Page last updated: 2024-10-15

molnupiravir

Description

molnupiravir: prodrug that’s metabolized into N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), a ribonucleoside analog [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

molnupiravir : A nucleoside analogue that is N(4)-hydroxycytidine in which the 5'-hydroxy group is replaced by a (2-methylpropanoyl)oxy group. It is the prodrug of the active antiviral ribonucleoside analog N(4)-hydroxycytidine (EIDD-1931), has activity against a number of RNA viruses including SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses. It is currently in phase III trials for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID145996610
CHEMBL ID4650320
CHEBI ID180653
SCHEMBL ID23762545

Synonyms (61)

Synonym
CHEBI:180653 ,
eidd 2801
molnupiravir
eidd-2801
n(4)-hydroxycytidine 5'-isopropylester
beta-d-n(4)-hydroxycytidine-5'-isopropyl ester
molnupiravirum
{(2r,3s,4r,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[4-(hydroxyimino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2h)-yl]tetrahydrofuran-2-yl}methyl 2-methylpropanoate
eidd 1931 5'-isopropylester
n-hydroxy-5'-o-(2-methylpropanoyl)-3,4-dihydrocytidine
mk-4482
2492423-29-5
S8969
AC-35171
AT13078
pro-eidd-1931
((2r,3s,4r,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(4-(hydroxyimino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2h)-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl isobutyrate
lagevrio
mk4482
gtpl10737
2349386-89-4
EX-A3432
eidd2801
eidd-2801(molnupiravir)
BCP32744
eidd 2801; eidd2801; uridine, 4-oxime, 5'-(2-methylpropanoate
mfcd32663515
bdbm429508
med.21724, compound 182
A936190
molnupiravir [inn]
molnupiravir [jan]
2635324-86-4
.beta.-d-n4 hydroxycytidine-5'-isopropyl ester
molnupiravir [usan]
n4-hydroxycytidine, 5'-isopropyl ester
uridine, 4-oxime, 5'-(2-methylpropanoate), (4z)-
molnupiravir [who-dd]
eidd-1931 isopropyl ester
((2r,3s,4r,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-((4z)-4-(hydroxyimino)-2-oxo-3,4- dihydropyrimidin-1(2h)-yl)oxolan-2-yl)methyl 2-methylpropanoate
YA84KI1VEW ,
((2r,3s,4r,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(4-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxopyrimidin-1(2h)-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl isobutyrate ,
who 11853
beta-d-n4 hydroxycytidine-5'-isopropyl ester
[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[4-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxopyrimidin-1-yl]oxolan-2-yl]methyl 2-methylpropanoate
unii-ya84ki1vew
molnupiravir [usan:inn:who-dd]
eidd 1931-isopropyl ester
CHEMBL4650320
((2r,3s,4r,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-((e)-4-(hydroxyimino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2h)-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl isobutyrate
((2r,3s,4r,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-((z)-4-(hydroxyimino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2h)-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl isobutyrate
DTXSID501028058
AS-84465
[(2r,3s,4r,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-[(4e)-4-(hydroxyimino)-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-1-yl]oxolan-2-yl]methyl 2-methylpropanoate
SCHEMBL23762545
((2r,3s,4r,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(4-(hydroxyimino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine-1(2h)-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl isobutyrate
AKOS040758956
((2r,3s,4r,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-(4-(hydroxyimino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2h)-yl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl 2-methylpropanoate
sars-cov-2 antiviral agents: molnupiravir
((2r,3s,4r,5r)-3,4-dihydroxy-5-((4z)-4-(hydroxyimino)-2-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2h)-yl)oxolan-2-yl)methyl 2-methylpropanoate
mk 4482

Research Excerpts

Overview

Molnupiravir is an oral, small-molecule antiviral prodrug that is active against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) It has anti-RNA polymerase activity and currently is under investigation for the treatment of patients with COVID-19.

ExcerptReference
"Molnupiravir is a promising pipeline antiviral drug for treating SARS-CoV-2 infection potentially by targeting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)."( Viral polymerase binding and broad-spectrum antiviral activity of molnupiravir against human seasonal coronaviruses.
Baig, MS; Li, P; Li, Y; Ma, Z; Pan, Q; Peppelenbosch, MP; Solanki, K; Wang, Y, 2021
)
"Molnupiravir is a newer oral antiviral drug that has recently been tested in COVID-19. "( Molnupiravir in COVID-19: A systematic review of literature.
Misra, A; Singh, A; Singh, AK; Singh, R,
)
"Molnupiravir is an oral, small-molecule antiviral prodrug that is active against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)."( Molnupiravir for Oral Treatment of Covid-19 in Nonhospitalized Patients.
Assaid, C; Brown, ML; Butterton, JR; Caraco, Y; De Anda, C; Delos Reyes, V; Du, J; Gomes da Silva, MM; Gonzalez, A; Grobler, JA; Jayk Bernal, A; Johnson, MG; Kovalchuk, E; Martín-Quirós, A; Musungaie, DB; Paschke, A; Pedley, A; Shamsuddin, HH; Strizki, J; Tipping, R; Wan, H; Williams-Diaz, A, 2022
)
"Molnupiravir is an antiviral drug with anti-RNA polymerase activity and currently is under investigation for the treatment of patients with COVID-19."( Molnupiravir: A new candidate for COVID-19 treatment.
Pourkarim, F; Pourtaghi-Anvarian, S; Rezaee, H, 2022
)
"Molnupiravir is an orally bioavailable antiviral drug for use at home when a SARS-CoV-2 test is positive."( Editorial: Current Status of Oral Antiviral Drug Treatments for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Non-Hospitalized Patients.
Parums, DV, 2022
)
"Molnupiravir is a newer oral antiviral drug that has recently received emergency use authorization (EUA) in USA, UK and India. "( An updated practical guideline on use of molnupiravir and comparison with agents having emergency use authorization for treatment of COVID-19.
Misra, A; Singh, A; Singh, AK; Singh, R, 2022
)
"Molnupiravir is a nucleoside analogue, whereas nirmatrelvir is a SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor, and ritonavir is a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor."( Molnupiravir and Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir: Oral Coronavirus Disease 2019 Antiviral Drugs.
Depcinski, S; Saravolatz, LD; Sharma, M, 2023
)
"Molnupiravir is a nucleoside analog that in vivo experiments have been reported to inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19."( Molnupiravir: A lethal mutagenic drug against rapidly mutating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-A narrative review.
Dhama, K; Emran, TB; Frediansyah, A; Harapan, H; Iqhrammullah, M; Masyeni, S; Nainu, F; Ophinni, Y; Tallei, T, 2022
)
"Molnupiravir is an orally active nucleoside analog antiviral drug that recently was approved by the U.S. "( Molnupiravir; molecular and functional descriptors of mitochondrial safety.
Bjork, JA; Wallace, KB, 2022
)
"Molnupiravir is an orally available emerging antiviral drug considered highly promising for COVID-19."( Molnupiravir in COVID-19: A Scoping Review.
Atal, S; Kaore, S, 2022
)
"Molnupiravir is a β-d-N4-hydroxycytidine-5'-isopropyl ester (NHC) compound that exerts antiviral activity against various RNA viruses such as influenza, SARS, and Ebola viruses. "( Repurposing Molnupiravir for COVID-19: The Mechanisms of Antiviral Activity.
Chow, VTK; Lal, SK; Low, ZY; Yip, AJW, 2022
)
"Molnupiravir is a new oral antiviral for treating COVID-19 in outpatient settings."( Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Molnupiravir Versus Best Supportive Care for the Treatment of Outpatient COVID-19 in Adults in the US.
Alsumali, A; Briggs, A; Cohen, J; Duke, ER; Goswami, H; Jiang, Y; Puenpatom, A; Schindler, M, 2022
)
"Molnupiravir is an ester and requires hydrolysis to exert antiviral activity."( The COVID-19 Oral Drug Molnupiravir Is a CES2 Substrate: Potential Drug-Drug Interactions and Impact of CES2 Genetic Polymorphism In Vitro.
Eades, W; Liu, W; Shen, Y; Yan, B, 2022
)
"Molnupiravir is a ribonucleoside prodrug of N-hydroxycytidine with an in vitro and in vivo activity against SARS-CoV-2."( Safety and efficacy of molnupiravir in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients: A real-life experience.
Babudieri, S; Bacciu, S; Bitti, A; Colpani, A; De Vito, A; Denti, L; Fois, M; Madeddu, G; Maida, I; Marcia, C; Meloni, MC; Zauli, B, 2022
)
"Molnupiravir (MK-4482) is an oral prodrug of the antiviral ribonucleoside analog, N-hydroxycytidine (NHC), which has activity against RNA viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). "( A phase I, randomized, placebo-controlled study of molnupiravir in healthy Japanese to support special approval in Japan to treat COVID-19.
Aoki, I; Duncan, KE; Fujimoto, K; Furihata, K; Hasegawa, C; Iwamoto, M; Maas, BM; Nakamura, K; Stoch, SA; Tanaka, Y; Uemura, N; Ugai, H; Wickremasingha, PK; Yatsuzuka, N; Yoshitsugu, H, 2022
)
"Molnupiravir is an oral antiviral drug that received Emergency Use Authorization in three countries for the treatment of mild COVID-19. "( Efficacy and safety of Molnupiravir in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review.
Bisoi, D; Chaliserry, LF; Eerike, M; Janti, SS; Mali, KR; Priyadarshini, R; Raj, GM; Ravi, G, 2023
)
"Molnupiravir is an oral antiviral drug developed to provide significant benefit in reducing hospitalizations or deaths in mild COVID-19. "( Green adherent spectrophotometric determination of molnupiravir based on computational calculations; application to a recently FDA-approved pharmaceutical dosage form.
Abd Elhalim, LM; Abdelazim, AH; Abourehab, MAS; Almrasy, AA; Ramzy, S, 2023
)
"Molnupiravir is an antiviral that has shown clinical efficacy against mild-to-moderate COVID-19 but failed to provide benefit to hospitalized patients with severe disease."( Why Molnupiravir Fails in Hospitalized Patients.
Brown, AN; Bulitta, JB; Drusano, GL; Franco, EJ; Hanrahan, KC; Lang, Y; Zhou, J, 2022
)
"Molnupiravir is an antiviral, currently approved by the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) for treating at-risk COVID-19 patients, that induces lethal error catastrophe in SARS-CoV-2. "( Characterisation of SARS-CoV-2 genomic variation in response to molnupiravir treatment in the AGILE Phase IIa clinical trial.
Ahmad, S; Bullock, K; Carroll, MW; Darby, AC; Dong, X; Donovan-Banfield, I; Edwards, CJ; Edwards, T; FitzGerald, R; Fletcher, T; Goldswain, H; Greenhalf, W; Griffiths, G; Hadjiyiannakis, D; Hale, C; Hiscox, JA; Khoo, SH; Knox, E; Lalloo, DG; Lavelle-Langham, L; Lyon, R; Middleton, C; Northey, J; Penrice-Randal, R; Periselneris, J; Pilgrim, J; Reynolds, H; Ryan, Y; Rzeszutek, AM; Saunders, G; Shaw, V; Tetlow, M; Walker, LE; Woods, C, 2022
)
"Molnupiravir is a prodrug that causes the accumulation of errors in the viral genome."( Real life experience of molnupiravir as a treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vaccinated and unvaccinated patients: a letter on its effectiveness at preventing hospitalization.
De Pace, CC; Foschino Barbaro, MP; Giganti, G; Lacedonia, D; Scioscia, G; Tondo, P, 2023
)
"Molnupiravir is an antiviral agent recently used for treating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). "( Oxidative DNA Damage by N4-hydroxycytidine, a Metabolite of the SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral Molnupiravir.
Ahmed, S; Hirao, Y; Kato, S; Kawanishi, S; Kobayashi, H; Mori, Y; Murata, M; Oikawa, S, 2023
)
"Molnupiravir (MOV) is a broad-spectrum oral antiviral agent approved for the treatment of COVID-19. "( The preclinical discovery and development of molnupiravir for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19).
Ascione, T; Conti, V; Filippelli, A; Folliero, V; Franci, G; Pagliano, P; Piazza, O; Scarpati, G; Sellitto, C, 2022
)
"Molnupiravir (EIDD-2801) is a prodrug of a ribonucleoside analogue that is currently being used under a US FDA emergency use authorization for the treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19. "( Evaluation of molnupiravir (EIDD-2801) efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in the rhesus macaque model.
Beasley, DW; Brasel, T; Comer, JE; Garron, T; Grimes, M; Johnson, DM; Massey, S; Smith, J; Torres, M; Villasante-Tezanos, A; Wallace, S, 2023
)
"Molnupiravir (MOL) is an oral antiviral medication that has recently been treated for COVID-19."( The Benefits of Molnupiravir Treatment in Healthcare Facilities Patients with COVID-19.
Chang, CY; Cheng, SL; Chiu, KM; Wang, CJ; Wang, HH; Wang, PH, 2023
)
"Molnupiravir (MOV) is an oral antiviral for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in outpatient settings. "( Factors Influencing COVID-19 Risk: Insights From Molnupiravir Exposure-Response Modeling of Clinical Outcomes.
Birger, R; Cao, Y; Chawla, A; De Anda, C; Maas, BM; Paschke, A; Rizk, ML; Stone, JA; Wan, H, 2023
)
"Molnupiravir is an essential oral antiviral agent against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); however, its real-world effectiveness has not been evaluated in patients undergoing haemodialysis (HD)."( Clinical effectiveness of molnupiravir in patients with COVID-19 undergoing haemodialysis.
Chang, YC; Chen, YC; Fu, CM; Huang, CC; Lee, CT; Lee, WC; Lee, YT; Liao, SC; Tsai, KF; Wu, PJ, 2023
)
"Molnupiravir is a nucleotide analogue that could replace natural nucleosides to restrain viral RNA replication."( Molnupiravir Inhibits Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection In Vitro.
Huang, ZX; Wang, Z; Yang, ZB; Zhou, ST, 2023
)
"Molnupiravir is an orally administered antiviral authorized for COVID-19 treatment in adults at high risk of progression to severe disease. "( Impact of Molnupiravir Treatment on Patient-Reported COVID-19 Symptoms in the Phase 3 MOVe-OUT Trial: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
Brotons, C; Brown, M; Coetzee, K; De Anda, C; Du, J; Guan, Y; Johnson, MG; Kozlov, R; Lopez, R; Norquist, JM; Paschke, A; Puenpatom, A; Santiaguel, J; Surber, J; Weinberg, A; Williams-Diaz, A; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Y, 2023
)
"Molnupiravir is an orally administered, small-molecule ribonucleoside prodrug of β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC) that has demonstrated potent, broad-spectrum preclinical activity against RNA viruses and has a high barrier to the development of resistance. "( Assessment of pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability following twice-daily administration of molnupiravir for 10 days in healthy participants.
Decaesteker, T; Duncan, KE; Gillespie, G; Iwamoto, M; Lemoine, L; Liberti, MV; Maas, BM; Rottey, S; Stoch, SA; Wickremasingha, PK; Zhao, T, 2023
)
"Molnupiravir is a plausible alternative to nirmatrelvir/ritonavir for COVID-19 treatment in patients with haematological malignancy."( Molnupiravir compared to nirmatrelvir/ritonavir for COVID-19 in high-risk patients with haematological malignancy in Europe. A matched-paired analysis from the EPICOVIDEHA registry.
Adžić-Vukičević, T; Arellano, E; Bavastro, M; Besson, C; Biernat, MM; Blennow, O; Buquicchio, C; Calbacho, M; Cattaneo, C; Çolak, GM; Čolović, N; Cordoba, R; Cornely, OA; Criscuolo, M; Dargenio, M; Dávila-Valls, J; Del Principe, MI; Delia, M; Erben, N; Espigado, I; Falces-Romero, I; Farina, F; Fouquet, G; Fracchiolla, NS; García-Bordallo, D; Gavriilaki, E; Glenthøj, A; Gräfe, S; Hernández-Rivas, JÁ; Hersby, DS; Itri, F; Koehler, P; Kohn, M; Labrador, J; Lavilla-Rubira, E; Limongelli, A; López-García, A; Marchesi, F; Marchetti, M; Martín-Pérez, S; Meers, S; Merelli, M; Mišković, B; Mitrovic, M; Mladenović, M; Nordlander, A; Pagano, L; Pantic, N; Petzer, V; Prezioso, L; Rahimli, L; Romano, A; Salmanton-García, J; Schönlein, M; Sili, U; Tascini, C; Tragiannidis, A; van Praet, J; Vena, A; Weinbergerová, B; Wolf, D, 2023
)
"Molnupiravir is an oral antiviral agent authorized for emergency use to treat mild to moderate cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults at high risk for progression to severe clinical outcomes. "( Hospitalization Among Patients Treated With Molnupiravir: A Retrospective Study of Administrative Data.
Das, A; Fonseca, E; Prajapati, G; Sun, Y, 2023
)
"Molnupiravir is a prodrug of β-D-N4-hydroxyctytidine (NHC) and has demonstrated activity against various viruses, including MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and influenza virus."( Molnupiravir: an antiviral drug against COVID-19.
Chorawala, MR; Dave, B; Patel, P; Patel, S; Shah, KC; Shah, N; Shah, P, 2023
)
"Molnupiravir is a nucleoside analog antiviral that is authorized for use in the treatment of COVID-19. "( An active metabolite of the anti-COVID-19 drug molnupiravir impairs mouse preimplantation embryos at clinically relevant concentrations.
Alarcon, VB; Marikawa, Y, 2023
)
"Molnupiravir is an orally administered antiviral drug that has demonstrated effectiveness in reducing the risk of progression to severe COVID-19 in high-risk outpatients, mainly in the unvaccinated population."( SARS-CoV-2 infection in solid organ transplant recipients: Experience with molnupiravir.
Len, O; Villamarín, M, 2023
)
"Molnupiravir is a broad-spectrum antiviral that is an orally bioavailable prodrug of the nucleoside analogue β-D-N"( Molnupiravir promotes SARS-CoV-2 mutagenesis via the RNA template.
Gordon, CJ; Götte, M; Schinazi, RF; Tchesnokov, EP, 2021
)
"Molnupiravir is an orally available antiviral drug candidate currently in phase III trials for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. "( Mechanism of molnupiravir-induced SARS-CoV-2 mutagenesis.
Cramer, P; Dienemann, C; Hillen, HS; Höbartner, C; Kabinger, F; Kokic, G; Schmitzová, J; Stiller, C, 2021
)

Effects

Molnupiravir has been evaluated in phase I, II and III trials where it has demonstrated good efficacy, dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and a sound safety profile. It has been considered a promising candidate for COVID-19.

ExcerptReference
"Molnupiravir has been evaluated in phase I, II and III trials where it has demonstrated good efficacy, dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and a sound safety profile."( Molnupiravir for the treatment of COVID-19.
LeBlanc, BW; Santani, BG; Thakare, RP, 2022
)
"Molnupiravir has been the first oral antiviral authorized for COVID-19 outpatients, reporting extraordinary sales and preserved in vitro efficacy against Omicron sublineages so far. "( Molnupiravir: From Hope to Epic Fail?
Focosi, D, 2022
)
"Molnupiravir (MOL) has been approved as an oral antiviral drug for the treatment of the COVID-19 causative virion."( Zinc(II) complexation strategy for ultra-sensitive fluorimetric estimation of molnupiravir: Applications and greenness evaluation.
Ali, MFB; El Deeb, S; Hara, MA; Ibrahim, AE; Salman, BI; Saraya, RE, 2023
)
"Molnupiravir has been considered a promising candidate for COVID-19. "( Molnupiravir for the treatment of non-severe COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 14 randomized trials with 34 570 patients.
Estill, J; Ge, L; Huang, J; Lai, H; Li, Y; Liu, J; Sun, M; Tian, J; Zhang, C; Zhang, Z, 2023
)

Treatment

Molnupiravir treatment in at-risk, unvaccinated patients resulted in improved clinical outcomes for most participant-reported COVID-19 symptoms compared with placebo. Treatment with molnupIRavir significantly reduced viral RNA levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples at Days 7 and 10.

ExcerptReference
"All molnupiravir-treated dwarf hamsters survived, showing reduction in lung virus load from one (delta) to four (gamma) orders of magnitude."( SARS-CoV-2 VOC type and biological sex affect molnupiravir efficacy in severe COVID-19 dwarf hamster model.
Cox, RM; Greninger, AL; Juergens, K; Kalykhalov, AA; Lieber, CM; Natchus, MG; Painter, GR; Phung, Q; Plemper, RK; Saindane, MT; Sakamoto, K; Smith, MK; Sourimant, J; Sticher, ZM; Wolf, JD, 2022
)
"Molnupiravir treatment was associated with increased clearance of infectious virus."( Molnupiravir for the treatment of COVID-19 in immunocompromised participants: efficacy, safety, and virology results from the phase 3 randomized, placebo-controlled MOVe-OUT trial.
Brown, ML; Chang, SC; De Anda, C; Delobel, P; Du, J; Flores, JF; Florescu, DF; Fouche, LF; Grobler, JA; Johnson, MG; Khaertynova, I; Paschke, A; Ramgopal, M; Shamsuddin, HH; Strizki, JM; Wan, H; Williams-Diaz, A, 2023
)
"Molnupiravir treatment in at-risk, unvaccinated patients resulted in improved clinical outcomes for most participant-reported COVID-19 symptoms compared with placebo. "( Impact of Molnupiravir Treatment on Patient-Reported COVID-19 Symptoms in the Phase 3 MOVe-OUT Trial: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
Brotons, C; Brown, M; Coetzee, K; De Anda, C; Du, J; Guan, Y; Johnson, MG; Kozlov, R; Lopez, R; Norquist, JM; Paschke, A; Puenpatom, A; Santiaguel, J; Surber, J; Weinberg, A; Williams-Diaz, A; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Y, 2023
)
"Treatment with molnupiravir significantly reduced viral RNA levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples at Days 7 and 10."( Evaluation of molnupiravir (EIDD-2801) efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in the rhesus macaque model.
Beasley, DW; Brasel, T; Comer, JE; Garron, T; Grimes, M; Johnson, DM; Massey, S; Smith, J; Torres, M; Villasante-Tezanos, A; Wallace, S, 2023
)

Toxicity

Molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir were recently approved for the early treatment of COVID-19. Real-life data on tolerability, safety, and adverse events (AEs) are still scarce.

ExcerptReference
" We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the improvement in mortality or hospitalization rates and adverse events among COVID-19 patients with three new oral antivirals (including molnupiravir, fluvoxamine and Paxlovid)."( Efficacy and safety of three new oral antiviral treatment (molnupiravir, fluvoxamine and Paxlovid) for COVID-19:a meta-analysis.
Chen, C; Cheng, Y; Feng, Z; Mao, Q; Tang, J; Wang, C; Wang, M; Wen, W; Wu, Q; Zhang, X; Zhou, M; Zhou, X, 2022
)
" In addition, the three oral drugs did not increase the occurrence of adverse events, thus exhibiting good overall safety."( Efficacy and safety of three new oral antiviral treatment (molnupiravir, fluvoxamine and Paxlovid) for COVID-19:a meta-analysis.
Chen, C; Cheng, Y; Feng, Z; Mao, Q; Tang, J; Wang, C; Wang, M; Wen, W; Wu, Q; Zhang, X; Zhou, M; Zhou, X, 2022
)
"36) for any adverse events (AEs); at 200, 400 and 800 mg compared with placebo (200 mg: RR = 0."( Rapid review and meta-analysis of adverse events associated with molnupiravir in patients with COVID-19.
Amani, B; Zareei, S, 2022
)
"This meta-analysis showed that the use of three doses of molnupiravir (200, 400 and 800 mg) is safe for COVID-19 patients."( Rapid review and meta-analysis of adverse events associated with molnupiravir in patients with COVID-19.
Amani, B; Zareei, S, 2022
)
" Molnupiravir was also extremely safe since 13 (6."( Safety and efficacy of molnupiravir in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients: A real-life experience.
Babudieri, S; Bacciu, S; Bitti, A; Colpani, A; De Vito, A; Denti, L; Fois, M; Madeddu, G; Maida, I; Marcia, C; Meloni, MC; Zauli, B, 2022
)
" After review of these studies, it was observed that the daily dose of 1600 mg Molnupiravir for 5 days was safe and tolerable with nausea, diarrhea and headache as the common adverse effects."( Efficacy and safety of Molnupiravir in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review.
Bisoi, D; Chaliserry, LF; Eerike, M; Janti, SS; Mali, KR; Priyadarshini, R; Raj, GM; Ravi, G, 2023
)
" Molnupiravir was also found to be well tolerated and safe without any major adverse events on short-term use."( Efficacy and safety of Molnupiravir in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review.
Bisoi, D; Chaliserry, LF; Eerike, M; Janti, SS; Mali, KR; Priyadarshini, R; Raj, GM; Ravi, G, 2023
)
" All-cause hospitalization/death, adverse events, SARS-CoV-2 titers, infectivity, and RNA sequences were compared between immunocompromised participants who received molnupiravir or placebo and with non-immunocompromised participants."( Molnupiravir for the treatment of COVID-19 in immunocompromised participants: efficacy, safety, and virology results from the phase 3 randomized, placebo-controlled MOVe-OUT trial.
Brown, ML; Chang, SC; De Anda, C; Delobel, P; Du, J; Flores, JF; Florescu, DF; Fouche, LF; Grobler, JA; Johnson, MG; Khaertynova, I; Paschke, A; Ramgopal, M; Shamsuddin, HH; Strizki, JM; Wan, H; Williams-Diaz, A, 2023
)
"3% [2/24]), with fewer adverse events (45."( Molnupiravir for the treatment of COVID-19 in immunocompromised participants: efficacy, safety, and virology results from the phase 3 randomized, placebo-controlled MOVe-OUT trial.
Brown, ML; Chang, SC; De Anda, C; Delobel, P; Du, J; Flores, JF; Florescu, DF; Fouche, LF; Grobler, JA; Johnson, MG; Khaertynova, I; Paschke, A; Ramgopal, M; Shamsuddin, HH; Strizki, JM; Wan, H; Williams-Diaz, A, 2023
)
"Although the study population was small, these data suggest that molnupiravir treatment for mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in non-hospitalized immunocompromised adults is efficacious and safe and quickly reduces infectious SARS-CoV-2."( Molnupiravir for the treatment of COVID-19 in immunocompromised participants: efficacy, safety, and virology results from the phase 3 randomized, placebo-controlled MOVe-OUT trial.
Brown, ML; Chang, SC; De Anda, C; Delobel, P; Du, J; Flores, JF; Florescu, DF; Fouche, LF; Grobler, JA; Johnson, MG; Khaertynova, I; Paschke, A; Ramgopal, M; Shamsuddin, HH; Strizki, JM; Wan, H; Williams-Diaz, A, 2023
)
"Although the study population was small, these data suggest that molnupiravir treatment for mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in non-hospitalized immunocompromised adults is efficacious and safe and quickly reduces infectious SARS-CoV-2."( Molnupiravir for the treatment of COVID-19 in immunocompromised participants: efficacy, safety, and virology results from the phase 3 randomized, placebo-controlled MOVe-OUT trial.
Brown, ML; Chang, SC; De Anda, C; Delobel, P; Du, J; Flores, JF; Florescu, DF; Fouche, LF; Grobler, JA; Johnson, MG; Khaertynova, I; Paschke, A; Ramgopal, M; Shamsuddin, HH; Strizki, JM; Wan, H; Williams-Diaz, A, 2023
)
"Molnupiravir (MOL) and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (NIR) were recently approved for the early treatment of COVID-19, but real-life data on tolerability, safety, and adverse events (AEs) are still scarce."( Molnupiravir and Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir: Tolerability, Safety, and Adherence in a Retrospective Cohort Study.
Bonadiman, N; Calandrino, L; Cattelan, AM; Cavinato, S; Ferrari, A; Gardin, S; Mazzitelli, M; Mengato, D; Sasset, L; Scaglione, V; Trivellato, S; Venturini, F, 2023
)
"6%) patients experienced any AEs following antivirals intake: 98/124 (79%) patients reporting adverse events presented grade 1 AEs, 23/124 (18."( Molnupiravir and Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir: Tolerability, Safety, and Adherence in a Retrospective Cohort Study.
Bonadiman, N; Calandrino, L; Cattelan, AM; Cavinato, S; Ferrari, A; Gardin, S; Mazzitelli, M; Mengato, D; Sasset, L; Scaglione, V; Trivellato, S; Venturini, F, 2023
)
" There is little to no difference in serious adverse and adverse events during the study period in COVID-19 inpatients/outpatients treated with molnupiravir compared with placebo/SoC (moderate- to high-certainty evidence)."( Efficacy and safety of molnupiravir for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Gruell, H; Kreuzberger, N; Malin, JJ; Skoetz, N; Stegemann, M; Weibel, S, 2023
)
" Molnupiravir was safe during the study period in outpatients although a potential increase in inpatient mortality requires careful monitoring in ongoing clinical research."( Efficacy and safety of molnupiravir for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Gruell, H; Kreuzberger, N; Malin, JJ; Skoetz, N; Stegemann, M; Weibel, S, 2023
)
" However, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of mortality, hospitalisation, adverse events and serious adverse events."( Efficacy and Safety of Molnupiravir Treatment for COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Chen, Z; Feng, Q; Tian, F, 2023
)
" In terms of safety, although the incidence of any adverse events was higher in the nirmatrelvir/ritonavir group (OR = 2."( Comparative efficacy and safety of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and molnupiravir for COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Akbarzadeh, A; Amani, B; Kardanmoghadam, V; Khorramnia, S; Navidi, Z; Rajabkhah, K; Shabestan, R, 2023
)
" All adverse events were mild or moderate in severity and none led to treatment discontinuation."( Assessment of pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability following twice-daily administration of molnupiravir for 10 days in healthy participants.
Decaesteker, T; Duncan, KE; Gillespie, G; Iwamoto, M; Lemoine, L; Liberti, MV; Maas, BM; Rottey, S; Stoch, SA; Wickremasingha, PK; Zhao, T, 2023
)

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReference
"The aim of this study was to explore the effects of herbal drug pharmacokinetic interactions on the biotransformation of molnupiravir and its metabolite β-D-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC) in the blood and brain."( Biotransformation and brain distribution of the anti-COVID-19 drug molnupiravir and herb-drug pharmacokinetic interactions between the herbal extract Scutellaria formula-NRICM101.
Chang, CH; Dalley, JW; Lee, WH; Lin, TY; Peng, WY; Tsai, TH; Yang, MH, 2023
)
"The pharmacokinetic alteration of an antimicrobial medication leading to sub-therapeutic plasma level can aid in the emergence of resistance, a global threat nowadays."( Impact of Disease States on the Oral Pharmacokinetics of EIDD-1931 (an Active Form of Molnupiravir) in Rats for Implication in the Dose Adjustment.
Ahmed, A; Bhardwaj, M; Dhiman, S; Gour, A; Khajuria, P; Manhas, D; Mukherjee, D; Nandi, U; Wazir, P, 2023
)

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReference
" Molecular docking revealed that wild-type CES2 and its variant R180H used different sets of amino acids to interact with molnupiravir."( The COVID-19 Oral Drug Molnupiravir Is a CES2 Substrate: Potential Drug-Drug Interactions and Impact of CES2 Genetic Polymorphism In Vitro.
Eades, W; Liu, W; Shen, Y; Yan, B, 2022
)
" However, the use of NMV/r is complicated by significant drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with frequently prescribed medications."( Drug interactions between common dermatological medications and the oral anti-COVID-19 agents nirmatrelvir-ritonavir and molnupiravir.
Huang, X; Oon, HH; Quah, KSE; Renia, L, 2022
)

Bioavailability

The oral bioavailability and potent antiviral activity of molnupiravir highlight its potential utility as a therapeutic candidate against COVID-19. The drug is an orally bioavailable antiviral drug for use at home when a SARS-CoV-2 test is positive.

ExcerptReference
" The published clinical data indicate a good safety profile, tolerability, and oral bioavailability of molnupiravir in humans."( Discovery, Development, and Patent Trends on Molnupiravir: A Prospective Oral Treatment for COVID-19.
Al-Shammeri, AM; Alam, MT; Alaqel, SI; Alhazmi, BD; Alshammari, MK; Alshehri, MM; Alshrari, AS; Asdaq, SMB; Harshan, AA; Imran, M; Khan, SA; Kumar Arora, M; Mateq Ali, A, 2021
)
" Molnupiravir is an orally bioavailable antiviral drug for use at home when a SARS-CoV-2 test is positive."( Editorial: Current Status of Oral Antiviral Drug Treatments for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Non-Hospitalized Patients.
Parums, DV, 2022
)
" The oral bioavailability and potent antiviral activity of molnupiravir highlight its potential utility as a therapeutic candidate against COVID-19."( Molnupiravir and Its Antiviral Activity Against COVID-19.
An, X; Fan, H; Fan, J; Li, M; Lou, F; Pang, Z; Song, L; Tian, L; Tong, Y; Zhu, S, 2022
)

Dosage Studied

NMV/r has significant DDIs with many common dermatological medications, which may require temporary discontinuation, dosage adjustment or substitution with other anti-COVID-19 agents. The patient-compliant oral dosage form of molnupiravir may hit the market in first or second quarter of 2022.

ExcerptReference
" This review summarizes the current data for the most commonly used drugs for coronavirus disease 2019 and will cover the unique factors that may affect the dosing of these medications in patients with CKD."( Treatment Options for Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Patients With Reduced or Absent Kidney Function.
Govil, A; Luckett, K; Miller-Handley, H, 2020
)
" Single and multiple ascending dose (SAD and MAD, respectively) cohorts were dosed in randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled fashion, with a 6:2 active-to-placebo ratio in each cohort."( Accelerated first-in-human clinical trial of EIDD-2801/MK-4482 (molnupiravir), a ribonucleoside analog with potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2.
Bush, J; Cohen, O; Holman, W; McIntosh, S; Painter, G; Painter, W, 2021
)
" The patient-compliant oral dosage form of molnupiravir may hit the market in the first or second quarter of 2022."( Discovery, Development, and Patent Trends on Molnupiravir: A Prospective Oral Treatment for COVID-19.
Al-Shammeri, AM; Alam, MT; Alaqel, SI; Alhazmi, BD; Alshammari, MK; Alshehri, MM; Alshrari, AS; Asdaq, SMB; Harshan, AA; Imran, M; Khan, SA; Kumar Arora, M; Mateq Ali, A, 2021
)
" The described method was successfully applied to the determination of molnupiravir in pure form and in pharmaceutical dosage form."( Green adherent spectrophotometric determination of molnupiravir based on computational calculations; application to a recently FDA-approved pharmaceutical dosage form.
Abd Elhalim, LM; Abdelazim, AH; Abourehab, MAS; Almrasy, AA; Ramzy, S, 2023
)
" Here, we explained the mechanism behind the failure of molnupiravir in hospitalized patients and identified alternative dosing strategies that would improve therapeutic outcomes in all patients with COVID-19."( Why Molnupiravir Fails in Hospitalized Patients.
Brown, AN; Bulitta, JB; Drusano, GL; Franco, EJ; Hanrahan, KC; Lang, Y; Zhou, J, 2022
)
"NMV/r has significant DDIs with many common dermatological medications, which may require temporary discontinuation, dosage adjustment or substitution with other anti-COVID-19 agents such as molnupiravir."( Drug interactions between common dermatological medications and the oral anti-COVID-19 agents nirmatrelvir-ritonavir and molnupiravir.
Huang, X; Oon, HH; Quah, KSE; Renia, L, 2022
)
" Therefore, the development of an ultrasensitive, instantaneous, and cost-effective method for the quantification of MOL in real plasma samples and formulated dosage form are mandatory."( Zinc(II) complexation strategy for ultra-sensitive fluorimetric estimation of molnupiravir: Applications and greenness evaluation.
Ali, MFB; El Deeb, S; Hara, MA; Ibrahim, AE; Salman, BI; Saraya, RE, 2023
)
" Once submitted, the pharmacist would identify which oral COVID-19 medication and dosage was most appropriate."( Facilitating oral COVID-19 therapy utilization through a pharmacy consult service.
Portman, DB; Scolese, CJ,
)
" Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir was the predominant agent used with 16% requiring renal dosage adjustment."( Facilitating oral COVID-19 therapy utilization through a pharmacy consult service.
Portman, DB; Scolese, CJ,
)
"5 days was generally well-tolerated in healthy participants with dose-linear PKs, supporting the evaluation of longer molnupiravir dosing up to 10 days in future clinical trials."( Assessment of pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability following twice-daily administration of molnupiravir for 10 days in healthy participants.
Decaesteker, T; Duncan, KE; Gillespie, G; Iwamoto, M; Lemoine, L; Liberti, MV; Maas, BM; Rottey, S; Stoch, SA; Wickremasingha, PK; Zhao, T, 2023
)
" Female ferrets dosed with 20 or 100 mg/kg nirmatrelvir/ritonavir twice-daily show 1-2 log order reduction of viral RNA copies and infectious titers, which correlates with low nirmatrelvir exposure in nasal turbinates."( Comparing molnupiravir and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir efficacy and the effects on SARS-CoV-2 transmission in animal models.
Andrews, MK; Cox, RM; Greninger, AL; Karimi, A; Kolykhalov, AA; Krueger, RE; Lieber, CM; Lieberman, NAP; Natchus, MG; Painter, GR; Plemper, RK; Roychoudhury, P; Sticher, ZM; Wolf, JD, 2023
)
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (3)

RoleDescription
prodrugA compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug.
anticoronaviral agentAny antiviral agent which inhibits the activity of coronaviruses.
antiviral drugA substance used in the prophylaxis or therapy of virus diseases.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (3)

ClassDescription
nucleoside analogueAn analogue of a nucleoside, being an N-glycosyl compound in which the nitrogen-containing moiety is a modified nucleotide base. They are commonly used as antiviral products to prevent viral replication in infected cells.
isopropyl esterAny carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of propan-2-ol.
ketoximeOximes of ketones R2C=NOH (where R =/= H).
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (10)

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Spike glycoproteinBetacoronavirus England 1EC50 (µMol)0.15400.00304.57559.8200AID1804127
Replicase polyprotein 1abBetacoronavirus England 1EC50 (µMol)0.15400.00304.57559.8200AID1804127
Transmembrane protease serine 2Homo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.15400.00304.51689.8200AID1804127
Procathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.15400.00304.48749.8200AID1804127
Replicase polyprotein 1aSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirusEC50 (µMol)0.15400.00304.61369.8200AID1804127
Replicase polyprotein 1abHuman coronavirus 229EEC50 (µMol)0.15400.00304.61369.8200AID1804127
Replicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirusEC50 (µMol)0.15400.00304.45549.8200AID1804127
Replicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2EC50 (µMol)0.15400.00304.11059.8200AID1804127
Spike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirusEC50 (µMol)0.15400.00304.57559.8200AID1804127
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)EC50 (µMol)0.15400.00304.57559.8200AID1804127
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (48)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
viral translationTransmembrane protease serine 2Homo sapiens (human)
proteolysisTransmembrane protease serine 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein autoprocessingTransmembrane protease serine 2Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of viral entry into host cellTransmembrane protease serine 2Homo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune responseProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
proteolysisProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
protein autoprocessingProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
fusion of virus membrane with host plasma membraneProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
receptor-mediated endocytosis of virus by host cellProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
antigen processing and presentationProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class IIProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
collagen catabolic processProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
zymogen activationProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
enkephalin processingProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
fusion of virus membrane with host endosome membraneProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell lineage commitmentProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
symbiont entry into host cellProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigenProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
proteolysis involved in protein catabolic processProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
elastin catabolic processProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
macrophage apoptotic processProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to thyroid hormone stimulusProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathwayProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidase activityProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
immune responseProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
symbiont-mediated perturbation of host ubiquitin-like protein modificationReplicase polyprotein 1aSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
symbiont-mediated perturbation of host ubiquitin-like protein modificationReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
negative regulation of signaling receptor activityAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
symbiont entry into host cellAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cytokine productionAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
angiotensin maturationAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
angiotensin-mediated drinking behaviorAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by renin-angiotensinAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
tryptophan transportAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
viral life cycleAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
receptor-mediated endocytosis of virus by host cellAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of vasoconstrictionAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transmembrane transporter activityAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell population proliferationAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
symbiont entry into host cellAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
receptor-mediated virion attachment to host cellAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferationAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of inflammatory responseAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of amino acid transportAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
maternal process involved in female pregnancyAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle contractionAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
membrane fusionAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascadeAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
blood vessel diameter maintenanceAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
entry receptor-mediated virion attachment to host cellAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gap junction assemblyAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cardiac conductionAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of L-proline import across plasma membraneAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (30)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
serine-type endopeptidase activityTransmembrane protease serine 2Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingTransmembrane protease serine 2Homo sapiens (human)
serine-type peptidase activityTransmembrane protease serine 2Homo sapiens (human)
fibronectin bindingProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
cysteine-type endopeptidase activityProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
collagen bindingProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
cysteine-type peptidase activityProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
histone bindingProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
proteoglycan bindingProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
serpin family protein bindingProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
cysteine-type endopeptidase activator activity involved in apoptotic processProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activityReplicase polyprotein 1aSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
cysteine-type endopeptidase activityReplicase polyprotein 1aSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
K63-linked deubiquitinase activityReplicase polyprotein 1aSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
K48-linked deubiquitinase activityReplicase polyprotein 1aSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
3'-5'-RNA exonuclease activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
cysteine-type endopeptidase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
mRNA 5'-cap (guanine-N7-)-methyltransferase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
mRNA (nucleoside-2'-O-)-methyltransferase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
5'-3' RNA helicase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
K63-linked deubiquitinase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
K48-linked deubiquitinase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
3'-5'-RNA exonuclease activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
cysteine-type endopeptidase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
mRNA 5'-cap (guanine-N7-)-methyltransferase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
mRNA (nucleoside-2'-O-)-methyltransferase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
mRNA guanylyltransferase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
RNA endonuclease activity, producing 3'-phosphomonoestersReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
ISG15-specific peptidase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
5'-3' RNA helicase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
protein guanylyltransferase activityReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
virus receptor activityAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
endopeptidase activityAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
carboxypeptidase activityAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
metallocarboxypeptidase activityAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
metallopeptidase activityAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-dipeptidase activityAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (25)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
extracellular regionTransmembrane protease serine 2Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmTransmembrane protease serine 2Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneTransmembrane protease serine 2Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeTransmembrane protease serine 2Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
nucleusProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
lysosomeProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
multivesicular bodyProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
endolysosome lumenProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
chromaffin granuleProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
lysosomal lumenProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
collagen-containing extracellular matrixProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
endocytic vesicle lumenProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
lysosomeProcathepsin LHomo sapiens (human)
double membrane vesicle viral factory outer membraneReplicase polyprotein 1aSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
double membrane vesicle viral factory outer membraneReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
double membrane vesicle viral factory outer membraneReplicase polyprotein 1abSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
virion membraneSpike glycoproteinSevere acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
plasma membraneAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum lumenAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
ciliumAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
membraneAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
endocytic vesicle membraneAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
brush border membraneAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
membrane raftAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceAngiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (1)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1804127No assay is provided from Article 10.1002/med.21724: \\The recent outbreaks of human coronaviruses: A medicinal chemistry perspective.\\2021Medicinal research reviews, 01, Volume: 41, Issue:1
The recent outbreaks of human coronaviruses: A medicinal chemistry perspective.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (259)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's0 (0.00)29.6817
2010's0 (0.00)24.3611
2020's259 (100.00)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials17 (6.44%)5.53%
Reviews51 (19.32%)6.00%
Case Studies4 (1.52%)4.05%
Observational8 (3.03%)0.25%
Other184 (69.70%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]