verapamil

Research Excerpts

Overview

Verapamil is a non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (CCB) widely used in the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina, secondary prevention of reinfarction, paroxysmal supra-ventricular tachycardia and for rate control in atrial fibrillation/flutter. It also holds promise for the therapy of chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Verapamil is a non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (CCB) widely used in the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina, secondary prevention of reinfarction, paroxysmal supra-ventricular tachycardia and for rate control in atrial fibrillation/flutter."	( Verapamil: prevention and treatment of cardio-renal syndromes in diabetic hypertensive patients? Bei, A; Calò, L; Cice, G; Di Lullo, L; Lido, P; Noce, A; Palazzetti, D; Perrone, MA; Romanello, D; Tesauro, M, 2022)	2.89
"Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker that holds promise for the therapy of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with and without nasal polyps. "	( Topical Administration of Verapamil in Poly(ethylene glycol)-Modified Liposomes for Enhanced Sinonasal Tissue Residence in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: Amiji, MM; Bleier, BS; D'Souza, A; Kutlehria, S; Taha, MS, 2023)	2.65
"Verapamil (VER) is a calcium channel blocker that is widely used to treat various cardiovascular diseases and is also effective in migraine prophylaxis. "	( Analytical techniques for the determination of verapamil in biological samples and dosage forms: an overview. Jouyban, A; Pourkarim, F; Rahimpour, E, 2019)	2.21
"Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker with an inhibitory effect on hyphae development, adhesion, and colonization of C."	( Antifungal and anti-biofilm effect of the calcium channel blocker verapamil on non-albicans Candida species. Amorim, JBO; Fugisaki, LRO; Menezes, RT; Oliveira, LD; Oliveira, PS; Pereira, TC; Ribeiro, FC; Santos, ELS; Scorzoni, L, 2020)	1.52
"Verapamil acts as an open-channel blocker of hKv1.5 channel, presumably due to direct binding to specific amino acids within pore region of hKv1.5 channel, such as Thr479, Thr480, Val505, Ile508, Val512 and Val516. "	( Identification of Verapamil Binding Sites Within Human Kv1.5 Channel Using Mutagenesis and Docking Simulation. Ding, WG; Kojima, A; Matsuura, H; Mi, X; Seto, T; Tano, A, 2019)	2.29
"Verapamil appears to be an effective prophylactic drug in the treatment of CH and despite the scarcity of controlled trials, it is still the drug of choice. "	( Verapamil and Cluster Headache: Still a Mystery. A Narrative Review of Efficacy, Mechanisms and Perspectives. Barloese, MCJ; Jensen, RH; Petersen, AS; Snoer, A; Soerensen, AMS, 2019)	3.4
"Verapamil is a pharmaceutical that belongs to a group of calcium channel blockers and is mainly used as a treatment of angina pectoris and arterial hypertension. "	( Toxic effects, bioconcentration and depuration of verapamil in the early life stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Fedorova, G; Grabic, R; Grabicova, K; Kroupova, HK; Machova, J; Prokes, M; Steinbach, C; Valentova, O, 2013)	2.09
"As verapamil is a substrate for CYP3A4, which is induced by rifampin, we evaluated the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships of verapamil and rifampin coadministration in mice."	( Acceleration of tuberculosis treatment by adjunctive therapy with verapamil as an efflux inhibitor. Almeida, DV; Ammerman, NC; Bishai, WR; Gupta, S; Maiga, MC; Tyagi, S, 2013)	1.14
"Verapamil intoxication is a life-threatening condition that often presents with severe hemodynamic instability and requires vasopressor support. "	( Acute respiratory distress syndrome after verapamil intoxication: case report and literature review. Altintas, ND; Izdes, S; Soykut, C, 2014)	2.11
"Verapamil is an L-type calcium channel blocker (CCB) that has been shown to have immunomodulatory properties in a variety of tissues. "	( Verapamil modulates interleukin-5 and interleukin-6 secretion in organotypic human sinonasal polyp explants. Bleier, BS; Han, X; Kocharyan, A; Singleton, A, 2015)	3.3
"Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker commonly used in treatments of hypertension. "	( A pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction model of simvastatin and verapamil in humans. Chamnansua, M; Kaewdang, N; Lohitnavy, M; Methaneethorn, J, 2014)	2.08
"Verapamil is a L-type voltage gated calcium channels inhibitor (VGCCI), which is a highly prescribed drug used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmia and cluster headaches. "	( Verapamil - L type voltage gated calcium channel inhibitor diminishes aggressive behavior in male Siamese fighting fish. Dębski, B; Kania, BF; Wrońska, D; Zawadzka, E, 2015)	3.3
"Verapamil is a Ca"	( Acetyl L-carnitine targets adenosine triphosphate synthase in protecting zebrafish embryos from toxicities induced by verapamil and ketamine: An in vivo assessment. Ali, SF; Dumas, M; Gu, Q; Guo, X; Kanungo, J; Paule, MG; Robinson, BL, 2017)	2.11
"Verapamil is a calcium channel antagonist that has been shown to inhibit the synthesis/secretion of extracellular matrix molecules and increase collagenase."	( Keloidectomy with core fillet flap and intralesional verapamil injection for recurrent earlobe keloids. Alghobary, MF; El-Kamel, MF; Selim, MK, )	1.1
"Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker that also inhibits the P-glycoprotein (Pgp) membrane transporter. "	( Verapamil in treatment resistant depression: a role for the P-glycoprotein transporter? Clarke, G; Cryan, JF; Dinan, TG; O'Mahony, SM, 2009)	3.24
"Verapamil is known to be a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate and norverapamil is formed via hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP 3A) in the rat. "	( Effects of oral epigallocatechin gallate on the oral pharmacokinetics of verapamil in rats. Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Chung, JH, 2009)	2.03
"Verapamil is a substrate of both P-gp and CYP3A4."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between oral lovastatin and verapamil in healthy subjects: role of P-glycoprotein inhibition by lovastatin. Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Chung, JH, 2010)	1.33
"Verapamil is an inhibitor of P-gp mediated uptake; elevation of cyclosporine uptake in the presence of 5 muM verapamil was compromised by the presence of 25 mM HEPES."	( Effect of HEPES buffer on the uptake and transport of P-glycoprotein substrates and large neutral amino acids. Kwatra, D; Luo, S; Mitra, AK; Pal, D; Paturi, KD; Shah, SJ, 2010)	1.08
"Verapamil (VRP) is a calcium channel blocker that is a highly prescribed compound and commonly present in aquatic environment, but the ecotoxicological effects of this pharmaceutical in fish have not been fully documented. "	( Ecotoxocological effects of short-term exposure to a human pharmaceutical Verapamil in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Li, P; Li, ZH; Randak, T, 2010)	2.03
"Verapamil is a prototypical phenylalkylamine (PAA), and it was the first calcium channel blocker to be used clinically. "	( Verapamil block of T-type calcium channels. Bergson, P; Duban, ME; Hanck, DA; Lee, SP; Lipkind, G, 2011)	3.25
"Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker that binds to the alpha-subunit of L-type calcium channels and inhibits the mucin gene via the calmodulin and CaM kinase pathway."	( Effect of verapamil on bronchial goblet cells of asthma: an experimental study on sensitized animals. Ghafarzadegan, K; Hadi, R; Khakzad, MR; Meshkat, M; Mirsadraee, M; Mohammadpour, A; Saghari, M, 2012)	1.5
"Verapamil is a useful drug with therapeutic targeting on GCH and a potential way to limit mucous production and improve bronchial inflammation."	( Effect of verapamil on bronchial goblet cells of asthma: an experimental study on sensitized animals. Ghafarzadegan, K; Hadi, R; Khakzad, MR; Meshkat, M; Mirsadraee, M; Mohammadpour, A; Saghari, M, 2012)	2.22
"Verapamil (Ver) is a well known, worldwide used drug to correct cardiac arrhythmias. "	( Verapamil-induced autophagy-like process in colon adenocarcinoma COLO 205 cells; the ultrastructural studies. Gajkowska, B; Kania, E; Orzechowski, A; Pająk, B, 2012)	3.26
"Verapamil is a common calcium antagonist described with antianginal, antihypertensive and antiarrythmic properties. "	( Verapamil drug metabolism studies by automated in-tube solid phase microextraction. Borlak, J; Levsen, K; Mullett, WM; Pawliszyn, J; Walles, M; Wünsch, G, 2002)	3.2
"Verapamil is a commonly prescribed cardiovascular drug, but surprisingly its metabolism in the target tissue of pharmacotherapy is basically unknown. "	( Verapamil: new insight into the molecular mechanism of drug oxidation in the human heart. Borlak, J; Levsen, K; Thum, T; Walles, M, 2002)	3.2
"1. Verapamil is a well-known and world-wide prescribed calcium antagonist, but it suffers from extensive first-pass metabolism. "	( Verapamil: identification of novel metabolites in cultures of primary human hepatocytes and human urine by LC-MS(n) and LC-NMR. Borlak, J; Elend, M; Levsen, K; Preiss, A; Thum, T; Walles, M, 2003)	2.38
"Verapamil is a widely prescribed calcium antagonist, but suffers from extensive first pass metabolism. "	( Metabolism of verapamil: 24 new phase I and phase II metabolites identified in cell cultures of rat hepatocytes by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Borlak, J; Levsen, K; Thum, T; Walles, M, 2003)	2.12
"Verapamil is a widely used calcium channel antagonist, and it has been shown that calcium channel blockers inhibit the synthesis/secretion of extracellular matrix molecules, including collagen, glycosaminoglycans, and fibronectin, and increase collagenase."	( Combination of surgery and intralesional verapamil injection in the treatment of the keloid. Copcu, E; Oztan, Y; Sivrioglu, N, )	1.12
"Verapamil is a widely used Ca(2+) channel antagonist in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders including atrial arrhythmias. "	( Inhibition of ultra-rapid delayed rectifier K+ current by verapamil in human atrial myocytes. Chiu, SW; Gao, Z; Lau, CP; Li, GR, 2004)	2.01
"Verapamil is an effective prophylactic treatment for cluster headaches and, therefore, is widely used. "	( Verapamil induced gingival enlargement in cluster headache. Ferrari, MD; Goadsby, PJ; Matharu, MS; van Vliet, JA, 2005)	3.21
"A verapamil SR strategy is a viable alternative to beta-blocker therapy for hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease, especially those at risk of depression."	( A Study of Antihypertensive Drugs and Depressive Symptoms (SADD-Sx) in patients treated with a calcium antagonist versus an atenolol hypertension Treatment Strategy in the International Verapamil SR-Trandolapril Study (INVEST). Handberg, E; Kupfer, S; Pepine, CJ; Ried, LD; Tueth, MJ, )	1.04
"Verapamil, which is a L-type Ca2+ channel antagonist, produced a bradycardiac effect at the onset of AW, but no effect was observed in early remission."	( Responses to cardiovascular drugs during alcohol withdrawal. Kähkönen, S, )	0.85
"Verapamil is a lipid-soluble calcium channel blocker with significant mortality in overdose. "	( Intralipid prolongs survival in a rat model of verapamil toxicity. Cave, G; Harvey, M; Nicholson, T; Tebbutt, S, 2006)	2.03
"A verapamil SR strategy is an alternative to an atenolol strategy for the treatment of Hispanic patients with hypertension and CAD and can reduce the risk of new-onset diabetes."	( Blood pressure control and cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk Hispanic patients--findings from the International Verapamil SR/Trandolapril Study (INVEST). Aranda, JM; Cangiano, JL; Conti, CR; Cooper-DeHoff, RM; Garcia-Barreto, D; Gaxiola, E; Hewkin, A; Pepine, CJ, 2006)	1.1
"Verapamil is a potent phenylalkylamine antihypertensive believed to exert its therapeutic effect primarily by blocking high-voltage-activated L-type calcium channels. "	( State-dependent verapamil block of the cloned human Ca(v)3.1 T-type Ca(2+) channel. Freeze, BS; Hanck, DA; McNulty, MM, 2006)	2.12
"Verapamil (V) is a specific inhibitor of the P-glycoprotein (mdr1) in the hepatocyte canalicular membrane. "	( Influence of Verapamil and Cyclosporin A on bile acid metabolism and transport in rat liver slices. Barth, A; Braun, J; Müller, D, 2006)	2.15
"Verapamil appears to be a safe and effective treatment alternative to propranolol for relieving anginal symptoms, improving exercise tolerance, and reducing elevated systemic blood pressure in patients with both angina pectoris and mild to moderate systemic hypertension."	( Comparison of oral propranolol and verapamil for combined systemic hypertension and angina pectoris. A placebo-controlled double-blind randomized crossover trial. Frishman, WH; Klein, NA; Klein, P; LeJemtel, TH; Pollack, S; Roth, S; Sonnenblick, EH; Strair, R; Strom, JA; Tawil, R; Wong, B, 1982)	1.26
"Verapamil is an organic calcium antagonist which is believed to prevent the passage of calcium (Ca2+) across the cell membrane into the cell. "	( Verapamil: influence upon basal and stimulated rat growth hormone and prolactin release in vitro. Stachura, ME, 1983)	3.15
"Verapamil is proving to be an important addition to existing drug regimens available for the treatment of stable angina pectoris."	( Verapamil in treatment of chronic stable angina. Charlap, S; Frishman, WH, 1983)	2.43
"Verapamil was found to be an effective inhibitor of isometric tension in in vitro, experimental anaphylaxis in guinea pig trachealis smooth muscle. "	( Effect of calcium antagonists in experimental asthma. Barbero, L; Markowicz, J; Weiss, EB, 1982)	1.71
"Verapamil is a calcium channel blocking agent used primarily for treatment of arrhythmias and coronary artery disease. "	( Effect of verapamil on left ventricular function at rest and during exercise in normal men. D'Agostino, HJ; Jones, RH; Pritchett, EL; Shand, DG, )	1.98
"Verapamil is an important and safe modality of treatment, with or without digoxin, in the long-term control of heart rate in chronic atrial fibrillation."	( Superiority of oral verapamil therapy to digoxin in treatment of chronic atrial fibrillation. David, D; Di Segni, E; Guerrero, J; Kaplinsky, E; Klein, HO; Lang, R; Levy, A; Sareli, P; Weiss, E, 1983)	1.31
"Verapamil is a slow-channel calcium-blocking agent that has been released recently by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias in all age groups. "	( Verapamil: an effective calcium blocking agent for pediatric patients. Garson, A; Gillette, PC; Porter, CJ, 1983)	3.15
"Verapamil is a useful drug for treating supraventricular tachycardia; however, severe side effects occasionally have been reported in infants. "	( The use of calcium gluconate prior to verapamil in infants with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Berant, M; Blazer, S; Roguin, N; Shapir, Y; Zeltzer, M, 1984)	1.98
"Verapamil was found to be a more effective antianginal drug than nifedipine."	( [Comparative effectiveness of finoptin, corinfar and their combination in patients with angina pectoris]. Mazur, NA; Romakov, AIu; Sagirov, AM; Sumarokov, AB, 1984)	0.99
"Verapamil hydrochloride is a calcium entry blocking drug that is being prescribed with increasing frequency for cardiovascular disorders in the perioperative setting. "	( Verapamil decreases MAC for halothane in dogs. Kates, RE; Mason, DM; Maze, M, 1983)	3.15
"Verapamil hydrochloride is an organic calcium antagonist that is known to decrease the contraction of smooth muscle. "	( The effect of verapamil on the lower esophageal sphincter pressure in normal subjects and in achalasia. Becker, BS; Burakoff, R, 1983)	2.07
"Verapamil appears to be a safe and effective drug for treating angina of effort."	( Treatment of stable angina of effort with verapamil: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized crossover study. Brodsky, SJ; Cutler, SS; Klein, MD; McCabe, CH; Ryan, TJ; Weiner, DA, 1982)	1.25
"Verapamil is an effective primary therapy and a satisfactory alternative to propranolol in patients with stable effort angina."	( A double-blind randomized trial of propranolol and verapamil in the treatment of effort angina. Fletcher, PJ; Kelly, DT; Morris, J; Sadick, NN; Tan, AT, 1982)	1.24
"Verapamil is a calcium antagonist that is pharmacologically different from other currently marketed antiarrhythmics. "	( Verapamil (Isoptin, Knoll; Calan, Searle). McMahon, MT; Sheaffer, SL, 1982)	3.15
"Verapamil is an effective antianginal drug that appears most efficacious at a dose of 360 mg/day, but side effects are common at a dose of 480 mg/day."	( Verapamil versus placebo in relieving stable angina pectoris. Bailly, DJ; Butman, S; Citron, PD; Landa, DW; Pine, MB; Plasencia, GO; Wong, RK, 1982)	2.43
"Verapamil 99 is a commonly prescribed medicine for treatment of hypertension, angina, and migraine headache. "	( Massive overdose of sustained-release verapamil: a case report and review of literature. Ashraf, M; Chaudhary, K; Nelson, J; Thompson, W, 1995)	2
"Dexverapamil is a competitive inhibitor of the P-glycoprotein (Pgp) efflux pump, a potent mechanism of multidrug resistance (mdr-1) in vitro. "	( Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the multidrug resistance modulator dexverapamil with EPOCH chemotherapy. Balis, FM; Bates, SE; Bryant, G; Chabner, BA; Jamis-Dow, C; Klecker, RW; Kohler, DR; Steinberg, SM; Wilson, WH; Wittes, RE, 1995)	1.14
"Verapamil (CAS 52-53-9) is a calcium channel blocker with a vasodilatatory effect. "	( Pharmacokinetic parameters of verapamil and its active metabolite norverapamil in patients with hepatopathy. Brátová, M; Fendrich, Z; Hůlek, P; Macek, K; Vlcek, J, 1995)	2.02
"Both Verapamil and aTP are an equally safe and effective treatment of PST, but transient and minor side effects are frequent after ATP administration."	( [Adenosine triphosphate in the treatment of supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia: a comparison with verapamil]. Alises Moraleda, JM; Cortés Bermejo, S; García de Pedro, J; Gil Madre, J; Laín Teres, N; Lázaro Rodríguez, S; Sentenac Merchán, G; Sepúlveda Berrocal, MA, 1995)	1.02
"Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker widely used as an antihypertensive agent, and its pharmacological effects may partly be due to some degree of beta blockade. "	( Is verapamil also a non-selective beta blocker? Drici, MD; Iacono, P; Jacomet, Y; Lapalus, P, 1993)	2.35
"Verapamil (VRP) is an effective modulator of P170-associated multidrug resistance (MDR), but its clinical application is limited by cardiovascular side-effects. "	( D-verapamil downmodulates P170-associated resistance to doxorubicin, daunorubicin and idarubicin. Baccarani, M; Cerno, M; Damiani, D; Melli, C; Michelutti, A; Michieli, M, 1993)	2.45
"Verapamil is an antagonist of L-type Ca2+ channels, and part of its binding site is located in the sixth transmembrane segment (S6) in the fourth repeat of the protein. "	( Verapamil blocks a rapidly activating delayed rectifier K+ channel cloned from human heart. Brown, AM; Dage, RC; Fedida, D; Rampe, D; Wible, B, 1993)	3.17
"Verapamil is a racemic calcium channel-blocking drug that undergoes extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism to an active metabolite, norverapamil. "	( Pharmacokinetics of verapamil and norverapamil enantiomers after administration of immediate and controlled-release formulations to humans:evidence suggesting input-rate determined stereoselectivity. Bhatti, MM; Foster, RT; Lewanczuk, RZ; Pasutto, FM, 1995)	2.06
"Verapamil is an effective protective medicine for light-induced retinopathy."	( [Protective effect of verapamil on light-induced rat retinopathy]. Liang, Y; Zhang, H, 1996)	2.05
"Verapamil is a calcium antagonist that has been shown to modulate wound healing through multiple mechanisms. "	( The effects of subconjunctival verapamil on filtering blebs in rabbits. Agarwala, A; Edward, DP; Gupta, B; Moy, JJ, 1996)	2.02
"Verapamil, which is an inhibitor of mouse mdr2 phosphatidylcholine flippase, did not inhibit the present flippase activity."	( The phospholipid flippase activity of gastric vesicles. Kamakura, M; Morii, M; Suzuki, H; Takeguchi, N, 1997)	1.02
"Verapamil is a chiral calcium channel blocking drug which is useful clinically as the racemate in treating hypertension and arrhythmia. "	( Pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers of verapamil after intravenous and oral administration of racemic verapamil in a rat model. Bhatti, MM; Foster, RT, 1997)	2.01
"Norverapamil, which is an active metabolite of verapamil, can be detected in the aqueous and vitreous of the rabbit eye after topical administration, suggesting enzymatic degradation of verapamil within the eye."	( Distribution of verapamil and norverapamil in the eye and systemic circulation after topical administration of verapamil in rabbits. Erickson, KA; Giovanoni, RL; Netland, PA; Siegner, SW, 1998)	1.16
"R/S-Verapamil is a high permeability drug in the proximal rat small intestine throughout the luminal concentration range studied and complete intestinal absorption was expected."	( The absence of stereoselective P-glycoprotein-mediated transport of R/S-verapamil across the rat jejunum. Karlsson, A; Lennernäs, H; Sandström, R, 1998)	1.01
"Verapamil is an effective drug to slow ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation (AF). "	( Verapamil prolongs atrial fibrillation by evoking an intense sympathetic neurohumoral effect. Dai, CP; Friedman, HS; Hussain, A; Mallipeddi, D; Rodney, E; Sharafkhaneh, A; Sinha, A; Sinha, B; Wattanasuwan, N; Win, M, 1999)	3.19
"Verapamil is a non-competitive inhibitor of DQHS formation in human liver microsomes with a Ki = 15 microM."	( Metabolism of artelinic acid to dihydroqinqhaosu by human liver cytochrome P4503A. Aguilar, AJ; Grace, JM; Skanchy, DJ, 1999)	1.02
"Verapamil is a papaverine-derived calcium channel blocker widely used for the treatment of hypertension and supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. "	( Use of partial liquid ventilation to manage pulmonary complications of acute verapamil-sustained release poisoning. Szekely, LA; Thompson, BT; Woolf, A, 1999)	1.97
"Norverapamil is a chiral drug with the same ability as verapamil in reversing MDR (multi-drug resistance) against some cytostatics."	( Achiral and chiral HPLC analysis of norverapamil and its metabolites in microsomal samples. Brandsteterová, E; Tracy, T; Wainer, IW, 1999)	1.09
"Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker primarily used for treatment of cardiovascular disorders."	( A mixed-drug intoxication involving venlafaxine and verapamil. Farley, NJ; Garavaglia, JC; Kunsman, CM; Kunsman, GW; Presses, CL, 2000)	1.28
"Verapamil is an effective vasodilator. "	( Effects of verapamil on coronary vascular resistance in rabbits: measurement with pulsed Doppler velocimetry. Hsu, CP; Huang, CH; Kan, CB; Lai, ST; Tsao, NW, 2001)	2.14
"Verapamil is a novel antiarrhythmic agent which appears to act as a calcium-ion antagonist, blocking calcium transport across the myocardial cell membrane. "	( [Verapamil in the study and treatment of supraventricular tachycardias, with special reference to pre-excitation]. Krikler, DM, 1975)	2.61
"Verapamil is a novel antiarrhythmic and antianginal agent which, although introduced in 1962, has only recently gained prominence not only as a significant agent in cardiovascular therapeutics but also as a powerful tool to examine the nature of some of the biophysical phenomena at the membrane of cardiac and other excitable tissues. "	( Verapamil: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use. Ellrodt, G; Peter, CT; Singh, BN, 1978)	3.14
"Verapamil is a good alternative to beta-blockers in the prophylactic treatment of angina."	( Double-blind comparison of verapamil and practolol in the treatment of angina pectoris. Fagher, B; Persson, S; Svensson, SE, 1977)	1.28
"Verapamil is a new anti-anginal and anti-arrhythmic drug whose pharmacological actions can be related to its specific blocking effect on the transmembrane transport of calcium ions. "	( Verapamil and the heart: Pharmacological and Therapeutic Considerations. DPhil, BN, 1975)	3.14
"Verapamil was found to be a useful drug to suppress PSVT, to decrease the ventricular response in flutter or atrial fibrillation and to convert some ventricular tachycardias to sinus rhythm."	( [Antiarrhythmic effects of verapamil]. Férez, S; Malo, R; Martínez-Ríos, MA; Salazar, E; Shapiro, M, )	1.15
"Verapamil is a potent calcium antagonist known to inhibit excitation-contraction coupling in both myocardium and myometrium. "	( Calcium antagonists and islet function. I. Inhibition of insulin release by verapamil. Devis, G; Malaisse, WJ; Somers, G; Van Obberghen, E, 1975)	1.93
"Verapamil is an effective antiarrhythmic agent which is, in general, free from significant side effects."	( Clinical experience with verapamil. Hunt, D; Sloman, G; Vohra, J, 1975)	1.28
"Verapamil appears to be an effective hypotensive and does not produce profound psychomotor impairment at clinically used doses during the first weeks of treatment."	( Behavioral performance effects of verapamil in normotensive and renovascular hypertensive baboons. Hienz, RD; Turkkan, JS, )	1.13
"With verapamil there is a small tendency for a reduction in reinfarction, with nifedipine a clear worsening, and with diltiazem a reduction almost reaching statistical significance."	( Protective effects of calcium antagonists against ischaemia and reperfusion damage. Ferrari, R; Visioli, O, 1991)	0.74
"Verapamil is a calcium-channel blocking agent with antianginal and antiarrhythmic properties that have been widely studied. "	( The effects of verapamil on training in patients with ischemic heart disease. Horgan, JH; MacGowan, GA; O'Callaghan, D; Webb, H, 1992)	2.08
"Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker ideally suited for the treatment of A-V nodal reciprocating supraventricular tachycardia. "	( [Idiopathic recurrent ventricular tachycardia: role of verapamil in its treatment]. Arriagada, C; Fajuri, A; González, R; Marchesse, M; Serrat, H, 1989)	1.97
"Verapamil is a papaverine derivative calcium channel blocking drug that has been effectively utilized in the prophylaxis of migraine. "	( Verapamil in migraine prophylaxis--a five-year review. Solomon, GD, 1989)	3.16
"Verapamil is a phenylalkylamine derivative which antagonises calcium influx through the slow channels of vascular smooth muscle and cardiac cell membranes."	( Verapamil. An updated review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic use in hypertension. McTavish, D; Sorkin, EM, 1989)	2.44
"Verapamil is a highly lipophilic base with a pKa of 8.7."	( Effects of verapamil on gastric acid secretion in vitro and in vivo. Herling, AW; Ljungström, M, 1988)	1.39
"Verapamil was found to be a competitive inhibitor of both imipramine binding and serotonin uptake in brain and platelets."	( Tricyclic antidepressants and calcium channel blockers: interactions at the (-)-desmethoxyverapamil binding site and the serotonin transporter. Carmi, R; Rehavi, M; Weizman, A, 1988)	1.22
"Verapamil is a calcium-channel blocking agent, commonly used for chronic treatment of heart conditions. "	( Verapamil as a co-mutagen in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test. Baguley, BC; Ferguson, LR, )	3.02
"Verapamil is a calcium channel blocking agent with possible antimanic properties. "	( Verapamil: a new antimanic drug with potential interactions with lithium. Allen, S; Dubovsky, SL; Franks, RD, 1987)	3.16
"Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker at the membrane level and may affect cytosol calcium-calmodulin as well."	( Verapamil inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation and function in vitro. Jaffe, BM; Lewis, T; McMillen, MA; Wait, RB, 1985)	2.43
"Verapamil is an effective and relatively-safe antihypertensive drug. "	( Verapamil withdrawal as a possible cause of myocardial infarction in a hypertensive woman with a normal coronary angiogram. Beilin, LJ; Dimmitt, SB; Hockings, BE, 1988)	3.16
"Verapamil is a widely used calcium channel blocker. "	( Cerebral infarction associated with oral verapamil overdose. Samniah, N; Schlaeffer, F, 1988)	1.98
"Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker that inhibits mast cell degranulation, platelet aggregation, and neutrophil function and is a potent vasodilator. "	( Efficacy of verapamil in the salvage of failing random skin flaps. Nichter, LS; Sobieski, MW, 1988)	2.1
"Verapamil is a racemic mixture of two optical isomers, the (-)-form being the more active component. "	( Pharmacokinetics of conventional and slow-release verapamil. Bühler, F; Follath, F; Ha, HR; Schütz, E, 1986)	1.97
"Verapamil is an agent which inhibits the transmembrane flux of calcium ions and is used clinically in the management of cardiac arrhythmias. "	( The calcium channel blocker verapamil and cancer chemotherapy. Simpson, WG, 1985)	2.01

Effects

Verapamil overdose is has a comparatively high mortality rate and there is no effective antidote. It has a lowering effect on the blood pressure even in the presence of advanced renal failure.

Verapamil has profound electrophysiologic effects on the slow inward current. It has antioxidant activity, which enhances the production of nitric oxide (NO) It has shown a great potential in the management of keloid and hypertrophic scars.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Verapamil overdose is has a comparatively high mortality rate and there is no effective antidote. "	( Comparison of Effects of Separate and Combined Sugammadex and Lipid Emulsion Administration on Hemodynamic Parameters and Survival in a Rat Model of Verapamil Toxicity. Ates, NG; Demir Piroglu, I; Demir, A; Gergerli, R; Guven, S; Karakilic, E; Kose, HC; Piroglu, MD; Tulgar, S, 2016)	2.08
"Verapamil alone has a more significant prophylactic than therapeutic antifibrotic effect against induced liver fibrosis; it was more significant than silymarin. "	( Improved antifibrotic effect of a combination of verapamil and silymarin in rat-induced liver fibrosis. Gouda, NA; Khodeir, MM; Mahmoud, ME; Shafik, AN, 2011)	2.07
"Verapamil has a narrow range of dose-dependence and cytotoxicity in high concentrations."	( [Conservative treatment of Peyronie's disease in the light of new pathogenetic data]. Ivanchenko, LP; Kalashnikova, EA; Mazo, EB; Mufaged, ML; Terekhov, SM, )	0.85
"Verapamil has a negative inotropic action in isolated cardiac muscle. "	( Effect of verapamil on left ventricular function: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Farias, MA; Frye, RL; Ritman, EL; Smith, HC; Vlietstra, RE, 1983)	2.11
"Verapamil has a well-documented history as an effective antianginal agent when directly compared with a beta-blocker, and is more effective in reducing myocardial ischemia compared with amlodipine monotherapy."	( Verapamil revisited: a transition in novel drug delivery systems and outcomes. Prisant, LM, )	2.3
"Verapamil has a lowering effect on the blood pressure even in the presence of advanced renal failure."	( [The treatment of renal hypertension with verapamil in childhood (author's transl]. Alatas, H; Bein, G; Schärer, K, 1977)	1.24
"Verapamil has been used in perfusion solution to improve kidney performance, but evidence was anecdotal, and no research has been reported on recipient outcomes. "	( Performance of Renal Allografts Perfused With Verapamil-Treated Perfusion Solution. Boyer, AJ; Hostetler, CA; Ketcham, RE; Orlowski, JP; Squires, RA, 2021)	2.32
"Verapamil has been shown to be able to reverse development of multidrug resistance mediated by P-glycoprotein."	( Metabolomics analysis of multidrug resistance in colorectal cancer cell and multidrug resistance reversal effect of verapamil. Gao, M; Wang, K; Wang, X; Wang, Z; Xu, X; Zhang, H, 2021)	1.55
"Verapamil has antioxidant activity, which enhances the production of nitric oxide (NO)."	( Nitric Oxide Produced by the Antioxidant Activity of Verapamil Improves the Acute Wound Healing Process. Choi, JY; Han, YN; Kim, KJ; Lee, SJ; Lee, YJ; Moon, SH; Rhie, JW, 2021)	1.59
"Verapamil has been shown to inhibit TNF-α and IL-1β in vitro and in vivo."	( Successful control of hidradenitis suppurativa with verapamil: a case report. Geniaux, H; Laroche, ML; Teste, M; Vanoost, J, 2019)	1.49
"Verapamil has been hypothesized to mitigate ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) to the allograft."	( Does intra-operative verapamil administration in kidney transplantation improve graft function. Bidnur, S; Caldas, M; Ghosh, S; Gupta, N; Moore, RB; Sharma, N; Todd, GT, 2019)	1.55
"Verapamil has been used in the prevention of CH for almost 3 decades, however, the mode of action and therapeutic target is still unknown."	( Verapamil and Cluster Headache: Still a Mystery. A Narrative Review of Efficacy, Mechanisms and Perspectives. Barloese, MCJ; Jensen, RH; Petersen, AS; Snoer, A; Soerensen, AMS, 2019)	3.4
"Verapamil has been detected in aquatic environments in concentrations ranging from ng L(-1) to μg L(-1)."	( Toxic effects, bioconcentration and depuration of verapamil in the early life stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Fedorova, G; Grabic, R; Grabicova, K; Kroupova, HK; Machova, J; Prokes, M; Steinbach, C; Valentova, O, 2013)	1.36
"Verapamil has shown a great potential in the management of keloid and hypertrophic scars."	( Role of verapamil in preventing and treating hypertrophic scars and keloids. Cen, Y; Chen, J; Li, Z; Mao, Y; Wang, R; Zhang, Z, 2016)	1.59
"Verapamil overdose is has a comparatively high mortality rate and there is no effective antidote. "	( Comparison of Effects of Separate and Combined Sugammadex and Lipid Emulsion Administration on Hemodynamic Parameters and Survival in a Rat Model of Verapamil Toxicity. Ates, NG; Demir Piroglu, I; Demir, A; Gergerli, R; Guven, S; Karakilic, E; Kose, HC; Piroglu, MD; Tulgar, S, 2016)	2.08
"Verapamil has shown antimanic activity in some but not all studies."	( Verapamil augmentation of lithium treatment improves outcome in mania unresponsive to lithium alone: preliminary findings and a discussion of therapeutic mechanisms. Buttenfield, J; Frank, E; Haskett, R; Kupfer, DJ; Luckenbaugh, DA; Mallinger, AG; Manji, HK; Thase, ME, 2008)	2.51
"Verapamil has been shown to be neuroprotective in several acute neurotoxicity models due to blockade of calcium entry into neurons. "	( Verapamil protects dopaminergic neuron damage through a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism by inhibition of microglial activation. Ali, S; Chen, HL; Chen, SH; Crews, FT; Hong, JS; Liu, Y; Lo, YC; Lu, RB; Qian, L; Wei, K; Wilson, B; Wu, HM, )	3.02
"Verapamil has been shown to inhibit glucose transport in several cell types. "	( Metabolic flux analysis gives an insight on verapamil induced changes in central metabolism of HL-1 cells. Heinzle, E; Niklas, J; Noor, F; Pironti, A; Strigun, A; Yang, TH, 2011)	2.07
"Verapamil alone has a more significant prophylactic than therapeutic antifibrotic effect against induced liver fibrosis; it was more significant than silymarin. "	( Improved antifibrotic effect of a combination of verapamil and silymarin in rat-induced liver fibrosis. Gouda, NA; Khodeir, MM; Mahmoud, ME; Shafik, AN, 2011)	2.07
"Verapamil has significant effect on volume and acidity of carbachol induced gastric secretion."	( Comparison of verapamil and cimetidine for their effects on volume and acidity of Carbachol induced gastric secretion in fasting rabbits. Ahmad, S; Haroon, M; Jan, M; Javid, M; Orakzai, SA; Qamar, M; Tariq, S, )	1.93
"Verapamil has the capability to inhibit and induce cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A and P-glycoprotein (P-gp), but the relative extent and time course of these events in vivo are unclear. "	( The effect of short- and long-term administration of verapamil on the disposition of cytochrome P450 3A and P-glycoprotein substrates. Gorski, JC; Hall, SD; Hamman, MA; Lemma, GL; Wang, Z; Zaheer, NA, 2006)	2.03
"Verapamil has a narrow range of dose-dependence and cytotoxicity in high concentrations."	( [Conservative treatment of Peyronie's disease in the light of new pathogenetic data]. Ivanchenko, LP; Kalashnikova, EA; Mazo, EB; Mufaged, ML; Terekhov, SM, )	0.85
"Verapamil (Vp) has been found to augment the creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage from isolated mouse heart incubated in vitro at 25 degrees C. "	( Competitive effects of verapamil and calcium ion as regulators of myocardial enzyme leakage. Cohen, L; Gilula, Z; Herbstman, D; Lazaron, B; Meier, P, )	1.88
"Verapamil, which has profound electrophysiologic effects on the slow inward current, is emerging as a valuable antiarrhythmic agent."	( Calcium channel blocking agents in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders. Part I: Basic and clinical electrophysiologic effects. Antman, EM; Braunwald, E; Muller, JE; Stone, PH, 1980)	0.98
"Verapamil has a negative inotropic action in isolated cardiac muscle. "	( Effect of verapamil on left ventricular function: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Farias, MA; Frye, RL; Ritman, EL; Smith, HC; Vlietstra, RE, 1983)	2.11
"Verapamil and diltiazem have been evaluated with mixed results for atrial flutter and fibrillation."	( Update on calcium-channel blocking agents. Bussey, HI; Talbert, RL, )	0.85
"Verapamil has previously been found to inhibit insulin release from pancreatic beta-cells in laboratory animals. "	( Influence of verapamil on glucose tolerance. Andersson, DE; Röjdmark, S, 1984)	2.08
"(-)-verapamil has been demonstrated to possess 8 to 10 times more potent negative dromotropic effect on AV conduction than (+)-verapamil."	( Stereoselective first-pass metabolism of highly cleared drugs: studies of the bioavailability of L- and D-verapamil examined with a stable isotope technique. Echizen, H; Eichelbaum, M; Schmidt, E; Vogelgesang, B, 1984)	0.96
"Verapamil has been demonstrated to inhibit the elimination of digoxin and to increase its steady state plasma level by 60-80%. "	( Influence of verapamil on the inotropism and pharmacokinetics of digoxin. Christiansen, BD; Klitgaard, NA; Nielsen-Kudsk, F; Pedersen, KE; Thayssen, P, 1983)	2.08
"Oral verapamil has previously been shown to reduce heart rate at rest and during mild exercise in chronic atrial fibrillation. "	( Verapamil improves exercise capacity in chronic atrial fibrillation: double-blind crossover study. David, D; Di Segni, E; Gefen, J; Guerrero, J; Kaplinsky, E; Klein, HO; Lang, R; Libhaber, C; Sareli, P; Weiss, E, 1983)	2.22
"Verapamil kinetics have been determined in liver disease (mainly in cirrhotic patients), in intensive-care patients, and in healthy control subjects. "	( Verapamil disposition in liver disease and intensive-care patients: kinetics, clearance, and apparent blood flow relationships. Rietbrock, I; Rietbrock, N; Vöhringer, HF; Woodcock, BG, 1981)	3.15
"Verapamil has been studied extensively in adult animals. "	( The comparative electrophysiologic and hemodynamic effects of verapamil in puppies and adult dogs. Driscoll, D; Entman, ML; Gibson, R; Gillette, P; Hartley, C, 1981)	1.95
"Verapamil has complex influences on ventricular function owing to its direct myocardial effects, vasodilation, and reflex activation of the sympathetic nervous system. "	( Effect on verapamil on ventricular function: studies in denervated human heart. Edwards, T; Herman, BA; Schulman, DS; Uretsky, BF; Ziady, G, 1993)	2.13
"Verapamil has been shown to ameliorate silent myocardial perfusion defects documented by thallium-201 in patients with HC."	( Effect of verapamil on absolute myocardial blood flow in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Camici, PG; Cecchi, F; Choudhury, L; Gistri, R; Montereggi, A; Salvadori, PA; Sorace, O, 1994)	1.41
"Verapamil has been shown to partially restore drug sensitivity in tumour cells rendered resistant in vitro."	( A randomised clinical study of verapamil in addition to combination chemotherapy in small cell lung cancer. West of Scotland Lung Cancer Research Group, and the Aberdeen Oncology Group. Milroy, R, 1993)	1.29
"Verapamil has also been suggested to potentiate the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin."	( Effect of verapamil on doxorubicin cardiotoxicity: altered muscle gene expression in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Akimoto, H; Billingham, ME; Bruno, NA; Slate, DL; Torti, FM; Torti, SV, 1993)	1.41
"Verapamil has been the most commonly used agent for the treatment of PSVT with a narrow QRS complex."	( [Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in pregnancy. Value of adenosine and other anti-arrhythmia agents]. Hösl, P; Johannigmann, J; Rust, M; Schmidt, G, 1996)	1.02
"Verapamil has well proven efficacy in the treatment of patients with hypertension, and early studies indicated its efficacy in the treatment of coronary artery disease. "	( Verapamil: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in coronary artery disease. Benfield, P; Brogden, RN, 1996)	3.18
"Verapamil has been associated with hyperprolactinaemia, but there have been no population-based studies. "	( Hyperprolactinaemia and verapamil: prevalence and potential association with hypogonadism in men. Aron, DC; Dombrowski, R; Fuehrer, S; Kwak, YS; Romeo, JH, 1996)	2.04
"Verapamil has been found to be protective against crystal deposition."	( Limitation of shockwave-induced enhanced crystal deposition in traumatized tissue by verapamil in rabbit model. Akbay, C; Bakir, K; Korkmaz, C; Sarica, K; Sayin, N; Topçu, O; Yağci, F, 1999)	1.25
"Verapamil and digoxin have been shown to modulate tachycardia-induced atrial electrical remodeling. "	( Profibrillatory effects of verapamil but not of digoxin in the goat model of atrial fibrillation. Allessie, MA; Duytschaever, MF; Garratt, CJ, 2000)	2.05
"Verapamil has been shown to be a competitive inhibitor of Pgp, and was one of the first multidrug-resistant reversing agents identified."	( Verapamil decreases accumulation of 99Tcm-MIBI and 99Tcm-tetrofosmin in human breast cancer and soft tissue sarcoma cell lines. Kalinowska, W; Rodrigues, M; Sinzinger, H; Zielinski, C, 2001)	2.47
"Verapamil has been shown to attenuate the extent of myocardial injury in murine models of chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection. "	( Cardioprotective effects of verapamil on myocardial structure and function in a murine model of chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection (Brazil Strain): an echocardiographic study. Chandra, M; Dominguez-Rosales, JA; Factor, SM; Jelicks, LA; Morris, SA; Petkova, SB; Rojkind, M; Shirani, J; Shtutin, V; Tanowitz, HB; Weiss, LM; Wittner, M, 2002)	2.05
"Verapamil has a well-documented history as an effective antianginal agent when directly compared with a beta-blocker, and is more effective in reducing myocardial ischemia compared with amlodipine monotherapy."	( Verapamil revisited: a transition in novel drug delivery systems and outcomes. Prisant, LM, )	2.3
"Verapamil has a lowering effect on the blood pressure even in the presence of advanced renal failure."	( [The treatment of renal hypertension with verapamil in childhood (author's transl]. Alatas, H; Bein, G; Schärer, K, 1977)	1.24
"(-)Verapamil has no comparable effects on the excitability of the atrial myocardium."	( Relationship of antiarrhythmic to inotropic activity and antiarrhythmic qualities of the optical isomers of verapamil. Raschack, M, 1976)	0.98
"Verapamil has been associated with improved quality of life compared with propranolol (a beta-blocker) and nifedipine."	( Quality of life in the treatment of hypertension. The effect of calcium antagonists. Bulpitt, C; Fletcher, A, 1992)	1
"Verapamil has been shown to overcome acquired drug resistance to vincristine in P388 leukemia both in vitro and in vivo. "	( Verapamil preferentially potentiates in-vitro cytotoxicity of vincristine on malignant lymphoid cells. Costea, NV; Malik, IA, )	3.02
"Verapamil has been the most commonly used agent in the general population but it has several shortcomings, such as its potential to cause or exacerbate systemic hypotension, congestive heart failure, bradyarrhythmias, and ventricular fibrillation."	( Adenosine in the treatment of maternal paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Koos, BJ; Mason, BA; Ricci-Goodman, J, 1992)	1
"Verapamil has beneficial effects on ischemic myocardium, including reduction in electrophysiological derangements, prevention of intracellular K+ loss, and preservation of high-energy phosphates, but the mechanisms underlying these actions are not clear. "	( Verapamil diminishes action potential changes during metabolic inhibition by blocking ATP-regulated potassium currents. Bassett, AL; Kimura, S; Myerburg, RJ; Xi, H, 1992)	3.17
"Verapamil has been proposed to be effective in early stages of atherogenic lesion formation to decrease aortic lesion area in cholesterol fed rabbits (Sievers R., et al., 1987)."	( Calcium antagonists increase the amount of mRNA for the low-density lipoprotein receptor in skin fibroblasts. Eckardt, H; Filipovic, I, 1991)	1
"Verapamil has been proposed to modulate the multidrug resistance phenotype by competitive inhibition of an energy dependent efflux of cytotoxic drug. "	( Transport of the multidrug resistance modulators verapamil and azidopine in wild type and daunorubicin resistant Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. Bindslev, N; Demant, EJ; Friche, E; Jensen, PB; Sehested, M; Skovsgaard, T, 1990)	1.98
"Even verapamil, however, has been shown to lead to hemodynamic improvement in some patients, at least after acute administration."	( [Treatment of heart failure with calcium antagonists]. Dirschinger, J; Hall, D; Kraus, F; Rudolph, W, 1990)	0.73
"(R)-verapamil, which has less calcium antagonistic activity and less in vivo toxicity than racemic verapamil, and D792, which has higher reversing potency and less in vivo toxicity than racemic verapamil, should be suitable for clinical applications to overcome drug resistance in cancer patients."	( Reversal of multi-drug resistance in human KB cell lines by structural analogs of verapamil. Keilhauer, G; Lechner, C; Ludwig, H; Pirker, R; Raschack, M, 1990)	0.99
"Verapamil has in insurmountable inhibitory effect on 5-HT-induced aggregation at relatively low concentrations."	( How can we inhibit 5-HT-induced platelet aggregation and why should we bother? Bevan, J; Heptinstall, S, 1988)	1
"Verapamil treatment has no significant effect, neither on the enzyme activation nor on the glycogen utilization."	( [Enzyme activity of cardiac glycogen metabolism: study of an in situ hypoxia protocol in the rat]. Grably, S; Rossi, A; Verdys, M, 1989)	1
"Verapamil has been shown to enhance immunotoxin activity but only at concentrations that are too high for in vivo use. "	( Enhancement of the activity of immunotoxins by analogues of verapamil. FitzGerald, DJ; Frank, Z; Pastan, I; Pirker, R; Raschack, M; Willingham, MC, 1989)	1.96
"Verapamil has the same anti-anginal effect during exercise as beta-adrenoceptor blockers but has the advantage of increasing rather than decreasing the cardiac output and so fatigue both at rest and exercise commonly seen with beta-adrenoceptor blockers is not found with verapamil."	( Verapamil in angina pectoris. Kelly, DT, 1986)	2.44
"Verapamil has been established as the drug of choice in the treatment of supraventricular dysrhythmias and is recognized as useful in the treatment of ischemic heart disease and hypertension. "	( Terminating SVT-mediated recurrent ventricular fibrillation with verapamil. Applebaum, D, )	1.81
"Verapamil has been shown to be effective in reducing the frequency of episodes of ischemic pain in patients with unstable angina pectoris, and to be more effective than beta-adrenoceptor antagonists in such patients. "	( Verapamil in unstable angina pectoris: failure to demonstrate a relationship between efficacy and plasma levels. Elliott, SL; Horowitz, JD; Powell, AC, 1988)	3.16
"Verapamil has been shown to be effective in the management of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). "	( Verapamil preceded by calcium in supraventricular tachycardia. Branconi, JM; Hicks, P; Royal, SH; Sloan, R; Stringer, KA, )	3.02
"Verapamil has been shown to reverse acquired drug resistance to Adriamycin (ADR) and vinblastine in the P388 leukemia and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma model systems. "	( Effect of verapamil on in vitro cytotoxicity of adriamycin and vinblastine in human tumor cells. Cox, TC; Crowley, J; Goodman, GE; Yen, YP, 1987)	2.12
"Verapamil has been shown to potentiate cyclosporine's effect in inhibiting lectin-stimulated proliferation of murine and human lymphocytes, and in prolonging graft survival in experimental heterotopic cardiac transplantation in rats. "	( The effect of verapamil on cellular uptake, organ distribution, and pharmacology of cyclosporine. Baumgarten, WK; Fuortes, M; Holman, MJ; McMillen, MA; Mitchnick, E; Schaefer, HC; Tesi, RJ, 1987)	2.08
"Verapamil and diltiazem have been shown in animals (opossum, baboon) to produce decreased contractions in esophageal smooth muscle, resulting in a decreased amplitude of peristalsis and decreased lower esophageal sphincter pressures."	( Calcium-channel blocking agents for gastrointestinal disorders. Castell, DO, 1985)	0.99
"Verapamil has proven effective in preventing acute renal failure in animal models if given prior to the insult and hence possibly has a role in the preservation of cadaveric renal tissue for transplantation. "	( Verapamil prevents post-transplant oliguric renal failure. Charlesworth, JA; Duggan, KA; Macdonald, GJ; Pussell, BA, 1985)	3.15
"Verapamil has been reported to reverse the abnormality of sodium transport seen in leucocytes from patients with essential hypertension and the present study demonstrates that sodium pump activity in leucocytes from control subjects is also stimulated by exposure to verapamil in vitro."	( Effect of the calcium antagonist verapamil on human leucocyte sodium transport in vitro. Gray, HH; Hilton, PJ; Johnson, VE; Poston, L, 1985)	1.27
"Verapamil has been shown to depress the contractility of ischemic myocardium. "	( Effect of verapamil on pH of ischemic canine myocardium. Epstein, SE; Markle, DR; McGuire, DA; Patterson, RE; Vitale, D; Watson, RM, 1985)	2.11
"Verapamil has become a popular antiarrhythmic drug for the acute management of supraventricular tachycardia in infants and children. "	( Successful management of atrial flutter in a newborn with verapamil. Casta, A; Richardson, CJ; Sapire, DW; Wolf, WJ, 1985)	1.96

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Verapamil caused a 45% increase in CsA area under the curve, maximum concentration, steady-state concentration, and trough level. Exercise capacity increased in 34 of 43 patients (79%) manifesting an increase in peak filling rate. Only one of 12 patients (8%) with unchanged or decreased peak fill rate (p less than .001)

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Verapamil injection can enhance autophagy, reduce the weight of fatty liver mice, improve liver function and liver regeneration."	( Verapamil induces autophagy to improve liver regeneration in non-alcoholic fatty liver mice. Bai, YN; Lai, JL; Lian, YE; Wang, YD; Wu, JY, 2021)	2.79
"Verapamil promotes functional β-cell mass and improves glucose homeostasis in diabetic mice and humans with type 1 diabetes (T1D). "	( Verapamil Prevents Decline of IGF-I in Subjects With Type 1 Diabetes and Promotes β-Cell IGF-I Signaling. Chen, J; Lu, B; Qian, WJ; Sethupathy, P; Shalev, A; Xu, G, 2023)	3.8
"Verapamil promotes β-cell IGF-I signaling by increasing phosphorylation of IGF-I receptor and its downstream effector AKT."	( Verapamil Prevents Decline of IGF-I in Subjects With Type 1 Diabetes and Promotes β-Cell IGF-I Signaling. Chen, J; Lu, B; Qian, WJ; Sethupathy, P; Shalev, A; Xu, G, 2023)	3.07
"Verapamil did not increase systemic exposure to VI following administration of the UMEC/VI combination."	( Effect of verapamil on systemic exposure and safety of umeclidinium and vilanterol: a randomized and open-label study. Crater, G; Hughes, S; Kelleher, D; Mehta, R; Preece, A, 2013)	1.51
"Verapamil can enhance the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic drugs and multidrug resistance by targeting the transport function of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp)."	( Verapamil inhibits tumor progression of chemotherapy-resistant pancreatic cancer side population cells. Bao, Q; Bruns, CJ; Camaj, P; Ellwart, JW; Guba, M; Hartig, R; Jauch, KW; Mysliwietz, J; Nelson, PJ; Schwarz, B; Zhao, L; Zhao, Y, 2016)	2.6
"Verapamil can inhibit fertilization in vitro through regulating Myb expression of sperm, while GABA, dbcAMP and Verapamil may affect the process of fertilization through the way other than Myb expression."	( [Study of effect and mechanism of c-myb on the fertilization in mouse]. Wu, LF; Zhang, J; Zheng, YH, 2005)	1.05
"Verapamil could enhance the absorption of isoquercitrin, hyperoside, myricetin and quercetin-3'-O-glucoside by inhibiting P-glycoprotein (P-gp) drug efflux pump."	( [Absorption of flavonoids from Abelmoschus manihot extract by in situ intestinal perfusion]. Duan, JA; Guo, JM; Qian, DW; Shu, Y; Xue, CF, 2011)	1.09
"Verapamil and ibutilide blunt the atrial fibrillation-induced shortening of atrial refractoriness that may predispose to an immediate recurrence of atrial fibrillation after cardioversion. "	( Comparison of verapamil and ibutilide for the suppression of immediate recurrences of atrial fibrillation after transthoracic cardioversion. Knight, BP; Morady, F; Oral, H; Ozaydin, M; Pelosi, F; Sticherling, C; Strickberger, SA; Tada, H, 2002)	2.12
"Verapamil does not inhibit (99m)TcN-NOET uptake in situ in normal and ischemic canine myocardium. "	( Verapamil does not inhibit 99mTcN-NOET uptake in situ in normal or ischemic canine myocardium. Bontron, R; Broisat, A; Fagret, D; Ghezzi, C; Mathieu, JP; Pasqualini, R; Riou, LM; Vanzetto, G, 2003)	3.2
"Verapamil is known to suppress shortening of the atrial effective refractory period (AERP) during relatively short-term atrial pacing, although the effect of a long-term stimulation model is unclear. "	( Verapamil suppresses the inhomogeneity of electrical remodeling in a canine long-term rapid atrial stimulation model. Inuo, K; Izumi, T; Kojima, J; Moriguchi, M; Niwano, S; Yoshizawa, N, 2003)	3.2
"Verapamil did not cause a significant change either in the SN or in the PVD cycle length."	( Response to pharmacological challenge of dissociated pulmonary vein rhythm. Abdul-Karim, A; Bhargava, M; Burkhardt, D; Erciyes, D; Khaykin, Y; Marrouche, N; Martin, DO; Natale, A; Rossillo, A; Saliba, W; Schweikert, R; Verma, A; Wazni, OM, 2005)	1.05
"Verapamil can inhibit proliferation of HCT cells via inducing cell apoptosis."	( In vitro growth inhibition of human colonic tumor cells by Verapamil. Cao, QZ; Niu, G; Tan, HR, 2005)	2.01
"Verapamil did not increase the intestinal absorption of fexofenadine, even though the jejunal permeability of fexofenadine, verapamil, and antipyrine showed a tendency to increase in G2."	( First-pass effects of verapamil on the intestinal absorption and liver disposition of fexofenadine in the porcine model. Bergman, E; Bondesson, U; Forsell, P; Hedeland, M; Knutson, L; Lennernäs, H; Petri, N, 2006)	1.37
"Verapamil was found to inhibit the responses significantly."	( Positive inotropic effect of Murraya koenigii (Linn.) Spreng extract on an isolated perfused frog heart. Juvekar, AR; Shah, KJ, 2006)	1.06
"Verapamil can cause significantly effect on transport of Danshensu: P(app,A-B) increased and P(app,B-A) decreased ."	( [Transport mechanism of danshensu across Caco-2 monolayer model]. Cheng, YY; Zhao, XP; Zhu, DF, 2006)	1.06
"Verapamil was found to enhance PYM-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in KB cells. "	( Synergistic effects of verapamil on pingyangmycin-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in KB cells. Chang, YC; Ho, YC; Tai, KW, 2007)	2.09
"Verapamil prevented the increase in fibrillatory frequency in PAF patients in relatively long-term observation. "	( Effect of oral L-type calcium channel blocker on repetitive paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: spectral analysis of fibrillation waves in the Holter monitoring. Fujiki, A; Fukaya, H; Hatakeyama, Y; Izumi, T; Niwano, S; Sasaki, T, 2007)	1.78
"For verapamil to inhibit superoxide generation, cytochalasin B was necessary."	( Cytochalasin B facilitates the inhibition of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte generation of superoxide by verapamil. Busse, WW; Pratt, A; Steiner, RD, 1984)	0.96
"Verapamil was found to produce considerable tracheal smooth muscle relaxation from a threshold concentration of 2 X 10(-7) M and with maximum effect at 10(-3) M."	( The potential bronchodilator action of verapamil. Cade, JF; Clegg, EA; Moulds, RF; Pain, MC; Rubinfeld, AR; Santamaria, JD, 1984)	1.26
"Verapamil was found to lower the basal blood glucose concentration in the 36 h fasted subjects."	( Blood glucose lowering effect of verapamil in fasted man. Andersson, DE; Röjdmark, S, 1984)	1.27
"Verapamil may produce an unrecognized source of weakness in the anesthetized patient either alone or through interaction with anesthetic agents or adjuncts."	( Neuromuscular and electrocardiographic responses to verapamil in dogs. Gintautas, J; Kraynack, BJ; Lawson, NW, 1983)	1.24
"Verapamil was found to blunt the glucose response to glucagon in the patients with NIDDM, whereas it augmented the glucose response to glucagon in the controls."	( Calcium-antagonistic effects on glucose response to glucagon in patients with non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and in normoglycemic subjects. Andersson, DE; Hed, R; Röjdmark, S; Sundblad, L, 1981)	0.98
"verapamil, inhibit binding (IC50 = 250 nM)."	( Specific calcium antagonist binding sites in brain. Marangos, PJ; Martino, AM; Miller, C; Patel, J, 1982)	0.99
"Verapamil failed to produce a consistent shift in the membrane responsiveness curve (Vmax versus take-off membrane potentials), although the development of early, slow action potentials was blocked."	( Effects of verapamil on action potentials of Purkinje fibers. Dersham, GH; Han, J, 1980)	1.37
"Verapamil significantly increase the level of these metabolites."	( Protective effect of verapamil on regional myocardial ischaemic injury in dog. Kobusiewicz, W; Ledwozyw, A; Michalak, J; Ogonowska-Kobusiewicz, M; Zywicki, W, 1995)	1.33
"Verapamil did not enhance drug accumulation but inhibited drug efflux in K562r cells."	( [Intracellular accumulation, retention, and distribution of anthracyclines in a multidrug-resistant variant K562r]. Chen, WY; Hu, X, 1994)	1.01
"Verapamil produced an increase in the formation and release of malonyldialdehyde."	( Calcium channel antagonist verapamil modulates human spermatozoal functions. Anand, RJ; Kanwar, U; Sanyal, SN, 1994)	1.31
"Verapamil can produce depression of left ventricular function, delayed atrioventricular conduction, and hypotension, which can be potentiated by hyperkalemia. "	( Effect of hyperkalemia on myocardial depression by verapamil in isolated hearts. Boyd, SG; Jolly, SR; Mehta, P; Movahed, A; Reeves, WC; Wilson, VP, 1993)	1.98
"Verapamil blunted the increase in plasma potassium in diabetic and nondiabetic rats compared with the respective controls."	( Effect of verapamil on disposition of intravenous potassium in diabetic anephric uremic rats. Blum, M; Cabili, S; Davidovics, Y; Iaina, A; Peer, G; Serban, I; Wollman, Y, 1993)	1.41
"Verapamil caused a lower ventricular rate, but only six (19%) of the patients (n = 31) converted to sinus rhythm within 4 h (p < 0.01) and 16 (52%) within 24 h (NS)."	( The effect of magnesium versus verapamil on supraventricular arrhythmias. Birkeland, K; Gullestad, L; Høyer, MM; Kjekshus, J; Mølstad, P; Vanberg, P, 1993)	1.29
"Verapamil can cause reduction in the extent of ischemic injury after reperfusion of hypertrophied myocardium."	( Verapamil reduces the size of reperfused ischemically injured myocardium in hypertrophied rat hearts as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Derugin, N; Higgins, CB; Lauerma, K; Saeed, M; Wendland, MF; Yu, KK, 1996)	2.46
"Verapamil Vp was used because it was described that calcium channel blockers protect cells from nephrotoxicants and from ischaemia."	( Evidence for renal ischaemia as a cause of mercuric chloride nephrotoxicity. Elías, MM; Girardi, G, 1995)	1.01
"Verapamil as a cause for his increased prolactin concentration was not considered initially."	( Verapamil-induced hyperprolactinemia complicated by a pituitary incidentaloma. Aron, DC; Dombrowski, RC; Romeo, JH, 1995)	2.46
"Verapamil overdose, because of its frequency and severity, represents a significant problem for the emergency physician. "	( Cardiac dysrhythmias in severe verapamil overdose: characterization with a canine model. Koury, SI; Stone, CK; Thomas, SH, 1996)	2.02
"Verapamil did not increase DNR toxicity in four of these eight cases, but was more efficient in one other MDR1(+) case."	( Effect of the multidrug inhibitor GG918 on drug sensitivity of human leukemic cells. Faussat, AM; Marie, JP; Simonin, G; Zhou, DC; Zittoun, R, 1997)	1.02
"Dexverapamil did not increase epirubicin toxicity."	( Phase II trial of dexverapamil and epirubicin in patients with non-responsive metastatic breast cancer. Kroeger, N; Kupper, H; Lehnert, M; Mross, K; Schueller, J; Thuerlimann, B, 1998)	1.13
"Verapamil can increase the plasma concentration of digoxin up to 60-90%."	( P-glycoprotein system as a determinant of drug interactions: the case of digoxin-verapamil. Beijnen, JH; Koks, CH; Schellens, JH; Verschraagen, M, 1999)	1.25
"Verapamil showed to increase all parameters of phagocytosis in comparison with control."	( [Pentoxifylline and verapamil influence on the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages from women with endometriosis]. Czygier, M; Laudański, P; Szamatowicz, J, 2000)	1.35
"Verapamil promotes AF in normal dogs by promoting multiple circuit reentry, an effect dependent on intact autonomic tone and not shared by diltiazem."	( Effects of verapamil on atrial fibrillation and its electrophysiological determinants in dogs. Bénardeau, A; Fareh, S; Nattel, S, 2001)	2.14
"Verapamil blunted the increase of the coronary vascular resistance index to the CPT in comparison with its change at CPT after propranolol."	( Comparison of the effect of verapamil and propranolol on response of coronary vasomotion to cold pressor test in symptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Dimitrow, PP; Dubiel, JS; Krzanowski, M; Nizankowski, R; Szczeklik, A, 2000)	1.32
"Verapamil can inhibit HSFB proliferation, collagen synthesis and gene expression by a dose-depended manner, especially treated with 100 mumol/L Verapamil."	( [The biological effect of verapamil on hypertrophic scar fibroblast]. Guo, S; Lu, K; Wang, Z, 2001)	2.05
"Verapamil produced an increase in the A-H interval in 4 of the 5 cases studied with His bundle recordings."	( [Antiarrhythmic effects of verapamil]. Férez, S; Malo, R; Martínez-Ríos, MA; Salazar, E; Shapiro, M, )	1.15
"For verapamil SR, the mean increase in HR was 5 beats/min (to 80 beats/min) and the mean decrease in HR was 13 beats/min (to 62 beats/min)."	( Comparative efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of verapamil SR vs verapamil IR in hypertensive patients. Cubeddu, LX; Faggin, BM; Fuenmayor, NT, 1992)	1.01
"Verapamil failed to inhibit the secretion of pepsinogen induced by the drugs in ordinary culture medium containing Ca2+."	( Role of intracellular Ca2+ and the calmodulin messenger system in pepsinogen secretion from isolated rabbit gastric mucosa. Itoh, M; Miyamoto, T; Noguchi, Y; Yokochi, K, 1992)	1
"Verapamil did not lower ambulatory blood pressure at this dose (which is lower than is now commonly used), but reductions in ambulatory blood pressure were similar for atenolol, metoprolol, and chlorthalidone."	( Effectiveness of antihypertensive medications in office and ambulatory settings: a placebo-controlled comparison of atenolol, metoprolol, chlorthalidone, verapamil, and an atenolol-chlorthalidone combination. Durel, LA; Hayashi, PJ; Schneiderman, N; Weidler, DJ, 1992)	1.2
"Verapamil was found to increase the G2 blocking effect of bleomycin A5 prominently in mouse S-180 and human HEP-2 cell lines."	( [Mechanism of enhancement of bleomycin A5 antitumor activity by verapamil]. He, NG; Liu, ZM; Song, PG; Xue, SB; Zhang, HQ, 1991)	1.24
"Verapamil did not cause variations in GH secretion following GHRH and insulin-induced hypoglycemia, whereas nifedipine significantly reduced the elevation in GH induced by GHRH; however the GHRH-mediated GH rise still remained within the normal range in all subjects."	( Calcium ion and pituitary hormones: effect of calcium channel blockers on stimulated secretion of pituitary hormones. Delitala, G; Palermo, M; Tomasi, PA, )	0.85
"Verapamil tended to increase the renal and systemic effects of stevioside."	( Effect of calcium and verapamil on renal function of rats during treatment with stevioside. Melis, MS; Sainati, AR, 1991)	1.32
"Verapamil induced a 44% increase in steady-state plasma concentrations of digoxin, from 0.80 +/- 0.24 to 1.15 +/- 0.40 nmol/L (p less than 0.01)."	( Digoxin-verapamil interaction: reduction of biliary but not renal digoxin clearance in humans. Angelin, B; Arvidsson, A; Beck, O; Dahlqvist, R; Hedman, A; Nilsson, B; Olsson, M; Schenck-Gustafsson, K, 1991)	1.44
"Verapamil induced an increase in the cellular cholesterol content in preloaded cells."	( Verapamil enhances high-density lipoprotein processing in Hep G2 cells preloaded with cholesterol. Auclair, M; Chappey-Gillet, B; Mazière, C; Mazière, JC; Salmon, S, 1990)	2.44
"Verapamil failed to inhibit insulin-stimulated choleresis at a taurocholate infusion rate of 80 nmole/g liver/min."	( Effect of verapamil on insulin-stimulated choleresis. Hanks, JB; Jones, RS; Krusch, DA; Sack, J, 1990)	1.4
"Verapamil was found to enhance the cytotoxic effect of vincristine against ovarian cancer cells."	( [In vitro drug-resistance decrease of ovarian cancer cells]. Lu, SM, 1990)	1
"Verapamil caused a 45% increase in CsA area under the curve, maximum concentration, steady-state concentration, and trough level."	( The effects of calcium channel blockers on cyclosporine and its metabolites in renal transplant recipients. Awni, WM; Heim-Duthoy, KL; Kasiske, BL; Rao, KV; Tortorice, KL, 1990)	1
"Verapamil was found to inhibit the secretion of amylase but to have no effect on lipase, trypsin, or total protein."	( The effect of verapamil on pancreatic exocrine secretion. Bank, S; Burns, GP; Gersten, M; Stein, TA; Zimmerman, HM, 1986)	1.35
"Verapamil may cause detrimental results when given to patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and atrial fibrillation."	( Deleterious effects of intravenous verapamil in Wolff-Parkinson-White patients and atrial fibrillation. Agmon, J; Katz, A; Ovsyscher, IA; Rechavia, E; Sagie, A; Sclarovsky, S; Strasberg, B, 1989)	1.28
"Verapamil was shown to increase growth inhibition and decrease viability of PY815 mastocytoma cells treated with the anti-cancer drug mAMSA 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulphon-m-anisidide (mAMSA) or its normally inactive congener, 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulphon-o-anisidide (oAMSA). "	( Potentiation of 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulphon-m-anisidine) action by verapamil. Darkin, S; Ralph, RK, 1986)	1.94
"The verapamil-induced increase in Qrbc is probably mainly mediated by a relaxation of the afferent arteriole of the juxtamedullary nephrons."	( The calcium entry blocker verapamil increases red cell flux in the vasa recta of the exposed renal papilla. Hansell, P; Sjöquist, M; Ulfendahl, HR, 1988)	1.06
"Verapamil did not inhibit ANG II-stimulated Ca2+ efflux or the change in cell shape."	( Effect of angiotensin II on Ca2+ kinetics and contraction in cultured rat glomerular mesangial cells. Kim, JK; Meyer-Lehnert, H; Schrier, RW; Takeda, K, 1988)	1
"Verapamil reversed the increase in force at high frequencies produced by theophylline."	( Interaction of theophylline, verapamil, and diltiazem on hamster diaphragm muscle force in vitro. Esau, SA, 1988)	1.29
"Verapamil induced an increase in heart rate at rest due to sympathetic counterregulation secondary to a reduction of systolic and diastolic blood pressure."	( Verapamil abolishes exercise-induced regional contractile dysfunction in dogs. Ehrendorfer, S; Krumpl, G; Mayer, N; Raberger, G; Schneider, W, 1988)	2.44
"Verapamil did not inhibit AVP-stimulated Ca2+ efflux and cell contraction."	( AVP-induced Ca fluxes and contraction of rat glomerular mesangial cells. Kim, JK; Meyer-Lehnert, H; Schrier, RW; Takeda, K, 1988)	1
"verapamil) inhibit ( +/- )-[3H]nitrendipine binding with micromolar inhibition constants, but the benzothiazepine D-cis-diltiazem, a potent Ca2+-channel blocker, is without effect."	( A novel 1,4-dihydropyridine-binding site on mitochondrial membranes from guinea-pig heart, liver and kidney. Glossmann, H; Zernig, G, 1988)	1
"Verapamil was chosen because of its aqueous solubility and hence suitability for aerosol administration in higher doses than previously given."	( Effects of the calcium channel blocker, verapamil, on asthmatic airway responses to muscarinic, histaminergic, and allergenic stimuli. Fish, JE; Norman, PS, 1986)	1.26
"Verapamil and diltiazem cause a significant increase in plasma digoxin concentrations."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of verapamil, nifedipine and diltiazem. Echizen, H; Eichelbaum, M, )	1.14
"The verapamil-induced increase in calcium plasma-to-lumen translocation was abolished by bile duct ligation."	( Direct effects of calcium channel blockers on duodenal calcium transport in vivo. Fox, J; Green, DT, 1986)	0.75
"Verapamil appeared to increase pulmonary venous admixture."	( Verapamil in multifocal atrial tachycardia. Hemodynamic and respiratory changes. Burnett, CR; Hazard, PB, 1987)	2.44
"Verapamil was found to enhance the activity of both ADR and AD-32 against a HBTCL (T24), found to be resistant to both agents."	( Effects of N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate (AD-32) on human bladder tumor cell lines. Herrod, HG; Hunter, RF; Israel, M; Niell, HB, 1987)	0.99
"Verapamil may enhance the cytotoxicity of EGF-PE by blocking lysosomal degradation of EGF-PE."	( [The effect of calcium antagonists on intracellular transport of epidermal growth factor and the conjugate of epidermal growth factor with pseudomonas exotoxin]. Akiyama, S, 1985)	0.99
"Verapamil-mediated increase in net VP-16 transport was rapid (1 to 2 min), and allowed for the same elevation of steady-state VP-16 concentration, whether verapamil was added simultaneously with VP-16 or was added after a steady-state level of VP-16 was achieved."	( Verapamil-induced augmentation of etoposide accumulation in L1210 cells in vitro. Ross, WE; Yalowich, JC, 1985)	2.43
"The verapamil-induced increase of drug accumulation in resistant cells is accounted for at least in part by the blockage or slowing of Rho-123 efflux from these cells."	( Reversal of resistance to rhodamine 123 in adriamycin-resistant Friend leukemia cells. Krishan, A; Lampidis, TJ; Munck, JN; Tapiero, H, 1985)	0.75
"The verapamil-induced increase in peak left ventricular filling rate at rest (from 3.1 +/- 1.3 to 3.7 +/- 1.3 end-diastolic volumes/sec; p less than .001) was associated with an increase in exercise tolerance (from 5.9 +/- 3.6 to 8.7 +/- 4.7 min; p less than .001); exercise capacity increased in 34 of 43 patients (79%) manifesting an increase in peak filling rate but only one of 12 patients (8%) with unchanged or decreased peak filling rate (p less than .001)."	( Verapamil-induced improvement in left ventricular diastolic filling and increased exercise tolerance in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: short- and long-term effects. Bacharach, SL; Bonow, RO; Dilsizian, V; Green, MV; Maron, BJ; Rosing, DR, 1985)	2.19

Treatment

Verapamil pretreatment significantly increased oxidation of all substrates by the subsequently isolated Polytron mitochondria, but only succinate-supported respiration returned to control levels. Treatment with verapamIL, an inhibitor of P-gp, significantly improved the absorption of enrofloxacin in both healthy and sick dogs.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Verapamil treatment (24, 48 mg/kg/day) significantly affected nano mechanical properties of the femurs, and tended to improve bone microstructures and macro mechanical properties of the femurs, which provided guidance for the selection of verapamil dose in the treatment of type 2 diabetic patients."	( Effect of verapamil on bone mass, microstructure and mechanical properties in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats. Cen, H; Gong, H; Hu, X; Li, C; Shi, P; Wu, X, 2022)	2.57
"Verapamil treatment had no significant effect on blood glucose, but blood glucose tended to decline with the increase of verapamil-treated time and dose. "	( Improved fatigue properties, bone microstructure and blood glucose in type 2 diabetic rats with verapamil treatment. Gong, H; Hu, X; Jia, S; Li, J; Wu, X, 2022)	2.38
"Verapamil treatment was successful in reducing defibrillator discharge frequency of the KCNQ1/TRPM4 dual mutation patient."	( In Vitro Drug Screening Using iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes of a Long QT-Syndrome Patient Carrying KCNQ1 & TRPM4 Dual Mutation: An Experimental Personalized Treatment. Guo, Y; Han, Y; Li, Y; Liang, X; Lu, Y; Sang, W; Tang, B; Wang, F; Wang, L; Xiaokereti, J; Xing, Q; Zhang, J; Zhang, L; Zhou, X; Zukela, T, 2022)	1.44
"Verapamil treatment reduced expression of TXNIP and NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing-3 inflammasome activation in the perihematomal area."	( Verapamil inhibits TXNIP-NLRP3 inflammasome activation and preserves functional recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. Ishrat, T; Ismael, S; Parveen, A; Patrick, D; Salman, M; Stanfill, AG, 2022)	2.89
"Verapamil treatment reduced sperm concentration."	( Verapamil-induced ion channel and miRNA expression changes in rat testis and/or spermatozoa may be associated with male infertility. Etem Önalan, E; Güngör, İH; Kaya Tektemur, N; Kuloğlu, T; Tektemur, A; Türk, G, 2020)	2.72
"Verapamil treatment commenced 48 h post-streptozotocin insult and continued for 16 weeks."	( Inhibition of thioredoxin-interacting protein and inflammasome assembly using verapamil mitigates diabetic retinopathy and pancreatic injury. Eissa, LD; El-Azab, MF; Ghobashy, WA, 2021)	1.57
"When verapamil treatment was stopped, the patient experienced AF recurrence."	( Treatment with verapamil for restoration of sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response: A case report. Chen, L; Liang, D; Lin, J; Lin, Y; Qi, G; Tian, W; Wang, X, 2019)	1.32
"Verapamil treatment was significantly more effective in decreasing the incidence of no-reflow (risk ratio [RR]: 0.33; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.23 to 0.50) as well as reducing the corrected thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) frame count (CTFC) (weighted mean difference: -11.62; 95% CI: -16.04 to -7.21) and improving the TIMI myocardial perfusion grade (TMPG) (RR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.29 to 0.64)."	( Short-term effect of verapamil on coronary no-reflow associated with percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Li, L; Liu, Y; Su, Q, 2013)	1.43
"Verapamil treatment effected particularly E15 cells and immunoexpression of HPCs significantly decreased."	( Hepatic progenitor cell inhibition during embryonic period with high dose verapamil; liable joint to the cancer therapy. Bilir, A; Oktem, G; Soner, BC; Uslu, S; Uysal, A, 2013)	1.34
"Verapamil treatment prevented increased permeability in HT29 cells and led to an increase in IgA transport."	( Salutary effect of calcium channel blockade following hypoxic and septic insult. Ali, AA; Diebel, LN; Liberati, DM; Mutchnick, S, 2014)	1.12
"Verapamil treatment reduced the severity and number of lytic lesions in cardiomyocytes, induced considerable glycogen accumulation in the sarcoplasm and its sequestration, promoted normalization, and prevented pronounced decrease of the relative RyR2 mRNA and SERCA2a mRNA in rat myocardium."	( Expression of ryanodine receptor mRNA and sarcoplasmic Ca²⁺-ATPase mRNA in the myocardium and intracellular reorganization of cardiomyocytes in dyslipidemia and during verapamil treatment. Klinnikova, MG; Lushnikova, EL; Nepomnyashchikh, LM; Pichigin, VI; Yuzhik, EI, 2015)	1.33
"Verapamil treatment may preserve the oxidant capacity of the kidneys and subsequently limit the crystal deposition induced by hyperoxaluria."	( Hyperoxaluria-induced tubular ischemia: the effects of verapamil on the antioxidant capacity of the affected kidneys. Eryildirim, B; Hamarat, B; Kafkasli, A; Narter, F; Ozturk, O; Sahin, C; Sarica, K; Yazici, O, 2016)	1.4
"The verapamil-treated group showed a faster wound closure rate in comparison with control and gel-base groups (P = .007 and P = .011). "	( Verapamil, a Calcium-Channel Blocker, Improves the Wound Healing Process in Rats with Excisional Full-Thickness Skin Wounds Based on Stereological Parameters. Ashkani-Esfahani, S; Fatheazam, R; Hosseinabadi, OK; Kardeh, S; Khoshneviszadeh, M; Mehrvarz, S; Moafpourian, Y; Moezzi, P; Nadimi, E; Noorafshan, A; Rafiee, S, 2016)	2.44
"Verapamil treatment during EPS totally abrogated the EPS-induced NMDA receptor mRNA expression."	( Electric pulse stimulation induces NMDA glutamate receptor mRNA in NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts. Hatakeyama, H; Kanazaki, M; Kanzaki, M; Nagatomi, R; Okutsu, S; Tsubokawa, H, 2008)	1.07
"The verapamil treatment induced a decrease in parameters reflecting cardiac function; resting heart rate [from mean 97 to 80 beats per min (17.5%), p<0.001] and mean arterial pressure (8.5%, p=0.001)."	( N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide during pharmacological heart rate reduction in hyperthyroidism. Andersen, HU; Corell, P; Faber, J; Jarlov, A; Kistorp, C; Schultz, M, 2009)	0.83
"Verapamil pre-treatment significantly elevated imipramine concentrations in all brain regions studied. "	( Verapamil in treatment resistant depression: a role for the P-glycoprotein transporter? Clarke, G; Cryan, JF; Dinan, TG; O'Mahony, SM, 2009)	3.24
"Verapamil pretreatment completely restored the adrenocortical responses to normal level."	( [Calcium-dependent mechanisms of stress disorders and noradrenergic responses of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal system in neonatally androgenized female rats]. Nosenko, ND; Reznikov, OH; Sinitsyn, PV, 2008)	1.07
"Verapamil treatment augmented prolongation of MAPD( 90) caused by dofetilide or domperidone (P < .01)."	( Gender-related differences in drug-induced prolongation of cardiac repolarization in prepubertal guinea pigs. Hreiche, R; Morissette, P; Turgeon, J; Zakrzewski-Jakubiak, H, 2009)	1.07
"Verapamil pretreatment of the cells also inhibited matrix vesicle alkaline phosphatase activity and reduced the ability of these matrix vesicles to subsequently calcify on a type I collagen extracellular matrix scaffold."	( Verapamil inhibits calcification and matrix vesicle activity of bovine vascular smooth muscle cells. Chen, NX; Chen, X; Kircelli, F; Moe, SM; O'Neill, KD, 2010)	2.52
"Verapamil, after a pre-treatment of 0.5-10 s, accelerated the decay of whole-cell or macroscopic outside-out currents within milliseconds of ACh application even at clinically attainable doses."	( Mechanism of verapamil action on wild-type and slow-channel mutant human muscle acetylcholine receptor. Di Castro, MA; Eusebi, F; Fucile, S; Grassi, F; Moriconi, C, 2010)	1.45
"Verapamil poisoned rats treated with 2.25 g/kg of SBE-CD showed increased toxicity."	( Effect of cyclodextrin infusion in a rat model of verapamil toxicity. Aks, SE; Bryant, SM; Mottram, AR, 2011)	1.34
"Verapamil add-on treatment has been suggested as a novel therapeutic concept for overcoming transporter-mediated pharmacoresistance. "	( Add-on treatment with verapamil in pharmacoresistant canine epilepsy. Jambroszyk, M; Potschka, H; Tipold, A, 2011)	2.13
"Verapamil add-on treatment (6.2-7.3 mg/kg) did not affect phenobarbital concentrations in plasma or cerebrospinal fluid. "	( Add-on treatment with verapamil in pharmacoresistant canine epilepsy. Jambroszyk, M; Potschka, H; Tipold, A, 2011)	2.13
"Verapamil treatment reduced both cardiac (P < 0.02) and hepatic (P < 0.003) iron levels significantly by 34% and 28%, respectively."	( Interdependence of cardiac iron and calcium in a murine model of iron overload. Brewer, C; Otto-Duessel, M; Wood, JC, 2011)	1.09
"In verapamil-treated mice, no contrast enhancement was observed."	( In vivo imaging of human breast cancer mouse model with high level expression of calcium sensing receptor at 3T. Baio, G; Carbotti, G; Cilli, M; Emionite, L; Fabbi, M; Ghedin, P; Neumaier, CE; Prato, S; Salvi, S; Tagliafico, A; Truini, M, 2012)	0.89
"Verapamil treated fibrotic rat's liver revealed significant regression in liver fibrosis scores with positive α-SMA immunostaining."	( Improved antifibrotic effect of a combination of verapamil and silymarin in rat-induced liver fibrosis. Gouda, NA; Khodeir, MM; Mahmoud, ME; Shafik, AN, 2011)	1.34
"Verapamil treatment reversed MEK-induced viability of kidney SP cells."	( ABCG2 protects kidney side population cells from hypoxia/reoxygenation injury through activation of the MEK/ERK pathway. Gao, DK; Ge, GQ; Liu, HB; Liu, SB; Liu, WH; Sun, SR; Wang, HM; Zhang, P, 2013)	1.11
"Verapamil/CDDP co-treatment inhibited tumor xenograft growth via the downregulation of MRP1 expression."	( Mechanisms of verapamil-enhanced chemosensitivity of gallbladder cancer cells to platinum drugs: glutathione reduction and MRP1 downregulation. Chen, T; Li, H; Li, X; Liu, Q; Wang, H; Wang, J; Wang, W; Yi, J, 2013)	1.47
"Verapamil treatment reversed the progesterone enhanced Cd cytolethality."	( Involvement of calcium channels in the sexual dimorphism of cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity. Baker, TK; Carfagna, MA; Smith, WC; VanVooren, HB, 2003)	1.04
"Verapamil treatment seems to ameliorate the renal effects of exercise on GFR in these patients, and this may in part be mediated via a stimulatory effect on ANP."	( Effect of light exercise on renal hemodynamics in patients with hypertension and chronic renal disease. Iversen, BM; Myking, O; Ofstad, J; Svarstad, E, 2002)	1.04
"By verapamil treatment, a clinically relevant plasma concentration of the calcium channel inhibitor was attained (mean +/- SEM, 290 +/- 152 ng/mL). "	( Verapamil does not inhibit 99mTcN-NOET uptake in situ in normal or ischemic canine myocardium. Bontron, R; Broisat, A; Fagret, D; Ghezzi, C; Mathieu, JP; Pasqualini, R; Riou, LM; Vanzetto, G, 2003)	2.38
"In verapamil treated patients atrial fibrillation occurred 1.5-2 times more often than in amlodipine treated patients or in patients receiving no calcium antagonists."	( [Effect of calcium antagonists verapamil and amlodipine on the risk of development of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting]. Afanas'ev, SA; Akhmedov, ShD; Antonchenko, IV; Dzhavadova, GK; Evtushenko, AV; Kandinskiĭ, ML; Kozlov, BN; Popov, SV; Shipulin, VM; Vecherskiĭ, IuIu, 2003)	1.12
"The verapamil treatment resulted in rapid increase in ABCA1 protein and its mRNA, but not the ABCG1 mRNA, another target gene product of the nuclear receptor liver X receptor (LXR)."	( Verapamil increases the apolipoprotein-mediated release of cellular cholesterol by induction of ABCA1 expression via Liver X receptor-independent mechanism. Abe-Dohmae, S; Arakawa, R; Inoue, K; Nishimaki-Mogami, T; Suzuki, S; Tamehiro, N; Tanaka, AR; Ueda, K; Yokoyama, S, 2004)	2.25
"Verapamil treatment eliminated evidence of vasospasm and ameliorated histological and functional evidence of cardiomyopathic progression."	( Secondary coronary artery vasospasm promotes cardiomyopathy progression. Collins, KA; Earley, JU; Hack, AA; Korcarz, CE; Lang, RM; Lapidos, KA; Lyons, MR; McNally, EM; Wheeler, MT; Zarnegar, S, 2004)	1.04
"Verapamil treatment only restored GSH levels in heart, having no effect on other alterations induced by DOCA-salt chronic administration in the antioxidant defences analysed."	( Effects of chronic quercetin treatment on antioxidant defence system and oxidative status of deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt-hypertensive rats. Duarte, J; Galisteo, M; García-Saura, MF; Jiménez, R; Vargas, F; Villar, IC; Zarzuelo, A, 2004)	1.04
"Verapamil treatment did not reverse the intrinsic drug resistance of parental cells, but partially modulated the sensitivity of CABA-PTX cells to PTX and induced total sensitivity to vinblastine."	( Induction of a multifactorial resistance phenotype by high paclitaxel selective pressure in a human ovarian carcinoma cell line. Canevari, S; D'Ascenzo, S; Dolo, V; Millimaggi, D; Miotti, S; Pavan, A; Violini, S, 2004)	1.04
"The verapamil-treated group showed lower values of MDA (P < 0.05) and higher values of GSH (P < 0.05) than group II."	( Effects of carbon dioxide pneumoretroperitoneum on free radical formation in remote organs and use of verapamil as an antioxidant. Aksoy, Y; Demirbas, M; Dincel, C; Ellidokuz, E; Guler, C; Kilinç, A; Samli, M, 2004)	1.02
"The verapamil- pretreated group (group IV) showed statistical significantly lower values of MDA and protein carbonyl content when compared with group II and III (p < 0.05), whereas tissue GSH concentrations were unchanged in all groups."	( The effect of verapamil on the prevention of ischemia/reperfusion injury in the experimental retroperitoneoscopic donor nephrectomy model. Demirbas, M; Dincel, C; Guler, C; Köken, T; Polat, C; Samli, M, 2004)	1.17
"Verapamil treatment significantly increased the peak plasma concentration by 2.9-fold (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.4- to 4.0-fold) and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity [AUC(0-infinity)] of fexofenadine by 2.5-fold (95% CI, 2.0- to 3.3-fold). "	( Different effects of three transporting inhibitors, verapamil, cimetidine, and probenecid, on fexofenadine pharmacokinetics. Sugawara, K; Tateishi, T; Uno, T; Yasui-Furukori, N, 2005)	2.02
"Verapamil pretreatment at a dose of 25 mg/kg significantly reduced stress-induced ulcers."	( The effects of verapamil on stress- and histamine-induced gastric lesions in rats. Batu, O; Erol, K; Kilic, FS; Sirmagul, B, 2004)	1.4
"Verapamil treatments did not affect the biodisposition of DM in plasma."	( Enhancing the uptake of dextromethorphan in the CNS of rats by concomitant administration of the P-gp inhibitor verapamil. Beaudry, F; Deschênes, JL; Flarakos, T; Gritsas, A; Hage, A; Marier, JF; Seliniotakis, E; Vachon, P, 2005)	1.26
"Verapamil treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the longest pacing CL at which DA was induced (207+/-19 vs 178+/-17 ms, p<0.0001)."	( Discordant repolarization alternans-induced atrial fibrillation is suppressed by verapamil. Furukawa, Y; Hiromoto, K; Kanemori, T; Masuyama, T; Mine, T; Ohyanagi, M; Shimizu, H, 2005)	1.28
"In verapamil-pretreated group, insulin administration could only partially reverse the inhibition (65%)."	( An inherent acceleratory effect of insulin on small intestinal transit and its pharmacological characterization in normal mice. Dkhar, SA; Naveen, AT; Peddyreddy, MK; Ramaswamy, S; Shewade, DG, 2006)	0.85
"Verapamil pretreatment prevented Iso-induced apoptosis in PLN(-/-) mice, indicating the involvement of a Ca(2+)-dependent pathway."	( Calmodulin kinase II inhibition protects against myocardial cell apoptosis in vivo. Anderson, ME; Eren, M; Gleaves, L; Hou, Y; Joiner, ML; Ni, G; Oddis, CV; Price, EE; Vaughan, DE; Xiao, RP; Yang, J; Yang, Y; Zhang, R; Zhu, WZ, 2006)	1.06
"Verapamil treatment reversed this increased histamine sensitivity while propranolol aggravated it."	( Comparative influence of propranolol and verapamil on glycemic control and histamine sensitivity associated with L-thyroxine-induced hyperthyroidism - an experimental study. Bhatt, PA; Makwana, D, 2008)	1.33
"Verapamil treatment did not influence this response, while metoprolol caused significant reductions."	( Orthostatic response before and after nitroglycerin in metoprolol- and verapamil-treated angina pectoris. Hyldstrup, L; Mogensen, NB; Nielsen, PE, 1983)	1.22
"In verapamil-treated dogs inosine and hypoxanthine levels increased to only 1.2 +/- 0.3 (epicardium) and 1.9 +/- 0.6 nmol X mg protein-1 (endocardium) (both NS compared with preocclusion values)."	( Preservation of high-energy phosphates by verapamil in reperfused myocardium. Alker, KJ; Braunwald, E; Hale, SL; Ingwall, J; Kloner, RA; Lange, R, 1984)	1.05
"The verapamil treatment could be withdrawn after ten days, while the digoxin treatment was continued."	( Treatment of intrauterine supraventricular tachycardia with digoxin and verapamil. Karlsson, K; Lilja, H; Lindecrantz, K; Sabel, KG, 1984)	0.98
"Verapamil pretreatment significantly counteracted the intrarenal vasoconstriction produced by norepinephrine, sustaining renal blood flow during the norepinephrine infusion."	( Effects of verapamil in models of ischemic acute renal failure in the rat. Bonventre, JV; Cheung, JY; Leaf, A; Malis, CD, 1983)	1.38
"Verapamil pretreatment completely blocked the decrease of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake rate induced by 30 or 60 min of ischemia."	( Verapamil pretreatment preserves mitochondrial function and tissue magnesium in the ischemic kidney. Mela-Riker, LM; Widener, LL, 1984)	2.43
"3. Verapamil pretreatment decreased the ultrastructural damage caused by ischaemia and reperfusion."	( The cardioprotective effect of verapamil. Nayler, WG; Slade, AM, 1982)	1.06
"Oral verapamil is effective treatment for effort angina and may prevent the decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction due to exercise-induced ischemia."	( Verapamil in stable effort angina: effects on left ventricular function evaluated with exercise radionuclide ventriculography. Bautovich, G; Freedman, SB; Harris, PJ; Kelly, DT; Sadick, N; Tan, AT, 1982)	2.16
"No verapamil treatment period was shortened due to unacceptable paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, but five of 22 placebo treatment periods were shortened (p equal to 0.02)."	( Oral verapamil for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia: a long-term, double-blind randomized trial. Cary, JR; Hillis, LD; Mauritson, DR; Rude, RE; Walker, WS; Winniford, MD, 1982)	1.29
"Verapamil pretreatment resulted in values of the ATP/ADP ratio which were lower than, but not significantly different from, those observed in the control group."	( Protective effect of verapamil on regional myocardial ischaemic injury in dog. Kobusiewicz, W; Ledwozyw, A; Michalak, J; Ogonowska-Kobusiewicz, M; Zywicki, W, 1995)	1.33
"Verapamil treatment was less effective, but still exhibited positive effects on TA levels at several time points (20 min, 10 h, and 24 h) throughout the entire 24-h period."	( The importance of calcium-related effects on energetics at hypothermia: effects of membrane-channel antagonists on energy metabolism of rat liver. Churchill, TA; Fuller, BJ; Green, CJ, 1995)	1.01
"Dexverapamil treatment was begun 18 hours before day 1 of vinblastine administration and was given orally every 6 hours for 12 doses."	( Phase I/II trial of dexverapamil plus vinblastine for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Cordon-Cardo, C; Fischer, P; Lianes, P; Lyn, P; Motzer, RJ; Ngo, RL; O'Brien, JP, 1995)	1.12
"Verapamil pretreatment (as continuous intrarenal infusion at the rate of 1.25 micrograms/kg/min) attenuated the fall in GFR (from 0.16 +/- 0.01 and 0.19 +/- 0.03 ml/min/100 g before CsA to 0.20 +/- 0.05 ml/min/100 g BW, 60 min after CsA administration) (NS) and in RBF (from 2.42 +/- 0.2 and 2.6 +/- 0.22 ml/min/100 g before CsA to 1.79 +/- 0.17 ml/min/100 g BW, 60 min after CsA administration (P < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"	( Prevention of acute cyclosporin nephrotoxicity by verapamil and atrial natriuretic factor in the rat. Bagnis, C; Bitker, MO; Deray, G; Dubois, M; Jacobs, C; Jacquiaud, C, 1994)	1.26
"Verapamil failures were treated with ATP and vice versa."	( [Adenosine triphosphate in the treatment of supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia: a comparison with verapamil]. Alises Moraleda, JM; Cortés Bermejo, S; García de Pedro, J; Gil Madre, J; Laín Teres, N; Lázaro Rodríguez, S; Sentenac Merchán, G; Sepúlveda Berrocal, MA, 1995)	1.23
"verapamil treatment, HR decreased (-16%, p < 0.0005) and the atrial contribution to LV filling decreased (-27%, p < 0.05); other parameters differed significantly from baseline values."	( Acute intravenous versus chronic oral drug effects of verapamil on left ventricular diastolic function in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Blanksma, PK; Lie, KI; Posma, JL; Van der Wall, E, 1994)	1.26
"With verapamil pretreatment, CsA-induced reduction in glomerular size was reduced (-0.6% and -3.6%, respectively, for 10(-6) M and 10(-7) M verapamil)."	( Protective effect of verapamil in cyclosporin-incubated human and murine isolated glomeruli. Cambar, J; L'Azou, B; Lakhdar, B; Potaux, L, 1994)	1.06
"Verapamil treatment was associated with increased intracellular accumulation of drug, as shown by fluorescence of cells exposed to ethidium or DAPI, a fluorescent surrogate for berenil."	( Effect of verapamil on antitrypanosomal activity of drugs in mice. Agbe, SA; Yielding, KL, 1993)	1.41
"In verapamil-treated cells without verapamil pretreatment, increased internalization and degradation were not significant, and binding was not increased."	( [Enhancement on expression of LDL receptors in cultured rhesus renal epithelial cells by verapamil]. Liu, NF, 1994)	1.02
"Verapamil treatment (1 mg/kg) did not alter the SAR response to histamine, whereas the responses of SARs to histamine at different dosages were significantly diminished by treatment with nifedipine (1 mg/kg)."	( Effects of calcium channel and H1-receptor blockers on the responses of slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors to histamine in vagotomized rabbits. Kanno, T; Matsumoto, S; Nagayama, T; Shimizu, T; Yamasaki, M, 1993)	1.01
"Verapamil pretreatment attenuated these lesions and further intensified the ATP increase in a dose-related manner."	( Role of gastric glandular mucosal energy metabolism in cold-restraint gastric lesion formation. Cho, CH; Koo, MW; Ogle, CW, )	0.85
"Verapamil treatment enhanced (p < 0.02) the platelet-mediated relaxation in rings with intact endothelium and abolished platelet-mediated constriction (p < 0.01) in the de-endothelialized rings."	( Verapamil and aspirin modulate platelet-mediated vasomotion in arterial segments with intact or disrupted endothelium. Behrens, P; Lawson, D; Mehta, JL; Nicolini, F; Raymenants, E; Yang, B, 1993)	2.45
"Verapamil pretreatment also decreased Ca2+ accumulation and DNA damage while attenuating liver injury."	( Ca2+ antagonists inhibit DNA fragmentation and toxic cell death induced by acetaminophen. Corcoran, GB; Gurule, MW; Kamendulis, LM; Ray, SD; Yorkin, RD, 1993)	1.01
"Thus verapamil post-treatment can prevent reperfusion-induced myocardial injury but functional recovery may be delayed due to the drug's inherent direct myocardial depressant effect."	( Effect of verapamil post-treatment in myocardial reperfusion injury. Gupta, YK; Manchanda, SC; Maulik, MG; Maulik, SK; Reddy, KS; Seth, SD, 1993)	1.14
"Verapamil treatment alone did not alter insulin-stimulated 2-DG uptake in muscle, but simultaneous administration of verapamil and trandolapril resulted in the most pronounced effect on insulin-stimulated 2-DG uptake (+106%)."	( Effects of trandolapril and verapamil on glucose transport in insulin-resistant rat skeletal muscle. Dietze, GJ; Fogt, DL; Henriksen, EJ; Jacob, S, 1996)	1.31
"Verapamil pretreatment unmasked the intracellular action of the anesthetics. "	( Effect of volatile anesthetics with and without verapamil on intracellular activity in vascular smooth muscle. Namba, H; Tsuchida, H, 1996)	1.99
"Verapamil treatment attenuated the OP response by approximately 50% for both compounds."	( Catecholamine concentrations and contractile responses of isolated vessels from hens treated with cyclic phenyl saligenin phosphate or paraoxon in the presence or absence of verapamil. Correll, L; Ehrich, M; Flaherty, DM; Jortner, B; McCain, WC, 1996)	1.21
"Verapamil treatment statistically significantly reduced (p < 0.05) mean 24 hour systolic blood pressure from 148.88 +/- 7.56 mmHg to 132.24 +/- 6.13 mmHg and diastolic respectively from 96.68 +/- 6.05 to 83.04 +/- 5.40 mmHg. "	( [Evaluation of the antihypertensive efficacy and safety of using sustained release verapamil in elderly subjects using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring]. Bednarz, S; Janicki, K; Jasiński, T; Klima, M; Pieniazek, W, 1996)	1.96
"Verapamil treatment of infected animals restored RV beta AR receptor density, alpha s and alpha i1-3 to control levels but had no influence on any aspect of pertussis-toxin-dependent [32P]ADP-ribosylation."	( Cardioprotective actions of verapamil on the beta-adrenergic receptor complex in acute canine Chagas' disease. Barr, S; Bilezikian, JP; Brewer, A; Chen, G; Morris, SA; Rohde, S; Tanowitz, HB; Walsh, D; Wittner, M, 1996)	1.31
"Verapamil treatment also prevented the loss of the asymmetrical distribution of phosphatidylethanolamine and sarcolemmal disruption, the latter occurring during 120 min of ischaemia in untreated cells."	( Sarcolemmal phosphatidylethanolamine reorganization during simulated ischaemia and reperfusion: reversibility and ATP dependency. Hoebe, KH; Musters, RJ; Op den Kamp, JA; Post, JA; Pröbstl-Biegelmann, E; van Veen, TA; Verkleij, AJ, )	0.85
"Verapamil treatment was associated with a 10% decrease of TPA-ag levels and metoprolol treatment with a 2% increase (P < .001 for treatment difference)."	( Fibrinolytic variables and cardiovascular prognosis in patients with stable angina pectoris treated with verapamil or metoprolol. Results from the Angina Prognosis study in Stockholm. Björkander, I; Eriksson, SV; Forslund, L; Held, C; Hjemdahl, P; Rehnqvist, N; Wallén, NH; Wiman, B, 1997)	1.23
"Verapamil treatment was also associated with a decrease in CsA dose requirement (7.6+/-0.58 mg/kg/day at baseline vs."	( A randomized controlled trial of verapamil on cyclosporine nephrotoxicity in heart and lung transplant recipients. Cardella, C; Cattran, D; Chan, C; Maurer, J; Pei, Y, 1997)	1.3
"Verapamil pretreatment levelled the calcium gradient in normoxic liver by reducing the periportal calcium content."	( The effect of verapamil on mitochondrial calcium content in normoxic, hypoxic and reoxygenated rat liver. Angermüller, S; Beier, K; Juchem, R; Konrad, T; Kusterer, K; Usadel, KH, 1997)	1.38
"Verapamil-treated segments distal to the matrices also showed significantly lower neointimal smooth muscle cell density and increased lumen size."	( Controlled periadventitial administration of verapamil inhibits neointimal smooth muscle cell proliferation and ameliorates vasomotor abnormalities in experimental vein bypass grafts. Bhuta, S; Brauner, R; Chaudhuri, G; Drake, T; Drinkwater, DC; Fishbein, I; Golomb, G; Laks, H; Mishaly, D; Shvarts, O, 1997)	1.28
"Verapamil pretreatment attenuated the BP and HR responses in rats."	( Effect of verapamil on cadmium induced hypertension in rats. Puri, VN, 1996)	1.42
"Verapamil treatment caused an increase in intracellular contents of putrescine, cadaverine, and N8-acetylspermidine, in unstressed proliferating cells, or of N1-acetylspermidine, in cells subjected to heat shock to induce acetylation of spermidine at N1."	( Characterization of a diamine exporter in Chinese hamster ovary cells and identification of specific polyamine substrates. Gerner, EW; Gillies, RJ; Xie, X, 1997)	1.02
"Verapamil pretreatment before cardiac arrest may contribute to preserve cadaver hearts with dilating the coronary vessels and probably preventing the calcium influx into cardiomyocytes during ischemia and reperfusion."	( [Verapamil pretreatment extended the viability of non-beating donor hearts in situ]. Iijima, K, 1997)	1.93
"Verapamil treatment did not modulate either colchicine or vinblastine efflux kinetics, suggesting that the intracellular drugs are not available to the transmembrane P-gp binding sites."	( P-glycoprotein is more efficient at limiting uptake than inducing efflux of colchicine and vinblastine in HL-60 cells. Boval, B; Chappey, O; Declèves, X; Niel, E; Scherrmann, JM, 1998)	1.02
"In verapamil-treated embryos, the hearts were smaller and showed delayed development."	( A quantitative study of the ventricular myoarchitecture in the stage 21-29 chick embryo following decreased loading. Clark, EB; Hu, N; Pexieder, T; Sedmera, D, 1998)	0.81
"Verapamil pretreatment prevented glomerular cross-sectional area (GCSA) diminution and glomerular calcium content rise (GCSA [micron2] Vp + Hg, 28,281 +/- 4654, Ca2+ [nmol/mg protein] Vp + Hg, 18 +/- 5)."	( Verapamil protection against mercuric chloride-induced renal glomerular injury in rats. Elías, MM; Girardi, G, 1998)	2.46
"Verapamil treatment reduced the expression of cardiac NOS2 protein and the mRNAs for NOS2, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta."	( Expression of cardiac cytokines and inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected mice. Bacchi, CJ; Braunstein, VL; Chan, J; Chandra, M; Factor, SM; Huang, H; Jelicks, LA; Morris, SA; Shirani, J; Tanowitz, HB; Weiss, LM; Wittner, M; Yarlett, N, 1999)	1.02
"Verapamil treatment did not restore the forward pattern of systolic blood flow but decreased diastolic blood flow velocity to a level comparable with that in healthy subjects."	( Effect of verapamil on systolic and diastolic coronary blood flow velocity in asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Dubiel, JS; Krzanowski, M; Nizankowski, R; Petkow Dimitrow, P; Szczeklik, A, 2000)	1.43
"Verapamil treatment significantly reduced the increase in the lenticular content of calcium, magnesium and iron, indicating a probable protective effect of verapamil in radiation-induced cataract formation."	( Effect of verapamil on lenticular calcium, magnesium and iron in radiation exposed rats. Bardak, Y; Cekiç, O; Cengiz, M; Totan, Y, 1998)	1.42
"Verapamil pretreatment increased the protein synthesis activity at both levels of granular endoplasmic reticulum and free polysomes in cytoplasm and decreased ATPase activity."	( Evaluation of calcium channel blockers as potential hepatoprotective agents in oxidative stress injury of perfused hepatocytes. Farghali, H; Kmonícková, E; Lotková, H; Martínek, J, 2000)	1.03
"The verapamil-treated PRP or control PRP were sheared at 37 degrees C for 120 sec."	( In vitro-inhibition of shear-induced platelet aggregation by verapamil. Liao, F; You, Y, 2001)	1.03
"Verapamil treatment significantly improved CHF score at 3 months (3.5 +/- 0.5, p<0.05) compared with baseline (5.6 +/- 0.5) or placebo (5.5 +/- 0.5)."	( Effect of verapamil in elderly patients with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction as a cause of congestive heart failure. Cherng, WJ; Hung, MJ; Kuo, LT; Wang, CH, )	1.26
"Verapamil treatment was able to restore adequate vasodilator response to pacing stress."	( Verapamil improves the pacing-induced vasodilatation in symptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Dimitrow, PP; Dubiel, JS; Grodecki, J; Kawecka-Jaszcz, K; Krzanowski, M; Lelakowski, J; Małecka, B; Szczeklik, A, 2002)	2.48
"In verapamil-pretreated CsA-intoxicated glomeruli, size decrease was reduced (-1.5 percent at T10, -3.1 percent at T20 and -4.8 percent at T30), when compared with CsA alone (-4.7 percent at T10, -10.1 percent at T20 and -12 percent at T30)."	( [Protective effect of verapamil and dopamine against cyclosporine-induced vasoconstriction in isolated glomeruli in rats]. Cambar, J; L'Azou, B; Lagroye, I; Lakhdar, B; Plande, J, 1992)	1.11
"Verapamil treatment increased sodium channel mRNA level up to 3-fold, whereas in vitro A23187 treatment decreased the mRNA level 5-fold."	( Class I and IV antiarrhythmic drugs and cytosolic calcium regulate mRNA encoding the sodium channel alpha subunit in rat cardiac muscle. Catterall, WA; Duff, HJ; Offord, J; West, J, 1992)	1
"Verapamil pretreatment of cytoplasts from resistant cells revealed the subcellular DNP-sensitive uptake present in parental cytoplasts."	( Energy-dependent accumulation of daunorubicin into subcellular compartments of human leukemia cells and cytoplasts. Daniel, JC; Lecerf, JM; Levy, SB; Slapak, CA, 1992)	1
"Verapamil cotreatment resulted in increased muscle loss over that caused by doxorubicin alone in both rabbits and the monkey."	( Verapamil substantially increases the chemomyectomy effect of doxorubicin injected into rabbit or monkey eyelid. Ekern, M; McLoon, LK; Wirtschafter, J, 1992)	2.45
"In verapamil-treated rats (5 mg/kg/day), no histological or biochemical evidence of renal injury was detected."	( Verapamil increases the nephrotoxic potential of gentamicin in rats. Fadali, GA; Farag, MM; Kandil, M, 1992)	2.24
"Verapamil untreated rats showed hyperalgesia, autotomies and hypersynchronic discharges in contralateral hemisphere, increased range of evoked potentials and disorders in microcirculatory system which evidence developing pain syndrome."	( [Effects of verapamil on the development of pain syndrome in rats after section of the sciatic nerve]. Gorizontova, MP; Kryzhanovskiĭ, GN; Kukushkin, ML; Reshetniak, VK; Smirnova, VS, 1992)	1.38
"In verapamil-treated subjects, volume expansion produced an additional increase in ANF and inhibited the PRA-AII-ALD axis, suggesting that in young healthy individuals, verapamil does not interfere with the reflex compensatory hormonal mechanisms activated under circumstances of acute volume-salt overload, with rapid expansion of the central vascular compartment."	( Comparative effects of verapamil and volume overload on atrial natriuretic factors and the renin-angiotensin aldosterone-vasopressin system. Buckley, JW; Cubeddu, LX; Hedner, T; Masotto, C; Negro-Villar, A; Posvar, E, 1992)	1.11
"Verapamil treatment decreased significantly tissue activity of trypsin (p less than 0.001) and chemotrypsin (p less than 0.0001) and increased serum lipase (p less than 0.05), and calcium."	( [The effects of verapamil in experimental acute pancreatitis in the rat]. Díez Miralles, M; González Santos, J; Graells Ferrer, ML; Medrano Heredia, J; Pardo Correcher, JM; Regalado Pareja, RI; Ruiz Macía, JA, 1992)	1.35
"Verapamil treatment, which increased survival time and survival rate, significantly attenuated the changes in serum Mg2+ which normally followed hemorrhage."	( Serum magnesium increases following severe hemorrhage in dogs blocked by verapamil treatment. Allison, EJ; Carroll, RG; Iams, SG; Pryor, WH, 1990)	1.23
"In verapamil-treated kidneys, PTH failed to stimulate renin release."	( Parathyroid hormone and calcium: interactions in the control of renin secretion in the isolated, nonfiltering rat kidney. Helwig, JJ; Judes, C; Musso, MJ; Nickols, GA, 1991)	0.8
"Verapamil pretreatment produced a similarly selective dilatation of larger coronary arterioles and protected against the ischaemia-induced fall in capillary red cell content."	( Calcium antagonists and myocardial microperfusion. Köbler, W; Möller, P; Neumann, FJ; Parekh, N; Steinhausen, M; Tillmanns, H; Waas, W; Zimmermann, R, 1991)	1
"In verapamil-treated rats, there was an apparent reduction in infarct size as compared with untreated rats; 20% reduction in infarct size 5 h after coronary occlusion and 12% reduction after 24 h."	( Problems related to infarct size measurements in the rat heart. Greve, G; Saetersdal, T, 1991)	0.8
"Verapamil pretreatment resulted in a positive inotropic state."	( The effect of verapamil on cardiac sympathetic function. Avenant, JC; Meyer, EC; Sommers, DK, 1991)	1.36
"Verapamil treatment of PD rats (PD-V) normalized [Ca2+]i in their synaptosomes (361 +/- 8.5 nM)."	( Phosphate depletion increases cytosolic calcium of brain synaptosomes. Fadda, GZ; Hajjar, SM; Koureta, P; Massry, SG; Smogorzewski, M, 1991)	1
"Verapamil treatment decreased ventricular pressure in experimental (P less than 0.05) compared with saline control and normal embryos; at stage 27, 1.59 +/- 0.21 vs."	( Effect of chronic verapamil treatment on ventricular function and growth in chick embryos. Clark, EB; Hansen, J; Hu, N; Litter, JE; Turner, DR, 1991)	1.34
"Verapamil treatment could not completely reverse ADR resistance."	( Mechanisms involved in the development of adriamycin resistance in human leukemic cells. Ideguchi, H; Kato, S; Muta, K; Nawata, H; Nishimura, J, 1990)	1
"Verapamil treatment of these cells also resulted in significant depletion of cellular GSH."	( Glutathione depletion in human and in rat multi-drug resistant breast cancer cell lines. Batist, G; Greene, D; Lehnert, S; Schecter, R; Woo, A, 1991)	1
"Verapamil pretreatment followed by atropine administration resulted in a significantly greater tachycardia."	( Atropine and verapamil interactions in healthy volunteers. Avenant, JC; Meyer, EC; Sommers, DK, 1991)	1.37
"Verapamil treatment of the aortic constricted hearts prevented the rise in intracellular calcium, and attenuated phosphomonoester sugar accumulation."	( Calcium inhibition of glycolysis contributes to ischaemic injury. Auffermann, W; Buser, P; Parmley, WW; Wagner, S; Wikman-Coffelt, J; Wu, S, 1990)	1
"Verapamil treatment of normal rats for 21 days did not affect synaptosomal content of calcium or phospholipids."	( Effect of verapamil on CRF-induced abnormalities in phospholipid contents of brain synaptosomes. Islam, A; Massry, SG; Smogorzewski, M, 1990)	1.4
"Verapamil treatment of normal rats for 21 days did not affect synaptosomal NE content, release, or uptake, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity, or calcium content."	( Verapamil corrects abnormalities in norepinephrine metabolism of brain synaptosomes in CRF. Islam, A; Massry, SG; Minasian, R; Smogorzewski, M; Soliman, AR, 1990)	2.44
"Verapamil pretreatment increased the concentration of cephaloridine in the renal cortex at 0.5 hr, but did not alter the peak concentration (2 hr after the dose) or cortical concentrations at 1 or 3 hr."	( Effect of verapamil on cephaloridine nephrotoxicity in the rabbit. Browning, MC, 1990)	1.4
"Verapamil treatment significantly reduces intimal hyperplasia in experimental vein grafts and inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation in culture."	( Reduction of intimal hyperplasia and enhanced reactivity of experimental vein bypass grafts with verapamil treatment. Cross, KS; el-Sanadiki, MN; Hagen, PO; McCann, RL; Mikat, E; Murray, JJ; Schuman, RW, 1990)	1.22
"Verapamil treatment has no significant effect, neither on the enzyme activation nor on the glycogen utilization."	( [Enzyme activity of cardiac glycogen metabolism: study of an in situ hypoxia protocol in the rat]. Grably, S; Rossi, A; Verdys, M, 1989)	1
"Verapamil treatment had no effect on the accumulation of vincristine in leukemic cells."	( Effect of verapamil in vitro and in vivo on the accumulation of vincristine in leukemic cells from patients with low malignant lymphoma. Gruber, A; Peterson, C; Reizenstein, P, )	1.26
"Verapamil treatment immediately after the hemorrhage (group 3, N = 4) increased the survival rate to 75% (three of four animals)."	( Verapamil treatment of canine hemorrhagic shock. Allison, EJ; Carroll, RG; Farmer, PL; Iams, SG; Pryor, WH, 1989)	2.44
"4. Verapamil pretreatment during the Langendorff perfusion significantly increased Ca2+-uptake in sarcolemma vesicles both before the onset of ischaemia and after 30 min of reperfusion, whereas no beneficial effect was found on the impaired uptake activity during the ischaemic period."	( Effects of verapamil on ischaemia-induced impairment of ATP-dependent calcium extrusion in rat heart sarcolemma. Goddijn, MM; Haas, M; Punt, NC; van Amsterdam, FT; Zaagsma, J, 1989)	1.18
"Verapamil-treated animals formed considerably fewer adhesions than did controls after adhesiolysis (postscore 0.5 versus 3.5; P less than .001)."	( Calcium channel blockade prevents postsurgical reformation of adnexal adhesions in rabbits. Kazensky, C; Lambert, H; Steinleitner, A, 1989)	1
"Verapamil-treated hamsters received intraperitoneal injections of verapamil at a dose of 5 mg/kg per day for 70 days from age 20 days."	( Effects of verapamil on experimental cardiomyopathy in the Bio 14.6 Syrian hamster. Hayashi, H; Kaneko, M; Kobayashi, A; Nishiyama, T; Yamashita, T; Yamazaki, N, 1987)	1.38
"Verapamil-treated dogs showed higher pH of ischemic subendocardium after 15 min ischemia (6.75 +/- 0.07) than did the nifedipine (6.48 +/- 0.04) or placebo (6.43 +/- 0.05) groups, even if the animals were paced (6.71 +/- 0.11) to prevent the negative chronotropic effect of verapamil (P less than 0.01)."	( Contrasting effects of verapamil and nifedipine on pH of ischemic myocardium in the dog. Aamodt, R; Epstein, SE; Goldstein, SR; Greene, R; Markle, DR; Patterson, RE; Ro, YM; Speir, E; Steadman, K, 1989)	1.31
"Verapamil treatment increased the E/A-ratio to 1.3 +/- 0.4 (p less than 0.001) and filling fraction to 45% +/- 4% (p = 0.055) because of increased early filling."	( Effects of verapamil on left ventricular relaxation and filling dynamics in coronary artery disease: a study by pulsed Doppler echocardiography. Myhre, E; Myreng, Y, 1989)	1.39
"Verapamil pretreatment markedly improved GFR and urine and renal perfusate flow but not tubular function."	( Treatment with verapamil and adenosine triphosphate-MgCl2 reduces cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. Baue, AE; Chaudry, IH; Sumpio, B, 1987)	1.35
"Verapamil treatment significantly decreased blood pressure, heart rate and the ratio of ventricular weight to body weight in treated SHR."	( Effects of long-term verapamil treatment on blood pressure, cardiac hypertrophy and collagen metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Ruskoaho, HJ; Savolainen, ER, 1985)	1.31
"Verapamil treatment reduced Ca++ concentrations by 40% to 314 +/- 23 mM/g tissue."	( Carbon monoxide effects on calcium levels in vascular smooth muscle. Lin, H; McGrath, JJ, 1988)	1
"Both verapamil and diltiazem treatment decreased antipyrine clearance (verapamil, 42.5 to 30.1 ml/min, P less than .01; diltiazem, 41.7 to 29.9 ml/min, P less than .01), resulting in prolonged antipyrine half-life with no change in distribution volume."	( Substrate-selective inhibition by verapamil and diltiazem: differential disposition of antipyrine and theophylline in humans. Abernethy, DR; Carrum, G; Dickinson, TH; Egan, JM, 1988)	1.01
"Verapamil treatment resulted in a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure and a reduction in maximum left ventricular pressure."	( Effect of calcium blocking agent verapamil on blood pressure, ventricular contractility, parathyroid hormone, calcium and phosphorus in plasma, catecholamines, corticosterone and plasma renin activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Ancov, V; Grigorova, R; Ilieva, T; Lolov, R; Nicolov, N; Petkova, M; Sheitanova, S; Todorova, M; Tzoncheva, A; Velkov, Z, 1988)	1.28
"Verapamil pretreatment partially prevented cardiac depression during alcohol perfusion."	( Reversibility of acute alcohol cardiac depression: 31P NMR in hamsters. Auffermann, W; Higgins, CB; Parmley, WW; Sievers, R; Wikman-Coffelt, J; Wu, S, 1988)	1
"Verapamil treatment reduced mean total theophylline clearance by 14%, due to decreased clearances via 1- and 3-demethylation and 8-hydroxylation."	( Selective inhibitory effects of nifedipine and verapamil on oxidative metabolism: effects on theophylline. Birkett, DJ; Miners, JO; Robson, RA, 1988)	1.25
"Verapamil treatment of animals subjected to ischemia was not associated with sustained elevations of left atrial pressure to values above those measured in animals receiving the vehicle."	( Effects of intracoronary verapamil administration in a sheep model of acute myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Korn, RL; Pollock, JV; Spath, JA, 1988)	1.3
"With verapamil treatment, CO modestly increased (7%), O2 extraction decreased and VO2 did not change."	( Effect of propranolol and verapamil on oxygen utilization, acidosis and fatigue during exercise in stable angina pectoris. Anderson, SD; Devenish-Meares, S; Harris, PJ; Kelly, DT; Roubin, GS; Sadick, NA, 1987)	1.03
"In verapamil-treated dishes, there was flattening and a cobblestone appearance of the cells."	( Long-term effects of verapamil on aortic smooth muscle cells cultured in the presence of hypercholesterolemic serum. Halperin, G; Stein, O; Stein, Y, )	0.96
"Verapamil pretreatment (2, 4, 8 or 16 mg/kg), injected intraperitoneally 30 min before experimentation, significantly prevented stress-induced mucus depletion and gastric ulceration; however, it did not itself influence stomach wall mucus levels in nonstressed animals."	( Effects of verapamil, carbenoxolone and N-acetylcysteine on gastric wall mucus and ulceration in stressed rats. Cho, CH; Koo, MW; Ogle, CW, 1986)	1.38
"Verapamil pretreatment restored KCl contractile responses to normal in reperfused coronary rings and partially restored endothelium-dependent relaxation."	( Reperfusion after acute coronary occlusion in dogs impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine and augments contractile reactivity in vitro. Horwitz, LD; McMurtry, IF; VanBenthuysen, KM, 1987)	0.99
"Verapamil-treated myopathic hamsters had evidence of markedly improved mitochondrial function when compared with untreated animals."	( Evaluation of the hereditary Syrian hamster cardiomyopathy by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: improvement after acute verapamil therapy. Higgins, CB; James, TL; Jasmin, G; Markiewicz, W; Parmley, WW; Sievers, R; Wikman-Coffelt, J; Wu, SS, 1986)	1.2
"Verapamil treatment in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a valuable approach by which symptomatic improvement and a favourable effect on some left ventricular functions can be achieved."	( Use of verapamil in the treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Cervenka, V; Dvorák, J; Gregor, P; Sládková, T; Vísek, V; Widimský, P, 1986)	1.45
"Verapamil treatment was associated with a significant reduction in diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.02 vs."	( Influence of oral verapamil on glucoregulatory hormones in man. Baylor, P; Charlap, S; Frishman, WH; Kambosos, D; Plawes, S; Shamoon, H, 1985)	1.32
"Verapamil treatment, however, significantly reduced the percentage of ovulated ova that were mature (68.8%) in comparison to ovulated ova from human chorionic gonadotropin-treated control ovaries (95.0%)."	( Examination of the role of calcium in ovulation in the in vitro perfused rabbit ovary with use of ethyleneglycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-n,n'-tetraacetic acid and verapamil. Kitai, H; Santulli, R; Wallach, EE; Wright, KH, 1985)	1.19
"Verapamil treatment resulted in a maximum 80% inhibition of metastases, the degree of inhibition varying among the different metastatic systems."	( Inhibition of spontaneous and experimental tumor metastasis by the calcium antagonist verapamil. Iida, H; Kawabata, H; Makishima, F; Sakurai, Y; Tsukagoshi, S; Tsuruo, T; Yamori, T, 1985)	1.21
"Verapamil-treated animals had decreased frequency and severity of gastric stress ulceration as assessed by ulcer index, ulcer grade, and number of ulcers/animal."	( Verapamil attenuates stress-induced gastric ulceration. Leahy, AL; Nee, JM; Pollock, TW; Wait, RB, 1985)	2.43
"Verapamil pretreatment significantly increased oxidation of all substrates by the subsequently isolated Polytron mitochondria, but only succinate-supported respiration returned to control levels."	( Protection of canine cardiac mitochondrial function by verapamil-cardioplegia during ischemic arrest. Entman, ML; Lewis, RM; McMillin-Wood, JB; Michael, LH; Yoon, SB, 1985)	1.24
"Verapamil pretreatment does not alter the increase in serum potassium induced by succinylcholine in normal dogs."	( Verapamil does not alter succinylcholine-induced increases in serum potassium during halothane anesthesia in normal dogs. Gronert, GA; Nugent, M; Roth, JL, 1985)	2.43
"Oral treatment with verapamil or vehicle was started, 24 h post-intracerebroventricular (ICV) streptozotocin/(STZ), in 12-month-old animals and continued for 3 months."	( Verapamil Prevents Development of Cognitive Impairment in an Aged Mouse Model of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. Ahmed, HA; Ishrat, T; Ismael, S; Mirzahosseini, G, 2021)	2.38
"The treatment with verapamil enhanced Trx-R activity, significantly inhibited TLR4 mediated NLRP3-inflammasome assembly with subsequent diminishing of inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-1β) release into the vitreous, suppression of pathological angiogenesis, and preservation of RGC count and pancreatic islets diameter."	( Inhibition of thioredoxin-interacting protein and inflammasome assembly using verapamil mitigates diabetic retinopathy and pancreatic injury. Eissa, LD; El-Azab, MF; Ghobashy, WA, 2021)	1.17
"Treatment of verapamil inhibits TGF-β1 induced collagen production via inhibiting CaMK II."	( Verapamil inhibits ureteral scar formation by regulating CaMK II-mediated Smad pathway. Gao, ZY; Guo, X; Li, YW; Lu, Q; Wang, JS; Xiao, W; Yang, K; Yuan, WX; Zeng, MQ, 2021)	2.42
"Treatment with verapamil, an inhibitor of P-gp, significantly improved the absorption of enrofloxacin in both healthy and infected broilers."	( E. coli infection modulates the pharmacokinetics of oral enrofloxacin by targeting P-glycoprotein in small intestine and CYP450 3A in liver and kidney of broilers. Bughio, S; Dai, X; Guo, M; Ren, W; Sun, Y; Wang, L; Zhang, Y, 2014)	0.74
"Treatment with verapamil reduced the OXC mean residence time (4.91 vs 4.20 h) and apparent volume of distribution (4.72 vs 3.15 L/kg)."	( Influence of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics of oxcarbazepine and of the enantiomers of its 10-hydroxy metabolite in healthy volunteers. Alexandre Junior, V; Antunes, Nde J; Coelho, EB; Della Pasqua, O; Lanchote, VL; Marques, MP; Takayanagui, OM; Tozatto, E; Wichert-Ana, L, 2016)	1.14
"Treatment of verapamil attenuated inflammation as well as joint destruction in arthritis models."	( Chronic Calcium Channel Inhibitor Verapamil Antagonizes TNF-α-Mediated Inflammatory Reaction and Protects Against Inflammatory Arthritis in Mice. Li, W; Li, Z; Liu, Y; Meng, Q; Pan, J; Wang, W; Wang, X; Yan, P; Zhai, Y; Zhang, H; Zhang, P; Zhang, Z; Zhao, Y, 2016)	1.07
"Pretreatment with verapamil completely abolished both calcium channel agonist-induced influx of calcium and apoptosis in these cells."	( Verapamil inhibits L-type calcium channel mediated apoptosis in human colon cancer cells. Jeppsson, B; Liu, Q; Melander, A; Thorlacius, H; Wang, Y; Zawadzki, A, 2008)	2.11
"Treatment with verapamil, which presumably leads to a conformational change in the channel, completely abolished K+-induced contraction, while residual contraction still occurred when Ca2+ entry was blocked with Cd2+. "	( High K+-induced contraction requires depolarization-induced Ca2+ release from internal stores in rat gut smooth muscle. Bajorat, R; Kirschstein, T; Köhling, R; Porath, K; Rehberg, M; Tokay, T, 2009)	0.71
"Treatment with verapamil and siRNA against MDR1 significantly increased the sensitivity to amrubicinol in PC-6/AMR-OH cells with increased cellular accumulation of amrubicinol."	( Over-expression of MDR1 in amrubicinol-resistant lung cancer cells. Kasai, D; Maeno, K; Miyazaki, M; Oguri, T; Ozasa, H; Sato, S; Takakuwa, O; Uemura, T, 2011)	0.71
"Treatment with verapamil blocked these effects."	( Thioredoxin interacting protein is a novel mediator of retinal inflammation and neurotoxicity. Abdelsaid, MA; Al-Gayyar, MM; El-Remessy, AB; Matragoon, S; Pillai, BA, 2011)	0.71
"Treatment with verapamil (30 microM) markedly inhibited endotoxin (1 microg/ml)-induced TNFalpha production in these cells."	( Preventive effects of a verapamil against tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced shock symptoms: approached from lipoprotein metabolic disorders. Furusawa, S; Iizuka, Y; Sakaguchi, S; Satoh, S; Takayanagi, M, 2002)	0.96
"Treatment with verapamil induced a dose-dependent potentiation in the biochemical parameters of nephrotoxicity that was significant only at the highest dose used (7 mg/kg)."	( The effect of calcium load and the calcium channel blocker verapamil on gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats. Al-Qarawi, AA; Ali, BH; Mousa, HM, 2002)	0.9
"Pretreatment with verapamil (10(-6) mol/L) or nickel (Ni(2+)) (2 mmol/L) inhibited the contractions to a magnitude of 63.81% +/- 7.69% and 88.36% +/- 12.17% (mean +/- standard error of the mean), respectively."	( Application of electric field stimulation for investigations of human placental blood vessels. Falkay, G; Gáspár, R; Resch, BE, 2003)	0.64
"Treatment with verapamil suppressed load-induced bone formation rate by 77% and 59% (P < 0.01)."	( Parathyroid hormone enhances mechanically induced bone formation, possibly involving L-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels. Burr, DB; Duncan, RL; Gattone, VH; Li, J; Turner, CH, 2003)	0.66
"Pretreatment with verapamil alone does not improve maintenance of sinus rhythm after DC cardioversion in patients with AF. "	( Sinus rhythm maintenance following DC cardioversion of atrial fibrillation is not improved by temporary precardioversion treatment with oral verapamil. Edvardsson, N; Firsovaite, V; Fredholm, O; Kronvall, T; Lindholm, CJ; Meurling, CJ; Möller, SJ; Olsson, SB; Pettersson, T; Platonov, PG; Roijer, A, 2004)	0.86
"Treatment with verapamil potentiated morphine analgesia in a dose-dependent manner."	( Involvement of peripheral mechanism in the verapamil-induced potentiation of morphine analgesia in mice. Dake, Y; Fukazawa, Y; Kishioka, S; Maeda, T; Ozaki, M; Shimizu, N; Yamamoto, C; Yamamoto, H, 2004)	0.93
"Treatment with verapamil as a PGP inhibitor did not affect the transport of ketobemidone in Caco-2 cells, indicating that PGP is not involved."	( Ketobemidone is a substrate for cytochrome P4502C9 and 3A4, but not for P-glycoprotein. Al-Shurbaji, A; Annas, A; Artursson, P; Lazorova, L; Svensson, JO; Yasar, U, 2005)	0.67
"Treatment with verapamil (1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg/12 h i.p.) started 24 h after NBM lesions and lasted 8 days."	( Verapamil prevents, in a dose-dependent way, the loss of ChAT-immunoreactive neurons in the cerebral cortex following lesions of the rat nucleus basalis magnocellularis. Caballero-Bleda, M; Popović, M; Popović, N; Puelles, L; van Groen, T; Witter, MP, 2006)	2.12
"Pretreatment with verapamil before LPS challenge reduced acute liver injury, down-regulated production of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-6), up-regulated production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) and inhibited NF-kappa B activation in the liver in a dose-dependent manner."	( Verapamil modulates LPS-induced cytokine production via inhibition of NF-kappa B activation in the liver. Chen, C; Li, G; Li, JS; Liu, FK; Qi, XP; Sun, Z; Wu, XY; Xu, Z; Yang, XD, 2006)	2.1
"Pretreatment with verapamil (an antagonist of the L-type calcium channel, 10 micromol/L) partially eliminated the above effects of UII (300 nmol/L) on the CSB."	( Urotensin II inhibits carotid sinus baroreflex in anesthetized male rats. He, RR; Wu, YM; Xiao, L; Xue, HM, 2007)	0.66
"Treatment with verapamil (5 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced fasting serum glucose and insulin levels, AUC glucose, and significantly increased K(ITT) values."	( Comparative influence of propranolol and verapamil on glycemic control and histamine sensitivity associated with L-thyroxine-induced hyperthyroidism - an experimental study. Bhatt, PA; Makwana, D, 2008)	0.95
"Treatment with verapamil or CaCl2 following PEP treatment also effectively enhanced the cytotoxic effect of PEP, suggesting an interaction with PEP-induced damage."	( Modulation of the cytotoxicity of the antitumor antibiotic peplomycin by membrane-interacting drugs and by increased levels of calcium ions. Ishida, A; Mizuno, S; Nanjo, T; Uehara, Y, 1983)	0.61
"In treated dogs, verapamil was given, 0.15 mg/kg intravenous bolus, immediately after first ligation and was followed by an infusion of 7.5 micrograms/kg/min."	( Effect of verapamil on conduction delay produced by myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Fujimoto, T; Hamamoto, H; Mandel, WJ; Peter, T, 1981)	0.99
"Treatment with verapamil had to be discontinued because of constipation in one patient; treatment with nifedipine was discontinued because of headache in 11 and ankle edema in one."	( Factors influencing the hypotensive effects of calcium antagonists. Bertel, O; Bolli, P; Buhler, F; Erne, P; Hulthen, UL; Kiowski, W; Muller, FB, )	0.47
"Pretreatment with verapamil reduced the size of these subendocardial infarcts from 34 +/- 8 to 8 +/- 3% of the ischemic circumflex vascular bed at risk (identified by postmortem perfusion of the previously occluded and unoccluded arteries with different dyes)."	( Verapamil in two reperfusion models of myocardial infarction. Temporary protection of severely ischemic myocardium without limitation of ultimate infarct size. Jennings, RB; Reimer, KA, 1984)	2.03
"Pretreatment with verapamil (0.1 mg/L) prior to ischemia offered moderate additional protection, but its use during reperfusion failed to enhance overall recovery."	( Cardioplegia and slow calcium-channel blockers. Studies with verapamil. Braimbridge, MV; Hearse, DJ; Manning, AS; Yamamoto, F, 1983)	0.83
"Pretreatment with verapamil (25-35 microM), nifedipine (35-45 microM), diltiazem (25 microM), or EGTA (1.5-5 mM) markedly attenuated the BB-induced (1.6 mM) LDH leakage rate during 2 h of incubations."	( Protective effects of calcium channel blockers on acute bromobenzene toxicity to isolated rat hepatocytes. Inhibition of phenylephrine-induced calcium oscillations. Danielsson, A; Karlsson, K; Lindström, P; Sehlin, J; Wu, J, 1995)	0.61
"Pretreatment with verapamil (10 mg i.v."	( Interaction of propranolol, verapamil, and nifedipine on the myocardial depressant effect of cocaine. Brewster, PS; Fraker, TD; Temesy-Armos, PN; Wilkerson, RD, 1995)	0.91
"Pretreatment with verapamil (10 or 20 mg/kg i.p.) or nimodipine (5 mg/kg i.p.) antagonized the HPA activation induced by morphine, blocking both the decrease in hypothalamic NA levels and the elevation in plasma corticosterone induced by the opioid."	( L-type Ca2+ channel ligands modulate morphine effects on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in rats. Martinez-Piñero, MG; Milanés, MV; Vargas, ML, 1993)	0.61
"Pretreatment with verapamil (0.32 mg/kg), was ineffective against aconitine-induced ventricular arrhythmias and mortality."	( R 56 865, a Na+/Ca(2+)-overload inhibitor, protects against aconitine-induced cardiac arrhythmias in vivo. De Clerck, F; Lu, HR, 1993)	0.61
"Pretreatment with verapamil (1 or 10 microM), nifedipine (0.1 microM) or incubation with Ca(2+)-free, EGTA (0.1 mM)-containing physiological salt solution (PSS) suppressed the contraction produced by caffeine or theophylline in PDA (5 microM)-treated tissues."	( The effects of phorbol 12,13-diacetate on responses of guinea-pig isolated trachea to methylxanthines, isoprenaline and ryanodine. Cortijo, J; Morcillo, EJ; Sanz, CM; Small, RC; Villagrasa, V, 1994)	0.61
"Treatment with verapamil or nifedipine was associated with electron microscopic changes consistent with increased differentiation and resulted in increased carcinoembryonic antigen expression, suggesting that the increase in mdr-1 expression was associated with the process of differentiation."	( Increased mdr-1/P-glycoprotein expression after treatment of human colon carcinoma cells with P-glycoprotein antagonists. Bates, SE; Fojo, AT; Herzog, CE; Tsokos, M, 1993)	0.63
"Treatment with verapamil, tamoxifen, nicergoline or cyclosporin A only partially restores the activity of FCE 24517 against LoVo/24517 cells."	( Characterisation of a LoVo subline resistant to a benzoyl mustard derivative of distamycin A (FCE 24517). Broggini, M; Capolongo, L; Grandi, M; Melegaro, G; Mongelli, N, 1993)	0.63
"Treatment with verapamil but not with ryanodine during ischemia attenuated the increase in m-calpain activity."	( Calpain activity alters in rat myocardial subfractions after ischemia or reperfusion. Kawashima, S; Yamasaki, Y; Yoshida, K, 1993)	0.63
"Pretreatment with verapamil (2 mg/kg; n = 5) significantly reduced the increase in permeability caused by 10(-8) mol/L PAF (1909.1 +/- 620.2 nl/60 min/gm; p < 0.05)."	( L-type calcium channel blockers modulate the microvascular hyperpermeability induced by platelet-activating factor in vivo. Durán, WN; Hobson, RW; Kim, D; Kobayashi, I; Oshiro, H; Takenaka, H, 1995)	0.61
"Pretreatment with verapamil reduced the increase of ALT in plasma and the morphological signs of necrosis induced by AA administration."	( Effect of verapamil on allyl alcohol hepatotoxicity. Atzori, L; Congiu, L, 1996)	1.02
"Treatment with verapamil (VRP) reduced the resistance to tallimustine, but not to MEN 10710, in MCF7/DX cells."	( Cytotoxic and antitumor activity of MEN 10710, a novel alkylating derivative of distamycin. Animati, F; Bigioni, M; Lombardi, P; Manzini, S; Palma, C; Pratesi, G; Salvatore, C; Supino, R; Zunino, F, 1997)	0.64
"Treatment with verapamil, an L-type Ca++ channel blocker, before 10 nM U46619 challenge, or during the plateau [Ca++]i elevation and contraction, decreased these parameters by approximately 50%."	( Role of extracellular Ca++ influx via L-type and non-L-type Ca++ channels in thromboxane A2 receptor-mediated contraction in rat aorta. Paul, RJ; Rapoport, RM; Tosun, M, 1998)	0.64
"The treatment with verapamil led to a normal rhythm and function of the heart."	( [Verapamil sensitive ventricular tachycardia with myocardial failure in a 2-year-old child]. Gossen, N; Liersch, R; Ulbricht, LJ; Winter, K, 1999)	1.53
"Pretreatment with verapamil (2 mg."	( Mechanisms of big endothelin-1-induced diuresis and natriuresis : role of ET(B) receptors. Abassi, ZA; Brodsky, S; Hoffman, A; Ramadan, R; Winaver, J, 2000)	0.63
"Pre-treatment with verapamil may have reduced the dysfunction (probably because of a reduction in mechanical remodeling during atrial fibrillation)."	( Left atrial and appendage mechanical function after pharmacological or electrical cardioversion in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation: a multicenter, randomized study. Cattarini, G; Mazzone, C; Miccio, M; Morgera, T; Pandullo, C; Salvi, R; Scardi, S, 2000)	0.63
"Pretreatment with verapamil reversed the MDR phenotype."	( Increased resistance to anticancer therapy of mouse cells lacking the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase attributable to up-regulation of the multidrug resistance gene product P-glycoprotein. Herceg, Z; Wesierska-Gadek, J; Wurzer, G, 2000)	0.63
"Pre-treatment with verapamil (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.m.) significantly suppressed amphetamine-induced hypervigilance, stereotypy, oral hyperkinesia and tachypnoea but was unable to reverse other amphetamine-induced behavioural effects."	( Behavioural and anti-psychotic effects of Ca2+ channel blockers in rhesus monkey. Dubey, MP; Kalsotra, A; Kumar, R; Nath, C; Palit, G, 2001)	0.63
"Treatment with verapamil had similar effects; however, there are no statistically significant dose dependent decreases in growth with increasing verapamil doses."	( Calcium channel antagonists inhibit growth of subcutaneous xenograft meningiomas in nude mice. Jensen, RL; Wurster, RD, 2001)	0.65
"Pretreatment with verapamil (10 micromol/l) prevented angiotensin II-induced apoptosis."	( Angiotensin II-induced apoptosis in rat cardiomyocyte culture: a possible role of AT1 and AT2 receptors. Goldenberg, I; Grossman, E; Jacobson, KA; Shainberg, A; Shneyvays, V, 2001)	0.63
"Treatment with Verapamil or aspirin reduced both chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and the hypertrophy of the right ventricle."	( Effects of verapamil and aspirin on experimental chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy in rats. Kentera, D; Susić, D; Zdravković, M, 1979)	0.99
"Pretreatment with verapamil 25 mg/Kg s.c."	( Effect of verapamil on the transmural energy metabolism in the isoproterenol-induced myocardial lesion. Higuchi, M; Takenaka, F, 1978)	0.98
"Pretreatment with verapamil (10(-5) M), nifedipine (10(-6) M) or diltiazem (10(-5) M) had no effect on the increase in [Ca2+]i following addition of H2O2."	( Cytosolic calcium increase in coronary endothelial cells after H2O2 exposure and the inhibitory effect of U78517F. Hayashi, S; Kimura, M; Maeda, K, 1992)	0.61
"Treatment with verapamil or low Ca2+ also induced fluctuations in cell volume."	( Calcium-dependent control of volume regulation in renal proximal tubule cells: II. Roles of dihydropyridine-sensitive and -insensitive Ca2+ entry pathways. McCarty, NA; O'Neil, RG, 1991)	0.62
"Pretreatment with verapamil extends the ischaemic time after which reperfusion results in myocardial salvage in this model of ischaemia and reperfusion. "	( Myocardial protection with verapamil during ischaemia and reperfusion: dissociation between myocardial salvage and the degree of ATP depletion during ischaemia. Donnelly, TJ; Parmley, WW; Sievers, R; Wolfe, CL, 1991)	0.91
"Treatment with verapamil caused significant increase of EDF from 61.2 to 78.2 cm/sek and increase EDF/LDF ratio from 1.02 to 1.30."	( [Effects of verapamil and propranolol on the left-ventricular diastolic function in patients with primary arterial hypertension]. Markiewicz, M; Rymar, B; Trojnar, R; Wysokiński, A, 1991)	1
"When treated by verapamil, coronary patients responded differently. "	( [Effects of verapamil on the functional state of the liver in ischemic heart disease]. Makarovskiĭ, VV; Makeeva, LG; Shafranskiĭ, IuA; Svetova, SD; Vertkina, NV; Zharov, EI, 1991)	1.01
"Pretreatment with verapamil (10 micrograms/kg/min delivered intravenously) prevented the fall in GFR (320 +/- 70 microliters/min 100 g), as did pretreatment with nitrendipine, 1 micrograms/kg/min (460 +/- 90 microliters/min/100 g)."	( Evidence that calcium channel blockade prevents cyclosporine-induced exacerbation of renal ischemic injury. Bia, MJ; Tyler, K, 1991)	0.6
"Treatment with verapamil (10(-6) M) or washing in Ca(2+)-free Krebs Ringer solution after incubation with SCN(-)-Krebs Ringer selectively inhibited the slow phases of the aortic contractions."	( Unusual effects of SCN and lyotropic anions on contractility of vascular smooth muscle from female rats. Altura, BM; Altura, BT; Zhang, AM, 1991)	0.62
"Pretreatment with verapamil to reperfusion hearts decreased MPO activity to 4.7 +/- 0.7 IU."	( [Neutrophil infiltration in ischemic porcine myocardium and protective effect of verapamil]. Guo, ZG; Luo, WS; Tang, XL, 1990)	0.83
"Treatment of verapamil alone appeared to be equivalent to that with only antivenom."	( Verapamil potentiation of Chironex (box-jellyfish) antivenom. Burnett, JW; Callanan, VI; Endean, R; Fenner, PJ; Othman, IB; Williamson, JA, 1990)	2.07
"Pretreatment of verapamil with intravenous calcium did not alter the disposition of intravenous verapamil."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic effects of intravenous verapamil with intravenous calcium chloride pretreatment in normal subjects. Bauman, JL; Beckman, KJ; Hariman, RJ; Hoon, TJ; Parker, RB; Schoen, MD, 1991)	0.84
"Treatment with verapamil dramatically reversed this effect."	( Periovulatory calcium channel blockade enhances reproductive performance in an animal model for endometriosis-associated subfertility. Cantor, B; Lambert, H; Robin, B; Serpa, N; Steinleitner, A; Suarez, M, 1991)	0.62
"Pretreatment with verapamil (2.5 or 5 mg/kg, i.p.) dose dependently lessened glandular wall calcium levels and worsened ethanol-induced mucosal damage."	( Calcium and ethanol-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats. Cho, CH; Ogle, CW; Wong, SH, 1991)	0.6
"Pretreatment with verapamil reversed the effects of calcium infusion."	( Influence of calcium infusion on plasma atrial natriuretic peptide in conscious dogs: intervention with calcium antagonist, verapamil. Lembke, JM; Saelens, DA; Zawada, ET, 1990)	0.81
"Treatment with verapamil (0.505 mg/kg over 2 days) lowered basal arterial pressures but did not change the effects of CSA on pressor sensitivity."	( Altered pressor responses to NE and ANG II during cyclosporin A administration to conscious rats. Smith-Powell, L; Telles, T; Textor, SC, 1990)	0.62
"Pretreatment with verapamil induced significantly faster recovery from ethanol-induced changes in overall activity."	( Verapamil effects on physiological and behavioral responses to ethanol in the rat. De Lacy, PA; Janowsky, DS; Mack, CM; Rezvani, AH, 1990)	2.05
"Pre-treatment with verapamil or washing the cells in calcium-free medium attenuated the stimulatory effect of AII on [Ca++]i."	( Angiotensin II increases cytosolic calcium and stimulates catecholamine release in cultured bovine adrenomedullary cells. Goldstein, DS; Keiser, HR; Stull, R; Zimlichman, R; Zimlichman, S, 1987)	0.59
"Pretreatment with verapamil, a voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel inhibitor, also blocks both the sustained [Ca2+]i elevation and arachidonate liberation without altering peak intracellular Ca2+ release."	( Receptor-stimulated phospholipase A2 activation is coupled to influx of external calcium and not to mobilization of intracellular calcium in C62B glioma cells. Brooks, RC; Lapetina, EG; McCarthy, KD; Morell, P, 1989)	0.6
"Pretreatment with verapamil markedly improved survival of skin flaps after 6 hours of venous cross-clamping compared with animals receiving placebo only (99% vs 53.3%; p less than 0.01)."	( Verapamil improves survival of rat hyperemic island skin flaps. Fayman, MS; Hinder, RA; Oosthuizen, MM; Stein, HJ, 1989)	2.04
"The treatment of verapamil toxicity was examined in lightly sedated dogs. "	( Treatment of verapamil toxicity in intact dogs. Algeo, S; Gay, R; Goldman, S; Lee, R; Morkin, E; Olajos, M, 1986)	0.98
"Pretreatment with verapamil essentially ablated the phenomenon of postischemic stunning: segment shortening was restored to 115 +/- 8% of normal after 3 h of reflow (p less than 0.01 versus control), endocardial ATP stores were partially preserved (30.6 +/- 1.2 nmol/mg protein; p less than 0.05 versus control) and creatine phosphate overshoot was blunted (endocardial creatine phosphate content decreased by -5.6 +/- 2.9 nmol/mg protein; p less than 0.05 versus control)."	( Effect of verapamil on postischemic "stunned" myocardium: importance of the timing of treatment. Kloner, RA; Przyklenk, K, 1988)	1
"Pretreatment with verapamil in a dose of 2.0 x 10(-5)mol/kg given intraperitoneally (i.p.) diminished hypotensive effect of PGI2 i.c.v."	( Influence of verapamil on central and peripheral effects of prostacyclin on circulatory system in rats. Brus, R; Juraszczyk, Z; Kapustecki, J; Kozik, W; Kryj, M; Krzemiński, T; Kurcok, A, 1987)	0.97
"4. Treatment with verapamil increased the Cmax (mean +/- s.d.: 227 +/- 117 vs 116 +/- 62 ng ml-1, P less than 0.05) and AUC (1389 +/- 617 vs 837 +/- 316 ng ml-1 h, P = 0.0625) of propranolol in all subjects."	( The effect of combined therapy on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of verapamil and propranolol in patients with angina pectoris. Lennard, MS; McCourty, JC; Silas, JH; Tucker, GT, 1988)	0.83
"Treatment with verapamil elicited biphasic dose-response effects on rat locomotor activity: doses equimolar to CRF treatment slightly increased CRF-stimulated locomotion, while doses of verapamil ten times greater slightly depressed CRF-stimulated locomotion."	( The effects of verapamil on the locomotor-activating properties of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) in the rat. Aldenhoff, JB; Koob, GF; Swerdlow, NR, 1986)	0.96
"Treatment with verapamil during long-term ethanol consumption prevented the development of these metabolic and functional abnormalities."	( The preventive effect of verapamil on ethanol-induced cardiac depression: phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance and high-pressure liquid chromatographic studies of hamsters. Garrett, J; Higgins, CB; James, T; Parmley, WW; Sievers, R; Wendland, M; White, R; Wikman-Coffelt, J; Wu, S, 1987)	0.92
"Treatment with verapamil, 120 mg/day, reduced his symptoms in spite of an insignificant decrease in the arrhythmia observed with Holter dynamic electrocardiography."	( Swallowing-induced paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Haraoka, S; Takemoto, M; Terasaka, R, 1987)	0.61
"Pretreatment with Verapamil did not prevent calcium accumulation."	( Time-course of changes in water, sodium, potassium and calcium contents of various brain regions in rats after systemic kainic acid administration. Joó, F; Szerdahelyi, P; Sztriha, L, 1986)	0.59
"Pretreatment with verapamil inhibited thromboxane synthesis, the rise in pulmonary artery pressure and the hypoxia without affecting the transient leukopenia."	( Effects of verapamil on thromboxane synthesis and pulmonary hypertension in sheep. Davies, BJ; McDonald, JW; Noulty, EJ; Pisters, LL; Smallbone, BW; Taylor, NE, 1986)	0.98
"Treatment with verapamil (intravenous bolus dose of 0.2 mg/kg body weight followed by infusion of 0.56 +/- 0.14 mg/kg per h) was begun 1 hour after occlusion and infusion was continued for the remainder of the experiment."	( Effect of verapamil on infarct size in dogs subjected to coronary artery occlusion with transient reperfusion. Alker, KJ; Braunwald, E; Campbell, CA; Kloner, RA, 1986)	1.01
"Pretreatment with verapamil (0.08 mg/kg iv) did not reduce this upward shift: LVEDP rose from 6 +/- 1 to 16 +/- 1 mmHg (P less than 0.01, n = 7) and there were similar small increases in end-diastolic segment length.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"	( Effects of verapamil on regional myocardial diastolic function in pacing-induced ischemia in dogs. Bourdillon, PD; Grossman, W; Paulus, WJ; Serizawa, T, 1986)	0.98
"Pretreatment with verapamil, 80 mg and 120 mg (every 8 hours for 3 days), reduced the oral clearance of quinidine from 17.0 L/hr to 11.6 and 11.3 L/hr, respectively (P less than 0.01)."	( The effect of coadministration of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of quinidine. Beckman, H; Blevins, R; Edwards, DJ; Lavoie, R; Rubenfire, M, 1987)	0.88
"Pretreatment with verapamil reduced the size of these subendocardial infarcts from 34 +/- 8 to 8 +/- 3% of the ischemic circumflex vascular bed (anatomic area at risk)."	( Effects of calcium-channel blockers on myocardial preservation during experimental acute myocardial infarction. Jennings, RB; Reimer, KA, 1985)	0.59
"Pretreatment with verapamil significantly decreased gastric ulcerative response to cold-restraint stress in the rat."	( Verapamil attenuates stress-induced gastric ulceration. Leahy, AL; Nee, JM; Pollock, TW; Wait, RB, 1985)	2.04

Toxicity

Only 3 patients complained of adverse effects from verapamil during the double-blind phase of the study. Carvedilol and verap amil (10 micromol/L) reduced the LD50 (dose which results in the death of half the number of cells) of the Hs578T-Dox subline. Phosphorylation at serine 473 of the Akt protein (P-Akt), a protein representing a common pathway for insulin receptors (IR), insulinlike growth factor receptors (IGFR), and hybrid receptors formed by IR and IGFR subunits.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" This seems to be a rare side effect as there have only been three other reported cases of secondary extrapyramidal syndromes in the literature."	( [Parkinson syndrome, a possible adverse effect of calcium inhibitors]. Lauribe, P; Lévy, S; Malaterre, HR; Paganelli, F; Ramond, B, 1992)	0.28
" These studies have shown this drug combination to be associated with severe toxic effects."	( Effects of verapamil on the acute toxicity of doxorubicin in vivo. Anderson, J; Baker, PB; Desai, P; Dwivedi, C; Engineer, FN; Sharma, HM; Sridhar, R, 1992)	0.67
" AB and hypoxia/reoxygenation caused additive, not synergistic, LDH release whereas CS-AB had no adverse effect."	( Direct amphotericin B-mediated tubular toxicity: assessments of selected cytoprotective agents. Bredl, CR; Schimpf, BA; Zager, RA, 1992)	0.28
" In addition, detailed histopathological examination shows that treatment of mice with chemotherapeutic drugs and R-verapamil does not change the organ-related toxicity pattern but only moderately accentuates inherent toxic side effects of the chemotherapeutic agents."	( Chemotherapy and chemosensitization of transgenic mice which express the human multidrug resistance gene in bone marrow: efficacy, potency, and toxicity. Gottesman, MM; Licht, T; Merlino, GT; Mickisch, GH; Pastan, I, 1991)	0.49
" A direct toxic effect of CsA on renal tubule epithelia was demonstrated using nigrosine uptake and LDH release as indicators of cell death."	( Mechanisms of cyclosporine A toxicity in defined cultures of renal tubule epithelia: a role for cysteine proteases. Hartz, PA; Wilson, PD, 1991)	0.28
"Four hypertensive patients with chronic renal insufficiency or end-stage renal disease who were treated with sustained-release verapamil hydrochloride subsequently developed acute toxic effects."	( Acute toxic effects of sustained-release verapamil in chronic renal failure. Bierman, MH; Hammeke, MD; Pritza, DR, 1991)	0.75
" At severely toxic levels when arterial blood pressure fell by 50%, all three drugs decreased cardiac output."	( Effects of calcium channel blocker overdose-induced toxicity in the conscious dog. Gambone, LM; Schoffstall, JM; Shaw, RP; Sit, SP; Spivey, WH, 1991)	0.28
" However, at a more severe level, their toxic effects are similar and manifested predominantly by their actions on the slow calcium channel."	( Effects of calcium channel blocker overdose-induced toxicity in the conscious dog. Gambone, LM; Schoffstall, JM; Shaw, RP; Sit, SP; Spivey, WH, 1991)	0.28
" Iatrogenic toxicity resulting from this accumulation of potentially toxic drugs such as CQ within normal cells could complicate the reversal of mdr in vivo."	( Reversal of drug-resistant falciparum malaria by calcium antagonists: potential for host cell toxicity. Grogl, M; Long, GW; Martin, SK; Watt, G, )	0.13
" All systemic toxic effects observed were easily treated or disappeared with either temporary or permanent discontinuation of the verapamil infusion or by a decrease in the dose of verapamil."	( Systemic toxic effects associated with high-dose verapamil infusion and chemotherapy administration. Appleton, CP; Dalton, WS; Miller, TP; Mosley, K; Pennock, GD; Plezia, P; Roeske, WR; Salmon, SE, 1991)	0.74
" Another side effect is constipation, which is frequent after verapamil."	( Calcium antagonists--assessment of side effects. Thulin, T, 1990)	0.52
" There was no apparent relationship between drug reversal of vcr resistance and the cytotoxic actions of the drug per se since the calcium channel blocker diltiazem (dil) significantly potentiated the actions of vcr on MDR L100 cells without being more toxic to these cells (compared to vcr-sensitive L0 cells)."	( Pharmacological modification of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in vitro detected by a novel fluorometric microculture cytotoxicity assay. Reversal of resistance and selective cytotoxic actions of cyclosporin A and verapamil on MDR leukemia T-cells. Larsson, R; Nygren, P, 1990)	0.47
" Verapamil might, however, modify the adverse cardiac effects of 5-FU by preventing supraventricular tachyarrhythmia."	( Failure of preventing 5-fluorouracil cardiotoxicity by prophylactic treatment with verapamil. Albertsson, M; Eskilsson, J, 1990)	1.41
"Nephrotoxicity is the most troublesome side effect of cyclosporin A (CSA) therapy."	( Lack of effect of verapamil and MDL 646, a cytoprotective PGE1 analogue on cyclosporin A nephrotoxicity in vitro. Hall, TJ; Heckel, C, 1990)	0.61
" Calcium channel blockers have ameliorated tissue injury due to toxic and ischemic insults."	( Effect of verapamil on cephaloridine nephrotoxicity in the rabbit. Browning, MC, 1990)	0.68
"03%) was the predominant adverse reaction, followed by dizziness (3."	( Efficacy and safety of verapamil SR 240 mg in essential hypertension: results of a multicentric phase IV study. Pfennigsdorf, G; Schumacher, A; Sosna, J; Speders, S, 1989)	0.59
" The pharmacokinetic characteristics of SR verapamil account for its more favorable side-effect profile observed with this formulation."	( Comparative efficacy, safety, and kinetics of immediate- and slow-release verapamil in hispanic patients with essential hypertension. Cubeddu, LX; Faggin, BM; Fuenmayor, NT, 1989)	0.77
"1 mM verapamil was toxic to the cells grown over five days (44 +/- 5 micrograms protein/flask)."	( In vitro cyclosporine toxicity. The effect of verapamil. Chan, P; Moorhead, JF; Scoble, JE; Senior, JC; Sweny, P; Varghese, Z, 1989)	1.05
" Additional nutritional factors may play a crucial role in achieving the amelioration of this model of toxic nephropathy."	( The effect of oral calcium load or verapamil on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Aladjem, M; Bogin, E; Tamir, A, 1989)	0.55
" G1-phase CHO cells showed a 2-fold increase in the susceptibility to the toxic effects of sodium arsenite as compared to asynchronous CHO cells."	( Differential cytotoxicity of sodium arsenite in human fibroblasts and Chinese hamster ovary cells. Jan, KY; Ko, JL; Lee, TC, 1989)	0.28
"There is a narrow margin between therapeutic and toxic doses and serum levels of digitalis glycosides."	( Digitalis toxicity. Antman, EM; Smith, TW, 1985)	0.27
" Diltiazem with a beta-blocker is usually well-tolerated, with a low incidence of adverse effects, similar to the experience with diltiazem monotherapy."	( Combined use of calcium-channel and beta-adrenergic blockers for the treatment of chronic stable angina. Rationale, efficacy, and adverse effects. Parisi, AF; Strauss, WE, 1988)	0.27
"Nephrotoxicity is a serious side effect that limits the use of cyclosporine (CyA) as an immunosuppressive agent."	( Treatment with verapamil and adenosine triphosphate-MgCl2 reduces cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. Baue, AE; Chaudry, IH; Sumpio, B, 1987)	0.63
"In the in vitro perfusion of the isolated heart, toxic doses of cardiac glycosides produce an inotropic response which is followed by a decline in contractile force and an increase in the resting tension."	( Digitalis-induced mechanical toxicity: protection by slow Ca++ channel blockers. Agbanyo, M; Bains, R; Hoeschen, RJ; Khatter, JC; Navaratnam, S, 1986)	0.27
" These data suggest that the calcium channel blocker verapamil is a metabolically safe drug to use as monotherapy in essential hypertension."	( No metabolic side effects of long-term treatment with verapamil in hypertension. Hals, O; Lauve, O; Midtbø, K, 1988)	0.77
" Immediate pretreatment with verapamil increased the mortality of mice given the LD50 dose of lidocaine to 74%, and in mice given the LD50 doses of bupivacaine, to 82%."	( Verapamil increases the toxicity of local anesthetics. Rosenblatt, RM; Tallman, RD; Wang, YL; Weaver, JM, 1988)	2.01
"High circulating concentrations of calcium are toxic to the heart and may cause cardiac arrhythmias and arrest."	( Verapamil reverses calcium cardiotoxicity. Chernow, B; Holaday, J; Malcolm, D; Zaloga, GP, 1987)	1.72
" Cepharanthine, which had no toxic action on survival, increased intracellular ADR uptake by about 20% for 1 h incubation at 37 degrees C, and increased cellular ADR retention after incubation in an ADR-free medium for 4 h from 15% to 75%."	( Modification of cellular efflux and cytotoxicity of adriamycin by biscoclaulin alkaloid in vitro. Karino, Y; Kawasaki, S; Nagaoka, S; Nakanishi, T; Sasaki, K, 1987)	0.27
"Calcium-channel blockers are useful for the treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), but, their adverse effects, especially, those of diltiazem, have not been of much concern."	( Adverse effects of atrial fibrillation and syncope induced by calcium-channel blockers in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Doiuchi, J; Hamada, M; Ito, T; Kokubu, T; Ochi, T, 1985)	0.27
" Verapamil also potentiates the effect of a toxic conjugate formed between Pseudomonas exotoxin and a monoclonal antibody to the human transferrin receptor (anti-TFR-PE) and enhances the effect of Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE) alone."	( Verapamil enhances the toxicity of conjugates of epidermal growth factor with Pseudomonas exotoxin and antitransferrin receptor with Pseudomonas exotoxin. Akiyama, S; Fitzgerald, DJ; Gottesman, MM; Hanover, JA; Pastan, I; Willingham, MC, 1984)	2.62
" This indicates that the effect of the ionophore was not due to nonspecific release of toxic products from the effector cells."	( A role for calcium-activated calmodulin in murine nonspecific cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Cain, CA; Fan, S; Tompkins, WA; Weltzin, R, 1983)	0.27
" Adverse effects during Phase 2 were mild, consisting of constipation (6 patients) and prolongation of the P-R interval (5 patients); however, no patient required alteration of the 480 mg/day dosage."	( Efficacy and safety of verapamil in patients with angina pectoris after 1 year of continuous, high-dose therapy. Creager, MA; Cutler, SS; Klein, MD; McCabe, CH; Ryan, TJ; Weiner, DA, 1983)	0.58
" Only 3 patients complained of adverse effects from verapamil during the double-blind phase of the study."	( Effectiveness and safety of oral verapamil to control exercise-induced tachycardia in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving digitalis. Baessler, C; Morganroth, J; Panidis, IP, 1983)	0.8
" Adverse effects were few and consisted primarily of mild constipation in six patients taking verapamil, and pedal edema and transient flushing in 2 patients each using diltiazem."	( The efficacy and safety of high-dose verapamil and diltiazem in the long-term treatment of stable exertional angina. Cutler, SS; Klein, MD; McCabe, CH; Ryan, TJ; Weiner, DA, 1984)	0.76
"The ophthalmic examination of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy treated with high doses of verapamil over a considerable period of time showed no evidence of a side effect of the drug, thus proving its ocular safety."	( Evaluation of the ocular safety of verapamil. Scheimpflug photography with densitometric image analysis of lens transparency in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy subjected to long-term therapy with high doses of verapamil. Dragomirescu, V; Hockwin, O; Kozamanoglu, K; Kremer, F; Laser, H; Ohrloff, C, 1984)	0.76
" Perturbation of cytophilic IgG with particle-bound protein A elicited a chemiluminescent response from peritoneal macrophages; however, experiments with scavengers of reactive oxygen species indicated that toxic oxygen radicals may not be required for cytotoxicity."	( Human peritoneal macrophage cytotoxicity mediated by cytophilic IgG. Freiberg, M; Keane, WF; Miller, W; Peterson, PK; Staub, D; Verbrugh, HA, 1983)	0.27
" As there were no predisposing factors, direct drug action is implicated and other reports of the adverse effects of verapamil are noted."	( Side effects of verapamil in infants. Radford, D, 1983)	0.82
" Our results suggest that the following factors may participate in the IPRO-induced embryotoxicity: (1) IPRO, (2) its toxic metabolites, (3) cAMP."	( Analysis of the cardiotoxic effect of isoproterenol in chick embryo. Janatová, T; Krause, EG; Ostádal, B; Pelouch, V; Rychter, Z, )	0.13
"Nephrotoxicity is the most common and important side-effect of cyclosporin (CsA) therapy."	( Prevention of acute cyclosporin nephrotoxicity by verapamil and atrial natriuretic factor in the rat. Bagnis, C; Bitker, MO; Deray, G; Dubois, M; Jacobs, C; Jacquiaud, C, 1994)	0.54
" D-Verapamil was only about half as toxic as racemic verapamil and this too is consistent with clinical observations."	( Identification of a multidrug resistance modulator with clinical potential by analysis of synergistic activity in vitro, toxicity in vivo and growth delay in a solid human tumour xenograft. Bicknell, SR; Hamilton, T; Kaye, SB; Morrison, JG; Plumb, JA; Setanoians, A; Wishart, GC, 1994)	0.91
" On the contrary, verapamil even accentuates the toxic effects of diclofenac."	( Failure of calcium antagonistic agents to prevent hepatotoxicity induced by diclofenac. Estler, CJ; Lepper, H; Schmitz, G, 1995)	0.63
" However, tamoxifen alone caused significant toxic effects to TSGH-8301 at > or = 40 microM and to HTB9 at > or = 30 microM."	( Combined cytotoxic effects of tamoxifen and chemotherapeutic agents on bladder cancer cells: a potential use in intravesical chemotherapy. Cheng, AL; Hsieh, CY; Hsieh, TS; Lai, MK; Pu, YS; Su, IJ; Tsai, TC; Tseng, NF, 1996)	0.29
"Tamoxifen enhanced the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents largely through its toxic effects on the bladder cancer cells."	( Combined cytotoxic effects of tamoxifen and chemotherapeutic agents on bladder cancer cells: a potential use in intravesical chemotherapy. Cheng, AL; Hsieh, CY; Hsieh, TS; Lai, MK; Pu, YS; Su, IJ; Tsai, TC; Tseng, NF, 1996)	0.29
" The rats were observed for toxic signs and survival over a period of 15 days."	( Reversal of acute theophylline toxicity by calcium channel blockers in dogs and rats. Alleva, FR; Balazs, T; Joseph, X; Vick, JA; Whitehurst, VE; Zhang, J, 1996)	0.29
" As parameters of toxic kidney damage we have used the urine levels of the following enzymes: N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), gama-glutamyltransferase (GMT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)."	( The effect of calcium channel blockers on cyclosporine A (Cs A) induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Bártová, V; Hátle, K; Nĕmecek, K; Stípek, S; Zima, T, 1995)	0.29
"The hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen overdose depends on the metabolic activation to a toxic reactive metabolite by the hepatic mixed function oxidases."	( Effect of nifedipine, verapamil, diltiazem and trifluoperazine on acetaminophen toxicity in mice. Dimova, S; Koleva, M; Rangelova, D; Stoythchev, T, 1995)	0.61
" In vitro, but not in vivo, verapamil inhibited the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), the key enzyme in the conversion of AA into the toxic metabolite acrolein."	( Effect of verapamil on allyl alcohol hepatotoxicity. Atzori, L; Congiu, L, 1996)	0.99
" The finding that delta-HCH was more toxic than lindane may be correlated to the differences between the isomers with regard to the action on the different Ca2+ pools."	( The mechanism for hexachlorocyclohexane-induced cytotoxicity and changes in intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis in cultured cerebellar granule neurons is different for the gamma- and delta-isomers. Frandsen, A; Pomés, A; Rodríguez-Farré, E; Rosa, R; Sanfeliu, C; Schousboe, A; Suñol, C, 1997)	0.3
" These differences can be attributed at least in part to the low catecholamine profile of verapamil and the marked rapid adrenergic activation with short-acting nifedipine, which could also explain the adverse effects found when this agent is given to patients with acute coronary syndromes."	( Calcium channel blockers for hypertension: dissecting the evidence for adverse effects. Opie, LH, 1997)	0.52
" However, at least as important is a consideration of adverse reactions and the safety of the combination compared to monotherapy."	( Safety profile of the combination of verapamil and trandolapril. Holzgreve, H, 1997)	0.57
"In randomized placebo-controlled studies adverse events were observed in 25."	( Safety profile of the combination of verapamil and trandolapril. Holzgreve, H, 1997)	0.57
"In summary, the profile of adverse drug reactions of a fixed-dose combination of verapamil and trandolapril consists the typical side effects of the monocompounds."	( Safety profile of the combination of verapamil and trandolapril. Holzgreve, H, 1997)	0.8
" Our results show that both A beta(1-42) and A beta(25-35) are toxic to HAEC in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and that this toxicity can be partially prevented by the calcium channel blocker, verapamil, and the antioxidant, superoxide dismutase."	( Superoxide free radical and intracellular calcium mediate A beta(1-42) induced endothelial toxicity. Crawford, F; Fang, C; Mullan, M; Suo, Z, 1997)	0.49
" Both verapamil and nimodipine pretreatment increased the LD50 and 95% confidence intervals for bupivacaine and increased survival."	( The effects of verapamil and nimodipine on bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity in rats: an in vivo and in vitro study. Adsan, H; Onaran, O; Tulunay, M, 1998)	1.13
" The aim of this study was to determine whether these inhibitors can prevent the toxic effects of Cd on the kidney which is the critical organ."	( Effect of calmodulin-inhibitors and verapamil on the nephrotoxicity of cadmium in rat. Bernard, A; Lermioglu, F, 1998)	0.58
" The concentration-dependent protection from methapyrilene toxicity afforded by metyrapone correlated with an inhibition of microsomal CYP2C11-associated androstenedione 16alpha hydroxylase activity, and hepatocytes prepared from hypophysectomised rats (containing reduced levels of microsomal immunodetectable CYP2C11 and associated androstenedione 16alpha hydroxylase activity) showed resistance to the toxic effects of methapyrilene."	( Methapyrilene hepatotoxicity is associated with oxidative stress, mitochondrial disfunction and is prevented by the Ca2+ channel blocker verapamil. Morgan, WA; Mullervy, J; Powell, CJ; Ratra, GS; Wright, MC, 1998)	0.5
" Carvedilol and verapamil (10 micromol/L) reduced the LD50 (dose which results in the death of half the number of cells) of the Hs578T-Dox subline from 200 mg/L to approx."	( Increase in doxorubicin cytotoxicity by carvedilol inhibition of P-glycoprotein activity. Behnam-Motlagh, P; Grankvist, K; Henriksson, R; Jonsson, O; Persson, M, 1999)	0.65
" In addition, combination therapy enhances tolerability because one drug of fixed combination can antagonize some of the adverse effects of the second drug."	( [Fixed-dose combination therapy: reduction of side effects with enhanced tolerance and antihypertensive efficacy]. Gómez Guindal, JA; González Lama, I; González Maqueda, I, 1999)	0.3
" None of the Pgp blockers was toxic up to 10 microM, but amiodarone markedly increased CK leakage at 25 microM."	( Effect of PSC 833, verapamil and amiodarone on adriamycin toxicity in cultured rat cardiomyocytes. Estevez, MD; Schramm, U; Wolf, A, 2000)	0.64
" Adverse events and safety were also evaluated."	( Efficacy and safety of a new long-acting drug combination, trandolapril/verapamil as compared to monotherapy in primary hypertension. Swedish TARKA trialists. Andrup, M; Karlberg, BE; Odén, A, 2000)	0.54
" Regarding safety, both observational studies and RCTs suggest that adverse effects of CCBs may be linked to short-acting agents, specifically short-acting nifedipine."	( Current status of safety and efficacy of calcium channel blockers in cardiovascular diseases: a critical analysis based on 100 studies. Kübler, W; Opie, LH; Yusuf, S, )	0.13
" Adverse event rates were compared across the treatment groups by the Fisher exact test."	( Safety of controlled-onset extended-release verapamil in middle-aged and older patients with hypertension and coronary artery disease. Anders, RJ; Black, HR; Elliott, WJ; Johnson, MF; White, WB, 2001)	0.57
"Low dose verapamil is safe when administered intraarterially to patients with cerebral vasospasm."	( Intraarterially administered verapamil as adjunct therapy for cerebral vasospasm: safety and 2-year experience. Aagaard, BD; Berman, MF; Duong, H; Feng, L; Fitzsimmons, BF; Lin, E; Pile-Spellman, J; Young, WL, 2002)	1.02
"The present study was performed to compare the cardiovascular adverse effects of verapamil, KR30031 and their optical isomers, and also to measure their ability to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR)."	( Differential effects of the optical isomers of KR30031 on cardiotoxicity and on multidrug resistance reversal activity. Choi, SU; Kwon, MJ; Lee, BH; Lee, CO; Yi, KY; Yoo, SE, 2003)	0.55
" Adenosine caused adverse effects in 18."	( [A randomized, multicenter trial to compare the safety and efficacy of adenosine versus verapamil for termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia]. Cheng, KA, 2003)	0.54
" Adverse reactions to adenosine are common but are minor and brief."	( [A randomized, multicenter trial to compare the safety and efficacy of adenosine versus verapamil for termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia]. Cheng, KA, 2003)	0.54
" When compared clinical effects by quinacrine and the combination therapy, improvement of clinical findings was observed at the same level without any adverse effects."	( Toxicity of quinacrine can be reduced by co-administration of P-glycoprotein inhibitor in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Eguchi, K; Katamine, S; Kataoka, Y; Nishida, N; Niwa, M; Satoh, K; Shirabe, S; Yamauchi, A, 2004)	0.32
"In this study, the toxic effect of sanguinarine (SANG) on heart was studied with isolated cardiac muscle strip isolated from Wistar rat."	( Induction of contracture and extracellular Ca2+ influx in cardiac muscle by sanguinarine: a study on cardiotoxicity of sanguinarine. Cheng, HW; Cheng, YW; Hu, CM; Kang, JJ; Liao, JW, 2005)	0.33
" The most toxic compounds, the second one, characterized by the smallest variations of TEER, included verapamil and diltiazem."	( Influence of different calcic antagonists on the Caco-2 cell monolayer integrity or "TEER, a measurement of toxicity?". Galmier, MJ; Lartigue, C; Mathieu, F; Pognat, JF, )	0.35
"5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects."	( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling. Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004)	0.32
"Cyclosporine nephrotoxicity remains a major side effect in solid organ transplantation, and can be exacerbated by concomitant administration of sirolimus."	( Role of P-glycoprotein in cyclosporine cytotoxicity in the cyclosporine-sirolimus interaction. Anglicheau, D; Beaune, P; Cassinat, B; Legendre, C; Marquet, P; Méria, P; Pallet, N; Rabant, M; Thervet, E, 2006)	0.33
" The immune system can be a target for many chemicals including environmental contaminants and drugs with potential adverse effects on human health."	( In vitro tests to evaluate immunotoxicity: a preliminary study. Carfi', M; Corsini, E; Gennari, A; Gribaldo, L; Hartung, T; Malerba, I; Pallardy, M; Pieters, R; Van Loveren, H; Vohr, HW, 2007)	0.34
"Treatment of RA grafts with phenoxybenzamine was associated with a reduction in perioperative myocardial injury and adverse cardiac events in this study population."	( Radial artery graft treatment with phenoxybenzamine is clinically safe and may reduce perioperative myocardial injury. Bourke, ME; Gunning, D; Kulik, A; Mesana, TG; Rubens, FD; Ruel, M, 2007)	0.34
" In spite of the low dose ingested, the postmortem cardiac blood verapamil level was clearly toxic (6000 ng/mL, or 6 mg/L)."	( Verapamil toxicity: an unusual case report and review of the literature. Batalis, NI; Harley, RA; Schandl, CA, 2007)	2.02
" We investigated the toxic mechanisms of As(2)O(3) in H9c2 cardiomyocytes."	( Arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes: implications in cardiotoxicity. Chen, H; Feng, T; Lu, Y; Shan, H; Yang, B; Zhang, Y; Zhao, X, 2008)	0.35
" Phosphorylation at serine 473 of the Akt protein (P-Akt), a protein representing a common pathway for insulin receptors (IR), insulinlike growth factor receptors (IGFR), and hybrid receptors formed by IR and IGFR subunits, was abolished in the presence of toxic doses of the phenylalkylamine CCB verapamil."	( Verapamil toxicity dysregulates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Bechtel, LK; Haverstick, DM; Holstege, CP, 2008)	1.96
"Aim of this study was to investigate antiarrhythmic and toxic effects of verapamil in mice and rats with thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism."	( [Characteristics of pharmacological and toxic effects of verapamil during cardiac arrhythmia in thyrotoxic and hypothyroid rats]. Afanas'eva, EIu; Arzamastsev, EV; Sokhanenkov, MIu; Sokhanenkova, AE, 2008)	0.82
" No adverse events resulted from rate control medication."	( Safety and efficacy of a rate control protocol for cardiac CT. Roberts, WT; Timmis, AD; Timmis, JB; Wright, AR, 2009)	0.35
" Similar (protective) effect had also verapamil, calcium channel blocker, when given in non toxic doses and at the same time schedule as db-cAMP Combination of db-cAMP and verapamil had not synergistic effect in protection from D-GalN+LPS hepatotoxicity; the survival of mice was similar to that seen in protection caused by each agent alone."	( The effect of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) on acute liver toxicity in mice induced by D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide. Cavar, I; Culo, F; Erceg, D; Kelava, T; Pasalić, M, 2010)	0.63
"In this study, the toxic effects of verapamil (VRP) were studied on juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, by chronic semi-static bioassay."	( Chronic toxicity of verapamil on juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): effects on morphological indices, hematological parameters and antioxidant responses. Grabic, R; Kolarova, J; Li, P; Li, ZH; Machova, J; Randak, T; Velisek, J; Zlabek, V, 2011)	0.97
" Seven (24%) patients presented bradycardia considered as nonserious adverse event (NSAE) and four (14%) patients presented arrhythmia (heart block) considered as serious adverse event (SAE)."	( Cardiac safety in cluster headache patients using the very high dose of verapamil (≥720 mg/day). Donnet, A; Lanteri-Minet, M; Piano, V; Silhol, F, 2011)	0.6
" FC combined with Cd(2+) counteracted the toxic effect of Cd(2+) on endogenous growth and significantly decreased Cd(2+) content (not the case for Cd(2+) at the highest concentration) in coleoptile segments."	( Fusicoccin counteracts the toxic effect of cadmium on the growth of maize coleoptile segments. Karcz, W; Kita, A; Kurtyka, R, 2011)	0.37
" However, the direct cardiotoxicity in vitro and its mechanisms of toxic action remain unclear."	( Direct cardiac toxicity of the tentacle-only extract from the jellyfish Cyanea capillata demonstrated in isolated rat heart. Beilei, W; Jia, L; Liang, X; Liming, Z; Lin, Z; Qian, H; Qianqian, W; Tao, W; Xiaojuan, W; Xuting, Y, 2012)	0.38
" The CCBs nimodipine (NDP) and verapamil (VPM) both significantly suppressed toxic secretions from human astrocytes and astrocytoma U-373 MG cells that were induced by interferon (IFN)-γ."	( Inhibition of human astrocyte and microglia neurotoxicity by calcium channel blockers. Hashioka, S; Klegeris, A; McGeer, PL, 2012)	0.66
" Histopathological examinations and electrocardiogram comparison demonstrated that the intelligent DDDS could markedly inhibit the growth of tumor and potentially offer an approach for safe cancer therapy."	( cRGD-functionalized polymeric magnetic nanoparticles as a dual-drug delivery system for safe targeted cancer therapy. Gao, FY; Ma, M; Shen, JM; Yang, YJ; Yin, T; Yue, F; Zhang, HX, 2013)	0.39
" Incidents of adverse cardiac drug reactions are more common in patients with preexisting heart disease than the general population."	( Drug screening using a library of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes reveals disease-specific patterns of cardiotoxicity. Bers, DM; Diecke, S; Gong, T; Knowles, JW; Lan, F; Lee, AS; Liang, P; Nguyen, PK; Robbins, RC; Sallam, K; Sanchez-Freire, V; Wang, PJ; Wang, Y; Wu, JC, 2013)	0.39
" Our data indicate that healthy and diseased individuals exhibit different susceptibilities to cardiotoxic drugs and that use of disease-specific hiPSC-CMs may predict adverse drug responses more accurately than the standard human ether-a-go-go-related gene test or healthy control hiPSC-CM/hESC-CM screening assays."	( Drug screening using a library of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes reveals disease-specific patterns of cardiotoxicity. Bers, DM; Diecke, S; Gong, T; Knowles, JW; Lan, F; Lee, AS; Liang, P; Nguyen, PK; Robbins, RC; Sallam, K; Sanchez-Freire, V; Wang, PJ; Wang, Y; Wu, JC, 2013)	0.39
"Repeat doses of UMEC and UMEC/VI in combination with and without verapamil were safe and well tolerated."	( Effect of verapamil on systemic exposure and safety of umeclidinium and vilanterol: a randomized and open-label study. Crater, G; Hughes, S; Kelleher, D; Mehta, R; Preece, A, 2013)	1.03
" In an embryo-larval toxicity test (sub-chronic exposure), the bioconcentration, depuration, and toxic effects of verapamil were assessed in common carp."	( Toxic effects, bioconcentration and depuration of verapamil in the early life stages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Fedorova, G; Grabic, R; Grabicova, K; Kroupova, HK; Machova, J; Prokes, M; Steinbach, C; Valentova, O, 2013)	0.85
"Aconitine (AC) is a highly toxic alkaloid from bioactive plants of the genus Aconitum, some of which have been widely used as medicinal herbs for thousands of years."	( P-glycoprotein is responsible for the poor intestinal absorption and low toxicity of oral aconitine: in vitro, in situ, in vivo and in silico studies. Li, Z; Liu, F; Liu, K; Ruan, J; Xu, L; Yang, C; Zhang, T; Zhang, Z, 2013)	0.39
" Taken together, potent MDR-modulating activity along with intracellular conversion into the natural flavonoid quercetin warrants development of the quercetin-amino acid conjugates as safe MDR modulators."	( Water-soluble and cleavable quercetin-amino acid conjugates as safe modulators for P-glycoprotein-based multidrug resistance. Chong, Y; Choo, H; Kim, MK, 2014)	0.4
"To provide a comprehensive evidence-based review of current evidence on mechanism of action, efficacy, and adverse events of calcium antagonists in treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids."	( Mechanism of Action, Efficacy, and Adverse Events of Calcium Antagonists in Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids: A Systematic Review. Piatkowski de Grzymala, A; van der Hulst, R; Verhiel, S, 2015)	0.42
" Articles were categorized into two groups: mechanism of action or efficacy and adverse events."	( Mechanism of Action, Efficacy, and Adverse Events of Calcium Antagonists in Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids: A Systematic Review. Piatkowski de Grzymala, A; van der Hulst, R; Verhiel, S, 2015)	0.42
" We report a serious side effect of ibrutinib potentially attributable to interaction with the moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor verapamil."	( Adverse event potentially due to an interaction between ibrutinib and verapamil: a case report. Bilbault, P; Gourieux, B; Lambert Kuhn, E; Levêque, D; Lioure, B, 2016)	0.88
"This is the first description of a serious side effect of ibrutinib likely due to an interaction with the CYP3A4 inhibitor verapamil."	( Adverse event potentially due to an interaction between ibrutinib and verapamil: a case report. Bilbault, P; Gourieux, B; Lambert Kuhn, E; Levêque, D; Lioure, B, 2016)	0.88
" Secondary end points were the occurrence of hypotension, arrhythmias, and major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) during hospital stay."	( Efficacy and Safety of Local Intracoronary Drug Delivery in Treatment of No-Reflow Phenomenon: A Pilot Study. Abu Arab, T; El Etriby, A; Rafik, R, 2016)	0.43
"Local intra-coronary delivery of adrenaline ± verapamil is a safe and effective method for the treatment of no-reflow phenomenon complicating PCI."	( Efficacy and Safety of Local Intracoronary Drug Delivery in Treatment of No-Reflow Phenomenon: A Pilot Study. Abu Arab, T; El Etriby, A; Rafik, R, 2016)	0.69
" The secondary outcomes were the percentage of ST-segment resolution on 12-lead ECG, left ventricular ejection fraction and wall motion score index by two-dimensional echocardiography at 3-5 days after pPCI, as well as major adverse cardiovascular events at 30 days."	( Efficacy and safety of intracoronary verapamil versus sodium nitroprusside for the prevention of microvascular obstruction during primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Abdelaziz, HK; Elkilany, W; Khalid, S; Saad, M; Sabet, S, 2017)	0.73
" Both groups had similar 30-day major adverse cardiovascular events (3."	( Efficacy and safety of intracoronary verapamil versus sodium nitroprusside for the prevention of microvascular obstruction during primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Abdelaziz, HK; Elkilany, W; Khalid, S; Saad, M; Sabet, S, 2017)	0.73
"Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is one of the most frequent adverse events in pharmacotherapy."	( Assessment of hepatic metabolism-dependent nephrotoxicity on an organs-on-a-chip microdevice. Jiang, L; Li, Z; Qin, J; Shi, Y; Su, W; Tao, T; Xu, C; Zhu, Y, 2018)	0.48
" There was no association by comparing the amount of insulin administered on adverse effects or glucose administered, suggesting higher doses of insulin are associated with no more adverse effects."	( The safety of high-dose insulin euglycaemia therapy in toxin-induced cardiac toxicity. Isbister, GK; Page, CB; Ryan, NM, 2018)	0.48
" Verapamil's inhibition of both permeability-glycoprotein (P-gp) and CYP3A4 is suspected to have led to the adverse side effects seen in our patient."	( Verapamil as a culprit of palbociclib toxicity. Gowarty, JL; Herrington, JD, 2019)	2.87
" However, verapamil has fewer adverse drug reactions than TAC, which allows for a longer treatment period and the possibility that it might be effective for patients who cannot receive TAC."	( The Safety and Efficacy of Intralesional Verapamil Versus Intralesional Triamcinolone Acetonide for Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Fu, ZH; Guo, GH; Jiang, ZY; Liao, XC; Liu, MZ; Min, DH, 2020)	1.23
"Paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy (PIPN) is a common and dose-limiting adverse event."	( P-Glycoprotein Inhibition Exacerbates Paclitaxel Neurotoxicity in Neurons and Patients With Cancer. Hammer, HS; Khalaf, S; Kroetz, DL; Mortensen, C; Nielsen, F; Poetz, O; Rodriguez-Antona, C; Stage, TB; Steffensen, V; Svenningsen, ÅF; Xiong, C, 2020)	0.56
" Although triamcinolone acetonide (TAC) is one of the most common and effective treatments for keloids and hypertrophic scars, TAC is not effective in some patients, and some may even experience adverse outcomes."	( Efficacy and safety of verapamil vs triamcinolone acetonide for keloids and hypertrophic scars: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Deng, Z; Liu, L; Liu, R; Yang, B; Zhao, X, 2020)	0.87
"5 mM did not have any adverse effects on the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the noradrenergic neurons of the arch-associated cluster (AAC) located near the heart."	( N-acetylcysteine prevents verapamil-induced cardiotoxicity with no effect on the noradrenergic arch-associated neurons in zebrafish. Gu, Q; Kanungo, J; Robinson, B; Rodgers, J, 2020)	0.86
" Two serious adverse events occurred, both in the placebo group (inguinal hernia and severe deterioration of cluster headache)."	( Safety and efficacy of prednisone versus placebo in short-term prevention of episodic cluster headache: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Böger, A; Diener, HC; Freilinger, T; Gaul, C; Holle, D; Jansen, JP; Jürgens, TP; Katsarava, Z; Kaube, H; Kleinschnitz, C; Kraya, T; Nägel, S; Obermann, M; Ose, C; Scherag, A; Sonuc, N; Storch, P; Straube, A, 2021)	0.62
" RCTs that evaluated treatment effects with the Vancouver Scar Scale or reported adverse effects were included."	( Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Intralesional Verapamil With Intralesional Triamcinolone Acetonide in Treatment of Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Bi, H; Gu, L; Qin, Z; Wang, P; Wang, Q, 2021)	0.87
" Although total adverse effects (RR = 0."	( Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Intralesional Verapamil With Intralesional Triamcinolone Acetonide in Treatment of Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Bi, H; Gu, L; Qin, Z; Wang, P; Wang, Q, 2021)	0.87
" Although total adverse effects did not change, the incidence of telangiectasia and skin atrophy was lower with verapamil than with TAC."	( Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Intralesional Verapamil With Intralesional Triamcinolone Acetonide in Treatment of Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Bi, H; Gu, L; Qin, Z; Wang, P; Wang, Q, 2021)	1.08
" Although total adverse effects did not change, the incidence of telangiectasia and skin atrophy was lower with verapamil than with TAC."	( Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Intralesional Verapamil With Intralesional Triamcinolone Acetonide in Treatment of Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Bi, H; Gu, L; Qin, Z; Wang, P; Wang, Q, 2021)	1.08
" This preclinical study supports verapamil as a safe adjuvant that may complement thrombolytic therapy by inhibiting TXNIP's detrimental role in hyperglycemic stroke."	( Verapamil as an Adjunct Therapy to Reduce tPA Toxicity in Hyperglycemic Stroke: Implication of TXNIP/NLRP3 Inflammasome. Ahmed, HA; Ishrat, T; Ismael, S; Mirzahosseini, G; Nasoohi, S; Yoo, A, 2021)	2.35
" Verapamil had fewer adverse events than TAC and can be used as a safer alternative for the treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars."	( Efficacy and Safety of Verapamil Versus Triamcinolone Acetonide in Treating Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Li, X; Zhang, W, 2023)	2.13

Pharmacokinetics

Diabetes mellitus revealed a tissue-specific effect on CYP3A activity and expression. Low bioavailability (20%), predominant elimination by metabolism (greater than 95%) and a relatively short half-life (t1/2, beta is 3-5 h)

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Thereupon, pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a two-compartment open model."	( Pharmacokinetics of verapamil in man. Koike, Y; Saito, H; Shimamura, K; Shudo, I, 1979)	0.58
" Since an isolated, well-known drug effect was studied over a long period of time, it was felt that this was an acceptable method for reaching valid pharmacodynamic conclusions."	( The pharmacodynamics of orally taken verapamil and verapamil retard as judged by their negative dromotropic effects. Schlepper, M; Schwarz, F; Thormann, J, 1975)	0.53
" Comparable trough verapamil concentrations (Cmin) were observed with verapamil IR (98 micrograms/L) and SR (81 micrograms/L); morning Cmin verapamil concentrations were higher than daytime Cmin values."	( Comparative efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of verapamil SR vs verapamil IR in hypertensive patients. Cubeddu, LX; Faggin, BM; Fuenmayor, NT, 1992)	0.86
" The time to peak concentration was longer (7."	( Impact of food on the pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic effects of sustained release verapamil in normal subjects. Bauman, JL; Beckman, KJ; Hariman, RJ; Hoon, TJ; McCollam, PL, 1992)	0.5
" The changes in the volumes of distribution of propranolol and verapamil during exercise may contribute to preventing an increase in the half-life of these drugs in patients performing prolonged physical exercise."	( Exercise and the pharmacokinetics of propranolol, verapamil and atenolol. Mooij, JM; Schiffers, PM; van Baak, MA, 1992)	0.78
" This concept may also apply to other drugs that have circadian effects in their pharmacokinetic profiles."	( Influence of time of administration on verapamil pharmacokinetics. Henry, JA; Hla, KK; Latham, AN, 1992)	0.55
"We present an approach to the analysis of pharmacodynamic (PD) data arising from non-steady-state experiments, meant to be used when only PD data, not pharmacokinetic (PK) data, are available."	( Semiparametric analysis of non-steady-state pharmacodynamic data. Sheiner, LB; Verotta, D, 1991)	0.28
" In both the single dose and steady state phases a linear relationship was observed between increasing dose and pharmacokinetic response over the dose range of 120 mg and 360 mg."	( Dose proportionality of pharmacokinetics with a cr-verapamil formulation. Devane, J; Martin, M; Mulligan, S, 1991)	0.53
"Stereoselectivity in pharmacokinetics may be characterized by a measurable difference between enantiomers in a pharmacokinetic parameter."	( Stereoselectivity in pharmacokinetics: a general theory. Boddy, AV; Levy, RH, 1991)	0.28
" These results show that lignocaine displaces verapamil in-vitro and in-vivo from its plasma protein binding sites, but the ensuing pharmacokinetic changes do not lead to significant changes in free verapamil concentrations."	( Influence of lignocaine on plasma protein binding and pharmacokinetics of verapamil in dogs. Belpaire, FM; Bogaert, MG; Bourda, A; De Rick, A; De Smet, F; Rosseel, MT, 1990)	0.77
" Potential pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions between verapamil and propranolol were evaluated in two double-blind, randomised, balanced, crossover studies employing the same six healthy males."	( Evaluation of potential pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions between verapamil and propranolol in normal subjects. Brodie, MJ; McInnes, GT; Murdoch, DL; Murray, GD; Thompson, GG; Thomson, GD, 1991)	0.74
" No differences were observed in the pharmacokinetic properties of the compounds."	( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of d- and dl-verapamil in rabbits. Giacomini, JC; Giacomini, KM; Nelson, WL; Rood, D; Theodore, L; Wong, FM, )	0.38
" Verapamil plasma concentrations were determined and pharmacokinetic parameters derived."	( Verapamil pharmacodynamics and disposition in obese hypertensive patients. Abernethy, DR; Schwartz, JB, 1988)	2.63
"Ten healthy male volunteers, aged 18-37 years, entered a balanced crossover comparison of the pharmacokinetic profiles of (a) one 240 mg verapamil HCl sustained-release tablet (Isoptin SR 240, Securon SR) (1 X 240 mg) and (b) either: two half 240-mg verapamil HCl sustained-release tablets (2 X half 240-mg tablets, Study 1) or two 120-mg verapamil HCl sustained-release tablets (Isoptin SR 120) (2 X 120 mg, Study 2)."	( Sustained-release verapamil: multiple-dose pharmacokinetic comparison of 120-mg and 240-mg tablets and the effect of halving a 240-mg tablet. Durnin, C; McEwen, J; McMurdo, ME; Moreland, TA, 1989)	0.81
" During the evening dosage schedule a significantly greater bioavailability (AUC) and a prolonged time to peak concentration was found."	( Circadian variation in the pharmacokinetics of verapamil. Frederiksen, M; Hansen, JF; Jespersen, CM; Klitgaard, NA; Sørum, C, 1989)	0.53
" Pharmacokinetic studies showed that VRP markedly increased the uptake and retention of VCR in small intestine, liver and kidney of mice."	( Modulation by verapamil of vincristine pharmacokinetics and toxicity in mice bearing human tumor xenografts. Horowitz, ME; Horton, JK; Houghton, JA; Houghton, PJ; Thimmaiah, KN, 1989)	0.64
"1) increase in peripheral volume of distribution contributed to prolonged elimination half-life (23."	( The comparative effects of verapamil and a new dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker on digoxin pharmacokinetics. Hoch, K; Johnson, BF; Johnson, J; Marwaha, R; Wilson, J, 1987)	0.57
" The potential for a pharmacokinetic interaction between the two drugs has therefore been investigated in five patients with small cell lung cancer treated with combination chemotherapy comprising adriamycin, VP16, vincristine and cyclophosphamide."	( The effect of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics of adriamycin. Brodie, MJ; Cummings, J; Graham, J; Kaye, SB; Kerr, DJ; Morrison, JG; Thompson, GG, 1986)	0.63
"A double blind, double dummy, randomized cross-over pharmacokinetic study comparing verapamil 120 mg, conventional tablets administered twice daily and verapamil 240 mg sustained release tablets once daily was performed in 12 patients with essential hypertension."	( Pharmacokinetics of verapamil and norverapamil in patients with hypertension: a comparison of oral conventional and sustained release formulations. Jørgensen, NP; Walstad, RA, 1988)	0.82
" On day 10, the difference in Cmax between formulations was significant."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two formulations of verapamil. Henry, JA; Hla, KK; Latham, AN, 1987)	0.51
"There is increasing interest in defining the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics of drugs that are marketed as racemic mixtures."	( The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic differences of the D- and L-isomers of verapamil: implications in the treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Bauman, JL; Gallestegui, J; Hariman, RJ; Hoon, TJ; Rodvold, KA, 1986)	0.5
" During recent years their pharmacokinetic properties and metabolism have been studied in more detail."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of verapamil, nifedipine and diltiazem. Echizen, H; Eichelbaum, M, )	0.42
" Elimination half-life of verapamil was similar among plasma and tissues evaluated (1."	( Physiological pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of (+/-)-verapamil in female rats. Abernethy, DR; Todd, EL, )	0.67
" Similarly, elimination half-life determined in 4 volunteers once in presence and once in absence of Q was prolonged by 34."	( Effects of quinidine, verapamil and nifedipine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of digitoxin during steady state conditions. Kuhlmann, J, 1987)	0.59
" This pharmacokinetic interaction was not the result of a lidocaine-induced decrease in the fraction of verapamil bound to plasma protein because in vitro lidocaine failed to displace verapamil from its protein binding site."	( Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions between lidocaine and verapamil. Abernethy, DR; Chelly, JE; Dlewati, A; Doursout, MF; Hill, DC; Merin, RG, 1987)	0.72
" Elimination half-life was prolonged in the elderly (7."	( Verapamil pharmacodynamics and disposition in young and elderly hypertensive patients. Altered electrocardiographic and hypotensive responses. Abernethy, DR; Luchi, R; Schwartz, JB; Snow, E; Todd, EL, 1986)	1.71
"01) by verapamil (80 mg three times daily for 2 days prior to antipyrine administration and 2 days following) while half-life was increased from 13."	( The effect of verapamil on antipyrine pharmacokinetics and metabolism in man. Bach, D; Blevins, R; Edwards, DJ; Kerner, N; Rubenfire, M, 1986)	1.09
" In practice the important pharmacokinetic properties of verapamil are low bioavailability (20%), predominant elimination by metabolism (greater than 95%) and a relatively short half-life (t1/2, beta is 3-5 h)."	( Pharmacokinetics of conventional and slow-release verapamil. Bühler, F; Follath, F; Ha, HR; Schütz, E, 1986)	0.77
" The half-life of quinidine was also significantly prolonged by verapamil."	( The effect of coadministration of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of quinidine. Beckman, H; Blevins, R; Edwards, DJ; Lavoie, R; Rubenfire, M, 1987)	0.79
"Effective use of drugs in therapy depends not only on clinical acumen but also on the availability of relevant pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data."	( Pharmacokinetics of calcium-entry blockers. Blouin, RA; Hamann, SR; McAllister, RG, 1985)	0.27
" Using well-established pharmacokinetic models, a theoretic basis for these observations is presented."	( Verapamil pharmacodynamics after intravenous and oral dosing: theoretic consideration. Brazzell, RK; Colburn, WA; Holazo, AA, 1986)	1.71
" injection, the terminal phase half-life and total plasma clearance of verapamil in both groups were similar."	( Pharmacokinetics of verapamil in patients with renal failure. Mooy, J; Muytjens, A; Rahn, KH; Schols, M; v Baak, M; v Hooff, M, 1985)	0.83
" Therefore, even though there is little variation in the pharmacokinetic parameters between adult dogs and puppies, there is a marked reduction in the sensitivity of the puppies to the ECG effects of verapamil."	( Age-related changes in the pharmacodynamics of verapamil. Arnold, TH; Tackett, RL; Vallner, JJ, 1985)	0.71
" Absorption from the nasal cavity appeared instantaneous compared to an absorption half-life of 50 +/- 6 min after oral administration."	( Pharmacodynamics of acute intranasal administration of verapamil: comparison with i.v. and oral administration. Arnold, TH; Tackett, RL; Vallner, JJ, )	0.38
" The study reported here was designed to show whether the pharmacokinetics of verapamil are influenced by concurrent treatment with three different beta-adrenoceptor blockers, and whether there is any pharmacodynamic interaction between these drugs."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of verapamil in combination with atenolol, metoprolol and propranolol. Fitzsimons, TJ; Holt, D; Johnston, A; Warrington, SJ, 1984)	0.76
" Pharmacodynamic studies correlate drug dose and plasma concentration with observed effects (whether therapeutic or toxic) and aid in the establishment of appropriate dose ranges for desired drug activity."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of calcium channel antagonists. McAllister, RG, 1982)	0.26
" Inhibition of pulmonary vasoconstriction was related to the amount of verapamil in a pool exhibiting mono-exponential efflux of drug with a half-life of 12."	( Pulmonary disposition and pharmacodynamics of verapamil. Blanford, SL; Felder, TB; Gillespie, MN; Kostenbauder, HB; Reinsel, CN, )	0.62
" Unlike other calcium antagonists, detailed pharmacokinetic data are available for verapamil."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of verapamil. Blouin, RA; Hamann, SR; McAllister, RG, )	0.65
" Application of the method is demonstrated by a pharmacokinetic study in a normal volunteer who received 10 mg verapamil hydrochloride by intravenous infusion."	( Verapamil and norverapamil determination in human plasma by gas-liquid chromatography using nitrogen-phosphorus detection: application to single-dose pharmacokinetic studies. Abernethy, DR; Mitchell, JR; Todd, EL, 1984)	1.92
" Pharmacokinetic parameters obtained after oral administration were not significantly different from those after intravenous dosing."	( Pharmacokinetics of calcium blockers in patients with renal insufficiency and in geriatric patients. Larsen, A; Midtbø, K; Saevareid, L; Storstein, L, 1984)	0.27
"001) and increased the plasma half-life of the drug from 33."	( Influence of verapamil on the inotropism and pharmacokinetics of digoxin. Christiansen, BD; Klitgaard, NA; Nielsen-Kudsk, F; Pedersen, KE; Thayssen, P, 1983)	0.64
" Pronounced differences of the various pharmacokinetic parameters were observed between the (-)- and (+)-isomers."	( Pharmacokinetics of (+)-, (-)- and (+/-)-verapamil after intravenous administration. Eichelbaum, M; Mikus, G; Vogelgesang, B, 1984)	0.53
" From the pharmacokinetic variables determined, we designed an intravenous regimen to maintain a plasma verapamil concentration of 150 ng/ml consisting of (1) a loading bolus (10 mg over 2 minutes), followed by (2) a rapid loading infusion (0."	( Pharmacokinetics of verapamil: experience with a sustained intravenous infusion regimen. Aanonsen, LM; McCarthy, E; Pritchett, EL; Reiter, MJ; Shand, DG; Wagoner, R, 1982)	0.8
"The pharmacokinetic parameters and oral bioavailability of the antiarrhythmic drug verapamil were determined in six patients with atrial fibrillation."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of verapamil in patients with atrial fibrillation. Anderson, P; BondessoN, U; Sylvén, C, 1982)	0.78
"025) and the terminal half-life was prolonged four fold (3."	( Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and ECG response of verapamil in patients with liver cirrhosis. Albrecht, M; Eichelbaum, M; Kliems, G; Schäfer, K; Somogyi, A, 1981)	0.51
"To study the effect of the multidrug-resistance reversal agent R-verapamil on the pharmacokinetic behavior of paclitaxel."	( Effect of R-verapamil on the pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel in women with breast cancer. Balis, FM; Berg, SL; Cowan, KH; Denicoff, AM; Noone, M; O'Shaughnessy, JA; Ognibene, FP; Tolcher, A, 1995)	0.91
" With the immediate-release formulation the total verapamil Cmax was higher than that observed with the sustained-release formulation, and the percentage of the pharmacologically more active S-verapamil in the total was also higher (lower R/S ratio)."	( Verapamil stereoisomerism: enantiomeric ratios in plasma dependent on peak concentrations, oral input rate, or both. Karim, A; Piergies, A, 1995)	1.99
" When simultaneously administered with vinblastine to P388/ADR-bearing mice, NA-382 maintained significantly higher vinblastine levels in the tumour cells for 24 h and gave a larger area under the time-intracellular vinblastine concentration curve (0 to 24 h) than those receiving vinblastine alone, with long retention of the agent in ascitic fluid."	( Antitumour effects and pharmacokinetics of combination of vinblastine with a staurosporine derivative, NA-382, in P388/ADR-bearing mice. Koga, K; Miyamoto, K; Ohshima, T; Takeda, K; Wakusawa, S, 1995)	0.29
" A decision was made to examine the pharmacokinetic parameters, independent of compartmental analysis of verapamil and its active metabolite norverapamil, in patients with portal hypertension."	( Pharmacokinetic parameters of verapamil and its active metabolite norverapamil in patients with hepatopathy. Brátová, M; Fendrich, Z; Hůlek, P; Macek, K; Vlcek, J, 1995)	0.79
"alpha-Blockers and calcium antagonists are commonly used in the treatment of hypertension, but few data are available concerning first dose or steady state (SS) hemodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects of these drugs when they are used in combination therapy."	( Combined terazosin and verapamil therapy in essential hypertension. Hemodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions. Johnston, W; Laddu, AR; Lenz, ML; Pool, JL; Taylor, AA; Varghese, A, 1995)	0.6
" P-gp has been detected in vivo and in vitro in numerous tumor cell types but also in normal tissues and particularly in organs involved in the pharmacokinetic behaviour of xenobiotics."	( P-glycoprotein and pharmacokinetics. Jehl, F; Levêque, D, )	0.13
" Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of immediate-release (IR) and sustained-release (SR) verapamil on the pharmacokinetic parameters of propranolol in 12 healthy men."	( Evaluation of dosage-release formulations on inhibition of drug clearance: effect of sustained- and immediate-release verapamil on propranolol pharmacokinetic parameters. Bleske, BE; Edwards, DJ; Rodman, DP; Shea, MJ; Touchette, MA; Welage, LS, 1994)	0.71
"The potential for a pharmacokinetic interaction between epirubicin and the second-generation multidrug resistance modulating agent D-verapamil (DVPM) has been investigated in six patients with advanced colorectal cancer."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between epirubicin and the multidrug resistance reverting agent D-verapamil. Czejka, M; Scheithauer, W; Schenk, T, 1993)	0.71
" We studied the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of both epirubicin (EPI) and verapamil (VPL) to explore the possible pharmacokinetic interactions between these two drugs."	( Effects of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of epirubicin. Hamm, K; Hossfeld, DK; Mross, K, 1993)	0.9
"001) for all pharmacodynamic variables measured."	( Aging effects on stereoselective pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of verapamil. Capili, H; Liu, S; Schwartz, JB; Troconiz, IF; Verotta, D, 1993)	0.52
" Median tmax values for young and elderly subjects were not significantly different for any enantiomer."	( Age and gender related changes in stereoselective pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of verapamil and norverapamil. Atkinson, L; Gupta, SK; Longstreth, JA; Tu, T, 1995)	0.51
"A Monte Carlo simulation study was done to investigate the effects of high intrasubject variation in clearance (CL), and volume of distribution (V) on the calculation of the 90% confidence interval (CI) for Cmax for single dose and multiple dose studies."	( Evaluation of bioequivalence of highly variable drugs using Monte Carlo simulations. I. Estimation of rate of absorption for single and multiple dose trials using Cmax. el-Tahtawy, AA; Jackson, AJ; Ludden, TM, 1995)	0.29
"Previous reviews and simulations have shown that the probability of failure for the Cmax for single dose studies was always greater than that for multiple dose studies."	( Evaluation of bioequivalence of highly variable drugs using Monte Carlo simulations. I. Estimation of rate of absorption for single and multiple dose trials using Cmax. el-Tahtawy, AA; Jackson, AJ; Ludden, TM, 1995)	0.29
" Stereospecific assay revealed that: (1) stereoselective R- and S-enantiomer disposition occurred regardless of formulation administered; (2) a trend of R:S concentration ratios of verapamil differed between the two formulations; and (3) fluctuations between Cmax and Cmin values of the two formulations were statistically different over respective dosing intervals (greater fluctuation after CR administration)."	( Pharmacokinetics of verapamil and norverapamil enantiomers after administration of immediate and controlled-release formulations to humans:evidence suggesting input-rate determined stereoselectivity. Bhatti, MM; Foster, RT; Lewanczuk, RZ; Pasutto, FM, 1995)	0.81
"For the assessment of bioequivalence it is assumed that drug clearance in each subject on each of the study days is the same and any observed differences in AUC and/or Cmax between a brand and generic formulation are due to differences in bioavailability."	( High variability in drug pharmacokinetics complicates determination of bioequivalence: experience with verapamil. Gordon, P; Hems, J; Pop, R; Spino, M; Tsang, YC, 1996)	0.51
" The Cmax varied > 9 fold (30-278 ng/mL) among subjects."	( High variability in drug pharmacokinetics complicates determination of bioequivalence: experience with verapamil. Gordon, P; Hems, J; Pop, R; Spino, M; Tsang, YC, 1996)	0.51
"2 mg/kg) pharmacokinetic parameters was studied in rabbits."	( The influence of selected general anesthetics on pharmacokinetic parameters of some antiarrhythmic drugs in rabbits. Part V. Verapamil. Orszulak-Michalak, D, )	0.34
"The pharmacokinetic actions, bioequivalence, and cardiovascular effects of two verapamil products were studied in a randomized, double-blind, crossover study in eight elderly hypertensive patients (median age, 69."	( Postabsorption concentration peaks with brand-name and generic verapamil: a double-blind, crossover study in elderly hypertensive patients. Barnette, DJ; Bauman, JL; Carter, BL; Porter, JA; Saseen, JJ; Zajac, EJ, 1997)	0.76
" The published pharmacokinetic data for verapamil enantiomers in the rat model are limited."	( Pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers of verapamil after intravenous and oral administration of racemic verapamil in a rat model. Bhatti, MM; Foster, RT, 1997)	0.83
"A new method and experimental design are presented to unambiguously estimate the transduction function (phi) and the conduction function (psi) of the generalized pharmacodynamic model: E = phi (psi * r), when measured pharmacokinetic response r is (i) drug plasma concentration and (ii) drug input rate into the systemic circulation."	( New mathematical implementation of generalized pharmacodynamic models: method and clinical evaluation. Gillespie, WR; Liu, Y; Shepherd, AM; Stagni, G, 1997)	0.3
" Mean half-life for the elimination from the aqueous humor was 33 min."	( Ocular pharmacokinetics of verapamil in rabbits. Daxer, A; Dietrich, H; Eichelbaum, M; Ettl, A; Hofmann, U; Schmid, E, 1998)	0.6
" The elimination half-life of buspirone was not changed by verapamil and diltiazem."	( Effects of verapamil and diltiazem on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of buspirone. Kivistö, KT; Lamberg, TS; Neuvonen, PJ, 1998)	0.93
"Prospective clinical and pharmacokinetic study."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of high-dose continuous intravenous verapamil infusion: clinical experience in the intensive care unit. Boiocchi, M; De Cicco, M; Fabiani, F; Fantin, D; Fracasso, A; Lestuzzi, C; Macor, F; Matovic, M; Nicolosi, G; Robieux, I; Santantonio, C; Toffoli, G; Zanette, G, 1999)	0.53
"The methodology of predicting the pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC, cmax, tmax) and the assessment of their variability in bioequivalence studies has been developed with the use of artificial neural networks."	( Prediction of pharmacokinetic parameters and the assessment of their variability in bioequivalence studies by artificial neural networks. Cvelbar, P; Opara, J; Primozic, S, 1999)	0.3
" Models for pharmacokinetic parameter prediction were also used for the assessment of their variability and for detecting the most influential variables for selected pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Prediction of pharmacokinetic parameters and the assessment of their variability in bioequivalence studies by artificial neural networks. Cvelbar, P; Opara, J; Primozic, S, 1999)	0.3
"The average absolute prediction errors of the neural networks for AUC, cmax, and tmax prediction were: 30."	( Prediction of pharmacokinetic parameters and the assessment of their variability in bioequivalence studies by artificial neural networks. Cvelbar, P; Opara, J; Primozic, S, 1999)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetic evaluations were performed by means of a two-compartment open model with zero-order absorption and first-order elimination using the WinNonlin pharmacokinetic software package."	( Multidrug resistance modulation in vivo: the effect of cyclosporin A alone or with dexverapamil on idarubicin pharmacokinetics in acute leukemia. Baccarani, M; Baraldo, M; Damiani, D; Ermacora, A; Fanin, R; Furlanut, M; Michieli, M; Pea, F; Russo, D, 1999)	0.53
" The main pharmacokinetic parameters of IDA, such as CL and volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss), were remarkably affected by the coadministration of CyA or CyA plus D-Ver, but no statistically significant difference was noted because of IDA pharmacokinetic interpatient variation."	( Multidrug resistance modulation in vivo: the effect of cyclosporin A alone or with dexverapamil on idarubicin pharmacokinetics in acute leukemia. Baccarani, M; Baraldo, M; Damiani, D; Ermacora, A; Fanin, R; Furlanut, M; Michieli, M; Pea, F; Russo, D, 1999)	0.53
"The results show that CyA alone at a dose of 10 mg x kg(-1) daily significantly increased systemic body exposure to both IDA and IDAOL in acute leukemia, and suggest that these pharmacokinetic effects were at least partially decreased when D-Ver was coadministered with CyA."	( Multidrug resistance modulation in vivo: the effect of cyclosporin A alone or with dexverapamil on idarubicin pharmacokinetics in acute leukemia. Baccarani, M; Baraldo, M; Damiani, D; Ermacora, A; Fanin, R; Furlanut, M; Michieli, M; Pea, F; Russo, D, 1999)	0.53
" When the pharmacokinetic variables were compared between the pregnant and non-pregnant rabbit, it was observed that t(1/2)lambda2 V1 and V(D) were significantly higher in the non-pregnant than in the pregnant rabbit."	( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of verapamil in the pregnant and non-pregnant rabbit: study of maternal and foetal tissue levels. Aramayona, JJ; Bregante, MA; Fraile, LJ; Garcia, MA; Solans, C, 2000)	0.58
" The findings suggest that sex-specific differences in drug metabolism may occur in both the gut and the liver and involve multiple metabolic pathways and that pharmacokinetic differences will alter pharmacodynamic responses."	( Gender-specific effects on verapamil pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in humans. Barnas, CR; Jones, MP; Krecic-Shepard, ME; Schwartz, JB; Slimko, J, 2000)	0.6
" Statistical comparisons of pharmacokinetic parameters and vital sign data were made by ANOVA."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between verapamil and almotriptan in healthy volunteers. Azie, NE; Carel, BJ; Fleishaker, JC; Sisson, TA, 2000)	0.58
"Mean almotriptan peak concentration and area under the plasma concentration-time curve were significantly higher and volume of distribution and oral clearance were significantly lower after coadministration of almotriptan and verapamil compared with administration of almotriptan alone."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between verapamil and almotriptan in healthy volunteers. Azie, NE; Carel, BJ; Fleishaker, JC; Sisson, TA, 2000)	0.77
"In recent years, there has been an increased understanding of P-glycoprotein (P-GP)-mediated pharmacokinetic interactions."	( Multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer. Mechanisms, reversal using modulators of MDR and the role of MDR modulators in influencing the pharmacokinetics of anticancer drugs. Krishna, R; Mayer, LD, 2000)	0.31
" Other pharmacokinetic parameters, such as volume of distribution and plasma protein binding did not show any statistical differences."	( Pharmacokinetics of verapamil in New Zealand white rabbits during ontogeny. Aramayona, JJ; Bregante, MA; Fraile, LJ; Garcia, MA; Solans, C, 2000)	0.63
" In conclusion, it was demonstrated that DEX pretreatment affects not only P-gp-mediated disposition of Rho123 but also pharmacokinetic interactions of P-gp/CYP3A-related compounds with Rho123, probably because concentrations of substrates/inhibitors at target sites such as the intestine and liver are varied."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction of cytochrome P450 3A-related compounds with rhodamine 123, a P-glycoprotein substrate, in rats pretreated with dexamethasone. Murakami, T; Nagai, J; Nasu, R; Sanemasa, M; Takano, M; Yumoto, R, 2001)	0.31
" Elimination half-life and renal clearance of both S- and R-verapamil were not affected."	( Effect of grapefruit juice on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of verapamil enantiomers in healthy volunteers. Ghose, K; Ho, PC; Saville, D; Wanwimolruk, S, 2000)	0.78
" The pharmacokinetic profile of verapamil in lactating rabbits following endovenous administration is described in the form of a two-compartment model."	( Pharmacokinetics of verapamil in lactating rabbits. Prediction of verapamil distribution into rabbit milk. Aramayona, JJ; Bregante, MA; Fraile, LJ; Garcia, MA; Rueda, S; Solans, C, 2000)	0.91
"We have estimated the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of verapamil (VP) enantiomers and also the interaction between VP and its metabolite, norverapamil (NVP)."	( Stereoselective pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of verapamil and norverapamil in rabbits. Hanada, K; Hashiguchi, M; Mori, T; Mori, Y; Ogata, H; Tsukahara, Y, 2001)	0.79
" A population pharmacokinetic model involving zero-order release of verapamil into the gastrointestinal tract with first-order absorption and elimination was used to describe the steady-state plasma concentration profile for R- and S-verapamil."	( Pharmacokinetics of controlled-release verapamil in healthy volunteers and patients with hypertension or angina. Aarons, L; Gupta, S; Ho Pl, PL; Modi, NB; Sathyan, G, 2002)	0.82
"The results from this dose-ranging pharmacokinetic investigation in healthy volunteers and patients are consistent with previous reports in healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics of controlled-release verapamil in healthy volunteers and patients with hypertension or angina. Aarons, L; Gupta, S; Ho Pl, PL; Modi, NB; Sathyan, G, 2002)	0.58
" The pharmacokinetic profiles revealed that verapamil treated group had higher doxorubicin peak plasma and tissue levels and AUCs."	( Toxicologic and pharmacokinetic study of low doses of verapamil combined with doxorubicin. Bartoli, F; Candussio, L; Crivellato, E; Decorti, G; Giraldi, T; Granzotto, M; Rosati, A, 2002)	0.82
" Using the common calcium antagonist Verapamil, it is shown that these two methods allow rapid identification of phase I and phase II metabolites from biological samples and are suitable for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of pharmaceuticals in biological matrices."	( Application of restricted access material (RAM) with precolumn-switching and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) to the study of the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of Verapamil. Borlak, J; Levsen, K; Walles, M, 2002)	0.78
" The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of midazolam on the plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters of verapamil after intravenous bolus administration in rabbits during 2 h of observation."	( Influence of midazolam on pharmacokinetics of verapamil in rabbits. Orszulak-Michalak, D; Owczarek, J; Wiktorowska-Owczarek, AK, )	0.59
"The differences in pharmacokinetic behavior and tissue distribution of verapamil and its enantiomers were investigated in rats."	( Pharmacokinetic behavior and tissue distribution of verapamil and its enantiomers in rats by HPLC. He, L; Wang, S, 2003)	0.8
" The aim of the current work was to evaluate the effect of verapamil, a P-GP substrate, on the pharmacokinetic behaviour of the anthelmintics ivermectin and moxidectin in sheep."	( Influence of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics of the antiparasitic drugs ivermectin and moxidectin in sheep. Lanusse, C; Lifschitz, A; Molento, MB; Prichard, R; Sallovitz, J, 2004)	0.94
" A comparison is also presented between several methods based on animal pharmacokinetic data, using the same set of proprietary compounds, and it lends further support for the use of this method, as opposed to methods that require the gathering of pharmacokinetic data in laboratory animals."	( Prediction of human volume of distribution values for neutral and basic drugs. 2. Extended data set and leave-class-out statistics. Gao, F; Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Shalaeva, MY, 2004)	0.32
"The present study was designed to investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction of morphine with three classes of L-type calcium channel blockers (CCB) and its relationship to morphine-induced mechanical antinociception in mice."	( Role of pharmacokinetic effects in the potentiation of morphine analgesia by L-type calcium channel blockers in mice. Fukazawa, Y; Kishioka, S; Maeda, T; Ozaki, M; Shimizu, N; Yamamoto, C; Yamamoto, H, 2004)	0.32
"To use a nonparametric approach involving longitudinal splines to model the baseline blood pressure profile and investigate the impact of this modelling on the pharmacodynamic analysis for verapamil in patients with angina or hypertension."	( Pharmacodynamics of controlled release verapamil in patients with hypertension: an analysis using spline functions. Aarons, L; Baxter, C; Gupta, S, 2004)	0.78
" Pharmacodynamic data were created by subtracting the (systolic) blood pressure following active drug from the placebo response, either by direct subtraction or after modelling the baseline with a longitudinal spline model fitted to the placebo data by nonlinear mixed effects modelling."	( Pharmacodynamics of controlled release verapamil in patients with hypertension: an analysis using spline functions. Aarons, L; Baxter, C; Gupta, S, 2004)	0.59
" However, the use of a population spline model only allowed a linear pharmacodynamic model to be fitted to the resulting data."	( Pharmacodynamics of controlled release verapamil in patients with hypertension: an analysis using spline functions. Aarons, L; Baxter, C; Gupta, S, 2004)	0.59
"The chimpanzee (CHP) was evaluated as a pharmacokinetic model for humans (HUMs) using propranolol, verapamil, theophylline, and 12 proprietary compounds."	( The chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) as a pharmacokinetic model for selection of drug candidates: model characterization and application. Bai, SA; Christ, DD; Diamond, S; Grace, JE; Grossman, SJ; He, K; Qian, M; Wong, H; Wright, MR; Yeleswaram, K, 2004)	0.54
" Studies compared the multiple-dose pharmacokinetic interaction profiles of pravastatin, simvastatin, and atorvastatin when coadministered with 4 inhibitors of cytochrome P450-3A4 isoenzymes in healthy subjects."	( Comparative pharmacokinetic interaction profiles of pravastatin, simvastatin, and atorvastatin when coadministered with cytochrome P450 inhibitors. Jacobson, TA, 2004)	0.32
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of verapamil and norverapamil were determined after the oral administration of verapamil (10 mg kg(-1)) to rabbits in the presence and absence of quercetin (5."	( The effect of quercetin on the pharmacokinetics of verapamil and its major metabolite, norverapamil, in rabbits. Choi, JS; Han, HK, 2004)	0.86
" No changes in any plasma pharmacokinetic parameters of fexofenadine were found during cimetidine treatment."	( Different effects of three transporting inhibitors, verapamil, cimetidine, and probenecid, on fexofenadine pharmacokinetics. Sugawara, K; Tateishi, T; Uno, T; Yasui-Furukori, N, 2005)	0.58
"The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of the early phase of adjuvant arthritis (pre-AA) as a model of inflammation for pharmacokinetic studies."	( Effect of early phase adjuvant arthritis on hepatic P450 enzymes and pharmacokinetics of verapamil: an alternative approach to the use of an animal model of inflammation for pharmacokinetic studies. Jamali, F; Ling, S, 2005)	0.55
" A series of compartmental pharmacokinetic models was developed and fit to concentration vs."	( Pharmacokinetics of substrate uptake and distribution in murine brain after nasal instillation. Graff, CL; Pollack, GM; Zhao, R, 2005)	0.33
" A catenary pharmacokinetic model with slice-specific brain-to-blood efflux rate constants and slice-to-slice diffusivity factors was capable of fitting the data."	( Pharmacokinetics of substrate uptake and distribution in murine brain after nasal instillation. Graff, CL; Pollack, GM; Zhao, R, 2005)	0.33
" In conclusion, administration of verapamil by inhalation-abrogated extensive first pass metabolism frequently seen after oral application, and this may well be extended to the development of drugs with similar pharmacokinetic defects."	( Metabolism of verapamil in cultures of rat alveolar epithelial cells and pharmacokinetics after administration by intravenous and inhalation routes. Blickwede, M; Borlak, J; Hansen, T; Koch, W; Levsen, K; Walles, M, 2005)	0.97
"The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic changes of verapamil and its major metabolite, norverapamil, after oral administration of verapamil (10 mg/kg) in rabbits with slight, moderate and severe hepatic failure induced by carbon tetrachloride."	( Pharmacokinetics of verapamil and its major metabolite, norverapamil from oral administration of verapamil in rabbits with hepatic failure induced by carbon tetrachloride. Burm, JP; Choi, JS, 2005)	0.88
"To formulate and evaluate a pharmacodynamic model that characterizes the effects of S-verapamil on the circadian 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure (ABP)."	( A pharmacodynamic model of the effects of controlled-onset extended-release verapamil on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure. Beasley, BN; Johnson, JA; Lima, JJ; Parker, RB, 2005)	0.78
" Blood samples were collected after the last dose for determination of the pharmacokinetic of S-verapamil."	( A pharmacodynamic model of the effects of controlled-onset extended-release verapamil on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure. Beasley, BN; Johnson, JA; Lima, JJ; Parker, RB, 2005)	0.78
" The AUC from 0 to 24 hours of 9-hydroxyrisperidone, but not other pharmacokinetic parameters, was significantly increased during verapamil treatment."	( Effect of verapamil on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of risperidone: in vivo evidence of involvement of P-glycoprotein in risperidone disposition. Kaneo, S; Nakagami, T; Saito, M; Tateishi, T; Yasui-Furukori, N, 2005)	0.94
" However, success has been limited by pharmacokinetic interactions because of non-specific blockade of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in normal tissues or inability to reach relevant concentrations clinically."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered stealth liposomal doxorubicin modulated with verapamil in rats. Chang, A; Goh, BC; Lee, HS; Liu, XY; Lu, WL; Wang, JC; Zhang, Q, 2006)	0.55
" Everolimus half-life was only prolonged to a minor extent (32 +/- 6 vs."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between verapamil and everolimus in healthy subjects. Allison, MJ; Beyer, D; Bizot, MN; Jiang, Q; Kovarik, JM; Schmouder, RL, 2005)	0.6
" In an accompanying paper, we have presented a unique, generic, physiologically based pharmacokinetic model and described its application to the prediction of rat plasma pharmacokinetics from in vitro data alone."	( Application of a generic physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to the estimation of xenobiotic levels in human plasma. Brightman, FA; Leahy, DE; Searle, GE; Thomas, S, 2006)	0.33
" The pharmacokinetic parameters (elimination half-life, area under the plasma concentration-time curve, peak plasma levels and the times to attain these plasma levels) of verapamil were evaluated in the rat."	( Influence of famotidine on verapamil pharmacokinetics in rats. Matar, KM, )	0.62
"A pharmacokinetic interaction between erythromycin and ximelagatran, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor, was demonstrated in this study in healthy volunteers."	( Influence of erythromycin on the pharmacokinetics of ximelagatran may involve inhibition of P-glycoprotein-mediated excretion. Dorani, H; Eriksson, UG; Fritsch, H; Hoffmann, KJ; Karlsson, J; Olsson, L; Sarich, TC; Schützer, KM; Wall, U, 2006)	0.33
" We studied the interaction between verapamil and erythromycin in the rat to see whether it occurs at the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamic level."	( Erythromycin potentiates PR interval prolonging effect of verapamil in the rat: a pharmacodynamic drug interaction. Dakhel, Y; Jamali, F, 2006)	0.85
"The aims of this study were to assess the potential of CGRP8-37, the C-terminal fragment of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), to inhibit CGRP-induced vasodilation in the human forearm and to evaluate a pharmacodynamic model to aid the clinical development of novel CGRP-receptor antagonists."	( Calcitonin gene-related peptide-induced vasodilation in the human forearm is antagonized by CGRP8-37: evaluation of a human in vivo pharmacodynamic model. de Hoon, JN; Van der Schueren, BJ; Vanmolkot, FH, 2006)	0.33
" Venous occlusion plethysmography combined with brachial artery administration of CGRP provides a suitable pharmacodynamic model to aid the clinical development of CGRP-receptor antagonists."	( Calcitonin gene-related peptide-induced vasodilation in the human forearm is antagonized by CGRP8-37: evaluation of a human in vivo pharmacodynamic model. de Hoon, JN; Van der Schueren, BJ; Vanmolkot, FH, 2006)	0.33
" Recent studies with a 103-compound dataset suggested that scaling from monkey pharmacokinetic data tended to be the most accurate method for predicting human clearance."	( Extrapolation of preclinical pharmacokinetics and molecular feature analysis of "discovery-like" molecules to predict human pharmacokinetics. Evans, CA; Jolivette, LJ; Nagilla, R; Ward, KW, 2006)	0.33
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of rabeprazole were not altered by clarithromycin or verapamil irrespective of the CYP2C19 genotypes."	( Effects of clarithromycin and verapamil on rabeprazole pharmacokinetics between CYP2C19 genotypes. Shimizu, M; Sugawara, K; Tateishi, T; Uno, T; Yasui-Furukori, N, 2006)	0.85
"Besides minimum input parameters for the compound (pKa(s), solubility at one or more pH's, Peff, doses, formulation, diffusivity), physiological and pharmacokinetic properties, transporter data are included in these predictions."	( In silico modeling of non-linear drug absorption for the P-gp substrate talinolol and of consequences for the resulting pharmacodynamic effect. Bolger, MB; Langguth, P; Spahn-Langguth, H; Tubic, M; Wagner, D, 2006)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC, Cmax) from in silico simulations are within acceptable range comparing with data, observed in vivo."	( In silico modeling of non-linear drug absorption for the P-gp substrate talinolol and of consequences for the resulting pharmacodynamic effect. Bolger, MB; Langguth, P; Spahn-Langguth, H; Tubic, M; Wagner, D, 2006)	0.33
" The model developed may be useful in the prediction of absorption of other P-gp substrates including pharmacodynamic consequences."	( In silico modeling of non-linear drug absorption for the P-gp substrate talinolol and of consequences for the resulting pharmacodynamic effect. Bolger, MB; Langguth, P; Spahn-Langguth, H; Tubic, M; Wagner, D, 2006)	0.33
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartmental analysis for each subject."	( The effect of gender on the pharmacokinetics of verapamil and norverapamil in human. Dadashzadeh, S; Javadian, B; Sadeghian, S, 2006)	0.59
" In addition, pharmacokinetic and brain distribution studies for 4'-Cl and 4',4''-diCl BZT in Sprague-Dawley rats were conducted."	( Transport, metabolism, and in vivo population pharmacokinetics of the chloro benztropine analogs, a class of compounds extensively evaluated in animal models of drug abuse. Eddington, ND; Newman, AH; Othman, AA; Syed, SA, 2007)	0.34
" To compare the pharmacokinetic characteristics and bioavailability in six Beagle dogs after oral administration of VH-COERP and verapamil hydrochloride delayed-release pellets (VH-DRP) as reference."	( [Preparation of verapamil hydrochloride controlled-onset extended-release pellets and its pharmacokinetics in dogs]. Chen, HX; Chen, XJ; Chen, ZP; Li, LR; Xiao, YY; Zhu, JB, 2006)	0.88
" The concentration of VH in plasma of six dogs and its pharmacokinetic behaviors after oral administration of VH-COERP and VH-DRP at different times were studied by RP-HPLC."	( [Preparation of verapamil hydrochloride controlled-onset extended-release pellets and its pharmacokinetics in dogs]. Chen, HX; Chen, XJ; Chen, ZP; Li, LR; Xiao, YY; Zhu, JB, 2006)	0.68
" Compared with the VH-DRP, VH-COERP in vivo has an obviously lag time (4 h) , Tmax was also delayed (8 h) and the relative bioavailability was (94."	( [Preparation of verapamil hydrochloride controlled-onset extended-release pellets and its pharmacokinetics in dogs]. Chen, HX; Chen, XJ; Chen, ZP; Li, LR; Xiao, YY; Zhu, JB, 2006)	0.68
" Main pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and compared by statistic analysis."	( [The effect of tetramethylpyrazine on the pharmacokinetics of intragastrically administered cyclosporine A in rats]. He, J; Liu, XL; Peng, WX; Song, J; Tang, J; Xu, P, 2006)	0.33
"In the group of water pretreated and co-administrated with CsA, no significantly different pharmacokinetic parameters of CsA were found."	( [The effect of tetramethylpyrazine on the pharmacokinetics of intragastrically administered cyclosporine A in rats]. He, J; Liu, XL; Peng, WX; Song, J; Tang, J; Xu, P, 2006)	0.33
"The aim of this study was to develop pharmacokinetic models for pentoxifylline (PTX) and the R(-)-enantiomer of the PTX metabolite 1, lisofylline (LSF), in order to identify some factors influencing the absorption of these compounds from the intestines and to clarify mechanisms involved in their non-linear pharmacokinetics."	( Pharmacokinetic modelling of pentoxifylline and lisofylline after oral and intravenous administration in mice. Obruśnik, A; Pekala, E; Szymura-Oleksiak, J; Wyska, E, 2007)	0.34
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of verapamil were measured after an oral (9 mg/kg) or intravenous (3 mg/kg) administration of verapamil to rats in the presence and absence of atorvastatin."	( Effect of atorvastatin on the intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of verapamil in rats. Chang, KS; Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Han, HK; Hong, SP, 2008)	0.86
" The results showed that when verapamil was administered intravenously, the area under the curve (AUC), elimination half-life (T((1/2)(K10))) and mean residence time (MRT) increased significantly, whereas clearance (Cl) decreased, in rats with liver fibrosis compared with normal rats."	( Effects of liver fibrosis on verapamil pharmacokinetics in rats. Chen, M; Hu, XL; Wang, H; Xu, D, 2008)	0.93
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of verapamil and one of its metabolites, norverapamil, were compared after oral administration of verapamil (60 mg) in the presence or absence of oral atorvastatin (40 mg) in 12 healthy volunteers."	( Drug interaction between oral atorvastatin and verapamil in healthy subjects: effects of atorvastatin on the pharmacokinetics of verapamil and norverapamil. Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Shin, WG, 2008)	0.88
" Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) simulations of pharmacokinetic profiles provide a simple, reliable and cost-effective way to understand the mechanisms underlying pharmacokinetic processes."	( Identification of intestinal loss of a drug through physiologically based pharmacokinetic simulation of plasma concentration-time profiles. Peters, SA, 2008)	0.35
" Modulation of intrinsic hepatic clearance and tissue distribution parameters in the generic PBPK model was done to achieve a good fit to the observed intravenous pharmacokinetic profiles of the compounds studied."	( Identification of intestinal loss of a drug through physiologically based pharmacokinetic simulation of plasma concentration-time profiles. Peters, SA, 2008)	0.35
" It is therefore important to do PBPK simulations of human pharmacokinetic profiles to understand the relevance of intestinal loss of a compound in humans."	( Identification of intestinal loss of a drug through physiologically based pharmacokinetic simulation of plasma concentration-time profiles. Peters, SA, 2008)	0.35
"This article describes the experimental set-up and pharmacokinetic modeling of P-glycoprotein function in the rat blood-brain barrier using [(11)C]verapamil as the substrate and cyclosporin A as an inhibitor of P-gp."	( Pharmacokinetics of P-glycoprotein inhibition in the rat blood-brain barrier. Bergström, M; Blomquist, G; Hammarlund-Udenaes, M; Hooker, A; Långström, B; Rahman, O; Syvänen, S; Wilking, H, 2008)	0.55
" pharmacokinetic data on 670 drugs representing, to our knowledge, the largest publicly available set of human clinical pharmacokinetic data."	( Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds. Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Waters, NJ, 2008)	0.35
"The aim of this work was to compare the suitability of different pharmacodynamic models for PK-PD modeling of verapamil cardiovascular effects in aortic coarctated rats (ACo), a model of renovascular hypertension."	( Comparison of different pharmacodynamic models for PK-PD modeling of verapamil in renovascular hypertension. Bertera, FM; Höcht, C; Mayer, MA; Opezzo, JA; Taira, CA, )	0.58
" Although all pharmacodynamic models allowed a precise estimation of verapamil PK-PD parameters, linear and E(max) model did not permit an accurate PK-PD parameter estimation for the hypotensive and chronotropic effect, respectively."	( Comparison of different pharmacodynamic models for PK-PD modeling of verapamil in renovascular hypertension. Bertera, FM; Höcht, C; Mayer, MA; Opezzo, JA; Taira, CA, )	0.6
"Side-by-side comparison of the tested pharmacodynamic models showed that accuracy of PK-PD parameters estimation by using the linear and classical E(max) model depends on the magnitude of concentration-effect curve covered in the study."	( Comparison of different pharmacodynamic models for PK-PD modeling of verapamil in renovascular hypertension. Bertera, FM; Höcht, C; Mayer, MA; Opezzo, JA; Taira, CA, )	0.37
"The objectives of this study were to develop matrix-type transdermal patches of verapamil hydrochloride (VRP) with pectin as a matrix polymer to investigate the influence of several terpenes on in vitro permeation of VRP through rat skin and to evaluate pharmacodynamic activity of transdermal formulations in rats."	( Matrix-type transdermal patches of verapamil hydrochloride: in vitro permeation studies through excised rat skin and pharmacodynamic evaluation in rats. Alp, FI; Araman, A; Bektaş, A; Güngör, S; Ozdemir, O; Ozsoy, Y; Uydeş-Doğan, BS, 2008)	0.85
"05) increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and the peak concentration (C(max)) of verapamil by 49."	( Effect of pioglitazone on the pharmacokinetics of verapamil and its major metabolite, norverapamil, in rats. Burm, JP; Choi, JS, 2008)	0.81
" In addition, SN-38 showed significant change in oral pharmacokinetic parameters and minor changes in intravenous pharmacokinetic profile."	( Effect of P-glycoprotein inhibitor, verapamil, on oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of irinotecan in rats. Bansal, T; Jaggi, M; Khar, RK; Mishra, G; Talegaonkar, S, 2009)	0.63
" Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using a monocompartmental model."	( Influence of N-hexane inhalation on the enantioselective pharmacokinetics and metabolism of verapamil in rats. Boralli, VB; Lanchote, VL; Lepera, JS; Marques, MP; Mateus, FH, 2010)	0.58
" The here obtained pharmacodynamic profiles of the drugs suggest that both milrinone and theophylline may be considered as potent relaxing agents of the lower oesophageal sphincter."	( Milrinone and theophylline act as lower oesophageal sphincter relaxing agents: a comparative pharmacodynamic study in the rabbit. Batzias, GC; Koutsoviti-Papadopoulou, M; Psarra, TA, 2009)	0.35
" Pharmacokinetic characteristics were compared between the different genotypic groups."	( Influence of ABCB1 gene polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of verapamil among healthy Chinese Han ethnic subjects. He, XJ; Li-Ling, J; Qiu, F; Sun, YX; Zhao, LM, 2009)	0.59
" In the other two routes of administration via the tail vein and hepatic portal vein, diammonium glycyrrhizinate (15 mg kg(-1)) did not affect any of the pharmacokinetic parameters of aconitine (0."	( Effects of diammonium glycyrrhizinate on the pharmacokinetics of aconitine in rats and the potential mechanism. Chen, L; Chen, YX; Davey, AK; Liu, XQ; Wang, JP; Yang, J, 2009)	0.35
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of verapamil and norverapamil in rats were measured after the oral administration of verapamil (9 mg/kg) in the presence or absence of lovastatin (0."	( Effects of lovastatin on the pharmacokinetics of verapamil and its active metabolite, norverapamil in rats: possible role of P-glycoprotein inhibition by lovastatin. Chang, KS; Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Hong, SP; Koh, YY, 2009)	0.88
" This article reviews the pharmacokinetic differences between fexofenadine enantiomers in humans and summarizes the previous reports that co-administration of P-glycoprotein inhibitors has altered the stereoselective pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine enantiomers."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine enantiomers. Miura, M; Uno, T, 2010)	0.36
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of verapamil and one of its metabolites, norverapamil, were compared in 14 healthy male Korean volunteers (age range 22-28 years) who had been administered verapamil (60 mg) orally in the presence or absence of oral lovastatin (20 mg)."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between oral lovastatin and verapamil in healthy subjects: role of P-glycoprotein inhibition by lovastatin. Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Chung, JH, 2010)	0.89
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of verapamil were significantly altered by the co-administration of lovastatin compared to the control."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between oral lovastatin and verapamil in healthy subjects: role of P-glycoprotein inhibition by lovastatin. Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Chung, JH, 2010)	0.89
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of verapamil and norverapamil in rats were determined after the oral administration of verapamil (9 mg/kg) in the presence or absence of simvastatin (0."	( Effects of simvastatin on the pharmacokinetics of verapamil and its main metabolite, norverapamil, in rats. Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Li, C, )	0.66
" This hypothesis was supported by the outcomes of pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between verapamil and methylxanthine derivatives in mice. Wyska, E, 2010)	0.64
" Safety and pharmacokinetic analyses were performed during each treatment period."	( Effect of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics of aliskiren in healthy participants. Dahlke, M; Hariry, S; Jarugula, V; Leon, S; Rebello, S, 2011)	0.77
"The aim was to investigate the effect of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Decoction (HLJDD) on the pharmacokinetic behaviour of verapamil in rats."	( Effect of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Decoction on pharmacokinetics of verapamil in rats. Hu, N; Jing, XY; Liu, CH; Liu, XD; Wang, GJ; Xie, L; Xie, SS, 2010)	0.81
" However, HLJDD did not alter the pharmacokinetic behaviour of verapamil after intravenous administration."	( Effect of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Decoction on pharmacokinetics of verapamil in rats. Hu, N; Jing, XY; Liu, CH; Liu, XD; Wang, GJ; Xie, L; Xie, SS, 2010)	0.84
" In conclusion, diabetes mellitus revealed a tissue-specific effect on CYP3A activity and expression (induced in liver and inhibited in intestine), resulting in opposite pharmacokinetic behaviors of verapamil after oral and intravenous administration to diabetic rats."	( Opposite effect of diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin on oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics of verapamil in rats. Chen, G; Hu, N; Liu, H; Liu, L; Liu, X; Pan, X; Wang, G; Wang, X; Xie, L; Xie, S; Zhang, L, 2011)	0.77
" Plasma concentrations of verapamil in DM rats, rats fed with HFD, and control (CON) rats were measured after intravenous administration of 1 mg/kg verapamil and corresponding pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated."	( Pharmacokinetics of verapamil in diabetic rats induced by combination of high-fat diet and streptozotocin injection. Chen, GM; Hu, N; Li, J; Liu, L; Liu, XD; Wang, GJ; Wang, P; Xie, L; Xie, SS, 2011)	0.99
"Microdosing studies are effective in enabling the early identification of the pharmacokinetic properties of compounds administered to humans."	( Nonlinear pharmacokinetics of oral quinidine and verapamil in healthy subjects: a clinical microdosing study. Fujita, T; Ikeda, Y; Kumagai, Y; Maeda, K; Nozawa, K; Oyama, Y; Sugiyama, Y; Takano, J, 2011)	0.62
" In this study, fexofenadine, verapamil, risperidone, ondansetron, and imipramine were used as model compounds to investigate the effectiveness of MIM in pharmacokinetic studies."	( Development of a novel high-throughput analytical methodology, multiple injection method, for quantitative analysis in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic studies using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Ohkawa, T; Tanaka, Y; Yasui, H, 2011)	0.66
" The estimated k(inact) and K(I) values for each time-dependent inhibitor were compared with those obtained using human liver microsomes and used to estimate the magnitude of clinical pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction (DDI)."	( Time-dependent inhibition and estimation of CYP3A clinical pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions using plated human cell systems. Albaugh, DR; Fisher, MB; Fullenwider, CL; Hutzler, JM, 2012)	0.38
" Subsequently, a 25mg/kg verapamil administered, electrocardiographs were recorded and pharmacokinetic delineated."	( Glucosamine and adjuvant arthritis: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study. Gilzad-Kohan, MH; Jamali, F, 2012)	0.68
"Conventional mammillary models are frequently used for pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis when only blood or plasma data are available."	( Applications of minimal physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models. Cao, Y; Jusko, WJ, 2012)	0.38
" Therefore, a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for verapamil and its primary metabolite was developed and validated through the recovery of observed clinical plasma concentration data for both moieties and the reported interaction with midazolam, albeit a cytochrome P450 3A4-mediated DDI."	( Application of permeability-limited physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models: part II - prediction of P-glycoprotein mediated drug-drug interactions with digoxin. Barter, Z; Jamei, M; Neuhoff, S; Rostami-Hodjegan, A; Turner, DB; Yeo, KR, 2013)	0.62
" The aim of this study was to investigate the potential pharmacokinetic interactions between Rh2 and the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 and the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir in vitro and in vivo. Aa, JY; Cao, B; Ge, C; Gu, RR; Li, MJ; Liu, CX; Liu, LS; Ma, T; Mao, Y; Shi, J; Sun, RB; Wang, GJ; Wang, XW; Wu, XL; Xia, WJ; Xiao, WJ; Yu, XY; Zha, WB; Zheng, T; Zhou, J, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes depend on the nature and degree of hepatic impairment and on the characteristics of the dosed drug."	( [Effect of liver cirrhosis on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs]. Perlík, F, 2013)	0.39
" A semi-physiologically based pharmacokinetic model (semi-PBPK) characterizing mechanism-based auto-inhibition was developed to predict the stereoselective pharmacokinetic profiles of verapamil and norverapamil following single or multiple oral doses."	( A semi-physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model characterizing mechanism-based auto-inhibition to predict stereoselective pharmacokinetics of verapamil and its metabolite norverapamil in human. Liu, L; Liu, X; Sai, Y; Wang, D; Wang, J; Xia, S; Xue, W, 2013)	0.78
" In addition, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model consisting of 11 compartments (6 tissues +5 sample sites) was applied for mechanistic elucidation and estimation of individual PK parameters."	( Effects of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics and hepatobiliary disposition of fexofenadine in pigs. Bondesson, U; Hedeland, M; Lennernäs, H; Sjögren, E, 2014)	0.79
" In this study, in vivo-based [I]/Ki values were used to predict the DDI risks of a P-gp substrate dabigatran etexilate (DABE) using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling and in vivo [I]/K(i) accurately predict P-glycoprotein-mediated drug-drug interactions with dabigatran etexilate. Hu, ZY; Zhao, Y, 2014)	0.4
"This approach accurately predicted the effects of five P-gp inhibitors on DABE pharmacokinetics (98-133% and 89-104% for the ratios of AUC and Cmax respectively)."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling and in vivo [I]/K(i) accurately predict P-glycoprotein-mediated drug-drug interactions with dabigatran etexilate. Hu, ZY; Zhao, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Furthermore, the infection reduced absorption of orally administered enrofloxacin, significantly decreased Cmax (0."	( E. coli infection modulates the pharmacokinetics of oral enrofloxacin by targeting P-glycoprotein in small intestine and CYP450 3A in liver and kidney of broilers. Bughio, S; Dai, X; Guo, M; Ren, W; Sun, Y; Wang, L; Zhang, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacokinetic sampling for pasireotide SC and verapamil was done during days 18 to 25 and days 15 to 21, respectively."	( Effect of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics of pasireotide in healthy volunteers. Hu, K; Kornberger, R; Nesheiwat, D; Passos, VQ; Rodrigues, H; Ting, LS; Tripathi, AP, 2014)	1.06
" Even though, pharmacokinetic data regarding the interaction between both drugs have been published, their use is limited to semiquantitative applications."	( A pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction model of simvastatin and verapamil in humans. Chamnansua, M; Kaewdang, N; Lohitnavy, M; Methaneethorn, J, 2014)	0.64
"Eligible pharmacokinetic interaction study between simvastatin and verapamil in humans was selected from PubMed database."	( A pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction model of simvastatin and verapamil in humans. Chamnansua, M; Kaewdang, N; Lohitnavy, M; Methaneethorn, J, 2014)	0.88
" The final model adequately describes pharmacokinetic interaction between simvastatin and verapamil which can be helpful in prediction of rhabdomyolysis in patients with concurrent use of these drugs."	( A pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction model of simvastatin and verapamil in humans. Chamnansua, M; Kaewdang, N; Lohitnavy, M; Methaneethorn, J, 2014)	0.86
"We applied physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to study the dose-dependent metabolism and excretion of verapamil and its preformed metabolite, norverapamil, to unravel the kinetics of norverapamil formation via N-demethylation."	( PBPK modeling to unravel nonlinear pharmacokinetics of verapamil to estimate the fractional clearance for verapamil N-demethylation in the recirculating rat liver preparation. Chow, EC; Pang, KS; Si, L; Sveigaard, HH; Tang, H; Yang, QJ, 2015)	0.87
" Moreover, the pharmacokinetic profiles of orally administered triptolide with and without pretreatment with verapamil were determined in rats."	( Influence of Verapamil on Pharmacokinetics of Triptolide in Rats. Lei, X; Li, J; Liu, G; Liu, M; Yang, M; Zhang, T; Zhang, Y, 2016)	1.02
"The current study was designed to cross-validate rat liver microsomes (RLM), suspended rat hepatocytes (SRH) and the isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL) model against in vivo pharmacokinetic data, using verapamil as a model drug."	( Verapamil hepatic clearance in four preclinical rat models: towards activity-based scaling. Annaert, P; Augustijns, P; De Bruyn, T; Keemink, J; Nicolaï, J; Van Veldhoven, PP, 2015)	2.05
" The results indicated that, when the rats were pretreated with verapamil, the peak concentration of pristimerin increased from 189."	( Influence of verapamil on pharmacokinetics of pristimerin in rats. Gao, X; Liu, S; Wang, Y; Zhang, Y, 2016)	1.04
" Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using the WinNonlin program."	( Influence of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics of oxcarbazepine and of the enantiomers of its 10-hydroxy metabolite in healthy volunteers. Alexandre Junior, V; Antunes, Nde J; Coelho, EB; Della Pasqua, O; Lanchote, VL; Marques, MP; Takayanagui, OM; Tozatto, E; Wichert-Ana, L, 2016)	0.8
"Patients receiving anti-retroviral drug treatment are sometimes simultaneously taking herbal remedies, which may result in pharmacokinetic herb-drug interactions."	( Herb-Drug Pharmacokinetic Interactions: Transport and Metabolism of Indinavir in the Presence of Selected Herbal Products. Abay, E; Calitz, C; Gouws, C; Hamman, J; Steenekamp, J; Viljoen, J; Wiesner, L, 2015)	0.42
" Standard pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated in all studies."	( Effects of CYP3A4 Inhibitors Ketoconazole and Verapamil and the CYP3A4 Inducer Rifampicin on the Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Fostamatinib: Results from In Vitro and Phase I Clinical Studies. Baluom, M; Brealey, C; Craven, K; Gillen, M; Grossbard, EB; Lau, D; Mant, T; Martin, P; Millson, D; Oliver, S; Sweeny, D, 2016)	0.69
" These results were confirmed by an in vivo pharmacokinetic study of oral administered FEX (10mg/kg) in rats."	( Effect of resveratrol on the pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine in rats: Involvement of P-glycoprotein inhibition. Bedada, SK; Neerati, P; Yellu, NR, 2016)	0.43
" In comparison with FEX alone, RSV pretreatment significantly increased maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC), while there was no significant change was observed in T1/2 and Tmax of FEX."	( Effect of resveratrol on the pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine in rats: Involvement of P-glycoprotein inhibition. Bedada, SK; Neerati, P; Yellu, NR, 2016)	0.43
"RSV significantly enhanced the exposure of FEX in rats likely by the inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) mediated efflux during the intestinal absorption, suggesting that there is a potential pharmacokinetic interaction between RSV and FEX."	( Effect of resveratrol on the pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine in rats: Involvement of P-glycoprotein inhibition. Bedada, SK; Neerati, P; Yellu, NR, 2016)	0.43
" The compounds were designed with the objective of improving pharmacokinetic properties."	( Second-Generation Phenylthiazole Antibiotics with Enhanced Pharmacokinetic Properties. Abdelghany, TM; Bayoumi, SA; Disouky, AM; El-Morsy, A; Elshafeey, A; Mancy, AS; Mayhoub, AS; Mohammad, H; Seleem, MA; Seleem, MN, 2016)	0.43
" The hypothesis that pharmacokinetic differences underlie the differential efficacies of taccalonolides AF and AJ was tested."	( Pharmacokinetic Analysis and in Vivo Antitumor Efficacy of Taccalonolides AF and AJ. Benavides, R; Cichewicz, RH; Du, L; Kuhn, JG; Li, J; Mooberry, SL; Risinger, AL; Robles, AJ, 2017)	0.46
" The effects of verapamil, an inhibitor of the efflux pump P-gp, on the pharmacokinetic profile of peficitinib were assessed in this open-label, single-center, single-sequence, crossover drug-interaction study."	( The Effect of Verapamil, a P-Glycoprotein Inhibitor, on the Pharmacokinetics of Peficitinib, an Orally Administered, Once-Daily JAK Inhibitor. Fisniku, O; Garg, JP; Han, D; Howieson, C; Keirns, J; Wojtkowski, T; Zhu, T, 2017)	1.16
" To quantify the impacts of concomitant verapamil administration and renal impairment on rivaroxaban pharmacokinetics, a minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic model system was developed and used to evaluate potential increases in rivaroxaban exposure and the consequent increase in risk of major bleeding."	( Minimal Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic and Drug-Drug-Disease Interaction Model of Rivaroxaban and Verapamil in Healthy and Renally Impaired Subjects. Chow, CR; Ismail, M; Lee, VH; Rubino, CM, 2018)	0.96
" We conducted virtual drug-drug interactions studies between DABE and the P-glycoprotein inhibitor verapamil in RI populations using physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling."	( Assessing Potential Drug-Drug Interactions Between Dabigatran Etexilate and a P-Glycoprotein Inhibitor in Renal Impairment Populations Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Doki, K; Homma, M; Neuhoff, S; Rostami-Hodjegan, A, 2019)	0.73
" In vitro and preclinical in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of tozadenant were studied through the developed bioanalytical methods, and human PK profiles were predicted using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling based on these values."	( Quantitative Analysis of Tozadenant Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric Method in Rat Plasma and Its Human Pharmacokinetics Prediction Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Byeon, JJ; Choi, J; Kim, N; Lee, BI; Park, MH; Park, Y; Shin, SH; Shin, YG, 2019)	0.51
" Upon systematic model verification, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are qualified for the quantitative rationalization of complex drug-drug-disease interactions (DDDIs)."	( Systematic Development and Verification of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Rivaroxaban. Chan, ECY; Cheong, EJY; Chua, DXY; Teo, DWX, 2019)	0.51
" The validated lesinurad plasma quantification method was successfully applied for the pharmacokinetic evaluations to support the clinical studies in renal impaired patients."	( The Effects of Special Patient Population Plasma on Pharmacokinetic Quantifications Using LC-MS/MS. Nguyen, M; Sun, L; Wilson, DM; Yeh, LT; Zhou, D, 2019)	0.51
" With the confirmation that there is no impact on quantification from the matrix, the bioanalytical method can be used to support the pharmacokinetic evaluations for clinical studies in special populations."	( The Effects of Special Patient Population Plasma on Pharmacokinetic Quantifications Using LC-MS/MS. Nguyen, M; Sun, L; Wilson, DM; Yeh, LT; Zhou, D, 2019)	0.51
" To develop a semi-physiologically based pharmacokinetic (semi-PBPK) model for assessing their contributions."	( Short-chain fatty acids oppositely altered expressions and functions of intestinal cytochrome P4503A and P-glycoprotein and affected pharmacokinetics of verapamil following oral administration to rats. Chen, Y; Kong, W; Liu, L; Liu, X; Wang, S; Wang, Z; Xie, Q; Zhang, J; Zhao, K, 2020)	0.76
" A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model incorporating the metabolites was developed to predict the effect of other strong and moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors and inducers."	( Predicting Clinical Effects of CYP3A4 Modulators on Abemaciclib and Active Metabolites Exposure Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Dickinson, GL; Hall, SD; Kulanthaivel, P; Morse, BL; Posada, MM; Turner, PK, 2020)	0.56
" Values for total clearance of compounds from plasma should be one of the most important pharmacokinetic parameters for predictions."	( Predicted values for human total clearance of a variety of typical compounds with differently humanized-liver mouse plasma data. Ito, S; Iwamoto, K; Kamimura, H; Mizunaga, M; Nakayama, K; Negoro, T; Nishiwaki, M; Nomura, Y; Suemizu, H; Yamazaki, H; Yoneda, N, 2020)	0.56
" We report on how 2 acumapimod clinical DDI studies and a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model assessing how co-administration of a weak (azithromycin) and strong (itraconazole) CYP3A4 inhibitor affected acumapimod systemic exposure, informed decision making and supported concomitant use of CYP3A4 and P-gp inhibitors."	( A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Predict Potential Drug-Drug Interactions and Inform Dosing of Acumapimod, an Oral p38 MAPK Inhibitor. Agyemang, A; Farrell, C; Moore, W; Parkin, J, 2021)	0.62
"This phase I, open-label study evaluated the effect of a potential drug-drug interaction of verapamil-a known P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor-with omadacycline on the pharmacokinetic profile of omadacycline in healthy adults."	( The Effect of Verapamil, a P-gp Inhibitor, on the Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Omadacycline in Healthy Adults: A Phase I, Open-Label, Single-Sequence Study. Bai, S; Chitra, S; Hunt, TL; Manley, A; McGovern, PC; Tzanis, E, 2021)	1.2
"3%) of the 12 participants enrolled in the study completed the study, and all enrolled participants were included in the safety and pharmacokinetic populations."	( The Effect of Verapamil, a P-gp Inhibitor, on the Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Omadacycline in Healthy Adults: A Phase I, Open-Label, Single-Sequence Study. Bai, S; Chitra, S; Hunt, TL; Manley, A; McGovern, PC; Tzanis, E, 2021)	0.98
" The maximum concentration (Cmax), half-life time (T1/2) and time to peak (Tmax) were 683."	( Determination of Verapamil Hydrochloride and Norverapamil Hydrochloride in Rat Plasma by Capillary Electrophoresis With End-Column Electrochemiluminescence Detection and Their Pharmacokinetics Study. Deng, B; Sun, S; Tang, L; Wang, H; Wei, Y, 2021)	0.96
"These findings indicated that verapamil could significantly affect the pharmacokinetic profiles of RA in rats."	( Influence of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics of rotundic acid in rats and its potential mechanism. Ci, X; Gu, Y; Liu, C; Ma, H; Shang, H; Si, D; Sun, Y; Wang, Z, 2021)	1.28
"As one of the key components in model-informed drug discovery and development, physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling linked with in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) is widely applied to quantitatively predict drug-drug interactions (DDIs) on drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters."	( Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling to evaluate in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation for intestinal P-glycoprotein inhibition. De Zwart, L; Evers, R; Yamazaki, S, 2022)	0.72
" The systems information gathered on intestine, liver and blood proteins and other physiological parameters was incorporated into a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) platform to create a virtual population of CD patients, with a view for guiding dose adjustment in the absence of clinical data in CD."	( Altered Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics in Crohn's Disease: Capturing Systems Parameters for PBPK to Assist with Predicting the Fate of Orally Administered Drugs. Alrubia, S; Barber, J; Chen, Y; Mao, J; Rostami-Hodjegan, A, 2022)	0.72
"A rapid, sensitive, and specific LC-MS/MS method was developed and fully validated for the detection of paeoniflorin only in rat plasma, and applied to pharmacokinetic studies, including intravenous, multi-dose oral and combined administrations with verapamil."	( Quantification of Paeoniflorin by Fully Validated LC-MS/MS Method: Its Application to Pharmacokinetic Interaction between Paeoniflorin and Verapamil. Bao, B; Gong, H; Shi, S; Wang, H; Wang, S; Zhao, Y, 2022)	1.1

Compound-Compound Interactions

The potential for the modification of the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin (DOX) concurrently administered with high-dose verapamil (VER) has been investigated in 17 patients with advanced neoplasms refractory to drugs belonging to the multidrug resistance spectrum. We therefore studied its functional and metabolic effects in closed chest rats when given in combination with prazosin, verAPamil or metoprolol, all of which have direct effects on the circulation.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Two groups each consisting of twelve healthy students received Fenoterol (0,03 microgram/kg/min) alone or in combination with Verapamil (1,2 micrograms/kg/min) intravenously."	( [Cardiac effect of fenoterol alone or combined with Verapamil (author's transl)]. Hofstetter, R; Krebs, W; Lang, D; Schmidt, HP; von Bernuth, G, 1979)	0.72
" The results showed that a temporary relative hypoglycaemia occured in the newborns in short term as well as long term treatment with Partusisten or Partusisten in combination with Isoptin."	( [Behaviour of serum concentrations of glucose, immunoreactive insulin and potassium ions in newborns after long term or crash treatments with Partusisten or Partusisten in combination with Isoptin (author's transl)]. Haller, K; Hiltmann, WD; Mohr, D; Vogel, M; Weidinger, H, 1976)	0.26
"0 micrograms/ml in combination with diminazene aceturate or isometamidium chloride."	( The effect of verapamil alone and in combination with trypanocides on multidrug-resistant Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Kaminsky, R; Zweygarth, E, 1991)	0.64
" Inosine in combination with ADA antagonized the noradrenaline-induced positive inotropic effect and the increase in cardiac output."	( Hemodynamic effects of inosine in combination with positive and negative inotropic drugs: studies on rats in vivo. Seesko, RC; Zimmer, HG, 1990)	0.28
" Therefore, the effects of the anthracycline antibiotics on skin tumor promotion were evaluated in combination with the Ca2+ antagonist verapamil (VRP) and the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor palmitoylcarnitine (PC), compounds known to circumvent drug resistance."	( Inhibition of mouse skin tumor promotion by adriamycin and daunomycin in combination with verapamil or palmitoylcarnitine. Perchellet, JP; Satyamoorthy, K, 1990)	0.7
" We therefore studied its functional and metabolic effects in closed chest rats when given in combination with prazosin, verapamil or metoprolol, all of which have direct effects on the circulation."	( Functional and metabolic effects of ribose in combination with prazosin, verapamil and metoprolol in rats in vivo. Lortet, S; Zimmer, HG, 1989)	0.72
"The response to verapamil alone and combined with isosorbide dinitrate in a group of 12 patients with severe ischemic heart disease and stable effort angina was assessed by means of serial treadmill testing."	( [Evaluation using serial exercise tests of verapamil alone and combined with isosorbide dinitrate in exertional angina]. Colman, T; González-Vílchez, F; Pajarón, A; Ruano, J; Vázquez de Prada, JA; Zueco, J, 1989)	0.89
" The combination with verapamil may be effective in those who do not respond to etozolin alone."	( Etozolin monotherapy and combination with verapamil in essential hypertension. Agabiti-Rosei, E; Muiesan, G, 1989)	0.86
" The calcium antagonist finoptin used in combination with alpha-tocopherol made it possible to decrease lipid hydroperoxide levels in low density lipoproteins and malondialdehyde concentrations in platelets, to prevent abnormal cyclic nucleotide metabolism in them and to increase tolerance to physical exercise."	( [Effect of alpha-tocopherol combined with finoptin on the level of lipid hydroperoxides in plasma lipoproteins and on the functional activity of thrombocytes in patients with exertion-induced stable stenocardia]. Boklashchuk, MN; Gereliuk, IP; Levchenklo, VA; Serediuk, NN; Vakaliuk, IP, 1989)	0.28
"Rifampin, a potent inducer of the hepatic microsomal system, has been shown to cause clinically important interactions when combined with other drugs, including oral anticoagulants, oral contraceptives, digitoxin, methadone hydrochloride, sulfonylureas, and barbiturates."	( Update on rifampin drug interactions. Baciewicz, AM; Bekemeyer, WB; Self, TH, 1987)	0.27
" Verapamil was effective in combination with 5-FU, VCR or PEP on HSGc and with DTIC, VCR or PEP on KB."	( [Chemo-sensitivity of a human salivary adenocarcinoma cell line to several anti-cancer drugs and enhancement of the antitumor effects by combination with filipin or verapamil]. Matsuya, T; Okura, M; Shirasuna, K; Sugiyama, M; Watatani, K, 1989)	1.38
"To evaluate the hypotensive efficacy of Verapamil alone and combined with diuretic, in the treatment of essential hypertension in elderly patients, we studied 54 patients, mean age 67."	( [Hypotensive efficacy of verapamil alone and in combination with a diuretic in the treatment of essential hypertension in geriatric patients]. Achilli, L; D'Amico, F; Latini, R; Lombi, V; Pierandrei, G, 1987)	0.84
"The influence of verapamil (V) and of V combined with glucose-insulin-potassium (VG) on ischemic injured myocardium was investigated in dogs after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery."	( Influence of verapamil and its combination with glucose-insulin-potassium-infusion on acute myocardial ischemia in dogs. Beyerdörfer, I; Buller, G; Goos, H; Graff, J; Krause, EG; Lindenau, KF; Nöhring, J; Pissarek, M, 1987)	0.98
" Verapamil alone had no protective effect on reperfused myocardium, whereas dibunol, and particularly its combination with verapamil, essentially limited the size of necrosis, reduced plasma CPK activity and animal mortality rate and maintained ultrastructural integrity of cardiomyocytes, which was accompanied by a decrease of plasma lipid peroxidation products and a stabilization of cardiomyocyte sarcolemma."	( [Prevention of myocardial damage during reperfusion of the coronary artery in dogs using dibunol combined with verapamil]. Golikov, AP; Konorev, EA; Pichugin, VV; Polumiskov, VIu; Sharov, VG, 1987)	1.39
"The cytotoxic effect of bouvardin (BVD) a protein synthesis inhibitor was studied separately and in combination with verapamil (VRP), a vasodilator and hyperthermia (43 degrees C) against Sarcoma 180 (S 180) and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) tumour cells in vitro."	( Enhancement of the in vitro cytotoxicity of bouvardin by verapamil alone and combined with hyperthermia in Sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. Adwankar, MK; Chitnis, MP, 1986)	0.73
" Since IAHQ has only modest activity against L1210 leukemia in mice, it was tested in combination with methotrexate (MTX), probenecid, or verapamil in an effort to enhance efficacy."	( Effects of 5,8-dideazaisopteroylglutamate (IAHQ) on L1210 leukemia in mice when given alone and in combination with methotrexate, probenecid, or verapamil. Gale, GR; Hynes, JB; Smith, AB, 1986)	0.67
" However, when propranolol was combined with the lower levels of verapamil or diltiazem, the result was decreased heart rate, blood pressure, left ventricular maximum rate of tension development (dP/dt), and cardiac index with increased systemic vascular resistance."	( The cardiovascular and adrenergic actions of verapamil or diltiazem in combination with propranolol during halothane anesthesia in the dog. Fung, DM; Kapur, PA; Matarazzo, DA; Sullivan, KB, 1987)	0.77
"Twelve patients with variant angina combined with angina of effort were examined."	( [Comparative study of the effectiveness of korinfar, izoptin and obzidan in patients with variant stenocardia combined with effort stenocardia]. Borisova, GA; Peres Peres, A; Shevchenko, OP; Sidorenko, BA, 1984)	0.27
"Our purpose was to investigate modulation of multidrug resistance by liposome-encapsulated vincristine (VCR) in a drug-resistant human colon cancer cell line HT-29mdr1 and the potentiation of this modulation in combination with monoclonal antibody MRK-16 or verapamil."	( Reversal of multidrug resistance in human colon cancer cells expressing the human MDR1 gene by liposomes in combination with monoclonal antibody or verapamil. Husain, SR; Longo, DL; Pearson, JW; Rahman, A; Sela, S, 1995)	0.67
"HT-29 parental cells and HT-29mdr1 cells were exposed to free VCR or liposome-encapsulated VCR alone or in combination with MRK-16 or verapamil."	( Reversal of multidrug resistance in human colon cancer cells expressing the human MDR1 gene by liposomes in combination with monoclonal antibody or verapamil. Husain, SR; Longo, DL; Pearson, JW; Rahman, A; Sela, S, 1995)	0.69
"The potential for the modification of the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin (DOX) concurrently administered with high-dose verapamil (VER) has been investigated in 17 patients with advanced neoplasms refractory to drugs belonging to the multidrug resistance spectrum."	( Pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin co-administered with high-dose verapamil. Boiocchi, M; Gigante, M; Toffoli, G, 1995)	0.74
" We have evaluated the antitumor activity of a new highly potent vinca-alkaloid derivative, S 12363, in comparison with the activity of the reference compound vinblastine (VLB), when used alone or in combination with verapamil (VRP)."	( Antitumor activity of the new vinca-alkaloid S 12363 alone or in combination with verapamil on a human multidrug resistant renal carcinoma xenograft. Arvelo, F; Berlion, M; Bizzari, JP; Bourgeois, Y; Leonce, S; Poupon, MF; Rigaudy, P, )	0.54
" Susceptibility patterns of sensitive and resistant parasites were evaluated against calcium antagonists of several chemical classes (verapamil, cyproheptidine, desipramine and chlopromazine), alone and in combination with suramin, diminazene aceturate or melarsen oxide cyteamine."	( Trypanocidal resistance in Trypanosoma evansi in vitro: effects of verapamil, cyproheptidine, desipramine and chlorpromazine alone and in combination with trypanocides. Anene, BM; Anika, SM; Chukwu, CC; Ross, CA, 1996)	0.73
"The metabolic effects of verapamil alone and in combination with captopril were investigated in rats."	( Metabolic effects in rats of verapamil alone and in combination with captopril. Lopez, R; San Miguel, A; Taboada, C, 1997)	0.89
" In some cases of atrial fibrillation digoxin is used in combination with verapamil."	( P-glycoprotein system as a determinant of drug interactions: the case of digoxin-verapamil. Beijnen, JH; Koks, CH; Schellens, JH; Verschraagen, M, 1999)	0.76
"To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of a new antihypertensive drug combination of trandolapril/verapamil compared to monotherapy with verapamil or trandolapril, in patients with mild to moderate primary hypertension."	( Efficacy and safety of a new long-acting drug combination, trandolapril/verapamil as compared to monotherapy in primary hypertension. Swedish TARKA trialists. Andrup, M; Karlberg, BE; Odén, A, 2000)	0.75
"The new fixed drug combination trandolapril/verapamil was superior to monotherapy with either of these drugs alone regarding reduction of both BP and rate pressure product."	( Efficacy and safety of a new long-acting drug combination, trandolapril/verapamil as compared to monotherapy in primary hypertension. Swedish TARKA trialists. Andrup, M; Karlberg, BE; Odén, A, 2000)	0.8
"To study the intrinsic parameters of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transport and drug-drug interactions at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), as few quantitative in vivo data are available."	( In situ transport of vinblastine and selected P-glycoprotein substrates: implications for drug-drug interactions at the mouse blood-brain barrier. Cisternino, S; Debray, M; Rousselle, C; Scherrmann, JM, 2004)	0.32
" Drug-drug interactions were examined using vinblastine and compounds that bind to P-gp sites (verapamil, progesterone, PSC833) other than the vinblastine site to take into account the multispecific drug P-gp recognition."	( In situ transport of vinblastine and selected P-glycoprotein substrates: implications for drug-drug interactions at the mouse blood-brain barrier. Cisternino, S; Debray, M; Rousselle, C; Scherrmann, JM, 2004)	0.54
" In situ perfusion of mdr1a(-/-) and wild-type mouse brains could be used to predict drug-drug interactions for P-gp at the mouse BBB."	( In situ transport of vinblastine and selected P-glycoprotein substrates: implications for drug-drug interactions at the mouse blood-brain barrier. Cisternino, S; Debray, M; Rousselle, C; Scherrmann, JM, 2004)	0.32
" Importantly, using freshly isolated PBCECs in suspension in combination with fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis reduced experimental time to 4hrs vs 7d with cultured PBCECs monolayers, while retaining and even improving feasibility, reliability, specificity, and sensitivity of the assay."	( Rapid assessment of p-glycoprotein-drug interactions at the blood-brain barrier. Bubik, M; Fricker, G; Mahringer, A; Ott, M, 2006)	0.33
"5 degrees C) combined with two reversal agents (Interferon alpha and Verapamil) in MCF-7/ADR (ADM-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cell line), and its relevant molecular mechanism of action."	( Reversing adriamycin resistance of human breast cancer cells by hyperthermia combined with Interferon alpha and Verapamil. Hao, XS; Liu, HY; Niu, RF; Shi, YR; Wei, XY; Yang, Y; Zhang, L, 2007)	0.79
"To reverse the multidrug resistance of MCF-7/ADM cell line by thermochemotherapy combined with verapamil (VRP)."	( [Experimental study on thermochemotherapy combined with verapamil for reversing the multidrug resistance responsible to breast cancer cell]. Hou, M; Li, SF; Liu, YY; Yan, X, 2008)	0.81
"It is suggested that thermochemotherapy combined with Verapamil could be used as a way to overcome the multidrug resistance."	( [Experimental study on thermochemotherapy combined with verapamil for reversing the multidrug resistance responsible to breast cancer cell]. Hou, M; Li, SF; Liu, YY; Yan, X, 2008)	0.84
" The aim of this study was to compare the effect of trandolapril (T) and its fixed-dose combination with verapamil (FDTV) on SAM levels in hypertensive type-2 diabetic patients."	( The effect of trandolapril and its fixed-dose combination with verapamil on circulating adhesion molecules levels in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes. Escalante-Acosta, BA; Rodriguez-Lopez, L; Rubio-Guerra, AF; Vargas-Ayala, G; Vargas-Robles, H, 2008)	0.8
"Nowadays, evaluation of potential risk of metabolic drug-drug interactions (mDDIs) is of high importance within the pharmaceutical industry, in order to improve safety and reduce the attrition rate of new drugs."	( Predictions of metabolic drug-drug interactions using physiologically based modelling: Two cytochrome P450 3A4 substrates coadministered with ketoconazole or verapamil. Blasco, H; Bouzom, F; Cazade, F; Chenel, M; Perdaems, N; Vinson, C; Whalley, S, 2010)	0.56
" In combination with an increased throughput (up to 300%) and a reduced animal use (up to 50%), the enhanced power of the differential approach improves the utility of the biorelevant in situ perfusion technique with mesenteric blood sampling to elucidate the intestinal interaction profile of drugs and drug candidates."	( Validation of a differential in situ perfusion method with mesenteric blood sampling in rats for intestinal drug interaction profiling. Annaert, P; Augustijns, P; Brouwers, J; Mols, R, 2010)	0.36
" Inhibition or induction of P-gp can cause drug-drug interactions and thus influence the effects of P-gp substrate drugs."	( 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 noncompetitively inhibits P-glycoprotein in vitro and in vivo: a case for herb-drug interactions. Ai, H; Gu, Y; Hao, G; Li, Y; Peng, Y; Sun, J; Wang, G; Wu, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, X; Zheng, Y; Zhou, F, 2010)	0.36
"The aim of this study was to compare the effect of trandolapril (T) and its fixed-dose combination with verapamil (FDTV) on adiponectin levels in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients."	( Impact of trandolapril therapy and its combination with a calcium channel blocker on plasma adiponectin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Castro-Serna, D; Escalante-Acosta, BA; Rodríguez-Lopez, L; Rubio-Guerra, AF; Vargas-Ayala, G; Vargas-Robles, H, 2011)	0.58
"Verapamil-sensitive idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia (ILVT) combined with a left accessory pathway (AP) is a relatively rare condition."	( The characteristics of verapamil-sensitive idiopathic left ventricular tachycardia combined with a left accessory pathway and the effect of radiofrequency catheter ablation. Hou, Y; Hu, JQ; Liao, ZL; Ma, J; Yang, Q; Zhang, S, 2012)	2.13
"Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) can occur when two drugs interact with the same gene product."	( Discovery and explanation of drug-drug interactions via text mining. Altman, RB; Garten, Y; Percha, B, 2012)	0.38
" The estimated k(inact) and K(I) values for each time-dependent inhibitor were compared with those obtained using human liver microsomes and used to estimate the magnitude of clinical pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction (DDI)."	( Time-dependent inhibition and estimation of CYP3A clinical pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions using plated human cell systems. Albaugh, DR; Fisher, MB; Fullenwider, CL; Hutzler, JM, 2012)	0.38
"The hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) influence the pharmacokinetics of several drug classes and are involved in many clinical drug-drug interactions."	( Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions. Artursson, P; Haglund, U; Karlgren, M; Kimoto, E; Lai, Y; Norinder, U; Vildhede, A; Wisniewski, JR, 2012)	0.38
" In carefully selected subgroup of SVG lesions without visible macrothrombus, a strategy of prophylactic intra-graft administration of abciximab and verapamil, combined with direct stenting of the graft lesion without pre-dilatation, can be safely accomplished without any significant risk of slow-flow/no-reflow phenomenon."	( Intra-graft abciximab and verapamil combined with direct stenting is a safe and effective strategy to prevent slow-flow and no-reflow phenomenon in saphenous vein graft lesions not associated with thrombus. Bhambi, BK; Lardizabal, JA; Sandhu, R; Sharma, S; Singh, S, 2012)	0.88
"To date, the in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) of P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated drug-drug interaction (DDI) at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in rats indicated that the cutoff value to significantly affect the brain penetration of digoxin was [I,unbound/Ki] of 1, where I,unbound is the unbound plasma concentration of P-gp inhibitors."	( Retrospective analysis of P-glycoprotein-mediated drug-drug interactions at the blood-brain barrier in humans. Amano, N; Hirabayashi, H; Moriwaki, T; Sugimoto, H, 2013)	0.39
"The goal of this study was to investigate potential drug-drug interactions between empagliflozin and verapamil, ramipril, and digoxin in healthy volunteers."	( Lack of clinically relevant drug-drug interaction between empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, and verapamil, ramipril, or digoxin in healthy volunteers. Broedl, UC; Macha, S; Pinnetti, S; Rose, P; Schoene, K; Sennewald, R; Woerle, HJ, 2013)	0.81
"The potential drug-drug interactions were evaluated in 3 separate trials."	( Lack of clinically relevant drug-drug interaction between empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, and verapamil, ramipril, or digoxin in healthy volunteers. Broedl, UC; Macha, S; Pinnetti, S; Rose, P; Schoene, K; Sennewald, R; Woerle, HJ, 2013)	0.6
"Digoxin is the recommended substrate for assessment of P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in vivo."	( Application of permeability-limited physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models: part II - prediction of P-glycoprotein mediated drug-drug interactions with digoxin. Barter, Z; Jamei, M; Neuhoff, S; Rostami-Hodjegan, A; Turner, DB; Yeo, KR, 2013)	0.39
"The present study evaluated the efficacy of chemotherapy combined with targeted arterial infusion of verapamil in patients with advanced gastric cancer."	( Efficacy of chemotherapy combined with targeted arterial infusion of verapamil in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Chen, D; Duan, Q; Fan, G; Fan, P; Liu, A; Ning, Z; Zhang, T, 2014)	0.85
"The present study aims to determine if an in vivo rat model of drug-drug interaction (DDI) could be useful to discriminate a sensitive (buspirone) from a 'non-sensitive' (verapamil) CYP3A substrate, using ketoconazole and ritonavir as perpetrator drugs."	( Assessment of CYP3A-mediated drug-drug interaction potential for victim drugs using an in vivo rat model. Bellavance, E; Bourg, S; Duan, J; Garneau, M; Ribadeneira, MD; Rioux, N, 2013)	0.58
"In vitro inhibitory potency (Ki )-based predictions of P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are hampered by the substantial variability in inhibitory potency."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling and in vivo [I]/K(i) accurately predict P-glycoprotein-mediated drug-drug interactions with dabigatran etexilate. Hu, ZY; Zhao, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Drug-drug interactions involving voclosporin and CYP3A substrates are not expected."	( Cytochrome P450 3A and P-glycoprotein drug-drug interactions with voclosporin. Aspeslet, LJ; Foster, RT; Freitag, DG; Huizinga, RB; Larouche, R; Ling, SY; Mayo, PR, 2014)	0.4
"Modulation of drug transporters via herbal medicines which have been widely used in combination with conventional prescription drugs may result in herb-drug interactions in clinical practice."	( Inhibitory effects of herbal constituents on P-glycoprotein in vitro and in vivo: herb-drug interactions mediated via P-gp. Hu, J; Li, X; Li, Y; Liu, Z; Sheng, L; Wang, B; Yang, S, 2014)	0.4
"New verapamil analogues were synthesized and their inhibitory activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv determined in vitro alone and in combination with rifampicin (RIF)."	( Synthesis of new verapamil analogues and their evaluation in combination with rifampicin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and molecular docking studies in the binding site of efflux protein Rv1258c. Chibale, K; Kumar, M; Naran, K; Pavadai, E; Ruminski, PG; Singh, K; Warner, DF, 2014)	1.3
" Therefore, we aimed to develop a mathematical model describing drug-drug interaction between simvastatin and verapamil in humans."	( A pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction model of simvastatin and verapamil in humans. Chamnansua, M; Kaewdang, N; Lohitnavy, M; Methaneethorn, J, 2014)	0.85
"The drug-drug interaction between simvastatin and verapamil was modeled simultaneously with a two compartment model for verapamil with its active metabolite, norverapamil and a one compartment model for simvastatin with its active form, simvastatin hydroxy acid."	( A pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction model of simvastatin and verapamil in humans. Chamnansua, M; Kaewdang, N; Lohitnavy, M; Methaneethorn, J, 2014)	0.89
" The permeability of nalfurafine across human P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-expressing LLC-PK1 cells was investigated to evaluate drug-drug interactions (DDI) involving the P-gp efflux transporter of nalfurafine."	( Drug-Drug Interactions of a Novel κ-Opioid Receptor Agonist, Nalfurafine Hydrochloride, Involving the P-Glycoprotein. Ando, A; Miyamoto, Y; Ohzone, Y; Sasago, S, 2016)	0.43
" ABCB1 may be involved in drug-drug interactions (DDIs) at the BBB, which may lead to changes in brain distribution and central nervous system side effects of drugs."	( Factors Governing P-Glycoprotein-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions at the Blood-Brain Barrier Measured with Positron Emission Tomography. Bauer, F; Erker, T; Filip, T; Kuntner, C; Langer, O; Löscher, W; Mairinger, S; Müller, M; Pahnke, J; Römermann, K; Sauberer, M; Stanek, J; Traxl, A; Wanek, T, 2015)	0.42
" Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) based on P-gp/CYP3A interplay are of clinical importance and require preclinical investigation."	( The Consequence of Drug-Drug Interactions Influencing the Interplay between P-Glycoprotein and Cytochrome P450 3a: An Ex Vivo Study with Rat Precision-Cut Intestinal Slices. de Graaf, IA; de Jager, MH; Groothuis, GM; Li, M; Siissalo, S; van Dam, A, 2016)	0.43
" The mean maximum QTcF increase from baseline was 407, 487, and 437 milliseconds for AZD1305, alone and in combination with verapamil or ketoconazole, respectively."	( In Silico Predictions and In Vivo Results of Drug-Drug Interactions by Ketoconazole and Verapamil on AZD1305, a Combined Ion Channel Blocker and a Sensitive CYP3A4 Substrate. Aunes, M; Cullberg, M; Edvardsson, N; Frison, L; Johansson, S; Löfberg, B; Lunde, H, 2016)	0.86
"The purpose of the present study is to demonstrate a useful approach (isotope-IV method) for analyzing drug-drug interactions (DDIs) following the oral administration of drugs using stable isotope-labeled compounds."	( Quantitative analysis of pharmacokinetic profiles of verapamil and drug-drug interactions induced by a CYP inhibitor using a stable isotope-labeled compound. Higashino, H; Kataoka, M; Kojima, C; Minami, K; Mutaguchi, K; Sakuma, S; Togashi, K; Ueda, K; Yamashita, S, 2016)	0.68
"Intestinal P-gp and CYP3A4 work coordinately to reduce the intracellular concentration of drugs, and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) based on this interplay are of clinical importance and require pre-clinical investigation."	( The consequence of regional gradients of P-gp and CYP3A4 for drug-drug interactions by P-gp inhibitors and the P-gp/CYP3A4 interplay in the human intestine ex vivo. de Graaf, IA; de Jager, MH; Groothuis, GM; Li, M; van de Steeg, E, 2017)	0.46
" The model drug combination was verapamil-irbesartan (VER-IRB), which is widely used in clinic to treat hypertension."	( The application of a novel high-resolution mass spectrometry-based analytical strategy to rapid metabolite profiling of a dual drug combination in humans. Liu, H; Xing, J; Zang, M, 2017)	0.74
" Data from a phase 1, drug-drug interaction study were used to qualify the minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetic model system."	( Minimal Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic and Drug-Drug-Disease Interaction Model of Rivaroxaban and Verapamil in Healthy and Renally Impaired Subjects. Chow, CR; Ismail, M; Lee, VH; Rubino, CM, 2018)	0.69
"We analyzed the clinical observations of target arterial infusion of verapamil combined with chemotherapy as therapy for advanced gastric cancer."	( The clinical observation of verapamil in combination with interventional chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer. Dai, HB; Duan, QH; Fan, GF; Fan, PS; Huang, J; Liu, M; Liu, YB; Pan, JJ; Tang, LL; Weng, CT; Wu, Y; Yang, GH; Zhang, TY; Zhu, ZQ, 2018)	1.01
" The target artery in the control group was perfused with chemotherapy drugs only, and the target artery in the therapy group was injected with verapamil combined with chemotherapy drugs."	( The clinical observation of verapamil in combination with interventional chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer. Dai, HB; Duan, QH; Fan, GF; Fan, PS; Huang, J; Liu, M; Liu, YB; Pan, JJ; Tang, LL; Weng, CT; Wu, Y; Yang, GH; Zhang, TY; Zhu, ZQ, 2018)	0.98
"Target arterial infusion of verapamil combined with chemotherapy drugs for advanced gastric cancer can significantly improve the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs and prolong the survival of patients."	( The clinical observation of verapamil in combination with interventional chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer. Dai, HB; Duan, QH; Fan, GF; Fan, PS; Huang, J; Liu, M; Liu, YB; Pan, JJ; Tang, LL; Weng, CT; Wu, Y; Yang, GH; Zhang, TY; Zhu, ZQ, 2018)	1.07
" Using drugs with potential to be repurposed, combined with 5-fluorouracil, the aim of this project was to investigate whether this combination led to therapeutic benefits, comparing with the isolated drugs."	( Study of New Therapeutic Strategies to Combat Breast Cancer Using Drug Combinations. Correia, A; Gärtner, F; Silva, D; Vale, N; Vilanova, M, 2018)	0.48
" Because the combined effects of drug-drug interactions and RI have not been evaluated by means of clinical studies, the decision of DABE dosing for RI patients receiving P-glycoprotein inhibitors is empirical at its best."	( Assessing Potential Drug-Drug Interactions Between Dabigatran Etexilate and a P-Glycoprotein Inhibitor in Renal Impairment Populations Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Doki, K; Homma, M; Neuhoff, S; Rostami-Hodjegan, A, 2019)	0.51
" The aim of this study was to better understand the drug-drug interaction (DDI) potential of CYP3A and P-gp inhibitors."	( PBPK modeling of CYP3A and P-gp substrates to predict drug-drug interactions in patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Chan, LN; Chen, KF; Lin, YS, 2020)	0.56
"Objectives For revealing the peculiarities of the drug-drug interaction of rivaroxaban (substrate CYP3A4 and P-gp) and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) (verapamil - inhibitor CYP3A4 and P-gp and amlodipine - substrate CYP3A4) in patients 80 years and older with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NAF) we studied 128 patients."	( Drug-drug interaction of rivaroxaban and calcium channel blockers in patients aged 80 years and older with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Bahteeva, D; Bochkov, P; Cherniaeva, M; Golovina, O; Gorbatenkova, S; Kulikova, M; Mirzaev, K; Ostroumova, O; Rytkin, E; Shevchenko, R; Sychev, D, 2020)	0.76
" Concerns about drug-drug interactions (DDIs) have meant patients receiving drugs that inhibit CYP3A4 were ineligible for acumapimod trials."	( A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Predict Potential Drug-Drug Interactions and Inform Dosing of Acumapimod, an Oral p38 MAPK Inhibitor. Agyemang, A; Farrell, C; Moore, W; Parkin, J, 2021)	0.62
" Clinical management of DDIs in Chinese older adults in the absence of complex polypharmacy can a priori be similar to the EHRA guideline but routine monitoring of bleeding risk is encouraged when dabigatran etexilate given with verapamil and clarithromycin."	( Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling to predict drug-drug interactions of dabigatran etexilate and rivaroxaban in the Chinese older adults. Cui, C; Lai, X; Li, H; Liu, D; Sia, JEV; Wu, X; Zhang, F, 2023)	1.09

Bioavailability

The relative bioavailability of a new formulation of verapamil (CAS 52-53-9, Veramex 40) in comparison to a standard formulation was investigated in an open two-period cross-over study in 16 healthy volunteers.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The bioavailability was only 22."	( Pharmacokinetics of verapamil in man. Koike, Y; Saito, H; Shimamura, K; Shudo, I, 1979)	0.58
" Despite its almost complete absorption after oral administration verapamil was shown to undergo extensive first pass metabolism as the bioavailability was only 10 to 22%."	( Physiological disposition of verapamil in man. Eichelbaum, M; Schomerus, M; Spiegelhalder, B; Stieren, B, 1976)	0.78
" The pharmacodnaymics of verapamil evaluated with regard to a single well-known pharmacological effect, have not necessarily to be identical with the pharmacokinetics and the bioavailability of the drug."	( The pharmacodynamics of orally taken verapamil and verapamil retard as judged by their negative dromotropic effects. Schlepper, M; Schwarz, F; Thormann, J, 1975)	0.83
"Relative bioavailability and bioequivalence of two oral verapamil preparations were investigated (dosage 80 mg, film-coated tablets as reference, dragées as test formulation)."	( Bioavailability study of two different verapamil formulations. Blume, H; Horne, C; Knauf, H; Mutschler, E; Stenzhorn, G, 1992)	0.8
" Bioavailability of SLV was 58."	( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic effects of sublingual and intravenous verapamil. Bauman, JL; Beckman, K; Berk, SI; Hariman, RJ; Hoon, TJ; Hu, D; Siegel, FP, 1992)	0.5
"Twelve healthy male subjects completed this randomized, placebo controlled, four-period crossover trial to determine the effect of verapamil, diltiazem, and labetalol on the bioavailability and metabolism of imipramine."	( Comparison of verapamil, diltiazem, and labetalol on the bioavailability and metabolism of imipramine. Danis, M; Dukes, GE; Hak, LJ; Han, YH; Hermann, DJ; Hussey, EK; Krol, TF; Powell, JR, 1992)	0.85
"The absolute bioavailability F and response (prolongation of the PR interval) of verapamil after single doses of the same oral formulation administered on two different days were investigated in 16 male subjects with an 80 mg fast dissolving and a 240 mg controlled-release preparation and compared with a bolus injection of 5 mg of verapamil."	( Pharmacodynamic profile of verapamil in relation to absolute bioavailability: investigations with a conventional and a controlled-release formulation. Blume, H; Harder, S; Huber, T; Rietbrock, N; Siewert, M; Thürmann, P, 1991)	0.8
" The terminal elimination rate constant, clearance, volume of distribution, and bioavailability of verapamil were not significantly different between the two groups of subjects."	( The pharmacokinetics of racemic verapamil in patients with impaired renal function. Frantz, RP; Kurtz, SB; McCarthy, JT; Moyer, TP; Smith, RL; Theobald, HM; Zachariah, PK, 1991)	0.78
"The bioavailability of 2 slow release formulations (test (P) and reference (R)) of verapamil was investigated in a study with a randomised cross over design, 20 healthy male subjects were included."	( [Bioavailability of two slow-release formulations of verapamil]. Keller-Stanislawski, B; Rietbrock, N, 1990)	0.75
"The effects of food on the bioavailability of a sustained-release (SR) formulation of verapamil (SR-verapamil; Isoptin SR) were determined in an open, three-way single-dose study involving 12 volunteers receiving (in randomized order) the SR preparation (1 X 240 mg) either fasting or with food and a conventional formulation of verapamil (3 X 80 mg) fasting."	( Influence of food on the bioavailability of a sustained-release verapamil preparation. Conway, EL; Drummer, OH; Louis, WJ; Phillips, PA, 1990)	0.74
"2 mM Ca2+ groups did not show a significant change in absorption rate from their respective control rates."	( The effect of calcium on gallbladder absorption. Bastidas, JA; Lillemoe, KD; Magnuson, TH; May, CA; Pitt, HA; Scheeres, DE, 1990)	0.28
" Metabolite 17 levels were increased in a parallel fashion, suggesting that altered CsA bioavailability rather than decreased metabolism may have caused the higher CsA levels in verapamil-treated patients."	( The effects of calcium channel blockers on cyclosporine and its metabolites in renal transplant recipients. Awni, WM; Heim-Duthoy, KL; Kasiske, BL; Rao, KV; Tortorice, KL, 1990)	0.47
" In part, this appears to be related to the cardioinhibitory and negative chronotropic action of verapamil, but it is also likely to depend on increases in bioavailability of prazosin and higher plasma levels when the drug is given with verapamil."	( Clinical pharmacological studies on the interaction between alpha-adrenoceptors and calcium antagonists. Elliott, HL; Meredith, PA; Pasanisi, F; Reid, JL, 1985)	0.49
" The overall effect is partly due to an increase in the apparent bioavailability of prazosin but may also reflect a synergistic effect on reducing peripheral vascular resistance."	( Verapamil and prazosin in essential hypertension: evidence of a synergistic combination? Elliott, HL; Meredith, PA; Reid, JL, 1987)	1.72
" The mean bioavailability of the 120-mg tablet relative to the 240-mg tablet was 107%, with 95% confidence limits of 81 and 142%, indicating that the amount of verapamil available from the two tablets was similar."	( Sustained-release verapamil: multiple-dose pharmacokinetic comparison of 120-mg and 240-mg tablets and the effect of halving a 240-mg tablet. Durnin, C; McEwen, J; McMurdo, ME; Moreland, TA, 1989)	0.81
"As part of a multiple dose bioavailability study, 80-mg verapamil hydrochloride tablets were administered to healthy subjects every 8 hours for 15 doses."	( Differences in oral verapamil absorption as a function of time of day. Battle, MM; Colburn, WA; Eldon, MA; Voigtman, RE, 1989)	0.85
" During the evening dosage schedule a significantly greater bioavailability (AUC) and a prolonged time to peak concentration was found."	( Circadian variation in the pharmacokinetics of verapamil. Frederiksen, M; Hansen, JF; Jespersen, CM; Klitgaard, NA; Sørum, C, 1989)	0.53
"A stable isotope technique has been used to assess the bioavailability of sustained release verapamil products."	( Assessment of bioavailability of experimental single-unit sustained release tablets of verapamil hydrochloride using the stable isotope technique. Kannikoski, A; Marvola, M; Ottoila, P; Taskinen, J, 1985)	0.71
" The absorption rate of the sustained release formulation was significantly slower than for the conventional formulation."	( Pharmacokinetics of verapamil and norverapamil in patients with hypertension: a comparison of oral conventional and sustained release formulations. Jørgensen, NP; Walstad, RA, 1988)	0.6
" The bioavailability of slow release formulations with a zero order release kinetic is lower than standard release formulations and related to the dissolution rate in vitro."	( Drug input rate from the GI-tract. Michaelis-Menten kinetics and the bioavailability of slow release verapamil and nifedipine. Fischer, A; Köhne, H; Menke, G; Rietbrock, N; Woodcock, BG, 1988)	0.49
" Further measurements were made during a series of intensive study days, and the most important additional finding was a pharmacokinetic interaction that resulted in increased peak concentrations and bioavailability of prazosin."	( The combination of prazosin and verapamil in the treatment of essential hypertension. Campbell, L; Elliott, HL; Meredith, PA; Reid, JL, 1988)	0.56
" The mean time of maximum plasma concentrations of verapamil were significantly prolonged and the absorption rate constants significantly reduced after sustained release verapamil on both day 1 and day 10."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two formulations of verapamil. Henry, JA; Hla, KK; Latham, AN, 1987)	0.77
" During long term treatment, oral clearance decreases and bioavailability increases due to saturation of hepatic first-pass metabolism."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of verapamil, nifedipine and diltiazem. Echizen, H; Eichelbaum, M, )	0.42
" As compared to untreated subjects, the antituberculosis drugs greatly reduced the bioavailability of the calcium antagonist."	( The influence of antituberculosis drugs on the plasma level of verapamil. Böhm, R; Mooy, J; Rahn, KH; van Baak, M; van Kemenade, J; vd Vet, A, 1987)	0.51
" In practice the important pharmacokinetic properties of verapamil are low bioavailability (20%), predominant elimination by metabolism (greater than 95%) and a relatively short half-life (t1/2, beta is 3-5 h)."	( Pharmacokinetics of conventional and slow-release verapamil. Bühler, F; Follath, F; Ha, HR; Schütz, E, 1986)	0.77
" This inadequate bioavailability was caused by very slow absorption."	( Pharmacokinetics of sustained-release verapamil after a single administration and at steady state. Männistö, P; Mäntylä, R; Mattila, J; Taskinen, J, )	0.4
" These products are well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract but undergo variable degrees of transformation during the first passage through the liver."	( [Clinical pharmacology of calcium inhibitors]. Martre, H; Singlas, E; Taburet, AM, 1985)	0.27
" The extent of verapamil bioavailability was directly measured in one patient receiving an intravenous dose as well as an oral one and was found to be 42."	( Disposition kinetics and urinary excretion of verapamil and some of its primary metabolites after oral administration in patients with angina pectoris. Metelitsa, VI; Nikolenko, SA; Piotrovskii, VK; Riabokon, OS; Rumiantsev, DO, 1986)	0.88
" Following a dose of the slow-release preparation, the drug concentration curves were smoother and the mean bioavailability was lower in comparison with the conventional preparation."	( Plasma levels and urinary excretion of verapamil, norverapamil, N-dealkylverapamil (D617), N-dealkylnorverapamil (D620) following oral administration of a slow-release preparation. Barbieri, E; Cargnelli, G; Ferrari, M; Padrini, R; Piovan, D; Toffoli, M; Trevi, G, 1985)	0.54
" 506 +/- 82 ng/ml X hr) and absolute bioavailability (35% +/- 7% vs."	( Lack of interaction between verapamil and cimetidine. Abernethy, DR; Schwartz, JB; Todd, EL, 1985)	0.56
" The present results suggest that 5-ISMN shows a high bioavailability and a potency comparable to ISDN, especially in the case of peroral administration."	( [Effects of isosorbide 5-mononitrate on cardiovascular function. (I). Effects on the left ventricular system]. Kogi, K; Saito, T, 1985)	0.27
" Bioavailability (corrected for dose and elimination rate constant) following intranasal administration (36% +/- 7%) was approximately 3 fold that after oral administration (13% +/- 3%)."	( Pharmacodynamics of acute intranasal administration of verapamil: comparison with i.v. and oral administration. Arnold, TH; Tackett, RL; Vallner, JJ, )	0.38
" The bioavailability of diltiazem and nifedipine has not been well studied, and no investigations of the absolute bioavailability of these compounds have been reported."	( Calcium antagonists. Pharmacokinetic properties. Kates, RE, 1983)	0.27
" Verapamil, nifedipine, and diltiazem are absorbed well after oral dosing, but absolute bioavailability of each is reduced substantially by a first-pass effect."	( Update on calcium-channel blocking agents. Bussey, HI; Talbert, RL, )	1.04
" The high hepatic extraction results in low systemic bioavailability (20%) after oral drug administration."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of verapamil. Blouin, RA; Hamann, SR; McAllister, RG, )	0.42
" Our data suggest that the greater hypotensive activity of the combination results at least in part from a kinetic interaction that enhances the bioavailability of prazosin, but it is possible that a dynamic interaction at the level of vascular smooth muscle or compensatory cardiac activity also plays a role."	( Combined alpha adrenoceptor antagonism and calcium channel blockade in normal subjects. Elliott, HL; McSharry, DR; Meredith, PA; Pasanisi, F; Reid, JL, 1984)	0.27
" Either a higher bioavailability of the drug or an extremely increased sensitivity of the receptors can explain such a marked electrophysiological effect at a moderate drug dosage."	( Conversion of longstanding atrial flutter to sinus rhythm and transient complete A-V block following oral administration of verapamil. Report of a case. Di Giacomo, M; Di Giacomo, V; Tedeschi, A, 1984)	0.47
" The absolute bioavailability of the buccal preparation (37%) was slightly greater than the oral capsule (33%) and both had higher bioavailability than observed in earlier studies on verapamil dragees (10-20%)."	( Verapamil disposition and effect on PQ-intervals after buccal, oral and intravenous administration. Asthana, OP; Frömming, KH; Rietbrock, N; Schwabe, L; Wenchel, M; Woodcock, BG, 1984)	1.9
"05) decrease in the clearance and an increase in the apparent bioavailability of verapamil during chronic administration, although no difference in the half-life was found."	( Inter- and intra-subject variation in the first-pass elimination of highly cleared drugs during chronic dosing. Studies with deuterated verapamil. Eichelbaum, M; Somogyi, A, 1984)	0.7
" Thus, it can be anticipated that following oral administration of racemic verapamil bioavailability of (-)-verapamil will be substantially less."	( Pharmacokinetics of (+)-, (-)- and (+/-)-verapamil after intravenous administration. Eichelbaum, M; Mikus, G; Vogelgesang, B, 1984)	0.76
" Diltiazem's oral bioavailability is good (90% reaches systemic circulation), but there is significant interindividual variability between administered dose and resulting plasma concentration."	( Calcium-channel blocking agents. Leonard, RG; Talbert, RL, )	0.13
" Verapamil bioavailability was not dose dependent and averaged 19."	( The pharmacology of verapamil. IV. Kinetic and dynamic effects after single intravenous and oral doses. Kirsten, EB; McAllister, RG, 1982)	1.5
"For drugs with a high hepatic clearance, bioavailability is low due to the so-called "first pass effect"."	( Prediction of bioavailability for drugs with a high first-pass effect using oral clearance data. Eichelbaum, M; Gugler, R; Somogyi, A, 1982)	0.26
"The pharmacokinetic parameters and oral bioavailability of the antiarrhythmic drug verapamil were determined in six patients with atrial fibrillation."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of verapamil in patients with atrial fibrillation. Anderson, P; BondessoN, U; Sylvén, C, 1982)	0.78
" These data suggest that verapamil, and partially amrinone, inhibit histamine-induced tracheal contractions by reducing the bioavailability of intracellular Ca2+."	( Relaxant effects of amrinone upon pulmonary smooth muscle. Buck, DC; Mielens, ZE, 1982)	0.57
"Although the absorption of verapamil is almost complete after oral administration, its bioavailability is low due to extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism."	( Superiority of stable isotope techniques in the assessment of the bioavailability of drugs undergoing extensive first pass elimination. Studies of the relative bioavailability of verapamil tablets. Dengler, HJ; Eichelbaum, M; Somogyi, A; von Unruh, GE, 1981)	0.75
" Although absorption was almost complete after oral administration, absolute bioavailability (20%) was low, due to extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism."	( Simultaneous determination of the intravenous and oral pharmacokinetic parameters of D,L-verapamil using stable isotope-labelled verapamil. Dengler, HJ; Eichelbaum, M; Somogyi, A; von Unruh, GE, 1981)	0.48
" The bioavailability of oral verapamil was 35 +/- 16%."	( Verapamil disposition kinetics in chronic atrial fibrillation. Harapat, S; Harrison, DC; Kates, RE; Keefe, DL; Kirsten, EB; Schwartz, J, 1981)	2
"1 The pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and ECG response of verapamil was investigated in seven patients with liver cirrhosis and compared with six normal subjects, using stable labelled techniques whereby both the intravenous and oral dose are given simultaneously."	( Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and ECG response of verapamil in patients with liver cirrhosis. Albrecht, M; Eichelbaum, M; Kliems, G; Schäfer, K; Somogyi, A, 1981)	0.75
" The bioavailability of the oral dose averaged 22% (17 to 29%)."	( Systemic availability of oral verapamil and effect on PR interval in man. Burgess, CD; Hamer, J; Johnston, A, 1981)	0.55
" After a single oral dose the bioavailability was only 24%, probably because of the first-pass metabolism."	( Verapamil kinetics in normal subjects and patients with coronary artery spasm. Ashley, JJ; Freedman, SB; Kelly, DT; Richmond, DR, 1981)	1.71
" Areas under the concentration-time curves (AUCs) after intravenous 5-mg and oral 80-mg doses were used to calculate systemic blood clearance, intrinsic blood clearance, and bioavailability of verapamil in patients and to calculate apparent hepatic blood flow."	( Verapamil disposition in liver disease and intensive-care patients: kinetics, clearance, and apparent blood flow relationships. Rietbrock, I; Rietbrock, N; Vöhringer, HF; Woodcock, BG, 1981)	1.9
" The mean extent of total verapamil bioavailability from the sustained-release formulation was 73."	( Verapamil stereoisomerism: enantiomeric ratios in plasma dependent on peak concentrations, oral input rate, or both. Karim, A; Piergies, A, 1995)	2.03
" The technique was evaluated with verapamil and a well-absorbed 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, A-79035."	( Method to estimate the rate and extent of intestinal absorption in conscious rats using an absorption probe and portal blood sampling. Borre, A; Hoffman, DJ; Nellans, HN; Seifert, T, 1995)	0.57
" Absorption rate constants, estimated from initial appearance rates in portal blood, were used to monitor factors that affect drug absorption."	( Method to estimate the rate and extent of intestinal absorption in conscious rats using an absorption probe and portal blood sampling. Borre, A; Hoffman, DJ; Nellans, HN; Seifert, T, 1995)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic interactions, including an increase in the bioavailability of T when V was added, did not correlate with the degree of orthostasis."	( Combined terazosin and verapamil therapy in essential hypertension. Hemodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions. Johnston, W; Laddu, AR; Lenz, ML; Pool, JL; Taylor, AA; Varghese, A, 1995)	0.6
" The bioavailability of tablet C relative to B and A was 101."	( [Study on dissolution test in vitro and bioavailability of oral osmotic pump of verapamil hydrochloride]. Cao, DS; Guo, JL; He, HY; Jing, GW; Li, YQ; Li, Z; Ling, LX, 1993)	0.51
"To determine if there are greater differences in bioavailability of generic verapamil at steady state in elderly patients than in healthy young subjects."	( Differences in serum concentrations of and responses to generic verapamil in the elderly. Carter, BL; Demmler, RW; Noyes, MA, )	0.6
" There was, however, a great deal of variability in the bioavailability of the generic products."	( Differences in serum concentrations of and responses to generic verapamil in the elderly. Carter, BL; Demmler, RW; Noyes, MA, )	0.37
" This may have been because of increased bioavailability of the drug or increased sensitivity of the receptors."	( Acute verapamil toxicity in a patient with chronic toxicity: possible interaction with ceftriaxone and clindamycin. Jonas, E; Kishore, K; Misra, V; Raina, A, )	0.61
" The apparent bioavailability of (+)-(R)-verapamil was over 14 times that of (-)-(S)-verapamil."	( Pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers of verapamil in the dog. Bai, SA; Johnson, LM; Lankford, SM, 1993)	0.82
" Two subjects achieved measurable verapamil concentrations after intranasal administration with a mean bioavailability of 16."	( Comparison of intranasal versus intravenous verapamil bioavailability. Engelhardt, J; Gal, P; Johnson, M; Kandrotas, R; Kroboth, P; Smith, H; Watling, S, 1993)	0.83
" Thus the interpretation of results of clinical 'modulator' trials should consider the decreased bioavailability of MDR-reversing agents."	( Decreased potency of MDR-modulators under serum conditions determined by a functional assay. Eisterer, W; Hilbe, W; Hofmann, J; Ludescher, C; Thaler, J, 1995)	0.29
"The intestinal absorption of DMP 728, a cyclic peptide fibrinogen antagonist, was examined with the goals of identifying the cause(s) of its low oral bioavailability and understanding the mechanisms of its intestinal transport."	( Intestinal absorption barriers and transport mechanisms, including secretory transport, for a cyclic peptide, fibrinogen antagonist. Aungst, BJ; Saitoh, H, 1996)	0.29
" It is concluded that tacrolimus is metabolized in the intestine, that the metabolites are able to re-enter the gut lumen and also enter into the portal vein and that small intestinal metabolism and transport is at least in part responsible for the low oral bioavailability of tacrolimus."	( Metabolism of the macrolide immunosuppressant, tacrolimus, by the pig gut mucosa in the Ussing chamber. Bader, A; Christians, U; Gonschior, AK; Hackbarth, I; Lampen, A; Sewing, KF; von Engelhardt, W, 1996)	0.29
" We hypothesized that this assumption was invalid for highly variable drugs such as verapamil and tested it by comparing bioavailability for the brand vs itself."	( High variability in drug pharmacokinetics complicates determination of bioequivalence: experience with verapamil. Gordon, P; Hems, J; Pop, R; Spino, M; Tsang, YC, 1996)	0.73
"To avoid any contribution from potential formulation differences, we evaluated bioavailability for isoptin SR 240 mg tablets in 9 healthy volunteers on 2 occasions separated by 1 week as part of a larger study."	( High variability in drug pharmacokinetics complicates determination of bioequivalence: experience with verapamil. Gordon, P; Hems, J; Pop, R; Spino, M; Tsang, YC, 1996)	0.51
" Systemic clearance and bioavailability of the verapamil enantiomers were determined by coadministering deuterated verapamil intravenously on day 4, on day 16, and on day 24."	( Differential induction of prehepatic and hepatic metabolism of verapamil by rifampin. Busse, D; Eichelbaum, M; Fromm, MF; Kroemer, HK, 1996)	0.79
"The effects of high-protein food on the bioavailability of both the racemate and individual enantiomers of verapamil were investigated in 12 healthy volunteers using a randomized crossover design."	( No effect of high-protein food on the stereoselective bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of verapamil. Amamoto, T; Handa, T; Hashiguchi, M; Hirashima, Y; Irie, S; Ishii, S; Kimura, R; Maeda, A; Mori, Y; Ogata, H; Otsuka, N; Urae, A; Urae, R, 1996)	0.73
" With calcium antagonists in particular, an assessment of the rate of absorption and of the maximum concentration is important, as those characteristics may have implications for the safety profile with this class of drugs."	( Bioequivalence of controlled-release calcium antagonists. Luus, HG; Müller, FO; Müller, FR; Schall, R, 1997)	0.3
"The relative bioavailability of a new formulation of verapamil (CAS 52-53-9, Veramex 40) in comparison to a standard formulation was investigated in an open two-period cross-over study in 16 healthy volunteers under steady state conditions of 7 days duration each."	( [Bioavailability of two verapamil formulations following repeated administration in steady-state conditions. An open, two-period, crossover study]. Heintz, B; Hutt, HJ; Lenhard, G; Müller, A; Schütz, M, 1996)	0.85
" Saturable clearance may cause higher bioavailability and slower elimination of verapamil after acute oral overdoses."	( Non-linear pharmacokinetics of high-dose intravenous verapamil. Boiocchi, M; De Cicco, M; Fantin, D; Frustaci, S; Gigante, M; Nicolosi, GL; Robieux, I; Toffoli, G, 1997)	0.77
"A novel method is described for assessing drug bioavailability from pharmacologic data."	( Bioavailability assessment from pharmacologic data: method and clinical evaluation. Gillespie, WR; Liu, Y; Shepherd, AM; Stagni, G, 1997)	0.3
" bioavailability are of particular interest, also in drug development."	( P-glycoprotein transporters and the gastrointestinal tract: evaluation of the potential in vivo relevance of in vitro data employing talinolol as model compound. Ader, P; Baktir, G; Hanafy, A; Langguth, P; Okyar, A; Radschuweit, A; Spahn-Langguth, H; Terhaag, B, 1998)	0.3
" Although some volunteer studies have shown substantial decreases in the bioavailability of ingested drugs, no controlled clinical trials have been performed and there is no conclusive evidence that WBI improves the outcome of the poisoned patient."	( Position statement: whole bowel irrigation. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology; European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists. Tenenbein, M, 1997)	0.3
"To investigate in vitro the mechanisms involved in the gastro-intestinal absorption of the HIV protease inhibitor, saquinavir mesylate (Invirase), whose oral bioavailability is low, variable, and significantly increased by co-administration with ritonavir, also an HIV protease inhibitor but with higher oral bioavailability."	( Active apical secretory efflux of the HIV protease inhibitors saquinavir and ritonavir in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Alex, R; Alsenz, J; Steffen, H, 1998)	0.3
" Together with sensitivity to gutwall metabolism by cytochrome P-450 3A, this may partially account for the low and variable oral bioavailability of saquinavir in clinical studies and for its increased bioavailability after co-administration with ritonavir."	( Active apical secretory efflux of the HIV protease inhibitors saquinavir and ritonavir in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Alex, R; Alsenz, J; Steffen, H, 1998)	0.3
" Inhibition of intestinal P-gp function using MDR reversing agents may enhance the oral bioavailability of some chemotherapeutic agents."	( Comparison of effects of surfactants with other MDR reversing agents on intracellular uptake of epirubicin in Caco-2 cell line. Hsu, CY; Huang, JD; Lo, YL, )	0.13
" Concomitant intake of rifampicin (600 mg/die) induced especially the presystemic (prehepatic) metabolism of verapamil so that oral bioavailability approached zero and PD effects almost diminished."	( Effect of age on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in man. Klotz, U, 1998)	0.51
"The objective of this study was to investigate whether the decrease in artemisinin bioavailability after repeated oral dosing in humans can be a result of increased efflux of artemisinin by P-glycoprotein or decreased membrane transport at the intestinal barrier."	( High in situ rat intestinal permeability of artemisinin unaffected by multiple dosing and with no evidence of P-glycoprotein involvement. Ashton, M; Carlborg, O; Lennernäs, H; Sandström, R; Svensson, US, 1999)	0.3
" The nasal bioavailability of nicardipine from plain buffered solution was 44%, and increased steadily to 56-79% in direct proportion to the amount of PEG 400 added."	( Evaluation of the effect of polyethylene glycol 400 on the nasal absorption of nicardipine and verapamil in the rat. Lau-Cam, CA; Rahman, M, 1999)	0.52
"This is the first study to show a decreased oral bioavailability of a P-glycoprotein substrate (talinolol) in humans as a result of coadministration of verapamil."	( Unexpected effect of verapamil on oral bioavailability of the beta-blocker talinolol in humans. Berndt, A; Gramatté, T; Kirch, W; Krappweis, J; Oertel, R; Schwarz, UI; von Richter, O, 1999)	0.82
" The rate of absorption into plasma of (R)- and (S)-verapamil increased despite the low dose of ketoconazole added, indicating an inhibition of the gut wall metabolism of (R/S)-verapamil by ketoconazole."	( The effect of ketoconazole on the jejunal permeability and CYP3A metabolism of (R/S)-verapamil in humans. Jansson, B; Knutson, L; Knutson, TW; Lennernäs, H; Sandström, R, 1999)	0.78
" Intra- and inter-patient variations in methadone bioavailability have been observed after oral methadone treatment and this makes it difficult to predict a dosing regimen."	( The roles of P-glycoprotein and intracellular metabolism in the intestinal absorption of methadone: in vitro studies using the rat everted intestinal sac. Barthe, L; Bouër, R; Houin, G; Philibert, C; Tournaire, C; Woodley, J, 1999)	0.3
" This gives further rationale for P-glycoprotein-mediated intestinal drug secretion as a cause for incomplete oral bioavailability and for drug interactions during intestinal absorption."	( Intestinal secretion of intravenous talinolol is inhibited by luminal R-verapamil. Gramatté, T; Oertel, R, 1999)	0.54
" Bioavailability was higher in women (0."	( Gender-specific effects on verapamil pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in humans. Barnas, CR; Jones, MP; Krecic-Shepard, ME; Schwartz, JB; Slimko, J, 2000)	0.6
" From these findings, we concluded that a reduction of CsA bioavailability during ARF is caused by depression in bile excretion and renal function-dependent depression of uptake from intestinal tract via maybe P-gLycoprotein in enterocytes."	( Factors that affect absorption behavior of cyclosporin a in gentamicin-induced acute renal failure in rats. Hoshino, N; Minouchi, T; Morimoto, J; Shibata, N; Yamaji, A, 2000)	0.31
" The large amount of calcein leakage induced by enhancers was consistent with an enhancement of bioavailability of verapamil and insulin following nasal administration (oleic acid < SG < Sit-G)."	( The enhancing effect of soybean-derived sterylglucoside and beta-sitosterol beta-D-glucoside on nasal absorption in rabbits. Kamata, K; Maitani, Y; Nagai, T; Nakamura, K; Suenaga, H; Takayama, K, 2000)	0.52
"The quantitative structure-bioavailability relationship of 232 structurally diverse drugs was studied to evaluate the feasibility of constructing a predictive model for the human oral bioavailability of prospective new medicinal agents."	( QSAR model for drug human oral bioavailability. Topliss, JG; Yoshida, F, 2000)	0.31
" Greater verapamil and norverapamil bioavailability after administration of regular- compared with sustained-release verapamil also suggests saturable processes at the intestinal level."	( Faster clearance of sustained release verapamil in men versus women: continuing observations on sex-specific differences after oral administration of verapamil. Barnas, CR; Krecic-Shepard, ME; Schwartz, JB; Slimko, J, 2000)	1
" In addition, its role in modifying the bioavailability of orally administered drugs via induction or inhibition has been also been demonstrated in various studies."	( Multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer. Mechanisms, reversal using modulators of MDR and the role of MDR modulators in influencing the pharmacokinetics of anticancer drugs. Krishna, R; Mayer, LD, 2000)	0.31
"The goals of this study were to examine whether formulations, capable of releasing sulpiride (SP) in synchrony with the p-Glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors, verapamil (Ver) or quinidine (Qn) can increase SP relative bioavailability and to suggest a rationale approach for oral administration of SP."	( Improved intestinal absorption of sulpiride in rats with synchronized oral delivery systems. Baluom, M; Friedman, M; Rubinstein, A, 2001)	0.51
" It was used successfully in pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies of verapamil administration in drug formulations alternative to tablets: buccal and flotation ones."	( A validated method for the determination of verapamil and norverapamil in human plasma. Sawicki, W, 2001)	0.8
"Irinotecan (CPT-11) is a camptothecin analog with low (about 10--20%) and variable oral bioavailability in animal models."	( Active transepithelial transport of irinotecan (CPT-11) and its metabolites by human intestinal Caco-2 cells. de Bruijn, P; de Jonge, MJ; Kurihara, M; Nishiyama, M; Sparreboom, A; Takano, H; Verweij, J; Yamamoto, W, 2001)	0.31
" This may lead to increased bioavailability of coadministered compounds."	( Methadone inhibits rhodamine123 transport in Caco-2 cells. Greenblatt, DJ; Perloff, MD; Störmer, E; von Moltke, LL, 2001)	0.31
" This leads to a secretion-limited peroral absorption of salbutamol, which contributes to the poor oral bioavailability of the drug."	( The influence of active secretion processes on intestinal absorption of salbutamol in the rat. Casabó, VG; Martín-Villodre, A; Nácher, A; Valenzuela, B, 2001)	0.31
" However, NFZ is an inhibitor of P-gp activity at clinically relevant in vivo concentrations and may have the potential to increase bioavailability of coadministered compounds that are substrates for transport."	( P-glycoprotein interactions of nefazodone and trazodone in cell culture. Greenblatt, DJ; Perloff, MD; Störmer, E; von Moltke, LL, 2001)	0.31
" At a perfusate concentration of 1 mM, verapamil caused a dramatic increase in [(3)H]digoxin absorption rate from duodenum and jejunum, while the effect in colon was insignificant."	( The role of P-glycoprotein in limiting intestinal regional absorption of digoxin in rats. Borgå, O; Hultkvist-Bengtsson, U; Sababi, M, 2001)	0.58
"The contribution of the gastrointestinal tract in comparison with the liver for the low and variable bioavailability of orally administered drugs is still poorly understood."	( Determination of in vivo absorption, metabolism, and transport of drugs by the human intestinal wall and liver with a novel perfusion technique. Barclay, ML; Dent, J; Eichelbaum, M; Fraser, R; Fromm, MF; Greiner, B; Omari, T; Somogyi, AA; von Richter, O, 2001)	0.31
" Bioavailability was low (19."	( Determination of in vivo absorption, metabolism, and transport of drugs by the human intestinal wall and liver with a novel perfusion technique. Barclay, ML; Dent, J; Eichelbaum, M; Fraser, R; Fromm, MF; Greiner, B; Omari, T; Somogyi, AA; von Richter, O, 2001)	0.31
"First-pass metabolism by the intestinal wall is extensive and contributes to the same extent as the liver to low bioavailability of some drugs such as verapamil."	( Determination of in vivo absorption, metabolism, and transport of drugs by the human intestinal wall and liver with a novel perfusion technique. Barclay, ML; Dent, J; Eichelbaum, M; Fraser, R; Fromm, MF; Greiner, B; Omari, T; Somogyi, AA; von Richter, O, 2001)	0.51
" Chronic use of Saint John's wort (SJW) has been shown to lower the bioavailability for a variety of co-administered drugs including indinavir, cyclosporin, and digoxin."	( Saint John's wort: an in vitro analysis of P-glycoprotein induction due to extended exposure. Greenblatt, DJ; Perloff, MD; Shader, RI; Störmer, E; von Moltke, LL, 2001)	0.31
"It has been suggested that cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and MDR1 P-glycoprotein (P-gp) act synergistically to limit the bioavailability of orally administered agents."	( Comparative studies to determine the selective inhibitors for P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P4503A4. Achira, M; Ito, K; Sugiyama, Y; Suzuki, H, 1999)	0.3
" Bioavailability studies were carried out in 12 healthy volunteers including six men and six women."	( Pharmacokinetics of verapamil and norverapamil from controlled release floating pellets in humans. Sawicki, W, 2002)	0.64
"This paper describes a graphical model for simplifying in vitro absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination (ADME) data analysis through the estimation of oral bioavailability (%F) of drugs in humans and other species."	( Graphical model for estimating oral bioavailability of drugs in humans and other species from their Caco-2 permeability and in vitro liver enzyme metabolic stability rates. Hwang, KK; Mandagere, AK; Thompson, TN, 2002)	0.31
"The liver had a high intrinsic capacity for clearing VL because the absolute bioavailability (BA) of VL was 21."	( Differentiation of gut and hepatic first-pass effect of drugs: 1. Studies of verapamil in ported dogs. Kunta, JR; Lee, HS; Lee, YH; Perry, BA; Sinko, PJ; Sutyak, JP, 2001)	0.54
" Following oral administration, the bioavailability (F) of I (17%) was much higher than that of II (1%)."	( Differences in the absorption, metabolism and biliary excretion of a diastereomeric pair of alphavbeta3-antagonists in rat: limited role of P-glycoprotein. Duggan, ME; Hochman, J; Leppert, P; Lin, JH; Ma, B; Meissner, R; Meng, Y; Perkins, J; Prueksaritanont, T; Tang, C; Zrada, M, 2002)	0.31
" Bioavailability was determined by a crossover method in 12 healthy volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetics of verapamil and its metabolite norverapamil from a buccal drug formulation. Janicki, S; Sawicki, W, 2002)	0.64
" Oral bioavailability of M6G and the fraction of M6G deglucuronidated to morphine were estimated from areas under the plasma-concentration vs."	( Verapamil decreases glucuronidase activity in the gut. Geisslinger, G; Kroemer, HK; Lötsch, J; Sperker, B, 2002)	1.76
"Berberine is an important ingredient in a number of traditional Chinese medicines but has been shown to have poor bioavailability in the dog."	( The involvement of P-glycoprotein in berberine absorption. Fawcett, JP; Liu, XD; Pan, GY; Wang, GJ; Xie, YY, 2002)	0.31
"In an attempt to improve the oral bioavailability of paclitaxel, a novel P-glycoprotein inhibitor, KR30031, which is verapamil analog with fewer cardiovascular effects, was coadministered with paclitaxel, and to elucidate other possible causes of the low oral bioavailability of paclitaxel, an inhibitor of hepatic metabolism, ketoconazole, was also coadministered with paclitaxel."	( Enhanced oral bioavailability of paclitaxel by coadministration of the P-glycoprotein inhibitor KR30031. Hwang, SJ; Lee, CH; Shim, CK; Woo, JS, 2003)	0.53
" Thus, the bioavailability of paclitaxel could be enhanced by coadministration of a P-glycoprotein inhibitor, KR-30031."	( Enhanced oral bioavailability of paclitaxel by coadministration of the P-glycoprotein inhibitor KR30031. Hwang, SJ; Lee, CH; Shim, CK; Woo, JS, 2003)	0.32
"The human multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein (Pgp, ABCB1) contributes to the poor bioavailability of many anticancer and antimicrobial agents as well as to drug resistance at the cellular level."	( Allosteric modulation of human P-glycoprotein. Inhibition of transport by preventing substrate translocation and dissociation. Dey, S; Hafkemeyer, P; Maki, N, 2003)	0.32
"Weakly basic drugs, such as verapamil hydrochloride, that are poorly soluble in neutral/alkaline medium may have poor oral bioavailability due to reduced solubility in the small intestine and colon."	( Film coated pellets containing verapamil hydrochloride: enhanced dissolution into neutral medium. Munday, DL, 2003)	0.9
"The mdr1 gene product P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is involved in the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of various drugs."	( (R)- and (S)-[11C]verapamil as PET-tracers for measuring P-glycoprotein function: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Boellaard, R; Franssen, EJ; Keizer, H; Lammertsma, AA; Luurtsema, G; Molthoff, CF; Smit, JW; Windhorst, AD, 2003)	0.65
"Our objective was to investigate the main in vivo transport mechanisms of fexofenadine involved in the intestinal absorption and bioavailability of the drug in humans."	( Multiple transport mechanisms involved in the intestinal absorption and first-pass extraction of fexofenadine. Bondesson, U; Hedeland, M; Knutson, L; Lennernäs, H; Petri, N; Tannergren, C, 2003)	0.32
"In this in vivo perfusion study verapamil increased the bioavailability of fexofenadine."	( Multiple transport mechanisms involved in the intestinal absorption and first-pass extraction of fexofenadine. Bondesson, U; Hedeland, M; Knutson, L; Lennernäs, H; Petri, N; Tannergren, C, 2003)	0.6
" Cellular and animal data suggest that ethanol confers beneficial effects on the vascular endothelium and increases the bioavailability of nitric oxide."	( Direct effect of ethanol on human vascular function. Creager, MA; Omland, T; Tawakol, A, 2004)	0.32
"Repeated administration of St John's wort significantly decreased the bioavailability of R- and S-verapamil."	( St John's wort decreases the bioavailability of R- and S-verapamil through induction of the first-pass metabolism. Bondesson, U; Engman, H; Hedeland, M; Knutson, L; Lennernäs, H; Tannergren, C, 2004)	0.79
" The presented method was successfully applied to an in vivo intestinal absorption and bioavailability study in humans, using the Loc-I-Gut method."	( Simultaneous quantification of the enantiomers of verapamil and its N-demethylated metabolite in human plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Bondesson, U; Fredriksson, E; Hedeland, M; Lennernäs, H, 2004)	0.58
"Low and varied oral bioavailability (BA) of some drugs has been attributed to extraction by the intestine and liver."	( Differentiation of gut and hepatic first-pass loss of verapamil in intestinal and vascular access-ported (IVAP) rabbits. Kunta, JR; Lee, SH; Lee, YH; Perry, BA; Sinko, PJ, 2004)	0.57
" Species differences were observed in the systemic clearance of theophylline (approximately 5-fold higher in CHPs), a low clearance compound, and the bioavailability of propranolol and verapamil (lower in CHPs), both high clearance compounds."	( The chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) as a pharmacokinetic model for selection of drug candidates: model characterization and application. Bai, SA; Christ, DD; Diamond, S; Grace, JE; Grossman, SJ; He, K; Qian, M; Wong, H; Wright, MR; Yeleswaram, K, 2004)	0.51
" The absolute bioavailability of paclitaxel with verapamil (3."	( The effect of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel in rats. Choi, JS; Li, X, 2005)	0.94
"This study suggests that verapamil increases fexofenadine exposure probably because of an increase in bioavailability through P-glycoprotein inhibition and that probenecid slightly increases the area under the plasma concentration-time curve of fexofenadine as a result of a pronounced reduction in renal clearance."	( Different effects of three transporting inhibitors, verapamil, cimetidine, and probenecid, on fexofenadine pharmacokinetics. Sugawara, K; Tateishi, T; Uno, T; Yasui-Furukori, N, 2005)	0.88
" Thus, to accurately determine the absorption rate of Rho123, it was necessary to measure the water movement."	( Regional difference in P-glycoprotein function in rat intestine. Hayashi, M; Iida, A; Tomita, M, 2005)	0.33
" The absolute bioavailability (F(A."	( Pharmacokinetics of verapamil and its major metabolite, norverapamil from oral administration of verapamil in rabbits with hepatic failure induced by carbon tetrachloride. Burm, JP; Choi, JS, 2005)	0.65
"This study demonstrated that the bioavailability of risperidone was increased by verapamil, suggesting in vivo involvement of P-glycoprotein in the pharmacokinetics of risperidone."	( Effect of verapamil on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of risperidone: in vivo evidence of involvement of P-glycoprotein in risperidone disposition. Kaneo, S; Nakagami, T; Saito, M; Tateishi, T; Yasui-Furukori, N, 2005)	0.96
" As Pgp varies from person to person to an extent of 2-8-fold, it can be one direct reason for the interindividual variable bioavailability shown by rifampicin."	( Evidence of efflux-mediated and saturable absorption of rifampicin in rat intestine using the ligated loop and everted gut sac techniques. Mariappan, TT; Singh, S, )	0.13
"The efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), located in the brush-border membrane of intestinal absorptive cells, reduces the bioavailability of a wide range of orally administered drugs."	( Construction of a functional transporter analysis system using MDR1 knockdown Caco-2 cells. Onuki, R; Sugiyama, Y; Taira, K; Watanabe, T; Yamashita, S, 2005)	0.33
" Our previous studies demonstrated that sinomenine could significantly improve the bioavailability of paeoniflorin in rats, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown."	( The effects of sinomenine on intestinal absorption of paeoniflorin by the everted rat gut sac model. Chan, K; Jiang, ZH; Liu, L; Liu, ZQ; Wong, YF; Xu, HX; Zhou, H, 2006)	0.33
" The hypotensive effect of isosorbid dinitrate, commonly used as a vasodilatator, was weaker at the onset of AW, being associated with the decreased bioavailability of the drug."	( Responses to cardiovascular drugs during alcohol withdrawal. Kähkönen, S, )	0.13
" The test formulation was found to be comparable with the Herbesser SR in the extent of bioavailability but differ in the rate of absorption, the test formulation being less sustained."	( In vivo performance of controlled release pellets of diltiazem HCl. Jia Woei, W; K H, Y, 2005)	0.33
" These results indicate that the mechanism of the pharmacokinetic interaction between oral ximelagatran and erythromycin may involve inhibition of transport proteins, possibly P-gp, resulting in decreased melagatran biliary excretion and increased bioavailability of melagatran."	( Influence of erythromycin on the pharmacokinetics of ximelagatran may involve inhibition of P-glycoprotein-mediated excretion. Dorani, H; Eriksson, UG; Fritsch, H; Hoffmann, KJ; Karlsson, J; Olsson, L; Sarich, TC; Schützer, KM; Wall, U, 2006)	0.33
" The apparent absorption rate constant (ka) of [(14)C]bepotastine in the small intestine was greatly increased by cyclosporin A and verapamil, especially in the distal portion, and the site-specific absorption of [(14)C]bepotastine disappeared."	( Effect of P-glycoprotein on intestinal absorption and brain penetration of antiallergic agent bepotastine besilate. Fukuda, H; Kamikozawa, Y; Ohashi, R; Sugiura, M; Tamai, I; Yabuuchi, H, 2006)	0.54
"The significance of intestinal P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in determining the oral bioavailability of tacrolimus has been still controversial."	( Limited interaction between tacrolimus and P-glycoprotein in the rat small intestine. Achiwa, K; Aungst, BJ; Kobayashi, M; Oda, M; Saikachi, Y; Saitoh, H; Tadano, K; Takahashi, Y; Yamaguchi, M; Yuhki, Y, 2006)	0.33
" In conclusion, pretreatment of naringin enhanced the oral bioavailability of verapamil."	( Effect of naringin pretreatment on bioavailability of verapamil in rabbits. Choi, JS; Yeum, CH, 2006)	0.81
" It was found that oral bioavailability increases after administration of higher doses of talinolol."	( In silico modeling of non-linear drug absorption for the P-gp substrate talinolol and of consequences for the resulting pharmacodynamic effect. Bolger, MB; Langguth, P; Spahn-Langguth, H; Tubic, M; Wagner, D, 2006)	0.33
" Spline functions in convolutional modeling of verapamil formulation bioavailability and bioequivalence, as shown in the numerical simulation investigation, are very powerful additional tools for assessing the quality of new verapamil formulations in order to ensure that they are of the same quality as already registered formulations of the drug."	( Spline functions in convolutional modeling of verapamil bioavailability and bioequivalence. I: conceptual and numerical issues. Popović, J, )	0.65
" Bioavailability of the new peroral retard formulation ranged from 19."	( Spline functions in convolutional modeling of verapamil bioavailability and bioequivalence. II: study in healthy volunteers. Daković-Svajcer, K; Jakovljević, V; Mikov, M; Mitić, R; Popović, J; Sabo, A, )	0.39
" To compare the pharmacokinetic characteristics and bioavailability in six Beagle dogs after oral administration of VH-COERP and verapamil hydrochloride delayed-release pellets (VH-DRP) as reference."	( [Preparation of verapamil hydrochloride controlled-onset extended-release pellets and its pharmacokinetics in dogs]. Chen, HX; Chen, XJ; Chen, ZP; Li, LR; Xiao, YY; Zhu, JB, 2006)	0.88
" Compared with the VH-DRP, VH-COERP in vivo has an obviously lag time (4 h) , Tmax was also delayed (8 h) and the relative bioavailability was (94."	( [Preparation of verapamil hydrochloride controlled-onset extended-release pellets and its pharmacokinetics in dogs]. Chen, HX; Chen, XJ; Chen, ZP; Li, LR; Xiao, YY; Zhu, JB, 2006)	0.68
"The bioavailability of a new retard tablet formulation of verapamil was investigated in a randomized cross-over bioequivalence study on 12 healthy subjects."	( Validation of the hepatic blood flow rate model for verapamil first-pass metabolism. Popović, J, )	0.63
" Co-administration with carvedilol increased ciclosporin bioavailability from 33% to 70%."	( Carvedilol increases ciclosporin bioavailability by inhibiting P-glycoprotein-mediated transport. Amioka, K; Ejiri, M; Kushihara, H; Kuzuya, T; Nabeshima, T; Nitta, A, 2007)	0.34
"05) increased the bioavailability of verapamil in rats."	( Effect of atorvastatin on the intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics of verapamil in rats. Chang, KS; Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Han, HK; Hong, SP, 2008)	0.85
" The oral bioavailability of verapamil was 32."	( Effects of liver fibrosis on verapamil pharmacokinetics in rats. Chen, M; Hu, XL; Wang, H; Xu, D, 2008)	0.93
" To compare the relative effects of co-administration of P-gp/CYP modulators on intestinal lymphatic transport versus systemic bioavailability of saquinavir."	( An examination of the effect of intestinal first pass extraction on intestinal lymphatic transport of saquinavir in the rat. Griffin, BT; O'Driscoll, CM, 2008)	0.35
" A comparison of the relative enhancement of lymphatic transport and plasma bioavailability compared to control (i."	( An examination of the effect of intestinal first pass extraction on intestinal lymphatic transport of saquinavir in the rat. Griffin, BT; O'Driscoll, CM, 2008)	0.35
" Thus, a functional interplay between membrane Gb3 and MDR1 provides a more physiologically based approach to MDR1 regulation to increase the bioavailability of chemotherapeutic drugs."	( Inhibition of multidrug resistance by adamantylgb3, a globotriaosylceramide analog. Ackerley, C; Clarke, DM; De Rosa, MF; Ito, S; Lingwood, C; Wang, B, 2008)	0.35
" Thus, the relative bioavailability increased by the same magnitude with atorvastatin."	( Drug interaction between oral atorvastatin and verapamil in healthy subjects: effects of atorvastatin on the pharmacokinetics of verapamil and norverapamil. Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Shin, WG, 2008)	0.6
" The efflux of Mrp2, not P-gp, in the intestinal of the rats may be one of the reasons that lead to the low oral bioavailability of scutellarin."	( Mrp2-related efflux of scutellarin in the intestinal absorption in rats. Cao, F; Guo, J; Ping, Q; Zhang, H, 2008)	0.35
" This accounted for the lower bioavailability of the compound in humans than in rats."	( Identification of intestinal loss of a drug through physiologically based pharmacokinetic simulation of plasma concentration-time profiles. Peters, SA, 2008)	0.35
" Consequently hesperidin significantly enhanced bioavailability of verapamil in rats."	( Enhanced bioavailability of verapamil after oral administration with hesperidin in rats. Choi, JS; Piao, YJ, 2008)	0.88
" The hepatic bioavailability of VP showed saturable metabolism, and the hepatic bioavailability of R-VP was higher than that of S-VP."	( Stereoselective first-pass metabolism of verapamil in the small intestine and liver in rats. Hanada, K; Ikemi, Y; Kukita, K; Mihara, K; Ogata, H, 2008)	0.61
"Hypoxis hemerocallidea and l-canavanine interact with the efflux of nevirapine across intestinal epithelial cells and therefore can potentially increase the bioavailability of this antiretroviral drug when taken concomitantly."	( Impact of traditional medicinal plant extracts on antiretroviral drug absorption. Brown, D; Brown, L; Hamman, JH; Heyneke, O; van Wyk, JP, 2008)	0.35
" The poor bioavailability of buagafuran may be partially due to the effect of P-gp on its absorption and transportation in intestinal lumen."	( [Effect of P-glycoprotein on the absorption of buagafuran in rat intestinal lumen]. Li, E; Li, Y, 2008)	0.35
" Although the effects of Echinacea purpurea on systemic P-gp mediated drug transport are probably limited, an influence on drug bioavailability can not be excluded."	( Echinacea purpurea and P-glycoprotein drug transport in Caco-2 cells. Hansen, TS; Nilsen, OG, 2009)	0.35
"1 min and high clearance values suggesting that drug bioavailability will be considerably reduced, consequently affecting drug response and efficacy."	( Quantitative determination of capsaicin, a transient receptor potential channel vanilloid 1 agonist, by liquid chromatography quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry: evaluation of in vitro metabolic stability. Beaudry, F; Vachon, P, 2009)	0.35
" In continuation of the tests investigating the factors limiting bioavailability of boswellic acids, the present study examined the permeability of KBA and AKBA in human Caco-2 cell lines."	( Permeation of Boswellia extract in the Caco-2 model and possible interactions of its constituents KBA and AKBA with OATP1B3 and MRP2. Abdel-Tawab, M; Fricker, G; Hummel, J; Kanzer, J; Krüger, P; Schubert-Zsilavecz, M, 2009)	0.35
"Oral bioavailability is one of the important criteria for development of a drug-lead candidate."	( Involvement of P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance associated protein 1 on the transepithelial transport of a mercaptoacetamide-based histone-deacetylase inhibitor in Caco-2 cells. Jung, M; Konsoula, Z, 2009)	0.35
" However, compared with the controls, both the AUC and the relative bioavailability of verapamil were significantly (p<0."	( Effects of oral epigallocatechin gallate on the oral pharmacokinetics of verapamil in rats. Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Chung, JH, 2009)	0.81
" The absorption rate was jejunum > ileum > colon."	( [Absorption of extractive Radix Paeoniae Alba in rat everted gut sacs and its interaction with P-glycoprotein]. Dong, Y; Li, Y; Yang, Q; Zhang, Y; Zhu, X, 2009)	0.35
" After oral administration of diammonium glycyrrhizinate (50 mg kg(-1)), the peak plasma concentration (C(max)), area under the plasma concentration-time curve from zero to time tau (AUC(0-tau)), and absolute bioavailability of aconitine (0."	( Effects of diammonium glycyrrhizinate on the pharmacokinetics of aconitine in rats and the potential mechanism. Chen, L; Chen, YX; Davey, AK; Liu, XQ; Wang, JP; Yang, J, 2009)	0.35
"This study was to investigate the effect of lovastatin on the bioavailability or pharmacokinetics of verapamil and its major metabolite, norverapamil, in rats."	( Effects of lovastatin on the pharmacokinetics of verapamil and its active metabolite, norverapamil in rats: possible role of P-glycoprotein inhibition by lovastatin. Chang, KS; Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Hong, SP; Koh, YY, 2009)	0.82
" Consequently, the relative bioavailability of verapamil was also significantly increased (by 76."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction between oral lovastatin and verapamil in healthy subjects: role of P-glycoprotein inhibition by lovastatin. Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Chung, JH, 2010)	0.86
"Oral bioavailability (F) is a product of fraction absorbed (Fa), fraction escaping gut-wall elimination (Fg), and fraction escaping hepatic elimination (Fh)."	( Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination. Chang, G; El-Kattan, A; Miller, HR; Obach, RS; Rotter, C; Steyn, SJ; Troutman, MD; Varma, MV, 2010)	0.36
" Consequently, the absolute bioavailability (A."	( Effects of simvastatin on the pharmacokinetics of verapamil and its main metabolite, norverapamil, in rats. Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Li, C, )	0.38
" HLJDD treatment increased the bioavailability of verapamil partly via inhibiting first-pass verapamil metabolism in the intestine."	( Effect of Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Decoction on pharmacokinetics of verapamil in rats. Hu, N; Jing, XY; Liu, CH; Liu, XD; Wang, GJ; Xie, L; Xie, SS, 2010)	0.86
" This model also has application for the screening of drug candidates for effects on oral bioavailability via effects on the subcellular distribution and trafficking of P-gp."	( Characterization of PXR mediated P-glycoprotein regulation in intestinal LS174T cells. Allen, J; Bebawy, M; Kota, BP; Roufogalis, BD; Tran, VH, 2010)	0.36
" To show the importance of physicochemical properties, the classic QSAR and CoMFA of neonicotinoids and prediction of bioavailability of pesticides in terms of membrane permeability in comparison with drugs are described."	( Importance of physicochemical properties for the design of new pesticides. Akamatsu, M, 2011)	0.37
" Although the relative bioavailability of colonic administration of diclofenac, metformin and cevimeline compared to oral administration was similar regardless of the drug doses in the colon, colonic absorption of diltiazem varied according to the doses."	( The relationship between the drug concentration profiles in plasma and the drug doses in the colon. Hosoi, Y; Kanamaru, T; Konno, T; Nakagami, H; Tajiri, S; Yada, S; Yoshida, K, 2010)	0.36
"P-glycoprotein is an efflux pump belonging to the ATP-binding cassette super-family that influences the bioavailability and disposition of many drugs."	( Tumor necrosis factor alpha increases P-glycoprotein expression in a BME-UV in vitro model of mammary epithelial cells. Al-Bataineh, MM; Gehring, R; Schultz, BD; van der Merwe, D, 2010)	0.36
" The absolute bioavailability of verapamil was higher than that of control rats."	( Opposite effect of diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin on oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics of verapamil in rats. Chen, G; Hu, N; Liu, H; Liu, L; Liu, X; Pan, X; Wang, G; Wang, X; Xie, L; Xie, S; Zhang, L, 2011)	0.86
" PDE-310 exhibited high oral bioavailability (>70%) and was distributed well to various tissues except brain and testis."	( Preclinical pharmacokinetics of PDE-310, a novel PDE4 inhibitor. Ahn, SH; Bae, MA; Cheon, HG; Jeon, DJ; Kim, MS; Kwon, KI; Lee, BH; Park, JS; Rho, HJ; Seo, JW; Song, JS, 2011)	0.37
"P-glycoprotein (P-gp), expressed in the apical membranes of the epithelial cells of the intestine, can reduce the oral bioavailability of a wide range of drugs."	( Enhancing effect of N-octyl-O-sulfate chitosan on etoposide absorption. Mo, R; Ping, Q; Sun, M; Xiao, Y; Zhang, C, 2011)	0.37
" Thus, this study suggests that (thiolated) polymers display a promising potential to inhibit cytochrome P450s activity and might turn out to be potentially valuable tools for improving the oral bioavailability of actively secreted compounds by avoiding intestinal metabolism."	( Thiomers: Inhibition of cytochrome P450 activity. Bernkop-Schnürch, A; Iqbal, J; Sakloetsakun, D, 2011)	0.37
" In vivo, the oral bioavailability of PTX loaded in NOSC micelles (PTX-M) was 6-fold improved in comparison with that of an orally dosed Taxol(®)."	( The mechanism of enhancement on oral absorption of paclitaxel by N-octyl-O-sulfate chitosan micelles. Jin, X; Ju, C; Li, N; Mo, R; Ping, Q; Sun, M; Zhang, C, 2011)	0.37
" Apparent permeability values (Papp) and absorption rate constant (Ka) of baicalin in the duodenum increased gradually with higher concentrations."	( [The enhancing effect of Angelica dahurica extracts on absorption of baicalin--the active composition of Scutellaria]. Cao, YC; Chen, XL; Liang, XL; Liao, ZG; Wang, GF; Yang, M; Zhao, GW; Zhu, JY, 2011)	0.37
" The absorption rate of flavonoid glycoside was lower than that of aglycone; the flavonoids from Abelmoschus manihot flowers could be absorbed in all of the intestinal segments."	( [Absorption of flavonoids from Abelmoschus manihot extract by in situ intestinal perfusion]. Duan, JA; Guo, JM; Qian, DW; Shu, Y; Xue, CF, 2011)	0.37
" The goals of this study were to determine the mechanisms responsible for its poor oral absorption and to improve its bioavailability by overcoming the barrier to its absorption."	( Enhancement of oral bioavailability of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 through improved understanding of its absorption and efflux mechanisms. Gao, S; Hu, M; Jiang, Z; Teng, Y; Wang, J; Wu, B; Yang, Z; Yin, T; You, M, 2011)	0.37
"P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an efflux transporter that regulates bioavailability of orally administered drugs at the intestinal epithelium."	( Real-time analysis of P-glycoprotein-mediated drug transport across primary intestinal epithelium three-dimensionally cultured in vitro. Fukuda, M; Mizutani, T; Mochizuki, W; Morikawa, R; Nagaishi, T; Nakamura, T; Nemoto, Y; Nozaki, K; Okamoto, R; Tsuchiya, K; Watanabe, M; Yamauchi, Y; Yui, S, 2012)	0.38
" These observations indicated that the three alkaloids may not only be P-gp inhibitors but also its substrates; they interact with each other and can potentially enhance their own bioavailability when taken concomitantly."	( Intestinal transport of pure diester-type alkaloids from an aconite extract across the Caco-2 cell monolayer model. Li, N; Liu, Z; Ma, J; Sui, Z; Tsao, R, 2012)	0.38
" In conclusion, the low bioavailability of FB2 is believed to be partially due to the P-gp mediated active efflux and first-pass metabolism in the rat intestine."	( Role of P-glycoprotein in intestinal absorption of FB2, a promising Abl/Src dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Hu, J; Huang, K; Li, X; Li, Y, 2012)	0.38
" The P-gp efflux and CYP3A4 metabolism were involved in the poor intestinal absorption and low bioavailability of limonin."	( [Transport of limonin in rat intestine in situ and Caco-2 cells in vitro]. He, L; Ke, X; Tian, JL; Zhang, XY, 2012)	0.38
" In our preliminary study, notoginsenoside R₁ was able significantly to improve the bioavailability of geniposide in beagle dogs, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown."	( The effects of notoginsenoside R₁ on the intestinal absorption of geniposide by the everted rat gut sac model. Chula, S; Hang, L; Jianning, S; Shi, R; Yinying, B, 2012)	0.38
"Ginsenoside compound K (CK) is a bioactive compound with poor oral bioavailability due to its high polarity, while its novel ester prodrugs, the butyl and octyl ester (CK-B and CK-O), are more lipophilic than the original drug and have an excellent bioavailability."	( Absorption mechanism of ginsenoside compound K and its butyl and octyl ester prodrugs in Caco-2 cells. Deng, ZY; Hu, JN; Li, HY; Li, W; Liu, XR; Luo, T; Ye, H; Zhang, B; Zheng, YN; Zhu, XM, 2012)	0.38
"The oral (po) bioavailability of gemifloxacin mesylate in rats and its possible association with efflux transporters was investigated."	( Transport of gemifloxacin, a 4th generation quinolone antibiotic, in the Caco-2 and engineered MDCKII cells, and potential involvement of efflux transporters in the intestinal absorption of the drug. Chong, S; Chung, SJ; Jin, HE; Kim, DD; Kim, SB; Shim, CK; Shim, WS; Song, B, 2013)	0.39
"To study the absorption of baicalin (BA), baicalin-phospholipid complex (BA-PC), and two kinds of self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) of BA-PC (BA-PC-NE-SMEDDS with natural emulsifier and BA-PC-NS-SMEDDS with nonionic surfactants) and predict the ability of improving bioavailability through changing the formulation of BA."	( [Drug delivery systems of baicalin, baicalin-phospholipid complex and self-microemulsifying drug across Caco-2 cell model]. Chen, L; Huang, SH; Long, XY; Pan, SJ; Wu, HY, 2012)	0.38
" A good correlation between the dissolution profiles and bioavailability indicated a linear relationship between in vitro - in vivo data."	( Modulation of drug release by utilizing pH-independent matrix system comprising water soluble drug verapamil hydrochloride. Baviskar, D; Jain, D; Sharma, R, 2013)	0.61
"It may be concluded that BCRP plays an important role in the intestinal efflux of MED-5 and limits the bioavailability after oral administration of MED-15."	( Evaluation of intestinal absorption of amtolmetin guacyl in rats: breast cancer resistant protein as a primary barrier of oral bioavailability. Li, X; Liu, D; Rong, Z; Xiang, D; Xu, Y; Zhang, C, 2013)	0.39
" Etoposide SMEDDS were orally administered to rats for in vivo bioavailability investigation."	( Enhanced intestinal absorption of etoposide by self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems: roles of P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A inhibition. Huang, J; Li, G; Si, L; Xue, K; Zhao, G, 2013)	0.39
" The aim of the present study was to develop and characterize chitosan mucoadhesive microspheres of verapamil hydrochloride (VRP) for intranasal delivery as an alternative to oral VRP which suffers low bioavailability (20%) due to extensive first pass effect."	( Bioavailability enhancement of verapamil HCl via intranasal chitosan microspheres. Abdel Mouez, M; Geneidi, AS; Mansour, S; Zaki, NM, 2014)	0.9
"One of the key factors in drug discovery is related to the metabolic properties of the lead compound, which may influence the bioavailability of the drug, its therapeutic window, and unwanted side-effects of its metabolites."	( High-throughput, computer assisted, specific MetID. A revolution for drug discovery. Fontaine, F; Plasencia, G; Serra, B; Zamora, I, 2013)	0.39
" Rise in oral bioavailability of PCT after pre-treatment by cyclosporine was lower than ibuprofen."	( Enhanced oral bioavailability of paclitaxel by concomitant use of absorption enhancers and P-glycoprotein inhibitors in rats. Ahmadi, F; Mohammadi-Samani, S; Montaseri, H; Sobhani, Z; Zarea, B, 2013)	0.39
" In this study, we systematically evaluated the potential role of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in the mechanisms underlying the low and variable bioavailability of oral AC."	( P-glycoprotein is responsible for the poor intestinal absorption and low toxicity of oral aconitine: in vitro, in situ, in vivo and in silico studies. Li, Z; Liu, F; Liu, K; Ruan, J; Xu, L; Yang, C; Zhang, T; Zhang, Z, 2013)	0.39
" Its oral bioavailability is low and its intestinal absorption mechanism is not clear."	( Intestinal absorption of raltitrexed and evaluation of the effects of absorption enhancers. Li, X; Lu, Y; Yin, Z; Yu, Y; Zhao, X, 2013)	0.39
"Various potential molecules with putative positive role in stroke pathology have failed to confer neuro-protection in animal models due to their insufficient bioavailability in brain."	( Verapamil augments the neuroprotectant action of berberine in rat model of transient global cerebral ischemia. Chopra, K; Singh, DP, 2013)	1.83
" In summary, our results clearly demonstrate, for the first time, that poor bioavailability of these three prenylated flavonoids is the result of poor intrinsic permeability and efflux by apical efflux transporters."	( Study on the mechanism of intestinal absorption of epimedins a, B and C in the Caco-2 cell model. Chen, Y; Gao, X; Liu, C; Qu, D; Wang, Y; Zhou, J, 2014)	0.4
" Coadministration of a mixture of linoleic acid-monoolein significantly increased the extent of intestinal lymphatic transport of PTX, but it had little impact on the absolute oral bioavailability of PTX."	( Effects of lipid vehicle and P-glycoprotein inhibition on the mesenteric lymphatic transport of paclitaxel in unconscious, lymph duct-cannulated rats. An, D; Cai, Q; Deng, X; Li, Z; Shen, T; Zhong, M, 2016)	0.43
" However, its oral bioavailability has not been known."	( Permeability of rhynchophylline across human intestinal cell in vitro. Li, M; Ma, B; Sun, G; Sun, J; Sun, X; Wang, J; Xu, H, 2014)	0.4
" This led to the identification of selected triazolopyrimidines and phenylpyrimidines that are orally bioavailable and brain-penetrant without disruption of Pgp function."	( Brain-penetrant, orally bioavailable microtubule-stabilizing small molecules are potential candidate therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies. Ballatore, C; Brunden, KR; Cornec, AS; Gay, B; Hoye, AT; Hyde, E; James, MJ; Lee, VM; Lou, K; Smith, AB; Trojanowski, JQ; Yao, Y, 2014)	0.4
" Moreover, pharmacokinetic studies were performed in animal models to evaluate the absolute bioavailability of oral doses (Foral) of different compounds."	( Development, validation, and application of a novel 7-day Caco-2 cell culture system. Bi, H; Cai, Y; Chen, P; Hu, J; Hu, R; Huang, M; Xu, C, )	0.13
" Furthermore, pharmacokinetic studies of several compounds performed in animal models revealed that the absolute bioavailability of oral doses in vivo was well correlated with the Caco-2 permeability in vitro."	( Development, validation, and application of a novel 7-day Caco-2 cell culture system. Bi, H; Cai, Y; Chen, P; Hu, J; Hu, R; Huang, M; Xu, C, )	0.13
" Although the anticancer activity of PPI has been well demonstrated, information regarding the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability is limited."	( Study on the pharmacokinetics profiles of polyphyllin I and its bioavailability enhancement through co-administration with P-glycoprotein inhibitors by LC-MS/MS method. Ding, CH; Li, SL; Long, MH; Mao, Q; Shakya, S; Zhu, H; Zhu, SC, 2015)	0.42
"Bazedoxifene, a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator, has complex pharmacokinetics with rapid absorption, high metabolic clearance, low oral bioavailability (6."	( Efflux and uptake transporters involved in the disposition of bazedoxifene. Berginc, K; Kristl, A; Lušin, TT; Mrhar, A; Stieger, B; Trontelj, J, 2016)	0.43
"To evaluate the effect of Radix euphorbiae pekinensis extract on the permeability and bioavailability of paclitaxel co-administered orally."	( [Effect of Radix euphorbiae pekinensis extract on bioavailability of paclitaxel after their oral co-administration]. Li, M; Liu, S; Peng, L; Wang, S; Yang, F, 2015)	0.42
"Based on Ussing Chamber and in vivo experiment, the permeability and bioavailability of paclitaxel were evaluated after oral co-administration with radix euphorbiae pekinensis in rats."	( [Effect of Radix euphorbiae pekinensis extract on bioavailability of paclitaxel after their oral co-administration]. Li, M; Liu, S; Peng, L; Wang, S; Yang, F, 2015)	0.42
"Co-administration of Radix euphorbiae pekinensis extract can increase the bioavailability of orally administered paclitaxel."	( [Effect of Radix euphorbiae pekinensis extract on bioavailability of paclitaxel after their oral co-administration]. Li, M; Liu, S; Peng, L; Wang, S; Yang, F, 2015)	0.42
" Metoprolol and Verapamil absorption rate coefficients were determined using the in situ closed loop perfusion model in four strains of rats and in both genders."	( Drug gastrointestinal absorption in rat: Strain and gender differences. Bermejo, M; Colon-Useche, S; González-Álvarez, I; González-Álvarez, M; Mangas-Sanjuan, V; Oltra-Noguera, D, 2015)	0.76
" The absolute oral bioavailability of pristimerin is 28."	( Absorption and metabolism characteristics of pristimerin as determined by a sensitive and reliable LC-MS/MS method. Dong, C; Gao, Y; Liu, H; Peng, J; Xu, C; Xu, S, 2015)	0.42
"This present study investigated the absorption kinetics of echinacoside (ECH) in situ and in vitro and its oral bioavailability in rats."	( Enhancement of absorption and bioavailability of echinacoside by verapamil or clove oil. Kou, JP; Li, F; Shen, JY; Yang, XL; Yang, ZL, 2015)	0.65
" Pharmacokinetics study was performed to investigate the influences of verapamil and clove oil on ECH bioavailability in vivo."	( Enhancement of absorption and bioavailability of echinacoside by verapamil or clove oil. Kou, JP; Li, F; Shen, JY; Yang, XL; Yang, ZL, 2015)	0.89
"The absorption and bioavailability of ECH were enhanced by verapamil and clove oil, respectively, both in vitro and in vivo."	( Enhancement of absorption and bioavailability of echinacoside by verapamil or clove oil. Kou, JP; Li, F; Shen, JY; Yang, XL; Yang, ZL, 2015)	0.9
" As a result of this, a significant decrease in the intestinal uptake and peroral bioavailability of the P-glycoprotein substrates (verapamil and atorvastatin) was observed along with the progression of diabetes as compared to normal animals."	( Increased intestinal P-glycoprotein expression and activity with progression of diabetes and its modulation by epigallocatechin-3-gallate: Evidence from pharmacokinetic studies. Agarwal, M; Dash, RP; Ellendula, B; Nivsarkar, M, 2015)	0.62
" Unfortunately, due to the low bioavailability and consequently low blood level, they cannot be used for cancer therapy."	( Anthocyanidins but not anthocyanins inhibit P-glycoprotein-mediated calcein extrusion - possible implication for orally administered drugs. Vrzal, R, 2016)	0.43
" Similarly absorption rate constant (Ka), fraction absorbed (Fab) and effective permeability (Peff) of FEX were increased significantly in ileum of RSV and VER pretreated groups when compared to FEX alone group."	( Effect of resveratrol on the pharmacokinetics of fexofenadine in rats: Involvement of P-glycoprotein inhibition. Bedada, SK; Neerati, P; Yellu, NR, 2016)	0.43
" P-gp inhibitors could serve as helpful tools to enhance the oral bioavailability of those substances."	( The application of P-gp inhibiting phospholipids as novel oral bioavailability enhancers - An in vitro and in vivo comparison. Burhenne, J; Fricker, G; Mylius, P; Schubert, R; Weinheimer, M, 2017)	0.46
" The chitosan composite transfersomal formulation exhibited absolute bioavailability of 81."	( Composite chitosan-transfersomal vesicles for improved transnasal permeation and bioavailability of verapamil. Abdel-Mottaleb, M; Geneidi, AS; Mansour, S; Mouez, MA; Nasr, M, 2016)	0.65
"P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an important efflux transporter in intestine, regulates the bioavailability of orally taken drugs."	( A Novel Model of P-Glycoprotein Inhibitor Screening Using Human Small Intestinal Organoids. Li, D; Liu, M; Sun, J; Wang, X; Zeng, Z; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhao, J, 2017)	0.46
" These results indicate that 4,8-sphingadienine that originates from the glucosylceramide of higher plants is poorly absorbed in the intestine because of efflux by P-glycoprotein and can be incorporated into a ceramide moiety, at least in part, in intestinal endothelial cells."	( Selective Absorption of Dietary Sphingoid Bases from the Intestine via Efflux by P-Glycoprotein in Rats. Aida, K; Fujii, A; Hirata, T; Manabe, Y; Sugawara, T; Tsuduki, T, 2017)	0.46
" Co-administration of verapamil resulted in a modest increase of the apparent bioavailability of oxcarbazepine by 12% (10-28), but did not affect parent or metabolite clearances."	( Population pharmacokinetics of oxcarbazepine and its metabolite 10-hydroxycarbazepine in healthy subjects. Alexandre Junior, V; Antunes, NJ; Coelho, EB; Della Pasqua, O; Lanchote, VL; Takayanagui, OM; Tozatto, E; van Dijkman, SC; van Hasselt, JGC; Wichert-Ana, L, 2017)	0.77
"Herein, thioglycolic acid modified N-octyl-O, N'-glycol chitosan (N-mercapto acetyl-N'-octyl-O, N″-glycol chitosan, abbreviated as SH-OGC) was synthesized to improve the oral bioavailability of paclitaxel (PTX)."	( N-mercapto acetyl-N'-octyl-O, N″-glycol chitosan as an efficiency oral delivery system of paclitaxel. Chen, Q; Fu, Y; Huo, M; Li, L; Liu, Y; Mu, Y; Xu, W; Yin, T; Zhou, J, 2018)	0.48
" Pharmacokinetic experiments show oral bioavailability through gastric absorption."	( Pharmacology and in vivo efficacy of pyridine-pyrimidine amides that inhibit microtubule polymerization. Cescon, DW; Hansen, MD; Hoj, JP; Siddiqui-Jain, A, 2018)	0.48
" Compound 12g with MIC values of 5 μg/ml as a representative may possess better oral bioavailability and indicated high permeability by the parallel artificial membrane permeation assay of the blood-brain barrier (PAMPA-BBB)."	( Discovery of novel anti-tuberculosis agents with pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline-based scaffold. An, Q; Deng, Y; Liu, P; Luo, Y; Sang, Z; Tang, Y; Wang, T; Yang, T; Yang, Y; Zhang, T, 2018)	0.48
" In vivo and in vitro studies were performed to assess absolute bioavailability of finerenone, the effect of metabolic enzyme inhibitors on the pharmacokinetics of finerenone and its metabolites, the quantitative contribution of the involved enzymes cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and CYP2C8 and the relevance of gut wall versus liver metabolism."	( Pharmacokinetics of the Novel, Selective, Non-steroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist Finerenone in Healthy Volunteers: Results from an Absolute Bioavailability Study and Drug-Drug Interaction Studies In Vitro and In Vivo. Engelen, A; Gerisch, M; Heinig, R; Loewen, S; Nagelschmitz, J, 2018)	0.48
" Absolute bioavailability was assessed in volunteers receiving finerenone orally and by intravenous infusion (n = 15) and the effects of erythromycin (n = 15), verapamil (n = 13) and gemfibrozil (n = 16) on finerenone pharmacokinetics were investigated."	( Pharmacokinetics of the Novel, Selective, Non-steroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist Finerenone in Healthy Volunteers: Results from an Absolute Bioavailability Study and Drug-Drug Interaction Studies In Vitro and In Vivo. Engelen, A; Gerisch, M; Heinig, R; Loewen, S; Nagelschmitz, J, 2018)	0.68
" Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that 1 has an oral bioavailability with an average F-value of 27."	( An antimycobacterial pleuromutilin analogue effective against dormant bacilli. Eslamimehr, S; Franzblau, SG; Kong, Y; Kurosu, M; Lemieux, MR; Mitachi, K; Park, F; Pressly, JD; Siricilla, S; Wang, Y; Yang, D, 2018)	0.48
" Pharmacokinetic results indicate that PTX-loaded CR PMs could significantly enhance the oral bioavailability of PTX."	( Preparation and evaluation of carboxymethyl chitosan-rhein polymeric micelles with synergistic antitumor effect for oral delivery of paclitaxel. Chu, K; Guo, Y; Han, L; Li, T; Ouyang, H; Qiu, L; Wang, X; Xu, W, 2019)	0.51
" PTX/OPPC micelles possessed improved intestinal epithelial permeability and oral bioavailability of PTX evaluated by in situ perfusion and pharmacokinetic studies."	( Self-assembled micelles based on N-octyl-N'-phthalyl-O-phosphoryl chitosan derivative as an effective oral carrier of paclitaxel. Hou, S; Ju, C; Qu, D; Qu, G; Tian, C; Xue, L; Zhang, C; Zhu, J, 2019)	0.51
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
"In oral bioavailability studies, evaluation of the absorption and transport of drugs and food components across the intestinal barrier is crucial."	( Dynamic in vitro intestinal barrier model coupled to chip-based liquid chromatography mass spectrometry for oral bioavailability studies. Bouwmeester, H; Gerssen, A; Nielen, MWF; Santbergen, MJC; van der Zande, M, 2020)	0.56
" An absolute bioavailability study informed the hepatic and gastric availability."	( Predicting Clinical Effects of CYP3A4 Modulators on Abemaciclib and Active Metabolites Exposure Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Dickinson, GL; Hall, SD; Kulanthaivel, P; Morse, BL; Posada, MM; Turner, PK, 2020)	0.56
"We studied pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of verapamil, propranolol, and ethacizine in healthy volunteers after single oral administration under normal conditions and on the second day of simulated antiorthostatic hypokinesia modeling some effects of microgravity."	( Peculiarities of Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of Some Cardiovascular Drugs under Conditions of Antiorthostatic Hypokinesia. Kondratenko, SN; Kovachevich, IV; Kukes, VG; Polyakov, AV; Repenkova, LG; Savelyeva, MI; Svistunov, AA, 2020)	0.81
" The simulations suggest that for highly soluble drugs, such as verapamil, the predicted bioavailability was comparable pre- and post-RYGBS."	( PBPK modeling of CYP3A and P-gp substrates to predict drug-drug interactions in patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Chan, LN; Chen, KF; Lin, YS, 2020)	0.8
" The poor bioavailability limits its further development and potential clinic application."	( Influence of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics of rotundic acid in rats and its potential mechanism. Ci, X; Gu, Y; Liu, C; Ma, H; Shang, H; Si, D; Sun, Y; Wang, Z, 2021)	0.99
" It was demonstrated that P-gp and CYP3A were involved in the transport and metabolism of RA, which might contribute to the low oral bioavailability of RA."	( Influence of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics of rotundic acid in rats and its potential mechanism. Ci, X; Gu, Y; Liu, C; Ma, H; Shang, H; Si, D; Sun, Y; Wang, Z, 2021)	0.99
"A novel, integrated, in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) system is presented to study oral bioavailability parameters of small molecules."	( A versatile, compartmentalised gut-on-a-chip system for pharmacological and toxicological analyses. Bouwmeester, H; de Haan, P; Nielen, MWF; Santbergen, MJC; van der Zande, M; Verpoorte, E, 2021)	0.62
"P-glycoprotein (P-gp) over-expression plays a vital role in not only systemic drug bioavailability but also cancer multi-drug resistance (MDR)."	( A novel flavonoid from Fissistigma cupreonitens, 5‑hydroxy‑7,8‑dimethoxyflavanone, competitively inhibited the efflux function of human P-glycoprotein and reversed cancer multi-drug resistance. Hung, CC; Lan, YH; Lin, KI; Lin, YC; Teng, YN; Thang, TD, 2021)	0.62
" However, the limited oral bioavailability of irinotecan poses a problem for its oral delivery."	( Possible roles of intestinal P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A on the limited oral absorption of irinotecan. Arimori, K; Furuya, Y; Hidaka, M; Kawano, Y; Ono, H; Yamasaki, K, 2021)	0.62
" Indeed, the oral bioavailability of irinotecan was increased when verapamil was orally pre-administered."	( Possible roles of intestinal P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P450 3A on the limited oral absorption of irinotecan. Arimori, K; Furuya, Y; Hidaka, M; Kawano, Y; Ono, H; Yamasaki, K, 2021)	0.86
" Additionally, an ∼85% correlation was obtained between PAMPA pH 5 permeability and in vivo oral bioavailability in mice and rats."	( Using in vitro ADME data for lead compound selection: An emphasis on PAMPA pH 5 permeability and oral bioavailability. Itkin, M; Kabir, M; Mathé, EA; Nguyễn, ÐT; Padilha, EC; Shah, P; Shinn, P; Siramshetty, V; Wang, AQ; Williams, J; Xu, X; Yu, KR; Zhao, T, 2022)	0.72
" Multiple-target inhibitors of efflux transporter can be overcome the resistance and improve the oral bioavailability of chemotherapy drugs."	( Exploration of novel phthalazinone derivatives as potential efflux transporter inhibitors for reversing multidrug resistance and improving the oral absorption of paclitaxel. Cai, Z; Ghaleb, H; Huang, W; Jiang, Y; Liu, Y; Qian, H; Qiu, Q; Shi, W; Yin, Z; Zhang, P; Zhou, J; Zou, F, 2022)	0.72
"Niclosamide, a widely-used anthelmintic drug, inhibits SARS-CoV-2 virus entry through TMEM16F inhibition and replication through autophagy induction, but the relatively high cytotoxicity and poor oral bioavailability limited its application."	( Design, synthesis and biological evaluations of niclosamide analogues against SARS-CoV-2. Chang, SY; Chao, TL; Chou, YT; Jan, JT; Juang, YP; Liang, PH; Lin, RX; Ma, HH, 2022)	0.72
"To study the pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability of drugs of different chemical structure and pharmacological action under conditions simulating the effects of some factors of spaceflight, as well as the peculiarities of the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen under long-term spaceflight conditions."	( Study of the pharmacokinetics of various drugs under conditions of antiorthostatic hypokinesia and the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen under long-term spaceflight conditions. Badriddinova, LY; Kondratenko, SN; Kovachevich, IV; Polyakov, AV; Repenkova, LG; Savelyeva, MI; Shikh, EV; Svistunov, AA, 2021)	0.62
"Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker has poor bioavailability (20-30%) owing to extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism."	( Verapamil hydrochloride loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: Preparation, optimization, characterisation, and assessment of cardioprotective effect in experimental model of myocardial infarcted rats. Agnihotri, VV; Agrawal, YO; Goyal, SN; Husain, M; Mahajan, HS; Ojha, S; Patil, KD; Patil, TS; Sharma, C; Sodgir, V, 2022)	3.61
" The changes to the integrity of the intestine and its drug metabolising enzymes and transporters (DMETs) can alter the oral bioavailability of drugs."	( Altered Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics in Crohn's Disease: Capturing Systems Parameters for PBPK to Assist with Predicting the Fate of Orally Administered Drugs. Alrubia, S; Barber, J; Chen, Y; Mao, J; Rostami-Hodjegan, A, 2022)	0.72
" LP and VPH have low bioavailability and long half-life."	( Losartan Potassium and Verapamil Hydrochloride Compound Transdermal Drug Delivery System: Formulation and Characterization. Chen, WB; Chen, YS; Liu, YQ; Qin, ZC; Sun, YY; Zhang, SY, 2022)	1.03
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) limits the oral bioavailability of many drugs."	( Characterization of P-glycoprotein orthologs from human, sheep, pig, dog, and cat. Azimi, M; Brett, CM; Giacomini, CP; Giacomini, KM; Riselli, A; Silva, DB; Yee, SW, 2023)	0.91

Dosage Studied

50 µg R/S-(14)C-verapamil was dosed intravenously to human volunteers. No significant differences in pharmacokinetics (AUCpo, Cmax, tmax, CLo, F and R/ S enantiomer ratio) between morning and evening treatment.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"The effect of diazoxide, verapamil and compound D600 on calcium and isoproterenol dose-response relationships was investigated in isolated rabbit atrial preparations."	( Effect of diazoxide, verapamil and compound D600 on isoproterenol and calcium-mediated dose-response relationships in isolated rabbit atrium. Bristow, MR; Green, RD, 1977)	0.88
"53% of total tissue content, showed parallelism when serial dilutions were compared to the immunoassay dose-response curve and eluted similarly to synthetic somatostatin on Sephadex G-25 (f) chromatography."	( Immunoreactive somatostatin release from rat spinal cord in vitro. Adams, C; Kronheim, S; Pimstone, B; Sheppard, M, 1979)	0.26
" The dosage was 3 x 80 mg/die during 4 weeks."	( [Exertion-electrocardiographic and hemodynamic studies with oral verapamil in chronic ischemic heart disease]. Assmann, I; Fiehring, H; Oltmanns, G; Schwela, H, 1978)	0.5
"Evidence of selective inhibition, differences in dose-response relationships, and cross-tachyphylaxis studies suggest that separate receptors and/or mechanisms may be involved in responses to angiotensin (Ang), [Sar1]Ang II, and Ang III (= des-Asp1-Ang II)."	( Demonstration of different contractile mechanisms for angiotensin II and des-Asp1-angiotensin II in rabbit aortic strips. Ackerly, JA; Moore, AF; Peach, MJ, 1977)	0.26
" The dosage varied according to the weight of the infant."	( Effect of verapamil in infants with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Cabrera, A; Iglesias-Berengué, J; Permanyer-Miralda, G; Roca-Llop, J; Sagristá-Sauleda, J; Sauleda-Parés, J; Soler-Soler, J, 1979)	0.66
" The average clinical dosage amounts to 1 (0,5--2) mcg/kg/min."	( [Diaplacental transfer of verapamil in guinea pigs (author's transl)]. Blümel, G; Erhardt, W; Hege, HG; Strigl, R, 1979)	0.56
" It is important to know how the pharmacokinetics of a drug vary with different disease states so that appropriate adjustments to dosage can be made."	( Series on pharmacology in practice. 2. Antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Federman, J; Vlietstra, RE, 1979)	0.26
"The effect of inhibiting isoprenaline-induced intracellular calcium accumulation on the degree of damage produced in the rat myocardium by this amine has been investigated by simultaneously dosing rats with the calcium antagonistic drug D600."	( The effect of a calcium antagonist (D600) on isoprenaline-induced myocardial necrosis in the rat. Powell, T; Rowles, PM; Steen, E; Woolf, N, 1979)	0.26
"Fifty pregnant women admitted consecutively on account of threatened abortion or premature labour and treated with Ritodrine and Verapamil intravenously in the usual dosage were investigated with respect to creatine kinase activity and, in the event of a raised level, its isoenzyme creatine kinase--MB."	( [Does myocardial damage arise as a result of administration of tocolytic drugs? (author's transl)]. Dienstl, F; Lechner, W, 1979)	0.46
"Fifty pregnant women admitted consecutively on account of threatened abortion or premature labour and treated with Ritodrine and Verapamil intravenously in the usual dosage were investigated with respect to creatine kinase activity and, in the event of a raised level, its isoenzyme creatine kinase--MB."	( [Does myocardial damage arise as a result of administration of tocolytic drugs? (author's transl)]. Dienstl, F; Lechner, W, 1979)	0.46
" It can be concluded that verapamil in a dosage sufficient to terminate the arrhythmia did not exhibit additional negative inotropic effects."	( Haemodynamic effects of supraventricular tachycardias and their alterations by electrically and verapamil induced termination. Merle, H; Schlepper, M; Weppner, HG, 1978)	0.78
" The dose-response relationship for the inhibitory action of verapamil is shifted to higher concentrations of the drug when the concentration of calcium in the perfusate is increased."	( Calcium antagonists and islet function. II. Interaction of theophylline and verapamil. Devis, G; Malaisse, WJ; Somers, G; Van Obberghen, E, 1976)	0.73
" The dose-response relation with regard to the maximum rate of rise of the Ca spike showed no noticeable difference in effect between D600 and verapamil."	( The effects of D600 and verapamil on action potential in the X-organ neuron of the crayfish. Kuroda, T, 1976)	0.76
" It can be concluded that echocardiography is a feasible tool in determining changes of left ventricular dynamics during administration of vasoactive drugs, in indicating the individual dosage of a vasoactive drug in each patient and the follow-up the course of the therapeutic success."	( [Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular function during therapy with cardiovascularly effective drugs]. Stefan, G, 1976)	0.26
" Quinidine (10(-6) M to 10(-1) M) produced a prompt reduction in Na influx, maximum after 30 seconds of exposure, and dose-dependent along a sigmoid log dose-response curve."	( Effect of quinidine and temperature on sodium uptake and contraction frequency of cultured rat myocardial cells. McCall, D, 1976)	0.26
" infusion of the isomers, at a dosage inducing identical reduction of maximum follow frequency, is accompanied by a decrease in left ventricular dp/dtmax with (-)verapamil, whereas with the (+)isomer a significant increase of dp/dtmax is observed at a certain dose level."	( Relationship of antiarrhythmic to inotropic activity and antiarrhythmic qualities of the optical isomers of verapamil. Raschack, M, 1976)	0.66
" The slope of the dose-response curve of nifedipine is, however, significantly less steep than that of verapamil."	( Differences in the cardiac actions of the calcium antagonists verapamil and nifedipine. Raschack, M, 1976)	0.71
" The dose-response curve for phenylephrine was markedly shifted to the right by raising the temperature (pD2=0."	( Influence of temperature on the positive inotropic effects mediated by alpha-and-beta-adrenoceptors in the isolated rabbit papillary muscle. Endoh, M; Schümann, HJ; Wagner, J, 1975)	0.25
"Mechanical activity of the isolated portal vein and thoracic aorta of the guinea-pig was recorded and the effects of verapamil and D 600 (methoxy-verapamil) on the dose-response curves to noradrenaline were measured."	( Differentiation of calcium activation mechanisms in vascular smooth muscle by selective suppression with verapamil and D 600-1. Golenhofen, K; Hermstein, N, 1975)	0.68
" The effects of phenylephrine and isoprenaline on the isometric contraction of guinea-pig ventricle were compared over the whole range of their respective dose-response curves."	( Studies on the positive inotropic effect of phenylephrine: a comparison with isoprenaline. Ledda, F; Marchetti, P; Mugelli, A, 1975)	0.25
" In equipotent dosage its duration of action is clearly superior to that of conventional verapamil dragées."	( [Demonstration of the long term action of an oral retard preparation of verapamil in the conscious dog]. Raschack, M, 1975)	0.71
" Current data suggest that only early stages of coronary atheromatosis may be affected by treatment with calcium antagonists; however, optimum drug, dosage and suitable patients are yet to be defined."	( Can the coronary atherosclerotic process be influenced by calcium antagonists? Cieslinski, G; Kaltenbach, M; Kober, G; Schneider, W, 1992)	0.28
" The dosage was titrated upward until the goal blood pressure was achieved."	( Enalapril and verapamil in the treatment of isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly. Bruner, DE; Davis, JR; Espinel, CH; Williams, JL, )	0.49
" Since most authors take as optimal therapeutic level of verapamil in blood the range of 100-200 ng/ml, it seems that dosage regimen of 2 x 80 mg/day can be recommended."	( [Pharmacokinetic investigations of verapamil used as a concomitant drug in treatment of premature labor]. Jankowski, A; Kotzbach, R; Skublicki, S; Szymański, W, 1992)	0.81
" The maximal binding and Kd values for skeletal muscle PN 200-110 binding were increased only at the highest dosage for 8 weeks duration."	( Effect of chronic administration of verapamil on Ca++ channel density in rat tissue. Czubryt, MP; Docherty, JC; Dubo, DF; Gilchrist, JS; Lonsberry, BB; Maddaford, TG; Pierce, GN, 1992)	0.56
" Verapamil, given for 1 week at a dosage of 240 mg orally to eight healthy volunteers, induced a significant elevation of basal PRL levels (17."	( Effects of calcium channel blockade with verapamil on the prolactin responses to TRH, L-dopa, and bromocriptine. Kamal, TJ; Molitch, ME, 1992)	1.46
" Correlations between log plasma verapamil concentration and percentage increase in PR interval were greater after sublingual compared with oral dosing in all volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of verapamil following sublingual and oral administration to healthy volunteers. Fort, S; John, DN; Lewis, MJ; Luscombe, DK, 1992)	0.83
" Left ventricular ejection fractions at rest or exercise were not significantly changed following either acute intravenous (rest 33%; exercise 38%) or chronic oral dosing with verapamil (rest 35%; exercise 43%) when compared with placebo (rest 34%; exercise 42%)."	( Low-dose verapamil in middle-aged and elderly patients with angina pectoris: no evidence of increased susceptibility to the cardiac effects. Ahmed, JH; Elliott, HL; Meredith, PA; Reid, JL, 1992)	0.89
" Islets from both genetic models showed a left-shifted glucose dose-response curve for insulin release (concentrations for half-maximal release, 5 to 6 mmol/L v 12 to 13 mmol/L in LA/N lean littermates and 3 mmol/L v 10 mmol/L in lean SHR/N)."	( Genetically obese rats with (SHR/N-cp) and without diabetes (LA/N-cp) share abnormal islet responses to glucose. Recant, L; Timmers, KI; Voyles, NR, 1992)	0.28
" Dose-response curves for all the drugs tested were similar and a significant dose-dependent antinociceptive action was evident in the formalin and writhing tests."	( Antinociceptive effects of Ca2+ channel blockers. Bustamante, D; Fernandez, E; Kramer, V; Miranda, HF; Paeile, C; Pelissier, T; Pinardi, G; Saavedra, H, 1992)	0.28
" We are currently studying treatment of tumor-bearing animals with a cumulative dosage regimen of doxorubicin in the presence and absence of verapamil."	( Effects of verapamil on the acute toxicity of doxorubicin in vivo. Anderson, J; Baker, PB; Desai, P; Dwivedi, C; Engineer, FN; Sharma, HM; Sridhar, R, 1992)	0.87
" Although specific recommendations for calcium dosing in the overdose situation have not been rigorously studied, maintenance of a normal serum ionized calcium concentration is suggested."	( Verapamil overdose: case report and review of the literature. Crain, JL; Edwards, TD; Stiller, RA; Watling, SM, 1992)	1.73
" With the portal vein isolated, the parathyroid hormone shifted the dose-response curves of KCl and acetylcholine to the right."	( Responsiveness to synthetic parathyroid hormone in the portal vein of portal hypertensive rats. Chao, TW; Kuo, JS; Pang, PK; Yang, MC; Yu, PC, 1992)	0.28
"The effect of verapamil therapy in a dosage of 120 thrice daily on the mortality and re-infarction from the time of admission and for the subsequent six months was investigated in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicentre investigation (The Danish Verapamil Infarction Trial (DAVIT I))."	( [Verapamil therapy improves the prognosis after acute myocardial infarction. A review over the Danish studies of verapamil therapy during and after acute myocardial infarction]. Hansen, JF, 1992)	1.55
"A stability-indicating reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for prazosin was developed to investigate the feasibility of a transdermal dosage form."	( High-performance liquid chromatographic assay of prazosin for transdermal screening studies. Tenjarla, SN; Tseggai, A, 1992)	0.28
" An increase in the dosage (360 mg/24 hours in two subdoses) could be made during the first month of treatment if the diastolic blood pressure remained greater than or equal to 95 mmHg."	( [Sustained-released verapamil and ambulatory recording of blood pressure in mild to moderate essential hypertension]. Bernadet, P; Durand, D; Galey, C; Maarek-Charbit, M; Suc, JM, 1992)	0.61
" Dose-response studies indicated that exceedingly high doses of DTIC were necessary to produce antimetastatic effects even when drug treatment was combined with the calcium channel blocker verapamil."	( Efficacy of dacarbazine (DTIC) in preventing metastases arising from intraocular melanomas in mice. Gamel, JW; Niederkorn, JY; Sanborn, GE, 1992)	0.47
"Spontaneous motor activity was measured in six baboons during chronic oral dosing with a diuretic (hydrochlorothiazide/triamterene), a calcium channel blocker (verapamil), and a combination of the two drugs."	( Chronic hydrochlorothiazide and verapamil effects on motor activity in hypertensive baboons. Allen, RP; Hienz, RD; Turkkan, JS, 1992)	0.76
" The dose-response curves for nifedipine, with respect to the reduction of contractile force and contracture, were identical."	( The polycationic compound gentamicin inhibits the calcium paradox in guinea-pig hearts. Gödicke, J; Jacobsen, L; Lüllmann, H; Mülder, G, 1992)	0.28
" This product allows for once-daily dosing up to 240 mg/d; however, when higher doses are needed, this sustained-release formulation should be administered twice daily."	( Sustained-release verapamil formulations for treating hypertension. Frishman, WH; Lazar, EJ, 1992)	0.62
"Behavioral performances of normotensive and hypertensive adult male baboons were tested before, during, and following chronic oral dosing with verapamil."	( Behavioral performance effects of verapamil in normotensive and renovascular hypertensive baboons. Hienz, RD; Turkkan, JS, )	0.61
" Dose-response relationships with phenytoin supported the hypothesis that the voltage dependence of tonic block resulted from the higher affinity of the drugs for inactivated than for resting channels."	( Frequency and voltage-dependent inhibition of type IIA Na+ channels, expressed in a mammalian cell line, by local anesthetic, antiarrhythmic, and anticonvulsant drugs. Catterall, WA; Ragsdale, DS; Scheuer, T, 1991)	0.28
" The absolute bioavailability was 23% in both investigations for the 80 mg preparation and 32% in both investigations for the 240 mg dosage form."	( Pharmacodynamic profile of verapamil in relation to absolute bioavailability: investigations with a conventional and a controlled-release formulation. Blume, H; Harder, S; Huber, T; Rietbrock, N; Siewert, M; Thürmann, P, 1991)	0.58
" Dose-response curves were obtained with intravenous injection of the four drugs."	( Hemodynamic profile of Ro 40-5967 in conscious rats: comparison with diltiazem, verapamil, and amlodipine. Clozel, JP; Hess, P; Véniant, M; Wolfgang, R, 1991)	0.51
" Hepatic effects can be either protective or toxic depending on the drug dosage and course duration."	( [Effects of verapamil on the functional state of the liver in ischemic heart disease]. Makarovskiĭ, VV; Makeeva, LG; Shafranskiĭ, IuA; Svetova, SD; Vertkina, NV; Zharov, EI, 1991)	0.66
"The relatively short half life of verapamil necessitates divided daily dosing in the treatment of angina, hypertension and arrhythmia."	( Dose proportionality of pharmacokinetics with a cr-verapamil formulation. Devane, J; Martin, M; Mulligan, S, 1991)	0.81
" The clinical syndrome was controlled by verapamil in 16 cases out of 20 (80% of cases) at the dosage of 360 mg/d in 14 patients and of 480 mg/d in two."	( [Unstable angina and infarction without Q wave treated with verapamil: value of the early exercise test]. Ghadanfar, M; Guyon, P; Haiat, R; Halphen, C; Leroy, G; Richecoeur, J; Stoltz, JP, 1991)	0.79
"Antiarrhythmic therapy was chosen for 3-7 days by modified chronic electrophysiological study at three stages: (1) the efficacy of a drug, its action onset and termination were defined; (2) a dosage was chosen on an individual basis and the duration of drug potency was specified; (3) the dosage regimen of a drug given as a course therapy was confirmed by the results of trials."	( [Evaluation of the possibility of selection of individual anti-arrhythmia therapy]. Antonchenko, IV; Borisova, EV; Chekhov, AM; Gimrikh, EO; Plekhanov, IG; Popov, SV; Savenkova, GM, 1991)	0.28
" Different preparations were used to obtain cumulative dose-response curves (0."	( [Comparison of negative chronotropic action of nitrendipine, nifedipine and verapamil on the isolated right atrium of normotensive and renovascular hypertensive rats]. de Faria, MG; Leite, CM; Mill, JG; Pires, JG, 1991)	0.51
" This is associated with a decrease in reactivity of the vessels of the above mentioned brain structures determined by the dilatory reaction to the dosed inhalation of carbon dioxide."	( [The effect of nimodipine and verapamil on the blood supply and vascular reactivity of the brain]. Beketov, AI; Polevik, IV, )	0.42
"Behavioral performances of six baboons were tested during chronic oral dosing with diuretic (hydrochlorothiazide/triamterene), a calcium channel blocker (verapamil), and a combination of the two drugs."	( Behavioral effects of chronic, orally administered diuretic and verapamil in baboons. Hienz, RD; Turkkan, JS, 1991)	0.72
" From the investigations to date, changing the digoxin dosage prior to initiating calcium antagonist therapy is, however, not justifiable."	( [Interaction between calcium antagonists and digoxin]. Christensen, C, 1991)	0.28
" Hyposmotic stress during added verapamil dosage (50 mumol/L) also resulted in 23% greater cell swelling compared with control."	( Involvement of cell calcium and transmembrane potential in control of hepatocyte volume. Khalbuss, WE; Wondergem, R, 1991)	0.56
" Furthermore, this study does not indicate that any change in dosage is necessary when single doses of verapamil are administered to patients with renal failure."	( The pharmacokinetics of racemic verapamil in patients with impaired renal function. Frantz, RP; Kurtz, SB; McCarthy, JT; Moyer, TP; Smith, RL; Theobald, HM; Zachariah, PK, 1991)	0.78
"The antihypertensive action of sustained release verapamil is, in the majority of cases, obtained with a dosage of 240 mg per day."	( [Randomized double-blind study of delayed-action verapamil as a single dose versus 2 doses daily in patients with moderate hypertension]. Chapelon-Abric, C; Godeau, P; Villarroya, A; Wajman, A, 1991)	0.79
" In other groups of rabbits, the effect of the same dosage of verapamil on the size of myocardial infarct after 20 or 30 min ischaemia and 72 h reperfusion was examined."	( Does verapamil limit myocardial infarct size in a heart deficient in xanthine oxidase? Adachi, T; Goto, M; Iimura, O; Iwamoto, T; Miura, T; Noto, T; Ogawa, T; Ooiwa, H; Tsuchida, A, 1990)	1.03
" DSPM at higher dosage also lowered the normal myocardial Ca2+ content."	( [Protective effect of 2-[p-(dimethylamino) styryl] pyridine methiodide (DSPM) on acute experimental myocardial ischemia]. Wang, XF; Wang, XW; Wei, Y; Zhang, KJ; Zhou, CM, 1990)	0.28
" This study shows that the acute effects of verapamil on portal hypertension may vary with the dosage used."	( Effect of verapamil on splanchnic haemodynamics in a portal hypertensive rat model. Chen, HI; Chien, S; Lay, CS; Lo, KJ; Simchon, S; Tsai, YT; Yang, CM, )	0.79
" The dose-response curve of SNP was shifted to the right, and the relaxation to verapamil was slightly reduced."	( Endothelium-derived relaxing factor influences renal vascular resistance. Förstermann, U; Frölich, JC; Radermacher, J, 1990)	0.51
" No change in slope of the phenylephrine dose-response curve was noted; however, consistent with the dose ratio, verapamil shifted the curve to the right with a decrease in the y intercept determined by linear regression (60."	( Forearm vascular alpha 1-adrenergic blockade by verapamil. Abernethy, DR; Winterbottom, LM, 1990)	0.75
" Dose-response curves for the effect of carbachol on the formations of IP2 and IP3 showed that high K+ medium selectively decreased the ED50 value of carbachol for IP2 formation about 3-fold."	( Effect of membrane depolarization by high K+ on carbachol-stimulated phosphoinositides hydrolysis in guinea pig cerebral cortical slices. Mizushima, A; Uchida, S; Yoshida, H; Zhou, XM, 1990)	0.28
" If the desired effect is not obtained, the dosage may be increased first to 360 mg at bedtime and then to 240 mg morning and evening."	( [Isoptin Retard. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in patients with angina pectoris]. Jespersen, CM, 1990)	0.28
" Patients treated with cyclosporine and prednisone alone had their cyclosporine dosage adjusted to maintain their cyclosporine level between 400 and 900 ng/mL between 1 and 6 months following transplantation."	( The effect of calcium channel blockers on the cyclosporine dose requirement in renal transplant recipients. Babcock, S; Chan, L; Howard, RL; Shapiro, JI, 1990)	0.28
"The purpose of this study was to determine the dose-response relationship between verapamil HCl and creatine kinase (CK) release from isolated rat slow (soleus, S) and fast (flexor digitorum profundus, F) skeletal muscles."	( Verapamil-induced creatine kinase loss from rat slow and fast muscles. Armstrong, RB; Glenn, GM; Hayes, DA, 1990)	1.95
" The fact that enhancement was 6-10 fold greater in resistant then in sensitive cells, as well as the loss of biphasic properties of adriamycin on dose-response curves after combined treatment, indicate that cepharanthine may play a role in overcoming drug resistance in some tumor cells."	( Enhancement of adriamycin cytotoxicity in sensitive and resistant sublines of human tumor cells by calcium antagonists. Mircheva, J; Tsuruo, T, 1990)	0.28
"We studied the dose-response relationship for hydrochlorothiazide + triameterene and verapamil, comparing monotherapy with combined treatment in 216 hypertensive patients over 3 weeks of active treatment following a 2-week washout period with placebo."	( Dose-response curves in antihypertensive combination therapy: results of a controlled clinical trial. Bluemner, E; Letzel, H, 1990)	0.5
" Blood pressure (BP) was lower with E after half the maximum dosage compared with V, but similar BP reductions were obtained after 2 months with the maximum dosage."	( Antihypertensive and renal effects of enalapril and slow-release verapamil in essential hypertension. A double-blind, randomized study. Fagher, B; Henningsen, N; Hulthén, L; Katzman, P; Thulin, T, 1990)	0.52
" administration of verapamil (30-120 micrograms/mouse) and diltiazem (60-120 micrograms/mouse) significantly enhanced, in a dose-dependent way, the analgesic effects of morphine and produced a parallel displacement to the left of the morphine log dose-response line."	( Analgesic effects of diltiazem and verapamil after central and peripheral administration in the hot-plate test. Baeyens, JM; Del Pozo, E; Ruiz-García, C, 1990)	0.88
" A dose-response relationship was observed for cis-platinum and an 5-fold increase of concentration converted the drug resistant tumor into a drug-sensitive one."	( [In vitro drug-resistance decrease of ovarian cancer cells]. Lu, SM, 1990)	0.28
" dosing of rats with gallopamil or verapamil, 13 and 2% of the dose, respectively, appeared in the bile as the N-glucuronide of the secondary amine metabolite over an 8-hr period."	( Synthesis and identification of the N-glucuronides of norgallopamil and norverapamil, unusual metabolites of gallopamil and verapamil. Mutlib, AE; Nelson, WL, 1990)	0.79
" After 8 days, arterial pressure and dose-response relationships to norepinephrine, angiotensin II, and bradykinin were measured in conscious animals."	( Altered pressor responses to NE and ANG II during cyclosporin A administration to conscious rats. Smith-Powell, L; Telles, T; Textor, SC, 1990)	0.28
" For each substance and each incubation time a dose-response curve was established and the D50 determined."	( Toxicity of novel anthracycline derivatives towards normal myeloid bone marrow progenitor cells (CFU-GM) is not increased by verapamil. Busch, FW; Ehninger, G; Schmittele, U, 1990)	0.49
" Thus, a single predialysis dosage of verapamil has no effect on intradialytic blood pressure in an unselected hemodialysis population."	( Effect of predialysis verapamil on intradialytic blood pressure in chronic hemodialysis patients. Casale, P; Cody, R; Horton, MW; Sherman, RA, )	0.72
" The patients were continuously treated with verapamil for two periods of two weeks at two dosage levels, 120 mg/d and 240 mg/d, whereafter verapamil was withdrawn."	( Verapamil-digoxin interaction in chronic hemodialysis patients. Halck, S; Johannessen, AC; Klitgaard, NA; Rendtorff, C, 1990)	1.98
" After 4 days oral treatment, both verapamil and nisoldipine significantly attenuated the responses to angiotensin II with three- to fivefold rightward shifts of the mean pressor dose-response curves."	( Effect of calcium channel blockers on adrenergic and nonadrenergic vascular responses in man. Elliott, HL; Meredith, PA; Pasanisi, F; Reid, JL; Sumner, DJ, )	0.41
" Thus, the protective action of calcium had a bell-shaped dose-response curve, with the optimum at 5 mmol/L."	( Effect of gradual rise in plasma calcium concentration on the impairment of atrioventricular nodal conduction due to verapamil. el Chebly, M; Faucon, G; Lang, J; Timour-Chah, Q, )	0.34
" In the estrogen- and estrogen+progesterone-treated uteri, the dose-response curves by verapamil were shifted to the left in a parallel manner."	( Calcium channel, Ca++ mobilization, and mechanical reactivity of estrogen- and progesterone-treated rat uterus. Ando, J; Ishii, K; Kano, T, 1986)	0.49
" The dose-response curves for VIP- and PHI-stimulated cAMP accumulation were superimposable on those for PRL secretion."	( Vasoactive intestinal peptide and peptide with N-terminal histidine and C-terminal isoleucine increase prolactin secretion in cultured rat pituitary cells (GH4C1) via a cAMP-dependent mechanism which involves transient elevation of intracellular Ca2+. Bjøro, T; Gautvik, KM; Gordeladze, J; Haug, E; Iversen, JG; Ostberg, BC; Sand, O; Torjesen, PA, 1987)	0.27
" Bay K 8644 caused a leftward shift of the dose-response curve of the potassium-induced decrease in renin release."	( Inhibitory effects of calcium channel agonists on renin release from rat kidney cortical slices. Matsumura, Y; Morimoto, S; Sasaki, Y; Shinyama, H; Uriu, T, 1987)	0.27
" Lowering the holding potential to -80 mV shifted the dose-response curve to the right."	( Blocking actions of Ca2+ antagonists on the Ca2+ channels in the smooth muscle cell membrane of rabbit small intestine. Kitamura, K; Kuriyama, H; Terada, K, 1987)	0.27
" The dose-response curves on electrically paced isolated dog ventricular trabeculae on contractile force were determined with single as well as cumulative dosages of milrinone."	( Effect of milrinone (Corotrope) on the contractility of isolated dog ventricular muscle. Bentley, R; Canniff, PC; Farah, AE; Kaiser, LD, 1987)	0.27
" Calcium induced a concentration dependent increase in dF/dt in normal and diabetic hearts, but in diabetes the dose-response curve to calcium chloride was shifted to the left."	( Hypersensitivity to calcium associated with an increased sarcolemmal Ca2+-ATPase activity in diabetic rat heart. Borda, E; Pascual, J; Sterin-Borda, L; Wald, M, 1988)	0.27
" Cumulative forearm blood flow dose-response curves to three cumulative infusion rates (3 min each) of NE (0."	( Verapamil and alpha-mediated vasoconstriction in human forearm: a comparison between norepinephrine and selective alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenergic agonists. Graziadei, L; Pana-Race, G; Pedrinelli, R; Salvetti, A; Taddei, S, 1987)	1.72
"1 microM) to isolated hearts, or when given intravenously (2 mg kg-1 body weight 1 h before the animals were killed), anipamil displaced the dose-response curves for the positive inotropic effect of (0."	( The Ca2+ -antagonist and binding properties of the phenylalkylamine, anipamil. Dillon, JS; Nayler, WG, 1988)	0.27
" In addition, verapamil shifted the dose-response curves for both 5-HT and PE to the right in parallel, indicative of competitive antagonism."	( Studies on the site of the interaction between alpha 1-adrenoceptors and 5-HT2 receptors in rat tail arteries. Marwood, JF, 1988)	0.64
" The purpose of the present experiments has been to investigate a possible similar dose-response curve with a calcium channel activator, Bay k 8644."	( Biphasic dose-response relationship observed with Bay k 8644 on atrioventricular nodal conduction inhibited by verapamil. Aupetit, JF; Faucon, G; Lançon, JP; Lang, J; Timour, Q, 1988)	0.49
" Dosage of each agent was titrated to achieve optimal clinic BP control and this dose was maintained for the duration of the study."	( The efficacy and duration of action of sustained-release verapamil in essential hypertension. Atkins, N; Latham, AN; McCormack, PM; Mee, F; O'Brien, ET; O'Malley, K, 1989)	0.52
" The dosage of the drug was adjusted to the therapeutic response; in 88."	( Efficacy and safety of verapamil SR 240 mg in essential hypertension: results of a multicentric phase IV study. Pfennigsdorf, G; Schumacher, A; Sosna, J; Speders, S, 1989)	0.59
" Plasma samples were collected for 24 h after dosing on day 8 of each phase and assayed for verapamil and norverapamil by high-performance liquid chromatography."	( Sustained-release verapamil: multiple-dose pharmacokinetic comparison of 120-mg and 240-mg tablets and the effect of halving a 240-mg tablet. Durnin, C; McEwen, J; McMurdo, ME; Moreland, TA, 1989)	0.83
" In explanted rat hypothalami maintained viable in vitro, PAF stimulated immunoreactive CRH secretion in a bell-shaped dose-response fashion."	( The alkyl-ether phospholipid platelet-activating factor is a stimulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the rat. Bernardini, R; Brucke, T; Calogero, AE; Chrousos, GP; Ehrlich, YH; Gold, PW, 1989)	0.28
" IBI at 10(-6) M shifted the dose-response curve of phenylephrine to the right with reduction in maxima."	( Paradoxical effects of isothiocyanate analog of tolazoline on rat aorta and human platelets. Feller, DR; Hamada, A; Miller, DD; Patil, PN; Shams, G; Venkataraman, BV, 1989)	0.28
" Verapamil dosing resulted in progressive prolongation of the PR interval as plasma drug levels increased from 40 to 250 ng/ml; at higher drug levels, complete atrioventricular block occurred."	( Pharmacodynamic comparison of verapamil and nifedipine in anesthetized dogs. Hamann, SR; Kaltenborn, KE; McAllister, RG, )	1.33
" Its aim was to determine the effective dosage of slow release verapamil (V) in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension and to compare plasma concentrations of V with blood pressure effects."	( [Slow-release verapamil 240 mg and treatment of mild to moderate hypertension]. Amabile, G; Bory, M; Hulin, P; Serradimigni, A; Wajman, A, )	0.73
" Statistically significant successive decreases in verapamil maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) values were observed corresponding to dosing at 8 AM, 4 PM, and 12 AM."	( Differences in oral verapamil absorption as a function of time of day. Battle, MM; Colburn, WA; Eldon, MA; Voigtman, RE, 1989)	0.85
" During the evening dosage schedule a significantly greater bioavailability (AUC) and a prolonged time to peak concentration was found."	( Circadian variation in the pharmacokinetics of verapamil. Frederiksen, M; Hansen, JF; Jespersen, CM; Klitgaard, NA; Sørum, C, 1989)	0.53
" At their maximal safe dosage in humans, methysergide and verapamil suggest no role for serotonin and calcium ions."	( Ventilatory response to sustained hypoxia: effect of methysergide and verapamil. Anthonisen, NR; Balakumar, M; Easton, PA; Filuk, R; Long, GR, 1989)	0.76
" Research comparing 240 mg/day with 320 mg/day dosing found 320 mg/day significantly more effective in reducing migraine frequency."	( Verapamil in migraine prophylaxis--a five-year review. Solomon, GD, 1989)	1.72
" A cumulative dose-response curve to endothelin was obtained and the curves were shifted to the right after both verapamil and nifedipine administration."	( Vasoconstrictor effect of endothelin on the canine coronary artery: is a novel endogenous peptide involved in regulating myocardial blood flow and coronary spasm? Aizawa, Y; Ebe, K; Igarashi, Y; Shibata, A; Tamura, M; Yamaguchi, T, 1989)	0.49
"The dose-response relationship of verapamil-SR was studied in 221 hypertensive patients."	( The relationship of dose to the antihypertensive response of verapamil-sustained release in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. The Verapamil-SR Study Group. McMahon, FG; Reder, RF, 1989)	0.8
" The resulting dose-survival curve was identical to the dose-response curve of RS cells treated with R123 alone."	( Relationship between cellular accumulation of rhodamine 123 (R123) and cytotoxicity in B16 melanoma cells. Gan, L; Krag, DN; Tao, SZ; Theon, AP; Wardell, J, 1989)	0.28
" The mean Cmax after dosing with whole tablets, 143 (95 per cent confidence limits 91."	( Multiple dose comparison of a whole 240 mg verapamil sustained-release tablet with two half tablets. McEwen, J; McMurdo, ME; Moreland, TA, )	0.39
" We have characterized, in vivo, the pharmacokinetics and dose-response interactions between nifedipine and cisplatin."	( In vivo characterization of combination antitumor chemotherapy with calcium channel blockers and cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II). Honn, KV; Nelson, KK; Onoda, JM; Taylor, JD, 1989)	0.28
" In contrast to agonist affinity, phentolamine affinity, determined from Schild-plot analysis, was not different from controls, even for the highest daily dosage of verapamil."	( Effects of chronic treatment with verapamil on adrenoceptor-mediated contraction of rabbit aorta. Aceto, JF; Tallarida, RJ, )	0.61
" In aorta strips depleted of Ca2+ by several applications of noradrenaline (10(-6) M), Sr2+ induced a dose-response contraction in a Ca2+-free solution."	( Study of the strontium response in isolated rat aorta. Anselmi, E; Barreda, A, )	0.13
" A multiple instant-release dosage regime can now be replaced by once daily administration of the sustained-release preparation."	( Sustained-release and instant-release verapamil in treatment of angina pectoris. Hansen, JF; Jespersen, CM; Klitgaard, NA; Nielsen, H, 1989)	0.55
" Oral dosage ranged from 825 mg to 1,100 mg for quinidine polygalacturonate and 240 mg to 320 mg for verapamil."	( [Combination of quinidine and verapamil in auricular fibrillation]. Calvo, L; Maté, I; Mesa, JM; Moreno, I; Plaza, I; Rico, J; Sobrino, JA, 1989)	0.78
" A preliminary approach of the dosage of verapamil showed that a total dose of 120-240 mg daily could achieve satisfactory result clinically in most patients."	( [Therapeutic effect of verapamil in hypertension: an analysis of 52 cases]. Wang, JJ; Wen, ZB; Zong, JL, 1989)	0.85
" THP and Ver shifted the KCl, CaCl2, norepinephrine (NE) and 15-methyl prostaglandin F2 alpha dose-response curves to the right in a non-parallel fashion, and decreased the maximal response, showing noncompetitive antagonism."	( [Effects of l-tetrahydropalmatine on isolated rabbit arterial strips]. Li, DX; Sun, F, 1989)	0.28
" DI and VE shifted dose-response curves for phenylephrine and clonidine to the right with suppression of maximal responses."	( Effects of calcium antagonists on alpha-adrenoceptor mediated vasoconstrictions of the canine intermediate auricular artery. Chiba, S; Ito, T, 1987)	0.27
" Dose-response curves to calcium in SHR aortae treated with 10(-3) mol/l ouabain were shifted to the left of those in WKY."	( Calcium and contractile responses to ouabain and potassium-free solution in aortae from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Lamb, FS; Moreland, RS; Webb, RC, 1988)	0.27
" Thus, when verapamil is introduced or discontinued in patients on ciclosporin, close monitoring of ciclosporin levels and dosage adjustment are necessary."	( [Effect of enalapril, furosemide and verapamil on cyclosporin concentration in whole blood]. Angermann, CE; Anthuber, M; Kemkes, BM; Spes, CH; Theisen, K, 1988)	0.93
" After the first doses of each drug and after 4 days continued treatment both verapamil and nisoldipine significantly attenuated the responses to angiotensin II with three- to fivefold rightward shifts of the pressor dose-response curves."	( The effect of calcium channel blockers on alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated vascular responsiveness in man. Elliott, HL; Pasanisi, F; Reid, JL; Sumner, DJ, 1985)	0.5
" However, as dosage adjustment and close observation may be necessary to minimise side effects, the use of this combination should be limited to hospital practice."	( Tolerability of combined treatment with verapamil and beta-blockers in angina resistant to monotherapy. McGourty, JC; Silas, JH; Solomon, SA, 1985)	0.54
" In most cases the dose-response curves were biphasic and changes in coronary flow paralleled those in oxygen consumption."	( The effect of cholinergic agonists on coronary flow rate and oxygen consumption in isolated perfused rat heart. Erecińska, M; Nuutinen, EM; Wilson, DF, 1985)	0.27
" Serious adverse reactions necessitate a change in antiarrhythmic therapy, as opposed to lowering drug dosage to an ineffective level."	( Antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Recent advances and current status. Somberg, J, 1985)	0.27
" Two patients with mild symptoms were rechallenged with a lower verapamil dosage (120 mg twice a day) and showed similar rises in CBZ concentration and recurrent neurotoxic symptoms."	( Verapamil potentiates carbamazepine neurotoxicity: a clinically important inhibitory interaction. Brodie, MJ; Macphee, GJ; McInnes, GT; Thompson, GG, 1986)	1.95
" Cumulative dose-response curves to intra-arterial methoxamine or B-HT 933 were obtained during saline or two different rates of verapamil infusion (0."	( Verapamil antagonizes forearm vasoconstriction mediated by selective alpha 1- and alpha 2-agonists in hypertensive patients. Graziadei, L; Panarace, G; Pedrinelli, R; Salvetti, A; Taddei, S, 1986)	1.92
"Intravenous administration of verapamil at low dosage was effective in reversal of atrial tachycardia of unknown origin in a dog."	( Reversal of atrial tachycardia with intravenous administration of verapamil in a dog. Foodman, MS; Macintire, D, 1989)	0.8
" Tityustoxin caused a slight leftward shift of the dose-response curves to adrenaline and norepinephrine and a large potentiation of the frequency-response curves to electrical stimulation."	( Effects of tityustoxin on the rat isolated tail artery. Catanzaro, OL; Savino, EA, 1985)	0.27
" The pharmacokinetics of verapamil and of one of its metabolites, norverapamil, is changed after multiple oral dosing as has been described in patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, angina pectoris or in patients with essential hypertension."	( Pharmacokinetics of calcium channel blocking agents. Anderson, P, 1986)	0.57
" The response was characterized by dose-response and kinetics investigations."	( The proliferative T-lymphocyte response to streptokinase. Bruserud, O; Jørgensen, PF; Sollid, L, 1986)	0.27
" The dose-response curves for both adenosine and L-PIA were shifted to the right in the presence of aminophylline (13 and 32 mumol l-1)."	( [Comparative effects of adenosine and L-N-phenylisopropyladenosine (L-PIA) on the spontaneous contraction of the isolated atrium in the guinea-pig]. Prostran, M; Varagić, VM, 1986)	0.27
" After a stable control period, dose-response curves were constructed for each drug with hemodynamics measured 10 minutes after intravenous boluses."	( Comparative hemodynamic dose-response effects of five slow calcium channel-blocking agents in coronary artery disease. Frais, MA; Jackson, N; Midtbo, KA; Reynolds, G; Sharma, S; Silke, B; Taylor, SH; Verma, SP, 1987)	0.27
"Inhibition of platelet aggregation was observed after 4 days of oral dosing with the calcium antagonists, verapamil (160 mg) or nisoldipine (20 mg) but not following acute dosing."	( Effects of verapamil and nisoldipine on human platelets: in vivo and in vitro studies. Elliott, HL; Jones, CR; Pasanisi, F; Reid, JL, 1985)	0.87
" The GH responses to the combined addition of TRH with all doses of GRF or DBcAMP were fully additive, causing parallel elevations of the dose-response curves."	( TRH and GRF stimulate release of growth hormone through different mechanisms. Szabo, M, 1986)	0.27
" Insulin secretory dose-response curves utilizing static incubations fit a single binding site model and established that glyburide (ED50 = 112 +/- 18 nM) is a more potent secretagogue than tolbutamide (ED50 = 15 +/- 3 microM)."	( Increased cytosolic calcium. A signal for sulfonylurea-stimulated insulin release from beta cells. Berg, M; Boyd, AE; Gaines, KL; Nelson, TY; Rajan, AS, 1987)	0.27
" It is concluded that at the dosage level used in this study propranolol and verapamil were equally effective, but there were individual variations in best response to one or the other of these two drugs."	( [Comparative study of the effects of verapamil and propranolol therapy in 16 cases of obstructive hypertrophic myocardiopathy]. Casset, D; Cosnay, P; Fauchier, JP; Itti, R; Lang, M; Lavigne, G; Raynaud, P, 1987)	0.77
" A similar dose-response relationship was observed for verapamil in increasing net intracellular doxorubicin accumulation."	( Verapamil reversal of doxorubicin resistance in multidrug-resistant human myeloma cells and association with drug accumulation and DNA damage. Alberts, DS; Bellamy, WT; Dalton, WS; Dorr, RT; Gleason, MC; Kailey, JM; McCloskey, TM, 1988)	1.96
" Renal clearance of atenolol was shown to be decreased by more than 25% in 2 subjects studied using intravenous dosing of atenolol."	( Extent and pharmacokinetic mechanisms of oral atenolol-verapamil interaction in man. Harper, RW; Harrison, PM; Keech, AC; McLean, AJ; Pitt, A, 1988)	0.52
" The norepinephrine- and methoxamine-induced dose-response curves were similar in both SAD and SO groups on day 3, but shifted to the left on days 7 and 15 and demonstrated a tendency to shift to the right at 30 days."	( Contractile reactivity of the perfused mesenteric vascular bed from sinoaortic denervated rats to norepinephrine, methoxamine and verapamil. Bissoli, NS; Cabral, AM; Moyses, MR; Vasquez, EC, 1988)	0.48
" In the presence of a standard concentration of verapamil (73 nmol l-1), the dose-response curves for NECA, both for the isometric contraction and the atrial rate, were significantly shifted to the left."	( Interactions of 5'-N-ethylcarboxamide adenosine (NECA), aminophylline and dipropyl-phenyl-xanthine (XAC) on the isolated guinea-pig atria. Prostran, M; Varagic, VM, )	0.39
" In addition, (a) the presence of non-linear absorption kinetics offers a further explanation for the considerable inter-patient variability in AUC since the ability of drug to cross the liver is a function of the concentrations attained in portal blood which will be dependent on dissolution conditions prevailing in the GI-tract, (b) depending on the choice of the dose and dosage interval of the conventional release formulation used for comparison and as a consequence of Michaelis-Menten first pass metabolism it is possible to obtain relative bioavailability data showing superiority, equivalence or bioavailability loss with the slow release form."	( Drug input rate from the GI-tract. Michaelis-Menten kinetics and the bioavailability of slow release verapamil and nifedipine. Fischer, A; Köhne, H; Menke, G; Rietbrock, N; Woodcock, BG, 1988)	0.49
" The second episode of calcium uptake was unaffected by lectin dosage and only moderately affected by the duration of lectin exposure."	( Two episodes of calcium uptake associated with T-lymphocyte activation. Gamaz, N; Kimball, PM; Sell, S, 1988)	0.27
" Denuding caused a parallel shift of the dose-response curve of adenosine to the right by a factor of five in comparison with intact aorta."	( Partially endothelium-dependent vasodilator effect of adenosine in rat aorta. Chiou, WF; Wu, CC; Yen, MH, 1988)	0.27
" In vitro dissolution studies have proved to be of little value in determining the clinical activity of these new dosage forms."	( Controlled-release formulations of propranolol and verapamil. Dunn, J, 1987)	0.52
" No correlation could be found between the change in clinical symptoms and electrocardiographic, echocardiographic or hemodynamic data, nor to the dosage of V or P administered."	( Long-term treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with verapamil or propranolol in matched pairs of patients: results of a multicenter study. Biamino, G; Bubenheimer, P; Förster, K; Hanrath, P; Hopf, R; Kaltenbach, M; Kober, G; Kuck, KH; Schlepper, M; von Olshausen, KE, 1987)	0.52
" These effects of DMDP were greater than those of another calcium channel blocker, verapamil, and occurred at one-half the dosage levels."	( The effects of verapamil and a tiapamil analogue, DMDP, on adriamycin-induced cytotoxicity in P388 adriamycin-resistant and -sensitive leukemia in vitro and in vivo. Bankusli, I; Mayhew, E; Radel, S; Rustum, YM, 1988)	0.85
" Transient atrioventricular dissociation occurred in two patients 2 h after dosing with verapamil and propranolol or atenolol."	( The effect of combined therapy on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of verapamil and propranolol in patients with angina pectoris. Lennard, MS; McCourty, JC; Silas, JH; Tucker, GT, 1988)	0.72
" Studies with a representative Chinese hamster line (CHO) and a single-step multidrug resistant (MDR) mutant of human (HeLa) cells show that: (i) In comparison to the sensitive human cells, both cell lines show a comparable degree of resistance to the above mentioned drugs; (ii) In the presence of non-toxic dosage of verapamil, the drug-resistance phenotype of both cell lines is completely reversed; (iii) Both these cell lines showed greatly reduced uptake/intracellular levels of 3H-daunomycin, 3H-puromycin and 3H-vinblastine, which was restored to sensitive human cell's level in the presence of non-toxic doses of verapamil."	( Intrinsic multidrug resistance phenotype of Chinese hamster (rodent) cells in comparison to human cells. Gupta, RS, 1988)	0.45
" Trough serum concentration of verapamil did not differ during the two dosage regimens (59 ng/ml - conventional formulation and 49."	( 24-hour antiarrhythmic effect of conventional and slow-release verapamil in chronic atrial fibrillation. Bjerregaard, P; Jørgensen, HS; Klitgaard, NA; Mølgaard, H, 1987)	0.8
" There were no differences between formulations other than a significantly longer PR interval following the conventional formulation 2 h after dosing on day 10."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of two formulations of verapamil. Henry, JA; Hla, KK; Latham, AN, 1987)	0.51
" Treatment with verapamil elicited biphasic dose-response effects on rat locomotor activity: doses equimolar to CRF treatment slightly increased CRF-stimulated locomotion, while doses of verapamil ten times greater slightly depressed CRF-stimulated locomotion."	( The effects of verapamil on the locomotor-activating properties of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) in the rat. Aldenhoff, JB; Koob, GF; Swerdlow, NR, 1986)	0.97
" The elimination half-life of all 3 prototypical calcium antagonists is probably significantly prolonged during long-term dosing with clinically effective regimens."	( Kinetics and dynamics of calcium entry antagonists in systemic hypertension. Hamann, SR; McAllister, RG; Schloemer, GL, 1986)	0.27
" The recently developed sustained formulation of the drug renders a simple dosage regimen possible."	( Instant and sustained-release verapamil in the treatment of essential hypertension. Hals, O; Lauve, O; Midtbø, K; Storstein, L; van der Meer, J, 1986)	0.56
" The differences in the concentrations of the D- and L-isomers after oral vs intravenous dosing may contribute to the relatively lower efficacy of orally administered verapamil in the treatment of PSVT."	( The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic differences of the D- and L-isomers of verapamil: implications in the treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Bauman, JL; Gallestegui, J; Hariman, RJ; Hoon, TJ; Rodvold, KA, 1986)	0.69
" There was no significant correlation between plasma drug concentrations and BP reduction, but the dosage regimens with the highest mean plasma drug concentrations were associated with the greatest mean reduction in BP."	( Studies on verapamil in the treatment of essential hypertension: a review. Hals, O; Lauve, O; Midtbø, K; Storstein, L; van der Meer, J, 1986)	0.66
"The antihypertensive effect of a new sustained-release matrix formulation of verapamil 200 mg was investigated in a dose-response study in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension."	( Sustained release verapamil in hypertension. Results from a noninvasive ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and a clinical study. Gordin, A; Koistinen, A; Nissinen, A; Sundberg, S; Tuomilehto, J, 1986)	0.83
" We have compared the effect on heart rate variability, of doubling the digoxin dosage or adding verapamil 120 mg daily in a randomized cross-over study in 14 patients."	( Towards improved control of atrial fibrillation. Channer, KS; James, MA; Papouchado, M; Pitcher, DW; Rees, JR, 1987)	0.49
" The cumulative log dose-response curves of Vp, acyano-Vp and nor-Vp were sigmoidal."	( Evidence that uncharged verapamil inhibits myocardial contractility. Cohen, L; Kezdy, FJ; Retzinger, GS; Vereault, D; Wasserstrom, JA, 1987)	0.58
" In an anesthetized dog model, dosing regimens which produced stable plasma concentrations of either verapamil and/or pindolol resulted in drug effects which were closely related to the plasma levels of the individual agents."	( Hemodynamic and pharmacokinetic aspects of the interactions between verapamil and pindolol. Hamann, SR; Kaltenborn, KE; McAllister, RG, 1987)	0.72
" Twelve patients were not receiving therapy or were receiving very low dosage therapy, including 8 with asymptomatic periods of more than 1 year."	( Late follow-up (41 to 102 months) of medically treated patients with coronary artery spasm and minor atherosclerotic coronary obstructions. Alwyn, M; Freedman, SB; Kelly, DT; Richmond, DR, 1986)	0.27
" This dosage resulted in plasma concentrations of verapamil in the same range as the usual therapeutic levels in humans."	( Effect of verapamil on accumulation of free and esterified cholesterol in the thoracic aorta of cholesterol-fed rabbits. Haugegaard, M; Kjeldsen, K; Ravn, H; Stender, S, 1986)	0.93
" The dosage of adriamycin was 50 mg/M2 every 3 weeks."	( Verapamil reversal of clinical doxorubicin resistance in human cancer. A Wilshire Oncology Medical Group pilot phase I-II study. Bouzaglou, A; Gala, K; Kennedy, PS; Naessig, V; Presant, CA; Wiseman, C; Wyres, M, 1986)	1.71
"05) shifts to the right of the histamine dose-response curve in normal physiological salt solution (PSS)."	( Differential effects of adenosine and verapamil on histamine vascular contractions. Merrill, GF; Tozzi, CA, 1986)	0.54
" Verapamil elimination was also found to be impaired after chronic dosing as compared to single administration."	( The effect of oral verapamil therapy on antipyrine clearance. Kokurina, EV; Metelitsa, VI; Piotrovskii, VK; Riabokon, OS; Rumiantsev, DO; Slastnikova, ID, 1986)	1.51
" The apparent oral clearance of verapamil was decreased after both the twice and thrice daily dosage regimens (1."	( Pharmacokinetics of verapamil in patients with hypertension. Anderson, P; Bondesson, U; de Faire, U, 1986)	0.88
" This could be attributed to a relatively low dosage and slow infusion speed."	( Effects of four antiarrhythmic drugs on the induction and termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Ishinaga, T; Komatsu, C; Tateishi, O; Tokuhisa, Y; Yoshimura, S, 1986)	0.27
" The dosage of Verapamil necessary for maintaining an effective concentration for enhancement of the anti-tumor drug was determined and the influences of bladder instillation of Verapamil on the cardiovascular system and on the bladder were studied."	( [Bladder instillation of verapamil as a means of enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy in superficial bladder carcinoma: influence of bladder instillation of verapamil on the cardiovascular system]. Horiuchi, S; Kaneoya, F; Nakame, Y; Negishi, T; Saitoh, H; Takahashi, T; Yoshida, K, 1987)	0.93
" These data lead us to conclude that verapamil can reverse DNR resistance completely, but that verapamil at non-toxic dosage only reduces DNR resistance by 50% in vivo."	( Effect of verapamil on daunorubicin accumulation in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Friche, E; Nissen, NI; Skovsgaard, T, 1987)	0.95
" Such information assists in development of safe dosing regimens, prediction of abnormal handling of drugs in states of disease and disorder and anticipation of drug interactions."	( Pharmacokinetics of calcium-entry blockers. Blouin, RA; Hamann, SR; McAllister, RG, 1985)	0.27
" Patients failing to convert to sinus rhythm after 12 days had dosage reduced to 180 mg/d of diltiazem or 240 mg/d of verapamil, and quinidine, 750 mg/d, was coadministered for another six days (part III)."	( Diltiazem, verapamil, and quinidine in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Anda, L; Eichelbaum, M; Greenblatt, DJ; Ochs, HR, 1985)	0.87
" Nevertheless, this procedure may provide useful information for optimizing the dosage regimen of each patient as the pathological condition and drug therapy may be quite complex."	( Pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and other calcium entry blockers. Hermann, P; Morselli, PL, 1985)	0.27
"To determine whether verapamil, diltiazem, or nifedipine affect digitoxin kinetics, glycoside plasma concentrations and renal excretion were measured before and during steady-state dosing in 30 patients with cardiac insufficiency."	( Effects of verapamil, diltiazem, and nifedipine on plasma levels and renal excretion of digitoxin. Kuhlmann, J, 1985)	0.98
" We conclude therefore that verapamil may prevent post-transplant acute renal failure, but its optimal dosage and route of administration remain to be determined."	( Verapamil prevents post-transplant oliguric renal failure. Charlesworth, JA; Duggan, KA; Macdonald, GJ; Pussell, BA, 1985)	2.01
" Preconstriction was induced with norepinephrine and cumulative dose-response curves were obtained for the vasodilators."	( Effects of magnesium on the action of vasodilatory agents. Arnold, TH; Tackett, RL, 1985)	0.27
" Pretreatment of aortic rings with high concentrations of nifedipine (5 X 10(-7) M) or verapamil (10(-5) M) caused a comparable displacement to the right (2-3 times) in the relaxant dose-response curve for acetylcholine, A23187 and sodium nitroprusside with little or no changes in the maximal relaxation obtained with these vasodilators."	( Blockade of endothelium-dependent relaxation by the amiloride analog dichlorobenzamil: possible role of Na+/Ca++ exchange in the release of endothelium-derived relaxant factor. Bunting, PB; Schofield, TL; Winquist, RJ, 1985)	0.49
" In 13 the dosage was decreased to 120 mg 2 times a day."	( Short- and long-term treatment of mild to moderate hypertension with verapamil. Dallocchio, M; Gosse, P; Roudaut, R; Wicker, P, 1986)	0.51
" In the second part of the study, dogs received identical dosage sequences, but verapamil preceded dantrolene administration."	( Effects of dantrolene and verapamil on atrioventricular conduction and cardiovascular performance in dogs. Althaus, JS; Durbin, CG; Fisher, NA; Lynch, C; Veselis, RA, 1986)	0.8
" These data indicate the safety and utility of twice-daily verapamil administration for the treatment of essential hypertension and suggest the value of obtaining verapamil plasma levels as a guide to dosage determination."	( Twice-daily administration of oral verapamil in the treatment of essential hypertension. Charlap, S; Dorsa, F; Frishman, W; Kimmel, B; Monuszko, E; Pollack, S; Saltzberg, S; Stroh, J; Weinberg, P; Wiezner, J, 1986)	0.79
" Both doses of both anesthetics increased plasma verapamil levels compared with the same verapamil dosing regimen awake."	( Cardiovascular effects of and interaction between calcium blocking drugs and anesthetics in chronically instrumented dogs. II. Verapamil, enflurane, and isoflurane. Chelly, JE; Hartley, C; Hysing, ES; Merin, RG; Rogers, K; Taylor, A, 1986)	0.73
" In 2 patients, verapamil caused weakness, lightheadedness, and severe sinus bradycardia (40 to 48 beats/min), and the dosage was reduced (blindly) to 240 mg/day, with the alleviation of bradycardia and associated symptoms."	( Propranolol-verapamil versus propranolol-nifedipine in severe angina pectoris of effort: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Corbett, JR; Croft, CH; Fulton, KL; Hillis, LD; Winniford, MD, 1985)	0.99
"The accumulation of verapamil during regular dosing conditions was studied."	( An investigation of the cause of accumulation of verapamil during regular dosing in patients. Abernethy, DR; Mitchell, JR; Schwartz, JB; Taylor, AA, 1985)	0.85
"Submaximal histamine dose-response curves were obtained on 34 dogs divided into six groups."	( Interaction of verapamil hydrochloride and atropine sulphate on histamine-induced bronchoconstriction. Brandt, HD; Bunn, AE; Krivoy, N, 1985)	0.62
" Compared with the concentration after intravenous injection, the total verapamil concentration after oral dosing consisted of a substantially smaller proportion of the more potent l-isomer."	( Effects of d,l-verapamil on atrioventricular conduction in relation to its stereoselective first-pass metabolism. Echizen, H; Eichelbaum, M; Vogelgesang, B, 1985)	0.85
" Dosing regimens were used that produced steady state plasma levels of both drugs, and the observed effects were clearly related to the plasma concentrations of the agents."	( Cardiovascular and pharmacokinetic consequences of combined administration of verapamil and propranolol in dogs. Hamann, SR; Kaltenborn, KE; McAllister, RG; Tan, TG; Vore, M, 1985)	0.5
"A linear dose-response curve was produced by the addition of ouabain (10(-8)-10(-6) M) to the media bathing segments of porcine right coronary arteries."	( Insurmountable antagonism of ouabain-induced coronary constriction by prazosin. Fairfax, CA; Tanz, RD, 1985)	0.27
" Nicardipine given by three different dosing schedules to baboons markedly limited myocardial infarction over a 6 h period of LAD occlusion."	( Nicardipine in models of myocardial infarction. Alps, BJ; Calder, C; Wilson, A, 1985)	0.27
"1 to 1 mM) or verapamil (3 to 30 nM) induced parallel, concentration-dependent rightward displacements of the dose-response curves to Ca2+ (0."	( Ketamine-inhibition of calcium-induced contractions in depolarized rat uterus: a comparison with other calcium antagonists. Calixto, JB; Loch, S, 1985)	0.63
"Nine healthy normal subjects received verapamil, 10 mg iv, before (control) and during cimetidine dosing (300 mg every 6 hours), and verapamil, 120 mg po, twice in the same manner."	( Lack of interaction between verapamil and cimetidine. Abernethy, DR; Schwartz, JB; Todd, EL, 1985)	0.83
" Dose-response curves were constructed for five agents."	( The effectiveness of local injections of vasodilating agents to produce vasodilation in subcutaneous tissue in rabbits. DeYoung, NJ; Duncan, HJ; Faris, IB, 1985)	0.27
" The steep dose-response relationships in other lines support the rationale for high-dose therapy either by intraperitoneal or systemic administration of drugs."	( Pharmacologic reversal of drug resistance in ovarian cancer. Ozols, RF, 1985)	0.27
" Puppies had a greater area under concentration (AUC) after oral dosing than adults, indicating a greater amount of the dose reaching the systemic circulation."	( Age-related changes in the pharmacodynamics of verapamil. Arnold, TH; Tackett, RL; Vallner, JJ, 1985)	0.53
" At the higher dosage verapamil produced a significant improvement in frequency of angina, trinitrin consumption, and exercise tolerance, and had a favourable and significant effect on the amount and duration of ischaemic S-T depression occurring in the electrocardiogram during exercise."	( Clinical evaluation of verapamil in angina pectoris. Clayton, GA; Sandler, G; Thornicroft, SG, 1968)	0.87
" Dose-response curves were constructed correlating decreases in renal blood flow with doses of phenylephrine, clonidine, and guanabenz injected as boluses into renal arteries of anesthetized dogs."	( Renal alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor mediated vasoconstriction in dogs: comparison of phenylephrine, clonidine, and guanabenz. Buckalew, VM; Strandhoy, JW; Wolff, DW, 1984)	0.27
" Then prazosin or yohimbine were administered intra-arterially and dose-response curves repeated."	( Renal alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor mediated vasoconstriction in dogs. Buckalew, VM; Strandhoy, JW; Wolff, DW, 1984)	0.27
" According to the known dosage curve, the dosage of Verapamil would have to be increased multifold to achieve an effect, which is hardly possible due to the cardiodepression and peripheral circulation drop with hypotension that this would entail."	( Does the administration of the calcium-antagonist verapamil in tocolysis with beta-sympathicomimetics still make sense? Blümel, G; Erhardt, W; Fischbach, F; Krieglsteiner, P; Pfeiffer, U; Strigl, R, 1981)	0.77
"Verapamil is effective primary therapy for angina pectoris at a dosage of about 120 mg three times a day."	( Calcium channel blocking drugs for chronic, stable angina. Verapamil. Kelly, DT, 1982)	1.95
"5 micrograms/kg per min) that was continued while dose-response curves to M-7 and cirazoline were generated."	( Differential inhibition of vascular smooth muscle responses to alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists by diltiazem and verapamil. Cavero, I; Langer, SZ; Lefèvre-Borg, F; Shepperson, N, 1983)	0.47
" Special consideration, however, must be given with regard to drug selection and dosage in order to avoid adverse effects on the mother and fetus."	( Antiarrhythmic drug therapy during pregnancy. Elkayam, U; Frishman, W; Rotmensch, HH, 1983)	0.27
"Nifedipine is a strong calcium antagonist; it blocks the excitation-contraction coupling, yet at therapeutic dosage levels it has few side effects."	( What is preferable in unstable angina, beta-blockade or calcium-inhibition? Hugenholtz, PG; Serruys, PW; Simoons, ML, 1983)	0.27
" The dose-response curve to dopamine was shifted to the right by both sulpiride and verapamil, indicative of competitive inhibition."	( Dopamine antagonist effect of verapamil on isolated perfused rabbit ear artery. Johnson, CE; Scriabine, A; Steinsland, OS, 1983)	0.78
" Cumulative histamine dose-response curves were obtained on three groups each consisting of six dogs."	( Different, dose-dependent effects of verapamil inhalation on histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in anaesthetized dogs. Brandt, HD; Bunn, AE; Krivoy, N, 1984)	0.54
"6 mg/kg) shifted the norepinephrine pressor dose-response curve to the right but were ineffective in alpha 2-blocked animals."	( Interference of calcium entry blockade in vivo with pressor responses to alpha-adrenergic stimulation: effects of two unrelated blockers on responses to both exogenous and endogenously released norepinephrine. Pedrinelli, R; Tarazi, RC, 1984)	0.27
" If side effects intervene that may cause continued therapy to be intolerable, changing the antiarrhythmic agent, as opposed to decreasing the dosage to an ineffective range, may be appropriate."	( New directions in antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Somberg, JC, 1984)	0.27
" Norverapamil concentrations were higher than those of the parent drug throughout the entire dosage interval."	( Serum concentration and antihypertensive effect of slow-release verapamil. Bühler, FR; Follath, F; Ha, HR; Schütz, E, 1982)	1.06
" Dose-response curves for the physiological effects of the drugs are observed over the same range of concentrations as their inhibition of [3H]nitrendipine binding to its receptor."	( Activation of the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel in rat heart cells by dihydropyridine derivatives. Lazdunski, M; Méaux, JP; Renaud, JF; Romey, G; Schmid, A, 1984)	0.27
" There was a dose-response relationship between both moieties of PTH and the rise in heart beats, but the effect of 1-84 PTH was significantly greater than that of 1-34 moiety."	( Effect of parathyroid hormone on rat heart cells. Bogin, E; Harary, I; Massry, SG, 1981)	0.26
" Finally, in a dosage which blocked degranulation, verapamil inhibited calcium uptake."	( Role of extracellular calcium and neutrophil degranulation responses to 1-O-alkyl-2-O-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. Lees, CJ; McCall, CE; O'Flaherty, JT; Swendsen, CL, 1981)	0.51
" But the dose-response curve for Ca2+ in the presence of A23187 (3 X 10(-5) M), a Ca ionophore, was not affected at all by verapamil (10(-6) M)."	( Contractile response of the rabbit aorta to maitotoxin, the most potent marine toxin. Ohizumi, Y; Yasumoto, T, 1983)	0.47
" The effect of dosage on twitch reduction was far more pronounced for indirect than direct stimulation."	( Neuromuscular blocking action of verapamil in cats. Gintautas, J; Kraynack, BJ; Lawson, NW, 1983)	0.55
"An understanding of the pharmacokinetics of the calcium antagonists (slow-channel blocking drugs) is essential in order to design appropriate dosage regimens which will provide optimum therapeutic efficacy with these agents."	( Calcium antagonists. Pharmacokinetic properties. Kates, RE, 1983)	0.27
" These investigations demonstrate that verapamil is safe and effective when evaluated after 1 year of continuous therapy using a dosage of 480 mg/day."	( Efficacy and safety of verapamil in patients with angina pectoris after 1 year of continuous, high-dose therapy. Creager, MA; Cutler, SS; Klein, MD; McCabe, CH; Ryan, TJ; Weiner, DA, 1983)	0.85
" Because of the complex pharmacokinetics associated with multiple-dose administration and the variation in individual patient responsiveness to the drug, 'standard' dosing recommendations are difficult to determine; use of verapamil must be titrated to a clinical end-point."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of verapamil. Blouin, RA; Hamann, SR; McAllister, RG, )	0.61
" Drug dosage was twice daily and titrated according to casual clinic pressures (propranolol, 40 to 240 mg twice a day; verapamil, 120 to 240 mg twice a day)."	( Propranolol versus verapamil for the treatment of essential hypertension. Gould, BA; Hornung, RS; Jones, RI; Raftery, EB; Sonecha, T, 1984)	0.8
"Measurement of drug levels is becoming increasingly popular to optimise the dosage of various drugs."	( Reliability of antiarrhythmic drug plasma concentration monitoring. Follath, F; Ganzinger, U; Schuetz, E, )	0.13
" A dose-response relationship resulted when explants were challenged with methacholine in nutrient medium containing varied calcium concentrations (0."	( The calcium dependency of mucus glycoconjugate secretion by canine tracheal explants. Barbieri, EJ; Bobyock, E; Chernick, WS; McMichael, RF, 1984)	0.27
" Peak BP responses were blunted by a maximal dosage of 120 mg of verapamil administered twice daily during static activity."	( Effects of nifedipine and verapamil on isometric and dynamic exercise in normal subjects. Bravo, EL; Falkner, B; Hare, TW; Lowenthal, DT; Porter, RS; Stein, DT, 1984)	0.81
"Inhalation histamine dose-response curves were constructed 15 minutes after inhalation of saline placebo or verapamil (4 mg) for eight patients with mild atopic asthma in a double blind, random manner."	( Effects of calcium channel blockade on histamine induced bronchoconstriction in mild asthma. Banks, J; Davies, BH; Fennerty, A; Walters, EH, 1984)	0.48
" bolus/infusion dosing regimens were used for each drug to achieve and maintain stable drug concentrations in four different ranges rapidly."	( Effects of hemodynamic changes on the elimination kinetics of verapamil and nifedipine. Blouin, RA; Chang, SL; Hamann, SR; Kaltenborn, KE; McAllister, RG; Tan, TG, 1984)	0.51
" PY decreased the maximum inotropic and chronotropic responses to isoprenaline and caused a dose-response parallel shift of the Ca dose-response curve."	( Inotropic and electrophysiological effects of PY 108-068 on isolated cardiac preparations. Delgado, C; Diez, J; Tamargo, J; Tejerina, MT, 1984)	0.27
"In a patient with ischaemic heart disease chronic atrial flutter reverted to sinus rhythm during treatment with oral Verapamil, given at dosage of 240 mg once a day in order to prevent spontaneous angina."	( Conversion of longstanding atrial flutter to sinus rhythm and transient complete A-V block following oral administration of verapamil. Report of a case. Di Giacomo, M; Di Giacomo, V; Tedeschi, A, 1984)	0.68
"As an aid to clinical therapeutic decisions, the haemodynamic dose-response effects following intravenous verapamil were evaluated in ten male patients with angiographically confirmed and stable coronary artery disease."	( Haemodynamic dose-response effects of i.v. verapamil in coronary artery disease. Ahuja, RC; Hussain, M; Nelson, GI; Silke, B; Taylor, SH; Verma, SP, 1984)	0.74
" The most frequently applied dosage was 1 film-coated tablet of gallopamil 50 mg 2-3 times daily."	( [Multicenter long-term study of gallopamil in patients with coronary heart disease]. Schiemann, J; Sućić, M, 1984)	0.27
" These findings imply that verapamil dosage should be reduced in patients with impaired renal function and elderly patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of calcium blockers in patients with renal insufficiency and in geriatric patients. Larsen, A; Midtbø, K; Saevareid, L; Storstein, L, 1984)	0.56
" In this dosage nifedipine did not show any significant change in exercise duration and the variables obtained using computer assisted exercise testing when compared to placebo."	( Evaluation of verapamil and high dose nifedipine in patients with chronic stable angina with objective methods. Bowles, MJ; Davies, AB; Khurmi, NS; Raftery, EB; Subramanian, VB, 1984)	0.63
" One-fifth of the D10 value (concentration of drug that reduced colony-formation ability to 10% that of control) for each isoprenoid was calculated from dose-response curves of Chinese hamster V79 cells or human HeLa cells in culture."	( Potentiation of anticancer agents by new synthetic isoprenoids. I. Inhibition of the growth of cultured mammalian cells. Fukawa, H; Ikezaki, K; Kishiye, T; Komiyama, S; Koyama, H; Miyazaki, C; Tahara, Y; Takahashi, T; Ueda, H; Yamaguchi, T, 1984)	0.27
" Following sinoaortic baroreflex denervation the dose-response curve for the calcium antagonist-induced fall in blood pressure and total peripheral resistance was shifted to the left."	( Calcium antagonists: systemic and regional haemodynamic effects in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Nievelstein, HM; Smits, JF; Struyker-Boudier, HA; van Essen, H, 1984)	0.27
" It is therefore concluded that continuous control of water intake and analysis of the stability of the drug is essential for the establishment of proper dose-response relationships."	( Drinking water and drug dosage in rat studies. Jakobsen, P; Jespersen, LT; Mikkelsen, EO; Pedersen, OL, 1983)	0.27
"The relaxant effects of five organic calcium antagonists (nicardipine, diltiazem, PY 108068, verapamil and bepridil) on guinea-pig isolated trachea were tested against contractions induced by acetylcholine, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, potassium chloride (KCl) and tetraethylammonium (TEA) in a medium containing the normal amount of calcium and against calcium dose-response curves in a calcium-free, potassium-enriched medium."	( Effects of five different organic calcium antagonists on guinea-pig isolated trachea. Advenier, C; Cerrina, J; Duroux, P; Floch, A; Renier, A, 1984)	0.49
" Adjustments in anesthetic dosage may be necessary in patients receiving verapamil."	( Verapamil decreases MAC for halothane in dogs. Kates, RE; Mason, DM; Maze, M, 1983)	1.94
" No clinically useful benefit was found with verapamil in the dosage used in this group of patients and the value of calcium antagonists in the treatment of patients with chronic obstructive lung disease requires further clarification."	( Effects of verapamil on pulmonary haemodynamics during hypoxaemia, at rest, and during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Blair, GP; Brown, SE; King, RR; Light, RW; Linden, GS; Stansbury, DW, 1983)	0.92
" Furthermore, occurrence of tachycardia was uniformly distributed throughout a dosing interval; there was no predilection for tachycardia to occur late in a dosing interval when plasma drug levels were presumed to be lowest."	( The spontaneous occurrence of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Lee, KL; McCarthy, EA; Pritchett, EL; Smith, MS, 1984)	0.27
" At a dosage of 20 mg/kg/day, drug therapy in each case significantly prolonged the functional ability of the dystrophic chickens as quantitated regularly by a standardized test for righting ability."	( In vivo effects of three calcium blockers on chickens with inherited muscular dystrophy. Heffner, RR; Hudecki, MS; Pollina, CM, 1984)	0.27
" The dose-response curve for verapamil was bell-shaped and the activity resided in the l form."	( An inhibitory effect of verapamil and diltiazem on the release of noradrenaline from ischaemic and reperfused hearts. Nayler, WG; Sturrock, WJ, 1984)	0.87
" In the presence of 1 X 10(-3) M fusaric acid, the dose-response curves of cerebral arteries for 15-HPAA were antagonized in a noncompetitive manner."	( Contractile responses of mammalian cerebral arteries to 15-hydroperoxyarachidonic acid vary in the presence of fusaric acid and verapamil. Asano, M; Hidaka, H; Matsuda, T; Suzuki, Y, 1984)	0.47
" An increased pressor responsiveness to noradrenaline was indicated by a shift of the noradrenaline dose-response curve to the left in group A rats as compared with group C rats."	( Vascular hypersensitivity to noradrenaline: a possible mechanism of hypertension in rats with chronic uraemia. Chaichenco, Y; Chaimovitz, C; Goligorsky, M; Kaplanski, J; Rapoport, J; Zimlichman, RR, 1984)	0.27
" Dose-response curves for the relaxation of muscle to these drugs were all in parallel."	( Mechanisms of slow contracture induced by potassium and caffeine in skeletal muscle of the dog. Aoyama, T; Ono, H; Sato, T, 1984)	0.27
" Dosing guidelines for all drugs are given in the paper."	( Diagnosis and treatment of Prinzmetal's variant angina. Greenberg, B; McMahon, MT; McPherson, MA; Sheaffer, SL; Talbert, RL, )	0.13
" Verapamil caused no side effects forcing a reduction in dosage or a discontinuation."	( A controlled trial of verapamil for Prinzmetal's variant angina. Hillis, LD; Johnson, SM; Mauritson, DR; Willerson, JT, 1981)	1.49
" When verapamil was administered to the healthy volunteers at the dosage commonly used, inhibition of platelet aggregation was observed 2 hrs after the drug ingestion."	( Inhibition of human platelet functions by verapamil. Ando, Y; Ikeda, Y; Kikuchi, M; Toyama, K; Watanabe, K, 1981)	1.01
" The main limiting factor in dosage was hypotension."	( Verapamil in the long-term treatment of angina pectoris. Raftos, J, 1982)	1.71
" In normal calcium Krebs solution, dose-response curves to histamine were markedly reduced by verapamil while acetylcholine responses were relatively unaffected."	( The effect of prostaglandin E2 on histamine-stimulated calcium mobilization as a possible explanation for histamine tachyphylaxis in canine tracheal smooth muscle. Anderson, WH; Krzanowski, JJ; Polson, JB; Szentivanyi, A, 1983)	0.48
" Follow-up study with oral verapamil at the same dosage in 13 patients for 7 +/- 5 months (+/- SD) revealed that the six patients with induction of echo beats alone have been free of symptomatic arrhythmia, while six of the remaining eight patients had occasional attacks of sustained tachycardia."	( Effects of oral verapamil in patients with atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia incorporating an accessory pathway. Hung, JS; Kou, HC; Lin, FC; Wu, D; Yeh, SJ, 1983)	0.91
" These results suggest that verapamil, at the dosage used, did not prevent allergic bronchoconstriction by a direct action on smooth muscle and therefore was effective by inhibiting the release of mast cell mediators."	( Modification of allergic bronchoconstriction by a calcium antagonist: mode of action. Abraham, WM; Ahmed, T; Marchette, B; Russi, EW; Yerger, L, 1983)	0.56
" When the relationship between serum concentration at the end of the dosing interval and angina frequency was studied, it was observed that patients in whom angina was completely suppressed had concentrations greater than 160 ng/ml and patients with poor control (greater than 5 anginal episodes per week) had concentrations less than 60 ng/ml."	( Pharmacokinetics of verapamil and norverapamil during long-term oral therapy. Lopez, LL; Mehta, J; Pieper, JA; Tartaglione, TA, 1983)	0.59
" Of 26 patients who completed the single-blind dose titration, 16 were improved (greater than 1 minute) at a dosage of 240 or 360 mg/day."	( Verapamil versus placebo in relieving stable angina pectoris. Bailly, DJ; Butman, S; Citron, PD; Landa, DW; Pine, MB; Plasencia, GO; Wong, RK, 1982)	1.71
" Patients in the first two categories were evaluated both by open-label dosage titration and by a randomized, double-blind, cross-over protocol."	( Clinical use of oral verapamil in chronic and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Guerrero, J; King, BD; Pitchon, R; Schneider, RR; Stern, EH; Wiener, I, 1982)	0.58
" Verapamil was well tolerated in both dosage forms by all subjects."	( The pharmacology of verapamil. IV. Kinetic and dynamic effects after single intravenous and oral doses. Kirsten, EB; McAllister, RG, 1982)	1.5
" In the 20 patients with hypertension for whom full dose-response curves were determined, the dilator response to verapamil was significantly greater than that in the normal controls, whereas the response to sodium nitroprusside was reduced."	( Response of forearm resistance vessels to verapamil and sodium nitroprusside in normotensive and hypertensive men: evidence for a functional abnormality of vascular smooth muscle in primary hypertension. Bayley, S; Dobbs, RJ; Robinson, BF, 1982)	0.74
" Flunarizine at a small dose shifted to the right the dose-response curve for Ca2+ of the phasic contraction due to electric stimuli in rabbit basilar strips, while in a large dose, flunarizine reduced the maximum tension and slope of the dose-response curve."	( Selective abolition of Ca-dependent responses of smooth and cardiac muscles by flunarizine. Kasuya, Y; Nakayama, K, 1980)	0.26
"Verapamil kinetics after intravenous and single and long-term oral dosing were studied in 12 patients with coronary artery spasm and four normal subjects."	( Verapamil kinetics in normal subjects and patients with coronary artery spasm. Ashley, JJ; Freedman, SB; Kelly, DT; Richmond, DR, 1981)	3.15
" After 2 weeks, aortic and portal vein strips were prepared from each rat for studies of cumulative dose-response curves to norepinephrine (NE) in Krebs' solution containing normal (2."	( Effect of chronic treatment of spontaneously hypertensive rats with D 600. Pang, CC; Sutter, MC, )	0.13
" All three drugs inhibited norepinephrine (NE) and KCl dose-response curves in a concentration-dependent manner."	( Spasmolytic action of verapamil, D600 and cinchocaine on the rat vas deferens. Lin, CS; Swamy, VC, 1980)	0.58
" The main limiting factor in dosage was hypotension."	( Verapamil in the long-term treatment of angina pectoris. Raftos, J, 1980)	1.7
" Group III animals were given verapamil orally in the dosage of 4 mg/kg, three times a day, 10 days before coronary ligation."	( Experimental myocardial infarction in rhesus monkeys. Verapamil pretreatment in the reduction of infarct size. Anand, IS; Chakravarti, RN; Sharma, PL; Wahi, PL, 1980)	0.8
" The results of in vivo protein binding studies using plasma samples collected during a steady-state dosing interval from a patient receiving 80 mg of verapamil orally every 6 hr were similar to those obtained from vitro binding studies."	( Factors affecting the plasma protein binding of verapamil and norverapamil in man. Bates, TR; Kunka, RL; Yong, CL, 1980)	0.72
" Nifedipine released during Days 11-14 elicited an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve in the VDI with a peak increase of 30."	( Calcium entry blockers stimulate vasoproliferation on the chick chorioallantoic membrane. Dusseau, J; Hutchins, PM, 1993)	0.29
" However, the concentrations at which these calcium channel blockers elicit antiproliferative effects may not be attainable during therapeutic dosing in humans."	( Effect of calcium channel blockers on the growth of human vascular smooth muscle cells derived from saphenous vein and vascular graft stenoses. Betteridge, L; Chan, P; Gallagher, K; Munro, E; Patel, M; Schachter, M; Sever, P; Wolfe, J, 1994)	0.29
" Dose-response curves were constructed before and during intra-arterial infusion of the NO synthase inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) (2 mg/min, n = 6) or vehicle (n = 6)."	( Endothelial release of nitric oxide contributes to the vasodilator effect of adenosine in humans. Banitt, P; Creager, MA; Lipson, DE; Rongen, GA; Smits, P; Williams, SB, 1995)	0.29
" In both tissues, variations in perfusate [Ca2+] had similar effects: threshold contractile concentrations of 5-HT were unaffected, and the upper ends of the 5-HT dose-response curves were augmented or decreased by increased or decreased [Ca2+], respectively."	( Interaction between Ca2+, verapamil, and ketanserin in rat tail artery and aorta. Marwood, JF; Okoro, EO; Stokes, GS, 1995)	0.59
" Relative resistance was not significantly changed by co-incubation with a non-cytotoxic dosage of these inhibitors."	( Role of sodium pump systems to determine sensitivity to mitomycin C in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Bando, T; Fujimura, M; Kasahara, K; Matsuda, T; Nakatsumi, Y; Numata, Y; Shibata, K, )	0.13
" Both of them inhibited the contraction of the left atrium and reversed the frequency-contraction response from positive to negative staircase in the higher dosage (500 and 1 mumol."	( Effects of osthole on isolated guinea pig heart atria. Li, L; Yang, L; Zhang, CL; Zhao, DK; Zhao, GS; Zhuang, FE, 1995)	0.29
"The technique detailed here allows reliable, direct measurement of intestinal absorption which may assist in characterizing oral dosing for novel therapeutic agents."	( Method to estimate the rate and extent of intestinal absorption in conscious rats using an absorption probe and portal blood sampling. Borre, A; Hoffman, DJ; Nellans, HN; Seifert, T, 1995)	0.29
"This study investigated the effect of verapamil metabolites on R- and S-verapamil protein binding in plasma samples collected from subjects prior to rac-verapamil dosing and following single dose and steady state rac-verapamil dosing."	( Influence of metabolites on protein binding of verapamil enantiomers. Akers, WS; Johnson, JA, 1995)	0.82
" In combined intraperitoneal injection with vinblastine (200 micrograms kg-1) into P388/ADR-bearing mice, NA-382 in a suspension form (10 mg kg-1) prolonged the life-span of the mice near to that of P388/S-bearing mice treated with vinblastine alone, but verapamil even at the maximum tolerated dosage (30 mg kg-1) barely affected the in-vivo antitumour effect of vinblastine."	( Antitumour effects and pharmacokinetics of combination of vinblastine with a staurosporine derivative, NA-382, in P388/ADR-bearing mice. Koga, K; Miyamoto, K; Ohshima, T; Takeda, K; Wakusawa, S, 1995)	0.47
" Initial dose-response studies for anipamil (0."	( Effects of anipamil, a long acting analog of verapamil, in pigs subjected to myocardial ischemia. Guppy, LJ; Harvie, CJ; Pugsley, MK; Ries, CR; Walker, MJ, 1995)	0.55
" Although apoptosis occurred when its multidrugs resistance had been reversed by verapamil, compared with sensitive HL-60 cells, the time at which apoptosis happened delayed and the drug dosage increased."	( [Apoptosis resistance and its reversal in harringtonine resistant cell line]. Chi, XS; Fang, M; Pang, DB; Xue, SB; Zhang, HQ, 1994)	0.51
" This verapamil formulation can be clinically titrated within a 180 to 540 mg dosing range, permitting effective once-daily administration for the treatment of chronic stable angina."	( Placebo-controlled evaluation of three doses of a controlled-onset, extended-release formulation of verapamil in the treatment of stable angina pectoris. Anders, RJ; Awan, NA; Bultas, J; Cutler, NR; Jhee, SS; Lahiri, A; Sramek, JJ; Woroszylska, M, 1995)	0.99
" Dose-response relations were also consistent with independent binding of transcainide to two separate sites on the channel."	( Transcainide causes two modes of open-channel block with different voltage sensitivities in batrachotoxin-activated sodium channels. French, RJ; Zamponi, GW, 1994)	0.29
" If sinus rhythm could not be established at that time, electric cardioversion was performed and the drug was continued in lower dosage thereafter."	( [Sotalol and quinidine/verapamil (Cordichin) in chronic atrial fibrillation--conversion and 12-month follow-up--a randomized comparison]. Betz, P; Kalusche, D; Roskamm, H; Stockinger, J, 1994)	0.6
" Dose-response curves were generated for the response to intravenous administration of acetylcholine (ACh), phenylephrine (PE), or salbutamol (SAL) (10(-8) to 10(-4) mol/kg)."	( Effect of cyclic phenyl saligenin phosphate and paraoxon treatment on vascular response to adrenergic and cholinergic agents in hens. Ehrich, M; Lee, JC; McCain, WC; Wilcke, J, 1995)	0.29
" Lid shifted the dose-response curves for KCl and NA to the right nonparallelly and depressed their maximal responses."	( [Effects of lidocaine on contraction of isolated rabbit aortic rings]. Bu, X; Jiang, MZ; Li, ST; Wen, Y; Zhang, ZH, 1994)	0.29
" A dose-response relationship was established for the effect of VER on efflux."	( Kinetics of daunorubicin transport in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells with different expression of P-glycoprotein. Maare, C; Nielsen, D; Skovsgaard, T, 1994)	0.29
" Most antihypertensives can be given once or twice daily without the need for sustained-release dosage forms."	( Selected factors that influence responses to antihypertensives. Choosing therapy for the uncomplicated patient. Carter, BL; Elliott, WJ; Frohlich, ED; Mann, RJ; Moore, MA; Roberts, RW, 1994)	0.29
" In summary, aging decreases clearance of both S- and R-verapamil during steady-state intravenous dosing of racemic verapamil with preserved stereoselective clearance of verapamil with aging."	( Verapamil stereoisomers during racemic verapamil administration: effects of aging and comparisons to administration of individual stereoisomers. Capili, H; Schwartz, JB; Wainer, IW, 1994)	1.98
"HCl in eight volunteers following single and multiple oral doses of these dosage forms were determined using HPLC method."	( [Study on dissolution test in vitro and bioavailability of oral osmotic pump of verapamil hydrochloride]. Cao, DS; Guo, JL; He, HY; Jing, GW; Li, YQ; Li, Z; Ling, LX, 1993)	0.51
" Finally, verapamil, a calcium/potassium channel blocker displaced the dose-response curve for Cd2+ toxicity as well as metallothionein-IIA and heat shock protein 70 gene expression to higher Cd2+ concentrations."	( Modulation of stress proteins by Cd2+ in a human T cell line. Benveniste, J; Davenas, E; Manuel, Y; Morin, L; Pellegrini, O; Thomas, Y; Tsangaris, GT, 1994)	0.69
" Forearm blood flow was determined by venous occlusion plethysmography, and dose-response curves were generated for each drug."	( Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Creager, MA; Creager, SJ; Cusco, JA; Johnstone, MT; Lee, BK; Scales, KM, 1993)	0.29
" These changes were more pronounced by increasing the dosage of histamine."	( Effects of calcium channel and H1-receptor blockers on the responses of slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors to histamine in vagotomized rabbits. Kanno, T; Matsumoto, S; Nagayama, T; Shimizu, T; Yamasaki, M, 1993)	0.29
"In vitro prospective, repeated-measures, dose-response study."	( Effect of calcium to reverse the electrocardiographic effects of hyperkalemia in the isolated rat heart: a prospective, dose-response study. Bisogno, JL; Langley, A; Von Dreele, MM, 1994)	0.29
" As the phosphate concentration was increased, the biphasic fluoride dose-response curve was shifted to a lower range of fluoride concentrations."	( Fluoride increases net 45Ca uptake by SaOS-2 cells: The effect is phosphate dependent. Farley, JR; Hall, SL; Herring, S; Tanner, MA, 1993)	0.29
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of verapamil indicated a two-fold increase in AUC and Cmax at trial B and C when compared with the single dose application, but AUC and Cmax were considerably lesser during the afternoon dosing interval (trial D)."	( Concentration/effect analysis of verapamil: evaluation of different approaches. Harder, S; Rietbrock, S; Thürmann, P, 1993)	0.84
"Recent pharmacotherapeutic advances in the treatment of hypertension have included the development of sustained-release (SR) dosage formulations, providing patients with the convenience of once daily administration."	( Utility of a sustained-release formulation for antihypertensive therapy. Markowski, DJ; Sclar, DA; Skaer, TL; Won, JK, 1993)	0.29
" The time-course of the ocular effects of topical verapamil and nifedipine as well as the dose-response relationship, were studied in conscious, normotensive rabbits."	( The topical application of verapamil and nifedipine lowers intraocular pressure in conscious rabbits. Garrido, M; Martínez de Ibarreta, MJ; Santafé, J; Segarra, J, 1993)	0.84
" The nurse's monitoring and evaluation of the desired and adverse effects helps the team to titrate the dosage according to the patient's response."	( Continuous verapamil infusion: the nurse's role in monitoring patient outcomes. Jozefiak, E; Molchany, CA; Swavely, DA, )	0.52
" After 500 and 1000 mg R-verapamil there were significant prolongations in PR interval, maximal at 1-2 h after dosing and coincident with peak plasma drug concentrations, but these were not significantly different from the maximum prolongation obtained with 240 mg racemic verapamil."	( R-verapamil: pharmacokinetics and effects on PR interval, blood pressure and heart rate. Ahmed, JH; Elliott, HL; Godden, J; Meredith, PA, 1993)	1.31
"5 mg/kg) and oral (5 mg/kg) dose kinetics of verapamil were studied in 6 dogs during steady-state oral verapamil dosing (5 mg/kg every 8 h for 3 days)."	( Pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers of verapamil in the dog. Bai, SA; Johnson, LM; Lankford, SM, 1993)	0.82
" In the taenia coli, lower concentrations of both the extract and verapamil induced a parallel displacement of the dose-response curves to calcium (0."	( Inhibition of calcium-dependent contractions of the isolated guinea-pig ileal longitudinal muscle and taenia coli by the total glycosidic extract of the plant Sarcolobus globosus. Mustafa, MR, 1993)	0.52
" Development of a concentrated dosage form is necessary to assess bioavailability."	( Comparison of intranasal versus intravenous verapamil bioavailability. Engelhardt, J; Gal, P; Johnson, M; Kandrotas, R; Kroboth, P; Smith, H; Watling, S, 1993)	0.55
" Both gallopamil and verapamil inhibited the Ach-induced contractions of ovine tracheal smooth muscle, by shifting the dose-response curves to Ach to the right."	( Ovine tracheal muscle contraction in vitro: inhibition by calcium channel blockers gallopamil and verapamil. Abraham, WM; Ahmed, T; Chapman, GA; Jackowski, J, 1993)	0.82
" R56865 was given before ischemia and with the onset of reperfusion, applying different dosing schedules, including an initial loading dose."	( R56865 is antifibrillatory in reperfused ischemic guinea-pig hearts, even when given only during reperfusion. Guttmann, I; Mozes, A; Scheufler, E; Wilffert, B, 1995)	0.29
" Forearm blood flow dose-response curves were determined for each drug before and during concomitant intraarterial administration of vitamin C (24 mg/min)."	( Vitamin C improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Boles, KS; Creager, MA; Creager, SJ; Ganz, P; Timimi, FK; Ting, HH, 1996)	0.29
"Twelve patients meeting DSM-IIIR criteria for mania received verapamil over a 2-week period, with dosing up to 360 mg/day."	( Treatment of mania: relationship between response to verapamil and changes in plasma calcium and magnesium levels. Goodnick, PJ, 1996)	0.78
" Forearm blood flow was determined by venous occlusion plethysmography, and dose-response curves were generated for each agent."	( Impaired nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Creager, MA; Cusco, JA; Johnstone, MT; Roddy, MA; Williams, SB, 1996)	0.29
" Both dosage regimens were continued for 1 week with a minimum 1-week period between the two drug treatments."	( Pharmacokinetics of verapamil and norverapamil enantiomers after administration of immediate and controlled-release formulations to humans:evidence suggesting input-rate determined stereoselectivity. Bhatti, MM; Foster, RT; Lewanczuk, RZ; Pasutto, FM, 1995)	0.61
" Plasma verapamil concentrations were measured at steady state over the dosing interval."	( The effect of food, time of dosing, and body position on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of verapamil and norverapamil. Atkinson, L; Gupta, SK; Longstreth, J; Yih, BM, 1995)	0.94
" Antihypertensive therapy has been traditionally dosed in the morning after awakening, and in recent years most of the newly developed antihypertensive agents have been once-daily, long-acting preparations."	( A chronotherapeutic approach to the management of hypertension. White, WB, 1996)	0.29
" LFLX (100 microM) shifted the dose-response curve of glucose-induced insulin release to the left without altering the maximal response."	( Increase in insulin release from rat pancreatic islets by quinolone antibiotics. Iguchi, A; Maeda, N; Miura, H; Niki, I; Nonogaki, K; Ozawa, K; Tamagawa, T; Uemura, K; Watanabe, G, 1996)	0.29
" The dose-response curves of adenosine on AV nodal conduction were almost identical in the control state and after verapamil, propranolol, or procainamide injection."	( Effects of verapamil, propranolol, and procainamide on adenosine-induced negative dromotropism in human beings. Lai, WT; Lee, CS; Sheu, SH; Wu, JC; Wu, SN, 1996)	0.89
" Dose-response curves were fitted with a nonlinear regression microcomputer programme."	( A complex interaction between topical verapamil and timolol on intraocular pressure in conscious rabbits. Garrido, M; Martínez de Ibarreta, MJ; Melena, J; Santafé, J; Segarra, J, 1996)	0.57
" After 1-week recovery, dogs underwent control euglycemic insulin dose-response studies (n = 6) in the conscious state: at 1,000 mU/mm insulin infusion rate, myocardial glucose and lactate extraction increased seven- and threefold, respectively with no change in coronary artery blood flow or ventricular elasticity and end-systole (Ees)."	( Myocardial metabolism during graded intraportal verapamil infusion in awake dogs. Kline, JA; Leonova, E; Schroeder, JD; Watts, JA; Williams, TC, 1996)	0.55
" Further studies are needed to determine the dose-response and the efficacy of the drug in nonhuman primates."	( The effects of subconjunctival verapamil on filtering blebs in rabbits. Agarwala, A; Edward, DP; Gupta, B; Moy, JJ, 1996)	0.58
"The stability of drugs commonly prescribed for use in oral liquid dosage forms but not commercially available as such was studied."	( Stability of labetalol hydrochloride, metoprolol tartrate, verapamil hydrochloride, and spironolactone with hydrochlorothiazide in extemporaneously compounded oral liquids. Allen, LV; Erickson, MA, 1996)	0.54
" The 48 study subjects received verapamil daily during each of the 4 sequential 5-day dosing segments."	( Simultaneous first-order and capacity-limited elimination kinetics after oral administration of verapamil. Atkinson, L; Gupta, SK; Hwang, S; Longstreth, J, 1996)	0.8
" Dose-response curves to insulin (2 to 2000 microU/ml) were compared for extraluminal (EL), intraluminal (IL), and combined IL-EL application."	( Direct vasodilatory effect of insulin on isolated retinal arterioles. Alder, VA; Cringle, SJ; Su, EN; Yu, DY; Yu, PK, 1996)	0.29
" Exposure to EL insulin while the IL K+ contraction dose-response curve was measured had no effect."	( Direct vasodilatory effect of insulin on isolated retinal arterioles. Alder, VA; Cringle, SJ; Su, EN; Yu, DY; Yu, PK, 1996)	0.29
"Since the balance between the positive and the negative effects of vasodilation may be delicate in ischemic diseases a dose-response study (dose range, 120 to 480 mg) was established to determine optimal, individual dosages of slow-release verapamil in 44 patients with stable intermittent claudication (Fontaine classification stage II) with respect to walking capacity."	( Effect of verapamil in intermittent claudication A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study after individual dose-response assessment. Bagger, JP; Helligsoe, P; Jensen, BS; Kimose, HH; Randsbaek, F, 1997)	0.88
" Individual optimization of drug dosage should be considered an option both in trials and in the clinical setting in these patients."	( Effect of verapamil in intermittent claudication A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study after individual dose-response assessment. Bagger, JP; Helligsoe, P; Jensen, BS; Kimose, HH; Randsbaek, F, 1997)	0.7
" This study was undertaken in adult male New Zealand rabbits to assess the effect of 3 weeks of dosing with NIS (1 mg."	( A high cholesterol diet blocks the effect of calcium channel blockers on the uptake of sugars in rabbit intestine. Hyson, DH; Kappagoda, CT; Keelan, M; Thomson, AB, 1997)	0.3
" It is concluded that the combination doses tested showed a sustained and marked antihypertensive effect throughout the 24-hour dosing interval, and the starting dose (verapamil 180 mg plus trandolapril 2 mg) seems appropriate in this group of patients."	( Once-daily fixed dose combinations of verapamil and trandolapril in black patients with mild to moderate hypertension: a new choice for first line treatment. Hlatswayo, Z; Radevski, I; Sareli, P; Skoularigis, J; Strugo, V, 1997)	0.76
" In this situation, the selection of a correct assay dosage to study the MDR modulation mechanism was a problem."	( Simultaneous determination of cytotoxic (adriamycin, vincristine) and modulator of resistance (verapamil, S 9788) drugs in human cells by high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet detection. Atassi, G; Dubois, J; Hanocq, M; Tassin, JP, 1997)	0.52
" This may be explained by the inconsistent efficacy of Mg2+, partly in relationship to a given plasma Mg(2+)-concentration, partly caused by the uncertainty regarding the dosage and injection rate or the unawareness of the clinical effects of the cation."	( [Clinico-electrophysiologic effects of magnesium, especially in supraventricular tachycardia]. Vester, EG, 1997)	0.3
" The dose-response curves constructed in the presence of 17 beta E (2 x 10(-5) mol/l) produced a rightward shift and a reduction in the maximum response showing inhibitory activity."	( In vitro administration of 17 beta-estradiol inhibits drug-induced contractions of the rat isolated seminal vesicle. Chandranath, SI, 1997)	0.3
" In the in vivo study, the dose-response curve for the 50% lethal dose (LD50) of bupivacaine was determined for rats."	( The effects of verapamil and nimodipine on bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity in rats: an in vivo and in vitro study. Adsan, H; Onaran, O; Tulunay, M, 1998)	0.65
" After a 4-week single-blind placebo phase, patients received one of the following daily dosage regimens in a double-blind fashion for 6 weeks: placebo, 4 mg of trandolapril, 240 mg of verapamil SR, or a combination of 4 mg of trandolapril and 240 mg of verapamil SR."	( Effects of verapamil and trandolapril in the treatment of hypertension. Trandolapril Study Group. Elliott, WJ; Frishman, WH; Messerli, F, 1998)	0.88
" A rightward shift in the dose-response curve for InsP3-induced Ca2+ release was observed in permeabilized monolayers of vasopressin-pretreated A7r5 cells (EC50 630 nM and 400 nM for pretreated and non-pretreated cells, respectively)."	( Agonist-induced down-regulation of type 1 and type 3 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors in A7r5 and DDT1 MF-2 smooth muscle cells. Casteels, R; Deelman, L; Henning, RH; Missiaen, L; Parys, JB; Sipma, H; Smedt, HD; Vanlingen, S, 1998)	0.3
" Furthermore, a low incidence of side effects, particularly ankle edema and optimal pharmacokinetics allowing once-daily dosing would be desirable."	( Comparative pharmacological properties among calcium channel blockers: T-channel versus L-channel blockade. Lüscher, TF; Noll, G, 1998)	0.3
" Dose-response studies revealed procaine hydrochloride pretreated 3 min before KCN, at doses of 18."	( Effect of procaine hydrochloride on cyanide intoxication and its effect on neuronal calcium in mice. Jiang, S; Liu, Z; Zhuang, X, 1998)	0.3
"To investigate the dose-response relationship and contribution of verapamil SR and trandolapril given in combination once a day for the treatment of essential hypertension."	( Verapamil SR and trandolapril combination therapy in hypertension--a clinical trial of factorial design. German Hypertension Study Group. Compagnone, D; Scholze, J; Zilles, P, 1998)	1.98
"All dosage combinations of verapamil SR and trandolapril produced significantly greater reduction of blood pressure than the monotherapy at the same dosage."	( Verapamil SR and trandolapril combination therapy in hypertension--a clinical trial of factorial design. German Hypertension Study Group. Compagnone, D; Scholze, J; Zilles, P, 1998)	2.04
" As an alternative, the dosage of simvastatin should be reduced considerably, that is, by about 50% to 80%, at least when a simvastatin dosage higher than 20 mg/day is used."	( Erythromycin and verapamil considerably increase serum simvastatin and simvastatin acid concentrations. Kantola, T; Kivistö, KT; Neuvonen, PJ, 1998)	0.64
" Higher dosage of verapamil are needed to block Na+ channels in adult avian heart as reported for mammalian myocardium."	( Verapamil and TTX inhibit +Vmax but differentially alter the duration of action potential of adult chicken ventricular myocardium. Prakash, P; Tripathi, O, 1998)	2.08
" Independent, duplicate assessments were made of patient outcomes and trial characteristics (including study design, treatment dosage and schedule, duration of treatment, inclusion criteria, and sample size)."	( Verapamil use in patients with cardiovascular disease: an overview of randomized trials. Faich, G; Makuch, R; Pepine, CJ, 1998)	1.74
"We compared the cumulative dose-response relations of verapamil (0."	( Effects of the optical isomers of verapamil on electrophysiological properties of the heart in conscious dogs. Bosnjak, ZJ; Krolikowski, JG; Lathrop, DA; McCallum, JB; Takahata, O, 1998)	0.83
" Animals in group 2 (n = 10) with artificially-induced pancreatitis received the same dosage of saline in the same manner."	( Continuous calcium channel blocker infusion in experimentally induced acute pancreatitis: effects on pancreas and liver function. Ciner, I; Ciner, L; Soran, A; Yücel, E, 1998)	0.3
" Hypothermia shifted the dose-response curves to the right for the negative chronotropic and inotropic effects of verapamil and for the negative chronotropic and positive inotropic effects of zatebradine, but not for the negative chronotropic and positive inotropic effects of E-4031."	( Effects of low temperature on the chronotropic and inotropic responses to zatebradine, E-4031 and verapamil in isolated perfused dog atria. Chiba, S; Furukawa, Y; Hoyano, Y; Kasama, M; Oguchi, T, 1998)	0.73
" This fact permits the use of high Drol Z dosage in order to achieve a relevant modulating effect in vivo and to use this drug in combination with a further modulator so as to reach maximum efficacy with tolerable side effects."	( In vitro efficacy of known P-glycoprotein modulators compared to droloxifene E and Z: studies on a human T-cell leukemia cell line and their resistant variants. Gieseler, F; Gullis, E; Hasmann, M; Löser, R; Nüssler, V; Pelka-Fleisc, R; Stötzer, O; Wilmanns, W; Zwierzina, H, 1998)	0.3
"The objective of this study was to investigate whether the decrease in artemisinin bioavailability after repeated oral dosing in humans can be a result of increased efflux of artemisinin by P-glycoprotein or decreased membrane transport at the intestinal barrier."	( High in situ rat intestinal permeability of artemisinin unaffected by multiple dosing and with no evidence of P-glycoprotein involvement. Ashton, M; Carlborg, O; Lennernäs, H; Sandström, R; Svensson, US, 1999)	0.3
" In this article, we show that the effect of verapamil and diltiazem on cyclosporine levels appears to be independent of dosage within their usual prescription range."	( Absence of a dose-response of cyclosporine levels to clinically used doses of diltiazem and verapamil. Chan, L; Jacob, LP; Malhotra, D; Shapiro, JI, 1999)	0.78
"This multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel group, placebo lead-in, placebo-controlled study compared the antianginal and anti-ischemic effects of once-daily bedtime dosing of controlled-onset extended-release (COER-24) verapamil to a once-daily morning dosing of amlodipine +/- atenolol in patients with chronic stable angina."	( Comparison of controlled-onset, extended-release verapamil with amlodipine and amlodipine plus atenolol on exercise performance and ambulatory ischemia in patients with chronic stable angina pectoris. Deedwania, PC; Fakouhi, TD; Frishman, WH; Glasser, S; Johnson, M; Stone, P, 1999)	0.74
"1 mg/kg) into the carotid artery directly after infliction of dosed craniocerebral injury improve energy metabolism and limit the intensity of lipid peroxidation in the brain during the first hour of the posttraumatic period."	( [Use of neoton and finoptin to correct metabolic disorders of the brain in craniocerebral injuries]. Dolgikh, VT; Ivanov, SR; Zakharov, IV, )	0.13
"We observed no significant differences in pharmacokinetics (AUCpo, Cmax, tmax, CLo, F and R/S enantiomer ratio) between morning and evening treatment with modified release verapamil and there was no influence of time of dosing on mean prolongation of PR interval."	( Chronopharmacology of intravenous and oral modified release verapamil. Dilger, K; Eckhardt, K; Eichelbaum, M; Hofmann, U; Kucher, K; Mikus, G, 1999)	0.74
"Time of dosing has no significant influence on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of this new modified release formulation of verapamil."	( Chronopharmacology of intravenous and oral modified release verapamil. Dilger, K; Eckhardt, K; Eichelbaum, M; Hofmann, U; Kucher, K; Mikus, G, 1999)	0.75
" At doses of 10(-6)-3 x 10(-5) M, propiverine caused both a rightward shift and inhibition of the maximum response in the acetylcholine (ACh) dose-response curve."	( [Effects of propiverine hydrochloride (propiverine) on isolated rat and dog urinary bladder]. Kaneko, S; Nakano, D; Nishimori, T; Ohara, M, 1999)	0.3
"Intravenous and oral verapamil clearance values were significantly correlated, and cumulative dextromethorphan/3-methoxymorphinan urinary ratios correlated with both plasma AUC(norverapamil)/AUC(verapamil) after oral verapamil dosing and with oral and intravenous verapamil clearance."	( In vivo comparison of putative probes of CYP3A4/5 activity: erythromycin, dextromethorphan, and verapamil. Barnas, CR; Gorski, JC; Krecic-Shepard, ME; Schwartz, JB; Slimko, J; Wainer, IW, 1999)	0.84
" Intra- and inter-patient variations in methadone bioavailability have been observed after oral methadone treatment and this makes it difficult to predict a dosing regimen."	( The roles of P-glycoprotein and intracellular metabolism in the intestinal absorption of methadone: in vitro studies using the rat everted intestinal sac. Barthe, L; Bouër, R; Houin, G; Philibert, C; Tournaire, C; Woodley, J, 1999)	0.3
" Our findings raise important questions concerning the need for a dosage adjustment of IDA when MDR modulators are coadministered."	( Multidrug resistance modulation in vivo: the effect of cyclosporin A alone or with dexverapamil on idarubicin pharmacokinetics in acute leukemia. Baccarani, M; Baraldo, M; Damiani, D; Ermacora, A; Fanin, R; Furlanut, M; Michieli, M; Pea, F; Russo, D, 1999)	0.53
" The effect of MIB on the dose-response curve of externally applied noradrenaline was also studied."	( Evidence for a sympatholytic effect of mibefradil in the pithed rat preparation. Mathy, MJ; Pfaffendorf, M; van der Lee, R; van Zwieten, PA, 2000)	0.31
" Liver blood flow through individual hepatic vessels was measured up to 8 hours after dosage administration using a duplex Doppler ultrasound technique."	( Effect of metoprolol and verapamil administered separately and concurrently after single doses on liver blood flow and drug disposition. Bauer, LA; Easterling, TR; Horn, JR; Maxon, MS; Shen, DD; Strandness, DE, 2000)	0.61
" Cocaine shifted the dose-response curve of noradrenaline to the left and enhanced its maximal effects."	( Post-junctional mechanisms involved in the potentiation of cardiac adrenergic responses by cocaine. Bechara, G; El-Bizri, NM; Khoury, HA; Sabra, R; Sharaf, LH, 2000)	0.31
"A high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure with two detectors is presented for the determination of verapamil in pharmaceutical dosage forms."	( High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of verapamil and its application to determination in tablet dosage forms and to drug dissolution studies. Biryol, I; Ozkan, SA; Ozkan, Y; Yilmaz, N, 2000)	0.77
"A novel verapamil chronotherapeutic oral drug absorption system (CODAS-Verapamil) designed for bedtime dosing and with controlled onset and extended-release properties was evaluated in 257 patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension in an 8-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial."	( A new chronotherapeutic oral drug absorption system for verapamil optimizes blood pressure control in the morning. Neutel, JM; Smith, DH; Weber, MA, 2001)	0.99
" While repetitive verapamil and talinolol dosing had no statistically significant exsorption-inducing effect, vinblastine and rifampicin pretreatments resulted in decreased intestinal talinolol permeabilities in the three tested gut segments, duodenum, jejunum, and colon [e."	( Pretreatment with potent P-glycoprotein ligands may increase intestinal secretion in rats. Hanafy, A; Langguth, P; Spahn-Langguth, H, 2001)	0.64
" Verapamil SR/trandolapril 180/2 mg combination produces the best dose-response ratio of different dose combinations of these two drugs."	( The fixed combination of verapamil SR/trandolapril. Widimský, J, 2000)	1.52
"To compare the steady state pharmacokinetics of the 200 mg verapamil PM CODAS (chronotherapeutic oral drug absorption system) formulation dosed nightly versus immediate-acting verapamil 80 mg tablets dosed three times daily, an open-label, single-dose, two-treatment, two-period, two-sequence, balanced, randomized crossover study was performed with a 7-day washout between two treatment periods."	( A steady-state evaluation of the bioavailability of chronotherapeutic oral drug absorption system verapamil PM after nighttime dosing versus immediate-acting verapamil dosed every eight hours. Butler, J; Devane, JG; Prisant, LM, 2000)	0.77
" Efficacy was assessed as change from baseline in blood pressure (BP), heart rate, and rate-pressure product during four time periods throughout the dosing interval."	( Chronotherapeutic delivery of verapamil in obese versus non-obese patients with essential hypertension. Black, HR; Elliott, WJ; Johnson, MF; White, WB, 2001)	0.6
" The dose-response curve for NE (0."	( Lead-cadmium interaction effect on the responsiveness of rat mesenteric vessels to norepinephrine and angiotensin II. Andrzejak, R; Skoczyńska, A; Wróbel, J, 2001)	0.31
" Concentrations of NFZ and TZD achieved in the intestine after chronic oral dosing may induce P-gp expression and reduce absorption of coadministered drugs."	( P-glycoprotein interactions of nefazodone and trazodone in cell culture. Greenblatt, DJ; Perloff, MD; Störmer, E; von Moltke, LL, 2001)	0.31
" This relatively small interactive effect occurred only while peak plasma drug concentrations were developing at 1 to 3 hours after dosing and is probably caused by the known effect of verapamil to increase hepatic and portal bloodflow."	( Transient kinetic and dynamic interactions between verapamil and dofetilide, a class III antiarrhythmic. Cheng, SL; Johnson, BF; Venitz, J, 2001)	0.75
" Inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for a number of compounds were calculated as means +/- SEM from dose-response determinations."	( Second messengers in platelet aggregation evoked by serotonin and A23187, a calcium ionophore. Cheema, M; Connor, JD; Gilani, AH; Rasheed, H; Rizvi, Z; Saeed, SA, 2001)	0.31
" On day 7, concentrations of verapamil and norverapamil enantiomers were determined during one dosing interval, and model independent pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated."	( Effects of grapefruit juice and smoking on verapamil concentrations in steady state. Fuhr, U; Harder, S; Jünemann, M; Kern, R; Lopez-Rojas, P; Müller-Peltzer, H; Staib, AH, 2002)	0.87
" Buccal formulation has previously been designed as an alternative form of dosing verapamil."	( Pharmacokinetics of verapamil and its metabolite norverapamil from a buccal drug formulation. Janicki, S; Sawicki, W, 2002)	0.86
"We studied the effects of a chronotherapeutic delivery system of verapamil (controlled-onset extended release [COER]-24 system) dosed at bedtime versus conventional morning administration of both enalapril and losartan on the blood pressure (BP), heart rate, and the heart rate systolic BP product during the first 4 hours after awakening in a placebo-controlled, forced-titration trial."	( Preventing increases in early-morning blood pressure, heart rate, and the rate-pressure product with controlled onset extended release verapamil at bedtime versus enalapril, losartan, and placebo on arising. Anders, RJ; Calhoun, D; Mansoor, GA; Sica, DA; White, WB, 2002)	0.76
"Bedtime administration of an agent designed to parallel the circadian rhythm of BP and heart rate led to significantly greater early morning hemodynamic effects compared with other conventional once-daily antihypertensive agents dosed in the morning."	( Preventing increases in early-morning blood pressure, heart rate, and the rate-pressure product with controlled onset extended release verapamil at bedtime versus enalapril, losartan, and placebo on arising. Anders, RJ; Calhoun, D; Mansoor, GA; Sica, DA; White, WB, 2002)	0.52
" Verapamil, administered at a dosage corresponding to a typical cardiovascular posology in humans, significantly increased doxorubicin toxicity."	( Toxicologic and pharmacokinetic study of low doses of verapamil combined with doxorubicin. Bartoli, F; Candussio, L; Crivellato, E; Decorti, G; Giraldi, T; Granzotto, M; Rosati, A, 2002)	1.47
" After 4-year treatment, verapamil has been substituted for its retard dosage form--isoptin retard."	( [Verapamil retard as a medication for the prevention of affective and schizoaffective psychosis relapses]. Raiushkin, VA, 2002)	1.53
" FDA's newly issued guidance on bioequivalence recommends the use of individual bioequivalence (IBE) for highly variable drugs and possibly for modified release dosage forms."	( Assessing individual bioequivalence with high-order cross-over designs: a unified procedure. Hsuan, FC; Reeve, R, 2003)	0.32
" The higher the dosage used, the higher the regression of the atherosclerotic lesions."	( Planimetric and histological study of the aortae in atherosclerotic chickens treated with nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem. Ayala, I; Ballesta, J; Castells, MT; Fernández Pardo, J; García Pérez, B; Madrid, JF; Ortega, JV; Ortega, MR; Valdés, M, 2003)	0.53
" Additionally, a time control experiment was conducted, during which the methacholine dose-response curve was measured twice during vehicle infusions (n = 5)."	( Direct effect of ethanol on human vascular function. Creager, MA; Omland, T; Tawakol, A, 2004)	0.32
"High dosage of NIF, VER and DIL has an inhibitory effect on the entrance of extracellular Ca2+ into islet cells and thus reduces insulin secretion."	( [The effect of Ca2+ channel blocker on insulin secretion in rat pancreatic islet cells]. Gao, SW; Yin, W; Zhu, TH, 2004)	0.32
" Ouabain shifted the NE dose-response curve to the left without changing in the maxium response."	( [Effect of ouabain on the aortic rings of guinea pig and its interactions with Ca2+, norepinephrine]. Cheng, L; Gong, XR; Wang, F; Yao, WX; Zhou, HY, 2003)	0.32
" At a sub-effective dose, pargyline could cause a leftward shift in the dose-response curve of 5-HTP-induced antinociception."	( L-type calcium channel blockers enhance 5-HTP-induced antinociception in mice. Chen, B; Han, R; Li, JX; Liang, JH; Lu, Y; Wang, XH; Ye, XF; Zhang, P, 2004)	0.32
" After starting 200 mg/d at bedtime, dosing was titrated to a maximum of 400 mg/d at 4-week intervals to achieve a target blood pressure of <140/<90 mm Hg using morning blood pressure measurements."	( Treatment of elderly hypertensive patients with a delayed-release verapamil formulation in a community-based trial. Black, HR; Messerli, FH; Prisant, LM; Weber, MA, )	0.37
" The method has been successfully applied to the determination of the drug in commercial dosage forms."	( Spectrophotometric method for the determination of verapamil hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations using N-bromosuccinimide as oxidant. Hejaz Azmi, SN; Rahman, N, 2004)	0.58
" In clinical practice we found we needed to adapt dosage to individual's time of attacks, in particular giving higher doses before going to bed to suppress severe nocturnal episodes."	( Individualizing treatment with verapamil for cluster headache patients. Blau, JN; Engel, HO, )	0.42
"To find the minimum dose of verapamil required to prevent episodic and chronic cluster headaches by supervising each individual and adjusting the dosage accordingly."	( Individualizing treatment with verapamil for cluster headache patients. Blau, JN; Engel, HO, )	0.71
"Providing the dosage for each individual is adequate, preventing CH with verapamil is highly effective, taken three (occasionally with higher doses, four) times a day."	( Individualizing treatment with verapamil for cluster headache patients. Blau, JN; Engel, HO, )	0.65
" Thus, it is possible to formulate a single-unit, controlled-release dosage form of verapamil for oral administration at least once every 12 hours using the polymers CA and EC."	( Preparation and evaluation of verapamil hydrochloride microcapsules. Mahanti, B; Mahapatra, S; Mukherjee, B; Panda, P, )	0.64
" Using propranolol as a model compound the effect of formulation and dosing variables was explored as a means to characterize the limiting parameters of this model."	( A rabbit model for sublingual drug delivery: comparison with human pharmacokinetic studies of propranolol, verapamil and captopril. Dali, MM; Heran, CL; Mathias, NR; Moench, PA; Smith, RL; Stetsko, PI, 2006)	0.55
" Dose-response curves for transport and the ratio of dye concentration in the secreted fluid to that in the bathing medium (S/M) were determined for Texas Red as well as for P-gp substrates (rhodamine 123, daunorubicin), the organic anion fluorescein and the organic cation quinacrine."	( Transepithelial transport of fluorescent p-glycoprotein and MRP2 substrates by insect Malpighian tubules: confocal microscopic analysis of secreted fluid droplets. Leader, JP; O'Donnell, MJ, 2005)	0.33
" Dose-response curves to benzodiazepines on peak [Ca2+]i and shortening were not affected by pretreatment with Bay K 8644 (0."	( Effects of L-type Ca2+ channel modulation on direct myocardial effects of diazepam and midazolam in adult rat ventricular myocytes. Damron, DS; Kanaya, N; Murray, PA, 2006)	0.33
" Based on these results, the verapamil dosage should be adjusted when given with naringin or a naringin-containing dietary supplement."	( Effect of naringin pretreatment on bioavailability of verapamil in rabbits. Choi, JS; Yeum, CH, 2006)	0.87
"00105) and 10-day dosing (102 +/- 40 L/h, P = ."	( The effect of short- and long-term administration of verapamil on the disposition of cytochrome P450 3A and P-glycoprotein substrates. Gorski, JC; Hall, SD; Hamman, MA; Lemma, GL; Wang, Z; Zaheer, NA, 2006)	0.58
"5 nmol dose of [3H]-verapamil (infused within 1 min) in the absence and presence of the amiodarone (1 microM) in perfusate, as well as using a double dosing regimen (0."	( Modeling cardiac uptake and negative inotropic response of verapamil in rat heart: effect of amiodarone. Abdelrahman, O; Sermsappasuk, P; Weiss, M, 2007)	0.91
"0 mg/mL) caused a rightward shift in the Ca(++) dose-response curves similar to that caused by verapamil, a standard calcium channel blocker."	( Antispasmodic effect of Acorus calamus Linn. is mediated through calcium channel blockade. Ahmad, M; Gilani, AU; Shah, AJ; Shaheen, F, 2006)	0.55
" Abbreviated dosing of verapamil prior to cardioversion improves outcome at 1 week postcardioversion."	( Signal-averaged P wave reflects change in atrial electrophysiological substrate afforded by verapamil following cardioversion from atrial fibrillation. Lane, J; Redfearn, DP; Skanes, AC; Stafford, PJ, 2006)	0.86
" CCAs can be safely used in children with renal insufficiency or failure and as a general rule there is no need to modify drug dosage in this population."	( A review of calcium channel antagonists in the treatment of pediatric hypertension. Sahney, S, 2006)	0.33
"The dose-response studies revealed that intracarotid administration of nicardipine, compared with verapamil, was more effective in augmenting cerebral blood flow."	( Augmentation of cerebral blood flow and reversal of endothelin-1-induced vasospasm: a comparison of intracarotid nicardipine and verapamil. Etu, JJ; Joshi, S; Lavine, SD; Meyers, PM; Wang, M, 2007)	0.76
" In the long asymptomatic period, it is imperative to select a proper dosing regimen for drugs that are applicable to hepatic fibrosis."	( Establishment of rat precision-cut fibrotic liver slice technique and its application in verapamil metabolism. Guo, Y; Wang, H; Zhang, C, )	0.35
" Verapamil pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics were determined after 7 days of dosing with 240 mg daily."	( Cytochrome P450 3A5 genotype is associated with verapamil response in healthy subjects. Hall, SD; Hamman, MA; Hilligoss, J; Jin, Y; Kovacs, RJ; Li, L; Marunde, R; Miao, J; Philips, S; Phillips, S; Wang, YH, 2007)	1.51
"4% in rats, with non-linear pharmacokinetics when its dosage increased."	( Role of P-glycoprotein in the intestinal absorption of tanshinone IIA, a major active ingredient in the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Chen, X; Chowbay, B; Duan, W; Li, CG; Liang, J; Lin, SG; Liu, PQ; Wen, JY; Yu, XY; Zhou, SF; Zhou, ZW, 2007)	0.34
" To achieve BP target a combination of antihypertensives will be needed, and the use of long-acting drugs that are able to provide 24-hour efficacy with a once-daily dosing confers the noteworthy advantages of compliance improvement and BP variation lessening."	( Trandolapril/verapamil combination in hypertensive diabetic patients. García Donaire, JA; Ruilope, LM, 2007)	0.71
" Dose-response curves revealed IC(50) values of 199+/-19 microM for verapamil, 466+/-151 microM for gallopamil and 326+/-67 microM for diltiazem."	( Effects of phenylalkylamines and benzothiazepines on Ca(v)1.3-mediated Ca2+ currents in neonatal mouse inner hair cells. Engel, J; Lacinova, L; Tarabova, B, 2007)	0.58
" In the long asymptomatic period, it is imperative to select a proper dosing regimen for drugs that are applicable to hepatic fibrosis owing to altered pharmacokinetics and bioavailability."	( Effects of liver fibrosis on verapamil pharmacokinetics in rats. Chen, M; Hu, XL; Wang, H; Xu, D, 2008)	0.64
"A cremophor mixed micelle formulation of saquinavir alone, or co-administered with P-gp/CYP modulators, verapamil, ketoconazole or cyclosporine, was dosed intraduodenally in the mesenteric lymph duct cannulated anaesthetized rat model."	( An examination of the effect of intestinal first pass extraction on intestinal lymphatic transport of saquinavir in the rat. Griffin, BT; O'Driscoll, CM, 2008)	0.56
" We build upon our previous findings and generated a simple index for the adequate administration dosage of beta-methyldigoxin based on variable degrees of renal function and the serum trough level of beta-methyldigoxin."	( [Pharmaceutical support in the cardiovascular and cardiovascular surgery ward]. Kataoka, Y; Machida, S; Masuda, K, 2007)	0.34
"A clear reduction of BP values was recorded after both the first and the second month of treatment with kanrenoate, with the maximal effect obtained when the dosage titration at 100 mg/day was accomplished."	( Menopause not aldosterone-to-renin ratio predicts blood pressure response to a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist in primary care hypertensive patients. Blengio, GS; Ciacciarelli, A; Corrocher, R; Falcone, S; Olivieri, O; Pizzolo, F; Signorelli, D, 2008)	0.35
" This may explain some of the beneficial effects of this fixed dosed combination that are non-related to its antihypertensive effects."	( The effect of trandolapril and its fixed-dose combination with verapamil on circulating adhesion molecules levels in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes. Escalante-Acosta, BA; Rodriguez-Lopez, L; Rubio-Guerra, AF; Vargas-Ayala, G; Vargas-Robles, H, 2008)	0.59
" Marketed Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker, mainly used as antihypertensive and anti-anginal drug and available in various dose and dosage forms."	( Ethanol effects on drug release from Verapamil Meltrex, an innovative melt extruded formulation. Breitenbach, J; Brennan, D; Burst, A; Roth, W; Sellers, E; Setnik, B; Zietsch, M, 2009)	1.03
" The increased bioavailability of etoposide in the presence of verapamil should be taken into consideration for dosage regimens due to a potential drug interaction (DI)."	( Effects of verapamil on etoposide pharmacokinetics after intravenous and oral administration in rats. Choi, JS; Li, X; Piao, YJ, )	0.76
" In this case sustained ventricular tachycardia was developed suddenly a year later after ablation, despite the treatment with low dosage verapamil (80 mg/tid)."	( A case report. A patient with idiopathic ventricular tachycardia. Avaliani, I; Kacharava, G; Rahmat, B; Venkata, KI, 2008)	0.55
" Verapamil (25mg/kg) was administered orally 2h before irinotecan oral (80 mg/kg) or intravenous (20mg/kg) dosing in female Wistar rats."	( Effect of P-glycoprotein inhibitor, verapamil, on oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of irinotecan in rats. Bansal, T; Jaggi, M; Khar, RK; Mishra, G; Talegaonkar, S, 2009)	1.54
"The release of verapamil hydrochloride from tablets with Eudragit RLPO or Kollidon SR with different drug-to-polymer ratios were investigated with a view to develop twice-daily sustained-release dosage form by solid dispersion (SD) technique."	( Formulation of sustained-release dosage form of verapamil hydrochloride by solid dispersion technique using Eudragit RLPO or Kollidon SR. Biswal, S; Murthy, PN; Sahoo, J, 2009)	0.96
"A novel gastro retentive controlled release drug delivery system of verapamil HCl was formulated in an effort to increase the gastric retention time of the dosage form and to control drug release."	( Development and in vivo floating behavior of verapamil HCl intragastric floating tablets. Modasiya, M; Patel, A; Patel, V; Shah, D, 2009)	0.85
" A clopidogrel maintenance dosage of 150 mg daily for 1 week resulted in greater platelet inhibition than 75 mg daily (50 +/- 28% vs."	( The antiplatelet effect of higher loading and maintenance dose regimens of clopidogrel: the PRINC (Plavix Response in Coronary Intervention) trial. Armstrong, G; Dahl, ML; El-Jack, S; Farrell, H; Gladding, P; Gunes, A; Kay, P; Ormiston, J; Ruygrok, P; Scott, D; Stewart, J; Webster, M; Zeng, I, 2008)	0.35
" A maintenance dosage of 150 mg daily produces greater platelet inhibition than 75 mg daily."	( The antiplatelet effect of higher loading and maintenance dose regimens of clopidogrel: the PRINC (Plavix Response in Coronary Intervention) trial. Armstrong, G; Dahl, ML; El-Jack, S; Farrell, H; Gladding, P; Gunes, A; Kay, P; Ormiston, J; Ruygrok, P; Scott, D; Stewart, J; Webster, M; Zeng, I, 2008)	0.35
"To examine the effects of verapamil on the intracellular drug pharmacokinetics of epirubicin using alternative dosing schedules."	( Time-lapse live cell imaging and flow analysis of multidrug resistance reversal by verapamil in bladder cancer cell lines. Birch, BR; Cooper, AJ; Featherstone, JM; Hayes, MC; Lwaleed, BA; Speers, AG, 2009)	0.88
" Flow cytometry was performed after the alternative dosing regimens."	( Time-lapse live cell imaging and flow analysis of multidrug resistance reversal by verapamil in bladder cancer cell lines. Birch, BR; Cooper, AJ; Featherstone, JM; Hayes, MC; Lwaleed, BA; Speers, AG, 2009)	0.58
" The present results highlight the need for additional clinical trials of drug dosing and scheduling for combination intravesical chemotherapy regimens."	( Time-lapse live cell imaging and flow analysis of multidrug resistance reversal by verapamil in bladder cancer cell lines. Birch, BR; Cooper, AJ; Featherstone, JM; Hayes, MC; Lwaleed, BA; Speers, AG, 2009)	0.58
" In a randomized, two-phase, crossover design, verapamil was dosed 80 mg three times daily (with total daily doses of 240 mg) for 6 days, and on day 6, a single 120-mg dose of fexofenadine was administered along with an 80-mg dose of verapamil."	( Enantioselective disposition of fexofenadine with the P-glycoprotein inhibitor verapamil. Hokama, N; Miura, M; Sakugawa, T; Suzuki, T; Tateishi, T; Uno, T, 2009)	0.84
" NOX-1 also significantly antagonized cumulative dose-response effect of norepinephrine, phenylephrine, KCl or calcium with reduction in submaximal contractions."	( Vasorelaxant effect in rat aortic rings through calcium channel blockage: a preliminary in vitro assessment of a 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative. Bankar, GR; Chamallamudi, MR; Nampurath, GK; Nandakumar, K; Nayak, PG; Thakur, A, 2009)	0.35
" These results suggest that caution be exercised when these solubilizing agents are included in preclinical oral dosing solutions as the perturbation of drug absorption barriers may heighten the risk of incorrectly classifying drug candidate PK-parameters."	( Absorption barriers in the rat intestinal mucosa. 3: Effects of polyethoxylated solubilizing agents on drug permeation and metabolism. Borchardt, RT; Mudra, DR, 2010)	0.36
" An individualized dosage regimen design incorporating such information may improve the efficacy of the drug whilst reducing adverse reactions."	( Influence of ABCB1 gene polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of verapamil among healthy Chinese Han ethnic subjects. He, XJ; Li-Ling, J; Qiu, F; Sun, YX; Zhao, LM, 2009)	0.59
" Cumulative levobupivacaine dose-response curves over a range of 10(-6) to 3 x 10(-4) M were constructed in 1) aortic rings with no drug pretreatment; 2) endothelium-denuded rings pretreated with quinacrine dihydrochloride (nonspecific phospholipase A(2) inhibitor: 2 x 10(-5), 4 x 10(-5) M), nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) (lipoxygenase inhibitor: 10(-5), 3 x 10(-5) M), indomethacin (nonspecific cyclooxygenase inhibitor: 10(-5) M), AA-861 (5-lipoxygenase inhibitor: 10(-5), 5 x 10(-5) M), fluconazole (cytochrome P450 epoxygenase inhibitor: 10(-5) M), verapamil (10(-5) M), or calcium-free solution; and 3) endothelium-intact rings pretreated with N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor: 5 x 10(-5) M), indomethacin, or fluconazole."	( The direct effect of levobupivacaine in isolated rat aorta involves lipoxygenase pathway activation and endothelial nitric oxide release. Choi, YS; Hah, YS; Hwang, EM; Jeong, YS; Lee, SH; Ok, SH; Park, JY; Shin, IW; Sohn, JT, 2010)	0.52
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the dose-response relationship of two potent P-gp inhibitors and to investigate if increased brain uptake of VPM mediated by P-gp inhibition can be used to assess regional differences in P-gp activity."	( Dose-response assessment of tariquidar and elacridar and regional quantification of P-glycoprotein inhibition at the rat blood-brain barrier using (R)-[(11)C]verapamil PET. Bankstahl, JP; Bankstahl, M; Brauner, R; Ding, X; Karch, R; Kuntner, C; Langer, O; Löscher, W; Meier, M; Müller, M; Stanek, J; Stundner, G; Wanek, T, 2010)	0.56
" Verapamil heart tissue and plasma levels after intraperitoneal dosing of spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats were investigated."	( Impaired tissue clearance of verapamil in rat cardiac hypertrophy results in transcriptional repression of ion channels. Borlak, J; Zwadlo, C, 2010)	1.56
" After rats were injected intrathecally with verapamil and diltiazem, dose-response curves were constructed."	( The dose-dependent study of verapamil and diltiazem on spinal anesthesia in the rat. Chen, YC; Chen, YW; Chu, CC; Hung, CH; Wang, JJ, 2010)	0.91
" Subcutaneous ECG leads were implanted, and 2 days following the second injection, each rat was dosed with 25 mg·kg(-1) verapamil per os, and an ECG was recorded over 4 h after dosing."	( Drug-disease interaction: reduced verapamil response in isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury in rats. El-Kadi, AO; Hanafy, S; Jamali, F, 2010)	0.85
"After the dosing of an extended-release (ER) formulation, compounds may exist in solutions at various concentrations in the colon because the drugs are released at various speeds from the ER dosage form."	( The relationship between the drug concentration profiles in plasma and the drug doses in the colon. Hosoi, Y; Kanamaru, T; Konno, T; Nakagami, H; Tajiri, S; Yada, S; Yoshida, K, 2010)	0.36
" Combination therapy can reduce the dosage of each drug but achieve equal or better efficacy than monotherapy, reducing the side effects of a single drug."	( The effect of combined steroid and calcium channel blocker injection on human hypertrophic scars in animal model: a new strategy for the treatment of hypertrophic scars. Huang, CY; Yang, JY, 2010)	0.36
"A microdose study was performed where 50 µg R/S-(14)C-verapamil was dosed intravenously to human volunteers."	( Development of 2D chiral chromatography with accelerator mass spectrometry for quantification of (14)C-labeled R- and S-verapamil in plasma. Keely, BJ; Lappin, G; Simpson, M, 2010)	0.82
" Therefore, we had to limit the dosage to 1-1."	( Add-on treatment with verapamil in pharmacoresistant canine epilepsy. Jambroszyk, M; Potschka, H; Tipold, A, 2011)	0.68
"The failure of the maximum tolerated dosage to improve seizure control in dogs with phenobarbital-resistant epilepsy argues against the suitability of verapamil add-on treatment to overcome pharmacoresistance."	( Add-on treatment with verapamil in pharmacoresistant canine epilepsy. Jambroszyk, M; Potschka, H; Tipold, A, 2011)	0.88
" Thus, the proposed method is simple and suitable for the simultaneous analysis of active ingredients in dosage forms and human serum."	( Simultaneous determination of gliquidone, pioglitazone hydrochloride, and verapamil in formulation and human serum by RP-HPLC. Arayne, MS; Mirza, AZ; Sultana, N, 2011)	0.6
" In vivo, the oral bioavailability of PTX loaded in NOSC micelles (PTX-M) was 6-fold improved in comparison with that of an orally dosed Taxol(®)."	( The mechanism of enhancement on oral absorption of paclitaxel by N-octyl-O-sulfate chitosan micelles. Jin, X; Ju, C; Li, N; Mo, R; Ping, Q; Sun, M; Zhang, C, 2011)	0.37
" The average of recovery in synthetic samples as well as dosage forms was 98."	( Rapid inexpensive assay method for verapamil by spectrophotometric sequential injection analysis. Abulkibash, AM; Ibrahim, AE; Ibrahim, KE; Idris, AM; Saleh, TA, 2011)	0.65
" The cardiomyocytes showed a chronotropic dose-response (0."	( Pharmacological response of human cardiomyocytes derived from virus-free induced pluripotent stem cells. Atan, S; Chung, YY; Dusting, G; Iskandar, F; Mehta, A; Ng, A; Shim, W; Sun, W; Wei, H; Wong, P, 2011)	0.37
" We proposed a systematic classification scheme using FDA-approved drug labeling to assess the DILI potential of drugs, which yielded a benchmark dataset with 287 drugs representing a wide range of therapeutic categories and daily dosage amounts."	( FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury. Chen, M; Fang, H; Liu, Z; Shi, Q; Tong, W; Vijay, V, 2011)	0.37
" An in vivo study, verapamil (25mg/kg, per oral) was administered 2h before phenytoin (30mg/kg, per oral) dosing in male Wistar rats."	( Study on in situ and in vivo absorption kinetics of phenytoin by modulating P-glycoprotein with verapamil in rats. Bedada, SK; Ganji, D; Neerati, P, 2011)	0.92
" For dose-response studies, LS-180 cells were treated with different concentrations of the selected drugs followed by P-gp protein and gene expressions analyses."	( Exposure of LS-180 cells to drugs of diverse physicochemical and therapeutic properties up-regulates P-glycoprotein expression and activity. Abuznait, AH; Kaddoumi, A; Patrick, SG, 2011)	0.37
" Toxicity studies with Diclofenac, Paracetamol and Verapamil in both cell lines show dose-response characteristics and EC(50) values similar to hHeps."	( Comparative analysis of phase I and II enzyme activities in 5 hepatic cell lines identifies Huh-7 and HCC-T cells with the highest potential to study drug metabolism. Dooley, S; Ehnert, S; Hao, L; Lin, J; Liu, L; Mühl-Benninghaus, R; Neumann, J; Nussler, AK; Nussler, N; Schyschka, L; Stöckle, U, 2012)	0.63
" A concentration- or dose-response relationship was shown between the concentration and dose of CH and Rho123 accumulation or the antitumor activity."	( Using rhodamine 123 accumulation in CD8 cells as a surrogate indicator to study the P-glycoprotein modulating effect of cepharanthine hydrochloride in vivo. Cai-Hong, Z; Fang, M; Jin-Hua, J; Li, H; Ning, W; Qing-Duan, W; Xiao-Juan, G; Yan, Z, 2011)	0.37
" Once a day dosage forms for drugs differing in solubility have been developed using a single polymer matrix which is easy to manufacture."	( pH Sensitive graft copolymers for zero order drug release: a mechanistic analysis. Kulkarni, MG; Muthusamy, R, 2012)	0.38
" We compared the dose-response relationship of tariquidar in humans with data obtained in rats using a similar methodology."	( Pgp-mediated interaction between (R)-[11C]verapamil and tariquidar at the human blood-brain barrier: a comparison with rat data. Bankstahl, JP; Bauer, M; Böhmdorfer, M; Jäger, W; Karch, R; Koepp, M; Kuntner, C; Langer, O; Löscher, W; Matzneller, P; Mitterhauser, M; Müller, M; Stanek, J; Wadsak, W; Zeitlinger, M, 2012)	0.64
" Further studies in humans are required to determine whether modification of the oral verapamil dosage regimen in HL states is necessary."	( Pharmacokinetics of verapamil and its metabolite norverapamil in rats with hyperlipidaemia induced by poloxamer 407. Kang, HE; Lee, MG; Lee, YS; Yoon, IS; Yoon, JN, 2012)	0.93
" The exploration of the intestinal absorption mechanism is crucial to the design of dosage form and clinical use of limonin."	( [Transport of limonin in rat intestine in situ and Caco-2 cells in vitro]. He, L; Ke, X; Tian, JL; Zhang, XY, 2012)	0.38
"A couple of days after increasing the dosage of betaadrenergic- and adding calcium channel blockers due to an increased heart rate in atrial fibrillation, a 77 year old female was found in cardiogenic shock."	( [The choked heart]. Furrer, F; Giambarba, C, 2012)	0.38
" Verapamil-poisoned rats received the higher dosing regimen of FDP250."	( The effects of fructose-1,6-diphosphate on haemodynamic parameters and survival in a rodent model of propranolol and verapamil poisoning. Graudins, A; Kalam, Y, 2012)	1.5
"0-10 mg/mL relaxed high K+ (80 mM) and phenylephrine (PE, 1 μM)-induced contractions and shifted Ca++ dose-response curves to right, similar to that caused by verapamil."	( Hypotensive effect of Gentiana floribunda is mediated through Ca++ antagonism pathway. Khan, AU; Murugan, DD; Mustafa, MR, 2012)	0.58
" In patients with life-saving use in suicide attempts important role in addition to medication dosage plays an elapsed time of their consumption and speed of action taken to remove and prevent absorbtion the poison", as well as close supervision in the intensive care unit."	( [Drugs acting on the heart-conductive system in suicide attempts]. Dabek, J; Jakubowski, D; Rychlik, W; Stachoń, K, 2012)	0.38
" The absence of stereoselectivity after iv dosing indicates that the first-pass tissue binding effect is an important factor in determining the steroselective PK of R/S-VER after oral administration."	( Binding processes determine the stereoselective intestinal and hepatic extraction of verapamil in vivo. Dickinson, PA; Lennernäs, H; Sjögren, E; Thörn, HA, 2012)	0.6
"Cassette dosed plasma and brain samples from nine compounds were extracted using a protein precipitation method."	( High-throughput liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method for the quantitation of small molecules using accurate mass technologies in supporting discovery drug screening. Dean, B; Deshmukh, G; Ding, X; Ghobarah, H; Hop, CE; Jaochico, A; Liederer, BM; Liu, X; Zhang, X, 2013)	0.39
" Moreover, VPL completely restored susceptibility to ivermectin in a resistant isolate resulting in virtually identical dose-response curves of susceptible and resistant isolates in the presence of VPL."	( Potential contribution of P-glycoproteins to macrocyclic lactone resistance in the cattle parasitic nematode Cooperia oncophora. AlGusbi, S; De Graef, J; Demeler, J; Geldhof, P; Kerboeuf, D; Krücken, J; Pomroy, WE; Ramünke, S; von Samson-Himmelstjerna, G, 2013)	0.39
"97) or ramipril (AUC over a uniform dosing interval τ at steady state [AUCτ,ss]: GMR, 96."	( Lack of clinically relevant drug-drug interaction between empagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, and verapamil, ramipril, or digoxin in healthy volunteers. Broedl, UC; Macha, S; Pinnetti, S; Rose, P; Schoene, K; Sennewald, R; Woerle, HJ, 2013)	0.6
" These results may provide a possible explanation for higher methadone dosage requirements in patients carrying variant-type of P-gp and revealed the possible drug-drug interactions in patients who receive concomitant drugs which are also P-gp substrates."	( Functional impact of ABCB1 variants on interactions between P-glycoprotein and methadone. Chiou, MH; Hsieh, YW; Huang, CL; Hung, CC; Lane, HY; Teng, YN, 2013)	0.39
" IFE therapy is being recommended by US PCCs; protocols and dosing regimens are nearly uniform."	( Lipid rescue 911: Are poison centers recommending intravenous fat emulsion therapy for severe poisoning? Christian, MR; Mycyk, MB; Pallasch, EM; Wahl, M, 2013)	0.39
" Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes depend on the nature and degree of hepatic impairment and on the characteristics of the dosed drug."	( [Effect of liver cirrhosis on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs]. Perlík, F, 2013)	0.39
"The Biopharmaceutics Drug Disposition Classification System (BDDCS) predicts intestinal transporter effects to be clinically insignificant following oral dosing for highly soluble and highly permeable/metabolized drugs (class 1 drugs)."	( Effect of P-glycoprotein on the rat intestinal permeability and metabolism of the BDDCS class 1 drug verapamil. Benet, LZ; Estudante, M; Maya, M; Morais, JG; Soveral, G, 2013)	0.61
" The formulation factors such as the viscosity grade of polyethylene oxide as the primary polymer as well as the level and location of osmogen within the bilayer tablets led to a difference in performance of osmotic tablets and hence should be critically evaluated in the design of such dosage forms."	( Investigation of critical core formulation and process parameters for osmotic pump oral drug delivery. Farrell, TP; Huatan, H; Missaghi, S; Patel, P; Rajabi-Siahboomi, AR, 2014)	0.4
" Prior to the revision of the European Medicines Agency (EMA, formerly EMEA) guideline in 2010, the "dose" in this ratio was consistently defined by the US FDA, the EMA, and the WHO biowaiver guidelines as the highest dosage strength."	( The impact of the EMA change in definition of "dose" on the BCS dose-solubility ratio: a review of the biowaiver monographs. Dressman, J; Kubbinga, M; Langguth, P; Sediq, A, 2014)	0.4
" These candidates were subjected to a dose-response bioactivity assay, measuring an increase in α-tubulin K40 acetylation in two neuronal cell lines, which yielded five compounds bioactive in both cell lines and eight compounds bioactive in at least one of the cell lines tested."	( Development and characterization of 3-(benzylsulfonamido)benzamides as potent and selective SIRT2 inhibitors. Choi, SH; Kazantsev, AG; Khanfar, MA; Quinti, L; Silverman, RB; Wang, H, 2014)	0.4
" Throughout the study, carbamazepine, valproic acid and clobazam levels increased following verapamil intake; minor dosage adjustment was required in one patient on carbamazepine."	( A pilot double-blind trial using verapamil as adjuvant therapy for refractory seizures. Ali, A; Andrade, DM; Borlot, F; Verocai, F; Wither, RG; Wu, N, 2014)	0.9
"This review aims to identify recent literature on the use of ILE in humans as an antidote and to familiarize emergency providers with the indications, availability, dosing recommendations, and adverse reactions associated with ILE use."	( Intravenous lipid emulsion in the emergency department: a systematic review of recent literature. Cao, D; Foran, M; Heard, K; Koyfman, A, 2015)	0.42
" ILE should be administered per American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine dosing recommendations."	( Intravenous lipid emulsion in the emergency department: a systematic review of recent literature. Cao, D; Foran, M; Heard, K; Koyfman, A, 2015)	0.42
" Brain exposure at microdosing agreed with pharmacological dosing conditions for the investigated drugs."	( Large Variation in Brain Exposure of Reference CNS Drugs: a PET Study in Nonhuman Primates. Amini, N; Farde, L; Finnema, SJ; Halldin, C; Lundquist, S; Nakao, R; Schou, M; Takano, A; Varnäs, K, 2015)	0.42
" To augment the clinical trial results, we performed mouse orthotopic xenograft experiments using similar dosing to test tumor growth, vascularity, and drug bioavailability."	( Combined Hydroxyurea and Verapamil in the Clinical Treatment of Refractory Meningioma: Human and Orthotopic Xenograft Studies. Barth, T; Burt, L; Dunson, W; Gillespie, DL; Hoang, N; Jensen, RL; Karsy, M, 2016)	0.74
" As a result, proportionally similar strengths of ER dosage forms that meet biowaiver requirements per current regulatory guidelines cannot ensure bioequivalence in all cases."	( Influence of Drug Properties and Formulation on In Vitro Drug Release and Biowaiver Regulation of Oral Extended Release Dosage Forms. Hoag, S; Lin, Z; Qiu, Y; Zhou, D, 2016)	0.43
"Multidrug resistance protein 4 is a critical protein associated with the antiviral efficacy of NAs, and combination therapy of NA and MRP inhibitors could reduce the dosage for long-term NA use."	( Multidrug resistance protein 4 is a critical protein associated with the antiviral efficacy of nucleos(t)ide analogues. Chen, Q; Liu, W; Liu, Y; Lu, M; Song, H; Wang, B; Xu, C; Xu, D; Yang, D; Zhang, W; Zheng, X, 2016)	0.43
"The measured data and simulations for pharmacologically unstimulated contraction resembled findings in native human heart tissue, while the pharmacological dose-response curves were highly accurate and consistent with reference data."	( Mechano-Pharmacological Characterization of Cardiomyocytes Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Artmann, AT; Artmann, GM; Bayer, R; Epple, M; Frotscher, R; Goßmann, M; Linder, P; Neumann, S; Staat, M, 2016)	0.43
" The extract caused rightward shift of the Ca(++) dose-response curves, similar to that caused by verapamil, indicating that it produced vasorelaxation by inhibiting extracellular Ca(2+) influx."	( Antihypertensive activity of 80% methanol seed extract of Calpurnia aurea (Ait.) Benth. subsp. aurea (Fabaceae) is mediated through calcium antagonism induced vasodilation. Engidawork, E; Getiye, Y; Tolessa, T, 2016)	0.65
" However, only curcumin could increase the sensitivity of DOX at all dosing levels, therefore used for further studies."	( Selection of P-Glycoprotein Inhibitor and Formulation of Combinational Nanoformulation Containing Selected Agent Curcumin and DOX for Reversal of Resistance in K562 Cells. Dash, TK; Konkimalla, VB, 2017)	0.46
" There was no apparent association between insulin dosing and severity of hypoglycaemia or hypokalaemia, or in glucose or potassium replacement."	( The safety of high-dose insulin euglycaemia therapy in toxin-induced cardiac toxicity. Isbister, GK; Page, CB; Ryan, NM, 2018)	0.48
" Modification of recommended dosage may be required in this combination of circumstances to reduce risk to patients."	( Impaired Rivaroxaban Clearance in Mild Renal Insufficiency With Verapamil Coadministration: Potential Implications for Bleeding Risk and Dose Selection. Chow, CR; Greenblatt, DJ; Harmatz, JS; Nicholson, WT; Patel, M; Rubino, CM, 2018)	0.72
"Current dosing recommendations for rivaroxaban advocate dosage reduction in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment and avoidance of concomitant strong inhibitors of CYP3A or P-glycoprotein."	( Minimal Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic and Drug-Drug-Disease Interaction Model of Rivaroxaban and Verapamil in Healthy and Renally Impaired Subjects. Chow, CR; Ismail, M; Lee, VH; Rubino, CM, 2018)	0.69
"The low permeability of anti-malarial drugs must be borne in mind during development of effective dosage regimens of new drugs."	( Absorptive and Secretory Transport of Selected Artemisinin Derivatives Across Caco-2 Cell Monolayers. Gouws, C; Hamman, J; Haynes, RK; Heyns, J; Willers, C; Wong, HN, 2018)	0.48
" Because the combined effects of drug-drug interactions and RI have not been evaluated by means of clinical studies, the decision of DABE dosing for RI patients receiving P-glycoprotein inhibitors is empirical at its best."	( Assessing Potential Drug-Drug Interactions Between Dabigatran Etexilate and a P-Glycoprotein Inhibitor in Renal Impairment Populations Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Doki, K; Homma, M; Neuhoff, S; Rostami-Hodjegan, A, 2019)	0.51
" QTc prolongation was observed in the marmosets dosed with sotalol, astemizole, flecainide, quinidine, verapamil and terfenadine."	( Telemetered common marmosets is useful for the assessment of electrocardiogram parameters changes induced by multiple cardiac ion channel inhibitors. Hinoi, E; Miyawaki, I; Tsubouchi, T; Watanabe, K; Yamada, T, 2019)	0.73
" Therefore, although dosed as DABE, a P-gp drug-drug interaction (DDI) is reported as a dabigatran plasma concentration ratio (perpetrator versus placebo)."	( Renal Excretion of Dabigatran: The Potential Role of Multidrug and Toxin Extrusion (MATE) Proteins. Marathe, P; Rodrigues, AD; Shen, H; Sinz, M; Yao, M; Zhu, M, 2019)	0.51
" The efficacy of MMF as an immunosuppressant and long-term safety in cats of this dosage regimen is unknown."	( Abrams, G; Adolfsson, E; Agarwal, PK; Akkan, AG; Al Alhareth, NS; Alves, VGL; Armentano, R; Bahroos, E; Baig, M; Baldridge, KK; Barman, S; Bartolucci, C; Basit, A; Bertoli, SV; Bian, L; Bigatti, G; Bobenko, AI; Boix, PP; Bokulic, T; Bolink, HJ; Borowiec, J; Bulski, W; Burciaga, J; Butt, NS; Cai, AL; Campos, AM; Cao, G; Cao, Y; Čapo, I; Caruso, ML; Chao, CT; Cheatum, CM; Chelminski, K; Chen, AJW; Chen, C; Chen, CH; Chen, D; Chen, G; Chen, H; Chen, LH; Chen, R; Chen, RX; Chen, X; Cherdtrakulkiat, R; Chirvony, VS; Cho, JG; Chu, K; Ciurlino, D; Coletta, S; Contaldo, G; Crispi, F; Cui, JF; D'Esposito, M; de Biase, S; Demir, B; Deng, W; Deng, Z; Di Pinto, F; Domenech-Ximenos, B; Dong, G; Drácz, L; Du, XJ; Duan, LJ; Duan, Y; Ekendahl, D; Fan, W; Fang, L; Feng, C; Followill, DS; Foreman, SC; Fortunato, G; Frew, R; Fu, M; Gaál, V; Ganzevoort, W; Gao, DM; Gao, X; Gao, ZW; Garcia-Alvarez, A; Garza, MS; Gauthier, L; Gazzaz, ZJ; Ge, RS; Geng, Y; Genovesi, S; Geoffroy, V; Georg, D; Gigli, GL; Gong, J; Gong, Q; Groeneveld, J; Guerra, V; Guo, Q; Guo, X; Güttinger, R; Guyo, U; Haldar, J; Han, DS; Han, S; Hao, W; Hayman, A; He, D; Heidari, A; Heller, S; Ho, CT; Ho, SL; Hong, SN; Hou, YJ; Hu, D; Hu, X; Hu, ZY; Huang, JW; Huang, KC; Huang, Q; Huang, T; Hwang, JK; Izewska, J; Jablonski, CL; Jameel, T; Jeong, HK; Ji, J; Jia, Z; Jiang, W; Jiang, Y; Kalumpha, M; Kang, JH; Kazantsev, P; Kazemier, BM; Kebede, B; Khan, SA; Kiss, J; Kohen, A; Kolbenheyer, E; Konai, MM; Koniarova, I; Kornblith, E; Krawetz, RJ; Kreouzis, T; Kry, SF; Laepple, T; Lalošević, D; Lan, Y; Lawung, R; Lechner, W; Lee, KH; Lee, YH; Leonard, C; Li, C; Li, CF; Li, CM; Li, F; Li, J; Li, L; Li, S; Li, X; Li, Y; Li, YB; Li, Z; Liang, C; Lin, J; Lin, XH; Ling, M; Link, TM; Liu, HH; Liu, J; Liu, M; Liu, W; Liu, YP; Lou, H; Lu, G; Lu, M; Lun, SM; Ma, Z; Mackensen, A; Majumdar, S; Martineau, C; Martínez-Pastor, JP; McQuaid, JR; Mehrabian, H; Meng, Y; Miao, T; Miljković, D; Mo, J; Mohamed, HSH; Mohtadi, M; Mol, BWJ; Moosavi, L; Mosdósi, B; Nabu, S; Nava, E; Ni, L; Novakovic-Agopian, T; Nyamunda, BC; Nyul, Z; Önal, B; Özen, D; Özyazgan, S; Pajkrt, E; Palazon, F; Park, HW; Patai, Á; Patai, ÁV; Patzke, GR; Payette, G; Pedoia, V; Peelen, MJCS; Pellitteri, G; Peng, J; Perea, RJ; Pérez-Del-Rey, D; Popović, DJ; Popović, JK; Popović, KJ; Posecion, L; Povall, J; Prachayasittikul, S; Prachayasittikul, V; Prat-González, S; Qi, B; Qu, B; Rakshit, S; Ravelli, ACJ; Ren, ZG; Rivera, SM; Salo, P; Samaddar, S; Samper, JLA; Samy El Gendy, NM; Schmitt, N; Sekerbayev, KS; Sepúlveda-Martínez, Á; Sessolo, M; Severi, S; Sha, Y; Shen, FF; Shen, X; Shen, Y; Singh, P; Sinthupoom, N; Siri, S; Sitges, M; Slovak, JE; Solymosi, N; Song, H; Song, J; Song, M; Spingler, B; Stewart, I; Su, BL; Su, JF; Suming, L; Sun, JX; Tantimavanich, S; Tashkandi, JM; Taurbayev, TI; Tedgren, AC; Tenhunen, M; Thwaites, DI; Tibrewala, R; Tomsejm, M; Triana, CA; Vakira, FM; Valdez, M; Valente, M; Valentini, AM; Van de Winckel, A; van der Lee, R; Varga, F; Varga, M; Villarino, NF; Villemur, R; Vinatha, SP; Vincenti, A; Voskamp, BJ; Wang, B; Wang, C; Wang, H; Wang, HT; Wang, J; Wang, M; Wang, N; Wang, NC; Wang, Q; Wang, S; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Wen, N; Wesolowska, P; Willis, M; Wu, C; Wu, D; Wu, L; Wu, X; Wu, Z; Xia, JM; Xia, X; Xia, Y; Xiao, J; Xiao, Y; Xie, CL; Xie, LM; Xie, S; Xing, Z; Xu, C; Xu, J; Yan, D; Yan, K; Yang, S; Yang, X; Yang, XW; Ye, M; Yin, Z; Yoon, N; Yoon, Y; Yu, H; Yu, K; Yu, ZY; Zhang, B; Zhang, GY; Zhang, H; Zhang, J; Zhang, M; Zhang, Q; Zhang, S; Zhang, W; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YW; Zhang, Z; Zhao, D; Zhao, F; Zhao, P; Zhao, W; Zhao, Z; Zheng, C; Zhi, D; Zhou, C; Zhou, FY; Zhu, D; Zhu, J; Zhu, Q; Zinyama, NP; Zou, M; Zou, Z, 2019)	0.51
" The daily dosage of verapamil varied from 25 to 50 mg of the drug diluted in 200-400 ml of isotonic sodium chloride solution."	( [Intracisternal administration of verapamil for the prevention and treatment of vasospasm in patients after microsurgical treatment of cerebral aneurysms in the acute period of hemorrhage]. Baranich, AI; Belousova, OB; Eliava, SS; Gorozhanin, VA; Kheyreddin, AS; Konovalov, AN; Kurdyumova, NV; Mikeladze, KG; Okishev, DN; Pilipenko, YV; Savin, IA; Shekhtman, OD; Spiru, AM; Tabasaransky, TF; Varyukhina, MD; Vinogradov, EV, 2019)	1.11
" This review focuses on the various analytical methods reported between 1976 and 2019 for the determination of VER in different biological samples and pharmaceutical dosage forms along with their methodological limitations."	( Analytical techniques for the determination of verapamil in biological samples and dosage forms: an overview. Jouyban, A; Pourkarim, F; Rahimpour, E, 2019)	0.77
" The current PBPK model, which considers changes in unbound potency-adjusted active species, can be used to inform dosing recommendations when abemaciclib is coadministered with CYP3A4 perpetrators."	( Predicting Clinical Effects of CYP3A4 Modulators on Abemaciclib and Active Metabolites Exposure Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Dickinson, GL; Hall, SD; Kulanthaivel, P; Morse, BL; Posada, MM; Turner, PK, 2020)	0.56
" Quantitative thresholds and analysis based on DSA perfusion may assist with real-time dosage estimation and help predict response to treatment, however future prospective analysis is required for validation."	( Computational methods for visualizing and measuring verapamil efficacy for cerebral vasospasm. Abumoussa, A; Flores, A; Ho, J; Lee, YZ; Niethammer, M; Sasaki-Adams, D, 2020)	0.81
" A medication episode was defined as a timeframe in which the highest dosage at a fixed level of a single drug was used in a patient."	( The Efficacy of Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs in Children With Idiopathic Frequent Symptomatic or Asymptomatic Premature Ventricular Complexes With or Without Asymptomatic Ventricular Tachycardia: a Retrospective Multi-Center Study. Bertels, RA; Blom, NA; Filippini, LH; Kammeraad, JAE; Knobbe, I; Kuipers, IM; Zeelenberg, AM, 2021)	0.62
" Also, the effect of multiple dosing of parabens on p-gp expression was examined."	( Evaluation of the Effect of Isobutyl Paraben and 2-ethyl Hexyl Paraben on P-glycoprotein Functional Expression in Rats: A Pharmacokinetic Study. Alshogran, OY; Ghraiybah, NFA; I Al-Azzam, S, 2022)	0.72
" Our simulation results revealed that recommended reduced dosing regimen of dabigatran etexilate during comedication with verapamil and clarithromycin (110 and 75 mg BID for Chinese young and old older adults) will result in exposure (trough concentration) that was either slightly higher or similar to the trough concentration of patients with any bleeding events."	( Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling to predict drug-drug interactions of dabigatran etexilate and rivaroxaban in the Chinese older adults. Cui, C; Lai, X; Li, H; Liu, D; Sia, JEV; Wu, X; Zhang, F, 2023)	1.12
" However, 4-hourly dosing is a practical limitation and verapamil has been proposed as an alternative."	( Verapamil in the treatment of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: A systematic review. Bacchi, S; Bagster, M; Collins, L; Goh, R; Gupta, A; Kleinig, O; Kleinig, T; Kovoor, J; Lam, L; Proudman, W; Schultz, D; Zhang, R, 2023)	2.6
" The most common oral verapamil dosing regimen was controlled release 120 mg once daily."	( Verapamil in the treatment of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: A systematic review. Bacchi, S; Bagster, M; Collins, L; Goh, R; Gupta, A; Kleinig, O; Kleinig, T; Kovoor, J; Lam, L; Proudman, W; Schultz, D; Zhang, R, 2023)	2.67