	1	0	methyl ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracenomycin
pramoxine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether
glutamic acid diethyl ester glutamic acid diethyl ester: glutamic acid antagonist; RN given refers to (L)-isomer	4.46	7	0
atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.	4.4	6	0	hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
citronellal, (r)-isomer (R)-(+)-citronellal : The (3R)-stereoisomer of 3,7-dimethyloct-6-enal (citronellal).	2.01	1	0	citronellal
tutin tutin: neurotoxin found in Coriaria shrubs; hyenanchin is the hydroxy derivative; structure	1.96	1	0	gamma-lactone
phenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-phenylalanine phenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-phenylalanine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer	2.1	1	0	oligopeptide
octadecyl palmitate octadecyl palmitate: found in psoriatic nail, but not in normal nails. stearyl palmitate : A palmitate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic acid with the hydroxy group of stearyl alcohol.	1.94	1	0	hexadecanoate ester; wax ester	coral metabolite; cosmetic
2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine: histamine H1 receptor agonist inducing cross-tolerance to histamine; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.66	3	0	aminoalkylpyridine; primary amine	histamine agonist; metabolite
butyrylcholine chloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)propionic acid 3-(4-methoxybenzoyl)propionic acid: a selectin inhibitor	2.1	1	0
dimethylaminopropanol dimethylaminopropanol: dimethylamine precursor	2.1	1	0
1-ethoxysilatrane [no description available]	2.04	1	0
enpiperate enpiperate: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.35	7	0
1-benzylimidazole 1-benzylimidazole: inhibits human thromboxane synthetase	2.44	2	0
rivastigmine [no description available]	9.75	9	0	carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
frovatriptan [no description available]	4.08	4	0	carbazoles
eletriptan eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.	3.58	2	0	indoles; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfone	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone [no description available]	4.67	8	0	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
tamiflu [no description available]	2.08	1	0	phosphate salt
iodophenol blue iodophenol blue: iodo analog of bromphenol blue	1.97	1	0
xylonidine xylonidine: alpha adrenoreceptor stimulation by above cpd mainly inhibits the release of mediator and/or the bronchoconstriction caused by moderate activation of sensory nerves; forced molting agent; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
3-tropinone 3-tropinone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.75	3	0
3-methylpiperidine 3-methylpiperidine: structure in first source	1.96	1	0
triethylcholine triethylcholine: triethyl analog of choline with parasympatholytic properties; cholinergic false transmitter that mainly affects skeletal muscles; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search CHOLINE/AA (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd	1.94	1	0
chloropyramine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
6-aminoindazole 6-aminoindazole: depresses gastric acid secretion; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	indazoles
cryptolepine cryptolepine: fused indole-quinoline; structure in first source; from CRYPTOLEPIS sanguinolenta. cryptolepine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 5H-indolo[3,2-b]quinoline in which the hydrogen at position N-5 is replaced by a methyl group.	2.05	1	0	indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound	anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; cysteine protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
bexarotene [no description available]	3.61	2	0	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent
s20098 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	acetamides
flunisolide flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones	2.08	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone: structure in first source	1.99	1	0	imidazoles
4-nitrophenylglucuronide 4-nitrophenyl beta-D-glucuronide : A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid having a 4-nitrophenyl substituent at the anomeric position.	2.04	1	0	beta-D-glucosiduronic acid; C-nitro compound	chromogenic compound
4-phenylbutylamine 4-phenylbutylamine: used as a drug partition into lipid bilayers in a cubic liquid-crystalline phase. 4-phenylbutylamine : A phenylalkylamine that is benzene in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.	2.1	1	0	benzenes; phenylalkylamine; primary amino compound
biocytin biocytin : A monocarboxylic acid amide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of biotin with the N(6)-amino group of L-lysine.	2.41	2	0	azabicycloalkane; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-lysine derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thiabicycloalkane; ureas	mouse metabolite
acetaminophen glucuronide acetaminophen glucuronide: acetaminophen metabolite in rats. acetaminophen O-beta-D-glucosiduronic acid : A beta-D-glucosiduronic acid that is the O-glucuronide of paracetamol (acetaminophen).	2.04	1	0	beta-D-glucosiduronic acid	drug metabolite
ketorolac tromethamine Ketorolac Tromethamine: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used for analgesia for postoperative pain and inhibits cyclooxygenase activity.. ketorolac tromethamine : An organoammonium salt resulting from the mixture of equimolar amounts of ketorolac and tromethamine (tris). It has potent non-sedating analgesic and moderate anti-inflammatory effects. It is used in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.	6	4	2	organoammonium salt	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
idremcinal Idremcinal: a motilin receptor agonist in human gastric antrum; structure given in first source	2.42	2	0
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	4.76	9	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
cobalt-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid chelate cobalt-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid chelate: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym dicobalt edetate refers to di-Na salt	1.96	1	0
epidepride epidepride: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
coenzyme a [no description available]	2.35	2	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycinexylidide glycinexylidide: dealkylated metabolite of lidocaine; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd with dimethylphenyl moiety in positions 2,6. glycinexylidide : A amino acid amide with 2,6-dimethylaniline and glycine components; an active metabolite of lidocaine, formed by oxidative deethylation. Used as an indicator of hepatic function.	2.1	1	0	amino acid amide	drug metabolite
2-ethyl-8-methyl-2,8-diazaspiro(4,5)decane-1,3-dione 2-ethyl-8-methyl-2,8-diazaspiro(4,5)decane-1,3-dione: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.23	6	0
5-aminoindazole [no description available]	2.13	1	0
Trp-Trp tryptophyltryptophan: an antigelation agent. Trp-Trp : A dipeptide formed from two L-tryptophan residues.	2.1	1	0	dipeptide	Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
kampirone 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)piperazine: metabolite of buspirone; structure given in first source	2.1	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
tretazicar tretazicar: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search AZIRIDINES (75-84)	2.04	1	0
mebeverine gamma-oryzanol: present in rice bran is associated with various physiological functions; RN given refers to gamma-oryzanol	2.36	2	0
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	13.27	777	1	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
nsc-172755 butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84)	2.04	1	0
n,n-dipropyl-2-aminotetralin N,N-dipropyl-2-aminotetralin: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.37	2	0
cinchonine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol; cinchona alkaloid	metabolite
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	5.4	8	2	iditol	fungal metabolite
moexipril [no description available]	3.86	3	0	peptide
tandospirone tandospirone: structure given in first source. tandospirone : A dicarboximide that is (3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione which is substituted by a 4-[4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]butyl group at position 2. It is a potent and selective 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist (Ki = 27 nM).	1.97	1	0	bridged compound; dicarboximide; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; pyrimidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug
trimethyl(4-oxopentyl)ammonium trimethyl(4-oxopentyl)ammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; acetylcholine antag. N,N,N-trimethyl-N-(4-oxopentyl)ammonium : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are methyl (three) and 4-oxopentyl.	1.93	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
phentolamine mesylate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
sennoside B sennoside B : A member of the class of sennosides that is (9R,9'S)-9,9',10,10'-tetrahydro-9,9'-bianthracene-2,2'-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4', by beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy groups at positions 5 and 5', and by oxo groups at positions 10 and 10'.	2.43	2	0	oxo dicarboxylic acid; sennosides
beta-eudesmol beta-eudesmol: found in Atractylodes and other plants; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4aalpha,8abeta))-isomer. beta-eudesmol : A carbobicyclic compound that is trans-decalin substituted at positions 2, 4a, and 8 by 2-hydroxypropan-2-yl, methyl and methylidene groups, respectively (the 2R,4aR,8aS-diastereoisomer).	2.42	2	0	carbobicyclic compound; eudesmane sesquiterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	volatile oil component
streptovitacin a streptovitacin A: structure	2.04	1	0
oxybutynin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.	4.62	6	1	catechols; tetrol	metabolite; mouse metabolite
5'-adenylyl (beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate 5'-adenylyl (beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate: do not confuse with alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate	3.22	6	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	3.57	9	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd	5.5	66	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
gliquidone gliquidone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.47	2	0	isoquinolines
acetylsalicylic acid lysinate acetylsalicylic acid lysinate: RN given refers to (L)-lysine, unspecified salicylate salt	1.98	1	0
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-amp 8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-AMP: lowers cAMP in heart & fat cells; cAMP-dependent kinase inhibitor. 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.	1.96	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound	protein kinase agonist
2-methylhippuric acid 2-methylhippuric acid: urinary metabolite of o-xylene. o-methylhippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the ortho-methyl derivative of hippuric acid.	2.13	1	0	N-acylglycine	metabolite
sarsasapogenin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	sapogenin
prilocaine hydrochloride prilocaine hydrochloride : The monohydrochloride salt of prilocaine.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	local anaesthetic
n-hexadecyl-n,n-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
adenosine 5'-methylenediphosphate [no description available]	2.67	3	0	nucleoside diphosphate analogue
isometamidium chloride isometamidium chloride: Samorin & Veridium are tradenames	1.98	1	0	organic molecular entity
meclizine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
cb 10375 trimelamol: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
1,3-dipropyl-8-(2-amino-4-chlorophenyl)xanthine [no description available]	1.98	1	0
mci 9038 [no description available]	3.58	2	0	peptide
lopinavir [no description available]	2.97	4	0	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
11-hydroxyprogesterone, (11alpha)-isomer 11alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 11alpha-hydroxy steroid that is pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione substituted by a hydroxy group at position 11.	2.13	1	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid
corynanthine Corynanthine: A stereoisomer of yohimbine.	1.96	1	0	yohimban alkaloid
malic acid, (r)-isomer (R)-malic acid : An optically active form of malic acid having (R)-configuration.	2.13	1	0	malic acid
21-deoxycortisol 21-deoxycortisol: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; structure. 21-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is 17xi-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 11 and an alpha-hydroxy group at position 17. It is a marker of virilizing adrenal hyperplasia caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency.	2.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; deoxycortisol; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite
estrone 3-methyl ether estrone 3-methyl ether: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure	2.13	1	0
e-250 [no description available]	2.13	1	0
rac-glycerol 1-monodecanoate rac-glycerol 1-monodecanoate: a monoglyceride of capric acid. 1-monodecanoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has decanoyl (capryl) as the acyl group.. rac-1-monodecanoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-decanoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-decanoyl-sn-glycerol.	2.13	1	0	rac-1-monoacylglycerol
arginine methyl ester arginine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.46	2	0	alpha-amino acid ester
firefly luciferin Firefly Luciferin: A benzothaizole which is oxidized by LUCIFERASES, FIREFLY to cause emission of light (LUMINESCENCE).. Photinus luciferin : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid consisting of 3,5-dihydrothiophene-4-carboxylic acid having a 6-hydroxybenzothiazol-2-yl group at the 2-position.	1.96	1	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; benzothiazoles; imidothioate	luciferin
dextromoramide Dextromoramide: An opioid analgesic structurally related to METHADONE and used in the treatment of severe pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1070). dextromoramide : An N-acylpyrrolidine arising by formal condensation of pyrrolidine with (3S)-3-methyl-4-(morpholin-4-yl)-2,2-diphenylbutanoic acid. An opioid analgesic that is structurally related to methadone, it is more poweful than morphine but shorter acting. It has been used (particularly as the hydrogen tartrate salt) for the treatment of severe pain, but was discontinued in the UK in 2004.	5.27	13	1	morpholines; N-acylpyrrolidine	opioid analgesic
droxidopa Droxidopa: A synthetic precursor of norepinephrine that is used in the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION.. droxidopa : A serine derivative that is L-serine substituted at the beta-position by a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group. A prodrug for noradrenalone, it is used for treatment of neurogenic orthostatic hypotension	1.98	1	0	catechols; L-tyrosine derivative	antihypertensive agent; prodrug; vasoconstrictor agent
nipecotic acid amide nipecotic acid amide: RN & N1 form 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotamide : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of nipecotic acid with ammonia.	2.13	1	0	piperidinecarboxamide
isopelletierine isopelletierine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; synonym pelletierine refers to (-)-isomer	2.1	1	0	citraconoyl group
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	2.11	1	0
quinupramine quinupramine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	dibenzooxazepine
carbenicillin indanyl carbenicillin indanyl: acid stable indanyl ester of carbenicillin for oral use; same side-effects as carbenicillin; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search CARBENICILLIN/AA (75-86); RN given refers to (mono-Na salt(2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer)	2.04	1	0	penicillin
acetylcholine mustard acetylcholine mustard: structure	1.94	1	0
phenylisopropyladenosine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	aromatic amine; benzenes; hydrocarbyladenosine; purine nucleoside; secondary amino compound	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
trimethyloxonium trimethyloxonium: active-site directed methylating agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
fenpropimorph [no description available]	2.1	1	0	alkylbenzene
levcromakalim [no description available]	2.5	2	0	1-benzopyran
hexamethonium chloride [no description available]	1.99	1	0
tachistin tachistin: a synthetic analog of dihydrotachysterol	2.13	1	0
dimethacrine dimethacrine: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search ACRIDINES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0	acridines
5,6-dihydrouridine dihydrouridine : The uridine derivative obtained by formal hydrogenation of the endocyclic double bond in the uracil ring.	1.96	1	0	uridines	biomarker
cortisol octanoate [no description available]	2.47	2	0	corticosteroid hormone
1-(2-pyridinyl)piperazine 1-(2-pyridinyl)piperazine: metabolite of buspirone & gepirone	2.1	1	0
cb 1837 CB 1837: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0
desethylchloroquine desethylchloroquine: metabolite of chloroquine	2.05	1	0	aminoquinoline
imidazoleacetic acid imidazoleacetic acid: RN given refers to cpd without specific location of acetic acid attachment identified; structure. imidazol-5-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by an imidazol-5-yl group.. imidazol-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by an imidazol-4-yl group.	2.02	1	0	imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid	metabolite; mouse metabolite
hexaphosphamide hexaphosphamide: structure	2.04	1	0
dipin dipin: structure	2.04	1	0
phosphazine phosphazine: structure	2.04	1	0
benzoylphenylalanine N-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine : An N-acyl-L-phenylalanine that is L-phenylalanine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a benzoyl group.	1.98	1	0	2-(benzoylamino)-3-phenylpropanoic acid; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine
armepavine [no description available]	2.13	1	0
trimeperidine Promedol: A narcotic analgesic similar to MEPERIDINE; it exists in four stereoisomers, two of which, the beta (isopromedol) and the gamma (trimeperidine) are active.	2.37	2	0
5'-n-methylcarboxamideadenosine 5'-N-methylcarboxamideadenosine: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer	3.08	1	0
diiodobenzotepa diiodobenzotepa: structure	2.04	1	0
foxes Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.	1.94	1	0
gamma-glutamylglycine gamma-glutamylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; note that tau here is used by some publishers in place of gamma and so does not mean position 20 on the carbon skeleton	2.38	2	0
enkephalinamide-met, ala(2)- enkephalinamide-Met, Ala(2)-: synthetic enkephalin analog;	3.35	7	0
icig 1163 ICIG 1163: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
wr 159412 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
arctiin arctiin: from fruits of Arctium lappa L; RN given refers to (3R-trans)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	1.93	1	0	glycoside; lignan
bimolane bimolane: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
thiodipin thiodipin: structure	2.04	1	0
n(6)-phenyladenosine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	purine nucleoside
fluoxydine fluoxydine: structure	2.04	1	0
moxifloxacin hydrochloride moxifloxacin hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of moxifloxacin and hydrogen chloride.	2.08	1	0	hydrochloride	antibacterial drug
ecgonidine ecgonidine: a methylecgonidine metabolite; structure in first source	1.93	1	0
cinchonidine cinchonidine: has antimalarial activity; diastereoisomer of cinchonine with distinct physiochemical properties; RN given refers to parent cpd(8alpha,9R)-isomer. cinchonidine : 8-epi-Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (R configuration). A diasteroisomer of cinchonine, it occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.	2.05	1	0	(8xi)-cinchonan-9-ol; cinchona alkaloid	metabolite
imiphos imiphos: structure	2.04	1	0
o-ethyl s-(2-dimethylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioate O-ethyl S-(2-dimethylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioate: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0
benzyloxyamine benzyloxyamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0
hexylcaine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.07	1	0
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	9.41	22	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	4.75	32	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	3.61	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
hydrogen sulfite [no description available]	2.17	1	0	sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	4.35	20	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
yttrium radioisotopes Yttrium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.	2.01	1	0
mizoribine [no description available]	2.51	2	0	imidazoles	anticoronaviral agent
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane 1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer	3.09	5	0
tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate: binds to GABA & ion recognition sites; structure given in first source	3.08	1	0	organic thiophosphate
enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)- Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-: A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.. DPDPE : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is a cyclic enkephalin analogue, having D-penicillaminyl residues located at positions 2 and 5, which form the heterocycle via a disulfide bond.	3.37	7	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	delta-opioid receptor agonist
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	3.72	10	0	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	2.05	1	0	oligopeptide
1,4-dihydropyridine [no description available]	2.39	2	0
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	2.97	4	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
cremophor el cremophor EL: solvent for Althesin & Propanidid implicated as possible cause of similar adverse effects polyethoxylated castor oil; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; see also records for cremophor & cremophor A	1.95	1	0
quin2 Quin2: fluorescent highly selective Ca indicator, binding Ca 1:1; structure given in first source	3.67	10	0
alphaxalone alphaxalone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer; structure	2.13	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
sr141716 [no description available]	3.74	10	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	5.3	9	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
bicuculline methiodide [no description available]	3.25	6	0
way 100635 [no description available]	2.13	1	0
cp 96345 CP 96345: structure given in first source; potent nonpeptide antagonist of the substance P (NK1) receptor; CP 96344 is enantiomer of CP 96345	4.47	23	0
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole 1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.	2.7	3	0	ether; imidazoles; monomethoxybenzene	TRP channel blocker
norverapamil norverapamil: N-demethylated active metabolite of verapamil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in second source. norverapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-norverapamil. The major active metabolite of verapamil.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A secondary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; secondary amino compound
chlorethylclonidine chlorethylclonidine: RN refers to 2-chloroethyl derivative	2.39	2	0
sr 48968 SR 48968: structure given in first source; neurokinin A antagonist; tachykinin receptor antagonist; SR 48965 is the inactive R-enantiomer of SR 48968	4.6	26	0
fluo-3 Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds	2.44	2	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
2-(2-cresyl)-4h-1-3-2-benzodioxaphosphorin-2-oxide 2-(2-cresyl)-4H-1-3-2-benzodioxaphosphorin-2-oxide: cyclic metabolite of tri-o-cresyl phosphate; synergist for cholinesterase inhibitors	1.96	1	0
fpl 55712 FPL 55712: inhibitor of SRS-A and LTC4 and LTD4 receptors	10.42	20	0	aromatic ketone
paxilline paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.	2.42	2	0	diterpene alkaloid; enone; organic heterohexacyclic compound; terpenoid indole alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	anticonvulsant; Aspergillus metabolite; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; genotoxin; geroprotector; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
selenomethionine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; selenomethionine	plant metabolite
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	3.21	6	0
bradykinin, des-arg(9)- bradykinin, des-Arg(9)-: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.4	2	0	oligopeptide	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist
(3h)2-carbomethoxy-3-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane (1R-(exo,exo))-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-8-methyl-8- azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane-2-carboxylic acid, methyl ester: RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer	1.98	1	0
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester: isolated from brain tissue & urine; extremely potent displacer of diazepam from brain benzodiazepam receptors; structure in first source	2.44	2	0	beta-carbolines
epibatidine epibatidine: a powerful, though toxic, pain killer produced by the poison arrow frog, Epipedobates tricolor; structure given in first source; more potent than morphine but acts at nicotine rather than opiate receptors	2.7	3	0
fura-2-am fura-2-am: pentaester precursor of fura-2	3.39	7	0
u 69593 U 69593: selective ligand for opioid K-receptor. U69593 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of phenylacetic acid and the secodary amino group of (5R,7S,8S)-N-methyl-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-amine.	2.39	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine; organic heterobicyclic compound; oxaspiro compound	anti-inflammatory agent; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
methyllycaconitine methyllycaconitine: natural toxin from seeds of Delphinium brownii; parasympathomimetic and mild nicotine antagonist; antagonist of alpha-conotoxin-MII sensitive presynaptic nicotinic receptors; potent insecticide; RN refers to (1alpha,4(S),6beta,14alpha,16beta)-isomer	4.1	15	0
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate 3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source	2.38	2	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
cv 3988 CV 3988: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.37	2	0
7,7-diphenyl-2-(1-imino-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)perhydroisoindol-4-one 7,7-diphenyl-2-(1-imino-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)perhydroisoindol-4-one: structure given in first source; RP 68651 is the inactive (3aS,7aS)-isomer; substance P antagonist	3.26	6	0
l-lactic acid (S)-lactic acid : An optically active form of lactic acid having (S)-configuration.	2.1	1	0	(2S)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; 2-hydroxypropanoic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
cgp 35348 CGP 35348: antagonizes both GABA-A and GABA-B receptors	3.41	7	0
sivelestat sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	N-acylglycine; pivalate ester
dihydroergocristine Dihydroergocristine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE that contains an isopropyl sidechain at the 2' position of the molecule.. dihydroergocristine : Ergocristine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. It is used as the mesylate salt for the symptomatic treatment of mental deterioration associated with cerebrovascular insufficiency and in peripheral vascular disease.	2.01	1	0	ergot alkaloid	adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
inositol 1-phosphate 1D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate : An inositol having myo- configuration substituted at position 1 by a phosphate group.	3.07	5	0
aldophosphamide aldophosphamide: metabolite of cyclophosphamide	2.04	1	0	nitrogen mustard
racecadotril racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor	2.47	2	0	N-acyl-amino acid
inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate: for cpd without numerical locants of phosphate groups, index INOSITOL PHOSPHATES. 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate : A myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate having the four phosphates placed in the 1-, 3-, 4- and 5-positions.	3.07	5	0	inositol phosphate
methoctramine methoctramine: structure given in first source. methoctramine : A tetramine that is N,N'-bis(6-aminohexyl)octane-1,8-diamine where the primary amino groups both carry 2-methoxybenzyl substituents.. methoctramine tetrahydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining methoctramine with four molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid.	11.75	76	0	hydrochloride	muscarinic antagonist
18,19-dihydroetorphine 18,19-dihydroetorphine: RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha(R))-isomer; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
pyronaridine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aminoquinoline
1,1-dimethylheptyl-11-hydroxytetrahydrocannabinol HU 211: structure given in first source; HU 211 is active & HU 210 is inactive as canibinoids; functional N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blocker; RN given is for (6aS-trans)-isomer	2.01	1	0
gr 127935 GR 127935: a 5-HT 1D receptor antagonist. GR 127935 : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid and the anilino group of 4-methoxy-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aniline. Potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.5 for both guinea pig 5-HT1D and rat 5-HT1B receptors). Displays > 100-fold selectivity over 5HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors and other receptor types. Centrally active following oral administration.	2.43	2	0	1,2,4-oxadiazole; benzamides; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
6-hydroxydopa 6-hydroxydopa: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	7.36	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline	4.23	5	0	alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
fr 139317 FR 139317: endothelin receptor A antagonist; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
l-pyroglutamyl-l-histidyl-3,3-dimethylprolinamide [no description available]	4.13	16	0
tryptoline tryptoline: neurotoxic factor that may be involved in development of Parkinson's disease; enzymatic prep from human brain converts tryptamine to tryptoline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.13	1	0	beta-carbolines
ethacizine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	phenothiazines
phorbol-12-myristate [no description available]	2.02	1	0
12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate: RN given refers to (1aR-(1aalpha,1bbeta,4abeta,7aalpha,7balpha,8alpha,9aalpha))-isomer	1.97	1	0
4-(isopropylamino)-2-(2-pyridyl)-2-phenylbutyramide 4-(isopropylamino)-2-(2-pyridyl)-2-phenylbutyramide: mono-N-dealkylated disopyramide metabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	1.96	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
afdx 116 otenzepad: cardioselective muscarinic receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	9.83	101	1	benzodiazepine
sr 95531 [no description available]	2.42	2	0	methoxybenzenes
asulacrine asulacrine: derivative of amsacrine; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	acridines
ecopipam ecopipam: structure given in first source	2	1	0	benzazepine
gamma-fagarine gamma-fagarine: active alkaloid of Chinese medicines from Dictamni radicis cortex (Rutaceae); structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle
betaxolol hydrochloride betaxolol hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of betaxolol.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
hydroxycotinine hydroxycotinine: metabolite of nicotine; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. trans-3-hydroxycotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is cotinine substituted at position C-3 by a hydroxy group (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).	2.04	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid
fk 888 FK 888: structure given in first source; a potent NK(1) receptor antagonist	3.37	7	0	peptide
fingolimod hydrochloride Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).	3.85	2	1	hydrochloride	immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
fingolimod fingolimod : An aminodiol that consists of propane-1,3-diol having amino and 2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl substituents at the 2-position. It is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A prodrug, fingolimod is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase to active metabolite fingolimod-phosphate, a structural analogue of sphingosine 1-phosphate.	2.05	1	0	aminodiol; primary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; CB1 receptor antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
dihydrocapsaicin [no description available]	7.05	1	0	capsaicinoid
n(g)-iminoethylornithine [no description available]	2	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid
6-chloro-2-(1-piperazinyl)pyrazine [no description available]	2.4	2	0	N-arylpiperazine
quinaprilat quinaprilat: metabolite of quinapril. quinaprilat : A dicarboxylic acid resulting from the hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group of quinapril to give the corresponding dicarboxylic acid. The active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) of the prodrug quinapril.	2.74	3	0	dicarboxylic acid; isoquinolines; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
3-iodo-2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-n-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)benzamide 3-iodo-2-hydroxy-6-methoxy-N-((1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)methyl)benzamide: a dopamine receptor imaging agent; RN refers to (S)-isomer; RN & structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine: a potent agonst of metabotropic glutamate receptors	2.41	2	0	alpha-amino acid
Zearalanone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	macrolide; resorcinols
5-methoxy 3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)1h indole [no description available]	2.37	2	0	indoles
2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,5-dihydropyrazolo(4,3-c)quinoline-3(3h)-one 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,5-dihydropyrazolo(4,3-c)quinoline-3(3H)-one: inhibits binding of benzodiazepine cpds to benzodiazepine receptors in the brain	1.97	1	0
alpha-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(5-fluoro-2-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazine butanol alpha-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(5-fluoro-2-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazine butanol: NM refers to free form; BMY 14802-1 is the HCl; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0	N-arylpiperazine
ml 9 [no description available]	2.46	2	0
2-hydroxyimipramine 2-hydroxyimipramine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.45	2	0	dibenzoazepine
parthenolide [no description available]	2.03	1	0	germacranolide
acromelic acid a acromelic acid A: isolated from poisonous mushroom Clitocybe acromelaga; structure given in first source. acromelic acid A : A pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid that is siolated from the poisonous mushroom Clitocybe amoenolens.	3.35	1	0	pyridone; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid; tricarboxylic acid	fungal metabolite; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor agonist
rx 821002 2-methoxyidazoxan: 2-methoxy analog of idazoxan. 2-methoxyidazoxan : A benzodioxine that is idazoxan substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group.	2.02	1	0	benzodioxine; cyclic ketal; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
benzamil [no description available]	2.13	1	0	guanidines; pyrazines
sch 28080 Sch 28080: not related structurally to other known anti-ulcer agents; inhibits histamine-stimulated gastric secretion; prevents gastric lesions induced by aspirin, indomethacin & ethanol	2.37	2	0	imidazopyridine
senktide [no description available]	3.6	9	0
ecteinascidin 743 [no description available]	2.45	2	0	acetate ester; azaspiro compound; bridged compound; hemiaminal; isoquinoline alkaloid; lactone; organic heteropolycyclic compound; organic sulfide; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; marine metabolite
kt 5823 KT 5823: indolocarbazole; activates human neutrophils & fails to inhibit cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of vimentin. KT 5823 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of methyl (3R)-3-methoxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2S,3R,5R product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1-methyl-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2.41	2	0	gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; methyl ester; organic heterooctacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.12 (cGMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	4.46	23	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
sr 140333 SR 140333: SR-140603 is the (R)-antipode of SR-140333; a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist	4.4	21	0
zacopride [no description available]	2.9	4	0	benzamides
ci 988 PD 134308: selective cholecystokinin type B receptor antagonist; inhibits growth of LoVo, a human colon cancer cell line; structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	11.95	57	0
tadalafil [no description available]	3.87	3	0	benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinylmethyl-alpha-phenylcyclopentylglycolate, 1-ethyl-3-piperidyl-alpha-phenylcyclopentylglycolate drug combination 1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinylmethyl-alpha-phenylcyclopentylglycolate, 1-ethyl-3-piperidyl-alpha-phenylcyclopentylglycolate drug combination: contains 70% 1-ethyl-2-pyrrolidinylmethyl-alpha-phenylcyclopentylglycolate & 30% 1-ethyl-3-piperidyl-alpha-phenylcyclopentylglycolate	2.34	2	0
hydroxybenzylpindolol hydroxybenzylpindolol: structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0
3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-2,5-piperazinedione 3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-2,5-piperazinedione: isolated from Streptomyces griseoluteus fermentation broth; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.04	1	0
ta 0910 TA 0910: structure given in first source; has central nervous system actions; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/90	2.06	1	0	oligopeptide	analgesic; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent
5-hydroxydopamine 5-hydroxydopamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.45	2	0	catecholamine
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	2.63	3	0	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
oxymatrine oxysophoridine: an alkaloid isolated from Sophra alope; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	alkaloid; tertiary amine oxide
n-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine N-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)adenosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
aluminum phthalocyanine aluminum phthalocyanine: the aluminum phthalocyanine can be sulfonated to different degrees; see also record for aluminum tetrasulfophthalocyanine	2.01	1	0	organic molecular entity
ibuprofen, (r)-isomer [no description available]	2.1	1	0	ibuprofen
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	3.22	6	0
pd 123177 PD 123177: nonpeptide angiotensin AII-2 inhibitor	2.39	2	0	diarylmethane
landiolol landiolol: structure given in first source; a highly cardioselective ultra short-acting beta-blocker	7.44	2	0	morpholines
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	2.07	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
monobutyryl cyclic amp monobutyryl cyclic AMP: RN given refers to parent cpd. N(6)-butyryl-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the exocyclic amino group on the purine fragment is carrying a butyryl substituent.	1.97	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; butanamides	protein kinase agonist
tyrosyl-prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide tyrosyl-prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide: found in rat brain	1.97	1	0
selenocystamine selenocystamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	0	organoselenium compound
ifosfamide [no description available]	2.03	1	0
3'-o-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate: purinergic receptors agonist; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0	purine ribonucleoside triphosphate
fk 224 FK 224: tachykinin receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
paliperidone 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia.	3.23	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine; secondary alcohol
glycolithocholic acid glycolithocholic acid: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer. glycolithocholic acid : The glycine conjugate of lithocholic acid.	2.01	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate; N-acylglycine
nitisinone [no description available]	3.59	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; cyclohexanones; mesotrione	EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
tafenoquine tafenoquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tafenoquine.. N(4)-{2,6-dimethoxy-4-methyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]quinolin-8-yl}pentane-1,4-diamine : An aminoquinoline that is 8-aminoquinoline which is substituted by methoxy groups at positions 2 and 6, a methyl group at position 4, and a m-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5, and in which the amino substituent at position 8 is itself substituted by a 5-aminopentan-2-yl group.	2.05	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; primary amino compound; secondary amino compound
plavix [no description available]	2.08	1	0	azaheterocycle sulfate salt; organoammonium sulfate salt	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
asi-222 ASI-222: semisynthetic cardiac glycoside; RN given refers to (3beta,5beta)-isomer; structure	2.37	2	0
butethamate citrate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
marimastat marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.	2.52	2	0	hydroxamic acid; secondary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
7-methoxytacrine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
pinacolyl dimethylphosphinate [no description available]	2.66	3	0
efonidipine efonidipine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-efonidipine. It is a antihypertensive drug and a dual T-type and L-type calcium channel blocker.. 2-[benzyl(phenyl)amino]ethyl 5-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-[benzyl(phenyl)amino]ethanol.	2.15	1	0	C-nitro compound; carboxylic ester; dihydropyridine; tertiary amino compound
4-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2-(4-isobutylphenyl)ethyl)-6,9-dimethyl-6h-thieno(3,2-f)(1,2,4)triazolo(4,3-a)(1,4)diazepine 4-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2-(4-isobutylphenyl)ethyl)-6,9-dimethyl-6H-thieno(3,2-f)(1,2,4)triazolo(4,3-a)(1,4)diazepine: PAF antagonist	1.98	1	0
clofarabine [no description available]	3.87	3	0	adenosines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
sr 48692 SR 48692: structure in first source; a neurotensin receptor-1 antagonist	2.69	3	0	N-acyl-amino acid
imidazenil imidazenil: partial positive allosteric modulator of gamma-aminobutyric acid action at GABA(A) receptors; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
eseroline eseroline: RN given refers to (3aS-cis)-isomer; structure. eseroline : A pyrroloindole that is 1,2,3,3a,8,8a-hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole substituted by methyl groups at positions 1, 3a and 8 and a hydroxy group at position 5. It is a metabolite of physostigmine and causes neuronal cell death by a mechanism involving loss of cell ATP.	2.38	2	0	phenols; pyrroloindole	human xenobiotic metabolite; opioid analgesic
4-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-piperidinyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-butanol 4-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-piperidinyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-butanol: structure in first source	2.13	1	0	piperidines
morphiceptin morphiceptin: synthetic tetrapeptide with morphinelike activities, highly specific for morphine receptors, but not for enkephalin receptors; is the amide of a fragment of the milk protein beta casein; deproceptin is the D-Pro(4)-isomer; see also related heptapeptide beta-casomorphin; RN given refers to parent cpd(L-Tyr-L-Pro-L-Phe-L-Pro)-isomer	1.96	1	0	oligopeptide
arg-3-hyp-7-phe-bradykinin NPC 567: bradykinin receptor antagonist. NPC-567 : A ten-membered oligopeptide comprising D-arginyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, (4R)-4-hydroxy-L-prolyl, glycyl, L-phenylalanyl, L-seryl, D-phenylalanyl, L-phenylalanyl and L-arginine residues joined in sequence.	2.38	2	0	oligopeptide	bradykinin receptor antagonist
afdx 384 [no description available]	3.1	5	0
elacridar Elacridar: inhibitor of MDR1 PROTEIN; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
gr 113808 GR 113808: structure given in first source; a 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist: GR 125487 is the HCl salt. GR 113808 : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 1-methylindole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of N-{2-[4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}methanesulfonamide.	3.11	5	0	indolyl carboxylate ester; piperidines; sulfonamide	serotonergic antagonist
3-methyl-5-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)isoxazole 3-methyl-5-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)isoxazole: structure in first source	3.35	1	0
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	3.21	6	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,1,2-trichloroethanol 1,1,2-trichloroethanol: metabolite of 1,1,2-trichloroethylene	2.04	1	0
gallopamil hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
anhydroecgonine methyl ester anhydroecgonine methyl ester: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
pramipexole Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.	3.87	3	0	benzothiazoles; diamine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; radical scavenger
renzapride [no description available]	2.68	3	0
mosapride 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxy-N-({4-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]morpholin-2-yl}methyl)benzamide : A benzamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxybenzoic acid with the amino group of 1-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)morpholin-2-yl]methanamine.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound
deramciclane deramciclane: structure in first source; RN refers to (exo-EGYT 3886)-isomer	2.1	1	0
valdecoxib [no description available]	3.61	2	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
histamine dihydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
tropacine tropacine: RN given refers to (endo)-isomer	2.36	2	0
alphaprodine Alphaprodine: An opioid analgesic chemically related to and with an action resembling that of MEPERIDINE, but more rapid in onset and of shorter duration. It has been used in obstetrics, as pre-operative medication, for minor surgical procedures, and for dental procedures. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1067)	2.86	4	0	piperidines
a 63162 N-hydroxy-N-(1-(4-(phenylmethoxy)phenyl)ethyl)-acetamide: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
sb 204070a SB 204070A: structure given in first source; a selective 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist	3.62	9	0
mitiglinide mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
fpl-52694 FPL-52694: mast cell stabilizer; RN given refers to parent cpd; FPL-52694 is mono-Na salt; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
inositol-3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate inositol-3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate: for cpd without numerical locants of phosphate groups, index INOSITOL PHOSPHATES. 1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate : A myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate having the four phosphate groups placed at the 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-positions.	1.98	1	0	myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate	mouse metabolite
a 71623 A 71623: structure given in first source; a cholecystokinin-A receptor agonist	2.4	2	0
l 648051 L 648051: antagonist of leukotriene D4 receptor; structure in first source	1.97	1	0
desethylamodiaquine desethylamodiaquine: metabolite of amodiaquine	2.05	1	0
bw a1433u BW A1433U: adenosine A3 receptor antagonist; attenuates hypoxia-induced AH interval prolongation; derivative of 1,3-dipropyl-8-phenylxanthine	1.98	1	0
cyclo(7-aminoheptanoylphenylalanyl-tryptophyl-lysyl-benzylthreonyl) cyclo(7-aminoheptanoylphenylalanyl-tryptophyl-lysyl-benzylthreonyl): cyclic pentapeptide somatostatin analog with reduced gastric inhibitory activity	2.42	2	0
ym 022 YM 022: a potent and selective gastrin/cholecystokinin-B receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.7	3	0
substance p (6-11) substance P (6-11): C-terminal hexapeptide of substance P	1.98	1	0
luzindole luzindole: melatonin receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. luzindole : A member of the class of indoles that is tryptamine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group while the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a benzyl group.	2.44	2	0	acetamides; indoles	melatonin receptor antagonist
l 651392 4-bromo-2,7-dimethoxy-3H-phenothiazin-3-one: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
fpl 57231 FPL 57231: LTD4 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
tyrosyl-arginyl-phenylalanyl-lysinamide tyrosyl-arginyl-phenylalanyl-lysinamide: dermorphin analog	1.99	1	0
kallidin, des-arg(10)- kallidin, des-Arg(10)-: includes both L and D isomers of Phe(8)	1.98	1	0
neurokinin a(4-10) neurokinin A(4-10): bronchospastic agent	2.38	2	0
3-quinuclidinyl-4-iodobenzilate [no description available]	1.96	1	0
beta-neo-endorphin beta-neo-endorphin: nonapeptide opioid of porcine origin with amino acid sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Lys-Tyr-Pro which is the C-terminal deleted peptide from alpha-neo-endorphin	1.96	1	0
inositol cyclic phosphate inositol cyclic phosphate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1D-myo-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate : A myo-inositol cyclic phosphate that is the 1,2-cyclic phosphate derivative of 1D-myo-inositol.	1.97	1	0	myo-inositol cyclic phosphate	epitope
n,n-dideethylchloroquine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
1,3-dimethylbenzimidazoline-2-thione 1,3-dimethylbenzimidazoline-2-thione: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
perchlorate perchlorate: the explosive component of rocket fuel; an environmental contaminant that disrupts THYROID HORMONES. perchlorate : A monovalent inorganic anion obtained by deprotonation of perchloric acid.	2.06	1	0	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	1.98	1	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	2.74	3	0	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
levalbuterol Levalbuterol: The R-isomer of albuterol.	3.25	1	0	albuterol
almotriptan almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.	4.08	4	0	indoles; sulfonamide; tertiary amine	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
mk 0663 [no description available]	2.75	3	0	bipyridines; organochlorine compound; sulfone	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tazobactam Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.	2.04	1	0	penicillanic acids; triazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
gefitinib [no description available]	4.41	6	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
lofentanil lofentanil: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. lofentanyl : The carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of methyl 4-anilino-3-methyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidine-4-carboxylate with propanoic acid.	1.97	1	0	methyl ester; piperidines; tertiary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
t-kinin T-kinin: from rat plasma	1.97	1	0	peptide
cholecystokinin (27-33) [no description available]	1.97	1	0
n-(n-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine N-(N-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine: inhibits calcium-activated neutral protease; see also record for E-64; RN given refers to (2-S-(2alpha,3beta)(R*)-isomer)	2.13	1	0	leucine derivative
anisodine anisodine: structure in first source	3.68	10	0
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.	2.05	1	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organoiodine compound	adenosine A3 receptor agonist
ici 89406 ICI 89406: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.36	2	0	ureas
n(8)-acetylspermidine N(8)-acetylspermidine : An acetylspermidine that is 1,8-diamino-4-azaoctane in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group attached to C-8 is replaced by an acetyl group.	1.97	1	0	acetylspermidine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
7,8-(methylenedioxy)-14-hydroxyberbane 7,8-(methylenedioxy)-14-hydroxyberbane: structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
substance p, methyl ester- substance P, methyl ester-: COOH-terminal amide of substance P replaced with methyl ester	2.67	3	0
norketamine norketamine: metabolite of ketamine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0	organochlorine compound
proctolin proctolin: neurotransmitter in arthropods or invertebrates	1.98	1	0
enkephalin-met, arg(6)-phe(7)- [no description available]	1.96	1	0	organic molecular entity
ru-28362 11,17-dihydroxy-6-methyl-17-(1-propynyl)androsta-1,4,6-triene-3-one: glucocorticoid receptor agonist; RN given refers to (11beta,17beta)-isomer	2	1	0
myelopeptide 1 myelopeptides: RN refers to myelopeptide 1; immune system peptides from bone marrow; act as analgesics and immunoregulators; MP-1 to MP-4 have been sequenced	1.98	1	0
cgp 42112a CGP 42112A: a hexapeptide analog of angiotensin II; activation of Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2 results in vasodilation. CGP-42112A : A hexapeptide consisting of L-tyrosine, L-lysine, L-histidine, L-proline and L-isoleucine amino acid residues coupled in sequence and in which the amino group of the L-tyrosyl residue is substituted by a (pyridin-3-ylcarbonyl)nitrilo group and in which the L-lysyl side chain amino group is substituted by a {N(2)-[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]-L-arginyl}nitrilo group. It is a potent angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AT2 receptor) agonist.	1.99	1	0	benzyl ester; oligopeptide; pyridinecarboxamide	angiotensin receptor agonist; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; neuroprotective agent; vasodilator agent
phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide: endogenous opioid antagonist octapeptide from bovine brain	2.05	1	0
2-chloro-n(6)cyclopentyladenosine 2-chloro-N(6)cyclopentyladenosine: highly selective agonist at A1 adenosine receptors	1.99	1	0
3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazine)propionate 3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazine)propionate: structural analog of gamma-butyrobetaine, also of carnitine; antianginal compound; MET-88 is dihydrate; structure given in first source. meldonium : An ammonium betaine that is beta-alaninate in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a trimethylamino group. A clinically used cardioprotective drug that is used for treatment of heart failure, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, atherosclerosis and diabetes.	1.97	1	0	ammonium betaine	cardioprotective agent; EC 1.14.11.1 (gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
ramatroban [no description available]	2.42	2	0	organic molecular entity
sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate: structure given on p.19451 of first source. sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate : A crown compound that is 1,4,10-trioxa-7,13-diazacyclopentadecane in which the hydrogens of the amino groups at position 7 and 13 are replaced by 2-(2,4-dicarboxyphenyl)-5-methoxy-1-benzofuran-6-yl groups. It is a cell-impermeant fluorescent sodium indicator.	1.99	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; crown compound; tetracarboxylic acid	fluorochrome
bradykinin, leu(8)-des-arg(9)- bradykinin, Leu(8)-des-Arg(9)-: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	1.98	1	0
enkephalin, met(2)-pronh2(5)- [no description available]	2.37	2	0
hydroxycitric acid hydroxycitric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.98	1	0	carbonyl compound
7,8-dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline 7,8-dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline: potent reversible inhibitor of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase; structure. 7,8-dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline : A 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline hacing chloro substituents at the 7- and 8-positions.	1.96	1	0	isoquinolines; organochlorine compound
mci 154 MCI 154: structure given in UD 38:41n	1.97	1	0
neurokinin a (4-10), beta-ala(8)- neurokinin A (4-10), beta-Ala(8)-: selective NK-2 tachykinin receptor	3.25	6	0
sk&f 86466 benalfocin: RN & RR given from first source; RN not in Chemline 9/28/83; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	benzazepine
zd 7288 ICI D2788: a sinoatrial node modulator; may be of use in treatment of ischaemic heart disease by increasing heart rate without impairing cardiac function	2.07	1	0
subecholine subecholine: dicholinic ester of suberic acid; structure	2.89	4	0
pyro(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-histidyl-l-thiazolidine-4-carboxamide pyro(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-L-histidyl-L-thiazolidine-4-carboxamide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0
neurokinin a(4-10), tyr(5)-trp(6,8,9)-lys(10)- neurokinin A(4-10), Tyr(5)-Trp(6,8,9)-Lys(10)-: tachykinin receptor antagonist	3.08	5	0
cp 93129 3-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrid-4-yl)pyrrolo(3,2-b)pyrid-5-one: serotonin agonist; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	pyrrolopyridine
desloratadine desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.	3.9	3	0	benzocycloheptapyridine	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist
hexahydrodifenidol hexahydrodifenidol: muscarinic antagonist; RN from Toxlit	1.97	1	0
cp 66713 CP 66713: adenosine receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
4,5-diaminopentanoic acid 4,5-diaminopentanoic acid: structure given in first source; RN given is for parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.98	1	0
w 7 [no description available]	1.96	1	0
desvenlafaxine O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine.	3.23	1	0	cyclohexanols; phenols; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol	3.68	10	0
dibutyryl cyclic-3',5'-cytidine monophosphate [no description available]	2.17	1	0
2-(4'-isothiocyanatobenzyl)imidazoline 2-(4'-isothiocyanatobenzyl)imidazoline: structure given in first source	2	1	0
6-acetoxynortropane 6-acetoxynortropane: structure given in first source; a M-cholinoreceptor agonist	2.01	1	0
butyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanine butyloxycarbonyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanine: formyl peptide antagonist and lipoxin A4 receptor antagonist	2.06	1	0
msh (11-13) MSH (11-13): RN refers to (all-L)-isomer	1.98	1	0	oligopeptide
sk&f 102922 5-(2-(8-phenyloctyl)phenyl)-4,6-dithianonanedioic acid: RN & structure in first source; leukotriene receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
btm 1042 BTM 1042: RN given refers to (cis-(-))-isomer di-HCl; 87687-13-6 is BTM 1086; 72293-40-4 is BTM 1042; 72293-46-0 is BTM 1041; 72293-22-2 is BTM 1018	2.37	2	0
bd 1008 BD 1008: structure in first source	1.98	1	0	primary amine
pre 084 2-(4-morpholino)ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexane-1-carboxylate: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	morpholines
iremycin iremycin: anthracycline antibiotic from Streptomyces violaceus subsp. iremyceticus; RN given refers to parent cpd(7R-trans)-isomer	2.04	1	0
n 0861 N 0861: adenosine receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
methotrexate [no description available]	5.38	18	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
3,6-diamino-9-(4-(methylsulfonyl)aminophenyl)aminoacridine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
reboxetine Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether
n,n'-bis((2-chloroethyl)nitrosocarbamoyl)cystamine N,N'-bis((2-chloroethyl)nitrosocarbamoyl)cystamine: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
hainanensine hainanensine: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
n-nitrosoarginine N-nitrosoarginine: may play role in nitric oxide synthesis	2.11	1	0
pseudomonas aeruginosa autoinducer Pseudomonas aeruginosa autoinducer: autoinducer required for expression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence genes; structure given in first source. N-(3-oxododecanoyl)homoserine lactone : A N-acyl homoserine lactone that is the monocarboxylic acid amide arising from formal condensation of homoserine lactone with 3-oxododecanoic acid.	2	1	0	N-acyl homoserine lactone
ly 293558 tezampanel: structure given in first source; an AMPA receptor antagonist	2.5	2	0
2-n-butyl-3-(dimethylamino)-5,6-methylenedioxyindene 2-n-butyl-3-(dimethylamino)-5,6-methylenedioxyindene: affects calcium-induced arrhythmias; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
ne 58051 NE 58051: inhibits tumor cell adhesion to extracellular matrices; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
2-(4-ethoxybenzyl)-1-diethylaminoethyl-5-isothiocyanatobenzimidazole 2-(4-ethoxybenzyl)-1-diethylaminoethyl-5-isothiocyanatobenzimidazole: site directed alkylating agent; selective agonist for mu receptors	2.03	1	0
xaliproden xaliproden : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-naphthyl)ethyl group and at position 4 by a m-trifluoromethylphenyl group.	2.07	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; naphthalenes; tertiary amino compound; tetrahydropyridine	serotonergic agonist
ro 22-9194 Ro 22-9194: structure given in first source; RN given for (+-)-isomer; RN for compound without isomeric designation not available 10/92	1.97	1	0
tamsulosin [no description available]	11.74	17	0	5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antineoplastic agent
rufinamide rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source	3.23	1	0	aromatic amide; heteroarene
l 670548 L 670548: structure given in first source; muscarinic receptor agonist	2.67	3	0
azaprophen azaprophen: RN & structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	7.89	4	0
cholecystokinin 33 (10-20) [no description available]	1.97	1	0
antiprimod azaspirane: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
dau 6285 [no description available]	1.98	1	0
aq-ra 741 AQ-RA 741: tricyclic cpd; structure given in first source	3.08	5	0	benzodiazepine
silahexocyclium silahexocyclium: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
n-isobutyrylcysteine N-isobutyrylcysteine: RN given refers to L-isomer	2.07	1	0
sulbactam [no description available]	2.97	4	0	penicillanic acids
olmesartan medoxomil Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.	3.87	3	0	biphenyls
(endo-n-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)oct-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-3-ethyl-2-oxo-1h-benzimidazol-1-carboxamide (endo-N-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)oct-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-3-ethyl-2-oxo-1H-benzimidazol-1-carboxamide: potent agonist at the 5-HT(4) receptor positively coupled to adenylate cyclase in brain; structure given in first source	2	1	0
r 8110 R 8110: short-acting hypnotic in dogs	1.97	1	0
substance p (6-11), arg(6)-trp(7,9)-me-phe(8)- substance P (6-11), Arg(6)-Trp(7,9)-Me-Phe(8)-: substance P antagonist	1.96	1	0
dexpanthenol dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid	3.81	3	0	amino alcohol; monocarboxylic acid amide	cholinergic drug; provitamin
n-(2-chloroethyl)-4-piperidinyl diphenylacetate N-(2-chloroethyl)-4-piperidinyl diphenylacetate: structure given in first source; forms an aziridinium ion that binds irreversibly to muscarinic receptors; do not confuse this cpd with 4-DAMP (4-diphenylacetoxy-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium)	2.41	2	0
fosamprenavir fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.	3.23	1	0	sulfonamide	prodrug
1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-4-phenyl-4-piperidinol 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-4-phenyl-4-piperidinol: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
chlorozil chlorozil: RN given refers to chloride; structure given in first source	2.66	3	0
kw 5092 KW 5092: structure given in first source; a stimulator of gastrointestinal motility	2.4	2	0
2h-1,4-benzoxazine, 3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-6-nitro-4-(2-pyridinyl)-, n-oxide 2H-1,4-benzoxazine, 3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-6-nitro-4-(2-pyridinyl)-, N-oxide: structure given in first source; a potassium channel opener	2.68	3	0
l 694247 L 694247: a 5-HT(1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	tryptamines
quilostigmine quilostigmine: RN given for (3aS,cis)-isomer; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	pyrroloindole
sc 53116 SC 53116: serotonin agonist; pyrrolizidine cpd but not alkaloid; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
ilomastat CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor	2.05	1	0	hydroxamic acid; L-tryptophan derivative; N-acyl-amino acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
t 588 T 588: a neuroprotective agent; structure given in first source	2	1	0
forasartan forasartan: structure given in first source; an angiotensin AT(1) receptor antagonist; angiotensin II receptor antagonist; used in treatment of congestive heart failure. forasartan : A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by o-(tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl and (3,5-dibutyl-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl groups, respectively. It is a nonpeptide antagonist of angiotensin II, type 1 (AT1) receptors, used for the treatment of hypertension.	2.4	2	0	benzenes; pyridines; tetrazoles; triazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
sc 51089 SC 51089: structure in first source; dinoprostone antagonist	2	1	0
3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl n-acetyltryptophan 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl N-acetyltryptophan: structure given in first source; substance P and neurokinin receptor antagonist	2.74	3	0
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	7.31	40	3	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
fr 120480 FR 120480: cholecystokinin antagonist; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0	N-acyl-amino acid
abiraterone [no description available]	2.08	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
ivabradine Ivabradine: A benzazepine derivative and selective HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNELS inhibitor that lowers the heart rate. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA in patients unable to take BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS, and in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.. ivabradine : A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.	3.86	3	0	aromatic ether; benzazepine; carbobicyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiotonic drug
alpha-conotoxin imi [no description available]	2.41	2	0
rs 67506 [no description available]	2.01	1	0
5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
desethyloxybutynin desethyloxybutynin: metabolite of oxybutynin; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	benzenes
substance p (4-11), pro(4)-trp(7,9)- substance P (4-11), Pro(4)-Trp(7,9)-: RN given refers to (D-Pro,D-Trp)-(L-Met,L-Gln,L-Phe,L-Leu)-isomers; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/85; substance P antagonist	2.88	4	0
imiloxan [no description available]	2.07	1	0	benzodioxine
wr 242511 WR 242511: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0
n-acetylneuraminyl cholesterol N-acetylneuraminyl cholesterol: alpha-isomer increases influx of calcium while beta-isomer does not; RN given refers to (alpha-N-ANA) cpd	1.98	1	0
febuxostat Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.	3.9	3	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; nitrile	EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
dilevalol (R,R)-labetalol : A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1R,2R-configuration.	2.04	1	0	2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide
2-n,n-di-n-propylamino-4,7-dimethoxyindan 2-N,N-di-n-propylamino-4,7-dimethoxyindan: dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
ganglerone ganglerone: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.64	3	0
butoxamine Butoxamine: A beta-2 selective adrenergic antagonist. It is used primarily in animal and tissue experiments to characterize BETA-2 ANDRENERGIC RECEPTORS.	3.49	8	0
aspartame [no description available]	2.75	3	0	carboxylic acid; dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; methyl ester	apoptosis inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; micronutrient; nutraceutical; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
1-(2,3-bis((4-methoxyphenyl)methoxy)propyl)-1h-imidazole 1-(2,3-bis((4-methoxyphenyl)methoxy)propyl)-1H-imidazole: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
ethylketocyclazocine Ethylketocyclazocine: A kappa opioid receptor agonist. The compound has analgesic action and shows positive inotropic effects on the electrically stimulated left atrium. It also affects various types of behavior in mammals such as locomotion, rearing, and grooming.	2.37	2	0
diphloretin phosphate [no description available]	1.98	1	0
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	3.97	4	0	D-xylose
valerylsalicylate valerylsalicylic acid: significantly inhibited [3H]thymidine; inhibitor of normal epithelial cell proliferation and growth of malignant cells. valerylsalicylic acid : A valerate ester that is salicylic acid in which the phenolic hydrogen is replaced by a valeryl (pentanoyl) group.	2.01	1	0	benzoic acids; salicylates; valerate ester	cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor
3,4-dichloro-n-methyl-n-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-(+-)-isomer [no description available]	2.13	1	0
m 8218 M 8218: structure given in first source	8.23	7	3
tempol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aminoxyls; hydroxypiperidine	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; catalyst; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
bw 443c [no description available]	2.38	2	0
ritrosulfan ritrosulfan: RN given refers to parent cpd(R,S)-isomer; structure	2.04	1	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	4.62	6	1	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
escitalopram Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.	3.23	1	0	1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile	antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
lexapro Lexapro: Trade name of escitalopram, the active S-enantiomer of the racemic citalopram.	2.08	1	0
scyliorhinin i scyliorhinin I: tachykinin from dogfish gut	1.98	1	0
proglycosyn proglycosyn: structure given in first source; proglycosyn is short for promotes glycogen synthesis	1.98	1	0
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin 10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.	3.23	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pteridines; terminal acetylenic compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel [no description available]	2.97	4	0	hydrate; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	5.25	3	1	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
temiverine temiverine: RN (129927-33-4) & structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
irofulven irofulven: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	cyclohexenones
atazanavir atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).	3.59	2	0	carbohydrazide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
ym 872 YM 872: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
tariquidar [no description available]	2.55	2	0	benzamides
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	4.95	11	0	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	3.87	3	0	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
ertapenem Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.	3.58	2	0	carbapenemcarboxylic acid; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial drug
dx 8951 [no description available]	2.04	1	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline
cox 189 lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.	3.88	3	0	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cilomilast [no description available]	2.74	3	0	methoxybenzenes
conivaptan conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).	3.86	3	0	benzazepine	aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist
cariporide cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
tezosentan tezosentan: structure in first source	2.45	2	0
vatalanib [no description available]	2.07	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; pyridines; secondary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
dichloro-1,2-diaminocyclohexane platinum complex [no description available]	2.13	1	0
1,4-di(2'-thienyl)-1,4-butadione 1,4-di(2'-thienyl)-1,4-butadione: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
sabarubicin sabarubicin: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
damvar damvar: structure	2.04	1	0
sandoz-21-009 4-(2-hydroxy-3-tert-butylaminopropoxy)-2-methylindole: active metabolite of bopindolol; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0	indoles
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	4.79	9	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
pralnacasan pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source	3.59	2	0
cvt 124 1,3-dipropyl-8-(2-(5,6-epoxy)norbornyl)xanthine: CVT-124 is the (S)-isomer	2.01	1	0
clevidipine clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source	3.86	3	0	dihydropyridine
jtt 501 JTT 501: an insulin sensitizer; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
solifenacin [no description available]	4.08	4	0	isoquinolines
dexmethylphenidate dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.	3.23	1	0	methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate	adrenergic agent
rcc 36 RCC 36: structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
hyoscyamine Hyoscyamine: The 3(S)-endo isomer of atropine.. (S)-atropine : An atropine with a 2S-configuration.	5.2	16	0	tropane alkaloid
idazoxan hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
phorbols Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).	2.65	3	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
kolaviron kolaviron: antihepatotoxic fraction of biflavonones from Garcinia kola seeds; phalloidine antagonist. kolaflavanone : A biflavonoid isolated from the seeds of Garcinia kola that has been shown to exhibit hepatoprotective activity.	2.13	1	0	4'-methoxyflavanones; biflavonoid; dihydroflavonols; ring assembly; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
cyanopindolol [no description available]	1.97	1	0	indoles
xamoterol Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.	3.14	5	0	morpholines
dehydrocrotonin dehydrocrotonin: a 19-nor-clerodane diterpene; isolated from the bark of Croton cajucara; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
disopyramide, (s)-isomer [no description available]	2.44	2	0
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	5.47	20	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
cinacalcet cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.	3.23	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; naphthalenes; secondary amino compound	calcimimetic; P450 inhibitor
alpha-methylhistamine (R)-alpha-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the alpha-position (the R-enantiomer).	2.05	1	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	H3-receptor agonist
dn 1417 DN 1417: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	2.66	3	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
lactitol lactitol : A glycosyl alditol consisting of beta-D-galactopyranose and D-glucitol joined by a 1->4 glycosidic bond. It is used as a laxative, as an excipient, and as replacement bulk sweetener in some low-calorie foods.	2.07	1	0	glycosyl alditol	cathartic; excipient; laxative
lubiprostone [no description available]	3.23	1	0
methyl 5-aminolevulinate hydrochloride methyl 5-aminolevulinate hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of methyl 5-aminolevulinate. A prodrug, it is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photosensitizer, and is used in the photodynamic treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer (including basal cell carcinoma). Topical application results in an accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in the skin lesions to which the cream has been applied. Subsequent illumination with red light results in the generation of toxic singlet oxygen that destroys cell membranes and thereby kills the tumour cells.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; prodrug
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid [no description available]	3.08	1	0
antazoline phosphate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
acromelic acid b acromelic acid B: structure in first source	3.35	1	0
camphora camphora: a component of Guanxingao, a kind of traditional Chinese rubber electuary medicine which is able to either cure or guard against coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. (R)-camphor : The (R)- enantiomer of camphor.	2.68	3	0	camphor
telbivudine [no description available]	3.61	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
ds 4574 DS 4574: peptidoleukotriene receptor antagonist used in treatment of hypersensitivity; RN from Chemline for pyrimidin-9(1H)-one cpd	1.98	1	0
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	2.01	1	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
ferrocene carbamate ferrocene carbamate: used in pretreatment for soman poisoning	1.98	1	0
clofibride clofibride: structure	2.04	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
timepidium bromide timepidium bromide: structure	7.36	2	0	organic molecular entity
cyc 202 seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.	2.77	3	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
angiotensin ii, asp(1)-val(5)- angiotensin II, Asp(1)-Val(5)-: RN given refers to (L-Asp-L-Val)-isomer	1.98	1	0
guvacoline guvacoline: nootropic agent from areca nut (Areca catechu L.); structure in first source. guvacoline : The methyl ester of guvacine.	2.38	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester; beta-amino acid ester; enoate ester; methyl ester; pyridine alkaloid; secondary amino compound; tetrahydropyridine	muscarinic agonist; plant metabolite
gamma-glutamylmethylamide gamma-glutamylmethylamide: RN refers to L-isomer	2	1	0
benzo-tepa benzo-tepa: structure	2.04	1	0
tevenel tevenel: sulfamoyl analog of D-threo-chloramphenicol; structure	2.04	1	0	sulfonamide
succinylmonocholine succinylmonocholine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	acylcholine
fpl 52757 FPL 52757: FPL 52758 is Na salt of FPL 52757; structure in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0
4-phenyl-4-piperidinocyclohexanol 4-phenyl-4-piperidinocyclohexanol: metabolite of phencyclidine; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	cyclohexanols
cotyledoside cotyledoside: glycoside isolated from Tylecodon wallichii; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
platycodin d platycodin D: triterpenoid saponin from a root of Platycodon grandiflorum; RN refers to (2beta,3beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	triterpenoid saponin	metabolite
butyroxan butyroxan: analog of propoxan; RN given refers to HCl	1.96	1	0
tac 278 TAC 278: prodrug of 5-fluorouracil; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.04	1	0
cholecystokinin 9 cholecystokinin 9: nonapeptide	2.01	1	0
substance p, sar(9)-met(o2)(11)- substance P, Sar(9)-Met(O2)(11)-: a neurokinin-1 receptor agonist	3.38	7	0
abanoquil [no description available]	2.04	1	0
bradykinin, sar-(d-phe(8))des-arg(9) [no description available]	1.98	1	0
tartrazine Tartrazine: An anionic, hydrophilic azo dye with an orange-yellow color used in fabrics, foods and cosmetics, and as a biological stain.. tartrazine : An organic sodium salt which is the trisodium salt of tartrazine acid. A synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food colouring.	2.37	2	0
tetraphenylphosphonium tetraphenylphosphonium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tetraphenylphosphonium : A polyatomic cation consisting of four phenyl groups attached to a central phosphonium.	2.38	2	0	heteroorganic entity; phosphorus molecular entity; polyatomic cation
pridinol mesylate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	4.09	4	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
thyroxine, triiodothyronine drug combination thyroxine, triiodothyronine drug combination: combination of sodium levothyroxine and sodium l-triiodothyronine in a ratio of 4 to 1 by weight; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
anidulafungin Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.	3.58	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; azamacrocycle; echinocandin; heterodetic cyclic peptide; semisynthetic derivative
avasimibe [no description available]	2.05	1	0	monoterpenoid
chlorosyl chlorosyl: do not confuse with chlorsyle or chlorozil	6.96	1	0	chlorine oxide; inorganic radical
technetium tc 99m pentetate Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.	2.39	2	0
thiophosphoric acid thiophosphoric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.93	1	0	phosphorothioic acid
clorazepate dipotassium Clorazepate Dipotassium: A water-soluble benzodiazepine derivative effective in the treatment of anxiety. It has also muscle relaxant and anticonvulsant actions.	10.7	3	2	potassium salt	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator; prodrug
rac 109 RAC 109: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
peiminine peiminine: isolated from Fritillaria verticillata; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3beta,5alpha)-isomer	2.03	1	0	alkaloid
hexamethylenebis(dimethyl-(3-phthalimidopropyl)ammonium bromide) hexamethylenebis(dimethyl-(3-phthalimidopropyl)ammonium bromide): antidote in organophosphate poisoning	2.59	2	0
heptane-1,7-bis(dimethyl-3'-phthalimidopropylammonium) heptane-1,7-bis(dimethyl-3'-phthalimidopropylammonium): RN given refers to parent cpd	2.38	2	0
8-gingerol 8-gingerol: isolated from Zingiber officinale	2.04	1	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols
aminopterin Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.	2.44	2	0	dicarboxylic acid	EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; mutagen
1-(2-(dodecyloxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine hydrochloride 1-(2-(dodecyloxy)ethyl)pyrrolidine hydrochloride: active against Ascaris lumbricoides suum; structure	1.95	1	0
n-(4-(2-chloroethylmethylamino)-2-butynyl)-2-pyrrolidone N-(4-(2-chloroethylmethylamino)-2-butynyl)-2-pyrrolidone: RN given refers to mono-HCl; structure	3.06	5	0
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate 17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.	3.63	2	0	corticosteroid hormone
varenicline Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.	3.61	2	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	2.94	4	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dihydrochandonium iodide dihydrochandonium: RN given refers to di-iodide; RGH-4201 refers to di-bromide salt	1.96	1	0
(4r)-3-((2s)-3-mercapto-2-methylpropanoyl)-4- thiazolidinecarboxylic acid [no description available]	2.04	1	0
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	14.79	183	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
fiduxosin fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source	3.59	2	0
fpl 59257 FPL 59257: abolishes cough response & partly inhibits bronchoconstriction produced by leukotrienes C & D	2.07	1	0
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	2.05	1	0
ropivacaine Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.	2.74	3	0	piperidinecarboxamide; ropivacaine	local anaesthetic
sb 203580 [no description available]	2.06	1	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
nbi 27914 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
gacyclidine gacyclidine: non-competitive NMDA antagonist	2.69	3	0
zm 241385 ZM 241385: a high affinity radioligand selective for the A2a adenosine receptor	2.1	1	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine
erlotinib [no description available]	3.86	3	0	aromatic ether; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist; protein kinase inhibitor
piboserod Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT4 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS.	2.95	4	0
homocysteic acid homocysteic acid: promotes growth in hypophysectomized rats; RN given refers to parent cpd. homocysteic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group has benn oxidised to the corresponding sulfonic acid.. L-homocysteic acid : A homocysteic acid with L-configuration.	2.66	3	0	homocysteic acid	NMDA receptor agonist
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	5.24	17	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
zeneca zd 6169 Zeneca ZD 6169: an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
antalarmin antalarmin : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, and 6, by a mesityl group at position 7, and in which the amino substituent at position 4 has been substituted by ethyl and butyl groups. It is an antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF-1) receptors (Ki = 1 nM).	2.46	2	0	pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist
l 694,458 DMP 777: structure given in first source	2.45	2	0
pozanicline [no description available]	2	1	0
gk 128 GK 128: a 5-hydroxytryptamine(3) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
eslicarbazepine acetate eslicarbazepine acetate : The acetate ester, with S configuration, of licarbazepine. An anticonvulsant, it is approved for use in Europe and the United States as an adjunctive therapy for epilepsy.	2.17	1	0	acetate ester; carboxamide; dibenzoazepine; ureas	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
psyllium Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.	1.95	1	0	very long-chain fatty acid
l 158809 L 158809: RN & structure given in first source; angiotensin receptor antagonist	1.99	1	0
2-nitrophenyl-egta 2-nitrophenyl-EGTA: a photolabile chelator that selectively binds Ca(2+) with high affinity & releases it rapidly upon photolysis; structure given in first source; azid-1 is a caged calcium in which a fluorescent calcium indicator, fura-2, has been modified with an azide substituent on the benzofuran 3-position	2.01	1	0
melagatran [no description available]	2.96	4	0	azetidines; carboxamidine; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor
sibenadet sibenadet: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
alpha-fluoromethylhistidine alpha-fluoromethylhistidine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0
bd 1047 N-(2-(3,4-Dichlorphenyl)ethyl)-N,N',N'-trimethyl-1,2-ethandiamin: sigma receptor ligand; putative sigma receptor antagonist with antidystonic activity	2.05	1	0	primary amine
deflazacort deflazacort: structure	2.72	3	0	corticosteroid hormone
hexestrol diphosphate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
nk 2 [no description available]	2.08	1	0
lactosylurea lactosylurea: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer	3.46	1	1
carbocysteine Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	2.44	2	0	L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	mucolytic
etravirine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	aminopyrimidine; aromatic ether; dinitrile; organobromine compound	antiviral agent; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
1-(1-pyrrolidinylmethyl)-2-naphthol 1-(1-pyrrolidinylmethyl)-2-naphthol: structure given in first source	2	1	0
somatostatin, octapeptide-trp(8)- [no description available]	1.96	1	0
rs 127445 2-amino-4-(4-fluoronaphth-1-yl)-6-isopropylpyrimidine: a 5-HT(2B) receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
latrepirdine latrepirdine: structure	2.07	1	0	methylpyridines; pyridoindole	geroprotector
npc 17761 NPC 17761: bradykinin receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
annetocin annetocin: an oxytocin-vasopressin related peptide from Eisenia foetida; potentiates spontaneous contractions of the gut , pulsatory contractions & bladder-shaking movement of the nephridia	1.98	1	0
5-fluorotryptamine monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
curarine curarine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0
piribedil mesylate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
olpadronic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0
br 100 BR 100: consists of UTMA-based resin-impregnated glass fibers	1.96	1	0
troleandomycin Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.	2.05	1	0	acetate ester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyketide; semisynthetic derivative	EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor; xenobiotic
serc [no description available]	2.13	1	0
dibenzheptropine dibenzheptropine: minor descriptor (65-85); on-line & Index Medicus search TROPANES (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. deptropine : An azabicycloalkane that is the 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-yl ether of tropine.	7.63	3	0	organic tricyclic compound
anabasine Anabasine: A piperidine botanical insecticide.. (S)-anabasine : The (S)-enantiomer of anabasine.. anabasine : A pyridine alkaloid that is pyridine substituted by a piperidin-2-yl group at position 3.	3.85	3	0	anabasine
procyclidine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride
dronedarone Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	3.23	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tesaglitazar tesaglitazar: structure in first source	2.74	3	0
ramelteon ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist	3.88	3	0	indanes
lapatinib [no description available]	4.28	5	0	furans; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
darunavir Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.	3.23	1	0	carbamate ester; furofuran; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
deferasirox Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.	4.09	4	0	benzoic acids; monocarboxylic acid; phenols; triazoles	iron chelator
bms204352 BMS204352: a calcium-sensitive opener of maxi-K potassium channels; structure in first source	2.75	3	0
fosfluconazole fosfluconazole: prodrug of fluconazole	2.04	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	prodrug
cp 424391 CP 424391: a growth hormone secretagogue; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
dabigatran Dabigatran: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.. dabigatran : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.	2.25	1	0	aromatic amide; benzimidazoles; beta-alanine derivative; carboxamidine; pyridines	anticoagulant; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
tbc-11251 sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source	3.87	3	0	benzodioxoles
tolvaptan [no description available]	3.61	2	0	benzazepine; benzenedicarboxamide	aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib [no description available]	3.87	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
(7R)-7,15,17-trihydroxy-11-methyl-12-oxabicyclo[12.4.0]octadeca-1(14),15,17-trien-13-one [no description available]	2.13	1	0	macrolide
lenalidomide [no description available]	3.61	2	0	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
solifenacin succinate Solifenacin Succinate: A quinuclidine and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and selective M3 MUSCARINIC ANTAGONIST. It is used as a UROLOGIC AGENT in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE.	2.73	3	0	isoquinolines
regadenoson [no description available]	9.98	6	0	purine nucleoside
lacosamide Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.	3.61	2	0	N-acyl-amino acid
cp 101,606 traxoprodil mesylate: a selective NMDA antagonist; structure given in first source	2.45	2	0
demecolcine Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.	2.44	2	0	alkaloid; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.9	4	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cymarine Cymarine: A cardiotonic cardiac glycoside found in STROPHANTHUS. The aglycone is STROPHANTHIN.	1.96	1	0
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.	2.05	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C29-steroid; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	anticholesteremic drug; antioxidant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
erythritol [no description available]	2.64	3	0	butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol	antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	3.77	11	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
estradiol 3-benzoate 17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.	2.13	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; benzoate ester	estrogen receptor agonist; xenoestrogen
cortisone [no description available]	6.55	39	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
equilin Equilin: An estrogenic steroid produced by HORSES. It has a total of four double bonds in the A- and B-ring. High concentration of euilin is found in the URINE of pregnant mares.	2.13	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid
adrenosterone adrenosterone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene carrying three oxo-substituents at positions 3, 11 and 17.	2.13	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; marine metabolite
dromostanolone propionate dromostanolone propionate: RN given refers to (2alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer	2.04	1	0	3-oxo-5alpha-steroid; steroid ester	antineoplastic agent
gossypol acetic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0
pseudomorphine [no description available]	1.93	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
epinastine dexamethasone acetate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer	2.13	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
benzatropine methanesulfonate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
vincaleukoblastine [no description available]	3.87	3	0	acetate ester; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite
4',6-dihydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyflavone 4',6-dihydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyflavone : A dimethoxyflavone that is the 5,7-dimethyl ether derivative of scutellarein.	2.13	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; dimethoxyflavone
2-hydroxyestradiol 2-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen; RN given refers to (17 beta)-isomer. 2-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 2-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 2.	2.13	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-hydroxy steroid	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug
medrysone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
artisone acetate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
vincristine sulfate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic sulfate salt	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector
anisomycin Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.	2.38	2	0	monohydroxypyrrolidine; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	4.79	32	0
chondocurine (1beta)-(+-)-isomer curine: structure in first source	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether
sodium bromide sodium bromide: RN given refers to parent cpd. sodium bromide : An inorganic sodium salt having bromide as the counterion.	6.92	1	0	bromide salt; inorganic sodium salt
benzarone benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure	4.1	4	0	1-benzofurans
hydroxydione 5beta-dihydrodeoxycorticosterone : A 3-oxo-5beta-steroid formed from 11-deoxycorticosterone by reduction across the C4-C5 double bond.	1.93	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-5beta-steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human xenobiotic metabolite
nsc-89199 estramustine phosphate : A steroid phosphate which is the 17-O-phospho derivative of estramustine.	2.74	3	0	carbamate ester; organochlorine compound; steroid phosphate
estramustine Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.	4.08	4	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; carbamate ester; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; radiation protective agent
lupeol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite
cyclovirobuxine d cyclovirobuxine D: active priciple of Buxus microphylla var. sinica; has anti-arrhythmic & arrhythmia-inducing actions	1.99	1	0
acetylstrophanthidin acetylstrophanthidin: structure. acetylstrophanthidin : An acetate ester that is strophanidin acetylated at the 3beta-hydroxy group.	1.96	1	0	acetate ester	anti-arrhythmia drug
tricaine tricaine: request from searcher; RN given refers to parent cpd. tricaine : A benzoate ester that is the ethyl ester of 3-aminobenzoic acid. Used (in the form of its methanesulfonate salt) as an anaesthetic for fish.. tricaine methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained by reaction of tricaine with one molar equivalent of methanesulfonic acid. Used as an anaesthetic for fish.	2.65	3	0	methanesulfonate salt	general anaesthetic
solanine Solanine: A mixture of alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine, found in SOLANACEAE plants.. solanine : A glycoalkaloid poison found in species of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), such as the potato (Solanum tuberosum). It is a trisccharide derivative of solanidine [(22beta)-solanid-5-en-3beta-ol].	1.94	1	0
withaferin a withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure. withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	2.06	1	0	27-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; delta-lactone; enone; epoxy steroid; ergostanoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; withanolide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
phenethicillin phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.	3.15	5	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin
noscapine Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.	8.66	10	0	aromatic ether; benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; cyclic acetal; isobenzofuranone; organic heterobicyclic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antitussive; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
indicine-n-oxide indicine-N-oxide: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,7(2R,3S),7abeta))-isomer; structure	2.04	1	0
homoharringtonine Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.	2.05	1	0	alkaloid ester; enol ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; protein synthesis inhibitor
acivicin [no description available]	2.42	2	0	isoxazoles; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	antileishmanial agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; glutamine antagonist; metabolite
4-methoxyxanthone 4-methoxyxanthone: a vasodilator; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
wortmannin [no description available]	3.12	5	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
2-methyl-N-[4-(propan-2-ylamino)phenyl]-2-propenamide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	amine
withanolides Withanolides: Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects.	2.06	1	0
gentianine gentianine: from Gentiana macrophylla	3.35	1	0	lactone; pyranopyridine; pyridine alkaloid
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	2.04	1	0
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.	2.05	1	0	carbamate ester; organochlorine compound; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor; retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
pomolic acid pomolic acid: from Rosa woodsii & Hyptis capitata; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
bortezomib [no description available]	4.08	4	0	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
neocryptolepine neocryptolepine: isolated from the roots of the African plant Cryptolepis sanguinolenta; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	4.67	8	0	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
1-hydroxypentane-1,1-bisphosphonate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
cimadronate cimadronate: increases serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in rats via stimulating renal 1-hydroxylase activity; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
1,1-hydroxyoctanodiphosphonate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
nexavar [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organosulfonate salt
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	3.7	10	0
lanatosides Lanatosides: Glycosides from DIGITALIS lanata leaf. Lanatoside C has actions similar to DIGOXIN. Mixtures of lanatosides A, B, and C have also been used. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p670)	5.28	13	1
protoverin Protoveratrines: Mixtures of closely related hypotensive alkaloids from Veratrum album (Liliaceae). They have been used in the treatment of hypertension but have largely been replaced by drugs with fewer adverse effects.	3.04	5	0
nsc 141537 diacetoxyscirpenol: mycotoxin belonging to 12,13-epoxytrichothecene group; RN given refers to (3alpha,4beta)-isomer; structure	1.97	1	0	trichothecene
carboplatin [no description available]	1.99	1	0
rimiterol rimiterol: was heading 1977-94 (see under CATECHOLS 1977-90); use CATECHOLS to search RIMITEROL 1977-94; predominantly a beta 2 stimulant, therefore affects the cardiovascular system less than isoproterenol, but its action is of shorter duration than that of albuterol	2.43	2	0	catechols
anatoxin a anatoxin a: found in Anabaena; was indexed to cyanobacterial toxin (MARINE TOXINS) 1978-2006; also see anatoxin-a(s)	2.69	3	0	tropane alkaloid
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	4.61	27	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	4.59	27	0
5'-deoxyadenosine 5'-deoxyadenosine: main heading DEOXYADENOSINE refers to the 3' cpd. 5'-deoxyadenosine : A 5'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having adenosine as the nucleobase.	1.99	1	0	5'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
arabinose [no description available]	6.94	1	0	L-arabinose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	2.34	2	0	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	8.99	189	1	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
amylopectin Amylopectin: A highly branched glucan in starch.. amylopectin : A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues.	2.86	4	0
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	3.48	8	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	2.04	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
raffinose Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.	3.34	2	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; trisaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	2.43	2	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	9.34	106	1	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
bekanamycin bekanamycin: kanendomycin is the sulfate of bekanamycin; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	kanamycins
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	5.25	52	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	9.98	169	1	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
salicin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; aryl beta-D-glucoside; benzyl alcohols	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
puromycin [no description available]	4.55	8	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
taxifolin (+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.4	2	0	taxifolin	metabolite
mandelic acid, (s)-isomer [no description available]	2.13	1	0	(2S)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; mandelic acid
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.	2.13	1	0	alpha-chloroketone; sulfonamide	alkylating agent; serine proteinase inhibitor
tartaric acid tartaric acid: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-tartaric acid : The D-enantiomer of tartaric acid.	2.38	2	0	tartaric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
pentostatin Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.	3.87	3	0	coformycins	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
monoiodotyrosine Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.	2.05	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-tyrosine derivative; monoiodotyrosine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
taurolithocholic acid Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurolithocholic acid : The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid.	2.7	3	0	bile acid taurine conjugate; monocarboxylic acid amide	human metabolite
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	6.19	131	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
xylose 1-phosphate xylose 1-phosphate: RN refers to (D)-isomer. alpha-D-xylose 1-phosphate : A xylose phosphate that is alpha-D-xylose carrying a phosphate group at position 1.	1.96	1	0	xylose phosphate
inositol 3-phosphate inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer	4.62	8	0
adenosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for thio group; see also records for 1-thio & 2-thio-isomers. adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is ATP in which one of the oxygens attached to 3-phosphate group is replaced by sulfur.	2.39	2	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
cortodoxone Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.	2.47	2	0	deoxycortisol; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
(+)-limonene (4R)-limonene : An optically active form of limonene having (4R)-configuration.	2.41	2	0	limonene	plant metabolite
arbutin hydroquinone O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A monosaccharide derivative that is hydroquinone attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.01	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	9.62	152	1	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	11.41	155	1	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	4.42	6	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	4.82	10	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	1.97	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
cefoxitin Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.	3.85	3	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; cephamycin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	7.38	34	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
saquinavir Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.	4.77	9	0	L-asparagine derivative; quinolines	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
pentazocine Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)	8.5	37	12	benzazocine
pancuronium Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.	13.3	94	16	acetate ester; steroid ester	cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
rocuronium Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.	11.23	20	10	3alpha-hydroxy steroid; acetate ester; androstane; morpholines; quaternary ammonium ion; tertiary amino compound	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
hyperforin hyperforin: a prenylated acylphloroglucinol derivative; antibiotic component of novoimanine; psychoactive agent in St. John's wort; Russian; structure;. hyperforin : A cyclic terpene ketone that is a prenylated carbobicyclic acylphloroglucinol derivative produced by St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum.	2.02	1	0
abacavir abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.	4.42	6	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; drug allergen; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
netilmicin Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.	3.43	7	0
acebutolol hydrochloride acebutolol hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of acebutolol, prepared using equimolar amounts of acebutolol and hydrogen chloride.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent
trimethaphan camsylate trimethaphan camsylate : The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan.	3.08	5	0
perindopril erbumine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	addition compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
miglitol [no description available]	4.26	5	0	piperidines
amiodarone hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic ketone
dicyclomine hydrochloride dicyclomine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dicyclomine. An anticholinergic, it is used to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
metyrosine alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.	3.59	2	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
rocuronium bromide rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.	2.08	1	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
nortriptyline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic tricyclic compound	geroprotector
erythromycin estolate Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.	2.46	2	0	aminoglycoside sulfate salt; erythromycin derivative	enzyme inhibitor
bacampicillin bacampicillin: ester prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ampicillin after its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bacampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.	2.04	1	0	penicillanic acid ester	prodrug
linezolid [no description available]	4.56	7	0	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
(S)-bicalutamide (S)-bicalutamide : A N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide that is the (S)-enantiomer of bicalutamide.	2.07	1	0	N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide
canaline canaline: structure	2.05	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite
norpseudoephedrine norpseudoephedrine: major metabolite of diethylpropion in man under acidic urine conditions; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation;. cathine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1S,2S-stereoisomer).	2.85	3	0	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	central nervous system stimulant; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug
ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.	4.95	14	0
scilliroside scilliroside: structure. scilliroside : A beta-D-glucoside that is scillirosidin in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranoside group. It is a rodenticide extracted from the bulb of the Mediterranean squill plant and was used for the control of Norway rats, black rats, house mice, long-tailed field mice, and field voles.	1.97	1	0	beta-D-glucoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; rodenticide
beta-hederin beta-hederin: derived from beta-amyrin; other hederigenin based saponins are available	2.07	1	0	triterpenoid
brucine brucine: was heading 1991-94 (see under STRYCHNINE 1975-90); DIMETHOXYSTRYCHNINE was see BRUCINE 1975-94; use STRYCHNINE to search BRUCINE 1975-94; very toxic alkaloid from Nux vomica similar to strychnine; used as reagent in analytical chemistry; was MH 1991-94	7.67	3	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound
angustibalin angustibalin: sesquiterpene lactone from Balduina angustifolia (Pursh) Robins; structure	2.04	1	0	sesquiterpene lactone
picrotoxinin [no description available]	2.4	2	0	epoxide; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	GABA antagonist; plant metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
swertiamarin swertiamarin: seco-iridoid glucoside from Swertia japonica;	2.06	1	0	glycoside
carpaine carpaine: papaya alkaloid; structure. carpaine : An alkaloid that forms a major component of the papaya leaves and has been shown to exhibit cardiovascular effects.	1.95	1	0	alkaloid; macrodiolide	cardiovascular drug; plant metabolite
gingerol gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.	2.04	1	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; guaiacols	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
cyclopamine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	piperidines	glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
littorine littorine: RN given refers to (3(R)-endo)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 3/90; isolated from a Duboisia hybrid	3.63	9	0	tropane alkaloid
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.46	2	0
spinosyn a spinosyn A: a macrolide ; structure in first source. spinosyn A : A spinosyn in which the sugar amino and hydroxy groups are globally methylated. One of the two active ingredients of spinosad.	2.02	1	0	spinosyn insecticide; spinosyn	pediculicide
bq 485 BQ 485: an endothelin ET(A)receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	peptide
bq 123 cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu): derived from the modification of a natural lead of BE-18257B, an endothelin A receptor antagonist; has neuroprotective activity; amino acid sequence given in first source	3.1	5	0	cyclic peptide
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	2.91	4	0	tripeptide
devazepide Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.	4.91	36	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; indolecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cholecystokinin antagonist; gastrointestinal drug
teprotide Teprotide: A synthetic nonapeptide (Pyr-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro) which is identical to the peptide from the venom of the snake, Bothrops jararaca. It inhibits kininase II and ANGIOTENSIN I and has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.	2.65	3	0	peptide
clindamycin phosphate [no description available]	3.23	1	0
hetacillin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial drug
diprenorphine Diprenorphine: A narcotic antagonist similar in action to NALOXONE. It is used to remobilize animals after ETORPHINE neuroleptanalgesia and is considered a specific antagonist to etorphine.	3.06	5	0	morphinane alkaloid
pemirolast potassium salt [no description available]	2.08	1	0
eplerenone Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	3.61	2	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; epoxy steroid; gamma-lactone; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; steroid acid ester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent
tolterodine [no description available]	4.75	9	0	tertiary amine	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant
ergonovine Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.. ergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.	5.63	15	0	ergot alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	diagnostic agent; fungal metabolite; oxytocic; toxin
difluprednate difluprednate: RN given refers to (6alpha,11beta)-isomer	2.53	2	0	butyrate ester; corticosteroid hormone
doxorubicin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0	anthracycline
halcinonide Halcinonide: A glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of DERMATITIS; ECZEMA; or PSORIASIS. It may cause skin irritation.	2.07	1	0	organic molecular entity	SMO receptor agonist
metrizamide Metrizamide: A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.	2.69	3	0	amino sugar
medigoxin Medigoxin: A semisynthetic digitalis glycoside with the general properties of DIGOXIN but more rapid onset of action. Its cardiotonic action is prolonged by its demethylation to DIGOXIN in the liver. It has been used in the treatment of congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE).	2.04	1	0	cardenolide glycoside
dironyl dironyl: pronounced antifertility agent in rats; lactation suppressor in other species; serotonin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.44	2	0	organic molecular entity
erythromycin ethylsuccinate Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.	2.05	1	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin derivative; ethyl ester; succinate ester
vinpocetine vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	3.17	5	0	alkaloid	geroprotector
amcinonide amcinonide: structure	2.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; spiroketal	anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone acetate [no description available]	2.04	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; acetate ester; fluorinated steroid; steroid ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
flumethasone pivalate flumethasone pivalate: structure	2.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; pivalate ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
ao 128 AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source	2.47	2	0	organic molecular entity
loteprednol etabonate Loteprednol Etabonate: An androstadiene derivative corticosteroid that is used as an ANTI-ALLERGIC AGENT for the treatment of inflammatory and allergic eye conditions.	2.08	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; etabonate ester; organochlorine compound; steroid acid ester; steroid ester	anti-inflammatory drug
darifenacin darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.	5.09	13	0	1-benzofurans; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidines	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
dihydroergocristine monomesylate dihydroergocristine mesylate : The methanesulfonic acid salt of dihydroergocristine. It has been used as the for the symptomatic treatment of mental deterioration associated with cerebrovascular insufficiency and in peripheral vascular disease. It is also a component of ergoloid mesylate (codergocrine mesilate), a mixture of ergot alkaloid derivatives that is used as a vasodilator and has shown mild benefits in the treatment of vascular dementia.	2.13	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
fluticasone propionate fluticasone propionate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity.	2.46	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; propanoate ester; steroid ester; thioester	adrenergic agent; anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; dermatologic drug
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	3.39	7	0	cyclodextrin
acarbose [no description available]	3.3	6	0	amino cyclitol; glycoside
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	3.06	1	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	2.46	2	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	2.01	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	2.21	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	4.9	11	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	4.83	34	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoramidon phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure. phosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.	4.18	17	0	deoxyaldohexose phosphate; dipeptide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor
1-(5'-phospho-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)barbituric acid 6-oxouridine 5'-phosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate that is the 6-oxo derivative of UMP.	1.96	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	2.48	2	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	6.25	11	1	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.05	1	0	D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
docosahexaenoate efalex: a mixture of fish oil and primrose oil; used as a high-docosahexaenoic acid fatty acid supplement. docosahexaenoic acid : Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.. docosahexaenoate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of docosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.. all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid : A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19.	2.05	1	0	docosahexaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	algal metabolite; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	4.11	16	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	4.76	9	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.01	1	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	4.02	3	1	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cerivastatin cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.	2.96	4	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pyridines; statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).	4.26	5	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrimidines; statin (synthetic); sulfonamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; cardioprotective agent; CETP inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	12.71	284	2	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	2.05	1	0	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine: glutamate receptor antagonist. (S)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is alanine in which the alpha-hydrogen is replaced by a 4-carboxyphenyl group (the S-enantiomer). It is a non-selective group I/group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist.	2.7	3	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	4.4	21	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	3.86	3	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
tetragastrin Tetragastrin: L-Tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide. The C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. It is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin.. tetragastrin : A tetrapeptide composed of L-tryptophan, L-methione, L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence.	4.16	17	0	peptidyl amide; tetrapeptide	anxiogenic; human metabolite
mupirocin Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.	2.08	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester; epoxide; monocarboxylic acid; oxanes; secondary alcohol; triol	antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	6.61	16	1
brivudine brivudine: anti-herpes agent	2.06	1	0
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	4.54	7	0	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	5.03	12	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
formycin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	formycin	antineoplastic agent
drf 2725 ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma	2.05	1	0
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	3.56	8	0	aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide) Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.	3.69	10	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; adenosine A2A receptor agonist; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	3.23	6	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	5.41	20	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
bms 214662 7-cyano-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-3-(phenylmethyl)-4-(2-thienylsulfonyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine: a farnesyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source. BMS-214662 : A member of the class of benzodiazepines that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine substituted by (1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl, benzyl, (thiophen-2-yl)sulfonyl, and cyano groups at positions 1, 3R, 4 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of farnesyltransferase (IC50 = 1.35nM) which was under clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors.	2.04	1	0	benzenes; benzodiazepine; imidazoles; nitrile; sulfonamide; thiophenes	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
octreotide [no description available]	3.23	1	0
eptifibatide [no description available]	3.58	2	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; organic disulfide	anticoagulant; platelet aggregation inhibitor
histidyl-proline diketopiperazine cyclo(L-His-L-Pro) : A homodetic cyclic peptide resulting from the formal condensation of both the amino and acid groups of L-histidine with the acid and amino groups of L-proline. It is a metabolite of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).	2.13	1	0	dipeptide; homodetic cyclic peptide; imidazoles; pyrrolopyrazine	anti-inflammatory agent; dopamine uptake inhibitor; human blood serum metabolite
alitretinoin Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.	2.05	1	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; metabolite; retinoid X receptor agonist
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	2.42	2	0	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
gs 4071 GS 4071: The acid form.. oseltamivir acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 5 by pentan-3-yloxy, acetamido, and amino groups, respectively (the 3R,4R,5S enantiomer). An antiviral drug, it is used as the corresponding ethyl ester prodrug, oseltamivir, to slow the spread of influenza.	2.74	3	0	acetate ester; amino acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; marine xenobiotic metabolite
afimoxifene afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.	2.13	1	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist; metabolite
imidazolidines [no description available]	2.67	3	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
decitabine [no description available]	4.26	5	0	2'-deoxyribonucleoside
sm 8668 Sch 39304: Sch 42427 is the active entantiomer of the antifungal agent Sch 39304 which consists of Sch 42426 & Sch 42427; Sch 42426, the (S,S)-isomer, is inactive	2.45	2	0
phorbol-12,13-didecanoate phorbol-12,13-didecanoate: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9a alpha))-isomer	2.66	3	0
teniposide [no description available]	4.41	6	0	aromatic ether; beta-D-glucoside; cyclic acetal; furonaphthodioxole; gamma-lactone; monosaccharide derivative; phenols; thiophenes	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
troxacitabine troxacitabine: shows good anti-HIV activity without cytotoxicity	2.04	1	0	carbohydrate derivative; nucleobase-containing molecular entity
valrubicin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	anthracycline; trifluoroacetamide
ketoconazole (2R,4S)-ketoconazole : A cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine which dioxolane moiety has (2R,4S)-configuration.	2.53	2	0	cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine
purvalanol a 6-((3-chloro)anilino)-2-(isopropyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-9-isopropylpurine: purvalanol A is the (1R)-isomer;	2.05	1	0	purvalanol
cefamandole Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.	3.15	5	0	cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	5.51	13	0	actinomycin	mutagen
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	2.41	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
tiazofurin tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).	2.74	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-glycosyl compound; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; prodrug
aphidicolin Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.	2.13	1	0	tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimicrobial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; apoptosis inducer; Aspergillus metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
arsphenamine Arsphenamine: An organoarsenic compound that was commonly used for treating SYPHILIS and other diseases.	2.62	3	0
azaserine Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.	2.76	3	0	carboxylic ester; diazo compound; L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; glutamine antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	4.83	10	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
sitafloxacin [no description available]	2.74	3	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolines; quinolone antibiotic
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	6.31	50	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	4.26	5	0	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
schizandrin schizandrin: a dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan; schizandra is the plant name	2.06	1	0
posaconazole [no description available]	3.61	2	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	trypanocidal drug
dibekacin Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.	2.74	3	0	kanamycins	antibacterial agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
rubitecan rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.	2.47	2	0	C-nitro compound; delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
micafungin Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.	3.86	3	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; echinocandin	antiinfective agent
favipiravir favipiravir : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine substituted by aminocarbonyl, hydroxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3 and 6, respectively. It is an anti-viral agent that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of several RNA viruses and is approved for the treatment of influenza in Japan.	2.13	1	0	hydroxypyrazine; organofluorine compound; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	4.85	6	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
maltitol maltitol : An alpha-D-glucoside consisting of D-glucitol having an alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 4-position. Used as a sugar substitute.	2.13	1	0	alpha-D-glucoside; glycosyl alditol	laxative; metabolite; sweetening agent
potassium thiocyanate potassium thiocyanate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of K-CHNS. potassium thiocyanate : A potassium salt which is the monopotassium salt of thiocyanic acid.	2.17	1	0	potassium salt
potassium permanganate Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)	1.94	1	0
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	9.47	38	1	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.	2.42	2	0	organic sodium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.	7.37	2	0	organic sodium salt	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
ammonium acetate ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.	2.03	1	0	acetate salt; ammonium salt	buffer; food acidity regulator
arsenic trioxide Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius.	3.23	1	0	arsenic oxide	antineoplastic agent; insecticide
dipyrone Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.	9.99	9	1	organic sodium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
ditiocarb sodium [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
Tetrahydropiperine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzodioxoles
2-(trifluoromethyl)acrylic acid [no description available]	2.02	1	0
4-[[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl]-2,6-ditert-butylphenol [no description available]	2.04	1	0	alkylbenzene
aceglatone aceglatone: structure in Merck	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
sr 90107 fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux.	3.23	1	0
carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.	4.75	7	1	triterpenoid
carbenoxolone [no description available]	2.74	3	0
meglumine iodipamide [no description available]	3.23	1	0	organoammonium salt	radioopaque medium
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	2.69	3	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
trans-4-coumaric acid hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.	2.01	1	0	4-coumaric acid	food component; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
glycosides [no description available]	4.43	7	0
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	2.52	2	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.74	11	0	isomethyleugenol
retinaldehyde Retinaldehyde: A diterpene derived from the carotenoid VITAMIN A which functions as the active component of the visual cycle. It is the prosthetic group of RHODOPSIN (i.e., covalently bonded to ROD OPSIN as 11-cis-retinal). When stimulated by visible light, rhodopsin transforms this cis-isomer of retinal to the trans-isomer (11-trans-retinal). This transformation straightens-out the bend of the retinal molecule and causes a change in the shape of rhodopsin triggering the visual process. A series of energy-requiring enzyme-catalyzed reactions convert the 11-trans-retinal back to the cis-isomer.. all-trans-retinal : A retinal in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	1.98	1	0	retinal; vitamin A	gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	3.15	5	0	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	2.37	2	0	stilbene
thermospine thermospine: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
thyrotropin-releasing hormone PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence.	3.23	1	0	peptide hormone; tripeptide	human metabolite
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent	2.41	2	0
dibenzylidene acetone dibenzylidene acetone: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
ilepcimide ilepcimide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation	2.05	1	0	benzodioxoles
4'-methoxychalcone 4'-methoxychalcone: RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation	2.11	1	0	chalcones
sorbic acid Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses.. (2E,4E)-hexa-2,4-dienoic acid : A sorbic acid having trans-double bonds at positions 2 and 4; a food preservative that can induce cutaneous vasodilation and stinging upon topical application to humans. It is the most thermodynamically stable of the four possible geometric isomers possible, as well as the one with the highest antimicrobial activity.. sorbic acid : A hexadienoic acid with double bonds at C-2 and C-4; it has four geometrical isomers, of which the trans,trans-form is naturally occurring.	2.44	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; sorbic acid
rauwolscine Rauwolscine: A stereoisomer of yohimbine.	1.96	1	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate
discodermolide [no description available]	2.05	1	0	diterpenoid
flavin mononucleotide [no description available]	2.04	1	0	flavin mononucleotide; vitamin B2	bacterial metabolite; coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	2.39	2	0	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
buprenorphine Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.	4.62	6	1	morphinane alkaloid	delta-opioid receptor antagonist; kappa-opioid receptor antagonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
lypressin Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.	2.88	4	0	cyclic peptide
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	8.54	50	1	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	5.39	20	0	diphosphate ion
etorphine [no description available]	2.39	2	0	alcohol; morphinane alkaloid	opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; sedative
s 1033 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; imidazoles; pyridines; pyrimidines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
4-methoxy-1,3-dimethyl-6-thiophen-2-yl-8-cyclohepta[c]furanone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	cycloheptafuran
5-[(5-methoxycarbonyl-2-methyl-3-furanyl)methoxy]-2-methyl-3-benzofurancarboxylic acid 2-methoxyethyl ester [no description available]	2.13	1	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; benzofurans
5,6,7-trimethoxy-1-methyl-2-indolecarboxylic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
haplamine haplamine: isolated from Haplophyllum acutifolium; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle
4-(2-benzamidoethylamino)-1-piperidinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester [no description available]	2.08	1	0	carboxylic acid; piperidines
mezlocillin Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	2.96	4	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
amygdalin (R)-amygdalin : An amygdalin in which the stereocentre on the cyanohydrin function has R-configuration.	2.46	2	0	amygdalin	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
trilostane trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.	2.08	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; epoxy steroid; nitrile	abortifacient; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor
butoxybenzyl hyoscyamine butoxybenzyl hyoscyamine: RN given refers to bromide(3(S)-endo)-isomer; structure. butropium bromide : An organic bromide salt of butropium. It is a drug which suppresses spasm of smooth muscles of internal organs, inhibits gastric acid secretion and relieves abdominal pain. It is used in the treatment of spasmodic pains associated with gastritis, gastric ulcers and cholelithiasis.	2.36	2	0
methylatropine methylatropine: RN given refers to endo-(+-)-isomer; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3766	9.28	107	1
flutropium bromide flutropium bromide: structure given in first source. flutropium bromide : The organic bromide salt of flutropium. It is used in Japan for the treatment asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	3.07	5	0
lanatoside c lanatoside C: RN given refers to (3beta,5beta,12beta)-isomer	1.97	1	0
polidocanol Polidocanol: An alkyl polyglycol ether of LAURYL ALCOHOL, chemically defined as an alcohol ethoxylate having an average alkyl chain of 12–14 carbon atoms, and an ethylene oxide chain of 9 ethylene oxide units. It is used as a detergent, and medically as a local anesthetic, and as a sclerosing agent for the treatment of ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES and VARICOSE VEINS.. polidocanol : A hydroxypolyether that is nonaethylene glycol in which one of the terminal hydroxy functions is substituted by a lauryl (dodecyl) group.	2.02	1	0	hydroxypolyether	hepatotoxic agent; nonionic surfactant; sclerotherapy agent
mitobronitol Mitobronitol: Brominated analog of MANNITOL which is an antineoplastic agent appearing to act as an alkylating agent.	2.44	2	0	alcohol; organobromine compound
tropisetron Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.	10.86	23	1	indolyl carboxylic acid
sodium metabisulfite sodium metabisulfite: request from searcher; RN given refers to disulfurous acid, di-Na salt. sodium disulfite : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and disulfite ions in a 2:1 ratio.	1.98	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	food antioxidant
xe 991, anthracenone 10,10-bis(4-pyridinylmethyl)-9(10H)-anthracenone: neurotransmitter release enhancer and potassium channel blocker; structure given in first source	3.3	6	0	anthracenes
prednisolone hemisuccinate prednisolone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone succinate : A hemisuccinate resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group prednisolone with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. It is used to treat mild to moderate non-infectious eye allergies and inflammation, including damage caused by chemical and thermal burns.	2.04	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; hemisuccinate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
leuprolide acetate leuprolide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining the nonapeptide leuprolide with acetic acid. A long lasting GnRH analog, LH-Rh agonist. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.	2.08	1	0	acetate salt	antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
leuprolide Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.	2.74	3	0	oligopeptide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
octotropine methylbromide octotropine methylbromide: minor descriptor (65-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search TROPANES (69-86); RN given refers to endo-isomer. anisotropine methylbromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of anisotropine with methyl bromide.	2.97	4	0
diethylstilbestrol dipropionate diethylstilbestrol dipropionate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.13	1	0
fludarabine [no description available]	2.44	2	0	purine nucleoside
(1S,2R)-2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol [no description available]	2.13	1	0	alkylbenzene
glycerylphosphorylcholine choline alfoscerate : A member of the class of phosphocholines that is the choline ester of sn-glycero-3-phosphate. It is one of the major osmolyte in the renal medullary cells.. glycerophosphocholine : The glycerol phosphate ester of a phosphocholine. A nutrient with many different roles in human health.	2.13	1	0	phosphocholines; sn-glycerol 3-phosphates	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; parasympatholytic; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-methylscopolamine nitrate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	5.01	12	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
phenytoin sodium [no description available]	2.13	1	0
nsc 4347 NSC 4347: structure in first source	2.74	3	0
ipratropium bromide anhydrous [no description available]	2.49	2	0
4-methoxy-N1,N3-bis(3-pyridinyl)benzene-1,3-dicarboxamide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzamides
methamilane methiodide [no description available]	2.13	1	0
physostigmine salicylate [no description available]	8.76	11	0	azaheterocycle salicylate salt; salicylates
pilocarpine nitrate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine [no description available]	2.92	4	0
methylatropine nitrate [no description available]	2.48	2	0
1-[1-oxo-2-[(4-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c][1]benzopyran-7-yl)oxy]ethyl]-4-piperidinecarboxylic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	coumarins
prothionamide Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.	2.49	2	0	pyridines
2-(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazin-4-one [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzoxazine
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	3.71	10	0
chlorprothixene Chlorprothixene: A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.. (Z)-chlorprothixene : A chlorprothixene in which the double bond adopts a (Z)-configuration.	5.29	13	1	chlorprothixene
dienestrol Dienestrol: A synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen structurally related to stilbestrol. It is used, usually as the cream, in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal symptoms.. dienestrol : An olefinic compound that is hexa-2,4-diene substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 4 respectively.	2.13	1	0
doxepin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.1	1	0
etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.	8.1	17	3	ethyl ester; imidazoles	intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	4.92	11	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
methylthiouracil Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	2.5	2	0	pyrimidone
bemesetron [no description available]	3.68	10	0
thioinosine Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)	2.04	1	0
4-methoxy-N-(3-pyridinylmethyl)benzamide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzamides
crotamiton [no description available]	2.07	1	0
levosulpiride (S)-(-)-sulpiride : An optically active form of sulpiride having (S)-configuration. The active enantiomer of the racemic drug sulpiride. Selective D2-like dopamine antagonist (Ki values are ~ 0.015. ~ 0.013, 1, ~ 45 and ~ 77 muM at D2, D3, D4, D1 and D5 receptors respectively).	2.08	1	0	sulpiride	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
quinuclidinyl benzilate [no description available]	2.67	3	0
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	2.45	2	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
5-methyl-4-[(2-oxo-1-benzopyran-7-yl)oxymethyl]-2-furancarboxylic acid methyl ester [no description available]	2.13	1	0	coumarins
pyrantel Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.	3.23	1	0	1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines; carboxamidine; thiophenes	antinematodal drug
2-(1,3-dioxo-2-isoindolyl)-N-(3-nitrophenyl)acetamide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	phthalimides
dexchlorpheniramine [no description available]	2	1	0	chlorphenamine
3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propenoic acid 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propenoic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid : A methoxycinnamic acid that is trans-cinnamic acid substituted by methoxy groups at positions 3' and 4' respectively.	2.01	1	0	methoxycinnamic acid
lobeline [no description available]	2.39	2	0
urocanic acid Urocanic Acid: 4-Imidazoleacrylic acid.. urocanic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of hidtidine.. trans-urocanic acid : A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has E configuration.	2.13	1	0	urocanic acid	human metabolite
2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	stilbenoid
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	3.87	3	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
huperzine a [no description available]	3.35	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; primary amino compound; pyridone; sesquiterpene alkaloid	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent; plant metabolite
3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(2-phenylethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole [no description available]	2.13	1	0	oxadiazole; ring assembly
3-(3,5-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyranyl)propanoic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	psoralens
1,6-dimethyl-3-(2-pyridinyl)pyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine-5,7-dione [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyrimidotriazine
flunarizine Flunarizine: Flunarizine is a selective calcium entry blocker with calmodulin binding properties and histamine H1 blocking activity. It is effective in the prophylaxis of migraine, occlusive peripheral vascular disease, vertigo of central and peripheral origin, and as an adjuvant in the therapy of epilepsy.	3.26	6	0	diarylmethane
thiothixene [no description available]	4.23	5	0	N-methylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent
eszopiclone Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.	3.61	2	0	zopiclone	central nervous system depressant; sedative
dieldrin Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.	8.05	5	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound; organochlorine insecticide	carcinogenic agent; xenobiotic
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	3.17	5	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
9-hydroxy-4-[1-oxo-2-[4-(phenylmethyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-1H-[1]benzopyrano[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyridochromene
glipin glipin: RN given refers to (endo)-isomer	2.41	2	0
hc 030031 2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7H-purin-7-yl)-N-(4-isopropylphenyl)acetamide: a TRPA1 channel blocker	2.52	2	0
5-bromo-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid [3-(3-methylphenoxy)-4-oxo-1-benzopyran-7-yl] ester [no description available]	2.13	1	0	chromones
rhodanine 2-mercaptothiazolinone: metabolite in urine from persons exposed to CS2; structure	2.02	1	0	thiazolidinone
benztropine Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.	8.24	50	2	diarylmethane
thiouracil Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.	2.87	4	0	nucleobase analogue; thiocarbonyl compound	antithyroid drug; metabolite
5-methyl-4-[(3-methyl-6-oxo-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[c][1]benzopyran-1-yl)oxymethyl]-2-furancarboxylic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	coumarins
4-methyl-3-(phenylmethyl)-7-[(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methoxy]-1-benzopyran-2-one [no description available]	2.13	1	0	coumarins
[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-4-quinolinyl]-(4-morpholinyl)methanone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	quinolines
5-(3,3-dimethyl-2-oxobutoxy)-3,4,7-trimethyl-1-benzopyran-2-one [no description available]	2.13	1	0	coumarins
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	4.82	10	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
N-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-5-(2-nitrophenyl)-2-furancarboxamide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic amide; furans
2-(8-methoxy-2-methyl-4-oxo-1-quinolinyl)-N-(2-methoxyphenyl)acetamide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	quinolines
N-[(6-methoxy-2-oxo-1H-quinolin-3-yl)methyl]-N-propan-2-yl-2-furancarboxamide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	quinolines
cinnarizine Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.	3.39	7	0	diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine; olefinic compound	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	5.1	13	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	10.99	231	3	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
metiamide Metiamide: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist that is used as an anti-ulcer agent.	7.41	66	2	imidazoles
terbinafine [no description available]	4.4	6	0	acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
epalrestat epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; thiazolidines	EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
1,4-benzoquinone guanylhydrazone thiosemicarbazone 1,4-benzoquinone guanylhydrazone thiosemicarbazone: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
drotaverin drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.51	8	0	isoquinolines
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.01	1	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
2-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	stilbenoid
1-cyclohexyl-3-(6-ethoxy-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)urea [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzothiazoles
N-[(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-1-(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)methanamine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
2-[[5-[2-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]-2-oxoethoxy]-4-oxo-2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-7-yl]oxy]acetic acid tert-butyl ester [no description available]	2.13	1	0	flavones; tert-butyl ester
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	4.27	5	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
1,3-dimethylthiourea [no description available]	2	1	0
ethylenethiourea Ethylenethiourea: A degradation product of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) fungicides. It has been found to be carcinogenic and to cause THYROID hyperplasia.	2.13	1	0	imidazolidines
tacrine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.49	2	0
thiosemicarbazide thiosemicarbazide: glutamate decarboxylase antagonist; structure given in first source. hydrazinecarbothioamide : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which a hydrogen of one of the amino groups is replaced by an amino group.	1.97	1	0	hydrazines; thiocarboxamide; thioureas
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	6.34	39	1	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
sodium propionate sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.	2.9	4	0	organic sodium salt	antifungal drug; food preservative
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	3.68	10	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	3.76	3	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
sodium decylsulfonate [no description available]	6.93	1	0
succimer Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.	4.04	2	0	dicarboxylic acid; dithiol; sulfur-containing carboxylic acid	chelator
p-aminosalicylic acid monosodium salt [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic molecular entity
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	7.93	86	0	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
6-thioguanosine 6-thioguanosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0	purine nucleoside
mecysteine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester
streptozocin [no description available]	4.26	5	0
capsazepine capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.	3.66	9	0	benzazepine; catechols; monochlorobenzenes; thioureas	capsaicin receptor antagonist
1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole 1,3-dihydroxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-2-(4-carboxyphenyl)tetrahydroimidazole: intermediate in the synthesis of imidazolineoxyl N-oxides; partial structure given in first source	2.91	4	0	benzoic acid; imidazolines; organic radical	apoptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
tamoxifen [no description available]	5.28	16	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
sodium taurodeoxycholate Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.	2.39	2	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
4-methylumbelliferyl glucoside 4-methylumbelliferyl glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-glucoside : A beta-D-glucoside having a 4-methylumbelliferyl substituent at the anomeric position.	2.1	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; coumarins; monosaccharide derivative	chromogenic compound
nadp [no description available]	4.32	6	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	2.17	1	0
ethionamide Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.	4.42	6	0	pyridines; thiocarboxamide	antilipemic drug; antitubercular agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor; leprostatic drug; prodrug
cancidas [no description available]	3.58	2	0
2-(2-furanyl)-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
dihydrosamidine [no description available]	2.13	1	0
N-(2-methoxycyclohexyl)-3,4-dimethylaniline [no description available]	2.13	1	0	methylbenzene
eskazine [no description available]	2.13	1	0
2-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-5-ethyl-5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolidine-3-thione [no description available]	2.13	1	0	methylbenzene
2-[3-oxo-1-[[[oxo(thiophen-2-yl)methyl]amino]-sulfanylidenemethyl]-2-piperazinyl]acetic acid propan-2-yl ester [no description available]	2.13	1	0	isopropyl ester; piperazines
zeranol Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.	2.48	2	0	macrolide
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	3.11	5	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
scopolamine [no description available]	2.75	3	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid
hirsutine, (16e,20beta)-isomer [no description available]	2.01	1	0	alkaloid	metabolite
artemotil artemotil: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1	0	artemisinin derivative
lincomycin Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.	4.59	8	0	carbohydrate-containing antibiotic; L-proline derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; S-glycosyl compound	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	3.24	6	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	13.88	216	23	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.45	2	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	9.43	48	3	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
aplaviroc aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source	3.59	2	0
thiocarlide thiocarlide: major descriptor (68-85); on-line search PHENYLTHIOUREA/AA (68-85); Index Medicus search THIOCARLIDE (68-85); Antitubercular Agent	2.04	1	0	thioureas
fursultiamin Fursultiamin: Compound used for therapy of thiamine deficiency. It has also been suggested for several non-deficiency disorders but has not yet proven useful.	1.95	1	0	pyrimidines
hmr 3647 [no description available]	4.41	6	0
latoconazole latoconazole: RN refers to cpd without isomeric designation; latoconazole is (E)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug
maraviroc [no description available]	3.88	3	0	tropane alkaloid
methallibure Methallibure: A dithiobiurea compound with anti-gonadotropic activity.	1.95	1	0
toremifene citrate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	stilbenoid	anticoronaviral agent
toremifene Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.	4.08	4	0	aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amine	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
telaprevir [no description available]	2.05	1	0	cyclopentapyrrole; cyclopropanes; oligopeptide; pyrazines	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; peptidomimetic
nelarabine nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).	3.87	3	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; prodrug
pica Pica: The persistent eating of non-nutritive substances for a period of at least one month.	1.95	1	0
4-diphenylacetoxy-n-methylpiperidine methiodide 4-DAMP methiodide : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by combining equimolar amounts of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine and iodomethane.	2.05	1	0	iodide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
2-[(2-ethoxyphenoxy)-phenylmethyl]morpholine [no description available]	2.74	3	0	aromatic ether
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine 6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine: an mGlu5 antagonist. 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine : A methylpyridine that coinsists of 2-methylp[yridine bearing an additional phenylethynyl group at position 6. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.	2.04	1	0	acetylenic compound; methylpyridines	anxiolytic drug; metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	5.44	64	0	alkali metal atom
thiamylal Thiamylal: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration, for the induction of general anesthesia, or for inducing a hypnotic state. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p919). thiamylal : A member of the class of barbiturates that is 2-thioxodihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by a pentan-2-yl and prop-2-en-1-yl group at position 5.	5.53	17	1	barbiturates; organosulfur compound	sedative
albutoin albutoin: structure	2.04	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
thiobutabarbital thiobutabarbital: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.36	2	0
iodothiouracil [no description available]	2.04	1	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	3.28	6	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	3.06	5	0	nitrogen oxide
phosphamidon Phosphamidon: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.	2.91	4	0
dermatan sulfate Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.	3.23	1	0	amino disaccharide; glycosylgalactose derivative; iduronic acids; oligosaccharide sulfate
burimamide Burimamide: An antagonist of histamine that appears to block both H2 and H3 histamine receptors. It has been used in the treatment of ulcers.	3.34	7	0	imidazoles
nizatidine Nizatidine: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist with low toxicity that inhibits gastric acid secretion. The drug is used for the treatment of duodenal ulcers.. nizatidine : A member of the class of 1,3-thiazoles having a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at position 2 and an alkylthiomethyl moiety at position 4.	2.68	3	0
droloxifene [no description available]	2.05	1	0	stilbenoid
raclopride Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.	3.69	10	0	salicylamides
dolasetron [no description available]	4.36	3	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
or 1259 [no description available]	2.45	2	0	hydrazone; nitrile; pyridazinone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
triazulenone triazulenone: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0	imidazobenzodiazepine
mannomustine Mannomustine: Nitrogen mustard derivative alkylating agent used as antineoplastic. It causes severe bone marrow depression and is a powerful vesicant.	2.04	1	0	amino alcohol
monooctanoin monooctanoin: dissolution agent for retained cholesterol bile duct stones; RN in Chemline for octanoic acid, ester with 1,2,3-propanetriol, MF unknown: 11140-04-8; RN for octanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (1-monooctanoin): 502-54-5; RN in 9th CI Form Index for (+-)-1-monooctanoin: 19670-49-6. rac-1-monooctanoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol comprising equal amounts of 1-octanoyl-sn-glycerol and 3-octanoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monooctanoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has octanoyl as the acyl group.	2.13	1	0	1-monoglyceride; octanoate ester; rac-1-monoacylglycerol
almokalant almokalant: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
gestodene Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer	3.15	5	0	steroid	estrogen
glucametacin glucametacin: indomethacin analog; structure	2.45	2	0
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	4.57	7	0	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
idoxifene idoxifene: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	stilbenoid
quinine [no description available]	11.64	42	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
zofenoprilate zofenoprilate: RN given refers to ((1(R*),2alpha,4alpha)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 9/90. zofenoprilat : A proline derivative that is 4-(phenylsulfanyl)-L-proline in which the amine proton is replaced by a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. The active metabolite of zofenopril.	2	1	0	aryl sulfide; L-proline derivative; N-acyl-L-amino acid; thiol	anticonvulsant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
mitragynine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	2.72	3	0
mr 2266 MR 2266: RN refers to (2R-(2 alpha,6 alpha,11R*))-isomer; structure kappa opioid receptor antagonist	3.07	5	0
boc-tyr(s03)-nle-gly-trp-nle-asp-2-phenylethyl ester JMV 180: distinguishes high-affinity cholecystokinin receptors from low-affinity cholecystokinin receptors; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	2.42	2	0
ici 154129 ICI 154129: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0
deltorphin deltorphin: isolated from skin of Phyllomedusa sauvagei; has affinity to opioid receptor; note deltorphin I and deltorphin II are available, they have Ala in position 2	1.98	1	0	peptide
rtki cpd RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors	2.01	1	0
6-thioguanosine 5'-diphosphate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
amibegron [no description available]	1.98	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
bradykinin, met-lys- [no description available]	2.39	2	0
1-(2-(2-(4-pyridyl)-2-imidazoline-1-yl)ethyl)-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)urea 1-(2-(2-(4-pyridyl)-2-imidazoline-1-yl)ethyl)-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)urea: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
(3-iodobenzyl)trozamicol (3-iodobenzyl)trozamicol: a high-affinity vesamicol receptor ligand; RN refers to (trans-(-))-isomer; structure given in first source	2	1	0
8-bromoguanosino-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate [no description available]	2.44	2	0
thioperamide thioperamide: structure given in first source; histamine H3 receptor antagonist	3.38	7	0	primary aliphatic amine
cystine [no description available]	1.98	1	0
u-50488 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine	3.51	8	0	dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine	analgesic; antitussive; calcium channel blocker; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
sch 23390 SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.	2.96	4	0	benzazepine
isepamicin [no description available]	2.04	1	0
ifetroban ifetroban: thromboxane receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; a 7-oxabicyclo(2.2.1)heptane derivative	2.04	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
3'-o-(3-(n-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)amino)propionyl)adenosine-5'-triphosphate 3'-O-(3-(N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)amino)propionyl)adenosine-5'-triphosphate: structure	2.87	4	0
hirsutine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
dimemorfan dimemorfan: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; synonym At 17 refers to phosphate[1:1] salt; structure	2.02	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
lamifiban lamifiban: a nonpeptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist; prevents platelet loss during experimental cardiopulmonary bypass	2.04	1	0	N-acylglycine
fospropofol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	alkylbenzene
vx-745 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aryl sulfide; dichlorobenzene; difluorobenzene; pyrimidopyridazine	anti-inflammatory drug; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
isothaz isothaz: muscimol antagonist	1.96	1	0
prucalopride prucalopride: a 5-HT4 agonist enterokinetic compound	2.01	1	0	benzamides
azilect [no description available]	2.08	1	0
rasagiline [no description available]	3.23	1	0	indanes; secondary amine; terminal acetylenic compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
ketazocine ketazocine: RN given refers to parent cpd(2S-(2alpha,6alpha,11S*))-isomer	2.37	2	0
deracoxib SC 046: structure in first source. deracoxib : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3, and 5 by 4-sulfamoylphenyl, difluoromethyl and 3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl groups, respectively. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it is used in veterinary medicine for the control of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs.	2.07	1	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).	3.88	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
2-aminohippuric acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0	N-acylglycine
n,n,n-triethyl-3-(4-n-butoxybenzoyloxy)-2,3-dimethylpropyl ammonium hydroxide quateron: RN given refers to iodide; RN for parent cpd not in Chemline 7/26/83	1.96	1	0
zd 6474 CH 331: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines; secondary amine	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
telavancin telavancin: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. telavancin : A glycopeptide that is vancomycin substituted at position N-3'' by a 2-(decylamino)ethyl group and at position C-29 by a (phosphonomethyl)aminomethyl group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of adults with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by bacteria.	2.04	1	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium iii tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium III: RN refers to trichloride	1.98	1	0
msh, beta, (9-18), tyr(9)- [no description available]	1.96	1	0
7-o-ethyl fangchinoline 7-O-ethyl fangchinoline: RN given refers to the (1beta)-isomer;	1.97	1	0
calixarenes Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.	2.03	1	0
allatostatin 1 allatostatin 1: inhibits juvenile hormone synthesis; from reproductively active females	2.5	2	0
thyronamine thyronamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.95	1	0
amanitins Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.	2.36	2	0
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	2.41	2	0
trimethoprim [no description available]	2.13	1	0
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	2	1	0
riopan [no description available]	6.95	1	0
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-n-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine 2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine: A2 adenosine receptor agonist; structure given in first source. CGS-21680 : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.	2.68	3	0	adenosines; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; monocarboxylic acid	adenosine A2A receptor agonist; anti-inflammatory agent
zamifenacin zamifenacin: zamifenacin is the (R)-isomer; RN given for (+-)-isomer; structure in first source	3.78	2	1	diarylmethane
silybin [no description available]	2.05	1	0
alatrofloxacin alatrofloxacin: prodrug of trovafloxacin	2.06	1	0
4-hydroxy-1-[1-oxo-2-(phenylmethoxycarbonylamino)propyl]-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	peptide
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-3-ylmethyl)-2-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)acetamide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
3-acetyl-6-methyl-1H-quinolin-4-one [no description available]	2.13	1	0	quinolines
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist	3.7	10	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	10.13	46	0
3-(phenylthio)-1-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-propanone [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aryl sulfide
rs-130830 RS-130830: orally-active broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor	2.07	1	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	2.87	4	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
crocin crocin: a free radical scavenger	2.25	1	0
chloramine-t chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.	2.44	2	0	organic sodium salt	allergen; antifouling biocide; disinfectant
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	5.84	36	0	quinoxaline derivative
N-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-oxo-9b-phenyl-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-a]isoindole-1-carboxamide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	imidazolidines
Anthraniloyllycoctonine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	diterpene alkaloid
zinc protoporphyrin ix [no description available]	1.99	1	0
fg 9041 FG 9041: structure given in first source	3.5	8	0	quinoxaline derivative
4-nitrocaramiphen [no description available]	2.08	1	0	C-nitro compound
a 61603 A 61603: a potent alpha1-adrenergic receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	tetralins
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	7.15	35	1
17-ketosteroids 17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.	2	1	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	2.34	2	0
jhw 015 [no description available]	2.01	1	0	indolecarboxamide
am 630 iodopravadoline: an aminoalkylindole; a competitive cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	N-acylindole
sc 560 SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.	2.94	4	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
N-[4-[(cyclohexylamino)-oxomethyl]phenyl]-3-pyridinecarboxamide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic amide
digitoxigenin Digitoxigenin: 3 beta,14-Dihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digitoxin. Synonyms: Cerberigenin; Echujetin; Evonogenin; Thevetigenin.. digitoxigenin : A 5beta-cardenolide that is 5beta-cardanolide with hydroxy substituents at the 3beta- and 14beta-positions and double bond unsaturation at C(20)-C(22).	2.68	3	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid
sitagliptin sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	4.55	7	0	triazolopyrazine; trifluorobenzene	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; hypoglycemic agent; serine proteinase inhibitor; xenobiotic
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	2.04	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
flosequinan [no description available]	2.05	1	0	quinolines
1-[3-[[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]methyl]-4-methoxyphenyl]-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	harmala alkaloid
tolcapone Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.	4.87	10	0	2-nitrophenols; benzophenones; catechols	antiparkinson drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
sm 21 SM 21: RN given for (3(R)-endo)-isomer and maleate salt; structure in first source	2.4	2	0	monocarboxylic acid
jnj 7777120 1-((5-chloro-1H-indol-2-yl)carbonyl)-4-methylpiperazine: an H4 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.21	1	0
alsterpaullone alsterpaullone: structure in first source. alsterpaullone : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1-benzazepin-2-one which shares its 4-5 bond with the 3-2 bond of 5-nitro-1H-indole.	2.05	1	0	C-nitro compound; caprolactams; organic heterotetracyclic compound	anti-HIV-1 agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor
diclofenac sodium Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of DICLOFENAC. It is used for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.. diclofenac sodium : The sodium salt of diclofenac.	2.13	1	0	organic sodium salt
2-mercaptoacetate 2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid anion
3-(trimethylsilyl)propanesulfonic acid 3-(trimethylsilyl)propanesulfonic acid: used as a hydrophobic probe for proton magnetic resonance studies of apolar sites on proteins; RN given refers to Na salt	2.05	1	0	organosulfonic acid	NMR chemical shift reference compound
diethyl maleate diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	2	1	0	ethyl ester; maleate ester	glutathione depleting agent
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	4.1	3	1	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	3.72	10	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	8.75	11	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	8.11	91	1	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	5.36	58	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
biochanin a [no description available]	2.48	2	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
leukotriene a4 Leukotriene A4: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta(1E,3E,5Z,8Z)))-3-(1,3,5,8-Tetradecatetraenyl)oxiranebutanoic acid. An unstable allylic epoxide, formed from the immediate precursor 5-HPETE via the stereospecific removal of a proton at C-10 and dehydration. Its biological actions are determined primarily by its metabolites, i.e., LEUKOTRIENE B4 and cysteinyl-leukotrienes. Alternatively, leukotriene A4 is converted into LEUKOTRIENE C4 by glutathione-S-transferase or into 5,6-di-HETE by the epoxide-hydrolase. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene A4 : A leukotriene that is the (5S,6S)-epoxy derivative of (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid.	1.96	1	0	epoxy fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid; oxylipin; polyunsaturated fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
prostaglandin b1 prostaglandin Bx: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; polymeric derivative of diketo-PGB1; mean MW 2,200. prostaglandin B1 : A member of the class of prostaglandins B that is prosta-8(12),13-dien-1-oic acid carrying oxo and hydroxy substituents at positions 9 and 15 respectively (the 13E,15S-stereoisomer).	2.13	1	0	prostaglandins B	human metabolite
tylosin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	aldehyde; disaccharide derivative; enone; leucomycin; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative	allergen; bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	2.46	2	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	2.96	4	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	4.08	4	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
quercitrin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	alpha-L-rhamnoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antileishmanial agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
scopoletin [no description available]	2.68	3	0	hydroxycoumarin	plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	3.56	9	0
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	3.11	5	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	2.7	3	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	3.76	3	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4 Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.	1.99	1	0	leukotriene	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	9.33	20	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
hymecromone Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.	2.38	2	0	hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.	2.02	1	0	fatty acid 20:3; long-chain fatty acid	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; nutraceutical
luteolin-7-glucoside luteolin-7-glucoside: has both antiasthmatic and antineoplastic activities; has 3C protease inhibitory activity; isolated from Ligustrum lucidum. luteolin 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyflavone that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.04	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antioxidant; plant metabolite
furylfuramide Furylfuramide: Used formerly as antimicrobial food additive. It causes mutations in many cell cultures and may be carcinogenic.. (Z)-2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide : A member of the class of acrylamides that is acrylamide which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 2-furyl and 5-nitro-2-furyl groups, respectively (the trans isomer). Formerly used as a food preservative, it was withdrawn from the market following suspicions of carcenogenicity.	2.02	1	0	acrylamides; C-nitro compound; nitrofuran antibiotic; primary carboxamide
alprostadil [no description available]	6.31	37	1	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	3.88	3	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	2.05	1	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	2.72	3	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	2.02	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
leukotriene d4 Leukotriene D4: One of the biologically active principles of SRS-A. It is generated from LEUKOTRIENE C4 after partial hydrolysis of the peptide chain, i.e., cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl portion. Its biological actions include stimulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, and increases in vascular permeability. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene D4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and a L-cysteinylglycinyl group at position 6 (6R).	4.71	9	0	dipeptide; leukotriene; organic sulfide	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene e4 Leukotriene E4: A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene E4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and an L-cystein-S-yl group at position 6 (6R).	2.89	4	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; L-cysteine thioether; leukotriene; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; secondary alcohol
prostaglandin a2 prostaglandin A2: RN given refers to (5Z,13E,15S)-isomer	1.96	1	0	prostaglandins A	human metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	3.07	5	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
senecionine senecionine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. senecionine : A pyrrolizidine alkaloid isolated from the plant species of the genus Senecio.	2.01	1	0	lactone; pyrrolizidine alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	plant metabolite
prostaglandin e3 prostaglandin E3: Structure	1.97	1	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite
prostaglandin f1 prostaglandin F1: was EN to PROSTAGLANDINS F (75-81); RN given refers to (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer	2.69	3	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite
harmine Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.	5.37	7	0	harmala alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; metabolite
rescinnamine rescinnamine: was heading 1966-94 (see under RESERPINE 1966-90); use RESERPINE to search RESCINNAMINE 1966-94	1.93	1	0	indole alkaloid; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antihypertensive agent
genistein [no description available]	3.39	7	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	5.39	19	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.	3.14	5	0	oxapenam	antibacterial drug; anxiolytic drug; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	4.77	9	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
oxymetholone Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.	4.09	4	0
eprosartan eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.	4.65	8	0	dicarboxylic acid; imidazoles; thiophenes	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	4.77	9	0	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
mivacurium Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.	15.02	12	9	isoquinolines
timolol maleate (S)-timolol maleate : The maleic acid salt of the active (S)-enantiomer of timolol, comprising equimolar amounts of (S)-timolol and maleic acid.	2.13	1	0	maleate salt	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
brompheniramine maleate brompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.	2.51	2	0	maleate salt	anti-allergic agent
dexchlorpheniramine maleate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic molecular entity
hemabate carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.	3.23	1	0
ethchlorvynol Ethchlorvynol: A sedative and hypnotic that has been used in the short-term management of INSOMNIA. Its use has been superseded by other drugs.. ethchlorvynol : Propargyl alcohol in which the methylene hydrogens are substituted by ethyl and 2-chlorovinyl groups. A hypnotic and sedative, it is used for treatment of insomnia in some cases where an intolerance or allergy to more commonly used drugs exists.	2.04	1	0
mycophenolate mofetil mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	3.87	3	0	carboxylic ester; ether; gamma-lactone; phenols; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
entacapone entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.	4.41	6	0	2-nitrophenols; catechols; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol [no description available]	4.08	4	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane	antiparathyroid drug
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	2.05	1	0	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
toxiferine Toxiferine: A curare alkaloid that is a very potent competitive nicotinic antagonist at the neuromuscular junction.	5.12	11	1	alkaloid
usambarensine usambarensine: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	harmala alkaloid
esculin [no description available]	2.01	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; metabolite
7-hydroxycoumarin 7-oxycoumarin: derivatives have anti-oxidant properties. umbelliferone : A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7.	2.01	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	fluorescent probe; food component; plant metabolite
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	5.65	26	0	alpha-humulene
zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.	2.13	1	0	macrolide; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen
baicalein [no description available]	2.01	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
chrysin chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.	2.43	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; dihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
diosmin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant
galangin 5,7-dihydroxyflavonol: antimicrobial from the twigs of Populus nigra x Populus deltoides; structure in first source. galangin : A 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively; a growth inhibitor of breast tumor cells.	2.01	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; trihydroxyflavone	antimicrobial agent; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
mangiferin shamimin: isolated from the leaves of Bombax ceiba; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; xanthones	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
morin morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.	2.04	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
myricetin [no description available]	2.01	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
platyphylline platyphylline: from Senecio platyphyllus; RN given refers to (1 alpha)-isomer; structure	1.96	1	0	macrolide
cynarine cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent	2.96	4	0	alkyl caffeate ester; quinic acid	plant metabolite
echinacoside echinacoside: from Buddleja species; has antihepatotoxic activity	2.05	1	0	oligosaccharide
caffeic acid phenethyl ester phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.	2.02	1	0	alkyl caffeate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; immunomodulator; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	2.05	1	0	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
shogaol shogaol: from ginger, ZINGIBER OFFICINALE; less mutagenic than GINGEROL; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0	enone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols
flupenthixol cis-flupenthixol : A flupenthixol in which the double bond adopts a cis-configuration.	2.92	4	0	flupenthixol	dopaminergic antagonist
sdz psc 833 valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215	2.45	2	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
l 660,711 [no description available]	2.75	3	0	quinolines
estriol 17-glucuronide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	steroid saponin
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	2.47	2	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
anandamide anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.	2.96	4	0	endocannabinoid; N-acylethanolamine 20:4	human blood serum metabolite; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
cerulenin Cerulenin: An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including ACREMONIUM, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.. cerulenin : An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.	1.99	1	0	epoxide; monocarboxylic acid amide	antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor
pheniramine maleate Naphcon A: tradename; contains above compounds; ophthalmic solution	2.07	1	0	organic molecular entity
rokitamycin rokitamycin: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
travoprost Travoprost: A cloprostenol derivative that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.. travoprost : The isopropyl ester of prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of travoprost are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. It is a pro-drug; the isopropyl ester group is hydrolysed by esterases in the cornea to the biologically active free acid, fluprostenol.	2.08	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; ophthalmology drug; prodrug; prostaglandin receptor agonist
tranilast tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.	2.99	4	0	amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; dimethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; antineoplastic agent; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; calcium channel blocker; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent
7432 s Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.	3.58	2	0	cephalosporin; dicarboxylic acid	antibacterial drug
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.	2.89	4	0	stilbenoid
domoic acid domoic acid: kainic acid analog, heterocyclic amino acid from seaweed; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. domoic acid : An L-proline derivative that is L-proline substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 3 and a 6-carboxyhepta-2,4-dien-2-yl group at position 4. It is produced by the diatomic algal Pseudo-nitzschia. It is an analogue of kainic acid and a neurotoxin which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).	1.98	1	0	L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid; tricarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; hapten; marine metabolite; neuromuscular agent; neurotoxin
glyceryl 2-arachidonate glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol.	2.11	1	0	2-acylglycerol 20:4; endocannabinoid	human metabolite
4-hydroxyestradiol 4-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen. 4-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 4.	2.13	1	0	4-hydroxy steroid	metabolite
menatetrenone menaquinone-4 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 4 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.	2.13	1	0	menaquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; bone density conservation agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
imipenem [no description available]	2.08	1	0	carbapenems
etretinate retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.	2.75	3	0	enoate ester; ethyl ester; retinoid	keratolytic drug
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	4.28	5	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.	8.11	5	0
xylometazoline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
ketotifen fumarate ketotifen fumarate : An organoammonium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of ketotifen(1+) and fumarate(1-) ions. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is a non-bronchodilator anti-asthmatic drug.	2.51	2	0	organoammonium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
epoprostenol [no description available]	3.58	2	0	prostaglandins I	mouse metabolite
indocyanine green [no description available]	3.85	3	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
dinoprost tromethamine [no description available]	2.51	2	0	organic molecular entity
ozagrel ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer	3.24	6	0	cinnamic acids
triprolidine Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.	5.55	13	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; olefinic compound; pyridines	H1-receptor antagonist
pibutidine hydrochloride IT 066: structure in first source. pibutidine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of pibutidine. It is a H2 receptor antagonist which was developed for the treatment of peptic ulcers and duodenal ulcers. It was in phase III clinical trials in Japan (now discontinued).	1.99	1	0	hydrochloride	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.	3.59	2	0	cyclopropanes; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolines; statin (synthetic)	antioxidant
rosuvastatin calcium S 4522: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	N-acyl-15-methylhexadecasphinganine-1-phosphoethanolamine; organic calcium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; cardioprotective agent; CETP inhibitor
terbinafine hydrochloride terbinafine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of terbinafine with one molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride.	2.08	1	0	allylamine antifungal drug; hydrochloride	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
ethamolin monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma	3.23	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
hydrocortisone valerate hydrocortisone valerate: used in treatment of atopic dermatitis; RN given refers to 11beta-isomer	2.13	1	0	cortisol ester; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; valerate ester
alatrofloxacin mesylate [no description available]	3.59	2	0
homatropine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	tropane alkaloid
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2 16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.	5.23	12	1	cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid; prostanoid; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-ulcer drug; gastrointestinal drug; radiation protective agent
prostaglandin f2 isopropyl ester prostaglandin F2 isopropyl ester: has ocular hypotensive effect	1.97	1	0	prostanoid
prostaglandin f2 methyl ester prostaglandin F2 methyl ester: has ocular hypotensive effect; RN given refers to (5Z,9alpha,11alpha,13E,15S)-isomer	2.13	1	0	prostanoid
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	3.07	5	0	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-bromoergocryptine mesylate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
codeine [no description available]	14.22	56	3	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
cyclosporine ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	5.1	13	0	homodetic cyclic peptide	anti-asthmatic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antirheumatic drug; carcinogenic agent; dermatologic drug; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
perhexiline maleate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic molecular entity
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	7.56	17	3	hydrochloride
natamycin [no description available]	2.75	3	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; dicarboxylic acid monoester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyene antibiotic	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; ophthalmology drug
mepyramine maleate histosol: proprietary mixture of synthetic aromatic hydrocarbons forming an extremely nonpolar organic solvent	2.13	1	0
acitretin Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.	4.09	4	0	acitretin; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; retinoid	keratolytic drug
cloprednol cloprednol: relative anti-inflammatory potency twice prednisolone; synthetic glucocorticoid; structure	2.04	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
cyproterone Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.	2.44	2	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; chlorinated steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	androgen antagonist
dihydrocodeine dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	2.75	3	0	morphinane alkaloid
dorzolamide dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	2.03	1	0	sulfonamide; thiophenes	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
dothiepin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	dothiepin
estropipate estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients	3.58	2	0	piperazinium salt; steroid sulfate
ethisterone Ethisterone: 17 alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A synthetic steroid hormone with progestational effects.. ethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 17beta hydrogen is replaced by an ethynyl group. Ethisterone was the first orally active progestin and is a metabolite of danazol.	2.13	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	drug metabolite; progestin
granisetron Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.	4.01	14	0	aromatic amide; indazoles
hydrocodone Hydrocodone: Narcotic analgesic related to CODEINE, but more potent and more addicting by weight. It is used also as cough suppressant.. hydrocodone : A morphinane-like compound that is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from codeine.	3.39	1	1	morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
hydromorphone Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.	8.59	21	1	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
hydroxystilbamidine hydroxystilbamidine: minor descriptor (63-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search STILBAMIDINES (66-86); RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	9.7	8	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ly 163892 loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.	3.86	3	0	carbacephem; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
meprednisone [no description available]	2.04	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
nabilone nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.23	1	0
nalmefene nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer	2.98	4	0	morphinane alkaloid
nalorphine Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.	6.06	40	0	morphinane alkaloid
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	13.95	389	4	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.	4.63	8	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
oxymorphone Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)	4.47	7	0	morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1 Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.	3.23	1	0	phylloquinones; vitamin K	cofactor; human metabolite; plant metabolite
acepreval acepreval: topical steroid used for skin disease therapy	2.04	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
proscillaridin Proscillaridin: A cardiotonic glycoside isolated from Scilla maritima var. alba (Squill).	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	3.87	3	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	9.68	8	0	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	3.81	3	0
6alpha-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol 6alpha-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol bearing an additional 6alpha-hydroxy substituent.	2.13	1	0	6alpha-hydroxy steroid
brefeldin a [no description available]	2.43	2	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
alvocidib alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.	2.45	2	0	dihydroxyflavone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
seocalcitol seocalcitol: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
fenretinide Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant
geldanamycin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; cysteine protease inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor
lobeline Lobeline: An alkaloid that has actions similar to NICOTINE on nicotinic cholinergic receptors but is less potent. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic uses including in respiratory disorders, peripheral vascular disorders, insomnia, and smoking cessation.	4.35	21	0
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	18.16	684	29	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
pactamycin Pactamycin: Antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pactum used as an antineoplastic agent. It is also used as a tool in biochemistry because it inhibits certain steps in protein synthesis.	2.04	1	0
demycarosylturimycin h [no description available]	2.47	2	0
ar c67085mx PSB-0413: a selective antagonist radioligand for platelet P2Y12 receptors	2.07	1	0
trans-metanicotine metanicotine: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.39	2	0
ar-r 17779 AR-R 17779: structure in first source	2.01	1	0
2-methylthio-atp 2-methylthio-ATP: purinergic receptors agonist; relaxes mammalian gut preparations; structure given in first source	2.69	3	0
4-aminocrotonic acid [no description available]	2	1	0
acipimox acipimox: lipolysis inhibitor	2.08	1	0	pyrazinecarboxylic acid
adp beta s adenosine 5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate): partial agonist toward platelet aggregation; see also record for 1-thiodiphosphate cpd	2.69	3	0
ah 23848 AH 23848: thromboxane antagonist. AH23848 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (1R,2R,5S)- and (1S,2S,5R)-enantiomers of (4Z)-7-{5-[([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy]-2-(morpholin-4-yl)-3-oxocyclopentyl}hept-4-enoic acid. The hemicalcium salt is a potent, specific thromboxane receptor-blocking drug that is orally active and has a long duration of action.. (1R,2R,5S)-AH23848 : A (4Z)-7-{5-[([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy]-2-(morpholin-4-yl)-3-oxocyclopentyl}hept-4-enoic acid in which the stereocentres at positions 1, 2 and 5 have R-, R- and S-configuration respectively.	1.97	1	0	(4Z)-7-{5-[([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)methoxy]-2-(morpholin-4-yl)-3-oxocyclopentyl}hept-4-enoic acid
anthramycin [no description available]	2.04	1	0
arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide: a potent and selective agonist of the neuronal cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source. arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide : A fatty amide obtained by the formal condensation of arachidonic acid with 2-chloroethanamine. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor (Ki = 1.4 nM) and also has a low affinity for the CB2 receptor (Ki = 3100 nM).	2.44	2	0	fatty amide; organochlorine compound; secondary carboxamide; synthetic cannabinoid	CB1 receptor agonist; CB2 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
arachidonylcyclopropylamide arachidonylcyclopropylamide: a potent and selective agonist of neuronal cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
atosiban [no description available]	3.27	6	0	oligopeptide
bay u9773 BAY u9773: a leukotriene C4 antagonist. BAYu9773 : A dicarboxylic acid that is that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4S and a (4-carboxyphenyl)sulfanediyl group at 5R. It is a dual cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist that acts at the CysLT1 and CysLT2 receptors (IC50 = 0.44 and 0.30 muM, respectively).	2.04	1	0	benzoic acids; dicarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; polyunsaturated fatty acid; secondary alcohol	leukotriene antagonist
benzphetamine Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.	3.79	3	0	amphetamines; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; appetite depressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; sympathomimetic agent
beta-funaltrexamine beta-funaltrexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd(E)-isomer; structure given in first source	2	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
bibo 3457 BIBO 3304: BIBO-3457 is the inactive enantiomer	2.15	1	0
bibp 3226 BIBP 3226: a selective non-peptide neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; BIBP-3435 is the S-enantiomer	2.4	2	0
bimatoprost Bimatoprost: A cloprostenol-derived amide that is used as an ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT in the treatment of OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent
cicaprost cicaprost: RN given refers to (3aS-(2E,3aalpha,4alpha(3R,4R),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer	2.04	1	0	monoterpenoid
cloprostenol Cloprostenol: A synthetic prostaglandin F2alpha analog. The compound has luteolytic effects and is used for the synchronization of estrus in cattle.	1.99	1	0	prostanoid
cp 99994 3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine: selective NK(1) receptor antagonist; CP-100263 is the inactive enantiomer	2.69	3	0
denopamine denopamine: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.	4.02	4	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist
desoximetasone Desoximetasone: A topical anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in DERMATOSES, skin allergies, PSORIASIS, etc.. desoximetasone : Dexamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position is substituted by hydrogen. A synthetic corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic in the treatment of various skin disorders, including skin allergies and psoriasis.	2.5	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
dexmedetomidine [no description available]	10.36	19	10	medetomidine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative
endomorphin 1 endomorphin 1: isolated from bovine brain	2.42	2	0	oligopeptide
fr 173657 FR 173657: structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
kallidin Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog cleaved from kininogen by kallikreins. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that acts by vasodilatation.	3.56	9	0	peptide
goserelin Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.	3.23	1	0	organic molecular entity
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	2.7	3	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
preclamol preclamol: centrally acting dopamine receptor agonist with selectivity for autoreceptors	2.37	2	0
l 365260 L 365260: a CCK-B antagonist; structure given in first source; potent & selective CCK-B & gastrin receptor ligand; L 365260 and L 365346 are (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers, respectively	3.6	9	0	benzodiazepine
lacidipine [no description available]	2.45	2	0	cinnamate ester; tert-butyl ester
latanoprost Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	7.96	4	0	isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha; triol	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; prodrug
enprostil Enprostil: A synthetic PGE2 analog that has an inhibitory effect on gastric acid secretion, a mucoprotective effect, and a postprandial lowering effect on gastrin. It has been shown to be efficient and safe in the treatment of gastroduodenal ulcers.	2.38	2	0
lysophosphatidic acid lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.	1.96	1	0	1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	2.41	2	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
magnesium trisilicate magnesium trisilicate: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.34	1	1
mdl 100907 Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.	2.76	3	0
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	2.9	4	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
ml 10302 2-piperidinoethyl 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoate: structure in first source	2	1	0
nalbuphine Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.	10.75	6	1	organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic
nateglinide Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	4.26	5	0	phenylalanine derivative
neurokinin a Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.	5.63	76	0
neurokinin b Neurokinin B: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ A with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the URINARY BLADDER and UTERUS.	4.33	20	0	polypeptide
ciguatoxins Ciguatoxins: Polycyclic ethers produced by Gambierdiscus (DINOFLAGELLATES) from gambiertoxins, which are ingested by fish which in turn may be ingested by humans who are susceptible to the CIGUATERA POISONING.. ciguatoxin CTX1B : A ciguatoxin comprising a sequence of twelve trans-fused six-, seven-, eight- and nine-membered rings and a spiro-fused five-membered ring. A commonly encountered fish toxin.. ciguatoxin : Ciguatoxins are cyclic polyether toxins, derived from marine dinoflagellates, which are responsible for the symptoms of ciguatera poisoning. Ingestion of tropical and subtropical fin fish contaminated by ciguatoxins results in an illness characterised by neurological, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders.	4.17	5	0	ciguatoxin	metabolite
ono 3708 ONO 3708: structure given in first source; thromboxane A2 antagonist	2.89	4	0
pd 123319 PD123319 : An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively	2.69	3	0	imidazopyridine	angiotensin receptor antagonist; endothelin receptor antagonist; vasoconstrictor agent
calyculin a calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R(1S,3S,4S,5R,6R,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R),7beta(E(S)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer	2.4	2	0
u 44069 U 44069: has contractile effect on rat pulmonary veins & arteries; a thromboxane-A2 mimetic	2.67	3	0	prostanoid
thromboxane a2, carbocyclic carbocyclic thromboxane A2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes that is thromboxane A2 in which the bridging oxygen has been replaced by a methylene group.	1.96	1	0
r 715 [no description available]	2.01	1	0
rapacuronium rapacuronium: 16-N-allyl-17-beta-propionate analog of vecuronium; structure given in first source	2	1	0	steroid ester
rimexolone [no description available]	2.11	1	0	20-oxo steroid
sb 223412 SB 223412: SB-223412 is the (S)-(-)-isomer; RN given for (S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.46	2	0
seglitide seglitide: more potent than somatostatin for inhibition of insulin, glucagon & growth hormone release; used experimentally in treatment of Alzheimer's disease; somatostatin receptor antagonist	2.41	2	0
sq 29548 SQ 29548: SQ-26538 is the ((1S-1alpha,2beta(5Z),3beta(1E,3R*),4alpha))-isomer; thromboxane A2 antagonist; thromboxane receptor antagonist	7.69	3	0
u-44619 thromboxane A2 agonist : An agonist that binds to and activates thromboxane A2 receptors.	3.52	2	0
vinorelbine [no description available]	4.41	6	0	acetate ester; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; ring assembly; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
(3r)-((2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-((4-morpholinyl)methyl)pyrrolo-(1,2,3-de)-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl)(1-naphthalenyl))methanone WIN 55212-2 : A organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5-methyl-3-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)-2,3-dihydro[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-hi]indole substituted at position 6 by a 1-naphthylcarbonyl group.	2.05	1	0	morpholines; naphthyl ketone; organic heterotricyclic compound; synthetic cannabinoid	analgesic; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
zuclopenthixol zuclopenthixol : The (Z)-isomer of clopenthixol.	2	1	0	clopenthixol	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
cl 316243 disodium (R,R)-5-(2-((2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-amino)propyl)-1,3-benzodioxole-2,3-dicarboxylate: structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
silodosin silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source	3.23	1	0	indolecarboxamide
s 145 S 145: TXA2/PGH2 receptor antagonist; RN given refers to (+)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 10/88; S-1452 is the calcium hydrate form of S-145	1.98	1	0	monoterpenoid
ro 4-6790 Ro 4-6790: structure in first source	2	1	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
sb 271046 SB 271046: 5-HT(6) receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2	1	0
casticin casticin: from fruit of Vitex rotundifolia; structure in second source. casticin : A tetramethoxyflavone that consists of quercetagetin in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3, 6, 7 and 4' have been replaced by methoxy groups. It has been isolated from Eremophila mitchellii.	2.03	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; tetramethoxyflavone	apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
irisquinone irisquinone: from seeds of Iris pallasii Iridaceae; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.04	1	0
isopetasin isopetasin: inhibits biosynthesis of cysteinyl-leukotriene; from Petasites formosanus Kitamurai; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
licochalcone a licochalcone A: has both anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities; structure given in first source; isolated from root of Glycyrrhiza inflata; RN given refers to (E)-isomer	2.05	1	0	chalcones
malealdehyde malealdehyde: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; fumaraldehyde refers to (E)-isomer	2.21	1	0	but-2-enedial
furazolidone [no description available]	2.49	2	0
acetaldehyde oxime acetaldehyde oxime: structure. (E)-acetaldehyde oxime : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetaldehyde oxime.. acetaldehyde oxime : An aldoxime derived from acetaldehyde.	2.01	1	0	acetaldehyde oxime
thebaine Thebaine: A drug that is derived from opium, which contains from 0.3-1.5% thebaine depending on its origin. It produces strychnine-like convulsions rather than narcosis. It may be habit-forming and is a controlled substance (opiate) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Part 1308.12 (1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.35	2	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound
fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.	4.39	6	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
tyrphostin ag 555 [no description available]	2.13	1	0
semaxinib semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.	2.05	1	0	olefinic compound; oxindoles; pyrroles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
orantinib orantinib: an antiangiogenic agent. orantinib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrrol-3-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.	2.05	1	0
su 11248 [no description available]	3.87	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
nifuroxazide nifuroxazide: structure	2.13	1	0	benzoic acids
mitoguazone Mitoguazone: Antineoplastic agent effective against myelogenous leukemia in experimental animals. Also acts as an inhibitor of animal S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.. mitoguazone : A hydrazone obtained by formal condensation of the two carbonyl groups of methylglyoxal with the primary amino groups of two molecules of aminoguanidine.	2.44	2	0	guanidines; hydrazone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 4.1.1.50 (adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) inhibitor
ergothioneine ergothioneine thione form : A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.	1.94	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; amino-acid betaine; L-histidine derivative; sulfur-containing amino acid	antioxidant; chelator; fungal metabolite; plant metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
stilbamidine stilbamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.74	3	0
romidepsin depsipeptide : A natural or synthetic compound having a sequence of amino and hydroxy carboxylic acid residues (usually alpha-amino and alpha-hydroxy acids), commonly but not necessarily regularly alternating.	2.04	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; heterocyclic antibiotic; organic disulfide	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	3.21	6	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: potent & selective inhibitor of platelet lipoxygenase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.	4.76	9	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; indoles; organofluorine compound
molsidomine [no description available]	2.78	3	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
rg 13022 RG 13022: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	4.06	15	0
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	2.63	3	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	4.27	19	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	8.05	118	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
mevinphos Mevinphos: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.	9	14	0
styrylquinoline styrylquinoline: structure in first source	2.13	1	0	2-styrylquinoline
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	5.86	24	1	alkali metal atom
trimethyltin trimethyltin : An organotin compound that consists of stannane in which three of the four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.	1.99	1	0
codeine phosphate [no description available]	2.1	1	0
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	3.9	13	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
ethylmorphine Ethylmorphine: A narcotic analgesic and antitussive. It is metabolized in the liver by ETHYLMORPHINE-N-DEMETHYLASE and used as an indicator of liver function.	2.04	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
levorphanol Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.	5.51	13	0	morphinane alkaloid
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	8.74	11	0	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	6.05	9	1	metal atom; pnictogen
levallorphan Levallorphan: An opioid antagonist with properties similar to those of NALOXONE; in addition it also possesses some agonist properties. It should be used cautiously; levallorphan reverses severe opioid-induced respiratory depression but may exacerbate respiratory depression such as that induced by alcohol or other non-opioid central depressants. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p683)	9.14	17	0	morphinane alkaloid
dihydromorphine Dihydromorphine: A semisynthetic analgesic used in the study of narcotic receptors.	4.29	4	1	morphinane alkaloid
thallium Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).	2.64	3	0	boron group element atom
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.46	8	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	1.95	1	0	boron group element atom
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	5.81	29	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
morphine-6-glucuronide morphine-6-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	2.47	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	4.37	6	0	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
dextrorphan Dextrorphan: Dextro form of levorphanol. It acts as a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, among other effects, and has been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. It is also a metabolite of DEXTROMETHORPHAN.	2.87	4	0	morphinane alkaloid
lasalocid Lasalocid: Cationic ionophore antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces lasaliensis that, among other effects, dissociates the calcium fluxes in muscle fibers. It is used as a coccidiostat, especially in poultry.. lasalocid : A polyether antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry.	3.06	5	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; oxanes; oxolanes; polyether antibiotic; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	bacterial metabolite; coccidiostat; ionophore
butorphanol Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.	7.87	17	4	morphinane alkaloid	antitussive; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
cefodizime cefodizime: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefodizime : A cephalosporin compound having 5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	2.46	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
methylnaltrexone methylnaltrexone: RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha)-isomer	2.39	2	0	phenanthrenes
cefixime [no description available]	4.95	11	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	4.84	10	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	3.59	2	0	benzazepine; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; lactam	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.	4.27	5	0	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug
verteporfin (2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.	3.23	1	0
batimastat batimastat: structure given in first source; a synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. batimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3R)-5-methyl-3-{[(2S)-1-(methylamino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamoyl}-2-[(thiophen-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl]hexanoic acid with the amino group of hydroxylamine. It a broad-spectrum matrix metalloprotease inhibitor.	2.31	1	0	hydroxamic acid; L-phenylalanine derivative; organic sulfide; secondary carboxamide; thiophenes; triamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.	4.86	10	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide	HIV protease inhibitor
nicomorphine nicomorphine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	9.55	8	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
methylazoxymethanol acetate Methylazoxymethanol Acetate: The aglycone of CYCASIN. It acts as a potent carcinogen and neurotoxin and inhibits hepatic DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.	1.98	1	0	azoxy compound
zimeldine Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)	4.63	8	0	styrenes
kavain [no description available]	2.13	1	0	racemate	glycine receptor antagonist
piperic acid piperinic acid: from Piper longum; structure in first source. (E,E)-piperic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is (E)-penta-2,4-dienoic acid substituted by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from black pepper (Piper nigrum).	2.05	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; benzodioxoles	plant metabolite
monocrotophos Monocrotophos: An organophosphate insecticide that inhibits monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase. It has been shown to be genotoxic.. monocrotophos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 4-(methylamino)-4-oxobut-2-en-2-yl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	3.12	5	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; monocarboxylic acid amide; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
piperovatine piperovatine: isolated from Ottonia frutescens; RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
diphenylhexatriene Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.	1.99	1	0	alkatriene	fluorochrome
veratrine Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.	9.35	21	0	alkaloid
senecionine n-oxide senecionine N-oxide: isolated from Senecio vulgaris L.; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	tertiary amine oxide
enalapril maleate enalapril maleate : The maleic acid salt of enalapril. It contains one molecule of maleic acid for each molecule of enalapril. Following oral administration, the ethyl ester group of enalapril is hydrolysed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid, enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalapril is thus a prodrug for enalaprilat (which, unlike enalapril, is not absorbed by mouth), and its maleate is used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients.	2.78	3	0	maleate salt	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	4.85	10	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
trimebutine maleate salt [no description available]	2.13	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
vinblastine sulfate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
vincristine sulfate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
3-(3,4-dihydro-2H-1,5-benzodioxepin-7-yl)-5,7-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1-benzopyran-4-one [no description available]	2.13	1	0	isoflavones
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	2.72	3	0
trientine hydrochloride [no description available]	3.23	1	0
(2R)-2-[[(2R,3R,4R)-2-amino-4-hydroxy-4-(5-hydroxy-2-pyridinyl)-3-methyl-1-oxobutyl]amino]-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-5-(2,4-dioxo-1-pyrimidinyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-2-oxolanyl]acetic acid [no description available]	2.13	1	0	peptide
n-methylscopolamine bromide scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.	3.63	2	0
eupalmerin acetate eupalmerin acetate: cyclic diterpenoid from gorgonians of the Eunicea genus; RN given refers to (1aR-(1aR,4E,9S,10R,13aS,14R*))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 9/93; structure given in first source	2	1	0
ecdysterone Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.	2.38	2	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; ecdysteroid; phytoecdysteroid	animal metabolite; plant metabolite
bleomycin [no description available]	3.59	2	0	bleomycin	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	9.84	11	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
thyronines Thyronines: A group of metabolites derived from THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms.. thyronine : A tyrosine derivative where the phenolic hydrogen of tyrosine is substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl.	1.95	1	0	thyronine
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	1.94	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	11.37	55	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	2.87	4	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.	3.65	10	0	morphinane alkaloid	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug
enalaprilat anhydrous Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.	4.93	11	0	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
normorphine normorphine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer	2.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
nitecapone nitecapone: structure given in first source	2	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
imidapril imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.	2.43	2	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; imidazolidines; N-acylurea; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
sulindac sulfone sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.	2.45	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
cinanserin Cinanserin: A serotonin antagonist with limited antihistaminic, anticholinergic, and immunosuppressive activity.. cinanserin : An aryl sulfide that is (2E)-3-phenyl-N-(2-sulfanylphenyl)prop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen of the thiol group is substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. It is a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist and an inhibitor of SARS-CoV replication.	3.96	4	0	aryl sulfide; cinnamamides; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor
naphthylvinylpyridine Naphthylvinylpyridine: 4(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine hydrochloride. Cholinesterase inhibitor. Synonym: YuB 25.	8.06	5	0
pepstatin pepstatin: inhibits the aspartic protease endothiapepsin	2.03	1	0	pentapeptide; secondary carboxamide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.23.* (aspartic endopeptidase) inhibitor
ximelagatran ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.	3.87	3	0	amidoxime; azetidines; carboxamide; ethyl ester; hydroxylamines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; prodrug; serine protease inhibitor
cefuroxime [no description available]	4.41	6	0	3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin; furans; oxime O-ether	drug allergen
ceftriaxone [no description available]	4.76	9	0	1,2,4-triazines; 1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	4.08	4	0	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug
hr 810 cefpirome: structure in first source. cefpirome : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	2.04	1	0	cephalosporin; cyclopentapyridine
pafuramidine pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine	3.59	2	0
norbinaltorphimine norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	3.26	6	0	isoquinolines
ceftazidime [no description available]	4.4	6	0	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
br-x 537a bromolasalocid: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0
ici 118551 ICI 118551: RN given refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer; structure in first source; ICI 111581 is hydrochloride of ICI 118551. ICI 118551 : An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer).	3.94	13	0	aromatic ether; indanes; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic antagonist
trandolapril trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.	4.27	5	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
morphine-3-glucuronide morphine-3-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	2.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
dermorphin dermorphin: opiate-like peptide present in amphibian skin	7.66	3	0	oligopeptide
naltrexone hydrochloride naltrexone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of oxycodone with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid. it is a mu-opioid receptor antagonist that is used to treat alcohol dependence.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.	4	14	0
n-methylnaloxone N-methylnaloxone: quaternary derivative of naloxone	1.96	1	0
strontium radioisotopes Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.	1.95	1	0
sch 32615 [no description available]	1.97	1	0
neuromedin c neuromedin C: decapeptide isolated from porcine spinal cord; corresponds to the C-terminal decapeptide of gastrin-releasing peptide; bombesin-like peptide; RN given refers to all (L)-isomer	1.98	1	0
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.	3.61	2	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker
tiotropium bromide Tiotropium Bromide: A scopolamine derivative and CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONIST that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR AGENT. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.. tiotropium bromide : An organic bromide salt having (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane as the counterion. Used (in the form of the hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	3.33	6	0
tiotropium tiotropium : A quaternary ammonium ion obtained by methylation of the tertiary amino group of (1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta)-7-[(hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9-methyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.0(2,4)]nonane. Used (in the form of the bromide hydrate) for maintenance treatment of airflow obstruction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	2.45	2	0
gr 94800 GR 94800: a selective NK2 heptapeptide antagonist	3.08	5	0
cefetamet cefetamet: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; structure given in first source. cefetamet : A cephalosporin compound having methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a cephalosporin antibiotic active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.	2.74	3	0	cephalosporin
alvimopan anhydrous alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain	3.61	2	0	peptide
oxyfedrine Oxyfedrine: A drug used in the treatment of angina pectoris, heart failure, conduction defects, and myocardial infarction. It is a partial agonist at beta adrenergic receptors and acts as a coronary vasodilator and cardiotonic agent.	2.39	2	0	aromatic ketone
diethyxime diethyxime: RN given refers to HCl; structure	2.37	2	0
a 71378 A 71378: CCK agonist with high potency & selectivity for CCK-A receptors	2.4	2	0
guanylin guanylin: from rat jejunum; contains 15 amino acids; activator of intestinal guanylate cyclase; stimulates this enzyme through the same receptor binding region as the heat-stable enterotoxins; amino acid sequence given in first source; GenBank Z73607 (pig)	1.99	1	0
cafedrine, theodrenaline drug combination cafedrine, theodrenaline drug combination: used in therapy of orthostatic hypotensive disorder; combination drug consisting of ethylaminotheophylline derivatives; stimulates blood circulation;	2.21	1	0
aliskiren aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.	3.23	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene	antihypertensive agent
triolein Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.	3.04	5	0	triglyceride	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
naltrindole naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist	2.68	3	0	isoquinolines
noroxymorphone noroxymorphone: an opioid for spinal analgesia; structure in first source	1.94	1	0	phenanthrenes
guanabenz acetate [no description available]	2.49	2	0	dichlorobenzene	geroprotector
guanabenz Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.	3.08	5	0	dichlorobenzene
nylidrin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	alkylbenzene
triprolidine hydrochloride anhydrous triprolidine hydrochloride (anh.) : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of equimolar amounts of triprolidine and hydrogen chloride. Its monohydrate is used for the symptomatic relief of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	H1-receptor antagonist
phentolamine [no description available]	2.13	1	0
epicinchonine epicinchonine: structure in first source. cinchonine : Cinchonan in which a hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by hydroxy (S configuration). It occurs in the bark of most varieties of Cinchona shrubs, and is frequently used for directing chirality in asymmetric synthesis.	2.66	3	0	cinchona alkaloid
famotidine [no description available]	5.02	12	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
fendiline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
tiapridex Tiapride Hydrochloride: A benzamide derivative that is used as a dopamine antagonist.	2.13	1	0	benzamides
nab-365 clenbuterol hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of clenbuterol.	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent
resiniferatoxin resiniferatoxin: phorbol related diterpene ester; potent agonist of vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. resiniferatoxin : A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).	3.1	1	0	carboxylic ester; diterpenoid; enone; monomethoxybenzene; organic heteropentacyclic compound; ortho ester; phenols; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	analgesic; neurotoxin; plant metabolite; TRPV1 agonist
dithiazanine iodide [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzothiazoles; organic iodide salt	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
4-(4-diethylaminostyryl)-n-methylpyridinium 4-(4-diethylaminostyryl)-N-methylpyridinium: fluorescent probe; structure given in first source. 4-(4-diethylaminostyryl)-1-methylpyridinium iodide : An organic iodide salt consisting of pyridinium iodide having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 4-diethylaminostyryl substituent at the 4-position.	2.02	1	0	organic iodide salt; pyridinium salt	fluorochrome
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	2.7	3	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	4.51	7	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
aztreonam [no description available]	4.54	7	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; monobactam	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
nw 1029 Ralfinamide: Sodium Channel Blocker; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
semapimod semapimod: macrophage-deactivating agent used to treat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice; prevents postoperative ileus in mice independently of anti-inflammatory vagus nerve signaling	2	1	0
bombesin (6-13), phe(6) methyl ester- bombesin (6-13), Phe(6) methyl ester-: bombesin antagonist	1.99	1	0
cyprodime cyprodime: RN & structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0
3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone hydrazone 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone hydrazone: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.95	1	0
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine 1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer; member of a class of cationic lipid formulations called cytofectins	2.1	1	0
piriqualone piriqualone: structure	1.95	1	0
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	2.65	3	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
ajmaline Ajmaline: An alkaloid found in the root of RAUWOLFIA SERPENTINA, among other plant sources. It is a class 1-A antiarrhythmic agent that apparently acts by changing the shape and threshold of cardiac action potentials.. ajmaline : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that consists of ajmalan substituted at positions 17 and 21 by hydroxy groups.	7.85	25	1
2-amino-4-methoxy-3-butenoic acid 2-amino-4-methoxy-3-butenoic acid: bacterial toxin isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; RN given refers to (S-(E))-isomer	1.96	1	0
8-hydroxy-2-(n-n-propyl-n-(3'-iodo-2'-propenyl)amino)tetralin 8-hydroxy-2-(N-n-propyl-N-(3'-iodo-2'-propenyl)amino)tetralin: a 5-HT(1A) receptor ligand; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.	2.66	3	0
proguanil Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.	2.68	3	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
isocordoin isocordoin: a metabolite biotransformed from Morus nigra; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	chalcones
7-hydroxy-2-(n-n-propyl-n-(3-iodo-2'-propenyl)-amino)tetralin 7-hydroxy-2-(N-n-propyl-N-(3-iodo-2'-propenyl)-amino)tetralin: D3 dopamine receptor ligand; structure given in first source. 2-{[(2E)-3-iodoprop-2-en-1-yl](propyl)amino}tetralin-7-ol : A tertiary amino compound that consists of 2-amino-7-hydroxytetralin in which the two amino hydrogens are substituted by 2E)-3-iodoallyl and propyl groups. This ligand has uniquely high affinity and selectivity for the D3 receptor.	1.98	1	0	organoiodine compound; phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	dopamine agonist
am-356 methanandamide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (all-Z)-(+-)-isomer	2.01	1	0	fatty amide
cci 15641 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	cephalosporin
rifamycin sv rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.	2.37	2	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketal; lactam; macrocycle; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol; rifamycins	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; bacterial metabolite
ginkgolide b [no description available]	2.45	2	0
saralasin Saralasin: An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II that is used in the diagnosis of HYPERTENSION.	9.36	21	0	oligopeptide
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	10.72	1,051	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	3.04	5	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
ceftiofur [no description available]	2.04	1	0
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	2.64	3	0
1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine: RN given in first source; RN refers to ion(1-); do not confuse with DEA-NO cpd	2.41	2	0	organic anion
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, drug combination aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, simethicone drug combination: antacid contains aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and simethicone; mylanta II contains aluminum/magnesium hydroxide mixture	4.62	3	2
technetium tc 99m stannous pyrophosphate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
cefpodoxime [no description available]	3.23	1	0	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
palonosetron Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.	3.85	3	0	azabicycloalkane; delta-lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound	antiemetic; serotonergic antagonist
epoprostenol sodium [no description available]	2.05	1	0	prostanoid
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tenofovir disoproxil fumarate : A fumarate salt prepared from equimolar amounts of tenofovir disoproxil and fumaric acid. It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.08	1	0	fumarate salt	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
diacetylmonoxime diacetylmonoxime: used diagnostically for determining urea in blood; structure; myosin ATPase antagonist. diacetylmonoxime : A ketoxime obtained via formal condensation of butane-2,3-dione with hydroxylamine. It is a reversible myosin ATPase inhibitor.	8.77	11	0
cefatrizine Cefatrizine: Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.. cefatrizine : A cephalosporin compound having (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]acetamido side-groups. An antibacterial drug first prepared in the 1970s, it has more recently been found to be an inhibitor of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K), which is known to regulate apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in many types of human cancers.	2.97	4	0	amino acid amide; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; phenols; semisynthetic derivative; triazoles	antibacterial drug; EC 2.7.11.20 (elongation factor 2 kinase) inhibitor
sinequan [no description available]	2.13	1	0	dibenzooxazepine
dihydroergotoxine Dihydroergotoxine: A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES.	4.25	19	0
buflomedil hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic ketone
moxisylyte hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	monoterpenoid
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	5.77	34	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	7.36	2	0	amidobenzoic acid
cyclo(gln-trp-phe-gly-leu-met) cyclo(Gln-Trp-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met): tachykinin and neurokinin-2 receptor antagonist	2.68	3	0
eniporide eniporide: inhibits NHE-1 isoform; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
methylazoxymethanol methylazoxymethanol: a neuroteratogen; reacts with guanine residues of DNA & RNA forming 7-methylguanine adduct products; carcinogenicity probably related to biological decomposition into methyldiazonium ion, the ultimate methylating agent; structure in first source	1.98	1	0	azoxy compound
dexbrompheniramine maleate dexbrompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of the (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.	2.08	1	0	brompheniramine maleate	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
simethicone Simethicone: A poly(dimethylsiloxane) which is a polymer of 200-350 units of dimethylsiloxane, along with added silica gel. It is used as an antiflatulent, surfactant, and ointment base.	4.88	2	1
24,25-dihydroxyvitamin d 3 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3: A physiologically active metabolite of VITAMIN D. The compound is involved in the regulation of calcium metabolism, alkaline phosphatase activity, and enhancing the calcemic effect of CALCITRIOL.	1.96	1	0
cilastatin [no description available]	2.73	3	0	carboxamide; L-cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organic sulfide	EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
rifaximin [no description available]	3.61	2	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketal; lactam; macrocycle; organic heterohexacyclic compound; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative	antimicrobial agent; gastrointestinal drug; orphan drug
bafilomycin a1 bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.	2.15	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide antibiotic; oxanes	apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; fungicide; potassium ionophore; toxin
himbacine himbacine: muscarine receptor antagonist; RN given refers to (3S-(3alpha,3aalpha,4beta(1E,2(2R,6S)),4abeta,8aalpha,9aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source. himbacine : A piperidine alkaloid that is decahydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-1(3H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and a 2-[(2R,6S)-1,6-dimethylpiperidin-2-yl]ethenyl group at position 4. It has been isolated from the bark of Australian magnolias.	3.93	13	0	gamma-lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound; piperidine alkaloid	muscarinic antagonist
oxotremorine sesquifumarate [no description available]	2.91	4	0
15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; (S-(E,Z,Z,Z))-isomer caused dose-dependent constriction of cat coronary arteries; structure in first source. 15-HPETE : A HPETE that consists of (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-icosatetraenoic acid in which the hydroperoxy group is located at position 15.	1.99	1	0	HPETE	human xenobiotic metabolite
3-(2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl)-1-propenyl-1-phosphonic acid SDZ EAA 494: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist	2.67	3	0
sibiromycin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; hemiaminal; phenols; pyrrolobenzodiazepine	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
manoalide manoalide: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; sesterterpene from marine sponge L. variabilis; structure given in first source. manoalide : A sesterterpenoid isolated from the marine sponge Luffariella variabilis and which has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity towards phospholipase A2.	1.98	1	0	butenolide; lactol; sesterterpenoid	EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; metabolite
ly 53857 LY 53857: RN given refers to maleate[1:1](8beta)-isomer	2.38	2	0
viprostol viprostol: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (5Z,11alpha,13E)-isomer	1.96	1	0
l 651896 L 651896: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
bw a1433 BW A1433: adenosine receptor antagonist	2.67	3	0
ono 8809 ONO 8809: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
e 4080 [no description available]	1.98	1	0
1,1'-(4,4,7,7-tetramethyl-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-thiazole)-2-methylidene)quinolinium 1,1'-(4,4,7,7-tetramethyl-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-thiazole)-2-methylidene)quinolinium: cpd is non-fluorescent in solution but forms highly fluorescent complex with double-stranded DNA; RN given refers to the tetraiodide cpd	1.93	1	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
ici d1542 ICI D1542: redirects arachidonic acid metabolism; an inhibitor of thromboxane A2 synthetase and of thromboxane receptors	2.07	1	0
2-amino-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid 2-amino-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (Z-(+-))-isomer	2.04	1	0
everolimus [no description available]	3.61	2	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
eicosa-8,11,14-trien-5-ynoic acid eicosa-8,11,14-trien-5-ynoic acid: RN given refers to (all-Z)-isomer; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
ixabepilone [no description available]	3.86	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; beta-hydroxy ketone; epoxide; lactam; macrocycle	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
zy 17617b CGS 9343B: calmodulin antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
gavestinel [no description available]	2.07	1	0
netupitant netupitant: orally active neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist. netupitant : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-methylpropanoic acid with the secondary amino group of N-methyl-4-(2-methylphenyl)-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3-amine; an antiemetic used in combination with palonosetron hydrochloride (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.	2.07	1	0	aminopyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; toluenes	antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist
oxepins Oxepins: Compounds based on a 7-membered heterocyclic ring including an oxygen. They can be considered a medium ring ether. A natural source is the MONTANOA plant genus. Some dibenzo-dioxepins, called depsidones, are found in GARCINIA plants.	1.96	1	0
technetium tc 99m pyrophosphate Technetium Tc 99m Pyrophosphate: A radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in scintigraphy or tomography of the heart to evaluate the extent of the necrotic myocardial process. It has also been used in noninvasive tests for the distribution of organ involvement in different types of amyloidosis and for the evaluation of muscle necrosis in the extremities.	1.97	1	0
benzilylcholine mustard benzilylcholine mustard: alkylating nitrogen mustard analog with specific affinity for cholinergic muscarinic receptors; the combination is irreversible & used to label & study cholinergic receptor sites; minor descriptor (77-86); online & INDEX MEDICUS search CHOLINE/AA (77-86); RN refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0
dirithromycin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	prodrug
nifuroxime 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde oxime: structure in first source	2.71	3	0
azlocillin Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.	2.97	4	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
fm1 43 FM1 43: labels motor nerve terminals in an activity-dependent fashion that involves dye uptake by synaptic vesicles that are recycling; structure given in second source	2.02	1	0	organic bromide salt; pyridinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt; tertiary amine	fluorochrome
verlukast verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist	2.43	2	0
cefpodoxime proxetil cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.	2.48	2	0	carboxylic acid; carboxylic ester; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; prodrug
ceftizoxime [no description available]	4.07	4	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
rosaramicin rosaramicin: RN given refers to parent cpd. rosaramicin : A macrolide antibiotic with activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis.	2.1	1	0	aldehyde; enone; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative	bacterial metabolite
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide [no description available]	5.22	9	0	ergot alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide	serotonergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
carumonam carumonam: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,3alpha(Z))-isomer. carumonam : An N-sulfonated monobactam antibiotic.	2.04	1	0	monobactam	antibacterial drug
beta-escin [no description available]	3.99	14	0
fluphenazine [no description available]	2.51	2	0
homochlorocyclizine monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
butoxamine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
scopolamine hydrobromide scopolamine hydrobromide (anhydrous) : A hydrobromide that is obtained by reaction of scopolamine with hydrogen bromide.	2.13	1	0
protriptyline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride	antidepressant
emetine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.45	2	0
a 77636 A 77636: structure given in first source; a selective dopamine D1 receptor agonist. (1R,3S)-3-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol : An isochromene that is 3,4-dihydroisochromene-5,6-diol bearing additional aminomethyl and 1-adamantyl substituents at positions 1 and 3 respectively (the 1R,3S-diastereomer). Potent and selective dopamine D1-like receptor agonist (pEC50 values are 8.97 and < 5 for D1-like and D2-like receptors respectively). Displays anti-Parkinsonian activity following oral administration in vivo.	2.15	1	0	adamantanes; catechols; isochromenes; primary amino compound	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
dihydrexidine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	phenanthridines
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	2.39	2	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
sb 222200 [no description available]	2.04	1	0	quinolines
dantrolene sodium dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene.	2.05	1	0
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	5.2	15	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
suloctidil Suloctidil: A peripheral vasodilator that was formerly used in the management of peripheral and cerebral vascular disorders. It is hepatotoxic and fatalities have occurred. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)	1.96	1	0
sb 269970 SB 269970: a 5-HT(7) antagonist; structure in first source	2.46	2	0	sulfonamide
sb 334867-a 1-(2-methylbenzoxazol-6-yl)-3-(1,5)naphthyridin-4-yl urea: selective OX1 receptor antagonist	3.44	7	0	naphthyridine derivative
iem 1460 IEM 1460: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
nifurtimox Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.	2.72	3	0	nitrofuran antibiotic
epinephrine bitartrate [no description available]	2.13	1	0
sk&f-38393 (R)-SKF 38393 : A 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol that is the R-enantiomer of SKF 38393.	2	1	0	1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol
bicuculline methobromide [no description available]	2.13	1	0
6 beta-hydroxycortisol 6 beta-hydroxycortisol: RN given refers to the (6beta,11beta)-isomer; see also record for 6 alpha-hydrocortisol. 6beta-hydroxycortisol : A C21-steroid that is cortisol bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6beta-position. In humans, it is produced as a metabolite of cortisol by cytochrome p450-3A4 (CYP3A4, an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of a variety of exogenous and endogenous compounds) and can be used to detect moderate and potent CYP3A4 inhibition in vivo.	2.13	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; 6beta-hydroxy steroid; C21-steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mammalian metabolite; probe
butylscopolammonium bromide Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.	10.15	45	10
androst-16-en-3-one androst-16-en-3-one: boar taint steroid; RN given refers to (5alpha)-isomer. 5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one : An androstanoid that is 5alpha-androst-16-ene substituted by an oxo group at position 3. It is a steroid pheromone found in high concentrations in the saliva of male pigs,.	2.13	1	0	3-oxo steroid; androstanoid	mammalian metabolite; pheromone
butaclamol hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
dihydroouabain [no description available]	2.13	1	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; radiosensitizing agent
LSM-6455 [no description available]	2.13	1	0	peptide ergot alkaloid
estradiol 17-acetate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	steroid ester
gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)	2.04	1	0	gadolinium coordination entity	MRI contrast agent
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	6.7	22	3	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
ergoline Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.	4.22	18	0	diamine; ergoline alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate: RP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A inhibitor; SP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A agonist. (Sp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).. (Rp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Rp-stereoisomer).	2.43	2	0	nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	4.68	29	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
eritoran eritoran : A lipid A derivative used for the treatment of severe sepsis.	2.04	1	0	lipid As
8-bromo-beta-phenyl-1,n(2)-ethenoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate 8-bromo-beta-phenyl-1,N(2)-ethenoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate: RN refers to (S)-isomer; protein kinase G inhibitor; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
dantrolene [no description available]	4.26	5	0
roxithromycin (E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.	2.99	4	0	roxithromycin	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cefdinir [no description available]	3.89	3	0	cephalosporin; ketoxime	antibacterial drug
fumagillin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; carboxylic ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; meroterpenoid; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; fungal metabolite; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.	3.47	8	0
etonogestrel [no description available]	3.23	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin
bisoprolol, fumarate (1:1) salt [no description available]	2.08	1	0
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin hydrobromide [no description available]	2.13	1	0
cv 1808 2-phenylaminoadenosine: has coronary & cardiohemodynamic effects	2.4	2	0	purine nucleoside
artesunate artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether	2.75	3	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; dicarboxylic acid monoester; hemisuccinate; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; ferroptosis inducer
oxitropium oxitropium: RN given refers to bromide; structure	5.1	8	0
tipredane [no description available]	2.07	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
beraprost beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.	2.05	1	0	enyne; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
bufogenin bufogenin: respiratory stimulant; from toad; structure. bufogenin : A steroid lactone of Chan su (toad venom), a Chinese medicine obtained from the skin venom gland of toads. A specific Na/K-ATPase protein inhibitor, it is used as a cardiotonic and central nervous system (CNS) respiratory agent, an analgesic and anesthetic, and as a remedy for ulcers.	3.1	1	0	epoxy steroid; steroid lactone	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
lanreotide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
vapiprost vapiprost: thromboxane receptor antagonist; prostaglandin receptor antagonist	2.38	2	0
etoposide phosphate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	furonaphthodioxole
dexniguldipine niguldipine: structure given in first source; clinical modulator of multidrug resistance	2.04	1	0	diarylmethane
ciclesonide ciclesonide: nasal spray approved for seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis	2.08	1	0	organic molecular entity
fedotozine fedotozine: affects gastrointestinal motility in dogs	1.97	1	0
mitemcinal mitemcinal: a motilin agonist on rabbit duodenum	2.03	1	0
napsagatran napsagatran: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
temsirolimus [no description available]	3.87	3	0	macrolide lactam
dutasteride Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.	3.61	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
tekturna [no description available]	2.08	1	0	fumarate salt	antihypertensive agent
lu 208075 ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension	4.26	5	0	diarylmethane
bms188797 [no description available]	2.04	1	0
jwh-133 1,1-dimethylbutyl-1-deoxy-Delta(9)-THC: a CB2 receptor agonists; no further information available on 8/2001. JWH-133 : A dibenzopyran that is Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol which is lacking the hydroxy group and in which the pentyl group at position 3 has been replaced by a 1,1-dimethylbutyl group. A potent and highly selective CB2 receptor agonist.	2.78	3	0	benzochromene; dibenzopyran; organic heterotricyclic compound	analgesic; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; CB2 receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; vasodilator agent
bibx 1382bs BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001	3.59	2	0	substituted aniline
vildagliptin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	amino acid amide
fesoterodine fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder	3.23	1	0	diarylmethane
tm 723 TM 723: similar in chem struct to kassein R, component of pueraria root (popular in China & Japan as crude drug)	1.96	1	0
rebaudioside a rebaudioside A: glucoside isolated from the leaves of the paraguayan shrub, Stevia rebaudiana; has taste properties superior to stevioside; structure in first source. rebaudioside A : A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.	2.08	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; rebaudioside; tetracyclic diterpenoid	sweetening agent
bentiromide bentiromide: chymotrypsin labile peptide used diagnostically as an index of exocrine pancreas function. bentiromide : The dipeptide obtained by condensation of N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine with 4-aminobenzoic acid. Used as a noninvasive screening test for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and to monitor the adequacy of supplemental pancreatic therapy, it is given by mouth: the amount of 4-aminobenzoic acid and its metabolites excreted in the urine is taken as a measure of the chymotrypsin-secreting activity of the pancreas.	2.07	1	0	dipeptide	diagnostic agent; indicator; reagent
phenylalanylphenylalanine Phe-Phe : A dipeptide formed from two L-phenylalanine residues.	2.1	1	0	dipeptide; L-aminoacyl-L-amino acid zwitterion	human blood serum metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
bromopyruvate [no description available]	1.98	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid anion
acetylcarnitine O-acetyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine where the acyl group specified is acetyl. It facilitates movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.	2.05	1	0	O-acetylcarnitine; saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	4.18	17	0	ammonium ion derivative
chloralose Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.	11.2	46	0
loa lithocholic acid acetate: structure in first source	1.94	1	0
(3aR,6aR)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3-[oxo(2-pyrazinyl)methyl]-3a,6a-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazole-4,6-dione [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyrrolidines
hypericum Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.	2.02	1	0	penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	3.68	10	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
grayanotoxin i grayanotoxin I: RN given refers to (3beta,6beta,14R)-isomer; structure. grayanotoxin I : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is grayanotoxane in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 14 is substituted by an acetoxy group and in which the 3beta-, 5-, 6beta-, 10-, and 16- positions are substituted by hydroxy groups.	4.37	6	0	acetate ester; pentol; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antihypertensive agent; metabolite; neuromuscular agent; phytotoxin
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	2.06	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
sgd 301-76 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; organic nitrate salt	antiinfective agent
fluvoxamine maleate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
guanoxabenz [no description available]	1.96	1	0
thioacetazone Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.	2.46	2	0
aldicarb sulfoxide aldicarb sulfoxide: metabolite of aldicarb	2.07	1	0
aldicarb Aldicarb: Carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide.. aldicarb : The oxime carbamate resulting from the addition of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime to methyl isocyanate. A member of the class of oxime carbamate insecticides, aldicarb is a mixture of E and Z isomers; it is not known which isomer is more active.	5	12	0
phoxim phoxim: structure	3.51	1	1
azimilide azimilide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to dihydrochloride	2.43	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
chlorproguanil chlorproguanil: dichloro-derivative of chloroguanide; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene
nifurtoinol nifurtoinol : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group.	2.05	1	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
gemifloxacin Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.	3.6	2	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
naloxonazine naloxonazine: binds irreversibly to opiate receptor sites; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
1-methyl-1,6-dihydropyridine-2-carbaldoxime 1-methyl-1,6-dihydropyridine-2-carbaldoxime: structure	1.95	1	0	dihydropyridine
sabcomeline sabcomeline: selective for M1 receptors; RN refers to (R,S)-isomer; structure in first source	2	1	0	quinuclidines
dexlansoprazole Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.	3.61	2	0	benzimidazoles; sulfoxide
gemifloxacin mesylate gemifloxacin mesylate : The mesylate salt of gemifloxacin.	2.08	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	antimicrobial agent; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
oxamyl oxamyl: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0
fosinopril [no description available]	3.86	3	0
armodafinil armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.	3.23	1	0	2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide	central nervous system stimulant; eugeroic
s-nitrosocysteine S-nitrosocysteine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor.. S-nitroso-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine derivative in which the sulfur atom carries a nitroso substituent. A cell-permeable low-molecular-weight nitrosothiol and nitric oxide donor.	2.39	2	0	L-cysteine derivative; nitrosothio compound	hematologic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
pradofloxacin pradofloxacin: veterinary fluoroquinolone; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
win 51708 WIN 51708: neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist	2.07	1	0
utibapril utibapril: structure given in first source; prodrug for FPL 63547 diacid	2.07	1	0
eflucimibe eflucimibe: a powerful and systemic acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor	2.05	1	0
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.	2	1	0
sr 142801 SR 142801: SR 142806 is the (R)-enantiomer; structure given in first source; neurokinin-3 receptor antagonist	3.1	5	0
tomopenem [no description available]	2.45	2	0
dehydroevodiamine dehydroevodiamine: RN given refers to hydroxide, inner salt; structure in first source.	2.4	2	0
kb r7943 2-(2-(4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl)ethyl)isothiourea methanesulfonate: inhibits the reverse mode of Na+/Ca++ exchange in cells expressing NCX1; structure in first source	2.44	2	0
a-317491 A-317491: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
seryl-leucyl-isoleucyl-glycyl--arginyl-leucinamide seryl-leucyl-isoleucyl-glycyl--arginyl-leucinamide: a proteinase-activated receptor-2-activating peptide; SL-NH2 is NOT Ser-Leu-NH2 here	2.01	1	0
ro 19-3704 Ro 19-3704: platelet activating factor antagonist	1.97	1	0
em 523 EM 523: structure given in first source	3.37	7	0
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	14.94	146	4	oligopeptide
vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(o- methyl-l-tyrosine)-8-l-arginine- vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(O- methyl-L-tyrosine)-8-L-arginine-: highly potent antagonist of vasopressor response to arginine-vasopressin; structure in first source	3.08	5	0
tapentadol Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.	3.23	1	0	alkylbenzene
etomoxir [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether
n(6)-cyclohexyladenosine N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine: structure given in first source; receptors, purinergic P1 agonist	3.08	5	0
brl 37344 BRL 37344: SB 206606 is the (R,R)-isomer	2.43	2	0	monocarboxylic acid
zd 9379 ZD 9379: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
ly 450139 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	peptide
bb-83698 BB-83698: peptide deformylase inhibitor	2.04	1	0
gm 109 GM 109: acts as motilin receptor antagonist in rabbit small intestine smooth muscle; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
pentagastrin Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.	11.86	176	8	organic molecular entity
cangrelor cangrelor: platelet P(2T) receptor antagonist. cangrelor : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is 5'-O-[({[dichloro(phosphono)methyl](hydroxy)phosphoryl}oxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl]adenosine carrying additional 2-(methylsulfanyl)ethyl and (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfanyl substituents at positions N6 and C2 respectively. Used (in the form of its tetrasodium salt) as an intravenous antiplatelet drug that prevents formation of harmful blood clots in the coronary arteries.	2.07	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; aryl sulfide; nucleoside triphosphate analogue; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
3-morpholino-sydnonimine monohydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	3.39	7	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
mirabegron mirabegron: a beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist; structure in first source. mirabegron : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-ylacetic acid with the anilino group of (1R)-2-{[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]amino}-1-phenylethanol. Used for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome.	2.11	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; aromatic amide; ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide	beta-adrenergic agonist
sch 527123 [no description available]	2.07	1	0
alloin alloin: isolated from various species of aloe; structure	2.61	2	0	diastereoisomeric mixture	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; laxative
tafluprost tafluprost: structure in first source. tafluprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F2alpha in which the carboxylic acid function has been converted to the corresponding isopropyl ester and the 3-hydroxy-1-octenyl side-chain is substituted by 3,3-difluoro-4-phenoxybut-1-enyl. Used for treatment of elevated intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.	2.25	1	0	isopropyl ester; organofluorine compound; prostaglandins Falpha	prostaglandin receptor agonist
abt-770 ABT-770: structure in first source	2.45	2	0
yf 476 YF 476: gastrin and CCK-B receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
cefditoren cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.	3.23	1	0	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.	2.08	1	0	aromatic amide; lactam; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; organochlorine compound; oxazolidinone; thiophenes	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
men 11420 [no description available]	2.91	4	0
zotarolimus zotarolimus: synthetic analog of rapamycin; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	lactam; macrolide
lipid a Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).	1.96	1	0	dodecanoate ester; lipid A; tetradecanoate ester	Escherichia coli metabolite
treosulfan treosulfan: immunosuppressant; RN given refers to (S-(R,R))-isomer	2.04	1	0	methanesulfonate ester
pexacerfont [no description available]	2.05	1	0	pyrazolopyridine
hmr 1556 HMR 1556: an I(Ks) channel blocker; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
ly 297802 LY 297802: structure given in first source	2	1	0
xestospongin a xestospongin A: blocks inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors; structure in first source; from Xestospongia sponge	2	1	0
6-(6-(4-hydroxypiperidinyl)hexyloxy)-3-methylflavone hydrochloride 6-(6-(4-hydroxypiperidinyl)hexyloxy)-3-methylflavone hydrochloride: a potent, selective & orally active sigma site ligand; has no effect on dopamine turnover; structure fiven in first source	1.98	1	0
tak 637 TAK 637: structure in first source	2.42	2	0
9-n-(1-propyl)erythromyclamine 9-N-(1-propyl)erythromyclamine: structure given in first source	2.45	2	0
gentamicin sulfate [no description available]	3.3	6	0
bn 52020 [no description available]	2.45	2	0
dmp 696 DMP 696: a CRF(1) receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
n1-phenyl-3,5-dinitro-n4,n4-di-n-propylsulfanilamide N1-phenyl-3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-di-n-propylsulfanilamide: a potent, selective antimitotic agent against kinetoplastid parasites; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
sb 705498 SB 705498: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
hki 272 [no description available]	2.08	1	0	nitrile; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lissamine rhodamine b lissamine rhodamine : An organic sodium salt having 4-[3,6-bis(diethylamino)xanthenium-9-yl]benzene-1,3-disulfonate as the counterion.	2.07	1	0	organic sodium salt	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
nkp 608 [no description available]	2.04	1	0
alemcinal [no description available]	2.42	2	0
ginsenoside rg3 ginsenoside Rg3: from Red ginseng; inhibits lung metastasis of tumor cells; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2	1	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
ym-254890 YM-254890: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
norcodeine norcodeine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer. norcodeine : A morphinane-like compound that is the N-demethylated derivative of codeine.	2.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
tofacitinib tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.	2.08	1	0	N-acylpiperidine; nitrile; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	antirheumatic drug; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
n-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2h)-carboxamide N-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2H)-carboxamide: a vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist and analgesic; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	piperazines; pyridines
rpl 554 ensifentrine: a phosphodiesterase 3/4 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
neuromedin n neuromedin N: peptide from porcine spinal cord with amino acid sequence homologous to COOH-terminal sequence of neurotensin	1.98	1	0
bim 23027 BIM 23027: somatostatin receptor agonist	2.4	2	0
bpc 157 BPC 157: amino acid sequence given in first source; a 15-amino acid fragment of a gastric peptide, BPC, with hepatoprotective effects	3.27	6	0
pitolisant pitolisant: functions as both inverse agonist and antagonist of histamine H3 receptors; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	organochlorine compound
4-n-butyl-1-(4-(2-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-butyl)-piperidine hydrogen chloride [no description available]	2.48	2	0
rociverine [no description available]	2.65	3	0
linaprazan linaprazan: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
recoflavone [no description available]	2.05	1	0
gr 159897 GR 159897: a selective non-peptide antagonist at tachykinin NK2 receptors; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	tryptamines
bay 41-8543 BAY 41-8543: structure in first source	2.08	1	0	pyrazolopyridine
cgp 55845a CGP 55845A: GABA-B receptor antagonist; RN refers to cpd with no isomeric designation; CGP 55845 is the (1S,2S)-isomer	2.92	4	0
bim 23052 [no description available]	2.4	2	0
g(m1) ganglioside G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.	4.05	3	1	alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine; sialotetraosylceramide
ganu GANU: differs from chlorozotocin by placement of cytotoxic group on C-1 of the glucose ring; less myelosuppressive than chlorozotocin; structure	2.04	1	0
imidocarb dipropionate [no description available]	4.43	2	2
cgp 20712a CGP 20712A: structure given in first source; CGP 26505, a beta1-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, is the (S)-isomer of CGP 20712A	2.9	4	0
azacosterol Azacosterol: Diaza derivative of cholesterol which acts as a hypocholesteremic agent by blocking delta-24-reductase, which causes the accumulation of desmosterol.	2.69	3	0
cerberin cerberin : A cardenolide glycoside that is the 2'-acetyl derivative of neriifolin.	3.27	1	0	acetate ester; cardenolide glycoside; monosaccharide derivative	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
arl-67156 6-N,N-diethyl-beta,gamma-dibromomethylene-D-ATP: an inhibitor of ecto-ATPase	2.02	1	0
tert-butyl peroxybenzoate [no description available]	2.47	2	0
fmrfamide FMRFamide: A molluscan neuroactive peptide which induces a fast excitatory depolarizing response due to direct activation of amiloride-sensitive SODIUM CHANNELS. (From Nature 1995; 378(6558): 730-3)	2.67	3	0
pazopanib pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.	4.11	4	0	aminopyrimidine; indazoles; sulfonamide	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
lecozotan lecozotan: structure in first source	2.07	1	0
azd 6244 AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor	2.05	1	0	benzimidazoles; bromobenzenes; hydroxamic acid ester; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
yttrium silicate yttrium silicate: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	2.01	1	0
prasugrel hydrochloride Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.	3.23	1	0
artenimol artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)	2.05	1	0
ar c155858 AR C155858: an MCT1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
decanoylcarnitine decanoylcarnitine: therapeutic agent for diabetic acidosis; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. O-decanoylcarnitine : An O-acylcarnitine compound having decanoyl as the acyl substituent.	2.1	1	0	decanoate ester; O-acylcarnitine	human urinary metabolite
thapsigargicin thapsigargicin: a hexaoxygenated tetraacylated sesquiterpene lactone tetraester isolated from roots of Thapsia garganica; structure given in first source; it induces mast cell degranulation and histamine release; it (and thapsitranstagin) is an analog of thapsigargin;	2.01	1	0
4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate 4-phenoxyphenoxyethyl thiocyanate: has antiparasitic activity; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
ko 143 [no description available]	2.04	1	0	beta-carbolines; tert-butyl ester
eledoisin Eledoisin: A peptide extracted from the posterior salivary glands of certain small octopi (Eledone spp., Mollusca), or obtained by synthesis. Its actions resemble those of SUBSTANCE P; it is a potent vasodilator and increases capillary permeability. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1364)	4.55	26	0	peptide
fentonium fentonium: less effect on eye, heart & gland functions than atropine; proposed for therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers; minor descriptor (78-84); on-line & Index Medicus search ATROPINE DERIVATIVES (78-84); RN given refers to bromide(3(S)-endo)-isomer	2.46	2	0
angiotensin amide Angiotensin Amide: The octapeptide amide of bovine angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure by vasoconstriction.	3.05	5	0	oligopeptide
substance p [no description available]	1.97	1	0
meridianin a meridianin A: structure in first source	2.06	1	0
homatropine methylbromide homatropine methylbromide: RN given refers to bromide (endo-(+-))-isomer	2.04	1	0
amg 009 AMG 009: an anti-inflammatory agent; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	4.48	23	0
vinflunine vinflunine: inhibits tubulin assembly; structure in first source. vinflunine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.	2.05	1	0	acetate ester; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent
cefotaxime sodium [no description available]	2.51	2	0	organic sodium salt
baci-im [no description available]	3.87	3	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; polypeptide; zwitterion	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent
ucn 1028 c calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides	2.39	2	0
grayanotoxin iii grayanotoxin III: from leaves of Leucothoe grayana (Ericaceae); RN refers to (3beta,6beta,14R)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
metamelfalan [no description available]	2.04	1	0
palytoxin palytoxin: coelenterate toxin; composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides. palytoxin : A polyol marine coelenterate toxin composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides and produced by species of Palythoa and Zoanthus soft corals (collectively called zoantharians), either as a defence mechanism or to assist them in capturing prey. An ionophore that forms cation channels through Na+/K+-ATPase, it is a potent vasoconstrictor useful in evaluation of anti-angina agents. It is considered to be one of the most poisonous non-protein substances known, second only to maitotoxin in terms of toxicity in mice.	2.38	2	0	polyol	toxin
tetrodotoxin [no description available]	2.13	1	0
lodoxamide tromethamine lodoxamide tromethamine: an orphan drug; structure	1.95	1	0
2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl heptanoate 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl heptanoate: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	fatty acid ester
6-[[5-fluoro-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyanilino)-4-pyrimidinyl]amino]-2,2-dimethyl-4H-pyrido[3,2-b][1,4]oxazin-3-one [no description available]	2.07	1	0	methoxybenzenes; substituted aniline
brimonidine tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	3.39	7	0
pnu-282987 [no description available]	2.06	1	0
bms 477118 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	adamantanes; azabicycloalkane; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; tertiary alcohol	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	4.46	7	0	nystatins
cp 154526 CP 154526: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
ro 31-8425 Ro 31-8425: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
veratridine Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.	9.41	22	0
milnacipran [no description available]	3.23	1	0	acetamides
vindesine [no description available]	2.73	3	0
correolide correolide: from Costa Rican tree, Spachea correae; selectively inhibits voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 in human T lymphocytes by membrane depolarization	2	1	0	hydroxy steroid
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	3.05	5	0
4-iododexetimide 4-iododexetimide: 4-iododexetimide is the (S)-isomer; 4-iodolevetimide is the (R)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
hypoglycin a hypoglycin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. hypoglycin A : A diastereoisomeric mixture of (2S,4R)- and (2S,4S)- hypoglycin A, found in the edible part of the fruit of the Ackee, Blighia sapida (where the 2S,4R diastereoisomer is more dominant (17% d.e.) than its 2S,4S counterpart) as well as in the sycamore maple tree (Acer pseudoplatanus).	2.05	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid
lolitrem b lolitrem B: neurotoxin from staggers-producing ryegrass pastures; MF C42-H55-N-O7	2	1	0
avermectin b2a avermectin B2a: RN given refers to avermectin B2a	1.95	1	0	oligosaccharide
diflucortolone Diflucortolone: A topical glucocorticoid used in various DERMATOSES. It is absorbed through the skin, bound to plasma albumin, and may cause adrenal suppression. It is also administered as the valerate.	2.45	2	0	21-hydroxy steroid
brl 15572 BRL 15572: specific for h5-HT(1D) receptors; structure in first source. 3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,1-diphenylpropan-2-ol hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of 3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-1,1-diphenylpropan-2-ol. A selective h5-HT1D antagonist, displaying 60-fold selectivity over h5-HT1B, and exhibiting little or no affinity for a range of other receptor types.	2.01	1	0	hydrochloride	prodrug; serotonergic antagonist
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	6.63	70	0	benzoxazole
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	2.67	3	0
s-tetradecanoyl-coenzyme a myristoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with the carboxy group of myristic acid.	2.02	1	0	11,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA; long-chain fatty acyl-CoA	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	2.65	3	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	19.57	1,043	50
dactolisib dactolisib: antineoplastic agent that inhibits both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mTOR. dactolisib : An imidazoquinoline that is 3-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline substituted at position 1 by a 4-(1-cyanoisopropyl)phenyl group and at position 8 by a quinolin-3-yl group. A dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor used in cancer treatment.	2.08	1	0	imidazoquinoline; nitrile; quinolines; ring assembly; ureas	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; mTOR inhibitor
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	10.68	136	1
pf 03491390 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
atropine sulfate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
dihydrotachysterol Dihydrotachysterol: A VITAMIN D that can be regarded as a reduction product of vitamin D2.. dihydrotachysterol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is 9,10-secoergosta-5,7,22-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. A synthetic analogue of vitamin D that acts a bone density conservation agent.	1.93	1	0
rifamycins [no description available]	1.93	1	0
noratropine noratropine: RN given refers to endo-(+-)-isomer	2.88	4	0
ent-dextilidine Tilidine: An opioid analgesic used similarly to MORPHINE in the control of moderate to severe pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1097). ent-dextilidine : An ethyl 2-(dimethylamino)-1-phenylcyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate that has R configuration at the carbon bearing the phenyl group and S configuration at the carbon bearing the dimethylamino group. It is the enantiomer of dextilidine; the opioid analgesic tilidine is the racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextilidine and ent-dextilidine.. tilidine : A racemate that is an equimolar mixture of the two trans diastereoisomers of ethyl 2-(dimethylamino)-1-phenylcyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate, namely dextilidine and ent-dextilidine. It is used (commonly as the hydrochloride hemihydrate) as an opioid analgesic for the management of moderate to severe pain. A prodrug, it is metabolised in the body to nortilidine, which is responsible for the analgesic activity; virtually all of the opioid activity resides in the (1S,2R) isomer.	1.95	1	0	ethyl 2-(dimethylamino)-1-phenylcyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylate
2-((3-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido)glucopyranose [no description available]	2.04	1	0
2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine, (r)-isomer [no description available]	1.99	1	0
ro 6-4563 glibornuride: was MH 1975-92 (see under SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS to search GLIBORNURIDE 1975-92; an oral, sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion	2.04	1	0	monoterpenoid
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	3.04	5	0
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	2.34	2	0
b 3824 B 3824: B5630 is the D-Arg(1) analog of B-3824; bradykinin inhibitor	1.98	1	0
felypressin Felypressin: A synthetic analog of LYPRESSIN with a PHENYLALANINE substitution at residue 2. Felypressin is a vasoconstrictor with reduced antidiuretic activity.. felypressin : A synthetic nonapeptide comprising cysteinyl, phenylalanyl, phenylalanyl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, cysteinyl, prolyl, lysyl, and glycinamide residues in sequence, with a disulfide bridge joining the two cysteine residues. Its antidiuretic effects are less than those of vasopressin. It is used as a vasoconstrictor in local anaesthetic injections for dental use, and is an ingredient of preparations that have been used for treatment of pain and inflammation of the mouth.	2.35	2	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	vasoconstrictor agent; vasopressin receptor agonist
butaprost butaprost: highly selective prostaglandin receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
deoxoartemisinin deoxoartemisinin: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
ncq 298 NCQ 298: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
physalaemin Physalaemin: An oligopeptide isolated from the skin of Physalaemus fuscumaculatus, a South American frog. It is a typical kinin, resembling SUBSTANCE P in structure and action and has been proposed as a sialagogue, antihypertensive, and vasodilator.	4.23	18	0
rabeprazole sodium [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic sodium salt
icatibant icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.	3.78	11	0
jaw [no description available]	2.88	4	0	indolecarboxamide
cyclotropium bromide cyclotropium: Cleavage of the ciclotropium ester bond results in the formation of alpha-phenylciclopentylacetic acid; N-isopropyltropinium is a metabolite;	1.96	1	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	3.57	9	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
troventol troventol: Russian drug	2.68	3	0
amodiaquine hydrochloride [no description available]	3.15	5	0
morphine sulfate [no description available]	2	1	0	alkaloid sulfate salt
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	2.05	1	0
bisaramil [no description available]	2.04	1	0
niga-ichigoside f1 niga-ichigoside F1: RN given for (2alpha,3beta,4alpha)-isomer. 19alpha-hydroxyasiatic acid-28-O-beta-D-glucopyrannoside : A triterpenoid saponin that is 19alpha-hydroxyasiatic acid attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 28 via a glycosidic linkage. It has been isolated from the leaves of Rosa laevigata.	2.03	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tetrol; triterpenoid saponin	plant metabolite
cosyntropin Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.	3.07	5	0
melitten Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.	2.92	4	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	13.89	289	7
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	8.62	73	2	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
motilin Motilin: A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect.	9.23	70	5
dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.	4.37	21	0
bivalirudin bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.	3.61	2	0	polypeptide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
somatostatin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	8.35	38	1	polypeptide
teicoplanin teicoplanin A2-1 : A teicoplanin A2 that has (4Z)-dec-4-enoyl as the variable N-acyl group.	2.45	2	0
tannins gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).	2.05	1	0	tannin
enfuvirtide Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.	3.23	1	0
ganirelix [no description available]	3.23	1	0	polypeptide
gr 82334 GR 82334: tachykinin NK-1 receptor antagonist	3.49	8	0
somatostatin, tyr(11)- [no description available]	1.98	1	0
13-leu-motilin [no description available]	2.9	4	0
xenin 25 xenin 25: 25 amino acid peptide having 6 C-terminal amino acids in common with amphibian xenopsin; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.78	3	0
neuropeptide y (24-36) amide, n-acetyl-(leu(28,31))- neuropeptide Y (24-36) amide, N-acetyl-(Leu(28,31))-: a presynaptic (Y2) receptor-specific neuropeptide Y analog	1.99	1	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 (1-37) [no description available]	1.97	1	0
substance p (4-11), pro(4)-trp(7,9,10)- substance P (4-11), Pro(4)-Trp(7,9,10)-: tachykinin antagonist; RN given refers to all L-isomer	1.97	1	0
ro 25-1553 Ro 25-1553: a cyclic peptide analog and agonist of vasoactive intestinal peptide; a VPAC(2) receptor agonist; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.04	1	0
galanin (1-15) galanin (1-15): modulates 5-HT(1A) receptors in dorsal hippocampus	2.01	1	0
nociceptin [no description available]	8.51	8	0	organic molecular entity; polypeptide	human metabolite; rat metabolite
galantide galantide: consists of 20-amino acid residues, 12 AA from the N-terminal of galanin and the C-terminal part of Substance P; blocks the galanin-mediated inhibition of glucose-induced insulin secretion; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.7	3	0
omega-conotoxin (conus magus) Conus magus toxin: from marine mollusk Conus magus; 25-27 amino acid peptide; MW 3 kDa	3.36	7	0
l 668169 L 668169: tachykinin antagonist	1.98	1	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	15.05	312	14
urotensin i urotensin I: stimulates active chloride transport by the skin of marine teleost in contrast to urotensin II which inhibits it; RN given refers to urotensin I with unknown MF; see also record for urotensin II	1.96	1	0
gramicidin a Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.	2.35	2	0
cobrotoxin Cobra Neurotoxin Proteins: Toxins, contained in cobra (Naja) venom that block cholinergic receptors; two specific proteins have been described, the small (short, Type I) and the large (long, Type II) which also exist in other Elapid venoms.	3.39	7	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	15.41	187	19	peptide hormone
anthopleurin-a anthopleurin-A: cardiotonic agent from the sea anemone Anthopleura xanthogrammica	1.95	1	0
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	11.59	16	1
sauvagine sauvagine: isolated from skin of South American hylid frog, Phyllomedusa sauvagei; has hypotensive & antidiuretic effect; potent stimulating action on secretion of ACTH & corticosterone; inhibitory effect on secretion of PRL, GH, & TSH; consists of straight chain of 40 amino acid residues	1.96	1	0
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	10.05	42	0
heliodermin heliodermin: MW 5,900 peptide with secretin-like properties	1.98	1	0
peptide phi Peptide PHI: A 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the N-terminal and isoleucine amide at the C-terminal. The exact amino acid composition of the peptide is species dependent. The peptide is secreted in the intestine, but is found in the nervous system, many organs, and in the majority of peripheral tissues. It has a wide range of biological actions, affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems.	5.3	13	1
teriparatide [no description available]	3.23	1	0	polypeptide
pancreastatin pancreastatin: A 49 residue post-translational fragment of chromogranin A that inhibits insulin secretion; amino acid sequence given in first source; the 49-amino acid peptide is from pig; human pancreastatin has 52 amino acids (hCgA 250-310) ; see also record for human pancreastatin	2.38	2	0
brain natriuretic peptide, porcine brain natriuretic peptide, porcine: peptide made up of 32 amino acid residues; discovered in porcine brain and heart atria; BNP-26 is a synthetic analog of porcine brain natriuretic peptide	1.98	1	0
s6c sarafotoxin sarafotoxins s6: several isotoxins from Atractaspis engaddensis; has strong cardiotoxic activity; all contain 21 amino acid residues; see also endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor factor	2.68	3	0
iberiotoxin [no description available]	3.62	9	0
angiotensinogen Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.	2	1	0
cucurbit(8)uril cucurbit(8)uril: a macrocyclic polymer compound comprising 8 GLYCOLURIL units with methylene bridges	2.6	1	0
vasoactive intestinal peptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (6-28): vasoactive intestinal peptide fragment	2	1	0
astressin astressin : A 30-membered homodetic cyclic peptide comprising the sequence D-Phe-His-Leu-Leu-Arg-Glu-Val-Leu-Glu-Nle-Ala-Arg-Ala-Glu-Gln-Leu-Ala-Gln-Glu-Ala-His-Lys-Asn-Arg-Lys-Leu-Nle-Glu-Ile-Ile-NH2 cyclised by an amide bridge, formed by condensation of the side-chain carboxy group of the Glu residue at position 19 and the side-chain amino group of the Lys residue at position 22.	2.48	2	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; polypeptide	corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist; neuroprotective agent
bim 23056 [no description available]	2.4	2	0
salmon calcitonin [no description available]	3.23	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone; polypeptide	bone density conservation agent; metabolite
irl 1620 sovateltide: a potent, specific ligand for the endothelin-B receptor	1.99	1	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36) [no description available]	1.97	1	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	4.69	9	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	2.11	1	0
ly-146032 [no description available]	4.08	4	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; lipopeptide antibiotic; lipopeptide; macrocycle; macrolide	antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; calcium-dependent antibiotics
dalbavancin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	carbohydrate acid derivative; glycopeptide; monosaccharide derivative; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
liraglutide [no description available]	2.17	1	0	lipopeptide; polypeptide	glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
ziconotide ziconotide: amino acid sequence in first source; from venom of South Pacific sea cone snail, Conus magus; calcium channel blocker; administered by injection into Cerebrospinal Fluid; Prialt is synthetic form. omega-conotoxin MVIIA : A heterodetic cyclic polypeptide consisting of the linear sequence Cys-Lys-Gly-Lys-Gly-Ala-Lys-Cys-Ser-Arg-Leu-Met-Tyr-Asp-Cys-Cys-Thr-Gly-Ser-Cys-Arg-Ser-Gly-Lys-Cys-NH2 with three disulfide bridges between cysteine residues 1-16, 8-20 and 15-25. A neuronal N-type Ca(2+) channel blocker in mammalian and amphibian brain, it blocks release of GABA and glutamate at neuronal synapses. Used as a probe for calcium channel receptors, it is selective for different receptor subtypes. A synthetic form, named ziconotide, is an atypical analgesic agent for the amelioration of severe and chronic pain.	2.4	2	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	8.66	17	2
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt	3.23	1	0	polypeptide
hirudin [no description available]	1.98	1	0
incretins Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.	2.79	3	0
vasoactive intestinal peptide (10-28) vasoactive intestinal peptide (10-28): inhibits VIP stimulation of adenylate cyclase	4.08	3	1
motilin, nle(13)- motilin, Nle(13)-: linear analog of motilin; increase gastric motility & pepsin output; synthetic	1.95	1	0
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	5.99	10	1
exenatide [no description available]	3.23	1	0
gastrin 17 gastrin-17 : One of the primary forms of gastrin that is a 17-membered peptide consisting of Glp, Gly, Pro, Trp, Leu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Glu, Ala, Tyr, Gly, Trp, Met, Asp and Phe-NH2 residues joined in sequence.	3.77	2	1	gastrin	antineoplastic agent
natriuretic peptide, c-type Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.	2.69	3	0
N-[[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-pyrazolyl]methyl]-2-(2-pyridinyl)ethanamine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyrazoles; ring assembly
exendin (9-39) exendin (9-39): a peptide from the venom of the lizard Heloderma suspectum; inhibits glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) induced cAMP production; its structure is related to exendin-4	4.12	3	1
warfarin sodium warfarin sodium : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin sodium. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.	2.08	1	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	8.22	6	0	glycoside
ceftiofur ceftiofur: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	3.87	12	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	3.97	14	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.	6.53	6	1	21-hydroxy steroid
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	2.81	3	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
phenylmercuric acetate Phenylmercuric Acetate: A phenyl mercury compound used mainly as a fungicide. Has also been used as a herbicide, slimicide, and bacteriocide.	1.96	1	0	arylmercury compound; benzenes
bismuth subsalicylate bismuth subsalicylate: bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient of Pepto-Bismol and in Kaopectate; used to treat nausea, heartburn, indigestion, upset stomach, diarrhea and other temporary discomforts of the stomach; used with Azoles and other drugs to treat Helicobacter. bismuth subsalicylate : A bismuth salt of salicylic acid.	3.54	2	0
thimerosal Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.	2.01	1	0	alkylmercury compound	antifungal drug; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; drug allergen
azd 7545 AZD 7545: an anilide tertiary carbinol; a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 inhibitor. AZD7545 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [4-(dimethylcarbamoyl)phenyl]sulfonyl, chloro and [(2R)-3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl]amino groups at positions 1, 3 and 4, respectively. It is a potent and non-ATP-competitive inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 (PDHK2) with IC50 of 6.4 nM and exhibits glucose-lowering activity. Also inhibits PDHK1 at higher levels (IC50 = 36.8 nM).	2.07	1	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; secondary carboxamide; sulfone; tertiary alcohol; tertiary carboxamide	EC 2.7.11.2 - [pyruvate dehydrogenase (acetyl-transferring)] kinase inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
pravastatin sodium pravastatin sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of pravastatin. A reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA), it is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	2.08	1	0	organic sodium salt; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug
nocistatin nocistatin: a peptide that blocks nociceptin action in pain transmission; amino acid sequence in first source	2	1	0
adenosine kinase Adenosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20.	1.99	1	0
alendronate sodium [no description available]	2.08	1	0
hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye	2.04	1	0
sodium salicylate [no description available]	3.56	9	0	organic molecular entity
valproate sodium Epilim: oral sodium valproate used as antidepressive agent. sodium valproate : The sodium salt of valproic acid.. valproate : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of valproic acid.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	geroprotector
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	2.46	2	0
sl 80.0750 [no description available]	2.08	1	0
cimetropium [no description available]	6.41	7	2
flucloronide flucloronide: synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search PREGNADIENETROLS (75-83); RN given refers to (6alpha,11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure	2.04	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
ethybenztropine ethybenztropine: minor descriptor (65-66); major descriptor (66-79); on-line search ETHYBENZTROPINE (65-79); Index Medicus search ETHYBENZTROPINE (66-79); RN given refers to (endo)-isomer of parent cpd	1.93	1	0
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	2.08	1	0
lucifer yellow lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt	2.7	3	0	organic lithium salt	fluorochrome
sapogenins Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.	2	1	0
strospeside strospeside : A cardenolide glycoside in which the parent structure gitoxigenin is glycosylated at the 3beta-hydroxy group by beta-D-digitalose.	1.93	1	0	cardenolide glycoside
chitosan [no description available]	7.11	1	0
septide [no description available]	3.25	6	0
technetium tc 99m sestamibi Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi: A technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack.	5.66	10	2
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor	1.99	1	0
butaclamol Butaclamol: A benzocycloheptapyridoisoquinolinol that has been used as an antipsychotic, especially in schizophrenia.	2.65	3	0
mesna Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.	3.87	3	0	organosulfonic acid
sodium oxybate Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.	2.65	3	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	5.51	69	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
ampicillin sodium [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic sodium salt
cerivastatin sodium cerivastatin sodium : The sodium salt of cerivastatin. Formerly used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt; statin (synthetic)
penicillin g potassium benzylpenicillin potassium : Organic potassium salt of benzylpenicillin.	2.13	1	0	organic potassium salt
clavulanate potassium potassium clavulanate : A potassium salt having clavulanate as the counterion. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes and has only weak anitbiotic activity when administered alone. However it can be used in combination with amoxicillin trihydrate (under the trade name Augmentin) for treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, where it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamases.	2.48	2	0	potassium salt	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
osteum [no description available]	3.47	8	0	organic molecular entity
sodium hypochlorite Sodium Hypochlorite: It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). sodium hypochlorite : An inorganic sodium salt in which hypochlorite is the counterion. It is used as a bleaching and disinfecting agent and is commonly found in household bleach.	2.02	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	bleaching agent; disinfectant
cytomel liothyronine sodium : The sodium salt of liothyronine. Thought to be more active than levothyroxine and with a rapid (few hours) onset and short duration of action, liothyronine sodium is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism, particularly in cases of hypothyroid coma.	2.07	1	0	organic sodium salt
taurocholic acid, monosodium salt [no description available]	2.04	1	0	bile salt
sodium lactate Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.	3.23	1	0	lactate salt; organic sodium salt	food acidity regulator; food preservative
piperacillin sodium [no description available]	2.51	2	0	organic sodium salt
monensin [no description available]	2.05	1	0
cefoxitin sodium [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic molecular entity
sodium iothalamate [no description available]	3.23	1	0
nafcillin sodium [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic sodium salt
oxacillin sodium [no description available]	2.47	2	0	organic sodium salt
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	7.36	2	0	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
cefamandole nafate cefamandole sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of cefamandole.	2.13	1	0	organic sodium salt	antibacterial drug
sodium diatrizoate histopaque: used for separating mononuclear & other cells. sodium amidotrizoate : The sodium salt of a benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, often as a mixture with the meglumine salt, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.	2.49	2	0	organic sodium salt; organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
kw 3635 KW 3635: structure given in first source; thromboxane A2 antagonist	1.99	1	0
estrone sulfate, potassium salt [no description available]	2.13	1	0
cefazolin sodium cefazolin sodium : A cephalosporin organic sodium salt having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups.	2.51	2	0	organic sodium salt
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	3.22	6	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
saprisartan potassium saprisartan potassium: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	2.05	1	0
naproxen sodium naproxen sodium : An organic sodium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of naproxen(1-) anions and sodium anions.	2.13	1	0	organic sodium salt	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
azlocillin sodium [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic sodium salt
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.	5.02	5	2
sodium ethylxanthate Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.	2.34	2	0
neoarsphenamine neoarsphenamine: was MH 1963-92; NEOARSENOBENZOL & NOVARSENOBENZENE were see NEOARSPHENAMINE 1976-92; use ARSENICALS to search NEOARSPHENAMINE 1966-92; very toxic former antisyphilitic agent still used occasionally for infections, including those in animals; it produces skin sensitization & has become a tool in the study of immunologic tolerance as a hapten	2.34	2	0
mersalyl Mersalyl: A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.	1.95	1	0
nk 2761 NK 2761: merocyanine-rhodanine dye	2.02	1	0
picrotoxinin picrotoxinin: toxic component of PICROTOXIN; structure; noncompetitive antagonist of ionotropic GABA-A receptors. picrotoxinin : A picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid that is 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-indene-3,7-dicarboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3a, 6, and 7a by methyl, isopropenyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively; in which the double bond at position 2-3 has been epoxidised; and in which the carboxy groups at positions 3 and 7 have undergone gamma-lactone formation by O-alkylation to positions 4 and 5, respectively. A component of picrotoxin.	2.38	2	0
methyl jasmonate [no description available]	2.07	1	0
phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate : A phosphatidylinositol monophosphate carrying the phosphate group at the 4-position.	2.39	2	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	2.68	3	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	10.73	86	0
intrinsic factor Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the GASTRIC GLANDS that is required for the absorption of VITAMIN B 12 (cyanocobalamin). Deficiency of intrinsic factor leads to VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY and ANEMIA, PERNICIOUS.	3.04	5	0
1229u91 1229U91: a selective neuropeptide Y-Y1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
pervanadate pervanadate: from a mixture of orthovanadate and hydrogen peroxide	1.99	1	0
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	9.11	50	1
cetrorelix cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.	3.58	2	0	oligopeptide	antineoplastic agent; GnRH antagonist
dynorphins dynorphin (1-13): potent opioid peptide; see also record for dynorphin & D-Ala(2)-dynorphin (1-11)	3.76	11	0
neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	5.31	55	0	peptide hormone	human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary
apelin-13 peptide apelin-13 peptide: amino acid sequence in first source. apelin-13 : A 13 amino acid oligopeptide which is the ligand for the apelin receptor (also known as the APJ receptor). It exhibits hypotensive and neuroprotective effects, and may be a potential prognostic biomarker for acute ischemic stroke and multiple sclerosis.	2.48	2	0	oligopeptide	antihypertensive agent; autophagy inhibitor; biomarker; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
substance p, prolyl(2)-tryptophan(7,9)- substance P, prolyl(2)-tryptophan(7,9)-: substance P antagonist	3.75	11	0
substance p, arg(1)-pro(2)-trp(7,9)-leu(11)- substance P, Arg(1)-Pro(2)-Trp(7,9)-Leu(11)-: RN given for (L)-Leu, all (D)-isomer	1.97	1	0
substance p, pro(2)-phe(7)-trp(9)- substance P, Pro(2)-Phe(7)-Trp(9)-: RN given refers to all (D)-isomer; substance P antagonist	1.97	1	0
substance p, arg(1)-pro(2)-trp(7),(9)-leunh(2)(11)- substance P, Arg(1)-Pro(2)-Trp(7),(9)-LeuNH(2)(11)-: MH SUBSTANCE P contains L-Arg(1), L-Pro(2); substance P antagonist	3.06	5	0
neurotensin, gln(4)- neurotensin, Gln(4)-: same pharmacological & physiological activity as neurotensin	2.37	2	0
atrial natriuretic factor (4-23)nh2, de-gln(18)-de-ser(19)-de-gly(20,22)-de-leu(21)- [no description available]	2.02	1	0
hainanolide hainanolide: from bark of Cephalotaxux hainensis	2.04	1	0
tolterodine tartrate Tolterodine Tartrate: An ANTIMUSCARINIC AGENT selective for the MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS of the BLADDER that is used in the treatment of URINARY INCONTINENCE and URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE.	3.96	13	0	tartrate salt
gliocladic acid gliocladic acid: from Gliocladium virens, Chaetomium globosum & Trichoderma viride; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid
peptones Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)	5.42	15	1
1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-(trifluoromethoxy)indoline-2,3-dione [no description available]	2.05	1	0
a 967079 A 967079: a TRPA1 channel antagonist; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
h-phenylalanyl-isoleucyl-tyrosyl-histidyl-seryl-tyrosyl-lysine H-phenylalanyl-isoleucyl-tyrosyl-histidyl-seryl-tyrosyl-lysine: synthetic heptapeptide	1.97	1	0
glycolipids [no description available]	1.95	1	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	15.13	460	19
pht 427 4-dodecyl-N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide: an antineoplastic agent; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
sr1001 SR1001: a selective RORalpha and RORgamma inverse agonist; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	sulfonamide
7-hydroxymitragynine 7-hydroxymitragynine: an orally active opioid analgesic from the Thai medicinal herb Mitragyna speciosa; structure in first source	2.01	1	0	alkaloid
mitragynine pseudoindoxyl mitragynine pseudoindoxyl: derived from Thai medicinal plant MITRAGYNA speciosa; opioid agonist	2.01	1	0
sk&f 10047 [no description available]	1.98	1	0
cleistanthin cleistanthin: lignan lactone toxic glycoside from Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb); structure. cleistanthin A : A member of the class of cleistanthins that is the 4-O-3,4-di-O-methyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside of 1,3-dihydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-4-ol which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7, and a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 9. It is one of the toxic principles in Cleistanthus collinus.	2.04	1	0	cleistanthins; xylose derivative	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic
roridin e roridin E: RN given refers to (2'E,7'R(R))-isomer; see also roridin J: 74042-83-6	2.06	1	0
ahn 1055 N-methyl-3-(bis(4'-fluorophenyl)methoxy)tropane: AHN-1055 is the (3alpha)-isomer; a dopamine uptake inhibitor; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	2.64	3	0
hydroxocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin: Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.	3.98	4	0
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	2.5	2	0
neosurugatoxin neosurugatoxin: from Japanese Ivory Shell, Babylonia japonica; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
aminostigmine aminostigmine: a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase	2	1	0
am6545 AM6545: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
fructose-1,6-diphosphate fructose-1,6-diphosphate: RN refers to (D)-isomer	1.98	1	0
nimorazole [no description available]	2.04	1	0
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	3.45	8	0
butyrolactone i butyrolactone I: selective inhibitor of cdk2 & cdc2 kinase; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	butenolide
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	11.13	244	2
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	2.9	4	0	polypeptide
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	1.94	1	0
leukotoxin leukotoxin: do not confuse with leukotoxin which is 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoate	1.98	1	0
wy 26392 [no description available]	1.96	1	0
chondroitin Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	7.34	2	0
neuromedin b neuromedin B: decapeptide isolated from porcine spinal cord	1.97	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	6.21	27	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
raltegravir [no description available]	3.23	1	0	1,2,4-oxadiazole; dicarboxylic acid amide; hydroxypyrimidine; monofluorobenzenes; pyrimidone; secondary carboxamide	antiviral drug; HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	2.74	3	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	5.84	31	0
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	3.69	10	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	5.93	20	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	4.67	8	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	6.7	32	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.	2.7	3	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam [no description available]	5.43	19	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
roquinimex roquinimex: structure in first source	2.75	3	0	aromatic amide
acenocoumarol Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.	2.49	2	0	C-nitro compound; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
bactobolin bactobolin: from Pseudomonas sp. BN-183; has MF C14-H20-Cl2-N2-O6; RN given refers to parent cpd(R*)-isomer	2.04	1	0	amino acid amide
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	4.77	9	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.	3.75	10	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.	2.97	4	0	benzothiazine; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antirheumatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	6.34	30	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
bephenium hydroxynaphthoate bephenium hydroxynaphthoate: structure	2.04	1	0
demeclocycline Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.	4.07	4	0
phenprocoumon Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.	2.69	3	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
tipranavir tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.	4.1	4	0	sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
rolitetracycline Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.	2.97	4	0
minocycline hydrochloride [no description available]	2.08	1	0
demeclocycline hydrochloride demeclocycline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of demeclocycline. A tetracycline antibiotic, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.	2.13	1	0
tigecycline [no description available]	4.08	4	0
actinobolin actinobolin: active against broad spectrum of bacteria & variety of rodent neoplasms; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search ANTIBIOTICS (75-85); RN given refers to (3R- (3alpha,4alpha(S*),4abeta,5beta,6alpha))-isomer	1.96	1	0
lornoxicam lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.	2.47	2	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
militarinone a militarinone A: Structure in first source. militarinone A : A pyridine alkaloid that is 1,4-dihydroxypyridin-2(1H)-one substituted by a cis-1,4-dihydroxycyclohexyl group at position 5 and a (2E,4E,6E,8R,10R)-6,8,10-trimethyldodeca-2,4,6-trienoyl moiety at position 3. It is isolated from the mycelium of the entomogenous fungus, Paecilomyces militaris and has been found to induce pronounced neurite sprouting.	3.35	1	0
2'-hydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-2-allyl-6,7-benzomorphan SK&F 10047: pharmacologic action of cpd may depend on (L)- or (D)-isomerism; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.23	6	0
omega-agatoxin iva omega-Agatoxin IVA: A neuropeptide toxin from the venom of the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta. It inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, P-TYPE by altering the voltage-dependent gating so that very large depolarizations are needed for channel opening. It also inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, Q-TYPE.	2.91	4	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	3.68	10	0
acth (7-38) ACTH (7-38): do not confuse with CIP protein. defensin : A family of cysteine-rich polypeptides that function as host defence peptides and consist of 18-45 amino acids including six to eight cysteine residues.	2.39	2	0
gastrin-releasing peptide Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.	4.22	18	0
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	4.24	4	1	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	2.33	2	0
vasoactive intestinal peptide, 4-chloro-phe(6)-leu(17)- vasoactive intestinal peptide, 4-chloro-Phe(6)-Leu(17)-: VIP receptor antagonist	3.93	13	0
charybdotoxin [no description available]	3.5	8	0
antimony potassium tartrate Antimony Potassium Tartrate: A schistosomicide possibly useful against other parasites. It has irritant emetic properties and may cause lethal cardiac toxicity among other adverse effects.	1.93	1	0
saxitoxin Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.	2.43	2	0	alkaloid; carbamate ester; guanidines; ketone hydrate; paralytic shellfish toxin; pyrrolopurine	cyanotoxin; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; sodium channel blocker; toxin
astressin-2b astressin-2B: a CRF2 receptor antagonist. astressin 2B : A 33-membered homodetic cyclic peptide comprising the sequence Ac-Asp-Leu-Ser-D-Phe-His-alpha-MeLeu-Leu-Arg-Lys-Nle-Ile-Glu-Ile-Glu-Lys-Gln-Glu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Gln-Gln-Ala-Glu-Asn-Asn-Lys-Leu-Leu-Leu-Asp-alpha-MeLeu-Ile-NH2 cyclised by an amide bridge, formed by condensation of the side-chain carboxy group of the Glu residue at position 24 and the side-chain amino group of the Lys residue at position 27.	2.04	1	0
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	2.91	4	0	ketal
phosphatidylethanol phosphatidylethanol: formed in rat brain by phospholipase D. phosphatidylethanol : A glycerophospholipid that is the monoethyl ester of any phosphatidic acid.	1.98	1	0
pyrethrins [no description available]	2.72	2	0
ajmaline [no description available]	2.43	2	0
kiss1 protein, human Kisspeptins: Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.	2.15	1	0
neuropeptide y (18-36) neuropeptide Y (18-36): amino acid sequence given in first source	1.98	1	0
leiurotoxin i leiurotoxin I: 3.4kDa peptide from Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus venom; potent apamin binding inhibitor; amino acid sequence given in first source	1.98	1	0
maitotoxin [no description available]	2.36	2	0
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	2.35	2	0
technetium tc 99m lidofenin Technetium Tc 99m Lidofenin: A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING for the clinical evaluation of hepatobiliary disorders in humans.	2.88	4	0
cobra cardiotoxin proteins Cobra Cardiotoxin Proteins: Most abundant proteins in COBRA venom; basic polypeptides of 57 to 62 amino acids with four disulfide bonds and a molecular weight of less than 7000; causes skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction, interferes with neuromuscular and ganglionic transmission, depolarizes nerve, muscle and blood cell membranes, thus causing hemolysis.	1.96	1	0
hirudin Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.	1.98	1	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	2.01	1	0
astressin b [no description available]	2.75	3	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	4.93	12	0
fertinex [no description available]	3.23	1	0
technetium tc 99m sulfur colloid Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, liver, and spleen.	4.27	4	1
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	2.35	2	0
nip142 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	6.58	22	0
bassianolide bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.	2.39	2	0	cyclodepsipeptide; cyclooctadepsipeptide	antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite; insecticide
neuropeptide y, leu(31)-pro(34)- neuropeptide Y, Leu(31)-Pro(34)-: specific Y1 receptor agonist	2.39	2	0
glucagon-like peptide 2 Glucagon-Like Peptide 2: A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis.	2.46	2	0
kaliotoxin kaliotoxin: peptidyl inhibitor of neuronal BK-type calcium-activated K+ channels from Androctonus mauretanicus mauretanicus venom; MW 4 kDa; amino acid sequence has been determined	2	1	0
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	2.05	1	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
cobamamide cobamamide : A member of the class of cobalamins that is vitamin B12 in which the cyano group is replaced by a 5'-deoxyadenos-5'-yl moiety. It is one of the two metabolically active form of vitamin B12.	2.01	1	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	3.32	7	0
gastrin i gastrin I: heptadecapeptide amide, H-Pyr-Gly-Pro-Trp-Leu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Glu-Ala-Tyr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2	2.67	3	0
alpha-cobratoxin alpha-cobratoxin: fron Naja nigricollis	1.98	1	0
adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.	2.68	3	0
sta 2 STA 2: thromboxane A2 agonist; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
oryzatensin oryzatensin: released from rice soluble protein upon digestion with trypsin; amino acid sequence in first source	1.98	1	0
d-ala(2),mephe(4),met(0)-ol-enkephalin D-Ala(2),MePhe(4),Met(0)-ol-enkephalin: A stable synthetic analog of methionine enkephalin (ENKEPHALIN, METHIONINE). Actions are similar to those of methionine enkephalin. Its effects can be reversed by narcotic antagonists such as naloxone.	3.35	7	0
ginkgolide b [no description available]	1.97	1	0
tridihexethyl mesaconitine: RN given refers to parent cpd(1alpha,3alpha,6alpha,14alpha,15alpha,16beta)-isomer	2.38	2	0
gibberellins [no description available]	2.02	1	0
t-2 toxin T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.	2.41	2	0
aldrin Aldrin: A highly poisonous substance that was formerly used as an insecticide. The manufacture and use has been discontinued in the U.S. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). aldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene with norbornadiene. A proinsecticide (by epoxidation of the non-chlorinated double bond to give dieldrin), it was widely used as an insecticide before being banned in the 1970s as a persistent organic pollutant.	1.93	1	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	3.32	7	0
aconitine Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.	9.67	28	0
tropenziline bromide tropenziline bromide: RN given refers to bromide; structure	1.96	1	0
sermorelin Sermorelin: The biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor, consisting of GHRH(1-29)-amide. This N-terminal sequence is identical in several mammalian species, such as human, pig, and cattle. It is used to diagnose or treat patients with GROWTH HORMONE deficiency.. sermorelin : A 29 amino acid polypeptide that is used to treat growth problems (usually in children) due to growth hormone deficiency. It is the biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor (GHRH).	3.76	2	1
oxyntomodulin Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.	1.97	1	0
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	2	1	0
margatoxin [no description available]	2	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	3.12	5	0
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	1.94	1	0
peptide yy Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.	10.51	16	1
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	2.67	3	0
aeron Aeron: contains scopolamine camphorate mixture with (-)-atropine camphorate	1.95	1	0
cholecystokinin 39 cholecystokinin 39: contains 39 amino acids; 6 amino acid residues added on to cholecystokinin	2.66	3	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	2.88	4	0
protopanaxadiol protopanaxadiol: triterpenoid sapogenin of ginsenosides from leaves of Panax ginseng; has antineoplastic activity; acid hydrolysis results in panaxadiol. protopanaxadiol : A tetracyclic triterpenoid sapogenin (isolated from ginseng) that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 positions and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2	1	0
edetic acid solasodine: RN given refers to (3beta,22alpha,25R)-isomer; structure. solasodine : An oxaspiro compound and steroid alkaloid sapogenin with formula C27H43NO2 found in the Solanum (nightshade) family. It is used as a precursor in the synthesis of complex steroidal compounds such as contraceptive pills.	2.04	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.39	2	0
technetium tc-99m tetrofosmin [no description available]	2.93	4	0
apyrase Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.	2.06	1	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	2.35	2	0
l 649923 L 649923: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in first source; leukotriene D4 antagonist	2.37	2	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	2.01	1	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	2.66	3	0
protopanaxatriol protopanaxatriol: triterpenoid sapogenin of ginsenosides from leaves of Panax ginseng; acid hydrolysis leads to panaxatriol. protopanaxatriol : A tetracyclic triterpenoid sapogenin (isolated from ginseng and notoginseng) that is that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2	1	0
neuropeptide y (13-36) [no description available]	2.68	3	0
entecavir entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.	3.87	3	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	5.24	15	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	14.02	210	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	4.13	16	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine monophosphate Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	2.41	2	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	4.89	36	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	3.06	5	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	2.64	3	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	2.37	2	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosine [no description available]	5.01	13	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine triphosphate Inosine Triphosphate: Inosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An inosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonym: IRPPP.	2.38	2	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	9.79	10	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
cyclic imp Cyclic IMP: Inosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). An inosine nucleotide which acts as a mild inhibitor of the hydrolysis of cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP and as an inhibitor of cat heart cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 3',5'-cyclic IMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide having hypoxanthine as the nucleobase.	1.95	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphate	mammalian metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
viomycin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide antibiotic	antitubercular agent
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	4.47	23	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	5.32	17	0	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	8.91	56	2	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	4.77	9	0	dacarbazine
didanosine Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.	4.67	8	0	purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir [no description available]	5.11	13	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
valtrex [no description available]	2.08	1	0	organic molecular entity
valacyclovir Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.	3.58	2	0	L-valyl ester	antiviral drug
sildenafil sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.	4.41	6	0	piperazines; pyrazolopyrimidine; sulfonamide	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	6.41	12	1	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
pralidoxime pralidoxime: RN given refers to parent cpd; chloride was minor descriptor (75-80); on-line & Index Medicus search PRALIDOXIME COMPOUNDS (66-80). pralidoxime : A pyridinium ion that is 1-methylpyridinium substituted by a (hydroxyimino)methyl group at position 2.	13.54	225	13	pyridinium ion	antidote to organophosphate poisoning; antidote to sarin poisoning; cholinergic drug; cholinesterase reactivator
penciclovir penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.	2.96	4	0	2-aminopurines; propane-1,3-diols	antiviral drug
hlo 7 HLo 7: structure given in first source	3.87	12	0	organic molecular entity
oxypurinol Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.	2.4	2	0	pyrazolopyrimidine	drug metabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
zaprinast zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure	2.9	4	0	triazolopyrimidines
raltitrexed [no description available]	2.47	2	0	N-acyl-amino acid
vardenafil vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.	4.08	4	0	imidazotriazine; N-alkylpiperazine; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
kf38789 KF38789: a non-carbohydrate low MW cpd that Inhibits P-selectin specific cell adhesion; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	5.61	23	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
noc 7 3-(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-nitrosohydrazino)-N-methyl-1-propanamine: inhibits the secretion of adrenal catecholamines induced by splanchnic nerve stimulation through activation of BK(Ca) channels	2	1	0
2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine 2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine: a nitric oxide (NO) generating compound. 1,1-bis(2-aminoethyl)-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane : A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by two 2-aminoethyl groups, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group.	2	1	0
azaguanine Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.	2.38	2	0	nucleobase analogue; triazolopyrimidines	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
citrovorum factor [no description available]	3.61	2	0	tetrahydrofolic acid
leucovorin 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.	4.54	7	0	formyltetrahydrofolic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanylyl imidodiphosphate Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).	4.53	25	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
rifapentine rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin	3.61	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-iminopiperazine; rifamycins	antitubercular agent; leprostatic drug
thiolactomycin thiolactomycin: from actinomycetes; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine: used as a synthetic cofactor in place of tetrahydrofolate; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0	pterins
alanosine [no description available]	2.45	2	0
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	benzenetriol
bl 4162a anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.	3.59	2	0	imidazoquinazoline	anticoagulant; antifibrinolytic drug; cardiovascular drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tegaserod tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source	4.25	5	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; hydrazines; indoles	gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic agonist
norclozapine norclozapine: structure given in first source. N-desmethylclozapine : A dibenzodoazepine substituted with chloro and piperazino groups which is a major metabolite of clozapine; a potent and selective 5-HT2C serotonin receptor antagonist.	2.98	4	0	dibenzodiazepine; organochlorine compound; piperazines	delta-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
pralidoxime iodide pralidoxime iodide : An organic iodide salt that has pralidoxime as the cation.	2.13	1	0	organic iodide salt; pyridinium salt	cholinergic drug; cholinesterase reactivator
buciclovir buciclovir: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
1,5-dihydro-7-(1-piperidinyl)-imidazo(2,1-b)quinazolin-2(3h)-one 1,5-dihydro-7-(1-piperidinyl)-imidazo(2,1-b)quinazolin-2(3H)-one: a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation	1.97	1	0
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate) [no description available]	3.24	6	0	nucleoside diphosphate analogue
pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).	3.23	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
7-deazaguanosine 7-deazaguanosine: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
1-hydroxyphenazine 1-hydroxyphenazine: a virulence factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 1-hydroxyphenazine : A phenazine carrying a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position.	1.98	1	0	phenazines
tirapazamine Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.	2.45	2	0	aromatic amine; benzotriazines; N-oxide	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	4.65	8	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
valganciclovir Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.	3.23	1	0	L-valyl ester; purines	antiviral drug; prodrug
aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.	3.87	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles	antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.	3.23	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; phosphoramide; triazoles	antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; prodrug
tegaserod maleate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	maleate salt	serotonergic agonist
ceftobiprole ceftobiprole: BAL5788 is Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium. ceftobiprole : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (E)-[(3'R)-2-oxo[1,3'-bipyrrolidin]-3-ylidene]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP, excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).	2.04	1	0	cephalosporin; thiadiazoles	antimicrobial agent
pyrazofurin pirazofurin : A C-glycosyl compound that is 4-hydroxy-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group.	2.04	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; pyrazoles	antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 4.1.1.23 (orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase) inhibitor
rifabutin [no description available]	4.55	7	0
8-bromocyclic gmp 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.	4.17	17	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; organobromine compound	muscle relaxant; protein kinase G agonist
pyridine-2-aldoxime pyridine-2-aldoxime: RN given refers to parent cpd	4.28	4	1
n(10)-methylfolate [no description available]	2.04	1	0	folic acids
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	2.66	3	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
5-methyltetrahydrohomofolic acid 5-methyltetrahydrohomofolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
asoxime chloride [no description available]	7.4	110	1
pralidoxime chloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	organic chloride salt; pyridinium salt	cholinergic drug; cholinesterase reactivator
amg531 [no description available]	2.06	1	0
hgg 12 HGG 12: used therapeutically in organophosphate poisoning; structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.65	3	0
n,n'-monomethylenebis(pyridiniumaldoxime) N,N'-monomethylenebis(pyridiniumaldoxime): RN given refers to parent cpd	3.28	6	0
ninopterin ninopterin: structure	2.04	1	0
carbadox Carbadox: An antibacterial agent that has been used in veterinary practice for treating swine dysentery and enteritis and for promoting growth. However, its use has been prohibited in the UK following reports of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p125)	2.07	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
hs 6 HS 6: structure	3.05	5	0
imidacloprid imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.	2.44	2	0	imidacloprid; imidazolidines; monochloropyridine	environmental contaminant; genotoxin; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
ver 52296 luminespib : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-isopropylphenyl)-4-[4-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)phenyl]-1,2-oxazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of ethylamine.	2.11	1	0	aromatic amide; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; resorcinols	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; Hsp90 inhibitor
levomefolate calcium levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.	3.23	1	0	organic calcium salt	antidepressant
trimedoxime bromide Trimedoxime: Cholinesterase reactivator used as an antidote in alkyl phosphate poisoning.	6.46	43	1
dibutyryl cyclic gmp Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.	4.64	28	0
fenobam fenobam: in USAN fenobam refers to monohydrate	2.07	1	0	ureas
clothianidin clothianidin: structure in first source. clothianidin : An N-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroguanidine having a (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl group at position 1 and a methyl group at position 3.	2.47	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; clothianidin; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
cyanine dye 3 cyanine dye 3: structures of Cy3 derivatives given in first source	2.01	1	0
alcian blue Alcian Blue: A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo.	1.96	1	0
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiotriphosphate) [no description available]	1.98	1	0
cholestyramine resin Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.	3.98	4	0
eye [no description available]	13.49	121	5
potassium magnesium aspartate Potassium Magnesium Aspartate: An intra-extracellular electrolyte exchange agent with a variety of effects.	1.95	1	0
agitoxin 2 [no description available]	2	1	0
carbidopa Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.	3.56	9	0
repin repin: isolated from knapweed Acroptilon repens; causes equine nigropallidial encephalomacia; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
scyliorhinin ii scyliorhinin II: tachykinin from dogfish gut; selective radioligand for the tachykinin NK3 receptor in rat.	1.98	1	0
pd 135158 PD 135158: selective cholecystokinin type B receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	3.07	5	0
trypsinogen Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)	4.31	6	0
aluminum tetrasulfophthalocyanine [no description available]	1.99	1	0
2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein [no description available]	2.67	3	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	3.97	14	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	3	4	0
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	2.42	2	0
tetrafluoroaluminate tetrafluoroaluminate: induces inositol phosphate formation	2.39	2	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	1.94	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	19.15	2,245	21
Action Tremor [description not available]	8.26	109	1
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	8.26	109	1
Anochlesia [description not available]	4.92	38	0
Organophosphorus Poisoning [description not available]	16.27	332	19
Organophosphate Poisoning Poisoning due to exposure to ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS, such as ORGANOPHOSPHATES; ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHATES; and ORGANOTHIOPHOSPHONATES.	16.27	332	19
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	5.42	62	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	15.23	98	20
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	15.23	98	20
Colonic Diseases, Functional Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.	6.97	11	3
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	22.17	724	100
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	22.17	724	100
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	8.95	64	1
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	8.95	64	1
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	5.11	17	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	5.11	17	0
Parasite Infections [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Lipidoses Conditions characterized by abnormal lipid deposition due to disturbance in lipid metabolism, such as hereditary diseases involving lysosomal enzymes required for lipid breakdown. They are classified either by the enzyme defect or by the type of lipid involved.	2.05	1	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	3.85	12	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	3.85	12	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	6.58	48	1
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	11.58	48	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	10.98	323	0
Metastase [description not available]	4.85	8	1
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	4.85	8	1
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	2.13	1	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	6.76	14	1
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	11.76	14	1
Absence Seizure [description not available]	11.74	241	1
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	11.74	241	1
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	6.21	19	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	6.21	19	0
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	2.25	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	23.21	305	140
Nearsightedness [description not available]	25.4	592	238
Myopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.	25.4	592	238
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	4.56	6	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	5.3	21	0
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	10.3	21	0
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	2.31	1	0
Myopia, Pathological [description not available]	13.26	32	14
Myopia, Degenerative Excessive axial myopia associated with complications (especially posterior staphyloma and CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION) that can lead to BLINDNESS.	13.26	32	14
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	7.6	25	1
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	14.12	87	16
Iris Diseases Diseases, dysfunctions, or disorders of or located in the iris.	6.11	16	0
Anisometropia A condition of an inequality of refractive power of the two eyes.	17.05	65	5
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	2.31	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	4.04	15	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	6.75	8	3
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	6.75	8	3
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	14.14	242	13
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	14.14	242	13
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	16.46	542	25
Glaucoma, Angle Closure [description not available]	4.15	16	0
Glaucoma, Angle-Closure A form of glaucoma in which the intraocular pressure increases because the angle of the anterior chamber is blocked and the aqueous humor cannot drain from the anterior chamber.	4.15	16	0
Mydriasis Dilation of pupils to greater than 6 mm combined with failure of the pupils to constrict when stimulated with light. This condition may occur due to injury of the pupillary fibers in the oculomotor nerve, in acute angle-closure glaucoma, and in ADIE SYNDROME.	10.82	32	9
Farsightedness [description not available]	10.8	29	5
Hyperopia A refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus behind the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too short from front to back. It is also called farsightedness because the near point is more distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. (Dorland, 27th ed)	10.8	29	5
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	3.17	5	0
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	3.17	5	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	15.41	406	14
Dry Eye [description not available]	3.22	5	0
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	3.22	5	0
Amblyopia, Developmental [description not available]	22.18	255	71
Amblyopia A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. STRABISMUS and REFRACTIVE ERRORS may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the OPTIC NERVE which is associated with ALCOHOLISM, tobacco SMOKING, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications.	22.18	255	71
Astigmatism Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye. Thus a point source of light cannot be brought to a point focus on the retina but is spread over a more or less diffuse area. This results from the radius of curvature in one plane being longer or shorter than the radius at right angles to it. (Dorland, 27th ed)	18.04	70	12
Corneal Diseases Diseases of the cornea.	6.85	14	2
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	13.79	358	5
Convergent Strabismus [description not available]	9.6	16	1
Esotropia A form of ocular misalignment characterized by an excessive convergence of the visual axes, resulting in a cross-eye appearance. An example of this condition occurs when paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle causes an abnormal inward deviation of one eye on attempted gaze.	9.6	16	1
Ear Diseases Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.	3.65	3	0
Anticholinergic Syndrome Adverse drug effects associated with CHOLINERGIC ANTAGONISTS. Clinical features include TACHYCARDIA; HYPERTHERMIA; MYDRIASIS, dry skin and dry mucous membranes, decreased bowel sounds and urinary retention in peripheral anticholinergic syndrome; and HALLUCINATIONS; PSYCHOSES; SEIZURES; and COMA in central anticholinergic syndrome.	3.42	6	0
Fasciculation Involuntary contraction of the muscle fibers innervated by a motor unit. Fasciculations may be visualized as a muscle twitch or dimpling under the skin, but usually do not generate sufficient force to move a limb. They may represent a benign condition or occur as a manifestation of MOTOR NEURON DISEASE or PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1294)	3.4	7	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	5.88	24	0
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	5.88	8	1
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	5.88	8	1
Breast Cancer [description not available]	7.93	4	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	2.93	4	0
Asystole [description not available]	14.8	240	4
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	14.8	240	4
Anoxemia [description not available]	13.02	207	4
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	13.02	207	4
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	4.47	23	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	4.47	23	0
Afferent Pupillary Defect [description not available]	10.38	20	9
Presbyopia The normal decreasing elasticity of the crystalline lens that leads to loss of accommodation.	3.22	3	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	7.32	23	2
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	7.32	23	2
Post-Dural Puncture Headache A secondary headache disorder attributed to low CEREBROSPINAL FLUID pressure caused by SPINAL PUNCTURE, usually after dural or lumbar puncture.	10.58	15	10
Ametropia [description not available]	12.3	40	8
Refractive Errors Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus.	12.3	40	8
HPV Infection [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	2.6	1	0
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	14.39	67	25
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	13.39	227	9
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	6.68	31	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	13.39	227	9
Aura [description not available]	6.59	50	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Absence Status [description not available]	5.58	27	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	6.59	50	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	5.58	27	0
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	11.29	63	7
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	11.29	63	7
Light Sensitivity [description not available]	4.26	6	0
Epiretinal Membrane A membrane on the vitreal surface of the retina resulting from the proliferation of one or more of three retinal elements: (1) fibrous astrocytes; (2) fibrocytes; and (3) RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM. Localized epiretinal membranes may occur at the posterior pole of the eye without clinical signs or may cause marked loss of vision as a result of covering, distorting, or detaching the FOVEA CENTRALIS. Epiretinal membranes may cause vascular leakage and secondary retinal edema. In younger individuals some membranes appear to be developmental in origin and occur in otherwise normal eyes. The majority occur in association with RETINAL HOLES, ocular concussions, retinal inflammation, or after ocular surgery. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p291)	2.6	1	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	6.21	34	0
Macular Holes [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	6.21	34	0
Retinal Perforations Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. The concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes.	2.6	1	0
Gastric Stasis [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Bile Reflux Retrograde bile flow. Reflux of bile can be from the duodenum to the stomach (DUODENOGASTRIC REFLUX); to the esophagus (GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX); or to the PANCREAS.	4.46	5	1
Duodenal Reflux [description not available]	4.07	3	1
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	11.18	167	7
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	11.18	167	7
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	3.82	12	0
Gastroparesis Chronic delayed gastric emptying. Gastroparesis may be caused by motor dysfunction or paralysis of STOMACH muscles or may be associated with other systemic diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.96	4	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	20	586	54
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	11.15	76	5
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	11.83	44	4
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	20	586	54
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	11.15	76	5
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	11.83	44	4
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	3.9	13	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	3.9	13	0
Apnea, Central [description not available]	2.76	2	0
Sleep Apnea, Central A condition associated with multiple episodes of sleep apnea which are distinguished from obstructive sleep apnea (SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE) by the complete cessation of efforts to breathe. This disorder is associated with dysfunction of central nervous system centers that regulate respiration.	2.76	2	0
Eye Abnormalities Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the eye; may also be hereditary.	2.92	4	0
Ache [description not available]	17.21	142	15
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	12.21	142	15
Bladder, Overactive [description not available]	5.32	12	1
Urinary Bladder, Overactive Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.	5.32	12	1
Jaundice, Cholestatic [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Jaundice, Obstructive Jaundice, the condition with yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes, that is due to impaired BILE flow in the BILIARY TRACT, such as INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS, or EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS.	2.89	4	0
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis [description not available]	7.8	17	1
Emesis, Postoperative [description not available]	9.57	10	8
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	16.52	224	33
Agitated Emergence [description not available]	3.59	1	1
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	9.3	32	12
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	16.52	224	33
Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils, especially the PALATINE TONSILS but the ADENOIDS (pharyngeal tonsils) and lingual tonsils may also be involved. Tonsillitis usually is caused by bacterial infection. Tonsillitis may be acute, chronic, or recurrent.	4.26	4	1
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.	9.57	10	8
Canine Diseases [description not available]	9.7	59	6
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	7.33	26	1
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	7.33	26	1
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	6.56	19	1
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	6.56	19	1
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	3.91	13	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	2.41	2	0
Bacterial Eye Infections [description not available]	3.16	5	0
Cerebral Nocardiosis [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	3.08	5	0
Keratitis Inflammation of the cornea.	4.27	19	0
Plant Poisoning Poisoning by the ingestion of plants or its leaves, berries, roots or stalks. The manifestations in both humans and animals vary in severity from mild to life threatening. In animals, especially domestic animals, it is usually the result of ingesting moldy or fermented forage.	7.54	44	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	9.28	68	2
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	14.28	68	2
Atrioventricular Conduction Block [description not available]	6.61	19	1
Arteriovenous Malformations, Cerebral [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Rupture, Spontaneous Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.	2.67	3	0
Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations Congenital vascular anomalies in the brain characterized by direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. The locations and size of the shunts determine the symptoms including HEADACHES; SEIZURES; STROKE; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; mass effect; and vascular steal effect.	2.69	3	0
Atrioventricular Block Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction.	6.61	19	1
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	13.8	141	9
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	6.68	31	2
Intussusception A form of intestinal obstruction caused by the PROLAPSE of a part of the intestine into the adjoining intestinal lumen. There are four types: colic, involving segments of the LARGE INTESTINE; enteric, involving only the SMALL INTESTINE; ileocecal, in which the ILEOCECAL VALVE prolapses into the CECUM, drawing the ILEUM along with it; and ileocolic, in which the ileum prolapses through the ileocecal valve into the COLON.	8.22	6	0
Congenital Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Ocular Toxoplasmosis [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	3.47	8	0
Toxoplasmosis, Congenital Prenatal protozoal infection with TOXOPLASMA gondii which is associated with injury to the developing fetal nervous system. The severity of this condition is related to the stage of pregnancy during which the infection occurs; first trimester infections are associated with a greater degree of neurologic dysfunction. Clinical features include HYDROCEPHALUS; MICROCEPHALY; deafness; cerebral calcifications; SEIZURES; and psychomotor retardation. Signs of a systemic infection may also be present at birth, including fever, rash, and hepatosplenomegaly. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p735)	2.38	2	0
Toxoplasmosis, Ocular Infection caused by the protozoan parasite TOXOPLASMA in which there is extensive connective tissue proliferation, the retina surrounding the lesions remains normal, and the ocular media remain clear. Chorioretinitis may be associated with all forms of toxoplasmosis, but is usually a late sequel of congenital toxoplasmosis. The severe ocular lesions in infants may lead to blindness.	2.38	2	0
Impotence [description not available]	5.32	13	1
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	5.32	13	1
Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Occurrence of heart arrest in an individual when there is no immediate access to medical personnel or equipment.	5.21	6	0
Sinus Tachycardia [description not available]	10.97	5	2
Alternating Exotropia [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	10.41	38	7
Embolus [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	10.41	38	7
Embolism Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.	3.05	5	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	6.56	32	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	2.25	1	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	2.25	1	0
Constricted Pupil [description not available]	4.19	17	0
Miosis Pupillary constriction. This may result from congenital absence of the dilatator pupillary muscle, defective sympathetic innervation, or irritation of the CONJUNCTIVA or CORNEA.	4.19	17	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	9.52	46	2
Epileptiform Neuralgia [description not available]	5.2	6	2
Trigeminal Neuralgia A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)	5.2	6	2
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	13.28	130	4
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	5.45	8	2
Choroidal Detachment Separation of the CHOROID from the SCLERA.	2.25	1	0
Choroid Hemorrhage Hemorrhage from the vessels of the choroid.	2.25	1	0
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	13.28	130	4
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	5.45	8	2
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	2.43	2	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	4.42	5	1
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	4.42	5	1
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	4.37	20	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	4.37	20	0
Brain Dead [description not available]	9.07	15	0
Envenomation, Snakebite [description not available]	3.36	7	0
Drooling [description not available]	11.51	35	6
Sialorrhea Increased salivary flow.	11.51	35	6
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	10.93	24	17
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	10.93	24	17
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	14.05	109	3
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	14.05	109	3
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	4.87	8	1
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.	4.87	8	1
Envenomation, Scorpion [description not available]	3.11	5	0
Esophageal Dysmotility [description not available]	3.4	7	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	9.24	104	1
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	7.48	30	1
Allodynia [description not available]	3.74	10	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	7.48	30	1
Weight Reduction [description not available]	3.04	4	0
Thyrotoxicosis A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.	2.67	3	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	3.04	4	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	3.59	9	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	3.59	9	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	16.36	75	2
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	16.36	75	2
Esophageal Varices [description not available]	3.8	4	0
Drop Attack [description not available]	10.37	88	2
Esophageal and Gastric Varices Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	3.8	4	0
Syncope A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)	15.37	88	2
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	9.23	58	2
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	9.23	58	2
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	4.95	9	1
Acid Aspiration Syndrome [description not available]	8.07	16	4
Psychoses [description not available]	11.04	29	1
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	6.94	41	0
Pneumonia, Aspiration A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	8.07	16	4
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	6.04	29	1
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	6.94	41	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	4.95	9	1
Muscle Spasm [description not available]	8.05	50	2
Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.	8.05	50	2
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	4.2	18	0
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	4.2	18	0
Neuromuscular Blockade The intentional interruption of transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from NERVE BLOCK in which nerve conduction (NEURAL CONDUCTION) is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce MUSCLE RELAXATION as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here.	12.66	30	19
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	6.27	14	1
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	6.27	14	1
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	17.48	306	10
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	17.48	306	10
Hyperventilation A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.	9.43	39	7
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	21.06	292	14
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	16.06	292	14
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	13.88	219	15
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	5.48	16	0
Delirium of Mixed Origin [description not available]	7.33	32	4
Delirium A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)	7.33	32	4
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	8.51	38	1
Megacolon, Toxic An acute form of MEGACOLON, severe pathological dilatation of the COLON. It is associated with clinical conditions such as ULCERATIVE COLITIS; CROHN DISEASE; AMEBIC DYSENTERY; or CLOSTRIDIUM ENTEROCOLITIS.	2.4	2	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	5.57	17	0
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex [description not available]	4.5	24	0
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Reflex, Abnormal An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.	4.5	24	0
Hidrocystoma A cystic form of sweat gland adenoma (ADENOMA, SWEAT GLAND). It is produced by the cystic proliferation of apocrine secretory glands. It is not uncommon, occurring in adult life in no particular age group, with males and females equally affected. The commonest site is around the eye, particularly lateral to the outer canthus. It is cured by surgical removal. (Stedman, 25th ed; Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2410)	3.41	7	0
Neoplasms, Sweat Gland [description not available]	3.62	9	0
Multiple Primary Neoplasms [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid [description not available]	6.43	6	1
Cerebral Palsy A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)	11.43	6	1
Injuries, Eye [description not available]	6.2	34	1
Eye Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.	6.2	34	1
Uveitis, Anterior Inflammation of the anterior uvea comprising the iris, angle structures, and the ciliary body. Manifestations of this disorder include ciliary injection, exudation into the anterior chamber, iris changes, and adhesions between the iris and lens (posterior synechiae). Intraocular pressure may be increased or reduced.	5.66	19	1
Indigestion [description not available]	7.54	15	4
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	10.56	48	7
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	7.54	15	4
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	10.56	48	7
Acidosis, Respiratory Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.	3.96	14	0
Patency of the Ductus Arteriosus [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Ductus Arteriosus, Patent A congenital heart defect characterized by the persistent opening of fetal DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS that connects the PULMONARY ARTERY to the descending aorta (AORTA, DESCENDING) allowing unoxygenated blood to bypass the lung and flow to the PLACENTA. Normally, the ductus is closed shortly after birth.	2.9	4	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	9.15	48	3
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	9.15	48	3
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	3.97	14	0
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	4.77	7	1
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	7.3	24	1
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	3.97	14	0
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	4.77	7	1
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	7.3	24	1
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	4.38	8	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	4.38	8	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	5.04	4	2
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	10.04	4	2
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	5.74	21	1
Cacosmia [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	16.98	122	17
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid [description not available]	4.13	3	1
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	3.57	9	0
Congenital Micrognathia [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	11.98	122	17
Macular Edema Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)	4.13	3	1
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	3.57	9	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	9.65	48	7
Ileus A condition caused by the lack of intestinal PERISTALSIS or INTESTINAL MOTILITY without any mechanical obstruction. This interference of the flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS often leads to INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION. Ileus may be classified into postoperative, inflammatory, metabolic, neurogenic, and drug-induced.	4.39	4	1
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	4.19	6	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	8.19	21	2
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	8.19	21	2
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	4.19	6	0
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	2.17	1	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Atrial Septal Defect [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Right Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Infections, RNA Virus [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Acquired Meningomyelocele [description not available]	3.11	5	0
Pain, Procedural Pain associated with examination, treatment or procedures.	2.17	1	0
Choreoathetosis Self-Mutilation Hyperuricemia Syndrome [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome An inherited disorder transmitted as a sex-linked trait and caused by a deficiency of an enzyme of purine metabolism; HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE. Affected individuals are normal in the first year of life and then develop psychomotor retardation, extrapyramidal movement disorders, progressive spasticity, and seizures. Self-destructive behaviors such as biting of fingers and lips are seen frequently. Intellectual impairment may also occur but is typically not severe. Elevation of uric acid in the serum leads to the development of renal calculi and gouty arthritis. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp127)	2.17	1	0
Coronary Artery Vasospasm [description not available]	5.05	16	0
Allergic Acute Coronary Syndrome [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Coronary Vasospasm Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.	10.05	16	0
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	7.17	1	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	2.49	2	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	3.49	8	0
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	3.49	8	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	8.24	37	1
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	8.24	37	1
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	8.48	39	1
Dysarthosis [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	8.48	39	1
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	5.16	11	1
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	7.5	28	2
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	16.55	256	9
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	3.8	2	1
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	2.17	1	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	9.01	21	5
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	3.58	9	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	3.58	9	0
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	9.01	21	5
Aortic Incompetence [description not available]	3.58	3	0
Aortic Valve Insufficiency Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).	3.58	3	0
Keratoconjunctivitis Simultaneous inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva.	4.12	6	0
Bowel Incontinence [description not available]	5.76	4	2
Fecal Incontinence Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.	10.76	4	2
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	4.6	27	0
Myocardial Bridging A malformation that is characterized by a muscle bridge over a segment of the CORONARY ARTERIES. Systolic contractions of the muscle bridge can lead to narrowing of coronary artery; coronary compression; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH.	2.49	2	0
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	4.6	27	0
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available]	10.86	50	4
Synovial Cyst Non-neoplastic tumor-like lesions at joints, developed from the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE of a joint through the JOINT CAPSULE into the periarticular tissues. They are filled with SYNOVIAL FLUID with a smooth and translucent appearance. A synovial cyst can develop from any joint, but most commonly at the back of the knee, where it is known as POPLITEAL CYST.	2.17	1	0
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	7.39	15	2
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	12.11	105	15
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	8.62	62	3
Concomitant Strabismus [description not available]	15.3	106	20
Strabismus Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)	15.3	106	20
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	12.77	41	1
Emesis [description not available]	21.13	140	38
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	16.13	140	38
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	6.43	24	2
Central Serous Retinopathy [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	6.43	24	2
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy A visual impairment characterized by the accumulation of fluid under the retina through a defect in the retinal pigment epithelium.	2.21	1	0
Aspiration, Meconium [description not available]	3.82	2	0
ACD-MPV [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome A condition caused by inhalation of MECONIUM into the LUNG of FETUS or NEWBORN, usually due to vigorous respiratory movements during difficult PARTURITION or respiratory system abnormalities. Meconium aspirate may block small airways leading to difficulties in PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE and ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA.	3.82	2	0
Persistent Fetal Circulation Syndrome A syndrome of persistent PULMONARY HYPERTENSION in the newborn infant (INFANT, NEWBORN) without demonstrable HEART DISEASES. This neonatal condition can be caused by severe pulmonary vasoconstriction (reactive type), hypertrophy of pulmonary arterial muscle (hypertrophic type), or abnormally developed pulmonary arterioles (hypoplastic type). The newborn patient exhibits CYANOSIS and ACIDOSIS due to the persistence of fetal circulatory pattern of right-to-left shunting of blood through a patent ductus arteriosus (DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS, PATENT) and at times a patent foramen ovale (FORAMEN OVALE, PATENT).	3.09	1	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	8.8	33	3
Chronic Liver Failure [description not available]	2.17	1	0
End Stage Liver Disease Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.	2.17	1	0
Drug Refractory Epilepsy [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	3.99	5	0
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	3.99	5	0
Myoclonic Jerk [description not available]	3.47	8	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	8.43	58	1
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	8.43	58	1
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	2.73	3	0
Keratitis, Acanthamoeba [description not available]	3.68	3	0
Acanthamoeba Keratitis Infection of the cornea by an ameboid protozoan which may cause corneal ulceration leading to blindness.	3.68	3	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	15.64	59	16
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	5.32	13	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	6.23	22	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	7.27	20	6
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	7.27	20	6
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	11.6	131	1
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	8.57	33	2
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	13.57	33	2
Amaurosis [description not available]	4.48	9	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	4.48	9	0
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	7.73	3	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	6.51	18	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	15.74	48	6
IgA Vasculitis A systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS and deposition of IGA-containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS). Clinical symptoms include URTICARIA; ERYTHEMA; ARTHRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; and renal involvement. Most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections.	2.21	1	0
Hypotension, Postural [description not available]	10.19	34	3
Hypotension, Orthostatic A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.	10.19	34	3
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	2.21	1	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	3.47	8	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	3.66	9	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	7.93	27	1
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	4.14	6	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	7.93	27	1
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	4.14	6	0
Creeping Eruption [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	5.13	45	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	8.19	22	2
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	6.89	49	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	8.19	22	2
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	6.89	49	0
Blood Loss, Surgical Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.	2.74	3	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	5.1	10	1
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	5.1	10	1
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	12.27	84	3
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	12.27	84	3
Asialia [description not available]	9.69	25	9
Xerostomia Decreased salivary flow.	9.69	25	9
Dysuria Painful URINATION. It is often associated with infections of the lower URINARY TRACT.	2.08	1	0
Babesia Infection [description not available]	4.43	2	2
Abdominal Cramps [description not available]	6.48	17	3
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	10.76	70	11
Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available]	3.47	8	0
Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy [description not available]	4.29	4	1
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)	3.47	8	0
Epilepsies, Myoclonic A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic.	4.29	4	1
No-Reflow Phenomenon Markedly reduced or absent REPERFUSION in an infarct zone following the removal of an obstruction or constriction of an artery.	2.08	1	0
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	3.07	5	0
Tachycardia, Supraventricular A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.	6.55	18	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	15.65	152	10
Carcinoma, Small Cell Lung [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	4.32	20	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	4.32	20	0
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma A form of highly malignant lung cancer that is composed of small ovoid cells (SMALL CELL CARCINOMA).	2.08	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	17.46	160	5
Embryopathies [description not available]	5.48	16	0
Apple Peel Small Bowel Syndrome [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Air Embolism [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Siamese Twins [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	12.87	46	1
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	7.87	46	1
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	6.1	11	1
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	6.1	11	1
Eye Injuries, Penetrating Deeply perforating or puncturing type intraocular injuries.	2.76	3	0
Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia [description not available]	12.79	14	2
Accessory Atrioventricular Bundle Extra impulse-conducting tissue in the heart that creates abnormal impulse-conducting connections between HEART ATRIA and HEART VENTRICLES.	2.08	1	0
Precordial Catch [description not available]	7.53	17	1
Colicky Pain [description not available]	6.08	8	4
Chest Pain Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.	7.53	17	1
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	6.08	8	4
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	18	309	66
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	18	309	66
Infectious Endophthalmitis Infectious condition of the internal eye.	3.83	12	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Endophthalmitis Suppurative inflammation of the tissues of the internal structures of the eye frequently associated with an infection.	3.83	12	0
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	2.11	1	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	9.52	60	5
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	9.52	60	5
Extrasystole, Ventricular [description not available]	3.15	5	0
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	4.74	4	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	3.46	8	0
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	3.46	8	0
Mushroom Poisoning Poisoning from ingestion of mushrooms, primarily from, but not restricted to, toxic varieties.	5.62	13	0
A-V Dissociation [description not available]	20.13	391	7
Dextro-Looped Transposition of the Great Arteries [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Coronary Vessel Anomalies Malformations of CORONARY VESSELS, either arteries or veins. Included are anomalous origins of coronary arteries; ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA; CORONARY ANEURYSM; MYOCARDIAL BRIDGING; and others.	2.08	1	0
Transposition of Great Vessels A congenital cardiovascular malformation in which the AORTA arises entirely from the RIGHT VENTRICLE, and the PULMONARY ARTERY arises from the LEFT VENTRICLE. Consequently, the pulmonary and the systemic circulations are parallel and not sequential, so that the venous return from the peripheral circulation is re-circulated by the right ventricle via aorta to the systemic circulation without being oxygenated in the lungs. This is a potentially lethal form of heart disease in newborns and infants.	2.66	3	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	3.47	8	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	3.06	5	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	3.47	8	0
Anasarca [description not available]	6.6	37	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	6.6	37	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	5.65	7	1
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	10.65	7	1
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	10.53	43	9
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	10.53	43	9
Breathlessness [description not available]	6.1	17	2
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	7.52	20	3
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	6.1	17	2
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	7.52	20	3
Labor Pain Pain associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR in CHILDBIRTH. It is caused primarily by UTERINE CONTRACTION as well as pressure on the CERVIX; BLADDER; and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Labor pain mostly occurs in the ABDOMEN; the GROIN; and the BACK.	3.47	1	1
Adipocere [description not available]	3.24	6	0
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	3.9	4	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	11.26	138	5
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	11.26	138	5
Diaphragmatic Paralysis [description not available]	4.59	10	0
Bulbar Palsy [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Carotid Body Tumor Benign paraganglioma at the bifurcation of the COMMON CAROTID ARTERIES. It can encroach on the parapharyngeal space and produce dysphagia, pain, and cranial nerve palsies.	2.1	1	0
Brown Tendon Sheath Syndrome [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Dysphagia [description not available]	4.61	10	0
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	4.61	10	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	4.83	13	0
Sick Sinus Node Syndrome [description not available]	8.17	85	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	4.83	13	0
Neurally Mediated Faint [description not available]	16.62	64	51
Esophagitis, Reflux [description not available]	4.6	6	1
Esophagitis, Peptic INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.	4.6	6	1
Epiphora [description not available]	8.91	2	1
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca Drying and inflammation of the conjunctiva as a result of insufficient lacrimal secretion. When found in association with XEROSTOMIA and polyarthritis, it is called SJOGREN'S SYNDROME.	8.8	2	1
Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases Diseases of the LACRIMAL APPARATUS.	3.91	2	1
Cyst [description not available]	3.8	4	0
Laryngeal Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LARYNX which coordinates many functions such as voice production, breathing, swallowing, and coughing.	2.87	4	0
Arnold-Chiari Deformity [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Cranial Nerve X Injury [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	9.06	59	3
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	3.56	8	0
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	3.56	8	0
Anhedonia Inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. It is a symptom of many PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; and SCHIZOPHRENIA).	2.1	1	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	5.07	10	1
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome [description not available]	4.4	1	1
Complex Regional Pain Syndromes Conditions characterized by pain involving an extremity or other body region, HYPERESTHESIA, and localized autonomic dysfunction following injury to soft tissue or nerve. The pain is usually associated with ERYTHEMA; SKIN TEMPERATURE changes, abnormal sudomotor activity (i.e., changes in sweating due to altered sympathetic innervation) or edema. The degree of pain and other manifestations is out of proportion to that expected from the inciting event. Two subtypes of this condition have been described: type I; (REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY) and type II; (CAUSALGIA). (From Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)	4.4	1	1
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	2.1	1	0
Health Care Associated Infection [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Cross Infection Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution.	2.11	1	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	7.67	3	0
Ciguatera [description not available]	3.29	2	0
Ciguatera Poisoning Poisoning caused by ingestion of SEAFOOD containing microgram levels of CIGUATOXINS. The poisoning is characterized by gastrointestinal, neurological and cardiovascular disturbances.	3.29	2	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	3.61	3	0
Acidosis, Diabetic [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Diabetic Ketoacidosis A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.	2.49	2	0
Nociceptive Pain Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.	2.68	3	0
Apical Ballooning Syndrome [description not available]	3.7	3	0
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.	8.7	3	0
Pink Eye [description not available]	3.45	8	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	5.18	19	0
Eye Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the eye.	2.87	4	0
Foreign-Body Migration Migration of a foreign body from its original location to some other location in the body.	2.11	1	0
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	8.45	8	0
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	8.66	3	0
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	3.66	3	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	7.08	33	1
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	7.23	21	2
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	9.21	18	0
HbS Disease [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Inversion of Uterus [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	2.39	2	0
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	2.73	3	0
Uveal Diseases Diseases of the uvea.	3.5	8	0
Choroid Diseases Disorders of the choroid including hereditary choroidal diseases, neoplasms, and other abnormalities of the vascular layer of the uvea.	2.9	4	0
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	3.07	5	0
Arginino Succinase Deficiency [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Argininosuccinic Aciduria Rare autosomal recessive disorder of the urea cycle which leads to the accumulation of argininosuccinic acid in body fluids and severe HYPERAMMONEMIA. Clinical features of the neonatal onset of the disorder include poor feeding, vomiting, lethargy, seizures, tachypnea, coma, and death. Later onset results in milder set of clinical features including vomiting, failure to thrive, irritability, behavioral problems, or psychomotor retardation. Mutations in the ARGININOSUCCINATE LYASE gene cause the disorder.	2.11	1	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	3.79	4	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	3.79	4	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	4.47	23	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	4.47	23	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	5.7	20	1
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	2.73	3	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	2.47	2	0
Eye Hemorrhage Intraocular hemorrhage from the vessels of various tissues of the eye.	2.11	1	0
Hamartoma A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area.	2.11	1	0
Hyphema Bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eye.	5.19	19	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	6.47	45	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	6.47	45	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	9.18	55	2
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	9.18	55	2
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	4.71	2	1
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	4.71	2	1
Fasciolopsiasis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Exertional Heat Illness [description not available]	4.68	3	2
Bewilderment [description not available]	5.79	8	1
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	2.7	3	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	3.38	2	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	2.89	4	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	9.62	46	4
Apoplexy [description not available]	3.56	8	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	8.56	8	0
Hypovolemic [description not available]	3.01	4	0
Hypovolemia An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).	3.01	4	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	2.11	1	0
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Basal Ganglia Diseases Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	3.36	7	0
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by bacterial CROSS INFECTION in hospitals.	2.13	1	0
Cancer of the Retina [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Eye Cancer, Retinoblastoma [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Retinoblastoma A malignant tumor arising from the nuclear layer of the retina that is the most common primary tumor of the eye in children. The tumor tends to occur in early childhood or infancy and may be present at birth. The majority are sporadic, but the condition may be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Histologic features include dense cellularity, small round polygonal cells, and areas of calcification and necrosis. An abnormal pupil reflex (leukokoria); NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; STRABISMUS; and visual loss represent common clinical characteristics of this condition. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2104)	2.39	2	0
Oliguria Decreased URINE output that is below the normal range. Oliguria can be defined as urine output of less than or equal to 0.5 or 1 ml/kg/hr depending on the age.	2.13	1	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome A syndrome of ORTHOSTATIC INTOLERANCE combined with excessive upright TACHYCARDIA, and usually without associated ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION. All variants have in common an excessively reduced venous return to the heart (central HYPOVOLEMIA) while upright.	2.13	1	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	4.27	19	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	4.27	19	0
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	3.32	6	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	3.32	6	0
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Eye Infections, Viral Infections of the eye caused by minute intracellular agents. These infections may lead to severe inflammation in various parts of the eye - conjunctiva, iris, eyelids, etc. Several viruses have been identified as the causative agents. Among these are Herpesvirus, Adenovirus, Poxvirus, and Myxovirus.	2.72	3	0
Panuveitis Inflammation in which both the anterior and posterior segments of the uvea are involved and a specific focus is not apparent. It is often severe and extensive and a serious threat to vision. Causes include systemic diseases such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, and syphilis, as well as malignancies. The intermediate segment of the eye is not involved.	2.44	2	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola A highly fatal, acute hemorrhagic fever caused by EBOLAVIRUS.	3.36	2	0
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	2.13	1	0
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	3.07	5	0
Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.	4.43	5	1
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	5.98	10	3
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	5.98	10	3
Ptosis, Eyelid [description not available]	4.26	7	0
Blepharoptosis Drooping of the upper lid due to deficient development or paralysis of the levator palpebrae muscle.	4.26	7	0
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	2.13	1	0
Anorectal Anomalies [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Myotonic Dystrophy Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.	2.88	4	0
Brugada ECG Pattern [description not available]	4.56	10	0
Brugada Syndrome An autosomal dominant defect of cardiac conduction that is characterized by an abnormal ST-segment in leads V1-V3 on the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM resembling a right BUNDLE-BRANCH BLOCK; high risk of VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; or VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION; SYNCOPAL EPISODE; and possible sudden death. This syndrome is linked to mutations of gene encoding the cardiac SODIUM CHANNEL alpha subunit.	4.56	10	0
Caliciviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.	2.15	1	0
Ectopia Lentis Congenital displacement of the lens resulting from defective zonule formation.	2.41	2	0
Marfan Syndrome, Type I [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Marfan Syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE, dilation of the AORTA, and aortic dissection. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). Marfan syndrome (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of connective tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with Marfan syndrome type 2.	2.41	2	0
Eye Pain A dull or sharp painful sensation associated with the outer or inner structures of the eyeball, having different causes.	2.15	1	0
Blastomycosis, North American [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Blastomycosis A fungal infection that may appear in two forms: 1, a primary lesion characterized by the formation of a small cutaneous nodule and small nodules along the lymphatics that may heal within several months; and 2, chronic granulomatous lesions characterized by thick crusts, warty growths, and unusual vascularity and infection in the middle or upper lobes of the lung.	2.15	1	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	7.03	31	0
Dancing Eyes-Dancing Feet Syndrome [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome A neurological condition that is characterized by uncontrolled rapid irregular movements of the eye (OPSOCLONUS) and the muscle (MYOCLONUS) causing unsteady, trembling gait. It is also known as dancing eyes-dancing feet syndrome and is often associated with neoplasms, viral infections, or autoimmune disorders involving the nervous system.	7.15	1	0
Autism-Dementia-Ataxia-Loss of Purposeful Hand Use Syndrome [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available]	9.81	27	2
Rett Syndrome An inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with X-LINKED INHERITANCE and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. The affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ATAXIA; SEIZURES; autistic behavior; intermittent HYPERVENTILATION; and HYPERAMMONEMIA appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199)	2.13	1	0
Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)	9.81	27	2
Thalassemias [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Thalassemia A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.	2.15	1	0
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	2.15	1	0
Pythiosis A granulomatous disease caused by the aquatic organism PYTHIUM insidiosum and occurring primarily in horses, cattle, dogs, cats, fishes, and rarely in humans. It is classified into three forms: ocular, cutaneous, and arterial.	2.15	1	0
Eye Infections, Parasitic Mild to severe infections of the eye and its adjacent structures (adnexa) by adult or larval protozoan or metazoan parasites.	2.15	1	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	4	14	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	3.09	5	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	4	14	0
Polyploid [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Acoustic Neuroma [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Neoplasms, Skull Base [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Meningeal Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.	2.42	2	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	2.42	2	0
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Dysentery Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.	3.59	3	0
Pain, Intractable Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.	2.04	1	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	12.05	30	3
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	7.05	30	3
Angiomatosis Oculoorbital-Thalamic Syndrome [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Sturge-Weber Syndrome A non-inherited congenital condition with vascular and neurological abnormalities. It is characterized by facial vascular nevi (PORT-WINE STAIN), and capillary angiomatosis of intracranial membranes (MENINGES; CHOROID). Neurological features include EPILEPSY; cognitive deficits; GLAUCOMA; and visual defects.	2.04	1	0
Coronary Artery Stenosis [description not available]	3.42	7	0
Coronary Stenosis Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.	3.42	7	0
Clubfeet [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	4.09	16	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	4.09	16	0
Cutaneous Fistula An abnormal passage or communication leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body.	7.41	2	0
Gastric Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.	4.87	36	0
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	10.61	66	10
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.04	1	0
Blepharospasm Excessive winking; tonic or clonic spasm of the orbicularis oculi muscle.	3.3	2	0
Neuralgia, Sciatic [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Sciatica A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.	2.37	2	0
Auricular Flutter [description not available]	8.48	22	2
Atrial Flutter Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).	13.48	22	2
Hyperpotassemia [description not available]	4.03	15	0
Hyperkalemia Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.03	15	0
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	2.72	3	0
Cardiac Sinus Arrest [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Carotid Artery Dissection, Internal [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	4.27	7	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	4.27	7	0
Parotid Diseases Diseases involving the PAROTID GLAND.	2.68	3	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	11.84	25	1
Eye Infections, Fungal Infection by a variety of fungi, usually through four possible mechanisms: superficial infection producing conjunctivitis, keratitis, or lacrimal obstruction; extension of infection from neighboring structures - skin, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx; direct introduction during surgery or accidental penetrating trauma; or via the blood or lymphatic routes in patients with underlying mycoses.	3.81	4	0
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	5.37	14	1
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	6.34	63	0
Coronary Thrombosis Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.04	1	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	4.26	18	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	2.04	1	0
Biliary or Urinary Stones [description not available]	2.33	2	0
Ureteral Calculi Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.	5.51	6	3
Ureterolithiasis Formation of stones in the URETER.	1.92	1	0
Dumping Syndrome Gastrointestinal symptoms resulting from an absent or nonfunctioning pylorus.	7.85	4	0
Angiitis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	2.88	4	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	2.05	1	0
Hemorrhage, Vitreous [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Vitreous Hemorrhage Hemorrhage into the VITREOUS BODY.	2.4	2	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	17.18	228	24
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	22.18	228	24
Gastric Dilatation Abnormal distention of the STOMACH due to accumulation of gastric contents that may reach 10 to 15 liters. Gastric dilatation may be the result of GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION; ILEUS; GASTROPARESIS; or denervation.	3.68	10	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	3.06	5	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	9.97	3	1
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	5.77	8	1
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	4.97	3	1
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	5.77	8	1
Pseudophakia Presence of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction.	3.43	1	1
Gelineau Syndrome [description not available]	3.36	7	0
Narcolepsy A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of daytime somnolence and lapses in consciousness (microsomnias) that may be associated with automatic behaviors and AMNESIA. CATAPLEXY; SLEEP PARALYSIS, and hypnagogic HALLUCINATIONS frequently accompany narcolepsy. The pathophysiology of this disorder includes sleep-onset rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which normally follows stage III or IV sleep. (From Neurology 1998 Feb;50(2 Suppl 1):S2-S7)	3.36	7	0
Craniofacial Dysarthrosis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Fibroid [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	2.44	2	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	2.9	4	0
Diplopia A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.	3.06	5	0
Aneurysm, Ruptured The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.	3.38	2	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	5.07	17	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	5.07	17	0
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	3.46	8	0
Ocular Hypotension Abnormally low intraocular pressure often related to chronic inflammation (uveitis).	3.5	8	0
Claustrophobia [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Phobic Disorders Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.	3.76	2	1
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	3.21	6	0
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	5.12	11	1
Cranial Nerve IV Diseases [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Hyperesthesia Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.	2.67	3	0
Herpes Simplex Keratitis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Keratitis, Herpetic A superficial, epithelial Herpesvirus hominis infection of the cornea, characterized by the presence of small vesicles which may break down and coalesce to form dendritic ulcers (KERATITIS, DENDRITIC). (Dictionary of Visual Science, 3d ed)	2.04	1	0
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	8.13	10	4
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	8.13	10	4
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	5.55	17	1
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	5.55	17	1
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	4.38	8	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	4.21	18	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	4.21	18	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	3.75	11	0
Zygomatic Fractures Fractures of the zygoma.	4.29	2	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	3.75	11	0
Bleeding [description not available]	7.17	66	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	7.17	66	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	4.38	8	0
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	4.84	8	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	11.96	47	0
Necrotizing Enterocolitis [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.	2.46	2	0
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	11.43	31	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	4.44	5	1
Palsy [description not available]	5.96	43	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	5.96	43	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	4.73	4	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	2.05	1	0
Anterior Fascicular Block [description not available]	8.24	66	1
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	2.05	1	0
Basedow Disease [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).	2.67	3	0
Esophagitis INFLAMMATION, acute or chronic, of the ESOPHAGUS caused by BACTERIA, chemicals, or TRAUMA.	4.13	6	0
Wallerian Degeneration Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.	2.39	2	0
Colon Diverticula [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Diverticulum, Colon A pouch or sac opening from the COLON.	2.65	3	0
Chylopericardium [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Cardiac Tamponade Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.	3.35	7	0
Pericardial Effusion Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.	2.66	3	0
Alcoholic Intoxication An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.	3.34	7	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	13.05	74	7
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	13.05	74	7
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	6.93	72	0
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	11.93	72	0
Corneal Endothelial Cell Damage [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Apnea, Sleep [description not available]	5.68	4	1
Sleep Apnea Syndromes Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.	5.68	4	1
Delayed Awakening from Anesthesia [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Arrhythmia, Sinoatrial [description not available]	13.85	146	8
Frostbite Damage to tissues as the result of low environmental temperatures.	1.92	1	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	2.63	3	0
Erythema Multiforme A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic bull's-eye lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.	1.92	1	0
Cardiac Conduction Defect [description not available]	3.64	10	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	3.8	12	0
Cecal Diseases Pathological developments in the CECUM.	1.92	1	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	5.05	10	0
Ascariasis Infection by nematodes of the genus ASCARIS. Ingestion of infective eggs causes diarrhea and pneumonitis. Its distribution is more prevalent in areas of poor sanitation and where human feces are used for fertilizer.	2.63	3	0
Ascaridiasis Infection with nematodes of the genus ASCARIDIA. This condition usually occurs in fowl, often manifesting diarrhea.	1.92	1	0
Pediculosis [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Lice Infestations Parasitic attack or subsistence on the skin by members of the order Phthiraptera, especially on humans by Pediculus humanus of the family Pediculidae. The hair of the head, eyelashes, and pubis is a frequent site of infestation. (From Dorland, 28th ed; Stedman, 26th ed)	2.34	2	0
Lassitude [description not available]	6.04	11	3
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	6.04	11	3
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	7.51	51	1
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	7.51	51	1
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Guillain-Barre Syndrome An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)	2.43	2	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	1.92	1	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	1.92	1	0
Linear Skull Fracture [description not available]	3.89	1	0
Sex Disorders [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cavernitis, Fibrous [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Penile Induration A condition characterized by hardening of the PENIS due to the formation of fibrous plaques on the dorsolateral aspect of the PENIS, usually involving the membrane (tunica albuginea) surrounding the erectile tissue (corpus cavernosum penis). This may eventually cause a painful deformity of the shaft or constriction of the urethra, or both.	2.05	1	0
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.	2.05	1	0
Dilatation, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.	2.68	3	0
ARSA Deficiency [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Leukodystrophy, Metachromatic An autosomal recessive metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of CEREBROSIDE-SULFATASE leading to intralysosomal accumulation of cerebroside sulfate (SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS) in the nervous system and other organs. Pathological features include diffuse demyelination, and metachromatically-staining granules in many cell types such as the GLIAL CELLS. There are several allelic and nonallelic forms with a variety of neurological symptoms.	3.35	2	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	4.64	6	1
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	4.64	6	1
Audiogenic Epilepsy [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Epilepsy, Reflex A subtype of epilepsy characterized by seizures that are consistently provoked by a certain specific stimulus. Auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli as well as the acts of writing, reading, eating, and decision making are examples of events or activities that may induce seizure activity in affected individuals. (From Neurol Clin 1994 Feb;12(1):57-8)	2.05	1	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	6.99	18	1
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	6.99	18	1
Leanness [description not available]	3.83	2	1
Consciousness, Loss of [description not available]	4.96	9	1
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	2.06	1	0
Fuch's Endothelial Dystrophy [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	3.35	7	0
Fuchs' Endothelial Dystrophy Disorder caused by loss of endothelium of the central cornea. It is characterized by hyaline endothelial outgrowths on Descemet's membrane, epithelial blisters, reduced vision, and pain.	2.06	1	0
Separation Anxiety Disorder [description not available]	5.19	4	3
Anxiety, Separation Anxiety experienced by an individual upon separation from a person or object of particular significance to the individual.	5.19	4	3
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	2.68	3	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	3.31	2	0
Dominant Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy, Type III [description not available]	4.25	7	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	3.31	2	0
Dysautonomia, Familial An autosomal disorder of the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems limited to individuals of Ashkenazic Jewish descent. Clinical manifestations are present at birth and include diminished lacrimation, defective thermoregulation, orthostatic hypotension (HYPOTENSION, ORTHOSTATIC), fixed pupils, excessive SWEATING, loss of pain and temperature sensation, and absent reflexes. Pathologic features include reduced numbers of small diameter peripheral nerve fibers and autonomic ganglion neurons. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1348; Nat Genet 1993;4(2):160-4)	4.25	7	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	5.31	2	2
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	5.31	2	2
Infarct [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Adenohypophyseal Diseases [description not available]	2.62	3	0
Pituitary Diseases Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.	2.62	3	0
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous [description not available]	4.42	5	1
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	9.36	8	0
Icterus [description not available]	8.33	7	0
Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.	3.33	7	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	4.83	8	1
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	4.83	8	1
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	2.84	4	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	2.84	4	0
Torsade de Pointes [description not available]	8.26	6	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Infection [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.66	3	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	2.65	3	0
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	2.67	3	0
Craniofacial Abnormalities Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.	2.06	1	0
Acrocephalosyndactylia Congenital craniostenosis with syndactyly.	2.06	1	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	2.37	2	0
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	5.39	8	2
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	5.39	8	2
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	2.37	2	0
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	3.07	5	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	2.06	1	0
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	2.69	3	0
MODS [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	2.69	3	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	2.95	4	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	4.06	15	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	4.06	15	0
Urinary Retention Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).	3.83	4	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	3.65	10	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	3.65	10	0
Decreased Muscle Tone [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	4.16	6	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	4.16	6	0
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	7.14	19	2
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	6.83	25	1
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	6.83	25	1
Agitation, Psychomotor [description not available]	5.18	6	2
Psychomotor Agitation A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.	5.18	6	2
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	3.36	7	0
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Hypomelanosis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	2.06	1	0
Hypopigmentation A condition caused by a deficiency or a loss of melanin pigmentation in the epidermis, also known as hypomelanosis. Hypopigmentation can be localized or generalized, and may result from genetic defects, trauma, inflammation, or infections.	2.06	1	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Dysembryoma [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	2.06	1	0
Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)	2.06	1	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	4.6	6	1
Gasser Syndrome [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	4.6	6	1
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.	2.06	1	0
Altitude Hypoxia Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.	2.37	2	0
Altitude Sickness Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.	2.37	2	0
Ocular Infections [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Uveitis, Sympathetic [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Ophthalmia, Sympathetic Granulomatous uveitis which follows in one eye after a penetrating injury to the other eye; the secondarily affected eye is called the sympathizing eye, and the injured eye is called the exciting or activating eye.	3.06	5	0
Eye Infections Infection, moderate to severe, caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses, which occurs either on the external surface of the eye or intraocularly with probable inflammation, visual impairment, or blindness.	2.69	3	0
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	4.59	6	1
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	4.59	6	1
Itching [description not available]	5.36	5	1
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	5.36	5	1
Paroxysmal Reciprocal Tachycardia [description not available]	7.23	45	0
Tachycardia, Paroxysmal Abnormally rapid heartbeats with sudden onset and cessation.	7.23	45	0
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	8.56	9	0
Keratitis, Ulcerative [description not available]	4.52	25	0
Corneal Ulcer Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.	4.52	25	0
Abdominal Obesity [description not available]	3.45	1	1
Ganglion Cysts Nodular tumor-like lesions or mucoid flesh, arising from tendon sheaths, LIGAMENTS, or JOINT CAPSULE, especially of the hands, wrists, or feet. They are not true cysts as they lack epithelial wall. They are distinguished from SYNOVIAL CYSTS by the lack of communication with a joint cavity or the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	2.07	1	0
Delusional Disorder Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.	2.9	4	0
Anton Syndrome [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Aortic Stenosis [description not available]	8.46	8	0
Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	3.46	8	0
Altered Level of Consciousness [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Helminthiasis, Animal Infestation of animals with parasitic worms of the helminth class. The infestation may be experimental or veterinary.	3.84	2	1
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	8.98	38	1
Anterior Horn Cell Disease [description not available]	2.99	1	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	8.98	38	1
Motor Neuron Disease Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	2.99	1	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	5.32	22	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	5.32	22	0
Sinoatrial Block Disturbance in the atrial activation that is caused by transient failure of impulse conduction from the SINOATRIAL NODE to the HEART ATRIA. It is characterized by a delayed in heartbeat and pauses between P waves in an ELECTROCARDIOGRAM.	6.82	46	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Lacerations Torn, ragged, mangled wounds.	4.37	1	1
Chicken Pox [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Chickenpox A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.65	3	0
Hypoventilation A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.	5.3	7	2
Autonomic Hyperreflexia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Froehlich's Syndrome [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Autonomic Dysreflexia A syndrome associated with damage to the spinal cord above the mid thoracic level (see SPINAL CORD INJURIES) characterized by a marked increase in the sympathetic response to minor stimuli such as bladder or rectal distention. Manifestations include HYPERTENSION; TACHYCARDIA (or reflex bradycardia); FEVER; FLUSHING; and HYPERHIDROSIS. Extreme hypertension may be associated with a STROKE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp538 and 1232; J Spinal Cord Med 1997;20(3):355-60)	2.08	1	0
Pyloric Stenosis Narrowing of the pyloric canal with varied etiology. A common form is due to muscle hypertrophy (PYLORIC STENOSIS, HYPERTROPHIC) seen in infants.	5.96	26	1
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	6.34	18	0
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	2.44	2	0
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	2.38	2	0
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	2.07	1	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	2.07	1	0
Aneurysm, Aortic [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Aortic Aneurysm An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.	3.21	6	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	2.42	2	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	2.08	1	0
Corneal Wavefront Aberration Asymmetries in the topography and refractive index of the corneal surface that affect visual acuity.	2.08	1	0
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome A syndrome of multiple defects characterized primarily by umbilical hernia (HERNIA, UMBILICAL); MACROGLOSSIA; and GIGANTISM; and secondarily by visceromegaly; HYPOGLYCEMIA; and ear abnormalities.	2.07	1	0
Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.	6.82	25	0
Foot Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving the foot.	2.07	1	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	11.6	12	1
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	6.6	12	1
Adenoma, Adrenal Cortical [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	4.59	10	0
Cushing's Syndrome [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	5.43	15	0
Cushing Syndrome A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.	2.89	4	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	5.43	15	0
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	6.98	75	0
Blunt Injuries [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	2.01	1	0
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	7.87	4	0
Eardrum Perforation [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Tympanic Membrane Perforation A temporary or persistent opening in the eardrum (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE). Clinical signs depend on the size, location, and associated pathological condition.	2.01	1	0
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	4.73	7	1
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	4.73	7	1
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	5.12	18	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	5.12	18	0
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	2.01	1	0
Body Weight, Fetal [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Conjunctival Diseases Diseases involving the CONJUNCTIVA.	2.01	1	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	5.74	21	0
Aspergillus Infection [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Aspergillosis Infections with fungi of the genus ASPERGILLUS.	3.22	6	0
Spasmophilia [description not available]	3.45	8	0
Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available]	3.34	7	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	3.56	9	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	3.56	9	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	3.96	14	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	3.96	14	0
Eyelid Diseases Diseases involving the EYELIDS.	2.66	3	0
Anoxia, Fetal [description not available]	3.66	10	0
Fetal Hypoxia Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.	8.66	10	0
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	10.06	17	0
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	5.06	17	0
Electric Injuries Injuries caused by electric currents. The concept excludes electric burns (BURNS, ELECTRIC), but includes accidental electrocution and electric shock.	2.93	1	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	2.9	4	0
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	2.67	3	0
Cardiomyopathy, Chagas [description not available]	4.98	9	1
Chagas Cardiomyopathy A disease of the CARDIAC MUSCLE developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as MYOCARDITIS (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced CHAGAS DISEASE include conduction defects (HEART BLOCK) and CARDIOMEGALY.	4.98	9	1
Bladder Neck Obstruction [description not available]	3.86	12	0
Aortic Dissection [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Cardiac Output, Low A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.	3.25	6	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	4.99	9	1
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	3.24	6	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	4.99	9	1
Fra(X) Syndrome [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Fragile X Syndrome A condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (at gene loci FRAXA or FRAXE) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, SEIZURES, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of FRAXA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p226)	2.01	1	0
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	7.37	25	2
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	12.37	25	2
Morphine Abuse [description not available]	5.51	27	0
Morphine Dependence Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.	5.51	27	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	6.33	15	1
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	6.33	15	1
Ancylostomiasis Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.	2.01	1	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	5.76	8	1
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	3.74	11	0
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	2.69	3	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	3.36	7	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	3.36	7	0
Abnormal Movements [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	4.35	21	0
Hiccough [description not available]	8.81	12	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	7.63	3	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	2.63	3	0
Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin.	9.58	6	1
Postpartum Amenorrhea [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Amenorrhea Absence of menstruation.	1.93	1	0
Myelopathy [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Spinal Cord Diseases Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.	2.34	2	0
Clasp-Knife Spasticity [description not available]	3.19	6	0
Muscle Spasticity A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)	3.19	6	0
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	7.49	31	1
Air Sickness [description not available]	6.75	10	1
Motion Sickness Disorder caused by motion. It includes sea sickness, train sickness, roller coaster rides, rocking chair, hammock swing, car sickness, air sickness, or SPACE MOTION SICKNESS. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting and/or dizziness.	6.75	10	1
Cerebral Concussion [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Bruise [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Brain Concussion A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)	2.86	4	0
Contusions Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.	3.04	5	0
Affective Disorders [description not available]	2.33	2	0
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	2.33	2	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	11.49	117	14
Bronchial Diseases Diseases involving the BRONCHI.	7.66	23	1
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	11.49	117	14
Caries, Dental [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	2.87	4	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	5.73	21	1
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	10.73	21	1
Heat Collapse [description not available]	5.16	4	1
Narcosis A state of depressed CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM marked by stupor or insensibility.	8.43	8	0
Hives [description not available]	5.68	20	1
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	10.68	20	1
Dermatitis, Eczematous [description not available]	2.85	4	0
Eczema A pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents (Dorland, 27th ed).	7.85	4	0
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	8.14	34	2
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	8.14	34	2
Clostridium tetani Infection [description not available]	4.83	8	1
Tetanus A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.	4.83	8	1
Blood Clot [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	2.86	4	0
Gas Poisoning Poisoning that results from exposure to gases such as CARBON MONOXIDE; NOBLE GASES; OXYGEN; or NATURAL GAS.	3.81	12	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	4.58	6	1
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	9.58	6	1
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Hypomenorrhea [description not available]	3.26	2	0
Bleeding Between Periods [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Menorrhagia Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.	1.93	1	0
Metrorrhagia Abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to MENSTRUATION, usually in females without regular MENSTRUAL CYCLE. The irregular and unpredictable bleeding usually comes from a dysfunctional ENDOMETRIUM.	1.93	1	0
Gall Bladder Diseases [description not available]	5.63	7	1
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	5.84	13	2
Diathesis [description not available]	3.77	11	0
Closed Head Injuries [description not available]	2.33	2	0
Enteric Fever [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Typhoid Fever An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.	2.34	2	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	6.73	23	3
Emphysema A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.	3.32	7	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	6.77	24	1
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	6.77	24	1
Mitral Stenosis [description not available]	9.08	16	0
Mitral Valve Stenosis Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.	4.08	16	0
Cardiac Death [description not available]	3.04	5	0
As If Personality [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	2.36	2	0
Suffocation [description not available]	5.26	21	0
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	5.26	21	0
Orthopedic Disorders [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	2.63	3	0
Musculoskeletal Diseases Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.	1.93	1	0
Bedwetting [description not available]	2.62	3	0
Enuresis Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis).	6.76	13	2
Nocturnal Enuresis Involuntary discharge of URINE during sleep at night after expected age of completed development of urinary control.	2.62	3	0
Cramp [description not available]	8.04	5	0
Muscle Cramp A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)	8.04	5	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	1.93	1	0
Neuroendocrine Tumors Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.	1.93	1	0
ENT Diseases [description not available]	6.3	11	4
Tenosynovitis Inflammation of the synovial lining of a tendon sheath. Causes include trauma, tendon stress, bacterial disease (gonorrhea, tuberculosis), rheumatic disease, and gout. Common sites are the hand, wrist, shoulder capsule, hip capsule, hamstring muscles, and Achilles tendon. The tendon sheaths become inflamed and painful, and accumulate fluid. Joint mobility is usually reduced.	1.93	1	0
Calculosis [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Batten Turner Congenital Myopathy [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	3.78	4	0
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	3.81	12	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	3.81	12	0
Vision, Diminished [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Hydrosyringomyelia [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Dextrocardia A congenital defect in which the heart is located on the right side of the THORAX instead of on the left side (levocardia, the normal position). When dextrocardia is accompanied with inverted HEART ATRIA, a right-sided STOMACH, and a left-sided LIVER, the combination is called dextrocardia with SITUS INVERSUS. Dextrocardia may adversely affect other thoracic organs.	6.93	1	0
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	8.1	18	0
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	13.1	18	0
Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE.	2.85	4	0
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	5.22	12	1
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	5.22	12	1
Hemorrhage, Uterine [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Uterine Hemorrhage Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.	7.63	3	0
Ureteral Diseases Pathological processes involving the URETERS.	1.93	1	0
Parasystole A cardiac arrhythmia that is caused by interaction of two independently initiated cardiac impulses of different rates from two separate foci. Generally one focus is the SINOATRIAL NODE, the normal pacemaker. The ectopic focus is usually in the HEART VENTRICLE but can be in the HEART ATRIUM or the ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE. Modulation of the parasystolic rhythm by the sinus rhythm depends on the completeness of entrance block surrounding the parasystolic focus.	7.34	2	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	5.48	16	1
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	5.48	16	1
Meniscitis [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Koehler Disease [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Aphakia Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of LENS DISLOCATION AND SUBLUXATION.	2.35	2	0
Botulism, Infantile [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Botulism A disease caused by potent protein NEUROTOXINS produced by CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM which interfere with the presynaptic release of ACETYLCHOLINE at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Clinical features include abdominal pain, vomiting, acute PARALYSIS (including respiratory paralysis), blurred vision, and DIPLOPIA. Botulism may be classified into several subtypes (e.g., food-borne, infant, wound, and others). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1208)	2.34	2	0
Gallbladder Dyskinesia [description not available]	4.24	7	0
Biliary Dyskinesia A motility disorder characterized by biliary COLIC, absence of GALLSTONES, and an abnormal GALLBLADDER ejection fraction. It is caused by gallbladder dyskinesia and/or SPHINCTER OF ODDI DYSFUNCTION.	4.24	7	0
Cyclitis, Heterochromic [description not available]	3.55	9	0
Iridocyclitis Acute or chronic inflammation of the iris and ciliary body characterized by exudates into the anterior chamber, discoloration of the iris, and constricted, sluggish pupil. Symptoms include radiating pain, photophobia, lacrimation, and interference with vision.	3.55	9	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	6.2	13	0
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	6.2	13	0
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	2.87	4	0
Eye Manifestations Ocular disorders attendant upon non-ocular disease or injury.	4.56	10	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	10.6	60	11
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	2.34	2	0
Dystocia Slow or difficult OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH.	7.35	2	0
Anankastic Personality [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Neuroses [description not available]	6.03	16	2
Neurotic Disorders Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.	6.03	16	2
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.	2.63	3	0
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	2.34	2	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	8.01	38	1
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	8.01	38	1
Anuria Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.	3.04	5	0
Cystic Echinococcosis [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Diverticula, Stomach [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	3.65	10	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	3.65	10	0
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	1.93	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	3.32	7	0
Muscular Dystrophies A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.	3.32	7	0
Keratoconus A noninflammatory, usually bilateral protrusion of the cornea, the apex being displaced downward and nasally. It occurs most commonly in females at about puberty. The cause is unknown but hereditary factors may play a role. The -conus refers to the cone shape of the corneal protrusion. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	8.2	6	0
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Eye Diseases, Hereditary Transmission of gene defects or chromosomal aberrations/abnormalities which are expressed in extreme variation in the structure or function of the eye. These may be evident at birth, but may be manifested later with progression of the disorder.	1.93	1	0
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	2.63	3	0
Amebiasis, Intestinal [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Duodenal Diseases Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).	5.91	14	2
Iritis Inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris.	4.8	13	0
Syndrome, VKH (Vogt Koyanagi Harada) [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Uveomeningoencephalitic Syndrome A syndrome characterized by bilateral granulomatous UVEITIS with IRITIS and secondary GLAUCOMA, premature ALOPECIA, symmetrical VITILIGO, poliosis circumscripta (a strand of depigmented hair), HEARING DISORDERS, and meningeal signs (neck stiffness and headache). Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid reveals a pattern consistent with MENINGITIS, ASEPTIC. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p748; Surv Ophthalmol 1995 Jan;39(4):265-292)	2.36	2	0
Gangrene Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.	1.94	1	0
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	1.94	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.	1.94	1	0
Intermittent Claudication A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.	1.94	1	0
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	3.89	13	0
Hyaline Membrane Disease A respiratory distress syndrome in newborn infants, usually premature infants with insufficient PULMONARY SURFACTANTS. The disease is characterized by the formation of a HYALINE-like membrane lining the terminal respiratory airspaces (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and subsequent collapse of the lung (PULMONARY ATELECTASIS).	2.37	2	0
Back Ache [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Back Pain Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.	2.86	4	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	3.74	11	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	3.74	11	0
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	2.86	4	0
Eye Burns Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.	2.63	3	0
Alkalosis A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.	3.19	6	0
Hay Fever [description not available]	5.6	10	2
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	5.6	10	2
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	11.9	154	16
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	11.9	154	16
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Eaton-Lambert Myasthenic Syndrome [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	2.36	2	0
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome An autoimmune disease characterized by weakness and fatigability of proximal muscles, particularly of the pelvic girdle, lower extremities, trunk, and shoulder girdle. There is relative sparing of extraocular and bulbar muscles. CARCINOMA, SMALL CELL of the lung is a frequently associated condition, although other malignancies and autoimmune diseases may be associated. Muscular weakness results from impaired impulse transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Presynaptic calcium channel dysfunction leads to a reduced amount of acetylcholine being released in response to stimulation of the nerve. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 1471)	7.65	3	0
Bites [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Insect Bites [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Insect Bites and Stings Bites and stings inflicted by insects.	1.93	1	0
Laryngeal Spasm [description not available]	6.96	11	3
Laryngismus A disorder in which the adductor muscles of the VOCAL CORDS exhibit increased activity leading to laryngeal spasm. Laryngismus causes closure of the VOCAL FOLDS and airflow obstruction during inspiration.	6.96	11	3
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer [description not available]	5.13	11	1
Peptic Ulcer Perforation Penetration of a PEPTIC ULCER through the wall of DUODENUM or STOMACH allowing the leakage of luminal contents into the PERITONEAL CAVITY.	3.55	3	0
Arthropathies [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Clubbed Fingers [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	3.04	5	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	8.04	5	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	3.04	5	0
Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.	6.27	14	1
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	4.94	9	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	5.13	11	0
Cancer of Eye [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Nevoxanthoendothelioma [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Conjugate Nystagmus [description not available]	3.55	9	0
Achalasia [description not available]	10.06	17	0
Esophageal Achalasia A motility disorder of the ESOPHAGUS in which the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (near the CARDIA) fails to relax resulting in functional obstruction of the esophagus, and DYSPHAGIA. Achalasia is characterized by a grossly contorted and dilated esophagus (megaesophagus).	5.06	17	0
Carditis [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	3.04	5	0
Acute Yellow Atrophy [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	2.63	3	0
Abdomen, Acute A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.	2.34	2	0
Complications, Labor [description not available]	2.85	4	0
Grippe [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	2.34	2	0
Furrow Keratitis [description not available]	3.33	7	0
Esophageal Hernia [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Diaphragmatic Hernia [description not available]	3.56	9	0
Adam-Stokes Attacks [description not available]	7.09	29	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	4.37	8	0
Infection, Toxoplasma gondii [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Toxoplasmosis The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.	1.93	1	0
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	1.93	1	0
Foot Diseases Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.	1.94	1	0
Erythermalgia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Erythromelalgia A peripheral arterial disease that is characterized by the triad of ERYTHEMA, burning PAIN, and increased SKIN TEMPERATURE of the extremities (or red, painful extremities). Erythromelalgia may be classified as primary or idiopathic, familial or non-familial. Secondary erythromelalgia is associated with other diseases, the most common being MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.	1.94	1	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Leukoma [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.	3.04	5	0
Corneal Opacity Disorder occurring in the central or peripheral area of the cornea. The usual degree of transparency becomes relatively opaque.	3.05	5	0
Shock, Surgical A type of shock that occurs as a result of a surgical procedure.	3.19	6	0
Shingles [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Herpes Zoster, Ocular [description not available]	3.81	12	0
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.34	2	0
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus Virus infection of the Gasserian ganglion and its nerve branches characterized by pain and vesicular eruptions with much swelling. Ocular involvement is usually heralded by a vesicle on the tip of the nose. This area is innervated by the nasociliary nerve.	3.81	12	0
Cleft Palate, Isolated [description not available]	3.56	3	0
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase [description not available]	3.26	2	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	4.94	9	0
Cleft Palate Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.	3.56	3	0
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.	3.26	2	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	2.35	2	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	2.35	2	0
Agricultural Worker Disease [description not available]	4.81	13	0
Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.	5.05	10	1
Pigmentary Retinopathy [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Pterygium An abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure, extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, being immovably united to the cornea at its apex, firmly attached to the sclera throughout its middle portion, and merged with the conjunctiva at its base. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.	2.64	3	0
Chronic Bronchitis [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Bronchitis, Chronic A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.	2.34	2	0
Abnormalities, Severe Teratoid Marked developmental anomalies of a fetus or infant.	1.94	1	0
Granulomas [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Epulides, Giant Cell [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	3.04	5	0
Granuloma, Giant Cell A non-neoplastic inflammatory lesion, usually of the jaw or gingiva, containing large, multinucleated cells. It includes reparative giant cell granuloma. Peripheral giant cell granuloma refers to the gingiva (giant cell epulis); central refers to the jaw.	1.94	1	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	8.13	21	2
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	8.13	21	2
Chronic Idiopathic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction A type of ILEUS, a functional not mechanical obstruction of the INTESTINES. This syndrome is caused by a large number of disorders involving the smooth muscles (MUSCLE, SMOOTH) or the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	3.21	6	0
(pPNET) Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral A group of highly cellular primitive round cell neoplasms which occur extracranially in soft tissue and bone and are derived from embryonal neural crest cells. These tumors occur primarily in children and adolescents and share a number of characteristics with EWING SARCOMA.	1.94	1	0
Carcinoma, Colloid [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	7.06	18	2
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.34	2	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	7.06	18	2
Stillbirth The event that a FETUS is born dead or stillborn.	1.93	1	0
Asphyxia Neonatorum Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)	5.12	11	0
Coarctation of Aorta [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Aortic Coarctation A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion.	2.64	3	0
Auditory Vertigo [description not available]	4.72	7	1
Meniere Disease A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.	4.72	7	1
Focal Neurologic Deficits [description not available]	5.59	13	0
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	5.48	16	1
Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.	1.94	1	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	6.13	12	1
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	6.13	12	1
Sun Stroke [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Gonorrhea Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.	1.94	1	0
Urethritis Inflammation involving the URETHRA. Similar to CYSTITIS, clinical symptoms range from vague discomfort to painful urination (DYSURIA), urethral discharge, or both.	1.94	1	0
Antisocial Behavior Behavior that sharply deviates from social norms and violates rights of others	2.35	2	0
Psychoses, Alcoholic A group of mental disorders associated with organic brain damage and caused by poisoning from alcohol.	2.63	3	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	2.63	3	0
Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome A symptom complex associated with CARCINOID TUMOR and characterized by attacks of severe flushing of the skin, diarrheal watery stools, bronchoconstriction, sudden drops in blood pressure, edema, and ascites. The carcinoid tumors are usually located in the gastrointestinal tract and metastasize to the liver. Symptoms are caused by tumor secretion of serotonin, prostaglandins, and other biologically active substances. Cardiac manifestations constitute CARCINOID HEART DISEASE. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	2.34	2	0
Convalescence The period of recovery following an illness.	1.94	1	0
Central Diabetes Insipidus [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	11.33	15	3
Diabetes Insipidus A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.	2.87	4	0
Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic A genetic or acquired polyuric disorder caused by a deficiency of VASOPRESSINS secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. Clinical signs include the excretion of large volumes of dilute URINE; HYPERNATREMIA; THIRST; and polydipsia. Etiologies include HEAD TRAUMA; surgeries and diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This disorder may also be caused by mutations of genes such as ARVP encoding vasopressin and its corresponding neurophysin (NEUROPHYSINS).	1.94	1	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	3.78	4	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	3.78	4	0
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	2.63	3	0
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	2.63	3	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	2.35	2	0
Polyradiculitis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Polyradiculopathy Disease or injury involving multiple SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots.	1.94	1	0
Island Cell Tumor [description not available]	3.56	9	0
Adenoma, Islet Cell A benign tumor of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the INSULIN-producing PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, as in INSULINOMA, resulting in HYPERINSULINISM.	3.56	9	0
Prolapse The protrusion of an organ or part of an organ into a natural or artificial orifice.	1.94	1	0
Diverticulitis Inflammation of a DIVERTICULUM or diverticula.	2.34	2	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	4.43	5	0
Paranoia [description not available]	4.36	8	0
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	2.35	2	0
Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic Infections of the INTESTINES with PARASITES, commonly involving PARASITIC WORMS. Infections with roundworms (NEMATODE INFECTIONS) and tapeworms (CESTODE INFECTIONS) are also known as HELMINTHIASIS.	2.86	4	0
Skin Manifestations Dermatologic disorders attendant upon non-dermatologic disease or injury.	3.04	5	0
Cranial Nerve IX Diseases [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Diseases Diseases of the ninth cranial (glossopharyngeal) nerve or its nuclei in the medulla. The nerve may be injured by diseases affecting the lower brain stem, floor of the posterior fossa, jugular foramen, or the nerve's extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include loss of sensation from the pharynx, decreased salivation, and syncope. Glossopharyngeal neuralgia refers to a condition that features recurrent unilateral sharp pain in the tongue, angle of the jaw, external auditory meatus and throat that may be associated with SYNCOPE. Episodes may be triggered by cough, sneeze, swallowing, or pressure on the tragus of the ear. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1390)	1.94	1	0
Fusiform Aneurysm Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	2.86	4	0
External Ophthalmoplegia [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Cranial Nerve III Diseases [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Aneurysm Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.	2.86	4	0
Contracture Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.	2.64	3	0
Achlorhydria A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion.	3.04	5	0
Arthritides, Bacterial [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Acute Rheumatic Fever [description not available]	4.11	6	0
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	1.94	1	0
Spondylitis Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.	2.63	3	0
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	3.05	5	0
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	3.75	2	1
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	3.75	2	1
Periarthritis Inflammation of the tissues around a joint. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	2.36	2	0
Cane-Cutter Fever [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Leptospirosis Infections with bacteria of the genus LEPTOSPIRA.	1.94	1	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	5.07	17	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	2.86	4	0
Marchiafava-Micheli Syndrome [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hemoglobinuria The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.	2.34	2	0
Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal A condition characterized by the recurrence of HEMOGLOBINURIA caused by intravascular HEMOLYSIS. In cases occurring upon cold exposure (paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria), usually after infections, there is a circulating antibody which is also a cold hemolysin. In cases occurring during or after sleep (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), the clonal hematopoietic stem cells exhibit a global deficiency of cell membrane proteins.	1.94	1	0
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Viral Hepatitis, Human [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	1.94	1	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Human INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).	1.94	1	0
Cor Pulmonale [description not available]	9.47	9	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	10.86	24	0
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	7.49	14	1
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	7.49	14	1
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	4.35	21	0
Pancreatic Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the PANCREAS.	4.02	15	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	2.65	3	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	6.59	15	4
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	6.59	15	4
Salivary Gland Diseases Diseases involving the SALIVARY GLANDS.	3.89	13	0
Thoracic Diseases Disorders affecting the organs of the thorax.	3.77	4	0
Pregnancy in Diabetes [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Eclampsia Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).	1.94	1	0
Toxemia A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.	6.94	1	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	3.65	10	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	2.35	2	0
Forestier-Certonciny Syndrome [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Algodystrophic Syndrome [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Osteophytosis, Spinal [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Amyotrophic Neuralgia [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Polymyalgia Rheumatica A syndrome in the elderly characterized by proximal joint and muscle pain, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a self-limiting course. Pain is usually accompanied by evidence of an inflammatory reaction. Women are affected twice as commonly as men and Caucasians more frequently than other groups. The condition is frequently associated with GIANT CELL ARTERITIS and some theories pose the possibility that the two diseases arise from a single etiology or even that they are the same entity.	1.94	1	0
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)	2.86	4	0
Brachial Plexus Neuritis A syndrome associated with inflammation of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical features include severe pain in the shoulder region which may be accompanied by MUSCLE WEAKNESS and loss of sensation in the upper extremity. This condition may be associated with VIRUS DISEASES; IMMUNIZATION; SURGERY; heroin use (see HEROIN DEPENDENCE); and other conditions. The term brachial neuralgia generally refers to pain associated with brachial plexus injury. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1355-6)	2.34	2	0
Alastrim [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Smallpox An acute, highly contagious, often fatal infectious disease caused by an orthopoxvirus characterized by a biphasic febrile course and distinctive progressive skin eruptions. Vaccination has succeeded in eradicating smallpox worldwide. (Dorland, 28th ed)	1.94	1	0
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Porphyria [description not available]	8.96	5	0
Porphyrias A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.	3.96	5	0
Hoarseness An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice.	2.36	2	0
Anemia, Hypochromic Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)	1.94	1	0
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	3.26	2	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	4.43	5	0
Genetic Diseases [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	5.64	19	1
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	5.64	19	1
Genetic Diseases, Inborn Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.	1.94	1	0
Basilar Skull Fracture [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Facial Injuries General or unspecified injuries to the soft tissue or bony portions of the face.	1.93	1	0
Cranial Nerve VII Injuries [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	2.63	3	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	7.63	3	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	2.63	3	0
Bouillaud Disease [description not available]	3.89	13	0
Rheumatic Heart Disease Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.	3.89	13	0
Cyclitis, Chronic [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Uveitis, Intermediate Inflammation of the pars plana, ciliary body, and adjacent structures.	1.93	1	0
Suicidal Ideation A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.	1.93	1	0
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	2.86	4	0
Inguinal Hernia [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Gigantism The condition of accelerated and excessive GROWTH in children or adolescents who are exposed to excess HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE before the closure of EPIPHYSES. It is usually caused by somatotroph hyperplasia or a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. These patients are of abnormally tall stature, more than 3 standard deviations above normal mean height for age.	2.01	1	0
Hernia, Inguinal An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.	2.87	4	0
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	2.01	1	0
Allergic Conjunctivitis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Conjunctivitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.	2.01	1	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	3.57	3	0
Bleb [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	2.93	1	0
Bordetella pertussis Infection, Respiratory [description not available]	2.33	2	0
Whooping Cough A respiratory infection caused by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS and characterized by paroxysmal coughing ending in a prolonged crowing intake of breath.	2.33	2	0
Catarrh Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.	4.25	4	1
Common Cold A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.	4.25	4	1
Hypertension, Essential [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Essential Hypertension Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500	6.92	1	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	1.92	1	0
Eczema, Dyshidrotic A recurrent eczematous reaction characterized by the development of vesicular eruptions on the palms and soles, particularly along the sides and between the digits. It is accompanied by pruritus, a burning sensation, and hyperhidrosis. The disease is self-limiting, lasting only a few weeks. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.92	1	0
Common Bile Duct Diseases Diseases of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.	3.26	2	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	2.34	2	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	7.34	2	0
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Microcephaly A congenital abnormality in which the CEREBRUM is underdeveloped, the fontanels close prematurely, and, as a result, the head is small. (Desk Reference for Neuroscience, 2nd ed.)	2.02	1	0
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	2.02	1	0
Atrial Ectopic Tachycardia [description not available]	3.32	2	0
Aganglionic Megacolon [description not available]	3.76	11	0
Hirschsprung Disease Congenital MEGACOLON resulting from the absence of ganglion cells (aganglionosis) in a distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE. The aganglionic segment is permanently contracted thus causing dilatation proximal to it. In most cases, the aganglionic segment is within the RECTUM and SIGMOID COLON.	3.76	11	0
Kawasaki Disease [description not available]	7.02	1	0
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.	2.02	1	0
Colonic Diverticulitis [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Corneal Edema An excessive amount of fluid in the cornea due to damage of the epithelium or endothelium causing decreased visual acuity.	2.43	2	0
Catatonia A neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by one or more of the following essential features: immobility, mutism, negativism (active or passive refusal to follow commands), mannerisms, stereotypies, posturing, grimacing, excitement, echolalia, echopraxia, muscular rigidity, and stupor; sometimes punctuated by sudden violent outbursts, panic, or hallucinations. This condition may be associated with psychiatric illnesses (e.g., SCHIZOPHRENIA; MOOD DISORDERS) or organic disorders (NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITIS, etc.). (From DSM-IV, 4th ed, 1994; APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	3.66	10	0
Ventricular Dysfunction A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.	2.02	1	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	4.29	4	1
Cholecystolithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the GALLBLADDER.	2.02	1	0
Buphthalmos [description not available]	1.92	1	0
Anomalous Ventricular Excitation Syndrome [description not available]	7.08	33	0
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome A form of ventricular pre-excitation characterized by a short PR interval and a long QRS interval with a delta wave. In this syndrome, atrial impulses are abnormally conducted to the HEART VENTRICLES via an ACCESSORY CONDUCTING PATHWAY that is located between the wall of the right or left atria and the ventricles, also known as a BUNDLE OF KENT. The inherited form can be caused by mutation of PRKAG2 gene encoding a gamma-2 regulatory subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase.	7.08	33	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	3.99	5	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.99	5	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	2.38	2	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	3.47	8	0
Lordosis The anterior concavity in the curvature of the lumbar and cervical spine as viewed from the side. The term usually refers to abnormally increased curvature (hollow back, saddle back, swayback). It does not include lordosis as normal mating posture in certain animals ( = POSTURE + SEX BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL).	2.37	2	0
Deficiency, Vitamin K [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Blood Coagulation Factor Deficiencies [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Vitamin K Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN K in the diet, characterized by an increased tendency to hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS). Such bleeding episodes may be particularly severe in newborn infants. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1182)	2.02	1	0
Angioma, Cavernous A tumor-like mass with large vascular space that is filled with blood or lymph.	2.02	1	0
Click-Murmur Syndrome [description not available]	4.97	9	1
Foreign Bodies Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.	3.33	7	0
Anterior Cervical Pain [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Flaccid Quadriplegia [description not available]	3.66	10	0
Neck Pain Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.	2.03	1	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	2.02	1	0
Lens Diseases Diseases involving the CRYSTALLINE LENS.	2.4	2	0
Bile Duct Diseases Diseases in any part of the ductal system of the BILIARY TRACT from the smallest BILE CANALICULI to the largest COMMON BILE DUCT.	2.03	1	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	3.06	5	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	2.66	3	0
Vasculitis, Retinal [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Acute Retinal Necrosis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Retinal Vasculitis Inflammation of the retinal vasculature with various causes including infectious disease; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; BEHCET SYNDROME; and CHORIORETINITIS.	2.03	1	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	2.03	1	0
Exanthem [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	2.37	2	0
Radius Fractures Fractures of the RADIUS.	2.03	1	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	8.2	40	3
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	8.2	40	3
Angioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.	2.9	4	0
Cancer of Oropharnyx [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hemangioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)	2.9	4	0
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.	2.03	1	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Hemoptysis Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.	2.03	1	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	2.38	2	0
Pulsatile Tinnitus [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Tinnitus A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.	2.37	2	0
Ileal Diseases Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	2.03	1	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	2.03	1	0
Cancer of Digestive System [description not available]	4.33	1	1
Digestive System Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.	4.33	1	1
Capillary Telangiectasia, Brain [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Spinal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the SPINE.	2.03	1	0
Lens Dislocation [description not available]	3.81	4	0
BOF Syndrome [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)	2.65	3	0
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Barotrauma Injury following pressure changes; includes injury to the eustachian tube, ear drum, lung and stomach.	2.03	1	0
Tracheal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the TRACHEA.	2.03	1	0
Dehiscence, Surgical Wound [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Pneumothorax An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.	3.22	6	0
Blood Loss, Postoperative [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hemothorax Hemorrhage within the pleural cavity.	2.03	1	0
Lung, Hyperlucent A lung with reduced markings on its chest radiograph and increased areas of transradiancy (hyperlucency). A hyperlucent lung is usually associated with pulmonary emphysema or PNEUMOTHORAX.	2.03	1	0
Bronchiectasis Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi.	2.87	4	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	2.88	4	0
Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)	2.65	3	0
Molar, Fourth [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	3.22	6	0
Elevated ICP (Intracranial Pressure) [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Acrocephaly Premature closing of the lambdoid and coronal sutures.	2.03	1	0
Craniosynostoses Premature closure of one or more CRANIAL SUTURES. It often results in plagiocephaly. Craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA; and CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS.	2.03	1	0
Intracranial Hypertension Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.	2.36	2	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	4.94	9	1
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	4.94	9	1
Hyperamylasemia A condition with abnormally elevated level of AMYLASES in the serum. Hyperamylasemia due to PANCREATITIS or other causes may be differentiated by identifying the amylase isoenzymes.	2.03	1	0
Hyperidrosis [description not available]	4.85	8	1
Hyperhidrosis Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.	9.85	8	1
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	6.48	45	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	6.48	45	0
Fong Disease [description not available]	2.03	1	0
DDPAC [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Frontotemporal Dementia The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.	2.05	1	0
Polyneuropathy, Acquired [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Polyneuropathies Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.	2.69	3	0
Cortical Lewy Body Disease [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Amentia [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Ophthalmoplegia, Progressive Supranuclear [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	7.4	2	0
Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive A degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by balance difficulties; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia); DYSARTHRIA; swallowing difficulties; and axial DYSTONIA. Onset is usually in the fifth decade and disease progression occurs over several years. Pathologic findings include neurofibrillary degeneration and neuronal loss in the dorsal MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; RED NUCLEUS; pallidum; dentate nucleus; and vestibular nuclei. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1076-7)	2.04	1	0
Lewy Body Disease A neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia, mild parkinsonism, and fluctuations in attention and alertness. The neuropsychiatric manifestations tend to precede the onset of bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY, and other extrapyramidal signs. DELUSIONS and visual HALLUCINATIONS are relatively frequent in this condition. Histologic examination reveals LEWY BODIES in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and BRAIN STEM. SENILE PLAQUES and other pathologic features characteristic of ALZHEIMER DISEASE may also be present. (From Neurology 1997;48:376-380; Neurology 1996;47:1113-1124)	2.04	1	0
Atelectasis [description not available]	4.73	7	1
Adult Onset Nemaline Myopathy [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Anesthesia Related Hyperthermia [description not available]	3.75	11	0
Myopathies, Nemaline A group of inherited congenital myopathic conditions characterized clinically by weakness, hypotonia, and prominent hypoplasia of proximal muscles including the face. Muscle biopsy reveals large numbers of rod-shaped structures beneath the muscle fiber plasma membrane. This disorder is genetically heterogeneous and may occasionally present in adults. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1453)	2.04	1	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Abnormalities, Jaw [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Cherubism A fibro-osseous hereditary disease of the jaws. The swollen jaws and raised eyes give a cherubic appearance; multiple radiolucencies are evident upon radiographic examination.	2.04	1	0
Premenstrual Tension A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.	1.94	1	0
Myxedema A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.	1.94	1	0
Premenstrual Syndrome A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.	1.94	1	0
Psychophysiologic Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)	6.82	14	2
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Cardiac Septal Defect [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Goiter Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).	2.34	2	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	5.05	10	1
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	10.05	10	1
Exophthalmos Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.	2.64	3	0
Ocular Tuberculosis [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Choroid Neoplasms Tumors of the choroid; most common intraocular tumors are malignant melanomas of the choroid. These usually occur after puberty and increase in incidence with advancing age. Most malignant melanomas of the uveal tract develop from benign melanomas (nevi).	1.94	1	0
Panophthalmitis Acute suppurative inflammation of the inner eye with necrosis of the sclera (and sometimes the cornea) and extension of the inflammation into the orbit. Pain may be severe and the globe may rupture. In endophthalmitis the globe does not rupture.	1.94	1	0
Deaf Mutism [description not available]	3.04	5	0
Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.	3.04	5	0
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.	1.94	1	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	3.96	5	0
Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the DIGESTIVE TRACT or the RESPIRATORY TRACT. Polyps can be spheroidal, hemispheroidal, or irregular mound-shaped structures attached to the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the lumen wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2.35	2	0
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	3.96	5	0
Cardiac Complex, Premature [description not available]	11.45	55	6
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	4.12	6	0
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	9.12	6	0
Conus Medullaris Syndrome [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Flatus [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	3.74	2	0
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.	3.75	2	0
Aerophagy Spasmodic swallowing of air.	2.87	1	0
Flatulence Production or presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract which may be expelled through the anus.	2.87	1	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	4.22	18	0
Inner Ear Disease [description not available]	5.17	4	1
Labyrinth Diseases Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).	5.17	4	1
Hysteria Historical term for a chronic, but fluctuating, disorder beginning in early life and characterized by recurrent and multiple somatic complaints not apparently due to physical illness. This diagnosis is not used in contemporary practice.	2.36	2	0
Urinary Incontinence, Stress Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.	2.87	4	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	3.91	13	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	3.91	13	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	1.96	1	0
Argentaffinoma [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Adenomatosis, Familial Endocrine [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Carcinoid Tumor A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)	1.96	1	0
Prinzmetal Angina [description not available]	5.29	13	0
Angina Pectoris, Variant A clinical syndrome characterized by the development of CHEST PAIN at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, but with preserved exercise capacity.	5.29	13	0
Perforated Appendicitis [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Appendicitis Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.	3.57	3	0
Anaplastic Ependymoma [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Bernard Syndrome [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Ependymoma Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)	1.95	1	0
Spinal Cord Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.	1.95	1	0
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	3.78	4	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	4.25	7	0
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	4.25	7	0
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	3.57	3	0
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	4.49	9	0
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	4.49	9	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	4.26	7	0
Pancreatic Pseudocyst Cyst-like space not lined by EPITHELIUM and contained within the PANCREAS. Pancreatic pseudocysts account for most of the cystic collections in the pancreas and are often associated with chronic PANCREATITIS.	1.96	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	6.81	9	3
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	6.81	9	3
Adrenal Cortex Cancer [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.	1.95	1	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.	1.95	1	0
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.87	1	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	2.87	1	0
Salivary Gland Fistula A fistula between a salivary duct or gland and the cutaneous surface of the oral cavity.	2.35	2	0
Chediak-Higashi Syndrome A form of phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction characterized by unusual oculocutaneous albinism, high incidence of lymphoreticular neoplasms, and recurrent pyogenic infections. In many cell types, abnormal lysosomes are present leading to defective pigment distribution and abnormal neutrophil functions. The disease is transmitted by autosomal recessive inheritance and a similar disorder occurs in the beige mouse, the Aleutian mink, and albino Hereford cattle.	2.36	2	0
Appetite Disorders [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	3.8	4	0
Feeding and Eating Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.	1.96	1	0
Cannabis Abuse [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Marijuana Abuse Use of marijuana associated with abnormal psychological, social, and or occupational functioning.	2.37	2	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	3.37	7	0
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	3.37	7	0
Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease, Peripheral [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Atypical Cluster Headache [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Cephalgia, Vascular [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Gastritis, Atrophic GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.	1.96	1	0
Sneezing The sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the NOSE and MOUTH caused by irritation to the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	4.04	3	1
Prostatic Diseases Pathological processes involving the PROSTATE or its component tissues.	2.35	2	0
Hemorrhagic Diathesis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hemorrhagic Disorders Spontaneous or near spontaneous bleeding caused by a defect in clotting mechanisms (BLOOD COAGULATION DISORDERS) or another abnormality causing a structural flaw in the blood vessels (HEMOSTATIC DISORDERS).	1.96	1	0
Varices [description not available]	3.75	2	1
Varicose Veins Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.	3.75	2	1
Malignant Hypertension [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hypertension, Malignant A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.	1.96	1	0
Ciliary Dyskinesia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Ciliary Motility Disorders Conditions caused by abnormal CILIA movement in the body, usually causing KARTAGENER SYNDROME, chronic respiratory disorders, chronic SINUSITIS, and chronic OTITIS. Abnormal ciliary beating is likely due to defects in any of the 200 plus ciliary proteins, such as missing motor enzyme DYNEIN arms.	1.96	1	0
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	2.64	3	0
Injuries, Spinal [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	5.77	8	1
Cold Fingers, Hereditary [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Raynaud Disease An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.	1.96	1	0
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	3.56	3	0
Insulin Coma Severe HYPOGLYCEMIA induced by a large dose of exogenous INSULIN resulting in a COMA or profound state of unconsciousness from which the individual cannot be aroused.	2.35	2	0
Cataleptic Attacks [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Diseases in Twins Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.	2.36	2	0
Bronchospasm, Exercise-Induced [description not available]	5.78	6	4
Asthma, Exercise-Induced Asthma attacks following a period of exercise. Usually the induced attack is short-lived and regresses spontaneously. The magnitude of postexertional airway obstruction is strongly influenced by the environment in which exercise is performed (i.e. inhalation of cold air during physical exertion markedly augments the severity of the airway obstruction; conversely, warm humid air blunts or abolishes it).	5.78	6	4
Spondylisthesis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Arthritis, Post-Infectious [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Arthritis, Reactive An aseptic, inflammatory arthritis developing secondary to a primary extra-articular infection, most typically of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or UROGENITAL SYSTEM. The initiating trigger pathogens are usually SHIGELLA; SALMONELLA; YERSINIA; CAMPYLOBACTER; or CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS. Reactive arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-B27 ANTIGEN.	2.36	2	0
Tuberculosis, Miliary An acute form of TUBERCULOSIS in which minute tubercles are formed in a number of organs of the body due to dissemination of the bacilli through the blood stream.	1.96	1	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	2.88	4	0
Acathisia, Drug-Induced [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Flushing A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.	8.75	2	1
Scoliosis An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.37	2	0
Fetal Distress A nonreassuring fetal status (NRFS) indicating that the FETUS is compromised (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 1988). It can be identified by sub-optimal values in FETAL HEART RATE; oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD; and other parameters.	2.87	4	0
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	6.16	18	2
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	11.16	18	2
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.	1.96	1	0
Amnesia, Pre-Ictal [description not available]	4.04	3	1
Acid-Base Imbalance Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.	3.56	3	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	3.21	6	0
Bends [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hansen Disease [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	2.36	2	0
Dysentery, Shiga bacillus [description not available]	5.64	7	3
Dysentery, Bacillary DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).	5.64	7	3
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	6.1	4	1
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	6.43	10	1
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	6.1	4	1
Animal Diseases Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.	1.95	1	0
Clostridioides difficile Infection [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	5.5	6	1
Clostridium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM and closely related CLOSTRIDIOIDES species.	2.87	1	0
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	5.5	6	1
Deficiency, Thiamine [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Thiamine Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)	2.87	1	0
Dysesthesia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	2.36	2	0
Hyperparathyroidism A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.	3.27	2	0
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome A syndrome that is characterized by the triad of severe PEPTIC ULCER, hypersecretion of GASTRIC ACID, and GASTRIN-producing tumors of the PANCREAS or other tissue (GASTRINOMA). This syndrome may be sporadic or be associated with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1.	3.45	8	0
Dystonia An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77)	3.76	2	1
Cervical Dystonia A common form of DYSTONIA due to involuntary sustained or spasmodic, repetitive muscle contractions in the neck region. According to the position of the twisted neck and head, cervical dystonia can be categorized as torticollis, laterocollis, retrocollis, and a combination of these abnormal postures.	1.96	1	0
Torticollis A symptom, not a disease, of a twisted neck. In most instances, the head is tipped toward one side and the chin rotated toward the other. The involuntary muscle contractions in the neck region of patients with torticollis can be due to congenital defects, trauma, inflammation, tumors, and neurological or other factors.	1.96	1	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Arachnidism [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Pleuropericarditis Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.	2.64	3	0
Pericarditis Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.	2.64	3	0
Cardiac Free Wall Rupture [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	2.86	4	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	3.56	3	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	3.56	3	0
Human Trichinellosis [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Trichinellosis An infection with TRICHINELLA. It is caused by eating raw or undercooked meat that is infected with larvae of nematode worms TRICHINELLA genus. All members of the TRICHINELLA genus can infect human in addition to TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS, the traditional etiological agent. It is distributed throughout much of the world and is re-emerging in some parts as a public health hazard and a food safety problem.	2.65	3	0
Neuroma A tumor made up of nerve cells and nerve fibers. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.36	2	0
Adjustment Disorder [description not available]	4.12	6	0
Hypochondriacal Neuroses [description not available]	3.56	3	0
Adjustment Disorders Maladaptive reactions to identifiable psychosocial stressors occurring within a short time after onset of the stressor. They are manifested by either impairment in social or occupational functioning or by symptoms (depression, anxiety, etc.) that are in excess of a normal and expected reaction to the stressor.	4.12	6	0
Scrotal Hydrocele [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Rupture Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.	2.36	2	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	1.95	1	0
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Sinus Infections [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	2.35	2	0
Postintubation Croup [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Croup Inflammation involving the GLOTTIS or VOCAL CORDS and the subglottic larynx. Croup is characterized by a barking cough, HOARSENESS, and persistent inspiratory STRIDOR (a high-pitched breathing sound). It occurs chiefly in infants and children.	1.98	1	0
Extravasation of Contrast Media [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Eosinophilia, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Pulmonary Eosinophilia A condition characterized by infiltration of the lung with EOSINOPHILS due to inflammation or other disease processes. Major eosinophilic lung diseases are the eosinophilic pneumonias caused by infections, allergens, or toxic agents.	2.38	2	0
Basophilic Leukemia, Acute [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Leukemia, Basophilic, Acute A rare acute myeloid leukemia in which the primary differentiation is to BASOPHILS. It is characterized by an extreme increase of immature basophilic granulated cells in the bone marrow and blood. Mature basophils are usually sparse.	1.98	1	0
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	2.37	2	0
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	3.97	5	0
Leprosy, Cutaneous [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	3.97	5	0
Methemoglobinemia The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.57	3	0
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	1.98	1	0
Infections, Paramyxoviridae [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Paramyxoviridae Infections Infections with viruses of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. This includes MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTIONS; RESPIROVIRUS INFECTIONS; PNEUMOVIRUS INFECTIONS; HENIPAVIRUS INFECTIONS; AVULAVIRUS INFECTIONS; and RUBULAVIRUS INFECTIONS.	2.38	2	0
Inflammation, Endodontic [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Cheilitis Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology.	1.98	1	0
Pulpitis Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.	1.98	1	0
Tooth Fractures Break or rupture of a tooth or tooth root.	2.37	2	0
Biliary Calculi [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Gallstones Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.	2.37	2	0
Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Alcohol Withdrawal Associated Autonomic Hyperactivity [description not available]	4.04	3	1
Phimosis A condition in which the FORESKIN cannot be retracted to reveal the GLANS PENIS. It is due to tightness or narrowing of the foreskin opening.	1.98	1	0
Autonomic Failure, Progressive [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Crigler Najjar Syndrome [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Penile Diseases Pathological processes involving the PENIS or its component tissues.	1.98	1	0
Impotence, Arteriogenic [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	4.03	3	1
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	3.97	5	0
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	3.97	5	0
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly) [description not available]	4.27	4	1
Acromegaly A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)	9.27	4	1
Avian Diseases [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Diarrheogenic Islet Cell Tumor [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Cyanosis A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.	7.11	13	3
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	3.21	6	0
Asthmatic Crisis [description not available]	4.97	3	1
Anisocoria Unequal pupil size, which may represent a benign physiologic variant or a manifestation of disease. Pathologic anisocoria reflects an abnormality in the musculature of the iris (IRIS DISEASES) or in the parasympathetic or sympathetic pathways that innervate the pupil. Physiologic anisocoria refers to an asymmetry of pupil diameter, usually less than 2mm, that is not associated with disease.	6.98	1	0
Status Asthmaticus A sudden intense and continuous aggravation of a state of asthma, marked by dyspnea to the point of exhaustion and collapse and not responding to the usual therapeutic efforts.	9.97	3	1
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	2.39	2	0
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	2.39	2	0
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome A potentially fatal syndrome associated primarily with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS) which are in turn associated with dopaminergic receptor blockade (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE) in the BASAL GANGLIA and HYPOTHALAMUS, and sympathetic dysregulation. Clinical features include diffuse MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; high FEVER; diaphoresis; labile blood pressure; cognitive dysfunction; and autonomic disturbances. Serum CPK level elevation and a leukocytosis may also be present. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199; Psychiatr Serv 1998 Sep;49(9):1163-72)	7.68	3	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	3.78	4	0
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Nasal Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.	3.37	1	1
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	3.29	2	0
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	3.29	2	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	2.37	2	0
Cot Death [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Wounds, Gunshot Disruption of structural continuity of the body as a result of the discharge of firearms.	2.87	4	0
Corynebacterium Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus CORYNEBACTERIUM.	1.98	1	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	4.06	3	1
Benign Supratentorial Neoplasms [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Allergy, Milk [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Milk Hypersensitivity Allergic reaction to milk (usually cow's milk) or milk products. MILK HYPERSENSITIVITY should be differentiated from LACTOSE INTOLERANCE, an intolerance to milk as a result of congenital deficiency of lactase.	1.99	1	0
Jejunal Diseases Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.	2.4	2	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	5.29	7	2
Hypocapnia Clinical manifestation consisting of a deficiency of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	2.68	3	0
Angiostrongylus Infections [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Angina at Rest [description not available]	5.4	5	0
Angina, Unstable Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	5.4	5	0
Catatonic Rigidity [description not available]	3.35	7	0
Muscle Rigidity Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)	8.35	7	0
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	3.07	5	0
Labhart-Willi Syndrome [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Prader-Willi Syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder caused by deletion of the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) or by inheritance of both of the pair of chromosomes 15 from the mother (UNIPARENTAL DISOMY) which are imprinted (GENETIC IMPRINTING) and hence silenced. Clinical manifestations include MENTAL RETARDATION; MUSCULAR HYPOTONIA; HYPERPHAGIA; OBESITY; short stature; HYPOGONADISM; STRABISMUS; and HYPERSOMNOLENCE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p229)	1.99	1	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	1.99	1	0
Facial Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the FACE.	2.67	3	0
Chondrodysplasia Punctata A heterogeneous group of bone dysplasias, the common character of which is stippling of the epiphyses in infancy. The group includes a severe autosomal recessive form (CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA, RHIZOMELIC), an autosomal dominant form (Conradi-Hunermann syndrome), and a milder X-linked form. Metabolic defects associated with impaired peroxisomes are present only in the rhizomelic form.	1.99	1	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	2.66	3	0
Birth Injuries Mechanical or anoxic trauma incurred by the infant during labor or delivery.	1.99	1	0
Hangman Fracture [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Spinal Fractures Broken bones in the vertebral column.	1.99	1	0
Exfoliation Glaucoma [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Exfoliation Syndrome The deposition of flaky, translucent fibrillar material most conspicuous on the anterior lens capsule and pupillary margin but also in both surfaces of the iris, the zonules, trabecular meshwork, ciliary body, corneal endothelium, and orbital blood vessels. It sometimes forms a membrane on the anterior iris surface. Exfoliation refers to the shedding of pigment by the iris. (Newell, Ophthalmology, 7th ed, p380)	1.99	1	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	2.4	2	0
Acquired Vocal Cord Palsy [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Vocal Cord Paralysis Congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both VOCAL CORDS. This condition is caused by defects in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the VAGUS NERVE and branches of LARYNGEAL NERVES. Common symptoms are VOICE DISORDERS including HOARSENESS or APHONIA.	1.99	1	0
Congenital Epulides [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	2.87	4	0
Pleural Effusion, Malignant Presence of fluid in the PLEURAL CAVITY as a complication of malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain actual malignant cells.	1.99	1	0
Urethral Obstruction Partial or complete blockage in any part of the URETHRA that can lead to difficulty or inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by an enlarged, often damaged, bladder with frequent urges to void.	1.99	1	0
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	2.38	2	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	4.05	3	1
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	2	1	0
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	2	1	0
Polyuria Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).	1.99	1	0
Anal Fissure [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Thrombopenia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Common Variable Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Fissure in Ano A painful linear tear at the margin of the anus. It appears as a crack or slit in the mucous membrane of the anus and is very painful and difficult to heal.	1.99	1	0
Hemorrhoids Swollen veins in the lower part of the RECTUM or ANUS. Hemorrhoids can be inside the anus (internal), under the skin around the anus (external), or protruding from inside to outside of the anus. People with hemorrhoids may or may not exhibit symptoms which include bleeding, itching, and pain.	4.04	3	1
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	1.99	1	0
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.	1.99	1	0
Common Variable Immunodeficiency Heterogeneous group of immunodeficiency syndromes characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia of most isotypes, variable B-cell defects, and the presence of recurrent bacterial infections.	1.99	1	0
Ectopic Junctional Tachycardia [description not available]	2	1	0
Coxa Plana [description not available]	2	1	0
Otospongiosis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Otosclerosis Formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule which can progress toward the STAPES (stapedial fixation) or anteriorly toward the COCHLEA leading to conductive, sensorineural, or mixed HEARING LOSS. Several genes are associated with familial otosclerosis with varied clinical signs.	1.99	1	0
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Monkey Diseases Diseases of Old World and New World monkeys. This term includes diseases of baboons but not of chimpanzees or gorillas (= APE DISEASES).	2.91	1	0
Myositis Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.	2.91	1	0
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	2.91	1	0
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	2.37	2	0
BOOP [description not available]	2	1	0
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	2.37	2	0
Cervical Fusion Syndrome [description not available]	2	1	0
Blast Injuries Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.41	2	0
Shock, Traumatic Shock produced as a result of trauma.	2.37	2	0
Exomphalos [description not available]	2	1	0
Hernia, Umbilical A HERNIA due to an imperfect closure or weakness of the umbilical ring. It appears as a skin-covered protrusion at the UMBILICUS during crying, coughing, or straining. The hernia generally consists of OMENTUM or SMALL INTESTINE. The vast majority of umbilical hernias are congenital but can be acquired due to severe abdominal distention.	2	1	0
Colonic Polyps Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2	1	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	4.14	6	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	4.14	6	0
Hospital-Addiction Syndrome [description not available]	2	1	0
Cancer of Gallbladder [description not available]	4.3	1	1
Gallbladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.	4.3	1	1
Congenital Fissure of the Abdominal Cavity [description not available]	2	1	0
Gastroschisis A congenital defect with major fissure in the ABDOMINAL WALL lateral to, but not at, the UMBILICUS. This results in the extrusion of VISCERA. Unlike OMPHALOCELE, herniated structures in gastroschisis are not covered by a sac or PERITONEUM.	2	1	0
Cardiac Rupture, Post-Infarction [description not available]	2	1	0
Episcleritis [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Scleritis Refers to any inflammation of the sclera including episcleritis, a benign condition affecting only the episclera, which is generally short-lived and easily treated. Classic scleritis, on the other hand, affects deeper tissue and is characterized by higher rates of visual acuity loss and even mortality, particularly in necrotizing form. Its characteristic symptom is severe and general head pain. Scleritis has also been associated with systemic collagen disease. Etiology is unknown but is thought to involve a local immune response. Treatment is difficult and includes administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids. Inflammation of the sclera may also be secondary to inflammation of adjacent tissues, such as the conjunctiva.	2.92	1	0
Boutonneuse Fever A febrile disease of the Mediterranean area, the Crimea, Africa, and India, caused by infection with RICKETTSIA CONORII.	2	1	0
Syringoma A benign tumor of the sweat glands which is usually multiple and results from malformation of sweat ducts. It is uncommon and more common in females than in males. It is most likely to appear at adolescence, and further lesions may develop during adult life. It does not appear to be hereditary. (Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, pp2407-8)	7	1	0
Labor, Premature [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Xerophthalmia Dryness of the eye surfaces caused by deficiency of tears or conjunctival secretions. It may be associated with vitamin A deficiency, trauma, or any condition in which the eyelids do not close completely.	2.37	2	0
Priapism A prolonged painful erection that may lasts hours and is not associated with sexual activity. It is seen in patients with SICKLE CELL ANEMIA, advanced malignancy, spinal trauma; and certain drug treatments.	2.88	4	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	2.41	2	0
Tick Paralysis Paralysis caused by a neurotropic toxin secreted by the salivary glands of ticks.	7	1	0
Brain Emboli [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Congenital Nystagmus [description not available]	2	1	0
Blow Out Fracture [description not available]	3.31	2	0
Amyloid Neuropathy Type 1 [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial Inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. The different clinical types based on symptoms correspond to the presence of a variety of mutations in several different proteins including transthyretin (PREALBUMIN); APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I; and GELSOLIN.	3.39	1	1
Bradykinesia [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	2	1	0
Hepatitis, Autoimmune A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.	2	1	0
Infection, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare [description not available]	1.98	1	0
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	1.98	1	0
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.	1.98	1	0
Kidney Stones [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	2.01	1	0
Pre-Excitation Syndromes A group of conditions in which HEART VENTRICLE activation by the atrial impulse is faster than the normal impulse conduction from the SINOATRIAL NODE. In these pre-excitation syndromes, atrial impulses often bypass the ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE delay and travel via ACCESSORY CONDUCTING PATHWAYS connecting the atrium directly to the BUNDLE OF HIS.	2.39	2	0
Bordetella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus BORDETELLA.	1.95	1	0
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Pyrosis [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Heartburn Substernal pain or burning sensation, usually associated with regurgitation of gastric juice into the esophagus.	2.35	2	0
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.	1.95	1	0
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.	3.05	5	0
Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).	3.05	5	0
Abdominal Epilepsy [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Epilepsies, Partial Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)	2.65	3	0
Mitral Incompetence [description not available]	4.72	7	1
Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.	4.72	7	1
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	11.27	14	1
Acoustic Trauma Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.	1.95	1	0
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.	1.95	1	0
Auriculotemporal Nerve Syndrome [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	4.48	9	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	4.48	9	0
Afibrinogenemia, Congenital [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Afibrinogenemia A deficiency or absence of FIBRINOGEN in the blood.	1.95	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Alveolar [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar A carcinoma derived from epithelium of terminal bronchioles, in which the neoplastic tissue extends along the alveolar walls and grows in small masses within the alveoli. Involvement may be uniformly diffuse and massive, or nodular, or lobular. The neoplastic cells are cuboidal or columnar and form papillary structures. Mucin may be demonstrated in some of the cells and in the material in the alveoli, which also includes denuded cells. Metastases in regional lymph nodes, and in even more distant sites, are known to occur, but are infrequent. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.27	2	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	2.64	3	0
Vibrio cholerae Infection [description not available]	4.03	3	1
Cholera An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.	4.03	3	1
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.	1.95	1	0
Clerambault Syndrome [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Tourette Syndrome A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)	2.36	2	0
Pregnancy, Tubal The most common (	1.95	1	0
Hemoperitoneum Accumulations of blood in the PERITONEAL CAVITY due to internal HEMORRHAGE.	1.95	1	0
Haemophilus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.	2.87	4	0
Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis Type B [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Neuroretinitis [description not available]	4.03	3	0
Chorioretinitis Inflammation of the choroid in which the sensory retina becomes edematous and opaque. The inflammatory cells and exudate may burst through the sensory retina to cloud the vitreous body.	3.27	2	0
Retinitis Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).	4.03	3	0
Pancreatic Cyst A true cyst of the PANCREAS, distinguished from the much more common PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST by possessing a lining of mucous EPITHELIUM. Pancreatic cysts are categorized as congenital, retention, neoplastic, parasitic, enterogenous, or dermoid. Congenital cysts occur more frequently as solitary cysts but may be multiple. Retention cysts are gross enlargements of PANCREATIC DUCTS secondary to ductal obstruction. (From Bockus Gastroenterology, 4th ed, p4145)	3.04	5	0
Periphlebitis Periphlebitis is inflammation of the outer coat of a vein or of tissues surrounding the vein.	1.95	1	0
Phlebitis Inflammation of a vein, often a vein in the leg. Phlebitis associated with a blood clot is called (THROMBOPHLEBITIS).	1.95	1	0
Addiction, Opioid [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Opioid-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.	2.37	2	0
Klein Syndrome [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hypoproteinemia A condition in which total serum protein level is below the normal range. Hypoproteinemia can be caused by protein malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract, EDEMA, or PROTEINURIA.	2.35	2	0
Myotonia Prolonged failure of muscle relaxation after contraction. This may occur after voluntary contractions, muscle percussion, or electrical stimulation of the muscle. Myotonia is a characteristic feature of MYOTONIC DISORDERS.	2.35	2	0
Wounds, Penetrating Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.	1.95	1	0
Onchocerciasis Infection with nematodes of the genus ONCHOCERCA. Characteristics include the presence of firm subcutaneous nodules filled with adult worms, PRURITUS, and ocular lesions.	2.36	2	0
Diabetic Coma A state of unconsciousness as a complication of diabetes mellitus. It occurs in cases of extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA or extreme HYPOGLYCEMIA as a complication of INSULIN therapy.	2.35	2	0
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Fatty Liver with Encephalopathy [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	2.35	2	0
Hypodermyiasis Infestation with larvae of the genus Hypoderma, the warble fly.	2.35	2	0
Atresia, Esophageal [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Esophageal Atresia Congenital abnormality characterized by the lack of full development of the ESOPHAGUS that commonly occurs with TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA. Symptoms include excessive SALIVATION; GAGGING; CYANOSIS; and DYSPNEA.	2.86	4	0
Intestinal Polyps Discrete abnormal tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the INTESTINE. A polyp is attached to the intestinal wall either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2.64	3	0
Postgastrectomy Syndromes Sequelae of gastrectomy from the second week after operation on. Include recurrent or anastomotic ulcer, postprandial syndromes (DUMPING SYNDROME and late postprandial hypoglycemia), disordered bowel action, and nutritional deficiencies.	2.86	4	0
Infantile Diarrhea [description not available]	3.74	2	1
Diarrhea, Infantile DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.	3.74	2	1
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	2.64	3	0
Bagassosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhaled dust from processing SUGARCANE (bagasse), usually in the manufacturing of wallboard.	2.86	4	0
Pneumoconiosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of dust and by tissue reaction to their presence. These inorganic, organic, particulate, or vaporized matters usually are inhaled by workers in their occupational environment, leading to the various forms (ASBESTOSIS; BYSSINOSIS; and others). Similar air pollution can also have deleterious effects on the general population.	2.86	4	0
Placenta Diseases Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.	2.87	4	0
Placental Insufficiency Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS.	2.36	2	0
Megacolon Dilatation of the COLON, often to alarming dimensions. There are various types of megacolon including congenital megacolon in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, idiopathic megacolon in CONSTIPATION, and TOXIC MEGACOLON.	2.86	4	0
Phlegmon [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	2.35	2	0
Diseases of Pharynx [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	1.95	1	0
Pus [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	4.94	9	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	1.95	1	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	2.35	2	0
Rubeola [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Mumps An acute infectious disease caused by RUBULAVIRUS, spread by direct contact, airborne droplet nuclei, fomites contaminated by infectious saliva, and perhaps urine, and usually seen in children under the age of 15, although adults may also be affected. (From Dorland, 28th ed)	1.95	1	0
Measles A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.	2.35	2	0
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Fibromyalgia A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)	1.95	1	0
Calculus, Dental [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Angle's Classification [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.	2.35	2	0
Malocclusion Such malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth as to interfere with the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)	1.95	1	0
Tooth Diseases Diseases involving the TEETH.	1.95	1	0
Scotoma A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., RETINAL DISEASES and GLAUCOMA); OPTIC NERVE DISEASES, and other conditions.	1.95	1	0
Embolism, Fat Blocking of a blood vessel by fat deposits in the circulation. It is often seen after fractures of large bones or after administration of CORTICOSTEROIDS.	2.35	2	0
Choroiditis Inflammation of the choroid.	2.35	2	0
Blepharitis Inflammation of the eyelids.	2.35	2	0
Parotiditis [description not available]	4.02	3	1
Thyroiditis Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes.	1.95	1	0
Allotriophagy An unusual desire or craving for abnormal foods.	1.95	1	0
Brachial Paresis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Tracheal Stenosis A pathological narrowing of the TRACHEA.	2.36	2	0
Fallot's Tetralogy [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Tetralogy of Fallot A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.	2.86	4	0
Cheyne-Stokes Respiration An abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by alternating periods of apnea and deep, rapid breathing. The cycle begins with slow, shallow breaths that gradually increase in depth and rate and is then followed by a period of apnea. The period of apnea can last 5 to 30 seconds, then the cycle repeats every 45 seconds to 3 minutes.	1.95	1	0
Urethral Diseases Pathological processes involving the URETHRA.	1.95	1	0
Esophageal Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the ESOPHAGUS. The most common type is TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA between the esophagus and the TRACHEA.	1.95	1	0
Ectopic Pregnancy [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Pregnancy, Ectopic A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (	1.95	1	0
Amniotic Fluid Embolism [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Ostertagiasis A disease of herbivorous mammals, particularly cattle and sheep, caused by stomach worms of the genus OSTERTAGIA.	2.66	3	0
Trichostrongyloidiasis Infection by roundworms of the superfamily TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA, including the genera TRICHOSTRONGYLUS; OSTERTAGIA; Cooperia, HAEMONCHUS; Nematodirus, Hyostrongylus, and DICTYOCAULUS.	2.36	2	0
Adiadochokinesis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Cerebellar Ataxia Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)	1.98	1	0
Anophthalmia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Neuritis A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.	2.65	3	0
Aujeszky Disease [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Cranial Nerve Diseases Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.	1.97	1	0
Foot Ulcer Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy.	3.36	1	1
Cancer of Parotid [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Parotid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.	2.36	2	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Ruptured [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Allergic Alveolitis, Extrinsic [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic A common interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions of PULMONARY ALVEOLI after inhalation of and sensitization to environmental antigens of microbial, animal, or chemical sources. The disease is characterized by lymphocytic alveolitis and granulomatous pneumonitis.	1.97	1	0
Connective Tissue Diseases A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.	1.97	1	0
Cryptogenic Infantile Spasms [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Spasms, Infantile An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)	2.37	2	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Infections, Retroviridae [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	2.36	2	0
Retroviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.	1.97	1	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	2.36	2	0
Athletic Injuries Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.	1.97	1	0
Injuries, Maxillofacial [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Maxillary Fractures Fractures of the upper jaw.	1.97	1	0
Cardiac Neurosis [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Dementia Multi-Infarct [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Lactic Acidosis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Acidosis, Lactic Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.	1.97	1	0
Belching [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.97	1	0
Malignant Catarrh A herpesvirus infection of cattle characterized by catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory and alimentary epithelia, keratoconjunctivitis, encephalitis and lymph node enlargement. Syn: bovine epitheliosis, snotsiekte.	1.97	1	0
Craniofacial Microsomia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Franceschetti-Zwahlen-Klein Syndrome [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	2.65	3	0
Dirofilariasis Infection with nematodes of the genus DIROFILARIA, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in man.	1.97	1	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	1.97	1	0
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.	8.36	1	1
Vasomotor Rhinitis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Rhinitis, Vasomotor A form of non-allergic rhinitis that is characterized by nasal congestion and posterior pharyngeal drainage.	1.97	1	0
Cancer of Nose [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	1.97	1	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	1.97	1	0
Autotomy Human [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cardiac Aneurysm [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Wounds, Stab Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.	1.97	1	0
Aphakia, Postcataract Absence of the crystalline lens resulting from cataract extraction.	3.35	1	1
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	1.97	1	0
Tricuspid Valve Stenosis The pathologic narrowing of the orifice of the TRICUSPID VALVE. This hinders the emptying of RIGHT ATRIUM leading to elevated right atrial pressure and systemic venous congestion. Tricuspid valve stenosis is almost always due to RHEUMATIC FEVER.	1.97	1	0
Heroin Abuse [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Heroin Dependence Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.	2.36	2	0
Injuries, Leg [description not available]	3.35	1	1
Cardiac Cancer [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Cranial Nerve Injuries Dysfunction of one or more cranial nerves causally related to a traumatic injury. Penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; NECK INJURIES; and trauma to the facial region are conditions associated with cranial nerve injuries.	1.96	1	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	1.96	1	0
Acrania [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Neural Tube Defects Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)	1.96	1	0
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	1.96	1	0
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	1.96	1	0
Nicotine Addiction [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Tobacco Use Disorder Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.	1.96	1	0
Burns, Inhalation Burns of the respiratory tract caused by heat or inhaled chemicals.	1.96	1	0
Chorea Disorders [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Chorea Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.	2.64	3	0
Poisoning, Lead [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Lead Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.	2.36	2	0
Cranial Nerve IX Injury [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Gagging Contraction of the muscle of the PHARYNX caused by stimulation of sensory receptors on the SOFT PALATE, by psychic stimuli, or systemically by drugs.	3.35	1	1
Agenesis of Hemidiaphragm [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital Protrusion of abdominal structures into the THORAX as a result of embryologic defects in the DIAPHRAGM often present in the neonatal period. It can be isolated, syndromic, non-syndromic or be a part of chromosome abnormality. Associated pulmonary hypoplasia and PULMONARY HYPERTENSION can further complicate stabilization and surgical intervention.	1.96	1	0
Stunted Growth [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	1.96	1	0
Albinism General term for a number of inherited defects of amino acid metabolism in which there is a deficiency or absence of pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair.	7.36	2	0
Funnel Chest A developmental anomaly in which the lower sternum is posteriorly dislocated and concavely deformed, resulting in a funnel-shaped thorax.	1.96	1	0
Newcastle Disease An acute febrile, contagious, viral disease of birds caused by an AVULAVIRUS called NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS. It is characterized by respiratory and nervous symptoms in fowl and is transmissible to man causing a severe, but transient conjunctivitis.	1.96	1	0
Absence Seizure Disorder [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Epilepsy, Absence A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)	1.94	1	0
Absence of Corpus Callosum [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Analgesia, Congenital [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Menstruation, Painful [description not available]	3.74	2	1
Dysmenorrhea Painful menstruation.	3.74	2	1
Aortic Arch Syndrome [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Optic Atrophy Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.	1.94	1	0
Bunostomiasis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Hookworm Infections Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.	1.94	1	0
Constrictive Pericarditis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Infections, Meningococcal [description not available]	3.73	2	1
Meningococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.	3.73	2	1
Equine Infectious Anemia Viral disease of horses caused by the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV; INFECTIOUS ANEMIA VIRUS, EQUINE). It is characterized by intermittent fever, weakness, and anemia. Chronic infection consists of acute episodes with remissions.	6.95	1	0
Brucella Infection [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Brucellosis Infection caused by bacteria of the genus BRUCELLA mainly involving the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. This condition is characterized by fever, weakness, malaise, and weight loss.	2.35	2	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	1.94	1	0
Infections, Trichomonas [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Trichomonas Infections Infections in birds and mammals produced by various species of Trichomonas.	1.94	1	0
Oral Manifestations Disorders of the mouth attendant upon non-oral disease or injury.	2.86	1	0
Meningitis, Meningococcal, Serogroup A [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Meningitis, Meningococcal A fulminant infection of the meninges and subarachnoid fluid by the bacterium NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS, producing diffuse inflammation and peri-meningeal venous thromboses. Clinical manifestations include FEVER, nuchal rigidity, SEIZURES, severe HEADACHE, petechial rash, stupor, focal neurologic deficits, HYDROCEPHALUS, and COMA. The organism is usually transmitted via nasopharyngeal secretions and is a leading cause of meningitis in children and young adults. Organisms from Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 have been reported to cause meningitis. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp689-701; Curr Opin Pediatr 1998 Feb;10(1):13-8)	1.94	1	0
Avitaminosis A condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.95	1	0
Arthus Phenomenon [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Behcet Syndrome Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.	2.86	1	0
Hypernatremia Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Chemodectoma [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Renal Artery Stenosis [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Renal Artery Obstruction Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).	2.35	2	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	1.94	1	0
Bilateral Wilms Tumor [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Mesenchymoma A mixed mesenchymal tumor composed of two or more mesodermal cellular elements not commonly associated, not counting fibrous tissue as one of the elements. Mesenchymomas are widely distributed in the body and about 75% are malignant. (Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)	1.94	1	0
Wilms Tumor A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.	1.94	1	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	1.94	1	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	1.94	1	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	2.35	2	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Facial Palsy [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hemiplegia, Crossed [description not available]	2.35	2	0
B Virus Infection [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Acquired Language Disorders [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hemiplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.	2.35	2	0
Language Disorders Conditions characterized by deficiencies of comprehension or expression of written and spoken forms of language. These include acquired and developmental disorders.	1.95	1	0
Alkalosis, Respiratory A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.95	1	0
Gingival Hyperplasia Non-inflammatory enlargement of the gingivae produced by factors other than local irritation. It is characteristically due to an increase in the number of cells. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p400)	1.95	1	0
Acantholytic Dyskeratotic Epidermal Nevi [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Parathyroid Disorders [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Aldosteronism with Hyperplasia of the Adrenal Cortex [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	2.86	1	0
Parathyroid Diseases Pathological processes of the PARATHYROID GLANDS. They usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PARATHYROID HORMONE that regulates the balance of CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; and MAGNESIUM in the body.	2.86	1	0
Histomoniasis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Bacterial Endocarditides [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Endocarditis, Bacterial Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.	1.94	1	0
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	2.35	2	0
Injuries, Whiplash [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Fatigue, Mental [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Infections, Nematode [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cleft Spine [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Basilar Steal Syndrome [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Infection [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Diphtheria A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.	1.95	1	0
Corpus Luteum Cyst [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Ovarian Diseases Pathological processes of the OVARY.	2.35	2	0
Ovarian Cysts General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.	2.35	2	0
Pulmonary Stenoses [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Spider Veins [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Telangiectasis Permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (CAPILLARIES; ARTERIOLES; VENULES) creating small focal red lesions, most commonly in the skin or mucous membranes. It is characterized by the prominence of skin blood vessels, such as vascular spiders.	1.95	1	0
Abscess, Pulmonary [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Lung Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	1.95	1	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Bonnevie-Ullrich Syndrome This syndrome that was originally observed by Ullrich, and designated as identical to TURNER SYNDROME, related the webbing of the neck, loose skin and other anomalies of the syndrome to accumulation of fluid in the embryo starting at the head and dispersing to the extremities (as observed by Bonnevie in mice). Commonly observed at birth in Turner Syndrome and NOONAN SYNDROME; EDEMA of the extremities usually recedes by one year and is an early sign of Turner syndrome, especially in female neonates.	1.95	1	0
Abnormalities, Sex Chromosome [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Turner Syndrome A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.	1.95	1	0
Autolysis The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	1.95	1	0
Biliary Fistula Abnormal passage in any organ of the biliary tract or between biliary organs and other organs.	1.95	1	0
Esophagotracheal Fistula [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	1.95	1	0
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	1.95	1	0
Ureterocele A cystic dilatation of the end of a URETER as it enters into the URINARY BLADDER. It is characterized by the ballooning of the ureteral orifice into the lumen of the bladder and may obstruct urine flow.	1.95	1	0
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	2.35	2	0
Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.	1.95	1	0
Injuries, Mandibular [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Deficiency, Glucosephosphatase [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I An autosomal recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent, resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. Accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly. Increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma. Clinical gout often appears in early childhood.	1.95	1	0
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	2.35	2	0
Cancer of Duodenum [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Hematemesis Vomiting of blood that is either fresh bright red, or older coffee-ground in character. It generally indicates bleeding of the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	1.95	1	0
Arterial Inflammation [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Pneumoperitoneum A condition with trapped gas or air in the PERITONEAL CAVITY, usually secondary to perforation of the internal organs such as the LUNG and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, or to recent surgery. Pneumoperitoneum may be purposely introduced to aid radiological examination.	1.95	1	0
Intestinal Perforation Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.	2.35	2	0
Addison's Disease [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Addison Disease An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.	2.86	1	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Atypical Lipoma [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Cancer of Pelvis [description not available]	3.33	1	1
Lipoma A benign tumor composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It can be surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue (encapsulated), or diffuse without the capsule.	3.33	1	1
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Orbital Neoplasms Neoplasms of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.	2.35	2	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	1.94	1	0
Mandibular Fractures Fractures of the lower jaw.	2.35	2	0
Arsenic Encephalopathy [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Femoral Fractures Fractures of the femur.	1.94	1	0
Rib Fractures Fractures of any of the RIBS.	1.94	1	0
Bladder Calculi [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	2.64	3	0
Aortitis, Syphilitic [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Hallervorden-Spatz Disease [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cerebral Pseudosclerosis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration A rare autosomal recessive degenerative disorder which usually presents in late childhood or adolescence. Clinical manifestations include progressive MUSCLE SPASTICITY; hyperreflexia; MUSCLE RIGIDITY; DYSTONIA; DYSARTHRIA; and intellectual deterioration which progresses to severe dementia over several years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p972; Davis & Robertson, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp972-929)	1.95	1	0
Hepatolenticular Degeneration A rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by the deposition of copper in the BRAIN; LIVER; CORNEA; and other organs. It is caused by defects in the ATP7B gene encoding copper-transporting ATPase 2 (EC 3.6.3.4), also known as the Wilson disease protein. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction such as LIVER CIRRHOSIS; TREMOR; ATAXIA and intellectual deterioration. Hepatic dysfunction may precede neurologic dysfunction by several years.	1.95	1	0
Splenic Rupture Rupture of the SPLEEN due to trauma or disease.	1.95	1	0
Cancer of the Vagina [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Vaginal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the VAGINA.	1.95	1	0
Leukemia L 1210 [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Childhood Torsion Disease [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Sore Throat [description not available]	4.25	4	1
Aphthae [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	4.25	4	1
Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)	1.95	1	0
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Chest Injuries [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Hebephrenic Schizophrenia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Addison's Anemia [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Laryngitis Inflammation of the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA, including the VOCAL CORDS. Laryngitis is characterized by irritation, edema, and reduced pliability of the mucosa leading to VOICE DISORDERS such as APHONIA and HOARSENESS.	2.35	2	0
Poisoning, Mercury [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Mercury Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.	1.95	1	0
Incompetence, Pulmonary Valve [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Nasal Bleeding [description not available]	3.73	2	1
Epistaxis Bleeding from the nose.	3.73	2	1
Entrapment Neuropathies [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.	1.95	1	0
Duodenal Obstruction Hindrance of the passage of luminal contents in the DUODENUM. Duodenal obstruction can be partial or complete, and caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Simple obstruction is associated with diminished or stopped flow of luminal contents. Strangulating obstruction is associated with impaired blood flow to the duodenum in addition to obstructed flow of luminal contents.	1.94	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Hereditary [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital Hemolytic anemia due to various intrinsic defects of the erythrocyte.	2.86	1	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	2.86	1	0
Achromatopsia Severely deficient color perception, typically with monochromacy and reduced visual acuity. The atypical form can include normal visual acuity with pseudomonochromacy.	1.94	1	0
Color Vision Defects Defects of color vision are mainly hereditary traits but can be secondary to acquired or developmental abnormalities in the CONES (RETINA). Severity of hereditary defects of color vision depends on the degree of mutation of the ROD OPSINS genes (on X CHROMOSOME and CHROMOSOME 3) that code the photopigments for red, green and blue.	1.94	1	0
Asthenia Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.	4.29	2	2
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	3.26	2	0
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	3.26	2	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	1.94	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	2.86	1	0
Bacillus anthracis Infection [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Anthrax An acute infection caused by the spore-forming bacteria BACILLUS ANTHRACIS. It commonly affects hoofed animals such as sheep and goats. Infection in humans often involves the skin (cutaneous anthrax), the lungs (inhalation anthrax), or the gastrointestinal tract. Anthrax is not contagious and can be treated with antibiotics.	1.94	1	0
Child Behavior Disorders Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.	1.94	1	0
Potassium Deficiency A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	1.94	1	0
Nasal Diseases [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	2.63	3	0
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Keratosis Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.	1.94	1	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Erythrocytosis [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	1.94	1	0
Intraventricular Septal Defects [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.	2.35	2	0
Choked Disk [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Papilledema Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)	1.94	1	0
Brown Lung [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	1.94	1	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	1.94	1	0
Pyelitis Inflammation of the KIDNEY PELVIS and KIDNEY CALICES where urine is collected before discharge, but does not involve the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS) where urine is processed.	2.35	2	0
Purpura, Thrombopenic [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic Any form of purpura in which the PLATELET COUNT is decreased. Many forms are thought to be caused by immunological mechanisms.	1.94	1	0
Teeth, Impacted [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Carcinoma, Bronchial [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.	2.34	2	0
Childhood Tic Disorders [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Kwashiorkor A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Corneal Dystrophies [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Actinomyces Infections [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Sporothrix brasiliensis Infection [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Sporotrichosis The commonest and least serious of the deep mycoses, characterized by nodular lesions of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues. It is caused by inhalation of contaminated dust or by infection of a wound with SPOROTHRIX.	1.94	1	0
Toxoplasmosis, Animal Acquired infection of non-human animals by organisms of the genus TOXOPLASMA.	1.94	1	0
Hemisensory Neglect [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Perceptual Disorders Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body.	1.94	1	0
Cranial Nerve V Injury [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Prurigo A name applied to several itchy skin eruptions of unknown cause. The characteristic course is the formation of a dome-shaped papule with a small transient vesicle on top, followed by crusting over or lichenification. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Childhood Schizophrenia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Adnexitis Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).	1.94	1	0
Urinary Bladder Fistula An abnormal passage in the URINARY BLADDER or between the bladder and any surrounding organ.	1.94	1	0
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.	1.94	1	0
Enteropathy, Exudative [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Protein-Losing Enteropathies Pathological conditions in the INTESTINES that are characterized by the gastrointestinal loss of serum proteins, including SERUM ALBUMIN; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; and at times LYMPHOCYTES. Severe condition can result in HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA or LYMPHOPENIA. Protein-losing enteropathies are associated with a number of diseases including INTESTINAL LYMPHANGIECTASIS; WHIPPLE'S DISEASE; and NEOPLASMS of the SMALL INTESTINE.	1.94	1	0
Poisoning, Fluoride [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Fluoride Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of FLUORIDE compounds.	2.35	2	0
Alcohol Amnestic Disorder A mental disorder associated with chronic ethanol abuse (ALCOHOLISM) and nutritional deficiencies characterized by short term memory loss, confabulations, and disturbances of attention. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1139)	1.94	1	0
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Craniopharyngioma, Adamantinous [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Chordoma A malignant tumor arising from the embryonic remains of the notochord. It is also called chordocarcinoma, chordoepithelioma, and notochordoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Craniopharyngioma A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50)	1.94	1	0
Maculopapular Cutaneous Mastocytosis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Elaeophoriasis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Filariasis Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.	1.94	1	0
Adie Syndrome A syndrome characterized by a TONIC PUPIL that occurs in combination with decreased lower extremity reflexes. The affected pupil will respond more briskly to accommodation than to light (light-near dissociation) and is supersensitive to dilute pilocarpine eye drops, which induce pupillary constriction. Pathologic features include degeneration of the ciliary ganglion and postganglionic parasympathetic fibers that innervate the pupillary constrictor muscle. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p279)	1.94	1	0
Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.	1.94	1	0
Trypanosomiasis Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.	1.94	1	0
Acantholysis Bullosa [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Epidermolysis Bullosa Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties.	1.94	1	0
Lock Jaw [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Angiomatosis A condition with multiple tumor-like lesions caused either by congenital or developmental malformations of BLOOD VESSELS, or reactive vascular proliferations, such as in bacillary angiomatosis. Angiomatosis is considered non-neoplastic.	1.94	1	0
Athetoid Movements [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Erythroblastosis Fetalis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Rheumatoid Nodule Subcutaneous nodules seen in 20-30% of rheumatoid arthritis patients. They may arise anywhere on the body, but are most frequently found over the bony prominences. The nodules are characterized histologically by dense areas of fibrinoid necrosis with basophilic streaks and granules, surrounded by a palisade of cells, mainly fibroblasts and histiocytes.	1.94	1	0
Pregnancy, Prolonged A term used to describe pregnancies that exceed the upper limit of a normal gestational period. In humans, a prolonged pregnancy is defined as one that extends beyond 42 weeks (294 days) after the first day of the last menstrual period (MENSTRUATION), or birth with gestational age of 41 weeks or more.	1.94	1	0
Diverticulum, Meckel [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Distorted Hearing [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Aprosodia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cerebellar Diseases Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	2.34	2	0
Dorsolateral Medullary Syndrome [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Paraphilias [description not available]	1.94	1	0
C gattii Infection [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cryptococcosis Fungal infection caused by genus CRYPTOCOCCUS.	1.94	1	0
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	1.94	1	0
Harelip [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Pallor A clinical manifestation consisting of an unnatural paleness of the skin.	1.94	1	0
Cleft Lip Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.	1.94	1	0

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	greater than or equal to 3 lines	2 to < 3 lines worse	1 to < 2 lines worse	Within 1 logMAR line	1 to < 2 lines better	2 to < 3 lines better	greater than or equal to 3 lines better
Intensive	0	1	2	12	9	3	0
Weaning	1	0	4	8	8	5	1

Intervention	participants (Number)
	20/125 (0.84 to 0.76 logMAR)	20/100 (0.74 to 0.66 logMAR)	20/80 (0.64 to 0.56 logMAR)	20/63 (0.54 to 0.46 logMAR)	20/50 (0.44 to 0.36 logMAR)	20/40 (0.34 to 0.26 logMAR)	20/32 (0.24 to 0.16 logMAR)	20/25 (0.14 to 0.06 logMAR)	20/20 (0.04 to -0.04 logMAR)	20/16 (-0.16 to -0.24 logMAR)
Intensive	0	0	1	1	4	13	7	1	0	0
Weaning	1	0	1	4	0	9	7	3	2	0

Intervention	logMAR (Mean)
Intensive	0.056
Weaning	0.053

Intervention	mm Hg (Mean)
	Screening	Pre-rocuronium	Pre-IMP	2 minutes post-IMP (N=65, N=65)	5 minutes post-IMP	10 minutes post-IMP (N=66, N=66)	30 minutes post-IMP (N=65, N=66)	Post-anesthetic visit (N=66, N=66)
Neostigmine	82.8	58.3	72.5	72.6	69.2	68.7	73.1	75.2
Sugammadex	80.9	58.2	72.8	73.4	72.4	71.8	74.3	76.7

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Pre-treatment non-serious AE	Post-treatment non-serious AE
Neostigmine	34	65
Sugammadex	38	65

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Pre-treatment SAE	Post-treatment SAE
Neostigmine	0	6
Sugammadex	1	4

Intervention	minutes (Geometric Mean)
	Recovery of T4/T1 Ratio to 0.5	Recovery of T4/T1 Ratio to 0.6
Neostigmine	2.8	3.4
Sugammadex	1.3	1.5

Intervention	minutes (Geometric Mean)
	Recovery of T4/T1 ratio to 0.5	Recovery of T4/T1 ratio to 0.6	Recovery of T4/T1 ratio to 0.7	Recovery of T4/T1 ratio to 0.8	Recovery of T4/T1 ratio to 0.9 (N=65, N=61)
Neostigmine	30.0	30.7	31.6	33.2	35.2
Sugammadex	11.7	11.9	12.1	12.5	13.3

Intervention	minutes (Geometric Mean)
	Recovery of T4/T1 ratio to 0.7	Recovery of T4/T1 ratio to 0.8
Neostigmine in Caucasian Subjects	3.4	4.6
Neostigmine in Chinese Subjects	4.4	6.0
Sugammadex in Caucasian Subjects	1.0	1.2
Sugammadex in Chinese Subjects	1.1	1.3

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Gender: Female	Gender: Male	Race/Ethnicity: White (non-Hispanic)	Race/Ethnicity: Non-White/Hispanic	Age at randomization: 3 to <4 years	Age at randomization: 4 to <5 years	Age at randomization: 5 to <6 years	Age at randomization: 6 to <7 years	Age at randomization: 7 years or older	Amblyopic-eye VA at randomization: 20/80 or worse	Amblyopic-eye VA at randomization: 20/63	Amblyopic-eye VA at randomization: 20/50	Amblyopic-eye VA at randomization: 20/40 or better	Cause of amblyopia: Strabismus	Cause of amblyopia: Anisometropia	Cause of amblyopia: Combined mechanism	Atropine duration prior to randomization:12-<15wks	Atropine duration prior to randomization:15-<21wks	Atropine duration prior to randomization:21-<27wks	Atropine duration prior to randomization:27-84 wks	Fellow-eye SE RE at enrollment: <+3.00 Diopters(D)	Fellow-eye SE RE at enrollment: +3.00 to <+4.50 D	Fellow-eye SE RE at enrollment: +4.50 to +6.00 D	Fellow-eye SE RE at enrollment: >+6.00 D
Control	21	18	32	7	5	7	9	7	11	11	9	7	12	8	10	21	11	6	12	10	10	12	12	5
Intensified Treatment	19	14	29	4	4	6	9	5	9	10	8	8	7	13	6	14	5	9	9	10	7	13	4	9

Intervention	participants (Number)
	3 or more lines worse	2 lines worse	1 line worse	No change	1 line improved	2 lines improved	3 or more lines improved
Control	0	1	4	12	12	9	2
Intensified Treatment	0	1	3	3	6	6	14

Intervention	participants (Number)
	0 or less lines	1 line	2 lines	3 lines	4 lines	5 lines	6 or more lines
Control	3	2	6	6	5	5	12
Intensified Treatment	2	2	8	8	4	5	4

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Failed pretest	>800 arcsec: Nil	>800 arcsec: 3000 arcsec	800 arcsec	400 arcsec	200 arcsec	100 arcsec	60 arcsec	40 arcsec
Control	0	1	2	3	2	0	0	1	1
Intensified Treatment	0	1	2	1	0	0	1	1	0

Intervention	percent change (Mean)
	10 minutes (Sugammadex n=525, Usual Care n=507)	60 minutes (Sugammadex n=523, Usual Care n=505)
Sugammadex	6.0	0.4
Usual Care	-0.1	-1.2

Intervention	percent change (Mean)
	10 minutes (Sugammadex n=526, Usual Care n=507)	60 minutes (Sugammadex n=524, Usual Care n=505)
Sugammadex	8.0	8.9
Usual Care	2.5	3.4

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
"Atropine Atracurium Sufentanil as Treated Population"	38
"Atropine Propofol as Treated Population"	45

Intervention	bpm (Mean)
	Heart rate from t-1 to t+6, Difference in bpm	Heart rate from t-1 to t+9, Difference in bpm
Atropine + Atracurium + Sufentanil	11.5	11.7
Atropine + Propofol	3.3	1.6

Intervention	Difference in mm Hg (Mean)
	Mean arterial blood pressure from t-1 to t+15	Mean arterial blood pressure from t-1 to t+30
Atropine + Atracurium + Sufentanil	0.2	-3.3
Atropine + Propofol	-6.8	-9.1

Intervention	% SpO2 (Mean)
	SpO2 from t-1 to t+6, Difference in %	SpO2 from t-1 to t+9, Difference in %
Atropine + Atracurium + Sufentanil	-12.0	-15.9
Atropine + Propofol	-6.0	-8.7

Intervention	Difference in mm Hg (Mean)
	TcPCO2 from t-1 to t+15	TcPCO2 from t-1 to t+30
Atropine + Atracurium + Sufentanil	14.1	16.2
Atropine + Propofol	8.0	5.1

Intervention	Words (Mean)
	Week 0	Week 8	Week 26	Week 52
Donepezil Treatment & Atropine Challenge	33.61	36.23	36.81	37.13

Intervention	units on a scale (Mean)
	Baseline	1 hour Assessment
Pain Medication: Diclofenac and Atropine	59.6	44.1
Placebo	54.0	45.3

Intervention	EndTidal% (other) (Median)
	Sevoflurane (EndTidal %)	Isoflurane (EndTidal %)	Desflurane (EndTidal %)
Hypotension Decision Support	1.23	0.65	4.70
Usual Care Group	1.32	0.65	4.28

atropine

Description

Related Flora

Cross-References

Synonyms (155)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Protein Targets (34)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Other Measurements

Biological Processes (126)

Molecular Functions (50)

Ceullar Components (34)

Bioassays (448)

Research

Studies (24,876)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 98.49

Study Types

Clinical Trials (168)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Mean Change in Visual Acuity in the Sound Eye

Mean Change in Visual Acuity in the Amblyopic Eye

Distribution of Change in Visual Acuity in the Amblyopic Eye

Randot Preschool Stereoacuity at 18 Weeks- Anisometropic Participants Only

Visual Acuity Distribution in the Sound Eye

Visual Acuity Distribution in the Amblyopic Eye

Randot Preschool Stereoacuity at 18 Weeks- Participants With All Causes of Amblyopia

Distribution of Change in Visual Acuity in the Sound Eye

Visual Acuity Mean Score in the Amblyopic Eye

Mean Change in Visual Acuity in the Amblyopic Eye From Baseline to 17 Weeks

Stereoacuity Measured by the Randot Preschool Test at 17 or 19 Weeks- Participants With Moderate Amblyopia From Strabismus Only or Combined Mechanism

Stereoacuity Measured by the Randot Preschool Test at 17 or 19 Weeks- Participants With All Causes of Moderate Amblyopia

Stereoacuity Measured by the Randot Preschool Test at 17 or 19 Weeks- Participants With All Causes of Moderate Amblyopia

Stereoacuity Measured by the Randot Preschool Test at 17 or 19 Weeks- Anisometropic Participants With Moderate Amblyopia Only

Distribution of Visual Acuity in the Fellow Eye at 17 Weeks

Distribution of Visual Acuity in the Amblyopic Eye at 17 Weeks

Distribution of Change in Visual Acuity in the Fellow Eye From Baseline to 17 Weeks

Distribution of Change in Visual Acuity in the Amblyopic Eye From Baseline to 17 Weeks

Mean Visual Acuity in the Fellow Eye at 17 Weeks

Mean Visual Acuity in the Amblyopic Eye at 17 Weeks

Mean Change in Visual Acuity in the Fellow Eye From Baseline to 17 Weeks

Amblyopia Treatment Index - Social Stigma (Moderate Amblyopia Only)

Amblyopia Treatment Index - Compliance (Moderate Amblyopia Only)

Amblyopia Treatment Index - Adverse Effects Scale (Moderate Amblyopia Only)

Distribution of Amblyopic Eye Visual Acuity Change From Baseline to 10 Weeks

Distribution of Amblyopic Eye Visual Acuity at 10 Weeks

Mean (SD) Distribution of Visual Acuity at 10 Weeks

Mean (SD) Change in Visual Acuity in the Amblyopic Eye at the 10 Week Primary Outcome Exam

Time From Tracheal Extubation to Operating Room Discharge Ready

Time From Start of Administration of the Last Dose of Rocuronium to the Time of Reappearance of T2 in the 50 μg.Kg-1 Neostigmine Group

Number of Participants With Reoccurrence of Neuromuscular Blockade Based on the Train-of-Four- (TOF-) Watch® SX Recording (i.e. a Decline in T4/T1 Ratio From >=0.9 to <0.8 in at Least Three Consecutive TOF Values)

Monitoring of Clinical Signs of Recovery According to Routine Anesthetic Procedures at the Trial Sites

Number of Female Participants or Partners of Male Participants Who Became Pregnant During Study

Number of Participants With Clinical Evidence of Reoccurrence of Neuromuscular Blockade or Residual Neuromuscular Blockade (Routine Oxygen Saturation by Pulse Oximetry and Breath Frequency Measurement)

Number of Participants With Events Due to a Possible Interaction of Sugammadex With Endogenous Compounds or With Exogenous Compounds Other Than Rocuronium

Number of Participants With Train-of-Four- (TOF-) Watch® SX and Arm Board Related Adverse Events

Time From Actual Operating Room Discharge to Actual PACU Discharge

Time From Actual Operating Room Discharge to PACU Discharge Ready

Time From Operating Room Admission to Actual Operating Room Discharge

Time From Operating Room Admission to Operating Room Discharge Ready

Time From Operating Room Discharge Ready to Actual Operating Room Discharge

Time From Operating Room Discharge Ready to Actual PACU Discharge

Time From Operating Room Discharge Ready to Post Anesthetic Care Unit (PACU) Discharge Ready

Time From PACU Admit to Actual PACU Discharge

Time From PACU Admit to PACU Discharge Ready

Time From Start of Administration of IMP to Recovery of the T4/T1 Ratio to 0.7

Time From Start of Administration of IMP to Recovery of the T4/T1 Ratio to 0.8

Time From Start of Administration of Investigational Medicinal Product (IMP, Sugammadex or Neostigmine) to Recovery of the Fourth Twitch/First Twitch (T4/T1) Ratio to 0.9

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	<=-3.50 Diopters	>-3.50 to -3.00 Diopters	>-3.00 to -2.50 Diopters	>-2.50 to -2.00 Diopters	>-2.00 to -1.50 Diopters	>-1.50 to -1.00 Diopters	>-1.00 to -0.50 Diopters	>-0.50 to 0.00 Diopters	>0 Diopters
Atropine Group	0	1	1	5	8	19	37	46	2
Placebo Group	0	0	0	2	7	9	18	18	4

Intervention	hr*μg/mL (Geometric Mean)
Part A: Sugammadex 2 mg (2 to <6 Years)	14.1
Part A: Sugammadex 2 mg (6 to <12 Years)	18.8
Part A: Sugammadex 2 mg (12 to <17 Years)	27.6
Part A: Sugammadex 4 mg (2 to <6 Years)	26.9
Part A: Sugammadex 4 mg (6 to <12 Years)	38.2
Part A: Sugammadex 4 mg (12 to <17 Years)	49.2

Intervention	µg/mL (Geometric Mean)
Part A: Sugammadex 2 mg (2 to <6 Years)	17.5
Part A: Sugammadex 2 mg (6 to <12 Years)	32.2
Part A: Sugammadex 2 mg (12 to <17 Years)	41.3
Part A: Sugammadex 4 mg (2 to <6 Years)	47.1
Part A: Sugammadex 4 mg (6 to <12 Years)	51.6
Part A: Sugammadex 4 mg (12 to <17 Years)	61.9

Intervention	Minutes (Geometric Mean)
Part B: Sugammadex 2 mg/kg	1.6
Part B: Sugammadex 4 mg/kg	1.9
Part B: Neostigmine + (Glycopyrrolate or Atropine)	7.5

Intervention	L/hr (Geometric Mean)
Part A: Sugammadex 2 mg (2 to <6 Years)	2.30
Part A: Sugammadex 2 mg (6 to <12 Years)	3.58
Part A: Sugammadex 2 mg (12 to <17 Years)	4.68
Part A: Sugammadex 4 mg (2 to <6 Years)	2.26
Part A: Sugammadex 4 mg (6 to <12 Years)	3.43
Part A: Sugammadex 4 mg (12 to <17 Years)	5.69

Intervention	Percentage of Participants (Number)
Part B: Neostigmine + (Glycopyrrolate or Atropine)	97.1
Parts A and B: Sugammadex 2 mg	78.4
Parts A and B: Sugammadex 4 mg	74.9

Intervention	cycles per minute (Mean)
	Accommodative facility before drops	Accommodative facility after administering drops for one week
One Week Atropine	13.6	14.0

Intervention	logMAR (Mean)
	High contrast distance visual acuity before drops	High contrast distance visual acuity after administration of drops for one week	High contrast near visual acuity before drops	High contrast near visual acuity adter administration of drops for one week	Low contrast visual acuity before drops	Low contrast visual acuity after administration of drops for one week
One Week Atropine	-0.1	-0.1	-0.2	-0.2	0.0	0.0

Intervention	diopters (Mean)
	Accommodative amplitude before drops	Accommodative amplitude after administration of drops for one week	Accommodative lag before drops	Accommodative lag after administration of drops for one week	Accommodative facility before drops	Accommodative facility after administration of drops for one week
One Week Atropine	8.1	8.5	-0.8	-0.9	13.6	14.0

Intervention	millimeters (Mean)
	Photopic pupil size before administration of drops	Photopic pupil size after administration of drops for one week	Mesopic pupil size before administration of drops	Mesopic pupil size after administration of drops for one week
One Week Atropine	4.9	5.1	5.9	5.9