kirenol profile

kirenol: an antirheumatic agent isolated from Siegebeckia; structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	15736732
CHEMBL ID	1089731
CHEBI ID	192213
SCHEMBL ID	19051009
MeSH ID	M0559873

Synonym
52659-56-0
kirenol
CHEMBL1089731
(1r)-1-[(2s,4ar,4bs,6s,8r,8as)-6-hydroxy-8-(hydroxymethyl)-2,4b,8-trimethyl-4,4a,5,6,7,8a,9,10-octahydro-3h-phenanthren-2-yl]ethane-1,2-diol
CHEBI:192213
S9297
AKOS025311590
K0059
AC-34582
Q-100596
SCHEMBL19051009
mfcd00210519
HY-N0559
kirenol 100 microg/ml in acetonitrile
(r)-1-((2s,4ar,4bs,6s,8r,8as)-6-hydroxy-8-(hydroxymethyl)-2,4b,8-trimethyl-2,3,4,4a,4b,5,6,7,8,8a,9,10-dodecahydrophenanthren-2-yl)ethane-1,2-diol
CCG-267903
kirel
CS-0009086
A870938
(r)-1-((2s,4as,4bs,6s,8r,8as)-6-hydroxy-8-(hydroxymethyl)-2,4b,8-trimethyl-2,3,4,4a,4b,5,6,7,8,8a,9,10-dodecahydrophenanthren-2-yl)ethane-1,2-diol
AS-55945
bdbm50465842

Research Excerpts

Overview

Kirenol (KRL) is a biologically active substance extracted from Herba Siegesbeckiae. Kirenol is a bioactive compound present in the Sieges beckia sps.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Kirenol is a bioactive substance isolated from Herba Siegesbeckiae. "	( Kirenol inhibits inflammation challenged by lipopolysaccharide through the AMPK-mTOR-ULK1 autophagy pathway. Chen, H; Ding, L; Kou, R; Mao, C; Shen, X; Wang, K; Xiao, J; Zhai, L, 2023)	3.8
"Kirenol is a bioactive compound present in the Sieges beckia sps."	( Kirenol Exhibits the Protective Role against N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea-Induced Gastric Cancer in Rats via Modulating the Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Markers. Li, C; Li, Y; Liu, W, 2020)	2.72
"Kirenol (KRL) is a biologically active substance extracted from Herba Siegesbeckiae. "	( Cardiac Protective Effect of Kirenol against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy in H9c2 Cells through Nrf2 Signaling via PI3K/AKT Pathways. Alzahrani, AM; Hanieh, H; Rajendran, P; Veeraraghavan, VP, 2021)	2.36
"Kirenol (Kr) is an ent-pimarane type diterpenoid that has been reported from Siegesbeckiaorientalis, S. "	( Kirenol: A promising bioactive metabolite from siegesbeckia species: A detailed review. Abdallah, HM; Altyar, AE; El-Agamy, DS; Ibrahim, SRM; Mohamed, GA; Mohamed, SGA; Sindi, IA, 2021)	3.51
"Kirenol is a biologically active substance isolated from Herba Siegesbeckiae. "	( Kirenol, a compound from Herba Siegesbeckiae, induces apoptosis in human chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells. Chen, Y; Fu, H; Lu, Y; Qian, R; Xiao, J; Xu, D, 2014)	3.29
"Kirenol is a diterpenoid compound purified from the Chinese Herba Siegesbeckiae. "	( Kirenol upregulates nuclear annexin-1 which interacts with NF-κB to attenuate synovial inflammation of collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Fu, HZ; Lu, Y; Qian, RQ; Wang, ZM; Wu, ZW; Zhu, SG, 2011)	3.25
"Kirenol is a major diterpenoid components of Herba Siegesbeckiae, which has been applied for arthritic therapy for centuries."	( Kirenol exerts a potent anti-arthritic effect in collagen-induced arthritis by modifying the T cells balance. Chen, YY; Fu, HZ; Hu, J; Lu, Y; Qian, RQ; Wang, ZM; Wu, ZW; Xiao, J, 2012)	2.54

Effects

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Kirenol has been reported to possess anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-adipogenic, and anti-arthritic activities; however, its effect on osteoblast differentiation has not yet been reported. "	( Kirenol stimulates osteoblast differentiation through activation of the BMP and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways in MC3T3-E1 cells. Hwang, JK; Kim, MB; Song, Y, 2014)	3.29

Treatment

Kirenol significantly decreased high glucose-induced cardiofibroblasts proliferation and increased the cardiomyocytes viability. Kirenol treatment markedly delayed onset of disease and reduced clinical scores in EAE mice.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Kirenol treatment significantly decreased high glucose-induced cardiofibroblasts proliferation and increased the cardiomyocytes viability, prevented the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and further attenuated cardiomyocytes apoptosis, accompanied by a reduction in apoptosis-related protein expression."	( Attenuation of diabetic cardiomyopathy by relying on kirenol to suppress inflammation in a diabetic rat model. Fan, XH; Gui, R; Huang, CQ; Huang, XY; Li, L; Li, PC; Wang, S; Wu, B; Xiao, J, 2019)	1.48
"Kirenol treatment significantly down-regulated the secretion of IFN-γ, IL-17A, IL-6 and TNF-α by the MLNs lymphocytes and increased the apoptosis of lymphocytes, especially CD4"	( [Kirenol relieves dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in mice by inhibiting inflammatory cytokines and inducing CD4 Guomei, D; Guoxing, L; Juan, X; Xin, T; Xiuhong, L; Yajun, DU, 2019)	2.15
"Kirenol treatment appreciably improved the body weight and diminished the tumor volume and incidences in the MNG-challenged rats. "	( Kirenol Exhibits the Protective Role against N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea-Induced Gastric Cancer in Rats via Modulating the Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Markers. Li, C; Li, Y; Liu, W, 2020)	3.44
"Kirenol treatment markedly delayed onset of disease and reduced clinical scores in EAE mice."	( Kirenol attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibiting differentiation of Th1 and th17 cells and inducing apoptosis of effector T cells. Deng, W; Fan, X; Liu, W; Xiao, J; Yang, L; Yang, R, 2015)	2.58
"Kirenol treatment reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, increases anti-inflammatory cytokine production, inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis of CII-specific lymphocytes in vitro, suggesting the potential of kirenol as an immunosuppressant."	( Effects of kirenol on bovine type II collagen-induced rat lymphocytes in vivo and in vitro. Chen, Y; Fu, H; Lu, Y; Qian, R; Wang, Z; Wu, Z; Xiao, J, 2012)	2.21

Pharmacokinetics

The present method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of kirenol in male Sprague-Dawley rats after oral administration at a dose of 50 mg/kg.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The present method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of kirenol in male Sprague-Dawley rats after oral administration at a dose of 50 mg/kg."	( A rapid and simple RP-HPLC method for quantification of kirenol in rat plasma after oral administration and its application to pharmacokinetic study. Fu, HZ; Qian, RQ; Song, XL; Wang, ZM; Zhang, QY, 2011)	0.84
" The validated method was successfully applied to a comparative pharmacokinetic study of the two diterpenoids in rat plasma after intragastric administration of Kirenol, DHKA and Herba Siegesbeckiae extract."	( Simultaneous quantification of Kirenol and ent-16β,17-dihydroxy-kauran-19-oic acid from Herba Siegesbeckiae in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to pharmacokinetic studies. Guo, X; Huo, L; Jiang, Z; Lei, M; Wang, X, 2013)	0.87
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of different medication administration teams were analyzed with SPSS statistics 13."	( [Pharmacokinetics study of two active diterpenoids from Herba Siegesbeckiae in rat plasma]. Jiang, Z; Sun, Y; Yin, Y, 2016)	0.43

Bioavailability

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" For DHKA, the absorption rate of DHKA increased rapidly after administration of the extract."	( [Pharmacokinetics study of two active diterpenoids from Herba Siegesbeckiae in rat plasma]. Jiang, Z; Sun, Y; Yin, Y, 2016)	0.43

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Class	Description
diterpenoid	Any terpenoid derived from a diterpene. The term includes compounds in which the C20 skeleton of the parent diterpene has been rearranged or modified by the removal of one or more skeletal atoms (generally methyl groups).
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	2.5340	0.0003	0.5937	10.0000	AID1414363; AID1602882
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
proteolysis	Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)
blood coagulation	Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell migration	Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of TOR signaling	Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
serine-type endopeptidase activity	Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion binding	Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipid binding	Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
extracellular region	Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum lumen	Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi lumen	Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membrane	Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Coagulation factor X	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1602882	Inhibition of human factor Xa using Z-D-Arg-Gly-Arg-pNA.2HCl as substrate preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition by UV absorption analysis	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 04-01, Volume: 27, Issue:7	Semisynthesis of epoxy-pimarane diterpenoids from kirenol and their FXa inhibition activities.
AID469809	Cytotoxicity against mouse B16 cells after 44 hrs by MTT assay	2010	Journal of natural products, Jan, Volume: 73, Issue:1	ent-kaurane and ent-pimarane diterpenoids from Siegesbeckia pubescens.
AID469807	Cytotoxicity against rat HSC-T6 cells after 44 hrs by MTT assay	2010	Journal of natural products, Jan, Volume: 73, Issue:1	ent-kaurane and ent-pimarane diterpenoids from Siegesbeckia pubescens.
AID1437541	Antiinflammatory activity in mouse RAW264.7 cells assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production after 24 hrs by Griess assay	2017	Journal of natural products, 01-27, Volume: 80, Issue:1	ent-Strobane and ent-Pimarane Diterpenoids from Siegesbeckia pubescens.
AID1414363	Inhibition of human coagulation factor 10a using Z-D-Arg-Gly-Arg-pNA.2HCl as substrate preincubated for 15 mins followed by substrate addition by UV absorption assay	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-15, Volume: 28, Issue:23-24	Semisynthesis of ent-norstrobane diterpenoids as potential inhibitor for factor Xa.
AID1437542	Antiinvasive activity in human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as inhibition of EGF-induced cell invasion after 3.5 hrs	2017	Journal of natural products, 01-27, Volume: 80, Issue:1	ent-Strobane and ent-Pimarane Diterpenoids from Siegesbeckia pubescens.
AID469808	Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells after 44 hrs by MTT assay	2010	Journal of natural products, Jan, Volume: 73, Issue:1	ent-kaurane and ent-pimarane diterpenoids from Siegesbeckia pubescens.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	1 (2.63)	18.2507
2000's	0 (0.00)	29.6817
2010's	20 (52.63)	24.3611
2020's	17 (44.74)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	2 (5.26%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	36 (94.74%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	2.06	1	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.15	1	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	2.06	1	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	2.47	2	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	2.31	1	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
acrylamide [no description available]	2.07	1	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
ethylene dimethacrylate ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.	2.07	1	enoate ester	allergen; cross-linking reagent; polymerisation monomer
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	2.07	1	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
osthol osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source	2.08	1	botanical anti-fungal agent; coumarins	metabolite
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	7.31	1	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	2.25	1	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	2.05	1	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
darutigenol darutigenol: from Siegesbeckia glabrescens Mak; structure given in first source	3.02	4
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.25	1	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	2.21	1	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
pimarane pimarane: from Croton joufra; structure in first source	7.21	1	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
edoxaban edoxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is used (as its tosylate monohydrate) for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.	2.59	2	chloropyridine; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound; thiazolopyridine	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	2.1	1
hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye	2.1	1
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	2.06	1	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
piroxicam [no description available]	2.06	1	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	2.08	1	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
darutoside darutoside: from Siegesbeckia glabrescens Mak; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4aalpha,4bbeta,7alpha(R*),10abeta))	7.53	2

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	4.34	6
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	4.34	6
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	2.41	1
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	7.41	1
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	2.6	1
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	2.6	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.21	1
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	2.21	1
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	2.63	2
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.21	1
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	2.21	1
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	2.21	1
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	2.21	1
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	2.21	1
Femoral Fractures Fractures of the femur.	2.25	1
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	3.01	4
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	2.8	3
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	2.8	3
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	7.31	1
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	2.31	1
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	2.31	1
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.31	1
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	2.31	1
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	2.31	1
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	2.31	1
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	7.31	1
Anasarca [description not available]	2.31	1
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	2.31	1
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	2.31	1
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	2.31	1
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	2.25	1
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	2.25	1
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	2.31	1
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	2.31	1
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	2.31	1
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	2.31	1
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	2.31	1
Atherogenesis [description not available]	2.31	1
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	2.31	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	2.08	1
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	2.11	1
Dermatoses [description not available]	2.15	1
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	2.15	1
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	2.15	1
Ache [description not available]	2.06	1
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	2.06	1
Arthropathies [description not available]	2.07	1
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	2.07	1

kirenol

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (22)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Treatment

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (1)

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (4)

Molecular Functions (4)

Ceullar Components (6)

Bioassays (7)

Research

Studies (38)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 26.06

Study Types

kirenol

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (22)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Treatment

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (1)

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (4)

Molecular Functions (4)

Ceullar Components (6)

Bioassays (7)

Research

Studies (38)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 26.06

Study Types

Related Drugs (23)

Related Conditions (48)