adenosine

Research Excerpts

Overview

The adenosine A2A receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that offers numerous possibilities for therapeutic applications. Adenosine is a purine nucleoside and neuromodulator in the brain. The adenosinergic pathway is an acknowledged major contributor to tumor-induced immune suppression.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Adenosine is a physiological nucleoside which acts as an autocoid and activates G protein-coupled membrane receptors, designated A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3). "	( Adenosine receptor agonists: from basic medicinal chemistry to clinical development. Burbiel, JC; Maass, A; Müller, CE; Yan, L, 2003)	3.2
"The adenosine A2A receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that has been extensively studied during the past few decades because it offers numerous possibilities for therapeutic applications. "	( Adenosine A2A receptor as a drug discovery target. de Lera Ruiz, M; Lim, YH; Zheng, J, 2014)	2.4
"Adenosine is a purine nucleoside and neuromodulator in the brain."	( Emerging roles of dysregulated adenosine homeostasis in brain disorders with a specific focus on neurodegenerative diseases. Chang, CP; Chern, Y; Lin, CY; Wu, KC, 2021)	1.63
"Adenosine is an omnipresent purine that is formed in response to stress stimuli in order to restore physiological balance, mainly via anti-inflammatory, tissue-protective, and anti-nociceptive mechanisms."	( Current Adenosinergic Therapies: What Do Cancer Cells Stand to Gain and Lose? Džubák, P; Hajdúch, M; Kotulová, J, 2021)	1.78
"The adenosinergic pathway is an acknowledged major contributor to tumor-induced immune suppression."	( The Role of Tumor-Derived Exosomes (TEX) in Shaping Anti-Tumor Immune Competence. Whiteside, TL, 2021)	1.1
"Adenosine is a purine nucleoside involved in regulating bone homeostasis through binding to A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 adenosine receptors (A1R, A2AR, A2BR, and A3R, respectively). "	( Exogenous adenosine activates A2A adenosine receptor to inhibit RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis via AP-1 pathway to facilitate bone repair. Cheng, X; Deng, Y; Li, Z; Yin, C, 2022)	2.57
"Adenosine is a purine nucleoside and a neuromodulator, and regulates multiple physiological and pathophysiological functions through the activation of four G protein-coupled receptors, which are classified as A"	( Adenosine signaling mediate pain transmission in the central nervous system. Chang, H; Fang, Y; Guo, Y; Wu, J; Zhang, D; Zhou, M, 2023)	3.07
"Adenosine is a small molecule directly involved in maintaining homeostasis under pathological and stressful conditions. "	( Nine days extended release of adenosine from biocompatible MOFs under biologically relevant conditions. Alkordi, MH; El-Mehalmey, WA; Haikal, RR; Ibrahim, AH; Latif, N; Mierzejewska, P; Smolenski, RT; Yacoub, MH, 2022)	2.45
"Adenosine is a potent immune-modulating molecule and overexpression of CD73 on tumor leads to the high concentration of adenosine."	( Discovery and optimization of betulinic acid derivatives as novel potent CD73 inhibitors. Miao, Z; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Wu, Y; Ye, S; Zhang, H; Zhang, Y; Zhu, Y, 2022)	1.44
"Adenosine is a purinergic signaling molecule, clinically used in cardiac imaging during stress tests. "	( Involvement of adenosine signaling pathway in migraine pathophysiology: A systematic review of clinical studies. Al-Karagholi, MA; Ashina, M; Kokoti, L; Thuraiaiyah, J, 2022)	2.52
"Adenosine is a purinergic signaling molecule with a wide range of physiological functions including anti- and pronociceptive properties. "	( Involvement of adenosine signaling pathway in migraine pathophysiology: a systematic review of preclinical studies. Al-Karagholi, MA; Ashina, M; Kokoti, L; Thuraiaiyah, J, 2022)	2.52
"Adenosine is a purine nucleoside that, "	( Extracellular cAMP-Adenosine Pathway Signaling: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Chronic Inflammatory Airway Diseases. Godinho, RO; Jackson, EK; Pacini, ESA; Satori, NA, 2022)	2.49
"Adenosinergic signaling is an important regulator of tissue homeostasis and extracellular accumulation of adenosine (Ado) and is associated with different pathologies, such as cancer. "	( CD73/Adenosine Pathway Involvement in the Interaction of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Stem Cells and Bone Cells in the Pre-Metastatic Niche. Belisario, DC; Bertolini, G; Bracci, C; Compagno, M; Ferracini, R; Genova, T; Horenstein, A; Malavasi, F; Mussano, F; Roato, I; Vitale, M, 2022)	2.68
"Adenosine is a potent immunosuppressive molecule associated with tumor progression and immune evasion. "	( Deregulation of purinergic ectoenzyme activity in head and neck cancer promotes immunosuppression. Bagatini, MD; Basso, HF; Bonadiman, BDSR; de Rocco Donassolo, S; Kosvosky, GC; Marafon, F; Marins, K; Zamoner, A; Zanchi, MM, 2022)	2.16
"Adenosine is an evolutionary ancient metabolic regulator linking energy state to physiologic processes, including immunomodulation and cell proliferation. "	( ATP and Adenosine Metabolism in Cancer: Exploitation for Therapeutic Gain. Boison, D; Yegutkin, GG, 2022)	2.6
"Adenosine is a neuromodulator responsible for the regulation of multiple physiological and pathological conditions."	( Role of the nucleoside-metabolizing enzymes on pain responses in zebrafish larvae. Altenhofen, S; Bonan, CD; Gusso, D; Wiprich, MT, )	0.85
"Adenosine is a critical extracellular signaling molecule that has essential functions in regulating most organ systems by binding to four G-protein-coupled adenosine receptors, denoted A"	( Pathophysiology roles for adenosine 2A receptor in obesity and related diseases. Cai, Y; Chen, X; Li, J; Wen, Z; Yi, B, 2022)	1.74
"Adenosine is a metabolite produced abundantly in the tumor microenvironment, dampening immune response in inflamed tissues via adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) which is widely expressed on immune cells, inhibiting anti-tumor immune response accordingly. "	( [Blocking Adenosine/A2AR Pathway for Cancer Therapy]. Bai, Y; Liu, J; Liu, X; Shi, Y; Wang, M; Xu, Y; Zhang, D, 2022)	2.57
"Adenosine is an essential endogenous molecule that activates the A1, A2a, A2b, and A3 adenosine receptors to regulate tissue function."	( The immunomodulatory function of adenosine in sepsis. Ma, T; Yu-Jing, L; Zhang, T, 2022)	1.72
"Adenosine (ADO) is an endogenous metabolite with immense potential to be repurposed as an immunomodulatory therapeutic, as preclinical studies have demonstrated in models of epilepsy, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and traumatic brain injury, among others. "	( Recrystallization of Adenosine for Localized Drug Delivery. Clegg, B; Gawalt, ES; Hartmeier, PR; Jiang, M; Meng, WS; Mou, M; Velankar, KY, 2022)	2.48
"Adenosine is a powerful immunosuppressive metabolite, that is frequently elevated in the extracellular tumor microenvironment (TME)."	( Adenosinergic axis and immune checkpoint combination therapy in tumor: A new perspective for immunotherapy strategy. Fu, R; Liu, X; Liu, Z; Shen, H; Xu, X; Zhao, X, 2022)	2.89
"This adenosine-methylation is an ancient process and the enzymes involved are evolutionary highly conserved."	( FIONA1-mediated methylation of the 3'UTR of FLC affects FLC transcript levels and flowering in Arabidopsis. Bhati, KK; Blaakmeer, A; Dolde, U; Edwards, A; Jia, G; Kruusvee, V; Petri, L; Rodrigues, V; Song, P; Straub, D; Sun, B; Wenkel, S; Yang, J, 2022)	1.18
"Adenosine is a potent immunosuppressant whose levels in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are often much higher than those in normal tissues. "	( Overcoming high level adenosine-mediated immunosuppression by DZD2269, a potent and selective A2aR antagonist. Bai, Y; Liu, Z; Yang, Z; Zhang, X; Zheng, J, 2022)	2.48
"Adenosine is an immunosuppressive metabolite produced at high levels within the tumor microenvironment (TME)."	( The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 on T cells: The new pillar of hematological malignancy. Jiang, X; Jin, Z; Wang, P; Wu, X; Xiao, Y; Zheng, J, 2023)	1.63
"The adenosine pathway is an exciting new target in the field of cancer immunotherapy. "	( Tumor intrinsic and extrinsic functions of CD73 and the adenosine pathway in lung cancer. Akbay, EA; Kowash, RR, 2023)	1.71
"Adenosine is an endogenous antiseizure agent deficient in the epileptic brain due to elevated adenosine kinase (ADK) activity in reactive A1 astrocytes."	( Reactive A1 Astrocyte-Targeted Nucleic Acid Nanoantiepileptic Drug Downregulating Adenosine Kinase to Rescue Endogenous Antiepileptic Pathway. Cui, Y; Li, X; Lin, Y; Ma, W; Qiu, W; Wang, Q; Wang, Y; Wei, F; Xiong, H; Xu, R; Zhu, J, 2023)	1.86
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that regulates many physiological and pathological processes. "	( Drugs targeting adenosine signaling pathways: A current view. Braczko, A; Caiazzo, E; Cicala, C; Kawecka, A; Koszałka, P; Kutryb-Zając, B; Nasadiuk, K; Stawarska, K, 2023)	2.7
"Adenosine, which is an ATP derivative, may be involved in a large number of cases."	( Adenosinergic System and Neuroendocrine Syncope: What Is the Link? Bechah, Y; Brignole, M; Conte, S; Deharo, JC; Fromonot, J; Groppelli, A; Guieu, R; Hamdan, M; Lalevee, N; Maille, B; Marlinge, M; Michelet, P; Mottola, G, 2023)	3.07
"Adenosine is a neuroregulatory nucleoside that acts through four G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), A"	( The adenosine A Franco, R; Martínez-Pinilla, E; Navarro, G, 2023)	2.91
"Adenosine is a signaling molecule induced under stress such as energy insufficiency and ischemic/hypoxic conditions. "	( Differential role of adenosine signaling cascade in acute and chronic pain. Adebiyi, MG; Kellems, RE; Manalo, J; Xia, Y, 2019)	2.28
"Adenosine deaminase is a critical enzyme in purine metabolism that regulates intra and extracellular adenosine concentrations by converting it to inosine. "	( Adenosine deaminase inhibition. Bagheri, S; Haertlé, T; Saboury, AA, 2019)	3.4
"Adenosine is a local mediator that regulates physiological and pathological processes via activation of four GPCRs (A"	( The effect of two selective A Cooper, SL; Hill, SJ; Jörg, M; March, J; Sabbatini, AR; Scammells, PJ; Woolard, J, 2020)	2
"Adenosine is an endogenous compound with profound cardiovascular protective effects."	( Plasma levels of the cardiovascular protective endogenous nucleoside adenosine are reduced in patients with primary aldosteronism without affecting ischaemia-reperfusion injury: A prospective case-control study. Deinum, J; Monajemi, H; Riksen, NP; Rongen, GA; Thijssen, DHJ; van den Berg, TNAD; van den Broek, PH; van Mil, ACCM, 2019)	1.47
"Adenosine receptors are a subfamily of highly-conserved G-protein coupled receptors. "	( Blood Platelet Adenosine Receptors as Potential Targets for Anti-Platelet Therapy. Rozalski, M; Wolska, N, 2019)	2.31
"Adenosine is an endogenous immunomodulator, whose brain extracellular level is tightly controlled by equilibrative nucleoside transporters-1 (ENT1) and ENT2."	( Deletion of equilibrative nucleoside transporter-2 protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier dysfunction in mice. Chern, Y; Chou, FY; Lee, CY; Lin, CJ; Wu, KC, 2020)	1.28
"Adenosine is a key metabolic and immune-checkpoint regulator implicated in the tumor escape from the host immune system. "	( Adenosine Metabolism: Emerging Concepts for Cancer Therapy. Boison, D; Yegutkin, GG, 2019)	3.4
"The adenosinergic pathway is an immunologic regulating pathway with a potential role in AS pathophysiology."	( Activation of adenosine A Akhtari, M; Ashraf-Ganjouei, A; Jamshidi, A; Javinani, A; Mahmoudi, M; Vojdanian, M, 2020)	1.4
"Adenosine is a ubiquitous neuromodulator that plays a role in sleep, vasodilation, and immune response and manipulating the adenosine system could be therapeutic for Parkinson's disease or ischemic stroke. "	( Complex sex and estrous cycle differences in spontaneous transient adenosine. Borgus, JR; Puthongkham, P; Venton, BJ, 2020)	2.24
"Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside ubiquitously distributed throughout the body that interacts with G protein-coupled receptors, classified in four subtypes: A"	( Keep an eye on adenosine: Its role in retinal inflammation. Aires, ID; Ambrósio, AF; Boia, R; Madeira, MH; Rodrigues-Neves, AC; Santiago, AR; Santos, PF, 2020)	2.35
"Adenosine accumulation is a marker of metabolic stress and it has many downstream effects through the activation of adenosine receptors, including the inhibition of cAMP production."	( Role of adenosine in functional recovery following anoxic coma in Locusta migratoria. Lanz, C; Robertson, RM; Van Dusen, RA, 2020)	1.71
"Adenosine is an important molecule in the human body because it participates various biochemical processes, signalling in the physiological processes, and neurological disorders. "	( Adenosine-imprinted magnetic core-shell polyvinylbutyral microbeads for quantification of adenosine in plasma. Çimen, D; Denizli, A; Jalilzadeh, M, 2020)	3.44
"Adenosine (ADO) is an endogenous modulator of neuronal excitability, with anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects. "	( Activity- and pH-dependent adenosine shifts at the end of a focal seizure in the entorhinal cortex. de Curtis, M; Uva, L, 2020)	2.3
"Adenosine, which is an upstream modifier of acetylcholine, also plays an important role in altering cognitive ability."	( Effects of the excitation or inhibition of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons on cognitive ability in mice exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia. Dong, M; Hu, K; Mo, H; Tang, S; Xiong, M; Zeng, Z; Zhao, D; Zhu, J, 2020)	1.28
"Adenosine is a neuromodulator, and rapid increases in adenosine in the brain occur spontaneously or after mechanical stimulation. "	( A Chang, Y; Venton, BJ; Wang, Y, 2020)	2
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that plays a major role in the physiology and physiopathology of the coronary artery system, mainly by activating its A2A receptors (A2AR). "	( Recent advances in the role of the adenosinergic system in coronary artery disease. Gaudry, M; Guieu, R; Paganelli, F; Ruf, J, 2021)	2.34
"Adenosine is a neuromodulator that has been involved in aging and neurodegenerative diseases as Alzheimer's disease (AD). "	( Adenosine Metabolism in the Cerebral Cortex from Several Mice Models during Aging. Albasanz, JL; Martín, M; Pallàs, M; Sánchez-Melgar, A, 2020)	3.44
"Adenosine is an important regulatory metabolite and an inhibitor of platelet activation."	( Cilostazol increases adenosine plasma concentration in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Chen, J; Li, X; Lv, Q; Wang, Z; Wu, H; Xue, Y, 2021)	1.66
"Adenosine is an important neuromodulator, that has been indicated to be affected by acute and chronic exposure to ethanol."	( Inhibition of ecto-5'-nucleotidase and adenosine deaminase is able to reverse long-term behavioural effects of early ethanol exposure in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Da Silva, RS; Lutte, AH; Majolo, JH, 2020)	1.55
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that plays a major role in the pathophysiology of airway diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. "	( Resolution of bronchoconstriction with positive airway pressure after intravenous adenosine. Abbas, M; Mroue, K; Verville, J, 2021)	2.29
"Adenosine is a metabolite with immunoregulatory effects that are elevated in cord blood."	( Modulatory activity of adenosine on the immune response in cord and adult blood. Ďurčo, F; Gille, C; Köstlin-Gille, N; Poets, CF, 2021)	1.65
"Adenosine is an ubiquitous extracellular signaling molecule and plays a fundamental role in the regulation of coronary microcirculation through activation of adenosine receptors (ARs). "	( Adenosine and adenosine receptor-mediated action in coronary microcirculation. Cao, X; Mustafa, SJ; Tang, Y; Wernly, B; Zhang, Y; Zhou, Z, 2021)	3.51
"Adenosine is a purine nucleoside pivotal for homeostasis in cells and tissues. "	( Protein kinase D, ubiquitin and proteasome pathways are involved in adenosine receptor-stimulated NR4A expression in myeloid cells. Brayden, DJ; Crean, D; Cummins, EP; Giffney, HE; Murphy, EP, 2021)	2.3
"Adenosine is a potent modulator that has a tremendous effect on the immune system. "	( A Chaimovitz, C; Douvdevani, A; Haviv, YS; Mazar, J; Naamani, O; Riff, R, 2021)	2.06
"Adenosine is a natural nucleoside present in a variety of organs and tissues, where it acts as a modulator of diverse physiological and pathophysiological processes. "	( Two New Adenosine Derivatives and their Antiproliferative Properties: An Arévalo, B; Brown, N; Cayo, Á; García-Castillo, V; Gutiérrez, M; Olate-Briones, A; Pérez-Plasencia, C; Salgado-García, R; Valdés, F; Valenzuela, C, 2022)	2.6
"Adenosine is a nucleoside involved in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. "	( Adenosine Signaling in Mast Cells and Allergic Diseases. Garcia-Garcia, L; Martin, M; Muñoz-Cano, R; Olle, L; Roca-Ferrer, J, 2021)	3.51
"Adenosine is an important regulatory molecule of the immune response. "	( Timing Effect of Adenosine-Directed Immunomodulation on Mouse Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. Kaplan, HJ; Ko, MK; Shao, H; Sun, D, 2021)	2.4
"Adenosine is a ubiquitous endogenous modulator with the main function of maintaining cellular and tissue homeostasis in pathological and stress conditions. "	( Adenosine and Inflammation: Here, There and Everywhere. Borea, PA; Contri, C; Pasquini, S; Varani, K; Vincenzi, F, 2021)	3.51
"Adenosine hyperemia is an integral component of the physiological assessment of obstructive coronary artery disease in patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS). "	( Comparing invasive hemodynamic responses in adenosine hyperemia versus physical exercise stress in chronic coronary syndromes. Ahmad, Y; Al-Janabi, F; Al-Lamee, R; Clesham, GJ; Cook, CM; Davies, JE; Davies, JR; de Waard, GA; Francis, DP; Gamma, R; Howard, JP; Kaprielian, R; Karamasis, GV; Keeble, TR; Kelly, PA; Malik, IS; Mayet, J; Mikhail, G; Mohdnazri, S; Nijjer, SS; Petraco, R; Sen, S; Sethi, A; Shun-Shin, MJ; Stathogiannis, KE; Tang, KH; Warisawa, T, 2021)	2.33
"Adenosine is a potent physiological and pharmacological regulator, and its abnormal level is closely related to disease development. "	( A target triggered proximity combination-based fluorescence sensing strategy for adenosine detection. Jiang, W; Wei, H; Xu, X, 2017)	2.12
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleotide pivotally involved in nucleic acid and energy metabolism. "	( G-quadruplex based Exo III-assisted signal amplification aptasensor for the colorimetric detection of adenosine. Li, B; Shen, X; Xu, L; Zhou, X; Zhu, C, 2017)	2.11
"Adenosine is an important modulator of metabolic activity with powerful tissue and cell protective functions. "	( Engineering Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Release Adenosine Using miRNA Technology. Boison, D; Ren, G, 2017)	2.15
"Adenosine is an endogenous mediator involved in a myriad of physiologic functions, including vascular tone regulation. "	( The Role of Adenosine A Khayat, MT; Nayeem, MA, 2017)	2.28
"Adenosine is a nucleoside regulating many physiological and pathological processes in human organism. "	( [Adenosine - a mediator with multisystemic effects (or a hormone?)]. Lazúrová, Z; Mitro, P, )	2.48
"Adenosine is a powerful modulator of skeletal neuromuscular transmission, operating via inhibitory or facilitatory purinergic-type P1 receptors. "	( Adenosine Promotes Endplate nAChR Channel Activity in Adult Mouse Skeletal Muscle Fibers via Low Affinity P1 Receptors. Bernareggi, A; Giniatullin, A; Giniatullin, R; Lorenzon, P; Luin, E; Ren, E; Sciancalepore, M, 2018)	3.37
"Adenosine is an important neuromodulator in the central nervous system, and tissue adenosine levels increase during ischemic events, attenuating excitotoxic neuronal injury. "	( Early changes in transient adenosine during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. Ganesana, M; Venton, BJ, 2018)	2.22
"Adenosine is a ubiquitous endogenous autacoid whose effects are triggered through the enrollment of four G protein-coupled receptors: A"	( Pharmacology of Adenosine Receptors: The State of the Art. Borea, PA; Gessi, S; Merighi, S; Varani, K; Vincenzi, F, 2018)	2.27
"Adenosine is an immunosuppressive metabolite produced at high levels within the tumor microenvironment."	( Targeting adenosine for cancer immunotherapy. Emens, LA; Leone, RD, 2018)	1.6
"Adenosine is an immunomodulatory molecule that suppresses immune cell function to protect tissue integrity."	( Adenosine signaling and adenosine deaminase regulation of immune responses: impact on the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. Bernardes, VM; da Silva, JLG; Leal, DBR; Passos, DF; Schetinger, MRC, 2018)	2.64
"Adenosine is a versatile signaling molecule recognized to physiologically influence gut motor functions. "	( The ecto-enzymes CD73 and adenosine deaminase modulate 5'-AMP-derived adenosine in myofibroblasts of the rat small intestine. Antonioli, L; Bin, A; Bistoletti, M; Caputi, V; Castagliuolo, I; Colucci, R; De Martin, S; Debetto, P; Giaroni, C; Giron, MC; Montopoli, M; Orso, G, 2018)	2.22
"Adenosine is known to be an important signaling molecule in many physiological processes and has recently been shown to be an important molecule in oncology. "	( Development of a quantification method for adenosine in tumors by LC-MS/MS with dansyl chloride derivatization. Borodovsky, A; Fretland, AJ; Gangl, E; Goodwin, KJ; Jones, N; Pop-Damkov, P; Sarkar, U; Woessner, R, 2019)	2.22
"Adenosine is a potent immunosuppressive purine metabolite contributing to the pathogenesis of solid tumors. "	( Adenosinergic Signaling Alters Natural Killer Cell Functional Responses. Atallah Lanman, NM; Chambers, AM; Lupo, KB; Matosevic, S; Wang, J; Yu, H, 2018)	3.37
"Adenosine is a well-characterized endogenous anticonvulsant and seizure terminator of the brain. "	( The role of adenosine in epilepsy. Boison, D; Reemmer, J; Weltha, L, 2019)	2.34
"Adenosine is a potent immune-modulating factor that can be generated through the degradation of ATP by cooperative action of NTPDase1 (CD39) and ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) molecules."	( CD73 as a potential opportunity for cancer immunotherapy. Azizi, G; Ghalamfarsa, G; Hojjat-Farsangi, M; Jadidi-Niaragh, F; Kazemi, MH; Masjedi, A; Raoofi Mohseni, S; Yousefi, M, 2019)	1.24
"Adenosine is a signaling molecule which is produced in high concentrations during airway inflammation. "	( Adenosine Metabolism in COPD: A Study on Adenosine Levels, 5'-Nucleotidase, Adenosine Deaminase and Its Isoenzymes Activity in Serum, Lymphocytes and Erythrocytes. Kumar Bansal, S; Kumar, M; Meena, A; Menon, B; Rohil, V; Singh Patidar, B, 2018)	3.37
"Adenosine is an important vasoactive molecule and is an intermediary and final product of transmethylation reactions in the cell."	( Adenosine kinase and cardiovascular fetal programming in gestational diabetes mellitus. Faas, MM; Plösch, T; Silva, L; Sobrevia, L; Toledo, F, 2020)	2.72
"Adenosine is a fascinating compound, crucial in many biochemical processes: this ubiquitous nucleoside serves as an essential building block of RNA, is also a component of ATP and regulates numerous pathophysiological mechanisms via binding to four extracellular receptors. "	( Adenosine and lipids: A forced marriage or a love match? Couvreur, P; Lepetre-Mouelhi, S; Rouquette, M, )	3.02
"Adenosine challenge is an effective and safe testing modality for subtle WPW in the pediatric population. "	( Utility and safety of adenosine challenge for subtle ventricular pre-excitation in the pediatric population. Arora, G; Beerman, LB; Bertolet, M; Follansbee, CW; Wu, L, 2019)	2.27
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside with a short half-life that regulates many physiological functions involving the heart and cardiovascular system. "	( Adenosine and the Cardiovascular System. Carsons, SE; DeLeon, J; Drewes, W; Grossfeld, D; Kasselman, LJ; Konig, J; Reiss, AB; Renna, HA; Vernice, NA, 2019)	3.4
"Adenosine is an endogenous neuromodulator exerting its biological functions via four receptor subtypes, A"	( Functional characterization of a novel adenosine A Catarzi, D; Cherchi, F; Colotta, V; Coppi, E; Fusco, I; Pedata, F; Pugliese, AM; Varano, F, 2019)	2.23
"Adenosine is a promising cytotoxic reagent for tumors, long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) has been indicated to play critical roles in tumorigenesis, ILF3 has been recognized as a MEG3-binding protein, however, the roles of adenosine and MEG3 on hepatoma are still ambiguous. "	( LncRNA MEG3 contributes to adenosine-induced cytotoxicity in hepatoma HepG2 cells by downregulated ILF3 and autophagy inhibition via regulation PI3K-AKT-mTOR and beclin-1 signaling pathway. Guo, Y; Li, G; Liu, L; Pu, Z; Tan, H; Wu, L; Xiang, M; Zhan, H; Zhou, X, 2019)	2.25
"Adenosine is a purine nucleoside which is an effective controller of inflammation. "	( Perspective and Potential of A2A and A3 Adenosine Receptors as Therapeutic Targets for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Ahmed, S; Bandopadhyay, S; Bandyopadhyay, N; Pal, RS; Pal, Y, 2019)	2.22
"Adenosine is a ubiquitous signaling nucleoside molecule, released from different cells within the body to act on vasculature and immunoescape. "	( Adenosine Receptors as Novel Targets for the Treatment of Various Cancers. Bhattamisra, SK; Choudhury, H; Gorain, B; Yee, GS, 2019)	3.4
"Adenosine is a naturally occurring nucleoside and an essential component of the energy production and utilization systems of the body. "	( Therapeutic Potential of Agonists and Antagonists of A1, A2a, A2b and A3 Adenosine Receptors. Al-Aboudi, A; Alhayani, DM; Jamwal, S; Kumar, P; Mittal, A, 2019)	2.19
"Adenosine (ADO) is an endogenous protective regulator that restores cellular energy balance in response to tissue trauma. "	( Therapeutic potential of adenosine kinase inhibition-Revisited. Jarvis, MF, 2019)	2.26
"As adenosine is a powerful cytoprotective molecule, we tested whether TGF-β1 generated by isoflurane induces renal tubular ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) and adenosine to protect against renal ischemia and reperfusion injury."	( The volatile anesthetic isoflurane induces ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) to protect against renal ischemia and reperfusion injury. Brown, KM; D'Agati, VD; Ham, A; Kim, JY; Kim, M; Lee, HT, 2013)	0.9
"Adenosine is an inhibitory neuromodulator that exerts antiepileptic effects in the brain and the entorhinal cortex (EC) is an essential structure involved in temporal lobe epilepsy. "	( Adenosinergic depression of glutamatergic transmission in the entorhinal cortex of juvenile rats via reduction of glutamate release probability and the number of releasable vesicles. Chen, X; Cilz, NI; Dong, H; Kurada, L; Lei, S; Wang, S; Xiao, Z, 2013)	3.28
"Adenosine is a potent autocrine anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive molecule that is released from cells into the extracellular space at sites of inflammation and tissue injury."	( Adenosine receptors: new therapeutic targets for inflammation in diabetic nephropathy. Al-Gayyar, MM; Elsherbiny, NM, 2013)	2.55
"Adenosine is an endogenous sleep regulatory substance, which promotes sleep via A1 and A2A receptors (A2AR)."	( Adenosine A(2A) receptors regulate the activity of sleep regulatory GABAergic neurons in the preoptic hypothalamus. Alam, MN; Hsieh, KC; Kumar, S; McGinty, D; Rai, S; Szymusiak, R, 2013)	2.55
"Adenosine is a strong endogenous vasodilating agent, which may be involved in blood pressure failure during CPB induced by severe SIRS."	( Ischemia-modified albumin and adenosine plasma concentrations are associated with severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome after cardiopulmonary bypass. Bellezza, M; Blayac, D; Bruzzese, L; Fromonot, J; Garibaldi, V; Giorgi, R; Guieu, R; Kerbaul, F; Kipson, N; Lejeune, PJ; Nee, L, 2013)	1.4
"Adenosine (AD) is a nucleic acid component that is critical for energy metabolism in the body. "	( Microinjection of adenosine into the hypothalamic ventrolateral preoptic area enhances wakefulness via the A1 receptor in rats. Jiang, C; Li, Z; Wang, K; Wang, L; Wu, F; Yin, D; Zhang, G; Zhang, J, 2013)	2.17
"Adenosine is a neuromodulator acting through inhibitory A1 receptors (A1Rs) and facilitatory A2ARs, which have similar affinities for adenosine. "	( Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73)-mediated formation of adenosine is critical for the striatal adenosine A2A receptor functions. Augusto, E; Bynoe, MS; Chen, JF; Cunha, RA; El-Tayeb, A; Matos, M; Müller, CE; Sévigny, J, 2013)	2.09
"Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside that accumulates in the extracellular space in response to metabolic disturbances, hypoxia, inflammation, physical damage, or apoptosis."	( Adenosine augments IL-10-induced STAT3 signaling in M2c macrophages. Csóka, B; Haskó, G; Kókai, E; Koscsó, B; Leibovich, SJ; Németh, ZH; Pacher, P; Virág, L, 2013)	2.55
"Adenosine (ADO) is a retaliatory metabolite that is expressed in conditions of injury or stress. "	( The role of the adenosinergic system in lung fibrosis. Cabiati, M; Del Ry, S; Della Latta, V; Morales, MA; Rocchiccioli, S, 2013)	2.18
"Adenosine is a naturally occurring purine nucleoside that plays important role in various biochemical processes. "	( Sensing of hydrophobic cavity of serum albumin by an adenosine analogue: fluorescence correlation and ensemble spectroscopic studies. Basak, S; Bera, K; Chakraborty, S; Nag, M, 2013)	2.08
"Adenosine is an ancient extracellular signalling molecule that can regulate almost all aspects of tissue function."	( Immunity, inflammation and cancer: a leading role for adenosine. Antonioli, L; Blandizzi, C; Haskó, G; Pacher, P, 2013)	1.36
"Adenosine is a wide-spread endogenous neuromodulator. "	( Modulation of synaptic transmission by adenosine in layer 2/3 of the rat visual cortex in vitro. Bannon, NM; Chistiakova, M; Ilin, V; Volgushev, M; Zhang, P, 2014)	2.11
"Adenosine mapping is a useful technique for facilitating AP ablation when pathway conduction is absent or inconsistent, and may enhance conduction in mechanically inhibited or previously ablated APs. "	( Adenosine mapping for adenosine-dependent accessory pathway ablation. Lapage, MJ; Reed, JH; Saul, JP; Walsh, MJ, 2014)	3.29
"Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside that plays an important role in many biochemical processes. "	( [Adenosine, its analogues and conjugates]. Dzierzbicka, K; Samsel, M; Trzonkowski, P, 2013)	2.74
"Adenosine is a neuroprotective agent that inhibits neuronal activity and modulates neurotransmission. "	( Characterization of spontaneous, transient adenosine release in the caudate-putamen and prefrontal cortex. Choudhry, VI; Lee, ST; Nguyen, MD; Ross, AE; Ryals, M; Venton, BJ, 2014)	2.11
"Adenosine, which is a purine nucleoside that functions as an energy transferring molecule, has been reported to increase under hypoxia, resulting in reducing the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) demands of the Na(+)/K(+) ATPase."	( Downregulation of metabolic activity increases cell survival under hypoxic conditions: potential applications for tissue engineering. Andersson, KE; Atala, A; Jackson, JD; Kim, J; Lee, SJ; Yoo, JJ, 2014)	1.12
"Adenosine (ADO) is an endogenous vasodilatory purine widely recognized to be a significant contributor to functional hyperaemia. "	( Pre-exposure to adenosine, acting via A(2A) receptors on endothelial cells, alters the protein kinase A dependence of adenosine-induced dilation in skeletal muscle resistance arterioles. Maimon, N; Sarelius, IH; Titus, PA, 2014)	2.19
"Adenosine is an indirect stimulus to assess bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR(2)) in asthma. "	( Adenosine dry powder inhalation for bronchial challenge testing, part 2: proof of concept in asthmatic subjects. Bult, W; de Boer, AH; Frijlink, HW; Hagedoorn, P; Lexmond, AJ; ten Hacken, NH; van der Wiel, E, 2014)	3.29
"Adenosine is a ubiquitous extracellular signaling molecule with essential functions in human physiology. "	( Adenosine: physiology, pharmacology, and clinical applications. Berry, C; Carrick, D; Layland, J; Lee, M; Oldroyd, K, 2014)	3.29
"Adenosine is a purine metabolite that can mediate anti-inflammatory responses in the digestive tract through the A(2A) adenosine receptor (A(2A)AR). "	( Extracellular adenosine regulates colitis through effects on lymphoid and nonlymphoid cells. Bekiaris, V; Drygiannakis, I; Ernst, PB; Feldman, S; Kurtz, CC; Linden, J; Naganuma, M; Ware, CF, 2014)	2.21
"Adenosine is an established neuromodulator in the mammalian retina, with A1 adenosine receptors being especially prevalent in the innermost ganglion cell layer. "	( Adenosine modulates light responses of rat retinal ganglion cell photoreceptors througha cAMP-mediated pathway. Hartwick, AT; Sodhi, P, 2014)	3.29
"Adenosine signaling is an innate biological autocrine and paracrine cellular signaling pathway involving several key mediators: ectonucleotidases, adenosine, and adenosine receptors."	( The role of adenosine receptors A2A and A2B signaling in renal fibrosis. Alexander, SI; Cowan, PJ; Dwyer, KM; Roberts, VS; Robson, SC, 2014)	1.5
"Adenosine is a nucleoside that exhibit neuroprotective effects by modulating of glutamate release."	( [60]Fullerene derivative modulates adenosine and metabotropic glutamate receptors gene expression: a possible protective effect against hypoxia. Albasanz, JL; Da Ros, T; Giust, D; Martín, M, 2014)	1.4
"Adenosine is a pleiotropic bioactive with potent neuromodulatory properties. "	( Modulation of neuroimmunity by adenosine and its receptors: metabolism to mental illness. Chiu, GS; Freund, GG, 2014)	2.13
"Adenosine is an endogenous molecule that regulates many physiological processes via the activation of four specific G-protein-coupled ADORA receptors. "	( Comparative genomic and expression analysis of the adenosine signaling pathway members in Xenopus. Massé, K; Pinson, B; Thézé, N; Thiébaud, P; Tocco, A, 2015)	2.11
"Adenosine is a ubiquitous, endogenous purine involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological regulatory mechanisms. "	( The Janus face of adenosine: antiarrhythmic and proarrhythmic actions. Cseppento, Á; Galajda, Z; Gesztelyi, R; Hegyi, B; Nánási, PP; Susán, Z; Szentmiklosi, AJ, 2015)	2.19
"As adenosine is a possible biomarker for cancer, the determination of its level presents a demanding task for deeply monitoring progress of diseases."	( Facile and label-free detection of lung cancer biomarker in urine by magnetically assisted surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Fu, S; Guo, X; Wang, H; Wen, Y; Wu, Y; Yang, H; Yang, T, 2014)	0.92
"Adenosine is a well-known endogenous modulator of neuronal excitability with anticonvulsant properties. "	( Role of adenosine signaling on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in zebrafish. Bogo, MR; Bonan, CD; Capiotti, KM; da Costa Schaefer, I; Da Silva, RS; Frantz, JZ; Kist, LW; Menezes, FP; Siebel, AM, 2015)	2.29
"Adenosine is a major local regulator of tissue function and industrially useful as precursor for the production of medicinal nucleoside substances. "	( A rapid enzymatic assay for high-throughput screening of adenosine-producing strains. Dong, H; Zhang, D; Zheng, P; Zu, X, 2015)	2.1
"Adenosine is an effective agent for termination of most re-entrant supraventricular arrhythmias involving the atrioventricular node and often also used as a diagnostic agent for wide QRS tachycardias. "	( Adenosine-induced tachycardia acceleration: an unusual proarrhythmia. Salehi, N; Singh, V; Thakur, RK, 2015)	3.3
"Adenosine is a key extracellular signalling molecule that regulates several aspects of tissue function by activating four G-protein-coupled receptors, A1, A2A, A2B and A1 adenosine receptors. "	( Adenosine signalling in diabetes mellitus--pathophysiology and therapeutic considerations. Antonioli, L; Blandizzi, C; Csóka, B; Haskó, G; Pacher, P, 2015)	3.3
"Adenosine is a major neuromodulator that actively regulates synaptic transmission."	( Suppression of adenosine 2a receptor (A2aR)-mediated adenosine signaling improves disease phenotypes in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Higashimori, H; Ng, SK; Tolman, M; Yang, Y, 2015)	1.49
"Adenosine is an important neuroactive substance in the central nervous system, including in the retina where subclasses of adenosine receptors and transporters are expressed since early stages of development. "	( Adenosine transporters and receptors: key elements for retinal function and neuroprotection. Brito, R; de Oliveira, NA; Dos Santos-Rodrigues, A; Paes-de-Carvalho, R; Pereira, MR, 2015)	3.3
"Adenosine is an inhibitory neuromodulator that was previously thought to mediate antinociception through the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes."	( Engagement of the GABA to KCC2 signaling pathway contributes to the analgesic effects of A3AR agonists in neuropathic pain. Castonguay, A; Chen, Z; Cottet, M; De Koninck, Y; Doyle, T; Egan, TM; Ford, A; Jacobson, KA; Little, JW; Salvemini, D; Symons-Liguori, AM; Tosh, DK; Vanderah, TW, 2015)	1.14
"Adenosine is a powerful central neuromodulator acting via opposing A1 (inhibitor) and A2a (activator) receptors. "	( NTS adenosine A2a receptors inhibit the cardiopulmonary chemoreflex control of regional sympathetic outputs via a GABAergic mechanism. Minic, Z; O'Leary, DS; Scislo, TJ, 2015)	2.42
"Adenosine thus serves as a signal that the "selfish" immune cells send during infection to secure more energy at the expense of other tissues."	( Extracellular adenosine mediates a systemic metabolic switch during immune response. Bajgar, A; Dolezal, T; Jonatova, L; Kucerova, K; Okrouhlik, J; Schneedorferova, I; Tomcala, A, 2015)	1.5
"Adenosine is a short-acting coronary vasodilator, and it is widely used during pharmacological stress myocardial perfusion imaging. "	( Development of Coronary Vasospasm during Adenosine-Stress Myocardial Perfusion CT Imaging. Bang, MS; Choi, SH; Kang, BS; Kwon, WJ; Nam, JG, )	1.84
"Adenosine is an essential drug used for treating several health issues especially irregular heart rhythm."	( Chitosan nanoparticles as adenosine carriers. Brooks, MS; Ghanem, A; Kazemzadeh-Narbat, M; Reid, M, 2015)	1.44
"Adenosine is a pleiotropic endogenous nucleoside with potential neuroprotective pharmacological activity. "	( Pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and metabolism of squalenoyl adenosine nanoparticles in mice using dual radio-labeling and radio-HPLC analysis. Andrieux, K; Chacun, H; Clayette, P; Courbebaisse, Y; Couvreur, P; Desmaële, D; Garcia-Argote, S; Gaudin, A; Goncalves, J; Lepetre-Mouelhi, S; Loreau, O; Mougin, J; Parrod, M; Pieters, G; Rousseau, B, 2015)	2.1
"Adenosine is a powerful trigger for ischemic preconditioning (IPC). "	( Extracellular Adenosine Formation by Ecto-5'-Nucleotidase (CD73) Is No Essential Trigger for Early Phase Ischemic Preconditioning. Decking, U; Truse, R; Wolff, G, 2015)	2.22
"Adenosine is a major signaling nucleoside that orchestrates cellular and tissue adaptation under energy depletion and ischemic/hypoxic conditions by activation of four G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). "	( Beneficial and detrimental role of adenosine signaling in diseases and therapy. Liu, H; Xia, Y, 2015)	2.14
"Adenosine is a well characterized endogenous anticonvulsant and seizure terminator of the brain."	( Adenosinergic signaling in epilepsy. Boison, D, 2016)	2.6
"Adenosine is a naturally occurring purine nucleoside in every cell. "	( Adenosine-associated delivery systems. Annabi, N; Ghanem, A; Kazemzadeh-Narbat, M; Khademhosseini, A; Oklu, R; Tamayol, A, 2015)	3.3
"Adenosine is an effective treatment for androgenetic alopecia (AGA) in Japanese men and women. "	( Topical adenosine increases the proportion of thick hair in Caucasian men with androgenetic alopecia. Ehama, R; Ideta, R; Iino, M; Iwabuchi, T; Kishimoto, J; Kobayashi, T; Nakazawa, Y; Ohyama, M; Yamanishi, H, 2016)	2.31
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside involved in nucleotide production, adenosine triphosphate turnover, and restoration of supply and demand imbalances."	( Adenosine, lidocaine, and Mg2+ (ALM): From cardiac surgery to combat casualty care--Teaching old drugs new tricks. Dobson, GP; Letson, HL, 2016)	2.6
"Adenosine is a neuromodulator that protects neurons from hypoxia. "	( Adenosine A₁ receptors control the metabolic recovery after hypoxia in rat hippocampal slices. Carvalho, RA; Cunha, RA; Duarte, JM, 2016)	3.32
"Adenosine is an ATP derivative implicated in cardiovascular disturbances that occur during head-up tilt test."	( Hyperoxia Improves Hemodynamic Status During Head-up Tilt Testing in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized Study. Boussuges, A; Brignole, M; Chaumet, G; Deharo, JC; Fromonot, J; Gavarry, O; Guieu, R; Joulia, F; Lucciano, M; Rostain, JC, 2016)	1.16
"Adenosine kinase acts as a highly sensitive and important metabolic sensor of the glial ATP/ADP and AMP ratio directly controlling intracellular adenosine concentration."	( An Adenosine-Mediated Glial-Neuronal Circuit for Homeostatic Sleep. Bibb, JA; Bjorness, TE; Dale, N; Fienberg, AA; Greene, RW; Mettlach, G; Sahin, B; Sonneborn, A; Yanagisawa, M, 2016)	1.78
"Adenosine is a master regulator of energy metabolism and reduces myocardial ischemia-reperfusion-induced injury."	( Unraveling the role of adenosine in remote ischemic preconditioning-induced cardioprotection. Jaggi, AS; Randhawa, PK, 2016)	1.47
"Adenosine is a key determinant of the highly immunosuppressive tumor interstitium."	( P2 receptors in cancer progression and metastatic spreading. Adinolfi, E; Di Virgilio, F; Falzoni, S; Giuliani, AL, 2016)	1.16
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that modulates important physiological processes, such as vasodilation, in the central nervous system. "	( Correlation of transient adenosine release and oxygen changes in the caudate-putamen. Venton, BJ; Wang, Y, 2017)	2.2
"Adenosine signaling is an innate autocrine and paracrine cellular signaling pathway involving several key mediators that are elevated in the blood and kidneys of patients with DN."	( Adenosine Signaling Increases Proinflammatory and Profibrotic Mediators through Activation of a Functional Adenosine 2B Receptor in Renal Fibroblasts. Farrell, FX; Law, W; Morel, D; Murphy, S; Wilkinson, PF, 2016)	2.6
"Adenosine is a purine nucleoside produced intracellularly and extracellularly in response to stimuli such as hypoxia and inflammation, which then interacts with P1 receptors."	( Regulation of bone and cartilage by adenosine signaling. Cronstein, BN; Strazzulla, LC, 2016)	1.43
"Adenosine is considered to be a key regulator of sleep homeostasis by promoting slow-wave sleep through inhibition of the brain's arousal centers. "	( Adenosine Differentially Modulates Synaptic Transmission of Excitatory and Inhibitory Microcircuits in Layer 4 of Rat Barrel Cortex. Abel, T; Feldmeyer, D; Qi, G; van Aerde, K, 2017)	3.34
"Adenosine is an important molecule that exerts control on the immune system, by signaling through receptors lying on the surface of immune cells. "	( Adenosine production: a common path for mesenchymal stem-cell and regulatory T-cell-mediated immunosuppression. Carvalho, JL; de Oliveira Bravo, M; Saldanha-Araujo, F, 2016)	3.32
"Adenosine is an effective treatment."	( Safety and efficacy of paramedic treatment of regular supraventricular tachycardia: a randomised controlled trial. Antoniou, S; Baker, V; Earley, MJ; Finlay, M; Honarbakhsh, S; Hunter, RJ; Kirkby, C; Patel, K; Richmond, L; Robinson, G; Schilling, RJ; Ullah, W; Whitbread, M, 2017)	1.18
"The adenosine A2b receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor. "	( Role of adenosine A2b receptor overexpression in tumor progression. Fuentes, E; Palomo, I; Sepúlveda, C, 2016)	1.43
"Adenosine is a molecule produced by several organs within the body, including the kidneys, where it acts as an autoregulatory factor. "	( Effects of adenosine stimulation on the mRNA expression of CLCNKB in the basolateral medullary thick ascending limb of the rat kidney. Fan, L; Gu, R; Luan, H; Sui, H; Wang, M; Wu, P, 2016)	2.27
"Adenosine (ADO) is a potent anti-inflammatory agent that acts on a variety of neutrophil functions."	( Adenosine effectively restores endotoxin-induced inhibition of human neutrophil chemotaxis via A1 receptor-p38 pathway. Qin, W; Sun, B; Wang, X; Xiong, Y; Xu, X; Zhang, H; Zheng, S, 2017)	2.62
"Adenosine is a key diverse extracellular signaling molecule that regulates several aspects of tissue function by activating four G-protein-coupled receptors (i.e."	( Adenosine signaling in diabetes mellitus and associated cardiovascular and renal complications. Carlstrom, M; Peleli, M, 2017)	2.62
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside with pleiotropic effects in different physiological processes including circulation, renal blood flow, immune function, or glucose homeostasis. "	( Adenosine and preeclampsia. Chiarello, DI; Farías, M; Gutiérrez, J; Leiva, A; Mate, A; Pardo, F; Salsoso, R; Sobrevia, L; Toledo, F; Vázquez, CM, 2017)	3.34
"Adenosine is a nucleoside that is particularly interesting to many scientific and clinical communities as it has important physiological and pathophysiological roles in the kidney. "	( Adenosine contribution to normal renal physiology and chronic kidney disease. Alarcón, S; Garrido, W; Oyarzún, C; Quezada, C; San Martín, R; Sobrevia, L; Yáñez, A, 2017)	3.34
"Adenosine is an endogenous ubiquitous purine nucleoside, which is increased by hypoxia, ischaemia and tissue damage and mediates a number of physiopathological effects by interacting with four GPCRs, identified as A"	( Pathological overproduction: the bad side of adenosine. Borea, PA; Gessi, S; Merighi, S; Varani, K; Vincenzi, F, 2017)	2.16
"Adenosine is an endogenous modulator exerting its functions through the activation of four adenosine receptor (AR) subtypes, termed A₁, A"	( Structural Probing and Molecular Modeling of the A₃ Adenosine Receptor: A Focus on Agonist Binding. Ciancetta, A; Jacobson, KA, 2017)	2.15
"Adenosine is a neuromodulator present in various areas of the central nervous system, including the retina. "	( Retinal A2A and A3 adenosine receptors modulate the components of the rat electroretinogram. Eysteinsson, T; Jonsson, G, 2017)	2.23
"Adenosine kinase is an enzyme catalyzing the reaction: adenosine + ATP --> AMP + ADP. "	( A kinetic study of the rat liver adenosine kinase reverse reaction. Aceto, E; Giglioni, S; Leoncini, R; Marinello, E; Santoro, A; Vannoni, D, 2008)	2.07
"Adenosine (ADO) is an important neuromodulator in brain. "	( Adenosine produced by neurons is metabolized to hypoxanthine by astrocytes. Parkinson, FE; Xiong, W; Zamzow, CR, 2008)	3.23
"Adenosine (ADO) is an endogenous nucleoside, which has been involved in blood pressure failure during severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome (severe SIRS) after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). "	( Adenosine A2A receptor hyperexpression in patients with severe SIRS after cardiopulmonary bypass. Bénard, F; Bénas, V; Blayac, D; Carrega, L; Collart, F; Gariboldi, V; Gérolami, V; Giorgi, R; Guieu, R; Kerbaul, F; Mercier, L; Youlet, B; Zouher, I, 2008)	3.23
"Adenosine is a metabolite generated and released from cells, particularly under injury or stress. "	( Mechanisms of induction of adenosine receptor genes and its functional significance. Carroll, SH; Chen, H; Ravid, K; St Hilaire, C, 2009)	2.09
"Adenosine is a potent mediator of myocardial protection against hypertrophy via A(1) or A(3) receptors that may be partly related to atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) release. "	( Stimulation of ANP secretion by 2-Cl-IB-MECA through A(3) receptor and CaMKII. Bai, GY; Kim, SH; Kim, SZ; Park, WH; Yuan, K, 2008)	1.79
"Adenosine is an important signalling molecule in human asthma."	( Adenosine receptors and asthma in humans. Wilson, CN, 2008)	2.51
"Adenosine serves as a homeostatic factor, regulating hippocampal activity through A(1) receptor-mediated inhibition. "	( Modulation of gamma oscillations by endogenous adenosine through A1 and A2A receptors in the mouse hippocampus. Hamilton, JB; Lancaster, DM; Patel, N; Pietersen, AN; Vreugdenhil, M, 2009)	2.05
"Adenosine is an endogenous inhibitor of excitatory synaptic transmission with potent anticonvulsant properties in the mammalian brain. "	( Astrocytic adenosine kinase regulates basal synaptic adenosine levels and seizure activity but not activity-dependent adenosine release in the hippocampus. Boison, D; Dale, N; Etherington, LA; Frenguelli, BG; Irving, AJ; Meechan, L; Patterson, GE, 2009)	2.19
"Adenosine is a quite safe and effective drug for the termination of narrow QRS complex tachycardia but it often induces nonsustained VT or PVC that are clinically insignificant in the absence of other accompanying heart disease."	( Adenosine-induced ventricular arrhythmias in patients with supraventricular tachycardias. Atar, A; Atar, I; Aydinalp, A; Ertan, C; Gulmez, O; Müderrisoğlu, H; Ozgul, A; Ozin, B, 2008)	3.23
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that attenuates many of the mechanisms that are responsible for no-reflow."	( Treating acute "no-reflow" with intracoronary adenosine in 4 patients during percutaneous coronary intervention. Forman, MB; Hou, D; Jackson, EK, 2008)	1.33
"Adenosine is a major mediator of ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) and cardioprotection. "	( Adenosine triggers the nuclear translocation of protein kinase C epsilon in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts with the loss of phosphorylation at Ser729. He, G; Rumsby, MG; Xu, TR, 2009)	3.24
"Adenosine is a signaling nucleoside that elicits many pathophysiological effects by engaging membrane receptors."	( Adenosine signaling, priapism and novel therapies. Blackburn, MR; Dai, Y; Mi, T; Phatarpekar, P; Xia, Y; Zhang, H; Zhang, Y, 2009)	2.52
"Adenosine is an important regulator of inflammatory mechanisms."	( The selective adenosine A2A receptor agonist CGS 21680 reduces JNK MAPK activation in oligodendrocytes in injured spinal cord. Bramanti, P; Cuzzocrea, S; Di Paola, R; Esposito, E; Genovese, T; Mazzon, E; Melani, A; Pedata, F, 2009)	1.43
"Adenosine acts as an inhibitory modulator of the contractility of mouse ileal longitudinal muscle through postjunctional A1 receptors, which in turn would induce opening of BK(Ca) and SK(Ca) potassium channels. "	( A1 receptors mediate adenosine inhibitory effects in mouse ileum via activation of potassium channels. Belluardo, N; Bonomo, A; Mulè, F; Serio, R; Zizzo, MG, 2009)	2.11
"Adenosine is a modulator of neuronal activity with anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties. "	( Engineered adenosine-releasing cells for epilepsy therapy: human mesenchymal stem cells and human embryonic stem cells. Boison, D, 2009)	2.19
"Adenosine is an endogenous neuromodulator previously shown to suppress synaptic transmission and membrane excitability in the CNS. "	( Adenosine A1 receptors presynaptically modulate excitatory synaptic input onto subiculum neurons. Bertram, EH; Hargus, NJ; Patel, MK, 2009)	3.24
"Adenosine is a purine nucleoside, which is produced inside the body under metabolic stress like hypoxic conditions, acute or chronic inflammatory tissue insults. "	( Adenosine: an endogenous modulator of innate immune system with therapeutic potential. Kumar, V; Sharma, A, 2009)	3.24
"Adenosine is an endogenously purine nucleoside which plays a significant role in regulation of airways tone and reactivity by multiple and incompletely known mechanisms, including the release of endogenously active peptides from mast cells via activation of the A3 receptors. "	( [Involvement of angiotensin on adenosine-induced bronchial hyperreactivity]. Bogdan, G; Cojocaru, E; Costuleanu, M; Dumitriu, IL; Petrescu, G; Slătineanu, SM, )	1.86
"Adenosine is a neuromodulator which inhibits the synaptic release of neurotransmitters. "	( Effects of inhibitory amino acids on adenosine release in the mouse hippocampus. Oja, SS; Saransaari, P, 2008)	2.06
"Adenosine acts as a cytoprotective modulator in response to stress to an organ or tissue. "	( Introduction to adenosine receptors as therapeutic targets. Jacobson, KA, 2009)	2.14
"Adenosine is an autacoid that plays a critical role in regulating cardiac function, including heart rate, contractility, and coronary flow. "	( Adenosine receptors and the heart: role in regulation of coronary blood flow and cardiac electrophysiology. Morrison, RR; Mustafa, SJ; Pelleg, A; Teng, B, 2009)	3.24
"Adenosine is a well-described anti-inflammatory modulator of immune responses within peripheral tissues. "	( Adenosine regulates CD8 T-cell priming by inhibition of membrane-proximal T-cell receptor signalling. Diehl, L; Endl, E; Frey, J; Hegenbarth, SI; Knolle, PA; Lacher, S; Linnemann, C; Müller, CE; Schildberg, FA; Schraven, B; Schurich, A; Simeoni, L; Stabenow, D, 2009)	3.24
"Adenosine is a neuromodulator that activates presynaptic receptors to regulate synaptic transmission and postsynaptic receptors to hyperpolarize neurons. "	( Adenosine-evoked hyperpolarization of retinal ganglion cells is mediated by G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying K+ and small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel activation. Clark, BD; Kurth-Nelson, ZL; Newman, EA, 2009)	3.24
"Adenosine is an important modulator of inflammation and its anti-inflammatory effects have been well established in humans as well as in animal models."	( Adenosine: an immune modulator of inflammatory bowel diseases. Rajendran, VM; Ye, JH, 2009)	2.52
"Adenosine is an endogenous sleep factor and recent evidence suggests that adenosine via A(1) receptors may act on PF-LHA neurons to promote sleep."	( Role of adenosine A(1) receptor in the perifornical-lateral hypothalamic area in sleep-wake regulation in rats. Alam, MN; Kumar, S; McGinty, D; Methippara, M; Rai, S; Szymusiak, R, 2009)	1.51
"Adenosine is an endogenous anticonvulsant that can terminate seizures."	( Adenosine A1 receptor blockage mediates theophylline-associated seizures. Fukuda, M; Hino, H; Ishii, E; Kuzume, K; Morimoto, T; Suzuki, Y, 2010)	2.52
"Adenosine is a naturally occurring nucleoside that has been shown to regulate a variety of functions in the cardiovascular system. "	( Adenosine A(1) receptors selectively target protein kinase C isoforms to the caveolin-rich plasma membrane in cardiac myocytes. Hu, K; Sun, W; Yang, Z, 2009)	3.24
"Adenosine is a well known neuromodulator in the central nervous system. "	( Adenosine receptors interacting proteins (ARIPs): Behind the biology of adenosine signaling. Albergaria, C; Carbonell, L; Ciruela, F; Cuffí, L; Fernández-Dueñas, V; Gandía, J; Sánchez, S; Soriano, A, 2010)	3.25
"Adenosine is a widely used pharmacological agent to induce a "high-flow" control condition to study the mechanisms of exercise hyperemia, but it is not known how well an adenosine infusion depicts exercise-induced hyperemia, especially in terms of blood flow distribution at the capillary level in human muscle. "	( Comparison of exogenous adenosine and voluntary exercise on human skeletal muscle perfusion and perfusion heterogeneity. Borra, R; Boushel, R; Heinonen, I; Hellsten, Y; Kalliokoski, KK; Kaskinoro, K; Kemppainen, J; Knuuti, J; Lindroos, MM; Nuutila, P; Oikonen, V; Peltonen, JE, 2010)	2.11
"Adenosine is an endogenous autocoid that regulates a multitude of bodily functions. "	( Adenosine in fibrosis. Chan, ES; Cronstein, BN, 2010)	3.25
"Adenosine is a soporific neuromodulator; aminophylline, which is clinically used as a bronchodilator, antagonizes the action of adenosine in the central nervous system. "	( The effect of aminophylline on loss of consciousness, bispectral index, propofol requirement, and minimum alveolar concentration of desflurane in volunteers. Akça, O; Dalton, JE; Govinda, R; Kasuya, Y; Obal, D; Rauch, S; Sessler, DI; Turan, A, 2010)	1.8
"Adenosine is a constitutive cell metabolite with a putative role in protection and regeneration in many tissues. "	( Post exposure administration of A(1) adenosine receptor agonists attenuates noise-induced hearing loss. Guo, CX; Gupta, R; Housley, GD; Thorne, PR; Vlajkovic, SM; Wong, AC, 2010)	2.08
"Adenosine is an endogenous sleep factor and recent evidence suggests that activation and blockade of adenosine A(1) receptors within the PF-LHA promote and suppress sleep, respectively."	( A1 receptor mediated adenosinergic regulation of perifornical-lateral hypothalamic area neurons in freely behaving rats. Alam, MA; Alam, MN; Kumar, S; McGinty, D; Rai, S; Szymusiak, R, 2010)	1.4
"Adenosine is a ubiquitous homeostatic substance which exerts its action by triggering four different cell membrane G protein-coupled receptors, classified as A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3). "	( Allosteric modulators for adenosine receptors: an alternative to the orthosteric ligands. Da Settimo, F; La Motta, C; Morelli, M; Sartini, S; Taliani, S, 2010)	2.1
"Adenosine is an important regulator of inflammatory mechanisms. "	( Selective adenosine A(2a) receptor agonists reduce the apoptosis in an experimental model of spinal cord trauma. Bramanti, P; Cuzzocrea, S; Di Paola, R; Esposito, E; Genovese, T; Linden, J; Mazzon, E; Melani, A; Paterniti, I; Pedata, F, )	1.98
"Adenosine is an important paracrine agent regulating renal vascular tone via adenosine A(1) and A(2) receptors. "	( Afferent arteriolar vasodilator effect of adenosine predominantly involves adenosine A2B receptor activation. Feng, MG; Navar, LG, 2010)	2.07
"Adenosine is an important cerebral vasodilator, but mediating mechanisms are not understood. "	( Adenosine can mediate its actions through generation of reactive oxygen species. Gebremedhin, D; Harder, DR; Lourim, D; Weinberger, B, 2010)	3.25
"Adenosine deaminase is an enzyme involved in purine metabolism and its inhibitors are used as anticancer and antiviral drugs. "	( Rapid determination of adenosine deaminase kinetics using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. Venton, BJ; Xu, Y, 2010)	2.11
"Adenosine is an important modulator of metabolic activity with powerful tissue- and cell-protective functions. "	( Engineering human mesenchymal stem cells to release adenosine using miRNA technology. Boison, D; Ren, G, 2010)	2.05
"Adenosine is a possible candidate for local delivery based on its proven anti-epileptic effects."	( Astrocytes derived from fetal neural progenitor cells as a novel source for therapeutic adenosine delivery. Boison, D; Boon, P; Raedt, R; Theofilas, P; Van Dycke, A; Verstraete, A; Vonck, K; Wadman, W, 2010)	1.3
"Adenosine is an important mediator of inhibition of platelet activation. "	( Physiological implications of adenosine receptor-mediated platelet aggregation. Johnston-Cox, HA; Ravid, K; Yang, D, 2011)	2.1
"Adenosine is a physiological molecule, which in the central nervous system acts predominantly as an inhibitory neuromodulator."	( Methylxanthines and sleep. Porkka-Heiskanen, T, 2011)	1.09
"Adenosine is an inhibitory modulator of neuronal transmission, including GABAergic transmission in the hypothalamus. "	( Adenosine reduces GABAergic IPSC frequency via presynaptic A₁ receptors in hypothalamic paraventricular neurons projecting to rostral ventrolateral medulla. Han, TH; Jang, SH; Lee, SY; Ryu, PD, 2011)	3.25
"Adenosine is an important endogenous substance with important homeostatic activity in the regulation of cardiac function and circulation."	( Novel trends in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders: site- and event- selective adenosinergic drugs. Cseppento, A; Harmati, G; Nánási, PP; Szentmiklósi, AJ, 2011)	1.31
"Adenosine is a homeostatic bioenergetic network modulator that is able to affect complex networks synergistically at different levels (receptor-dependent pathways, biochemistry, bioenergetics, and epigenetics)."	( Adenosine hypothesis of schizophrenia--opportunities for pharmacotherapy. Boison, D; Feldon, J; Shen, HY; Singer, P; Yee, BK, 2012)	2.54
"Adenosine is an endogenous purine metabolite whose concentration in human blood plasma rises from nanomolar to micromolar concentrations during the inflammatory process. "	( Adenosine modulates Toll-like receptor function: basic mechanisms and translational opportunities. Belderbos, ME; Bont, L; Gallington, LC; Levy, O; Power Coombs, MR, 2011)	3.25
"Adenosine is a naturally occurring nucleoside present ubiquitously throughout the body as a metabolic intermediate. "	( Adenosine and related drugs in brain diseases: present and future in clinical trials. Lopes, LV; Ribeiro, JA; Sebastião, AM, 2011)	3.25
"Adenosine is a good candidate for local delivery techniques for epilepsy because of its proven anticonvulsive effect and it cannot be given systemically because of systemic side effects."	( Local delivery strategies in epilepsy: a focus on adenosine. Boon, P; Raedt, R; Van Dycke, A; Vonck, K, 2011)	1.34
"Adenosine is a strong immunosuppressant that acts mainly through its receptor A(2a) (ADORA2A)."	( Mesenchymal stromal cells up-regulate CD39 and increase adenosine production to suppress activated T-lymphocytes. Araujo, AG; Covas, DT; Ferreira, FI; Palma, PV; Panepucci, RA; Queiroz, RH; Saldanha-Araujo, F; Zago, MA, 2011)	1.34
"Adenosine is a frequently used pharmacologic stress agent in myocardial perfusion imaging. "	( Coronary spasm after completion of adenosine pharmacologic stress test. Han, PP; He, ZX; Tian, YQ; Wang, Q; Wei, HX, 2011)	2.09
"Adenosine is considered to be an important modulator of intestinal motility. "	( Adenosine negatively regulates duodenal motility in mice: role of A(1) and A(2A) receptors. Lentini, L; Mastropaolo, M; Mulè, F; Serio, R; Zizzo, MG, 2011)	3.25
"Adenosine (ADO) is an extracellular signaling molecule that is an important regulator of innate lung defense. "	( Defective adenosine-stimulated cAMP production in cystic fibrosis airway epithelia: a novel role for CFTR in cell signaling. Clunes, LA; Jones, L; Rasmussen, JE; Tarran, R; Watson, MJ; Worthington, EN, 2011)	2.21
"Adenosine is an alternative that provides brief periods of flow arrest that can be used to advantage in aneurysm surgery, but little has been published on its utility for this indication."	( Adenosine for temporary flow arrest during intracranial aneurysm surgery: a single-center retrospective review. Adel, JG; Batjer, HH; Bebawy, JF; Bendok, BR; Eddleman, CS; Gupta, DK; Koht, A; Rahme, RJ; Sherma, AK; Surdell, DL, 2011)	2.53
"Adenosine is a signaling molecule that triggers numerous physiological responses."	( Therapeutic potential of adenosine analogues and conjugates. Dzierzbicka, K; Samsel, M, 2011)	1.39
"Adenosine is an important modulator of neuronal survival and differentiation in the CNS. "	( Differential adenosine uptake in mixed neuronal/glial or purified glial cultures of avian retinal cells: modulation by adenosine metabolism and the ERK cascade. dos Santos-Rodrigues, A; Ferreira, JM; Paes-de-Carvalho, R, 2011)	2.18
"Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside and a ligand of four G protein-coupled adenosine receptors (ARs), which are the A(1)AR, A(2A)AR, A(2B)AR, and A(3)AR."	( Adenosine augments IL-10 production by microglial cells through an A2B adenosine receptor-mediated process. Csóka, B; Haskó, G; Himer, L; Koscsó, B; Pacher, P; Selmeczy, Z; Virág, L, 2012)	2.54
"Adenosine is an endogenous T-cell immunosuppressor in older humans, and A(2A) antagonists reverse adenosine-induced T-cell deficiencies of aging."	( Distinctive immunoregulatory effects of adenosine on T cells of older humans. Biragyn, A; Ferrucci, L; Goetzl, EJ; Hesdorffer, CS; Kennedy, RT; Longo, DL; Mabrouk, OS; Madara, K; Malchinkhuu, E; Schwartz, JB; Taub, DD, 2012)	1.37
"Adenosine is a well described anti-inflammatory modulator of immune responses. "	( The effect of adenosine on pro-inflammatory cytokine production by porcine T cells. Faldyna, M; Kovaru, F; Kovaru, H; Leva, L; Matiasovic, J; Ondrackova, P, 2012)	2.18
"The adenosine pathway is a powerful evolutionarily selected mechanism aimed at a fine modulation of inflammatory responses and protection of tissues from injuries. "	( Adenosine deaminase in the modulation of immune system and its potential as a novel target for treatment of inflammatory disorders. Antonioli, L; Awwad, O; Blandizzi, C; Colucci, R; Da Settimo, F; Fornai, M; La Motta, C; Tuccori, M, 2012)	2.38
"Adenosine (Ado) is a crucial metabolite that affects a wide range of physiological processes. "	( Differential response of Drosophila cell lines to extracellular adenosine. Broz, V; Fleischmannova, J; Kucerova, L; Sandova, K; Simek, P; Steinbauerova, V; Zurovec, M, 2012)	2.06
"Adenosine is an effective vasodilator in children with IPAH and can be used for safe and rapid assessment of vasodilator reserve in these patients."	( [Adenosine for pulmonary vasodilator testing in children with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension]. Fu, LJ; Guo, Y; Huang, MR; Li, F; Zhao, PJ; Zhou, AQ, 2011)	2.72
"Adenosine is a potent anticonvulsant acting on excitatory synapses through A1 receptors. "	( Neuronal adenosine release, and not astrocytic ATP release, mediates feedback inhibition of excitatory activity. Liu, W; Lovatt, D; Nedergaard, M; Schnermann, J; Smith, NA; Takano, T; Tieu, K; Xu, Q, 2012)	2.24
"Adenosine, like NO, is a potent and short-lived vasorelaxant that functions via cyclic nucleotide second messenger signaling to promote smooth muscle relaxation."	( Adenosine signaling: good or bad in erectile function? Wen, J; Xia, Y, 2012)	2.54
"Adenosine is an endogenously released purine nucleoside that signals via 4 widely expressed G protein-coupled receptors: A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3). "	( Regulation of neutrophil function by adenosine. Barletta, KE; Ley, K; Mehrad, B, 2012)	2.09
"Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside released from metabolically active cells by facilitated diffusion and generated extracellularly from adenine nucleotides."	( Regulation of foam cells by adenosine. Cronstein, BN; Reiss, AB, 2012)	1.39
"Adenosine is a neuromodulator that regulates neurotransmission. "	( Nafion-CNT coated carbon-fiber microelectrodes for enhanced detection of adenosine. Ross, AE; Venton, BJ, 2012)	2.05
"Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside that is an important metabolic sensing molecule. "	( Vascular adenosine receptors; potential clinical applications. Ho, MF; Rose'Meyer, RB, 2013)	2.25
"Adenosine is an endogenous metabolite that has an anti-inflammatory effect across the vasculature. "	( Regulation of atherosclerosis and associated risk factors by adenosine and adenosine receptors. Johnston-Cox, H; Koupenova, M; Ravid, K, 2012)	2.06
"Adenosine is a potent modulator of liver fibrosis and inflammation. "	( Activated hepatic stellate cells upregulate transcription of ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 via specific SP1 and SMAD promoter elements. Bansal, MB; Dranoff, JA; Fausther, M; Saiman, Y; Sheung, N, 2012)	1.82
"Adenosine is an endogenous neuromodulator in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. "	( Different analgesic effects of adenosine between postoperative and neuropathic pain. Horiuchi, H; Miura, H; Morino, T; Ogata, T; Yamaoka, G, 2013)	2.12
"Adenosine is an ubiquitous signaling nucleoside resulting from ATP catabolism, whose extracellular levels increase following cellular damage or stress."	( Hyperresponsiveness to adenosine in sensitized Wistar rats over-expressing A1 receptor. Alfieri, A; Cicala, C; Grassia, G; Ialenti, A; Maione, F; Mascolo, N; Morello, S; Parisi, A, 2012)	1.41
"Adenosine is an effective medicine in treating SVT in children. "	( Optimal dose of adenosine effective for supraventricular tachycardia in children. Hyder, SN; Qureshi, AU; Sadiq, M; Sheikh, AM, 2012)	2.17
"Adenosine is a neuromodulator with its level increasing up to 100-fold during ischemic events, and attenuates the excitotoxic neuronal injury. "	( Regulation of adenosine levels during cerebral ischemia. Albensi, BC; Chu, S; Parkinson, FE; Soylu, H; Sun, C; Xiong, W; Zhang, D, 2013)	2.19
"Adenosine is a signaling molecule that functions through the activation of four distinct adenosine receptors--the ADORA1, ADORA2A, ADORA2B, and ADORA3 receptors."	( Transcriptional control of adenosine signaling by hypoxia-inducible transcription factors during ischemic or inflammatory disease. Brodsky, K; Ehrentraut, H; Eltzschig, HK; Grenz, A; Poth, JM, 2013)	1.41
"Adenosine is a purine nucleoside, which is produced under metabolic stress like hypoxic conditions."	( Adenosine as an endogenous immunoregulator in cancer pathogenesis: where to go? Kumar, V, 2013)	2.55
"Adenosine is an important neuromodulator in the central nervous system involved in the regulation of wakefulness, sleep, learning and memory, fear and anxiety as well as motor functions. "	( Superior working memory and behavioural habituation but diminished psychomotor coordination in mice lacking the ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) gene. Burghoff, S; Dere, E; Schrader, J; Zlomuzica, A, 2013)	1.83
"Adenosine is an endogenous modulator of brain functions, which presents anticonvulsant properties. "	( Antiepileptic drugs prevent changes in adenosine deamination during acute seizure episodes in adult zebrafish. Bogo, MR; Bonan, CD; Nery, LR; Piato, AL; Schaefer, IC; Siebel, AM, 2013)	2.1
"Adenosine is a signaling nucleoside that is produced following tissue injury, particularly injury involving ischemia and hypoxia. "	( Adenosine signaling during acute and chronic disease states. Blackburn, MR; Karmouty-Quintana, H; Xia, Y, 2013)	3.28
"Adenosine is a regulatory molecule with widespread physiological effects in almost every cells and acts as a potent regulator of cell growth. "	( Adenosine induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via cyclinD1/Cdk4 and Bcl-2/Bax pathways in human ovarian cancer cell line OVCAR-3. Aghaei, M; Fathi, M; Moeinifard, M; Shabani, M; Shirali, S; Sohrabi, M, 2013)	3.28
"Adenosine is an endogenous compound that regulates function of several immune cells including lymphocytes by activating adenosine receptors (ARs). "	( Impact of adenosine receptors on immunoglobulin production by human peripheral blood B lymphocytes. Grden, M; Kocbuch, K; Maciejewska, I; Pawelczyk, T; Sakowicz-Burkiewicz, M; Szutowicz, A, 2012)	2.22
"Adenosine (ADO) is an extracellular signaling molecule within the central and peripheral nervous system. "	( Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship of 6-alkynylpyrimidines as potent adenosine kinase inhibitors. Bhagwat, SS; Didomenico, S; Gomtsyan, A; Jarvis, MF; Kim, K; Kohlhaas, K; Kowaluk, EA; Lee, CH; Matulenko, MA; Mikusa, J; Wismer, CT; Yu, H, 2002)	1.98
"Adenosine is a potent modulator of immune function, and adenosine kinase (AK), a rate-limiting enzyme for adenosine uptake and metabolism, is a potential mediator of adenosine regulation. "	( Cyclosporin A and FK506 decrease adenosine kinase activity and adenosine uptake in T-lymphocytes. Mitchell, BS; Spychala, J, 2002)	2.04
"Adenosine is an endogenous neuroprotectant via anti-excitotoxic effects at A(1) receptors, and blood flow promoting and anti-inflammatory effects at A(2a) receptors. "	( Administration of adenosine receptor agonists or antagonists after controlled cortical impact in mice: effects on function and histopathology. Clark, RS; Dixon, CE; Griffith, RP; Jackson, EK; Jenkins, LW; Kochanek, PM; Melick, JA; Peters, GW; Vagni, VA; Varma, MR, 2002)	2.09
"Adenosine is a neuromodulator with mostly inhibitory activity which is released by physiological stimuli."	( The adenosine antagonist theophylline impairs p50 auditory sensory gating in normal subjects. Becker, J; Belmonte-de-Abreu, P; Ehlers, JA; Ghisolfi, ES; Lara, DR; Prokopiuk, AS; Souza, DO, 2002)	1.59
"Adenosine is a neuromodulator known to inhibit the synaptic release of neurotransmitters, e.g., glutamate, and to hyperpolarize postsynaptic neurons. "	( Mechanisms of adenosine release in the developing and adult mouse hippocampus. Oja, SS; Saransaari, P, 2002)	2.12
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that regulates numerous cellular functions including inflammation. "	( The A2A receptor mediates an endogenous regulatory pathway of cytokine expression in THP-1 cells. Biaggioni, I; Bshesh, K; Denenberg, A; Feokistov, I; Shanley, TP; Spight, D; Wong, HR; Zhao, B, 2002)	1.76
"Adenosine is a physiologically important nucleoside in the cardiovascular system where it can act as a cardioprotectant and modulator of energy usage. "	( Transport characteristics of HL-1 cells: a new model for the study of adenosine physiology in cardiomyocytes. Chaudary, N; Coe, IR; Liron, T; Shuralyova, I; Sweeney, G, 2002)	1.99
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that has been shown to be beneficial for the myocardium in different settings by a large number of experimental studies. "	( Adenosine and cardioprotection: what can we learn from nature's genetic polymorphism? Hulin, I; Luptak, I; Skalova, K; Turcani, M, 2002)	3.2
"Adenosine acts as a potent neuron-glial transmitter to inhibit OPC proliferation, stimulate differentiation, and promote the formation of myelin."	( Adenosine: a neuron-glial transmitter promoting myelination in the CNS in response to action potentials. Fields, RD; Gallo, V; Haak, LL; Porta, S; Stevens, B, 2002)	2.48
"Adenosine is an established suppressor of the effects of norepinephrine and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. "	( Increased plasma adenosine concentrations and the severity of preeclampsia. Araki, T; Power, GG; Sawa, R; Suzuki, S; Yoneyama, K; Yoneyama, Y, 2002)	2.1
"Adenosine is an ubiquitous endogenous substance; when exogenously administered, it provides a number of salutary effects including neuromodulation, antinociception, and cytoprotective actions."	( Characterization of the analgesic actions of adenosine: comparison of adenosine and remifentanil infusions in patients undergoing major surgical procedures. Alexander, GE; Fukunaga, AF; Stark, CW, 2003)	1.3
"Adenosine is a signaling nucleoside that is generated in hypoxic environments such as that found in the inflamed lung, which suggests that it might serve a regulatory role in chronic lung diseases."	( Too much of a good thing: adenosine overload in adenosine-deaminase-deficient mice. Blackburn, MR, 2003)	1.34
"Adenosine is a ubiquitous homeostatic substance released from most cells, including neurones and glia. "	( Adenosine receptors in the nervous system: pathophysiological implications. de Mendonça, A; Ribeiro, JA; Sebastião, AM, 2002)	3.2
"Adenosine is a ubiquitous molecule that is produced predominantly by catabolism of adenosine triphosphate. "	( Retinal vascular development and oxygen-induced retinopathy: a role for adenosine. Lutty, GA; McLeod, DS, 2003)	1.99
"Adenosine (ADO) is a potent cerebral vasodilator and has been proposed as a metabolic regulator of cerebral blood flow. "	( cGMP-dependent and not cAMP-dependent kinase is required for adenosine-induced dilation of intracerebral arterioles. Meno, JR; Ngai, AC; Nguyen, TS; Simard, JM; West, GA; Winn, HR, 2003)	2
"Adenosine is an inhibitory neuromodulator in the CNS. "	( Activation of cholinergic and adrenergic receptors increases the concentration of extracellular adenosine in the cerebral cortex of unanesthetized rat. Bennett, HJ; Semba, K; White, TD, 2003)	1.98
"Adenosine is an endogenous immunomodulator that has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties through a mechanism that is not fully established. "	( Adenosine suppresses activation of nuclear factor-kappaB selectively induced by tumor necrosis factor in different cell types. Aggarwal, BB; Majumdar, S, 2003)	3.2
"Adenosine is suggested to be a potential candidate because of its high uptake and rapid intracellular sequestration."	( Tracer adenosine: a novel myocardial flow marker. Deussen, A; Lauer, T; Loncar, R, 2003)	1.5
"Adenosine appears to be a reliable marker of local blood flow in dog myocardium."	( Tracer adenosine: a novel myocardial flow marker. Deussen, A; Lauer, T; Loncar, R, 2003)	2.22
"Adenosine is a crucial mediator of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN; an increase in serum creatinine of >or=0.5 mg/dl within 48 hours)."	( Effectiveness of theophylline prophylaxis of renal impairment after coronary angiography in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Classen, M; Hennig, M; Huber, W; Ilgmann, K; Lutilsky, L; Page, M; Schipek, C; Schömig, A; Schweigart, U; Seyfarth, M; Valina, C; Wacker, A, 2003)	1.04
"Adenosine is a potent inhibitor of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by the NADPH oxidase in fMLF-stimulated neutrophils. "	( Inhibition of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase by adenosine is associated with increased movement of flavocytochrome b between subcellular fractions. Hanson, AJ; Nelson, LK; Quinn, MT; Siemsen, DW; Sipes, KM; Swain, SD, 2003)	2.02
"Adenosine is a drug with unique clinical and electrophysiological properties. "	( [Effectiveness and safety of adenosine in the therapy and diagnosis of arrhythmias]. Dúbrava, J; Jurkovicová, O, 2003)	2.05
"Adenosine is a ubiquitous neuromodulator that increases sleep, inhibits seizures, and promotes neuroprotection. "	( Focal deletion of the adenosine A1 receptor in adult mice using an adeno-associated viral vector. Arrigoni, E; Greene, RW; Ronan, PJ; Saper, CB; Scammell, TE; Thompson, MA, 2003)	2.08
"Adenosine is an immunosuppressive molecule that is associated with the microenvironment of solid tumors. "	( Adenosine inhibits activation-induced T cell expression of CD2 and CD28 co-stimulatory molecules: role of interleukin-2 and cyclic AMP signaling pathways. Blay, J; Butler, JJ; Hoskin, DW; Mader, JS; Watson, CL; Zhang, H, 2003)	3.2
"Adenosine is a neuromodulator that has been proposed to be a major endogenous anticonvulsant acting via A1 receptors. "	( Decrease of adenosine A1 receptor density and of adenosine neuromodulation in the hippocampus of kindled rats. Coelho, JE; Costenla, AR; Cunha, RA; de Mendonça, A; Lopes, LV; Oliveira, CR; Parada, A; Rebola, N; Soares-da-Silva, P, 2003)	2.14
"Adenosine is a naturally occurring purine nucleoside that has a wide variety of well-documented regulatory functions and physiological roles. "	( Exploring the molecular basis of selectivity in A1 adenosine receptors agonists: a case study. Bondavalli, F; Fossa, P; Giordanetto, F; Menozzi, G; Mosti, L; Ranise, A; Schenone, S, 2003)	2.01
"Adenosine is a ubiquitous autacoid that acts on four defined receptors, named A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3). "	( Adenosine receptors as targets for drug development. Fredholm, BB, 2003)	3.2
"Adenosine is an ATP breakdown product that in most vessels causes vasodilatation and that contributes to the metabolic control of organ perfusion, i.e., to the match between oxygen demand and oxygen delivery. "	( Vasoconstrictor and vasodilator effects of adenosine in the kidney. Hansen, PB; Schnermann, J, 2003)	2.02
"Adenosine is a naturally occurring, anti-inflammatory mediator released from injured or inflamed tissues."	( Activation of A2A adenosine receptors inhibits expression of alpha 4/beta 1 integrin (very late antigen-4) on stimulated human neutrophils. DiVietro, JA; Lappas, CM; Lawrence, MB; Lee, DD; Linden, J; Ross, WG; Sullivan, GW, 2004)	1.38
"Adenosine was found to be a potent chemotactic stimulus for immature PDCs via an A(1) receptor-mediated mechanism."	( Role of adenosine receptors in regulating chemotaxis and cytokine production of plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Cebon, J; Davis, ID; Hartmann, G; Maraskovsky, E; Rothenfusser, S; Schnurr, M; Shin, A; Soellner, J; Toy, T, 2004)	1.48
"Adenosine is a purine nucleoside that acts as a regulatory molecule by binding to specific G-protein-coupled A1, A(2A), A(2B), and A3 cell surface receptors. "	( Inhibition of primary colon carcinoma growth and liver metastasis by the A3 adenosine receptor agonist CF101. Arich, A; Bar-Yehuda, S; Dreznick, Z; Fishman, P; Madi, L; Ohana, G; Rath-Wolfson, L; Silberman, D; Slosman, G, 2003)	1.99
"Adenosine is a purine nucleoside which is present at micromolar concentrations in the extracellular fluid of solid cancers as a result of tissue hypoxia. "	( Adenosine stimulation of the proliferation of colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Roles of cell density and adenosine metabolism. Blay, J; Hoskin, D; Mujoomdar, M, 2003)	3.2
"Adenosine is an autacoid that regulates renal Na(+) transport. "	( Acute regulation of Na/H exchanger NHE3 by adenosine A(1) receptors is mediated by calcineurin homologous protein. Babich, V; Biber, J; Burckhardt, G; Cerull, R; Di Sole, F; Gisler, SM; Helmle-Kolb, C; Moe, OW; Murer, H; Quiñones, H, 2004)	2.03
"Adenosine kinase (AK) is a purine salvage enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of adenosine to AMP. "	( Identification and characterization of a unique adenosine kinase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Escuyer, V; Long, MC; Parker, WB, 2003)	2.02
"Adenosine is an endogenous hypnotic molecule. "	( Dominant localization of adenosine deaminase in leptomeninges and involvement of the enzyme in sleep. Eguchi, N; Hayaishi, O; Huang, ZL; Mochizuki, T; Okada, T; Sugita, Y; Urade, Y, 2003)	2.07
"Adenosine is a ubiquitous, biologically important molecule that is a precursor of other biologically active molecules. "	( Possible therapeutic benefits of adenosine-potentiating drugs in reducing age-related degenerative disease in dogs and cats. Baker, DJ; Scaramuzzi, RJ, 2003)	2.04
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that has potent antiarrhythmic effects on paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) due to its negative dromotropic effects on the atrioventricular node. "	( CVT-510: a selective A1 adenosine receptor agonist. Cheung, JW; Lerman, BB, 2003)	2.07
"Adenosine is an endogenously released autocoid that has potent receptor-mediated modulatory effects on macrophage function. "	( Adenosine stimulates CREB activation in macrophages via a p38 MAPK-mediated mechanism. Deitch, EA; Haskó, G; Leibovich, SJ; Németh, ZH; Sperlágh, B; Szabó, C; Virág, L; Vizi, ES, 2003)	3.2
"Adenosine (AD) is an endogenous sleep-promoting factor and may play an important role in promoting natural sleep."	( Disinhibition of ventrolateral preoptic area sleep-active neurons by adenosine: a new mechanism for sleep promotion. Greene, R; McCarley, R; Morairty, S; Rainnie, D, 2004)	1.28
"Adenosine is an endogenous purine with vasodilating and cardioprotective properties. "	( The influence of diazepam and midazolam on adenosine-induced forearm vasodilation in humans. Drooglever-Fortuyn, H; Rongen, GA; Smits, P; van Ginneken, EE, 2004)	2.03
"Adenosine is a powerful modulator of neuronal function in the mammalian central nervous system. "	( Plasticity of purine release during cerebral ischemia: clinical implications? Currie, AJ; Dale, N; Damian, K; Etherington, LA; Frenguelli, BG; Gadalla, AE; Llaudet, E; Pearson, T, )	1.57
"Adenosine is a partial agonist of the GHSR-1a, binding to a binding pocket distinct from the one described for ghrelin."	( Agonist-specific coupling of growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1a to different intracellular signaling systems. Role of adenosine. Camiña, JP; Carreira, MC; Casanueva, FF; Smith, RG, 2004)	1.25
"Adenosine is a potent anti-inflammatory agent that modulates the function of cells involved in the inflammatory response. "	( Regulation of adenosine receptor subtypes during cultivation of human monocytes: role of receptors in preventing lipopolysaccharide-triggered respiratory burst. Gerth, A; Hauschildt, S; Kronstein, R; Nieber, K; Thiele, A; Wetzel, A, 2004)	2.13
"Adenosine is an important metabolic modulator and adenosine concentrations are affected by sympathetic nerve stimulation and cytokine production. "	( Plasma adenosine concentrations increase in women with hyperemesis gravidarum. Araki, T; Sawa, R; Suzuki, S; Yoneyama, Y, 2004)	2.22
"Adenosine is an established suppressor of excessive sympathetic nerves activation and cytokine production, so the increase in plasma adenosine in hyperemesis gravidarum might serve to counteract further progression of hyperemesis gravidarum."	( Plasma adenosine concentrations increase in women with hyperemesis gravidarum. Araki, T; Sawa, R; Suzuki, S; Yoneyama, Y, 2004)	2.22
"Adenosine is a neuroprotective purine metabolite that increases in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after clinical TBI in children."	( Vascular endothelial growth factor is increased in cerebrospinal fluid after traumatic brain injury in infants and children. Adelson, PD; Clark, RS; Jackson, EK; Kochanek, PM; Shore, PM; Wisniewski, SR, 2004)	1.04
"Adenosine is a ubiquitous molecule present in every cell of the human body. "	( Adenosine, inflammation and asthma--a review. Ennis, M; Heaney, LG; Livingston, M, 2004)	3.21
"Adenosine is an important regulator of neuronal excitability. "	( Elevation of intracellular cAMP evokes activity-dependent release of adenosine in cultured rat forebrain neurons. Aizenman, E; Epstein, PM; Herin, GA; Li, Y; Lu, Y; Rosenberg, PA, 2004)	2
"Adenosine is a purine nucleoside and modulates a variety of physiological functions by interacting with cell-surface adenosine receptors. "	( Adenosine uptake inhibitors. Karasawa, A; Kusaka, H; Noji, T, 2004)	3.21
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside available for the diagnosis and treatment of various cardiovascular conditions. "	( Cardiovascular drugs: adenosine role in coronary syndromes and percutaneous coronary interventions. Assali, AR; Eades, B; Rosales, OR, 2004)	2.08
"Adenosine is a purine nucleoside with immunosuppressive activity that acts through cell surface receptors (A(1), A(2a), A(2b), A(3)) on responsive cells such as T lymphocytes. "	( Adenosine acts through A2 receptors to inhibit IL-2-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5 in T lymphocytes: role of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and phosphatases. Blay, J; Butler, JJ; Conrad, DM; Hoskin, DW; Zhang, H; Zhao, C, 2004)	3.21
"Adenosine is an important endogenous purine neuromodulator in the central nervous system that modulates many important cellular processes in neurons. "	( Adaptations in adenosine signaling in drug dependence: therapeutic implications. Christie, MJ; Hack, SP, 2003)	2.11
"Adenosine is an important mediator of ethanol intoxication. "	( The type 1 equilibrative nucleoside transporter regulates ethanol intoxication and preference. Bonci, A; Cascini, MG; Choi, DS; Diamond, I; Mailliard, W; McMahon, T; Messing, RO; Paredes, P; Young, H, 2004)	1.77
"Adenosine is an endogenous protective molecule against atherosclerotic and vaso-occlusive disorders that contribute to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease."	( Increased homocysteine and decreased adenosine formation in Alzheimer's disease. Selley, ML, 2004)	1.32
"Adenosine A2A receptors are a new target for drug development in Parkinson's disease. "	( Neuroprotective effect of L-DOPA co-administered with the adenosine A2A receptor agonist CGS 21680 in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Agnati, LF; Ferré, S; Franco, R; Fuxe, K; Hockemeyer, J; Leo, G; Lluis, C; Martínez, E; Vergoni, AV, 2004)	2.01
"Adenosine is an endogenous agent exerting potent action on the immune system including regulation of lymphocyte functioning. "	( Insulin and glucose induced changes in expression level of nucleoside transporters and adenosine transport in rat T lymphocytes. Pawelczyk, T; Sakowicz, M; Szutowicz, A, 2004)	1.99
"Adenosine is a vasoactive metabolite of ATP hydrolysis that is involved in the regulation of renal haemodynamics, tubular reabsorption and renin release. "	( Regulation of renal adenosine excretion in humans--role of sodium and fluid homeostasis. Benöhr, P; Delabar, U; Heyne, N; Mühlbauer, B; Osswald, H; Risler, T, 2004)	2.09
"Adenosine is a product of adenylate phosphate breakdown that can exert protective effects on tissues during energy limitation. "	( Cardiorespiratory and tissue adenosine responses to hypoxia and reoxygenation in the short-horned sculpin Myoxocephalus scorpius. Driedzic, WR; Maccormack, TJ, 2004)	2.06
"Adenosine appears to be an endogenous somnogen. "	( Zaprinast stimulates extracellular adenosine accumulation in rat pontine slices. Epstein, PM; Greene, RW; Le, M; Li, Y; Lu, Y; Rosenberg, PA, 2004)	2.04
"Adenosine is a neuromodulator with both excitatory and inhibitory effects in different organs. "	( High-dose adenosine infusion provokes oscillations of chest pain without correlation to opioid modulation: a double-blind controlled study. Berglund, M; Eriksson, BE; Sadigh-Lindell, B; Sylvén, C, 2004)	2.17
"Adenosine is a ubiquitous biological mediator with the capacity to produce both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects in tissues. "	( A1 antagonism in asthma: better than coffee? Boucher, RC; Tilley, SL, 2005)	1.77
"Adenosine is a signaling nucleoside that has been implicated in the regulation of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. "	( A protective role for the A1 adenosine receptor in adenosine-dependent pulmonary injury. Blackburn, MR; Molina, JG; Schnermann, J; Sun, CX; Volmer, JB; Young, HW, 2005)	2.06
"Adenosine is an important metabolic modulator and its concentrations are affected by sympathetic nerve stimulation and cytokine production. "	( Plasma adenosine concentrations increase in women with hyperemesis gravidarum. Araki, T; Sawa, R; Suzuki, S; Yoneyama, Y, 2005)	2.23
"Adenosine is an established suppressor of excessive sympathetic nerves activation and cytokine production, so the increase in plasma adenosine in hyperemesis gravidarum might serve to counteract further progression of hyperemesis gravidarum."	( Plasma adenosine concentrations increase in women with hyperemesis gravidarum. Araki, T; Sawa, R; Suzuki, S; Yoneyama, Y, 2005)	2.23
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that regulates many physiological processes through the activation of its four receptors: A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3). "	( The role of adenosine A2A and A2B receptors in the regulation of TNF-alpha production by human monocytes. Borman, RA; Clark, KL; Cruz, G; Hepburn, L; Zhang, JG, 2005)	2.15
"Adenosine is a key myocardial metabolite that elicits coronary vasodilation in a variety of pathophysiological conditions. "	( Mechanism of vasodilation to adenosine in coronary arterioles from patients with heart disease. Gutterman, DD; Hatoum, OA; Loberiza, FR; Miura, H; Saito, T; Sakuma, I; Sato, A; Terata, K; Toyama, K, 2005)	2.06
"Adenosine is an important inhibitory modulator of brain activity. "	( Seizure suppression and lack of adenosine A1 receptor desensitization after focal long-term delivery of adenosine by encapsulated myoblasts. Boison, D; Güttinger, M; Padrun, V; Pralong, WF, 2005)	2.05
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that signals through G-protein coupled receptors. "	( Astrocytes and neurons: different roles in regulating adenosine levels. Parkinson, FE; Xiong, W; Zamzow, CR, 2005)	2.02
"Adenosine is a vascular endothelial cell mitogen, but anti-mitogenic for aortic smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts when acting via the A2B adenosine receptor. "	( Novel mitogenic effect of adenosine on coronary artery smooth muscle cells: role for the A1 adenosine receptor. Halenda, SP; Shen, J; Sturek, M; Wilden, PA, 2005)	2.07
"Adenosine is an endogenous neurotransmitter that is released from the brain during hypoxia and relaxes isolated human cerebral arteries. "	( The effect of circulating adenosine on cerebral haemodynamics and headache generation in healthy subjects. Birk, S; Eisert, W; Guieu, R; Jonassen, O; Kruuse, C; Olesen, J; Petersen, KA, 2005)	2.07
"Adenosine is a potent vasodilator of retinal microvessels and is implicated to be a major regulator of retinal blood flow during metabolic stress. "	( Requisite roles of A2A receptors, nitric oxide, and KATP channels in retinal arteriolar dilation in response to adenosine. Hein, TW; Kuo, L; Rosa, RH; Yuan, Z, 2005)	1.98
"Adenosine is a ubiquitous molecule that influences every physiological system studied thus far. "	( Advances in understanding adenosine as a plurisystem modulator in sepsis and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Conlon, BA; Law, WR; Ross, JD, 2005)	2.07
"Adenosine is a powerful bronchoconstrictor of asthmatic, but not normal, airways. "	( The Quintiles Prize Lecture 2004. The identification of the adenosine A2B receptor as a novel therapeutic target in asthma. Holgate, ST, 2005)	2.01
"Adenosine is a major negative neuromodulator of synaptic activity in the central nervous system and can exert anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects in many experimental models of epilepsy. "	( Modulation of seizures and synaptic plasticity by adenosinergic receptors in an experimental model of temporal lobe epilepsy induced by pilocarpine in rats. Cavalheiro, EA; da Silva Fernandes, MJ; Doná, F; Ferreira, AT; Vianna, EP, 2005)	2.02
"Adenosine is a neuromodulator that can control brain damage through activation of A(1), A(2A) and A(3) receptors, which are located in both neurons and other brain cells. "	( Different roles of adenosine A1, A2A and A3 receptors in controlling kainate-induced toxicity in cortical cultured neurons. Cunha, RA; Oliveira, CR; Rebola, N; Rodrigues, RJ, 2005)	2.1
"Adenosine is a purine-signaling nucleoside that is generated in excess during cellular stress and damage."	( Adenosine-dependent pulmonary fibrosis in adenosine deaminase-deficient mice. Blackburn, MR; Chunn, JL; Kellems, RE; Mi, T; Molina, JG; Xia, Y, 2005)	2.49
"Adenosine is a widespread neuromodulator that can be directly released in the extracellular space during sustained network activity or can be generated as the breakdown product of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). "	( Adenosine down-regulates giant depolarizing potentials in the developing rat hippocampus by exerting a negative control on glutamatergic inputs. Cherubini, E; Giniatullin, R; Kasyanov, AM; Safiulina, VF, 2005)	3.21
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside with potent vasodilatory capacities, released under ischaemic conditions in particular. "	( Mechanisms of adenosine-induced renal vasodilatation in hypertensive patients. de Leeuw, PW; Houben, AJ; Koster, D; Kroon, AA; Postma, CT; Smits, P; van Engelshoven, JM; Wierema, TK, 2005)	2.13
"Adenosine is a vasodilator that can act through both NO-dependent and -independent pathways; the NO-independent vasodilatory action of adenosine allowed us to match the perfusion rate and convective O2 delivery in this L-NAME group to those of the other groups."	( Nitric oxide synthase inhibition reduces the O2 cost of force development in rat hindlimb muscles pump perfused at matched convective O2 delivery. Hagen, JL; Hepple, RT; Kindig, CA; Krause, DJ, 2005)	1.05
"Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside, which acts as a neuromodulator in the central nervous system. "	( The lack of A2A adenosine receptors diminishes the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine. Castañé, A; Ledent, C; Maldonado, R; Parmentier, M; Soria, G; Valverde, O, 2006)	2.12
"Adenosine is a known inhibitor of respiratory output during early life. "	( Adenosine A2A receptors mediate GABAergic inhibition of respiration in immature rats. Haxhiu, MA; Martin, RJ; Mayer, CA; Wilson, CG, 2006)	3.22
"Adenosine is an endogenous ligand for four different adenosine receptor (AdoR) subtypes (AdoRA1, AdoRA2A, AdoRA2B, and AdoRA3)."	( Gs protein-coupled adenosine receptor signaling and lytic function of activated NK cells. Gorelik, E; Huang, X; Jackson, EK; Raskovalova, T; Sitkovsky, M; Zacharia, LC, 2005)	1.38
"Adenosine is an extracellular nucleoside that is elevated in tissues during hypoxia and ischemia reperfusion and has been implicated in asthma and other lung disorders. "	( Adenosine induces fibronectin expression in lung epithelial cells: implications for airway remodeling. Ritzenthaler, JD; Rivera, HN; Roman, J; Roser-Page, S; Sitaraman, SV, 2006)	3.22
"Adenosine is an endogenous neuromodulator that when produced in the central and the peripheral nervous systems has anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. "	( Adenosine kinase inhibitors. 5. Synthesis, enzyme inhibition, and analgesic activity of diaryl-erythro-furanosyltubercidin analogues. Boyer, SH; Erion, MD; Gomez-Galeno, JE; Kopcho, J; Matelich, MC; Mendonca, R; Nagahisa, A; Nakane, M; Ollis, K; Solbach, J; Tsuchiya, M; Ugarkar, BG; Wiesner, JB, 2005)	3.21
"Adenosine is a neuromodulator with mostly inhibitory activity that is released by physiological stimuli and can be blocked by non-selective adenosine receptor antagonists such as theophylline and caffeine."	( Caffeine modulates P50 auditory sensory gating in healthy subjects. Becker, J; Ghisolfi, ES; Lara, DR; Luersen, G; Martins, FF; Ramos, FL; Schuch, A; Strimitzer, IM, 2006)	1.06
"Adenosine acts as an important protector of ischemic myocardium through coronary vasodilation and the depression of cardiac contractility. "	( Adenosine-stimulated atrial natriuretic peptide release through A1 receptor subtype. Cao, C; Han, JH; Kim, SH; Kim, SZ; Yuan, K, 2005)	3.21
"Adenosine is an endogenous signaling molecule upregulated during inflammatory conditions. "	( TNF-alpha upregulates adenosine 2b (A2b) receptor expression and signaling in intestinal epithelial cells: a basis for A2bR overexpression in colitis. Asamoah, V; Kolachala, V; Merlin, D; Obertone, TS; Sitaraman, SV; Wang, L; Ziegler, TR, 2005)	2.09
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that regulates many processes, including inflammatory responses, through activation of its receptors. "	( Activation of adenosine A3 receptor suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-alpha production through inhibition of PI 3-kinase/Akt and NF-kappaB activation in murine BV2 microglial cells. Baik, HH; Choe, W; Ha, J; Jhun, BS; Kang, I; Kim, SS; Lee, JH; Lee, JY; Oh, YT; Yoon, KS, 2006)	2.14
"Adenosine is a physiologically active molecule produced locally in many sites of the body to regulate various cell functions. "	( A simple quantitative assay for urinary adenosine using column-switching high-performance liquid chromatography. Ito, T; Ohkubo, Y; Sumi, S; Taniai, H; Togari, H; Ueta, A, 2006)	2.04
"Adenosine is an important physiological regulator of the cardiovascular system. "	( Prevalence of unidirectional Na+-dependent adenosine transport and altered potential for adenosine generation in diabetic cardiac myocytes. Grden, M; Kocbuch, K; Pawelczyk, T; Podgorska, M; Szutowicz, A, 2006)	2.04
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that is released during shock."	( Adenosine A2A receptor activation reduces lung injury in trauma/hemorrhagic shock. Berezina, TL; Csóka, B; Deitch, EA; Haskó, G; Jabush, J; Lu, Q; Németh, ZH; Xu, DZ; Zaets, SB, 2006)	2.5
"Adenosine is a strong endogenous vasodilating agent released by endothelial cells and myocytes under metabolic stress and may be involved in blood pressure failure during CPB induced by severe SIRS."	( Role of endogenous adenosine as a predictive marker of vasoplegia during cardiopulmonary bypass and postoperative severe systemic inflammatory response. Collart, F; Gil, JM; Giorgi, R; Gouin, F; Guieu, R; Guillen, JC; Habib, G; Ibrahim, Z; Kerbaul, F; Mouly-Bandini, A; Saadjian, A, 2006)	1.38
"Adenosine is an endogenous neuromodulator with anticonvulsive and neuroprotective activity. "	( Transgenic overexpression of adenosine kinase aggravates cell death in ischemia. Boison, D; Pignataro, G; Simon, RP, 2007)	2.07
"Adenosine is a ubiquitous neuromodulator and homeostatic regulator that exerts its physiologic actions through activation of A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3) adenosine receptor subtypes. "	( Characterization of [125I]ZM 241385 binding to adenosine A2A receptors in the pineal of sheep brain. Koos, BJ; Kruger, L; Linden, J; Murray, TF; Yan, X, 2006)	2.03
"Adenosine is a product of complete dephosphorylation of adenine nucleotides which takes place in various compartments of the cell. "	( Adenosine as a metabolic regulator of tissue function: production of adenosine by cytoplasmic 5'-nucleotidases. Borowiec, A; Lechward, K; Składanowski, AC; Tkacz-Stachowska, K, 2006)	3.22
"Adenosine is a signaling nucleoside that has been proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. "	( A2B adenosine receptors induce IL-19 from bronchial epithelial cells, resulting in TNF-alpha increase. Belardinelli, L; Wu, Y; Zeng, D; Zhong, H, 2006)	2.33
"1. Adenosine is a potent endogenous regulator of inflammation and tissue repair. "	( Adenosine A(2A) receptors play a role in the pathogenesis of hepatic cirrhosis. Chan, ES; Chen, JF; Cronstein, BN; Delano, DL; Desai, A; Fernandez, P; Friedman, SL; Montesinos, MC; Pillinger, MH; Reiss, AB; Schwarzschild, MA; Yee, H, 2006)	2.4
"Adenosine is a potent vasodilator and an important modulator of cardiovascular function. "	( The effect of an adenosine A1 receptor agonist in the treatment of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced cerebrovasospasm. Dumont, AS; Howng, SL; Kwan, AL; Lee, KS; Lieu, AS; Lin, CL; Shih, HC; Su, YF, 2006)	2.12
"Adenosine is an important signaling molecule that regulates multiple physiologic processes and exerts major anti-inflammatory actions. "	( Adenosine-mediated inhibition of the cytotoxic activity and cytokine production by activated natural killer cells. Gorelik, E; Huang, X; Jackson, EK; Lokshin, A; Raskovalova, T; Zacharia, LC, 2006)	3.22
"Adenosine is a metabolite produced at an accelerated rate when the supply-to-demand relationship for oxygen falls."	( Metabolic coronary flow regulation--current concepts. Brand, M; Deussen, A; Pexa, A; Weichsel, J, 2006)	1.06
"Adenosine is a powerful coronary vasodilator used for myocardial perfusion imaging to identify flow-limiting coronary artery stenosis."	( Does coronary vasodilation after adenosine override endothelin-1-induced coronary vasoconstriction? Gould, KL; Loghin, C; Sdringola, S, 2007)	1.34
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside found in large quantities in myocardial and endothelial cells."	( Role of adenosine as adjunctive therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Forman, MB; Jackson, EK; Stone, GW, 2006)	1.49
"Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside that, following its release into the extracellular space, binds to specific adenosine receptors expressed on the cell surface. "	( Shaping of monocyte and macrophage function by adenosine receptors. Deitch, EA; Haskó, G; Pacher, P; Vizi, ES, 2007)	2.04
"Adenosine is an inhibitory modulator of brain activity with neuroprotective and anticonvulsant properties. "	( Adenosine kinase, epilepsy and stroke: mechanisms and therapies. Boison, D, 2006)	3.22
"Adenosine is an important inhibitory neuromodulator that regulates neuronal excitability. "	( Nitric oxide-induced adenosine inhibition of hippocampal synaptic transmission depends on adenosine kinase inhibition and is cyclic GMP independent. Arrigoni, E; Rosenberg, PA, 2006)	2.1
"Adenosine is an endogenous anticonvulsant that exerts its effects through A1 receptors. "	( Amygdala adenosine A1 receptors have no anticonvulsant effect on piriform cortex-kindled seizures in rat. Eslami-far, A; Fathollahi, Y; Hoseinmardi, N; Mirnajafi-Zadeh, J; Rezvani, ME; Shahabi, P, )	1.99
"Adenosine is a signaling molecule that has been implicated in the exacerbation of chronic lung disease and in the regulation of angiogenesis; however, the relationship between these factors has not been investigated."	( Enhanced CXCL1 production and angiogenesis in adenosine-mediated lung disease. Blackburn, MR; Burdick, MD; Keane, MP; Mohsenin, A; Molina, JG, 2007)	1.32
"Adenosine is a naturally occurring purine nucleoside with a ubiquitous presence in human tissue, where it plays a key role in many biological processes such as energy generation and protein metabolism. "	( Role of adenosine receptors in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: recent developments. Hylkema, MN; Postma, DS; van den Berge, M; Versluis, M, 2007)	2.22
"Adenosine is an important modulator of the nervous system that has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. "	( Increased serum adenosine deaminase activity in schizophrenic receiving antipsychotic treatment. Belmonte-de-Abreu, P; Brunstein, MG; Chaves, LS; Lara, DR; Machado, H; Schenkel, O; Silveira, EM; Souza, DO, 2007)	2.13
"Adenosine is a key mediator in intestinal absorptive hyperemia. "	( Role of adenosine receptor subtypes in rat jejunum in unfed state versus glucose-induced hyperemia. Garrison, RN; Harris, PD; Li, N; Matheson, PJ; Zakaria, el R, 2007)	2.22
"Adenosine is an important signalling molecule involved in a large number of physiological functions. "	( Auto-inhibition of rat parallel fibre-Purkinje cell synapses by activity-dependent adenosine release. Dale, N; Wall, MJ, 2007)	2.01
"Adenosine is a purine nucleoside that regulates cell function through G protein-coupled receptors that activate or inhibit adenylyl cyclase. "	( Adenosine regulation of alveolar fluid clearance. Akhmedov, AT; Albazi, JS; Bellmeyer, A; Chen, L; Dobbs, LG; Emala, C; Factor, P; Jilling, T; Johnson, MD; Kass, D; Lee, HT; Lewis, ER; Martino, JM; Matalon, S; Meng, FJ; Mohameed, J; Mutlu, GM; Xu, A, 2007)	3.23
"Adenosine is an endogenous neuroprotectant regulated by adenosine kinase (ADK)."	( Downregulation of hippocampal adenosine kinase after focal ischemia as potential endogenous neuroprotective mechanism. Boison, D; Maysami, S; Pignataro, G; Simon, RP; Studer, FE; Wilz, A, 2008)	1.36
"Adenosine is an important mediator that both attenuates and enhances HLMC mediator release through the Galphas-coupled A2A and A2B adenosine receptors, respectively."	( Adenosine closes the K+ channel KCa3.1 in human lung mast cells and inhibits their migration via the adenosine A2A receptor. Bradding, P; Brightling, CE; Cruse, G; Duffy, SM, 2007)	2.5
"Adenosine is a neuromodulator acting through inhibitory A(1) receptors (A(1)Rs) and facilitatory A(2A)Rs. "	( Modification of adenosine modulation of acetylcholine release in the hippocampus of aged rats. Canas, PM; Cunha, RA; Lopes, LV; Oliveira, CR; Rodrigues, RJ, 2008)	2.13
"Adenosine is an endogenous neuromodulator, acting on four distinctive G-protein-coupled receptors, the A1, A2A, A2B and A3 adenosine receptors. "	( Modulation of glial cell functions by adenosine receptors. Daré, E; Fredholm, BB; Hammarberg, C; Karovic, O; Schulte, G, 2007)	2.05
"Adenosine (ADO) is an intermediary metabolite of adenosine trisphosphate degradation and a vasoactive mediator. "	( Effect of adenosine in extracellular matrix synthesis in human and rat mesangial cells. Fuentes-Calvo, I; García-Cenador, B; López-Novoa, JM; Macías Núñez, JF; Martínez-Salgado, C, 2007)	2.18
"Adenosine is a suppressive agent that protects the host from excessive tissue injury associated with strong inflammation. "	( Adenosine deamination sustains dendritic cell activation in inflammation. Cembrola, KM; Desrosiers, MD; Fakir, MJ; Jama, FM; Mehal, WZ; Santamaria, P; Shameli, A; Shi, Y; Stephens, LA, 2007)	3.23
"Adenosine is an important paracrine agent regulating renal hemodynamics via adenosine A1 and A2 receptors. "	( Adenosine A2 receptor activation attenuates afferent arteriolar autoregulation during adenosine receptor saturation in rats. Feng, MG; Navar, LG, 2007)	3.23
"Adenosine is a multifaceted signaling molecule mediating key aspects of innate and immune lung defenses. "	( Adenosine deaminase 1 and concentrative nucleoside transporters 2 and 3 regulate adenosine on the apical surface of human airway epithelia: implications for inflammatory lung diseases. Boucher, RC; Hirsh, AJ; Lazarowski, ER; Picher, M; Stonebraker, JR; van Heusden, CA, 2007)	3.23
"Adenosine is an ubiquitous purine that can protect neurons by suppressing excitatory neurotransmitter release, reducing calcium fluxes and inhibiting NMDA receptors."	( Tryptophan, adenosine, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection. Darlington, LG; Forrest, CM; Mackay, GM; Stone, TW; Stoy, N, 2007)	1.44
"Adenosine is a proangiogenic purine nucleoside released from ischemic and hypoxic tissues. "	( A1 adenosine receptor activation promotes angiogenesis and release of VEGF from monocytes. Blatt, R; Clark, AN; Day, YJ; Jia, L; Linden, J; Liu, X; Sullivan, GW; Tucker, AL; Youkey, R, 2007)	2.4
"Adenosine is a purine nucleoside whose concentration increases during inflammation and hypoxia and the many roles of this molecule are becoming better understood. "	( Adenosine receptor modulation: potential implications in veterinary medicine. Dip, RG, 2009)	3.24
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that regulates many physiological processes by activating one or more adenosine receptor subtypes, namely A1, A2A, A2B and A3. "	( Adenosine A2A receptor agonists inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by equine monocytes. Cao, Z; Hurley, DJ; Linden, J; Moore, JN; Murray, TF; Sun, WC; Vandenplas, ML, 2008)	3.23
"The adenosine A(3) receptor is a novel cytoprotective receptor that signals selectively via phospholipase C-beta and represents a new target for ameliorating skeletal muscle injury."	( Protective roles of adenosine A1, A2A, and A3 receptors in skeletal muscle ischemia and reperfusion injury. Jacobson, KA; Liang, BT; Wang, R; Wu, D; Zambraski, E; Zheng, J, 2007)	1.14
"Adenosine is a modulator of brain function uniquely positioned to integrate excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. "	( Adenosine as a neuromodulator in neurological diseases. Boison, D, 2008)	3.23
"Adenosine is a purine nucleoside widely used to terminate supraventricular tachycardias, and as a diagnostic adjunct in narrow complex regular tachycardia of uncertain origin. "	( Adenosine-induced complete heart block: not so transient. Harvey, MG; Safih, S; Wallace, M, 2007)	3.23
"Adenosine acts as an extracellular signaling molecule in various tissues and in liver this nucleoside exerts protective effects."	( Activity and expression of ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 are increased during phenotype conversion of a hepatic stellate cell line. Andrade, CM; Battastini, AM; Bernard, EA; Borojevic, R; Guaragna, RM; Guimarães, EL; Guma, FC; Jardim, FR; Margis, R; Roesch, GC; Souza, LF; Wink, MR, 2008)	1.07
"Adenosine is well known to be a cardioprotective substance in ischemic heart disease. "	( Impact of adenosine receptor signaling and metabolism on pathophysiology in patients with chronic heart failure. Asakura, M; Asanuma, H; Fujita, M; Furukawa, H; Isomura, T; Kim, J; Kitakaze, M; Komamura, K; Liao, Y; Nakamaru, K; Tomoike, H, 2007)	2.18
"Adenosine is a potent vasodilator of retinal blood vessels and is implicated to be a major regulator of retinal blood flow during metabolic stress, but little is known about the impact of diabetes on the role of adenosine in regulation of retinal hemodynamics. "	( Vasodilator effects of adenosine on retinal arterioles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Ishii, K; Mori, A; Nakahara, T; Nakazawa, T; Saito, M; Sakamoto, K, 2008)	2.1
"Adenosine is an important neuromodulator and neuroprotective molecule, which is produced in the brain as a function of neuronal activity, coupling energy expenditure to energy supply. "	( Repetitive stimulation of adenosine A1 receptors in vivo: changes in receptor numbers, G-proteins and A1 receptor agonist-induced hypothermia. Keijser, JN; Luiten, PG; Meerlo, P; Roman, V, 2008)	2.09
"Adenosine is an endogenous byproduct of metabolism that regulates cerebral blood flow and modulates neurotransmission. "	( Transient adenosine efflux in the rat caudate-putamen. Cechova, S; Venton, BJ, 2008)	2.19
"Adenosine is a neuromodulator that controls the release of several neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, which is an important neurotransmitter during brain development."	( Maternal caffeine intake affects acetylcholinesterase in hippocampus of neonate rats. Battastini, AM; Bogo, MR; Bonan, CD; da Silva, RS; da Silveira, VG; Lara, DR; Richetti, SK, )	0.85
"Adenosine is a potent endogenous regulator of tissue repair that is released from injured cells and tissues. "	( Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) -mediated extracellular adenosine production plays a critical role in hepatic fibrosis. Chan, ES; Chiriboga, L; Cronstein, BN; Fernandez, P; Peng, Z; Wilder, T; Yee, H, 2008)	2.04
"Adenosine is an inhibitory modulator of brain activity with neuroprotective and anticonvulsant properties. "	( Different regional neuroinhibitory effects of adenosine on stimulus-induced patterns of bioelectric activity of rat hippocampal and neocortical tissues. Gorji, A; Kovac, S; Sirin, Y; Speckmann, EJ, 2008)	2.05
"Adenosine is a cAMP-elevating vasodilator that induces both endothelium-dependent and -independent vasorelaxation. "	( CNGA2 channels mediate adenosine-induced Ca2+ influx in vascular endothelial cells. Cheng, KT; Huang, Y; Kwan, HY; Kwok, YC; Leung, YK; Ma, X; Man, YB; Shen, B; Wong, CO; Yao, X, 2008)	2.1
"Adenosine is a purine nucleoside found within the interstitial fluid of solid tumors at concentrations that are able to inhibit cell-mediated immune responses to tumor cells."	( Inhibition of T cell and natural killer cell function by adenosine and its contribution to immune evasion by tumor cells (Review). Blay, J; Conrad, DM; Furlong, SJ; Hoskin, DW; Mader, JS, 2008)	1.31
"Adenosine is a defensive metabolite that is critical to anoxic neuronal survival in the freshwater turtle. "	( Adenosine A1 receptor activation mediates NMDA receptor activity in a pertussis toxin-sensitive manner during normoxia but not anoxia in turtle cortical neurons. Buck, LT; Pamenter, ME; Shin, DS, 2008)	3.23
"Adenosine is a potent modulator of inflammation and tissue repair. "	( Pharmacological blockade of A2A receptors prevents dermal fibrosis in a model of elevated tissue adenosine. Blackburn, MR; Chan, ES; Chiriboga, L; Cronstein, BN; Fernández, P; Trzaska, S; Wilder, T, 2008)	2.01
"Adenosine is a more effective inhibitor of adenylate cyclase activity in the presence of Mn2+ rather than Mg2+, and is more effective at higher metal ion concentrations."	( Bovine sperm adenylate cyclase. Inhibition by adenosine and adenosine analogs. Brown, MA; Casillas, ER, )	1.11
"Adenosine appears to be an endogenous regulator of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase activity in pheochromocytoma cells."	( Activation of tyrosine 3-monooxygenase in pheochromocytoma cells by adenosine. Berezo, MW; Erny, RE; Perlman, RL, 1981)	1.22
"6. Adenosine is a likely candidate for the neurotransmitter in the non-adrenergic inhibitory nerves."	( Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerves in mammalian airways: their function and the role of purines. Satchell, D, 1982)	0.78
"Like adenosine, inosine is a potent coronary vasodilator."	( Inosine : a naturally occurring cardiotonic agent. Aviado, DM, 1983)	0.72
"Adenosine is a modulator of renal function but little is known about transport of this compound by renal tubular cells. "	( Adenosine transport in perfused rat kidney and renal cortical membrane vesicles. Coulson, R; Trimble, ME, 1984)	3.15
"Adenosine is a metabolic coronary vasodilator [1] and also has recently been shown to antagonize the inotropic action of beta-adrenergic agonists through a mechanism involving action on the sarcolemmal adenylate cyclase system [4, 13]."	( Increased myocardial adenosine release in heart failure. Frankis, MB; Grossman, SJ; Newman, WH; Webb, JG, 1984)	1.31
"Adenosine is an endogenously produced substance which in animal experiments exerts anti-nociceptive effects. "	( Adenosine increases the cutaneous heat pain threshold in healthy volunteers. Ekblom, A; Segerdahl, M; Sollevi, A, 1995)	3.18
"Adenosine is a purine nucleoside found in every cell of the human body. "	( Mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of adenosine and its analogues in the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Pelleg, A, 1993)	1.98
"Adenosine is a possible mediator of cardiac pain during myocardial ischemia; however, little is known about the influence of adenosine on cardiac sympathetic afferent activity and thereby on its algogenic mechanism. "	( Adenosine activates cardiac sympathetic afferent fibers and potentiates the excitation induced by coronary occlusion. Contini, M; Gnecchi-Ruscone, T; Guazzi, M; Lombardi, F; Malliani, A; Montano, N, 1995)	3.18
"Adenosine is a CNS depressant with both pre- and postsynaptic actions. "	( Purinergic inhibition of GABA and glutamate release in the thalamus: implications for thalamic network activity. Huguenard, JR; Ulrich, D, 1995)	1.73
"Adenosine is a potent cerebral vasodilator. "	( Effects of adenosine and 2-chloroadenosine on cerebral collateral vessels. Heistad, DD; Loftus, CM; Muhonen, MG, 1995)	2.12
"Adenosine proved to be an effective hepatoprotector increasing the survival rate of rats receiving lethal doses of CCl4. "	( Possible mechanism of adenosine protection in carbon tetrachloride acute hepatotoxicity. Role of adenosine by-products and glutathione peroxidase. Chagoya de Sánchez, V; Díaz-Muñoz, M; Hernández-Muñoz, R; Vidrio, S; Yáñez, L, 1995)	2.05
"Adenosine is considered to be a safe agent for termination of orthodromic atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia in patients with accessory pathways. "	( Intravenous adenosine during atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia: induction of atrial fibrillation with rapid conduction over an accessory pathway. Jung, W; Lüderitz, B; Manz, M; Pfeiffer, D; Schumacher, B; Tebbenjohanns, J, 1995)	2.11
"Adenosine Doppler TEE is an effective, rapid, safe, and superior means of measuring CFR ratio. "	( Adenosine-induced coronary vasodilation during transesophageal Doppler echocardiography. Rapid and safe measurement of coronary flow reserve ratio can predict significant left anterior descending coronary stenosis. Botvinick, E; Chou, TM; Kane, J; Kumar, S; Malloy, M; Redberg, RF; Sobol, Y, 1995)	3.18
"Adenosine is a purine molecule that could have been formed in the prebiotic chemical evolution and has been preserved."	( Circadian variations of adenosine and of its metabolism. Could adenosine be a molecular oscillator for circadian rhythms? Chagoya de Sánchez, V, 1995)	1.32
"Adenosine per se is a potent vasodilator of vascular smooth muscle. "	( Adenosine enhances nitric oxide production by vascular endothelial cells. Cutler, BS; Dobson, JG; Fenton, RA; Li, JM, 1995)	3.18
"Adenosine is a potent arterial vasodilator that, because of a short duration of action and acid lability, is ineffective in the oral treatment of hypertension. "	( The hypotensive effect of an oral adenosine analog with selectivity for the A2 receptor in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Miyamoto, M; Yagil, Y, 1995)	2.01
"Adenosine acts as a neuromodulator through A1 and A2 receptors. "	( Adenosine A2 receptors regulate the gene expression of striatopallidal and striatonigral neurons. Schiffmann, SN; Vanderhaeghen, JJ, 1993)	3.17
"Adenosine is an important regulator of many cardiac functions and is synthesized primarily by ecto- and cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase. "	( Alpha 1-adrenoceptor activation increases ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity and adenosine release in rat cardiomyocytes by activating protein kinase C. Hori, M; Itoh, T; Iwakura, K; Kitakaze, M; Komamura, K; Minamino, T; Morioka, T; Node, K; Okazaki, Y; Takashima, S, 1995)	1.96
"Adenosine appeared to be a more sensitive marker of early ischaemia than lactate, although interestingly, adenosine levels had decreased already after 15 min, most probably due to intracellular accumulation of protons and Pi."	( Continuous monitoring of energy metabolites using microdialysis during myocardial ischaemia in the pig. Maripu, E; Nilsson, S; Ronquist, G; Waldenström, A; Wikström, G, 1995)	1.01
"1. Adenosine is an endogenous neuroprotective agent; stimulation of A1 receptors decreases excitatory amino acid neurotransmission and stimulation of A2 receptors inhibits platelet and neutrophil activation and promotes vasodilation. "	( Propentofylline: a nucleoside transport inhibitor with neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemia. Fredholm, BB; Parkinson, FE; Rudolphi, KA, 1994)	0.91
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that can modulate the function of cells involved in the inflammatory response, such as polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and monocytes. "	( Differential regulatory effects of adenosine on cytokine release by activated human monocytes. Bouma, MG; Buurman, WA; Stad, RK; van den Wildenberg, FA, 1994)	2.01
"Adenosine is a powerful natural vasodilator that could be involved in migraine. "	( Use of HPLC to measure circulating adenosine levels in migrainous patients. Bechis, G; Guieu, R; Rochat, H; Sampiéri, F, 1994)	2.01
"Adenosine is a substrate for myocardial ATP synthesis."	( Time course of the recovery of adenosine triphosphate content with adenosine in post-ischemic hearts--a 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Ishikawa, M; Miura, I; Takeda, T; Takeuchi, K; Yoshiyama, M, 1994)	1.3
"Adenosine (ADO) is an endogenous cardioprotective autacoid that exerts receptor-mediated cardioprotection from ischemic-reperfusion injury. "	( Adenosine in blood cardioplegia prevents postischemic dysfunction in ischemically injured hearts. Hammon, JW; Hudspeth, DA; McGee, DS; Nakanishi, K; Vinten-Johansen, J; Williams, MW; Zhao, ZQ, 1994)	3.17
"Adenosine is a potent pulmonary vasodilator that has been used in therapy for clinical and experimental pulmonary hypertension. "	( Adenosine produces pulmonary vasodilation in the perfused rabbit lung via an adenosine A2 receptor. Pearl, RG, 1994)	3.17
"Adenosine is a safe treatment for both narrow and broad complex tachycardias; usually effective for the former and diagnostic for the latter."	( Acute treatment of paroxysmal tachycardia by adenosine. Ho, KY; Smith, WM; Wilson, NJ, 1994)	1.99
"Adenosine is a potent modulator of various physiological functions. "	( Functional evidence for retinal adenosine receptors. Crosson, CE; DeBenedetto, R; Gidday, JM, 1994)	2.01
"Adenosine is an antiarrhythmic agent widely used for the diagnosis and treatment of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. "	( Spatial and temporal inhomogeneity of adenosine's effect on atrial refractoriness in humans: using atrial fibrillation to probe atrial refractoriness. Botteron, GW; Smith, JM, 1994)	2
"Adenosine is an endogenous neuromodulator that suppresses excitatory neurotransmission. "	( Effect of an adenosine antagonist and an adenosine agonist on status entry and severity in a model of limbic status epilepticus. Handforth, A; Treiman, DM, 1994)	2.1
"Adenosine is an important inhibitory neuromodulator in the CNS, yet the sources of extracellular adenosine have yet to be well characterized. "	( Beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated regulation of extracellular adenosine in cerebral cortex in culture. Knowles, KP; Knowles, R; Li, Y; Rosenberg, PA, 1994)	1.97
"Adenosine is a potent modulator of neuronal activity throughout the nervous system. "	( Adenosine inhibits evoked synaptic transmission primarily by reducing presynaptic calcium influx in area CA1 of hippocampus. Saggau, P; Wu, LG, 1994)	3.17
"Adenosine (Ado) is a potent vasodilator that has occasionally been shown to cause vasoconstriction. "	( Nucleoside-induced arteriolar constriction: a mast cell-dependent response. Doyle, MP; Duling, BR; Linden, J, 1994)	1.73
"Adenosine is a well known vasodilator believed to contribute to metabolic adjustments of the coronary circulation. "	( Interstitial purine metabolites and lactate during regional myocardial hypoxia. Downey, HF; Van Wylen, DG; Williams, AG, 1993)	1.73
"Adenosine is a potent autocoid that acts as a vasodilator and modulator of inflammatory responses. "	( Effects of endotoxin injury on endothelial cell adenosine metabolism. Agarwal, KC; Hsieh, L; Rounds, S, 1994)	1.99
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that has gained recent popularity as an anti-arrhythmic drug in the setting of supraventricular tachycardia."	( Therapeutic and diagnostic efficacy of adenosine in wide-complex tachycardia. Berrol, R; Ilkhanipour, K; Yealy, DM, 1993)	1.28
"Adenosine is a purine nucleoside that impairs conduction through the AV node and is thus effective in terminating tachycardias involving the AV node. "	( Adenosine administration for neonatal SVT. Giattina, KH; Green, AP, 1993)	3.17
"Adenosine is a reliable agent to convert supraventricular tachycardia to regular sinus rhythm with few complications. "	( Clinical management of supraventricular tachycardia with adenosine. Chronister, C, 1993)	1.97
"Adenosine is a potent inhibitory modulator of synaptic transmission in the CNS, but its role in normal physiological function is unclear. "	( Activity-dependent release of endogenous adenosine modulates synaptic responses in the rat hippocampus. Dunwiddie, TV; Lupica, CR; Mitchell, JB, 1993)	1.99
"Adenosine is a potent modulator of transmitter release at a variety of synapses. "	( Preferential inhibition of omega-conotoxin-sensitive presynaptic Ca2+ channels by adenosine autoreceptors. Chuhma, N; Yawo, H, 1993)	1.95
"Adenosine acts as a coronary vasodilator, thereby increasing the oxygen supply to the heart."	( The effect of adenosine transport inhibition on cardiovascular function and survival after severe asphyxia in fetal lambs. de Haan, HH; de Haan, J; Hasaart, TH; Van Belle, H; Van Reempts, JL, 1993)	1.37
"Adenosine is a purine nucleoside with a rapid onset and brief duration of action after intravenous bolus administration. "	( The therapeutic and diagnostic cardiac electrophysiological uses of adenosine. Camm, AJ; Garratt, CJ; Malcolm, AD, 1993)	1.96
"Adenosine is a potent inhibitory modulator in the brain. "	( Brain tissue hydrolysate acts on presynaptic adenosine receptors in the rat hippocampus. Baskys, A; Wojtowicz, JM; Xiong, H, 1995)	1.99
"Adenosine is a vasodilator synthesized by SMCs, and exogenous adenosine inhibits SMC proliferation."	( Smooth muscle cell-derived adenosine inhibits cell growth. Dubey, RK; Gillespie, DG; Jackson, EK; Mi, Z; Suzuki, F, 1996)	1.31
"Adenosine is an important inhibitory neuromodulator in the cerebral cortex, yet it remains unclear how extracellular adenosine concentrations are regulated. "	( Vasoactive intestinal peptide regulates extracellular adenosine levels in rat cortical cultures. Li, Y; Rosenberg, PA, 1995)	1.98
"Adenosine is a potent endogenous antiinflammatory agent released by cells under metabolically unfavorable conditions. "	( Adenosine enhances IL-10 secretion by human monocytes. de Groote, D; Devière, J; Goldman, M; Le Moine, O; Marchant, A; Schandené, L; Stordeur, P, 1996)	3.18
"Adenosine is an endogenous cardioprotective substance. "	( The effect of exogenous adenosine on functional injury caused by hydrogen peroxide in the isolated rat heart. Vaage, J; Valen, G, 1996)	2.04
"Adenosine is a substance with many different actions on the heart. "	( [Effects of adenosine on the heart--therapeutic and diagnostic possibilities]. Stark, G; Stark, U, 1996)	2.12
"Adenosine is an anti-inflammatory agent predominately released from the vascular endothelium which might suppress an inappropriate activation of the oxidase during L-selectin-mediated rolling of neutrophils."	( Sulfatide-induced L-selectin activation generates intracellular oxygen radicals in human neutrophils: modulation by extracellular adenosine. Bengtsson, T; Grenegård, M; Olsson, A; Sjögren, F; Stendahl, O; Zalavary, S, 1996)	1.22
"Adenosine is an inhibitory modulator in the mammalian brain with a possible role in sleep regulation, which is mainly indicated by pharmacological studies showing that adenosine or its analogs can induce sedation and sleep, whereas adenosine antagonists, like caffeine and theophylline, are potent behavioral and neuronal stimulants. "	( Extracellular adenosine levels in neostriatum and hippocampus during rest and activity periods of rats. Boix, F; Decking, U; Haas, HL; Huston, JP; Pfister, M; Schrader, J; Schwarting, RK, 1996)	2.1
"Adenosine is a potent neuromodulator in the CNS, but the mechanisms that regulate adenosine concentrations in the extracellular space remain unclear. "	( Modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission by adenosine released from single hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Brundege, JM; Dunwiddie, TV, 1996)	1.99
"Adenosine is a safe and effective agent for treating preterm infants with SVT."	( Adenosine for the treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in full-term and preterm newborn infants. Barzilay, Z; Frand, M; Hegesh, J; Kuint, J; Paret, G; Steinmetz, D, 1996)	2.46
"Adenosine appears to be a more potent coronary vasodilator than dipyridamole in denervated human transplant subjects."	( Comparison of adenosine to dipyridamole in degree of coronary hyperemic response in heart transplant recipients. Amidon, TM; Botvinick, EH; Chatterjee, K; Chou, TM; DeMarco, T; Klinski, CS; Sudhir, K, 1996)	1.38
"Adenosine (ADO) is a potent bronchoconstrictor in allergic patients and has been shown to increase the release of histamine from human lung tissues. "	( Activation of A3 adenosine receptors on human eosinophils elevates intracellular calcium. Jacobson, KA; Ji, X; Kohno, Y; Koshiba, M; Mawhorter, SD, 1996)	2.08
"Adenosine is a hormonal modulator of metabolic processes. "	( [Effect of adenosine on glycolysis of cultured cardiac myocytes of newborn rats]. Díaz, A; Suárez, J, )	1.96
"1. Adenosine (ADO) is a potent negative chronotropic agent in the mammalian myocardium. "	( Mediation by nitric oxide of the indirect effects of adenosine on calcium current in rabbit heart pacemaker cells. Giles, WR; Han, X; Severson, D; Shimoni, Y, 1996)	1.16
"Adenosine (ADO) is an important endogenous protective metabolite of the heart which also exerts beneficial effects when exogenously supplied before or after ischemia. "	( Exogenous adenosine, supplied transiently during reperfusion, ameliorates depressed endogenous adenosine production in the post-ischemic rat heart. Chambers, DJ; Simmonds, HA; Smolenski, RT, 1997)	2.14
"Adenosine is an effective, safe drug for the diagnosis and treatment of paroxysmal tachycardias in adult and pediatric patients. "	( Adenosine: an effective and safe antiarrhythmic drug in pediatrics. Paul, T; Pfammatter, JP, )	3.02
"1. Adenosine is a normal constituent of all body fluids and its levels are raised, for example, by hypoxia and ischemia. "	( Purines and neutrophil leukocytes. Fredholm, BB, 1997)	0.92
"1. Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside which causes a brief blockade of the AV nodal conduction pathway following intravenous administration. "	( Adenosine in treating cardiac arrhythmias. Brunner, M; Faber, T; Jeron, A; Just, H; Zehender, M, 1996)	2.36
"Adenosine is an important regulatory metabolite in the heart where it has a cardioprotective function. "	( The effect of age on adenosine A1 receptor function in the rat heart. Friedman, E; Gao, E; Horwitz, J; Johnson, MD; Roberts, J; Snyder, DL, 1997)	2.06
"Adenosine is a potent vasoactive substance that may be responsible for mediating the altered haemodynamics found in patients with cirrhosis."	( Acute effect of low dose theophylline on the circulatory disturbances of cirrhosis. Bouchier, IA; Forrest, EH; Hayes, PC, 1997)	1.74
"Adenosine is a potent mediator of arteriolar tone in particular during ischemia, hypoxia, and exercise. "	( Impairment of adenosine-induced dilation of forearm resistance arteries in patients with arterial hypertension. Kelm, M; Preik, M; Schäfer, S; Strauer, BE, 1997)	2.1
"Adenosine is an important mediator of mast cell secretory responses. "	( Mast cell adenosine induced calcium mobilization via Gi3 and Gq proteins. Hoffman, HM; Marquardt, DL; Walker, LL, 1997)	2.14
"Adenosine is a naturally occurring vasodilator which has been used for the induction of maximal coronary hyperaemia in the cardiac catheterization laboratory and in conjunction with myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. "	( Adenosine echocardiography in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Marwick, TH, 1997)	3.18
"The adenosine A3 receptor is a novel cardiac receptor capable of mediating potentially important cardioprotective functions."	( A novel cardioprotective function of adenosine A1 and A3 receptors during prolonged simulated ischemia. Jacobson, KA; Jiang, JL; Liang, BT; Stambaugh, K, 1997)	1.05
"Adenosine is a major modulator of neuronal activity and neurotransmitter release in the central nervous system, with A1 receptors inhibiting transmitter release and A2 receptors generally enhancing release of several transmitter systems relevant to the control of movement."	( Potential role of adenosine antagonist therapy in pathological tremor disorders. Mally, J; Stone, TW, 1996)	1.35
"Adenosine is a potent bronchoconstricting agent that is released by activated mast cells and hypoxic lung tissue. "	( Inhibitory effect of adenosine on degranulation of human cultured mast cells upon cross-linking of Fc epsilon RI. Fukamachi, H; Nakahata, T; Suzuki, H; Takei, M, 1998)	2.06
"Adenosine is a putative neuroprotectant in ischemia, but its role after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is not clear. "	( Interstitial adenosine, inosine, and hypoxanthine are increased after experimental traumatic brain injury in the rat. Bell, MJ; Carcillo, JA; Clark, RS; Dixon, CE; Jackson, E; Kochanek, PM; Marion, DW; Mi, Z; Schiding, JK; Wisniewski, SR, 1998)	2.11
"Adenosine is a powerful natural vasodilator that participates in the control of cerebral and meningeal blood flow. "	( Adenosine and migraine. Bechis, G; Devaux, C; Gola, R; Guieu, R; Henry, H; Juin, M; Mallet, D; Pouget, J; Rochat, H; Sampieri, F, 1998)	3.19
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleotide and a breakdown product of adenosine triphosphate. "	( Myocardial preconditioning using adenosine: review and clinical experience. Palanzo, DA; Sadr, FS; Zarro, DL, 1998)	2.02
"Adenosine is an ubiquitously occurring endogenous nucleoside that via cell surface receptors exerts multiple antihypertensive actions, and mediates a number of biological responses that may reduce cardiovascular disease risk. "	( Effects of adenosine deaminase inhibition on blood pressure in old spontaneously hypertensive rats. Jackson, EK; Kusaka, H; Li, P; Tofovic, SP, 1998)	2.13
"Adenosine is a potent coronary vasodilator and causes an increase of coronary blood flow by activation of A2A-adenosine receptors (A2A-AdoRs). "	( A2A-adenosine receptor reserve for coronary vasodilation. Baker, SP; Baraldi, PG; Belardinelli, L; Cacciari, B; Monopoli, A; Ongini, E; Shryock, JC; Snowdy, S; Spalluto, G, 1998)	2.3
"Adenosine is an antiarrhythmic substance particularly effective in catecholamine-dependent tachycardias. "	( Endogenous adenosine suppresses norepinephrine-induced ventricular arrhythmias in rat heart. Görge, B; Katus, HA; Kurz, T; Richardt, G, 1998)	2.13
"Adenosine is known to be an endogenous cardioprotective substance. "	( Elevation of plasma adenosine levels may attenuate the severity of chronic heart failure. Funaya, H; Hori, M; Kitakaze, M; Komamura, K; Koretsune, Y; Kuzuya, T; Minamino, T; Node, K, 1998)	2.07
"Adenosine is an established first line therapy for the treatment of narrow complex tachycardias. "	( Comparison of adenosine effects on atrioventricular node reentry and atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardias. Berger, RD; Calkins, H; Donahue, JK; Lawrence, JH; Orias, D; Tomaselli, GF, 1998)	2.1
"Adenosine is a potent vasodilator that has been shown to increase in cardiac tissue in response to hypoxia. "	( Systemic hypoxia elevates skeletal muscle interstitial adenosine levels in humans. Leuenberger, U; MacLean, DA; Sinoway, LI, 1998)	1.99
"Adenosine is a useful agent for the diagnosis and termination of tachycardias. "	( Use of adenosine in patients hospitalized in a university medical center. Goyal, R; Knight, BP; Man, KC; Morady, F; Souza, J; Strickberger, A; Zivin, A, 1998)	2.2
"Adenosine is an important mediator of the endogenous defense against ischemia-induced injury in the heart. "	( Cardiac myocytes rendered ischemia resistant by expressing the human adenosine A1 or A3 receptor. Barucha, J; Dougherty, C; Jacobson, KA; Liang, BT; Schofield, PR, 1998)	1.98
"Adenosine kinase (AK) is a key enzyme in the regulation of extracellular adenosine and intracellular adenylate levels. "	( Structure of human adenosine kinase at 1.5 A resolution. Ealick, SE; Erion, MD; Mathews, II, 1998)	2.07
"Adenosine is an effective and safe agent for myocardial stressing in nuclear medicine. "	( Stability of Adenoscan (adenosine 3 mg ml-1) in plastic syringes. Cooper, MS; Wicker, SM, 1998)	2.05
"Adenosine is a potent vasodilator of vascular smooth muscle. "	( Adenosine A2a receptors increase arterial endothelial cell nitric oxide. Cutler, BS; Dobson, JG; Fenton, RA; Li, Jm; Peyton, BD; Powell, CC; Wheeler, HB, 1998)	3.19
"Adenosine is a potent dilator of the hepatic artery in humans. "	( Hepatic arterial flow volume and reserve in patients with cirrhosis: use of intra-arterial Doppler and adenosine infusion. Behrmann, C; Fleig, WE; Hübner, G; Kleber, G; Lotterer, E; Steudel, N; Zipprich, A, 1999)	1.96
"Adenosine is a potent endogenous anti-inflammatory agent released by cells in metabolically unfavorable conditions, such as hypoxia or ischemia. "	( IFN-gamma up-regulates the A2B adenosine receptor expression in macrophages: a mechanism of macrophage deactivation. Celada, A; Franco, R; Lloberas, J; Lluis, C; Mirabet, M; Soler, C; Xaus, J, 1999)	2.03
"Adenosine (Adenocard) is an endogenous purine nucleoside that has been approved recently for intravenous treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. "	( Anaphylactoid reaction to adenosine. Carpenter, L; Fata, JG; Roth, RN, )	1.87
"Adenosine (ADO) is an endogenous modulator of intercellular signaling that provides homeostatic reductions in cell excitability during tissue stress and trauma. "	( Adenosine kinase inhibitors. Bhagwat, SS; Jarvis, MF; Kowaluk, EA, 1998)	3.19
"Adenosine is a critical mediator of blood flow changes in response to ischemia."	( The purine nucleoside adenosine in retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ghiardi, GJ; Gidday, JM; Roth, S, 1999)	1.34
"The adenosine test is a valuable noninvasive adjunct in patients with undocumented palpitations suggestive of PSVT."	( Noninvasive diagnosis in patients with undocumented tachycardias: value of the adenosine test to predict AV nodal reentrant tachycardia. Drexler, H; Korte, T; Niehaus, M; Tebbenjohanns, J, 1999)	1.01
"Adenosine is an autacoid released by all cells."	( Contributions of adenosine receptor activation to the ocular actions of epinephrine. Crosson, CE; Petrovich, M, 1999)	1.36
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside released from metabolically active cells and generated extracellularly via the degradation of released ATP."	( Adenosine, mast cells and asthma. Ennis, M; Forsythe, P, 1999)	2.47
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that is released under metabolically unfavourable circumstances such as ischaemia or infection. "	( Blunted anti-inflammatory response to adenosine in alcoholic cirrhosis. Devière, J; Gulbis, B; Le Moine, O; Quertinmont, E, 1999)	2.02
"Adenosine (Ado) is a potent anti-inflammatory agent acting on a variety of cell functions. "	( Inhibition of fMLP-triggered respiratory burst of human monocytes by adenosine: involvement of A3 adenosine receptor. Broussas, M; Cornillet-Lefèbvre, P; Nguyen, P; Potron, G, 1999)	1.98
"1. Adenosine is a depressant in the central nervous system with pre- and postsynaptic effects. "	( Modulatory effects of adenosine on inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in the lateral amygdala of the rat. Heinbockel, T; Pape, HC, 1999)	1.24
"Adenosine is a potent vasodilator that plays an important role in the regulation of coronary microvascular diameter. "	( Adenosine A(2A) receptors mediate coronary microvascular dilation to adenosine: role of nitric oxide and ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Belardinelli, L; Hein, TW; Kuo, L, 1999)	3.19
"Adenosine is an autacoid released tonically by myocytes, endothelium, and neutrophils; the release of adenosine from the myocyte compartment into the interstitium is increased during ischemia."	( Broad-spectrum cardioprotection with adenosine. Guyton, RA; Jordan, JE; Nakamura, M; Ronson, RS; Thourani, VH; Velez, D; Vinten-Johansen, J; Zhao, ZQ, 1999)	1.3
"Adenosine is thought to be an important regulator of the action of insulin in adipose tissue."	( Role of adenosine in insulin-stimulated release of leptin from isolated white adipocytes of Wistar rats. Chang, CJ; Cheng, JT; Chi, TC; Liu, IM; Lu, FH; Shinozuka, K; Wu, TJ, 2000)	1.46
"Adenosine is a neuromodulator, and it has been suggested that cerebral acetate metabolism induces adenosine formation. "	( In vivo effects of adenosine A1 receptor agonist and antagonist on neuronal and astrocytic intermediary metabolism studied with ex vivo 13C NMR spectroscopy. Håberg, A; Haraldseth, O; Qu, H; Sonnewald, U; Unsgård, G, 2000)	2.08
"Adenosine (Ado) is an important autocrine modulator of neutrophil functions. "	( Adenosine receptor occupancy suppresses chemoattractant-induced phospholipase D activity by diminishing membrane recruitment of small GTPases. Borgeat, P; Bourgoin, SG; Harbour, D; Naccache, PH; Thibault, N, 2000)	3.19
"Adenosine appears to be a crucial factor in IPC."	( Preconditioning protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury of the liver. Delbro, DS; Friman, S; Gustafsson, BI; Nilsson, B, )	0.85
"Adenosine is a potent regulator of acetylcholine release in the striatum, yet the mechanisms mediating this regulation are largely undefined. "	( Adenosine receptor expression and modulation of Ca(2+) channels in rat striatal cholinergic interneurons. Song, WJ; Surmeier, DJ; Tkatch, T, 2000)	3.19
"Adenosine is a recognized mediator of ischemic preconditioning in experimental settings."	( Low-dose dipyridamole infusion acutely increases exercise capacity in angina pectoris: a double-blind, placebo controlled crossover stress echocardiographic study. Bentivoglio, M; Carluccio, E; Corea, L; Picano, E; Tommasi, S, 2000)	1.75
"Adenosine (Ado) is a naturally occurring compound that has several important cardiovascular actions, including activation of ATP-sensitive K(+) channels in vascular smooth muscle, vasorelaxation, and an effect to alter glucose metabolism of cardiac muscle. "	( Energetic effects of adenosine on vascular smooth muscle. Barron, JT; Gu, L, 2000)	2.07
"Adenosine acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain through the activation of four specific G-protein-coupled receptors (the A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 receptors). "	( Brain adenosine receptors as targets for therapeutic intervention in neurodegenerative diseases. Abbracchio, MP; Cattabeni, F, 1999)	2.23
"Adenosine kinase (AK) is a key purine metabolic enzyme from the opportunistic parasitic protozoan Toxoplasma gondii and belongs to the family of carbohydrate kinases that includes ribokinase. "	( Crystal structures of Toxoplasma gondii adenosine kinase reveal a novel catalytic mechanism and prodrug binding. Brennan, RG; Ealick, SE; Mathews, II; Roos, DS; Schumacher, MA; Scott, DM; Ullman, B, 2000)	2.02
"Adenosine is a "retaliatory metabolite" which accumulates during experimental brain ischemia and has vasodilatory and putative neuroprotective effects. "	( Increase in plasma adenosine during brain ischemia in man: a study during transient ischemic attacks, and stroke. Di Perri, T; Guideri, F; Laghi Pasini, F; Parenti, G; Petersen, C; Picano, E; Varga, A, 2000)	2.08
"Adenosine is a potent vasodilator whose concentration has been shown to increase in cardiac tissue in response to hypoxia. "	( Consequences of inspired oxygen fraction manipulation on myocardial oxygen pressure, adenosine and lactate concentrations: a combined myocardial microdialysis and sensitive oxygen electrode study in pigs. Burlet, C; Carteaux, JP; Devaux, Y; Mertes, PM; Sfaksi, N; Siaghy, EM; Ungureanu-Longrois, D; Villemot, JP; Zannad, F, 2000)	1.97
"Adenosine is a good alternative to induce myocardial ischemia. "	( [Myocardial ischemia detection with adenosine administration and SPECT. Initial experience in Mexico]. Alexánderson, E; Alexánderson, G; Altamirano, J; Arroyo, A; García, LJ; Gomezleón, A; Pastelín, G; Preciado, A; Sánchez, E; Suárez, P; Victoria, D, )	1.85
"Adenosine kinase (AK) is a key purine metabolic enzyme from the opportunistic parasitic protozoan Toxoplasma gondii and belongs to the family of carbohydrate kinases that includes ribokinase. "	( Crystal structures of Toxoplasma gondii adenosine kinase reveal a novel catalytic mechanism and prodrug binding. Brennan, RG; Ealick, SE; Mathews, II; Roos, DS; Schumacher, MA; Scott, DM; Ullman, B, 2000)	2.02
"Adenosine is a putative endogenous sleep-inducing substance, and nitric oxide has been implicated in arousal and sleep mechanisms. "	( Nitric oxide-stimulated increase in extracellular adenosine accumulation in rat forebrain neurons in culture is associated with ATP hydrolysis and inhibition of adenosine kinase activity. Le, M; Li, Y; Rosenberg, PA; Zhang, Y, 2000)	2
"Adenosine is a local hormone, with numerous tissue-specific biological functions. "	( Adenosine and cardioprotection during ischaemia and reperfusion--an overview. Kirkebøen, KA; Sommerschild, HT, 2000)	3.19
"Adenosine is a mediator of IPC in the gut mucosa, but other factors also may be important."	( Ischemic preconditioning ameliorates ischemia- and reperfusion-induced intestinal epithelial hyperpermeability in rats. Fink, MP; Gardiner, KR; McCallion, K; Wattanasirichaigoon, S, 2000)	1.03
"Adenosine appears to be a crucial effector in IPC."	( The liver protective effect of ischemic preconditioning may be mediated by adenosine. Delbro, D; Friman, S; Gustafsson, B; Nilsson, B; Wallin, M, 2000)	1.26
"Adenosine acts as a cardioprotective agent by producing coronary vasodilation, decreasing heart rate and by antagonizing the cardiostimulatory effect of catecholamines; adenosine also exerts a direct negative inotropic effect. "	( Adenosine induced direct negative inotropic effect is abolished during global ischemia: role of protein kinase C and prostacyclin. Oriji, GK, 2000)	3.19
"Adenosine is a biologically active metabolite that evokes numerous potent actions in the heart and other tissues. "	( Quantitative integration of different sites of adenosine metabolism in the heart. Deussen, A, 2000)	2.01
"Adenosine is an ubiquitous nucleoside present in all body cells. "	( Differential effect of adenosine on tumor and normal cell growth: focus on the A3 adenosine receptor. Bar-Yehuda, S; Barer, F; Fishman, P; Ohana, G, 2001)	2.06
"Adenosine is a mediator of bronchoconstriction in asthmatics and is believed to mediate its effects through adenosine receptor activation in inflammatory cells. "	( Regulation of G protein-coupled receptor-adenylyl cyclase responsiveness in human airway smooth muscle by exogenous and autocrine adenosine. Benovic, JL; Mundell, SJ; Olah, ME; Panettieri, RA; Penn, RB, 2001)	1.96
"Adenosine (ADO) is a homeostatic inhibitory autocoid that is released at sites of inflammation and tissue injury, and exerts anti-inflammatory effects via multiple interactions at ADO receptor subtypes. "	( Anti-inflammatory effects of ABT-702, a novel non-nucleoside adenosine kinase inhibitor, in rat adjuvant arthritis. Bhagwat, SS; Boyle, DL; Firestein, GS; Jarvis, MF; Kowaluk, EA; Lee, CH; Williams, M, 2001)	1.99
"Adenosine is a potent vasodilator of the coronary microvessels and is implicated in the regulation of coronary blood flow during metabolic stress. "	( Functional and molecular characterization of receptor subtypes mediating coronary microvascular dilation to adenosine. Hein, TW; Kuo, L; Muthuchamy, M; Wang, W; Zoghi, B, 2001)	1.97
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside with multiple biological properties which plays a central role in the pathophysiology of tissue ischemia. "	( Adenosine and chronic ischemia of the lower limbs. Capecchi, PL; Pasini, FL; Perri, TD, 2000)	3.19
"Adenosine is an established platelet activation suppressor. "	( Plasma adenosine levels and P-selectin expression on platelets in preeclampsia. Araki, T; Kiyokawa, Y; Power, GG; Sawa, R; Suzuki, S; Yoneyama, Y, 2001)	2.21
"Adenosine (ADO) is a well-known regulator of a variety of physiological functions in the heart. "	( Cardioprotective effects of adenosine A1 and A3 receptor activation during hypoxia in isolated rat cardiac myocytes. Balas, N; Jacobson, KA; Nawrath, H; Safran, N; Shainberg, A; Shneyvays, V, 2001)	2.05
"Adenosine is a key component of Carolina rinse solution, which was developed to prevent an O2-dependent reperfusion injury following liver transplantation. "	( High concentrations of adenosine are needed in Carolina rinse to prevent activation of Kupffer cells. Hunt, KJ; Lemasters, JJ; Thurman, RG, 1994)	2.04
"Adenosine is a modulator that has a pervasive and generally inhibitory effect on neuronal activity. "	( The role and regulation of adenosine in the central nervous system. Dunwiddie, TV; Masino, SA, 2001)	2.05
"Adenosine is an inhibitory neuromodulator in the central nervous system and has been reported to have neuroprotective properties. "	( Adenosine permeation of a dynamic in vitro blood-brain barrier inhibited by dipyridamole. Janigro, D; Krizanac-Bengez, L; Parkinson, FE; Sinclair, CJ; Stanness, KA, 2001)	3.2
"Adenosine is an inhibitor of neuronal activity in the brain. "	( Grafts of adenosine-releasing cells suppress seizures in kindling epilepsy. Aebischer, P; Boison, D; Déglon, N; Huber, A; Möhler, H; Padrun, V, 2001)	2.16
"Adenosine is a neuromodulator with both excitatory and inhibitory effects dependent in part upon preconditions; it can act as an algesic or an analgesic agent. "	( Oscillation of pain intensity during adenosine infusion. Relationship to beta-endorphin and sympathetic tone. Berglund, M; Eriksson, BE; Franzén, O; Hagerman, I; Sadigh-Lindell, B; Sylvén, C; Terenius, L, 2001)	2.03
"Adenosine is a putative endogenous neuroprotectant. "	( Assessment of 2-chloroadenosine treatment after experimental traumatic brain injury in the rat using arterial spin-labeled MRI: a preliminary report. Graham, SH; Hendrich, KS; Ho, C; Jackson, EK; Kochanek, PM; Marion, DW; Melick, JA; Robertson, CL; Williams, DS, 2000)	2.06
"Adenosine is a signaling nucleoside that has been suggested to play a role in asthma in part through its ability to influence mediator release from mast cells. "	( Adenosine-mediated mast cell degranulation in adenosine deaminase-deficient mice. Blackburn, MR; Chunn, JL; Fozard, JR; Volmer, JB; Zhong, H, 2001)	3.2
"Adenosine is a determinant of metabolic control of organ function increasing oxygen supply through the A2 class of adenosine receptors and reducing oxygen demand through A1 adenosine receptors (A1AR). "	( Mediation of tubuloglomerular feedback by adenosine: evidence from mice lacking adenosine 1 receptors. Briggs, J; Huang, Y; Paliege, A; Samuelson, LC; Saunders, T; Schnermann, J; Sun, D; Yang, T, 2001)	2.02
"Adenosine is an inhibitor of glutamate release in synaptosomes. "	( Adenosine inhibits glutamate exocytosis largely without interfering with Ca2+ influx in rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes. Alexandre, A; Cavallini, L; Zoccarato, F, 2001)	3.2
"Adenosine is an endogenous compound that may have analgesic effects. "	( Effect of systemic adenosine on pain and secondary hyperalgesia associated with the heat/capsaicin sensitization model in healthy volunteers. Dahl, JB; Dirks, J; Petersen, KL; Rowbotham, MC, )	1.9
"Adenosine is a signaling nucleoside that is elevated in the lungs of asthmatics. "	( Adenosine-dependent airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in partially adenosine deaminase-deficient mice. Banerjee, SK; Blackburn, MR; Chunn, JL; Colasurdo, GN; Young, HW, 2001)	3.2
"Adenosine (ADO) is an endogenous inhibitory neuromodulator that limits cellular excitability in response to tissue trauma and inflammation. "	( Recent developments in the discovery of novel adenosine kinase inhibitors: mechanism of action and therapeutic potential. Cowart, M; Jarvis, MF; McGaraughty, S, 2001)	2.01
"Adenosine is an endogenous agent that has a regulatory effect on pain."	( Intraplantar injection of glutamate evokes peripheral adenosine release in the rat hind paw: involvement of peripheral ionotropic glutamate receptors and capsaicin-sensitive sensory afferents. Liu, XJ; Sawynok, J; White, TD, 2002)	1.28
"Adenosine is an endogenous antiaggregating substance that influences the platelet responses through specific A-type receptors that activate adenylate cyclase increasing the levels of 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). "	( Adenosine increases human platelet levels of cGMP through nitric oxide: possible role in its antiaggregating effect. Anfossi, G; Balbo, A; Cavalot, F; Massucco, P; Mattiello, L; Russo, I; Trovati, M, 2002)	3.2
"1. Adenosine is a regulator of mesenteric vasodilation involved in auto-regulation and post-prandial hyperemia, but the adenosine receptor subtype involved in this relaxant effect is poorly characterized. "	( Adenosine A(2A) receptors in portal hypertension: their role in the abnormal response to adenosine of the cranial mesenteric artery in rabbits. Canto, A; Correia, JH; Cunha, RA; de Brito, MT; Marques, MC, 2002)	2.38
"Adenosine is a powerful direct coronary vasodilator with a very short half-life that has been shown to be effective in avoiding and reversing no reflow. "	( Recanalization of an occluded major side branch after stenting with intracoronary adenosine. Cemri, M; Cengel, A; Ciftci, H; Dortlemez, O; Ozdemir, M; Timurkaynak, T, 2002)	1.98
"Adenosine is a purine nucleoside which mediates a variety of cellular responses relevant to asthma and COPD through interaction with specific receptors. "	( Evolving concepts on the value of adenosine hyperresponsiveness in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Holgate, ST; Polosa, R; Rorke, S, 2002)	2.04
"Adenosine is a putative sleep factor with effects mainly mediated by the A1 receptor. "	( Orexin neurons of the hypothalamus express adenosine A1 receptors. McCarley, RW; Thakkar, MM; Winston, S, 2002)	2.02
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that has an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of several cardiac arrhythmias. "	( Impaired negative chronotropic response to adenosine in patients with inappropriate sinus tachycardia. Airaksinen, KE; Castellanos, A; Hartikainen, J; Huikuri, HV; Kettunen, R; Koistinen, MJ; Mitrani, RD; Myerburg, RJ; Raatikainen, MJ; Still, AM, 2002)	2.02
"Adenosine is a naturally occurring substance with potent coronary vasodilator action. "	( Systemic and coronary hemodynamic effects of Abbott (40557) and its interaction with aminophylline. Afonso, S; Folts, JD; Henderson, RR; Rowe, GG, )	1.57
"Adenosine is a possible mediator of myocardial and skeletal muscle blood flow regulation. "	( Release of adenosine by hypoxic canine lung tissue and its possible role in pulmonary circulation. Berne, RM; Mentzer, RM; Rubio, R, 1975)	2.09
"Adenosine is a relatively new medication with an extremely short half-life and is effective in the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia."	( Adenosine use in pregnancy: lack of effect on fetal heart rate. Johnson, DR; Leffler, S, 1992)	2.45
"Adenosine is a potent inhibitory neuromodulator and has been proposed as an endogenous anticonvulsant. "	( Adenosine: a potential mediator of seizure arrest and postictal refractoriness. During, MJ; Spencer, DD, 1992)	3.17
"Adenosine is a potent vasodilator used clinically in nuclear scintigraphy to assess coronary artery reserves. "	( Magnetic resonance imaging demonstration of pharmacologic-induced myocardial vasodilatation using a macromolecular gadolinium contrast agent. Aicher, K; Berthezène, Y; Brasch, RC; Dupon, JW; Moseley, ME; Sievers, R; Vexler, VS; Wolfe, CL, 1992)	1.73
"Adenosine is a naturally occurring nucleoside which regulates many physiological processes by interacting with adenosine-specific receptors. "	( Fluorometric quantitation of adenosine concentration in small samples of extracellular fluid. Dobson, JG; Fenton, RA, 1992)	2.02
"Adenosine is a potent selective pulmonary vasodilator in patients with biventricular heart failure and is preferable to sodium nitroprusside as a test for the reversibility of pulmonary vasoconstriction. "	( Adenosine infusion for the reversal of pulmonary vasoconstriction in biventricular failure. A good test but a poor therapy. Bashir, Y; Gray, HH; Haywood, GA; Jennison, SH; McKenna, WJ; Sneddon, JF, 1992)	3.17
"Adenosine is a new antiarrhythmic agent recently released with the permission of the Food and Drug Administration. "	( Adenosine and its cardiovascular effects. Freilich, A; Tepper, D, 1992)	3.17
"Adenosine is a promising new drug for the treatment of PSVT."	( Treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia with adenosine: implications for nursing. Meyer, LT; Severson, AL, )	1.1
"Adenosine (Adenocard) is a unique new agent for the acute treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). "	( Adenosine: novel antiarrhythmic therapy for supraventricular tachycardia. Nagelhout, JJ, 1992)	3.17
"Adenosine is a locally active factor that is produced intracellularly and extracellularly in adipose tissue. "	( Adenosine and the control of adrenergic regulation of adipose tissue lipolysis during lactation. Finley, E; Vernon, RG; Watt, PW, 1991)	3.17
"Adenosine is a potent paracrine/autocrine feedback inhibitor of cell activation in a variety of tissues. "	( Adenosine A1 receptor-induced inhibition of Ca2+ transients linked to action potentials in clonal pituitary cells. Chiavaroli, C; Cooper, DM; Guérineau, N; Mollard, P; Schlegel, W, 1991)	3.17
"Adenosine is an inhibitory neuromodulator in several brain regions. "	( Cardiovascular excitatory effects of adenosine in the nucleus of the solitary tract. Appalsamy, M; Beck, C; Mosqueda-Garcia, R; Robertson, D; Tseng, CJ, 1991)	2
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that is administered intravenously and has potent chronotropic and dromotropic effects. "	( Utility of adenosine administration during intraoperative mapping in a patient with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Damiano, R; Ellenbogen, KA; Rogers, R, 1991)	2.11
"Adenosine (Adenocard) is a new injectable antiarrhythmic agent indicated for the acute treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) including PSVT associated with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. "	( Clinical use of adenosine. Geraets, D; Kienzle, M, 1992)	2.07
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside produced from the breakdown of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that possesses a number of complex cellular and metabolic effects that could ameliorate postischemic contractile dysfunction (myocardial stunning). "	( Role of adenosine in the treatment of myocardial stunning. Forman, MB; Velasco, CE, 1991)	2.16
"Adenosine is a potent but ineffective cardioprotective agent because it is rapidly transported to the endothelium and irreversibly catabolized."	( A new concept of long-term donor heart preservation: nucleoside transport inhibition. Flameng, W; Janssen, P; Möllhoff, T; Sukehiro, S; Van Belle, H, )	0.85
"Adenosine is a natural autocoid and immunomodulator that serves an anti-inflammatory role. "	( Adenosine and 2-phenylaminoadenosine (CV-1808) inhibit human neutrophil bactericidal function. Carper, HT; Hardart, GE; Mandell, GL; Sullivan, GW, 1991)	3.17
"Adenosine is a naturally occurring endogenous nucleoside that suppresses atrioventricular nodal conduction time, terminates supraventricular tachycardia, and restores sinus rhythm. "	( Adenosine use during pregnancy. Podolsky, SM; Varon, J, 1991)	3.17
"Adenosine is a nucleoside which has been shown to participate in the regulation of physiological activity in a variety of mammalian tissues, and has been recognized as a homeostatic neuromodulator. "	( Physiological and pharmacological properties of adenosine: therapeutic implications. Daval, JL; Nehlig, A; Nicolas, F, 1991)	1.98
"Adenosine is a ubiquitous purine base that has many physiological actions in the body, including arterial vasodilation in all vascular beds, with the exception of the kidneys. "	( Pharmacological stress with adenosine for myocardial perfusion imaging. Verani, MS, 1991)	2.02
"Adenosine is an endogenously produced compound that has significant effects as a coronary and systemic vasodilator. "	( Thallium-201 scintigraphy after intravenous infusion of adenosine compared with exercise thallium testing in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Belvedere, DA; Coyne, EP; Evans, RB; Spaccavento, LJ; Vande Streek, PR; Weiland, FL, 1991)	1.97
"Adenosine is an effective hypotensive agent in experimental animals and in anesthetized patients, producing little if any evidence of reflex sympathetic activation. "	( Adenosine increases sympathetic nerve traffic in humans. Biaggioni, I; Killian, TJ; Mosqueda-Garcia, R; Robertson, D; Robertson, RM, 1991)	3.17
"Adenosine is a powerful short-acting coronary vasodilator."	( Assessment of coronary artery disease using single-photon emission computed tomography with thallium-201 during adenosine-induced coronary hyperemia. Beer, SG; Cave, V; Heo, J; Iskandrian, AS; Nguyen, T; Ogilby, JD; Segal, BL; Untereker, W, 1991)	1.21
"If adenosine is an important determinant of ischemic tolerance, then depletion or elimination of myocardial adenosine should lead to poor functional and metabolic recovery after ischemia."	( ATP precursor depletion and postischemic myocardial recovery. Bolling, SF; Bove, EL; Gallagher, KP, 1991)	0.8
"Adenosine is a very potent coronary vasodilator and when combined with thallium 201 scintigraphy produces images of high quality, with the added advantages of a very short half-life (less than 10 seconds) and the ability to adjust the dose during the infusion, which may enhance safety and curtail the duration of side effects."	( Adenosine thallium 201 myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Verani, MS, 1991)	2.45
"Adenosine is an endogenous adenine nucleoside that markedly decreases heart rate and prolongs atrioventricular (AV)-nodal conduction."	( Adenosine in the episodic treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. McCollam, PL; Parker, RB, 1990)	2.44
"Adenosine is a purine nucleoside present in every cell of the human body. "	( The pharmacology of adenosine. Pelleg, A; Porter, RS, 1990)	2.05
"Adenosine is a potent vasodilator used extensively to study the coronary circulation of animals. "	( Effects of adenosine on human coronary arterial circulation. Christensen, BV; Laxson, DD; Wilson, RF; Wyche, K; Zimmer, S, 1990)	2.11
"Adenosine is a local regulator of a variety of physiological functions in many tissues and has been observed to stimulate secretion in several Cl-secreting epithelia. "	( Mucosal adenosine stimulates chloride secretion in canine tracheal epithelium. Clancy, G; Pratt, AD; Welsh, MJ, 1986)	2.15
"Adenosine, reported to be a specific antagonist of neuronal Ca2+ channels, also impaired voltage-stimulated Ca2+ influx in SCC."	( Antagonism of voltage-gated calcium channels in small cell carcinomas of patients with and without Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome by autoantibodies omega-conotoxin and adenosine. De Aizpurua, HJ; Griesmann, GE; Lambert, EH; Lennon, VA; Olivera, BM, 1988)	1.19
"Adenosine is an indispensable compound in cell energy metabolism, as precursor to cofactors, second messenger and nucleic acids."	( Adenosine as substrate and receptor agonist in the ovary. Ahrén, K; Billig, H; Johanson, C; Rosberg, S, 1989)	2.44
"Adenosine is a renal vasoconstrictor that plays an important role in mediating renal adaptive responses to decreases in renal perfusion pressure. "	( Effect of intrarenal adenosine on urinary excretion of prostaglandins and leukotrienes in the anesthesized dog. Cosmes, PG; Diez, J; García, J; Hidalgo, F; Holgado, M; Macias, J; Refoyo, A, )	1.89
"Adenosine is a neuromodulator with multiple actions upon the physiology and biochemistry of the brain. "	( Adenosine A1 receptors inhibit adenylate cyclase activity and neurotransmitter release and hyperpolarize pyramidal neurons in rat hippocampus. Dunwiddie, TV; Fredholm, BB, 1989)	3.16
"Adenosine is a potential cardioplegic agent by virtue of its specific inhibitory properties on nodal tissue. "	( Adenosine cardioplegia. Adenosine versus potassium cardioplegia: effects on cardiac arrest and postischemic recovery in the isolated rat heart. Opie, LH; Owen, P; Reichart, B; Schubert, T; Vetter, H, 1989)	3.16
"Adenosine is a potent inhibitor of renin release. "	( Caffeine potentiates the renin response to furosemide in rats. Evidence for a regulatory role of endogenous adenosine. Biaggioni, I; Branch, RA; Jackson, EK; Paul, S; Robertson, D, 1989)	1.93
"Adenosine is a neuromodulator and potent vasoactive metabolite involved in various CNS regulatory mechanisms. "	( Ontogeny of adenosine production and degradation and its implications in neonatal cerebral blood flow regulation. Aranda, JV; Beharry, K; Laudignon, N; Sasyniuk, BI, 1989)	2.1
"Adenosine is a well-known locally active vasodilator metabolite. "	( Altered microvascular response to adenosine in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Hutchins, P; Lynch, C; Roddick, V, 1989)	2
"Adenosine is known to be a potent inhibitor of renin release from the kidneys. "	( Role of cGMP as second messenger of adenosine in the inhibition of renin release. Bauer, C; Della Bruna, R; Kurtz, A; Pfeilschifter, J, 1988)	1.99
"Adenosine is a local hormone and is considered to act as a vasodilatory substance when released locally. "	( Acute effects of ethanol on production & disposal of adenosine from rat myocardium. Anand, CV; Anand, U; Sadasivudu, B, 1985)	1.96
"2-Azaadenosine is a known substrate for adenosine kinase."	( Metabolism and metabolic effects of 2-azahypoxanthine and 2-azaadenosine. Adamson, DJ; Bennett, LL; Rose, LM; Shaddix, SC; Smithers, D; Thomas, HJ, 1985)	0.96
"Adenosine is a natural nucleoside that plays a physiological role in the modulation of human inflammatory cells. "	( Adenosine receptors on human inflammatory cells. Marone, G; Petracca, R; Vigorita, S, 1985)	3.15
"The adenosine response is a late long-lasting outward K+ current ("H" current), mediated by the Ra purine receptor subtype."	( Adenosine-induced K+ current in Xenopus oocyte and the role of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate. Cohen, S; Dascal, N; Lass, Y; Lotan, I; Oron, Y, 1985)	2.19
"Adenosine is a local hormone or a retaliatory metabolite that executes its effect via a plasma membrane receptor, the R-site. "	( Attenuated adenosine R-site effect in adipocytes in obesity. Huhtaniemi, IT; Ohisalo, JJ; Ranta, S, 1986)	2.1
"Adenosine is a potent physiologic substance with a variety of biologic activities. "	( The effects of adenosine agonists on human neutrophil function. Imre, KM; Schrier, DJ, 1986)	2.07
"Adenosine is a potent vasodilator of the systemic circulation. "	( Effects of intrarenal adenosine on renal function and medullary blood flow in the rat. Jamison, RL; Larson, T; Miyamoto, M; Robertson, C; Yagil, Y, 1988)	2.03
"Adenosine (Ado) is a potent coronary vasodilator. "	( Adenosine stimulates glucose uptake in the isolated rat heart. Lasley, R; Mainwaring, R; Mentzer, RM; Rubio, R; Wyatt, DA, 1988)	3.16
"Adenosine is a safe and effective agent in the evaluation and treatment of infants and children with arrhythmias."	( Usefulness of adenosine for arrhythmias in infants and children. DiMarco, JP; Gutgesell, HP; Lerman, BB; Overholt, ED; Rheuban, KS, 1988)	1.36
"As adenosine is a locally acting insulin-like effector, these results suggest that the higher adenosine content in femoral adipose tissue in menstruating women could explain its higher lipoprotein lipase activity and tendency to accumulate fat."	( Adenosine and the regional differences in adipose tissue metabolism in women. Keso, L; Kiviluoto, T; Ohisalo, JJ; Stoneham, S, 1988)	2.23
"Adenosine is an important regulatory molecule that increases in hypoxic and ischemic tissues and has been proposed to mediate blood flow in response to oxygen availability. "	( Modulation of erythropoietin production by adenosine. Meagher, RC; Paul, P; Rothmann, SA, 1988)	1.98
"Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside which stimulates respiration in man and other mammals. "	( Adenosine-induced respiratory stimulation in man depends on site of infusion. Evidence for an action on the carotid body? Reid, PG; Routledge, PA; Stephens, MR; Watt, AH, 1987)	3.16
"Adenosine is a prime candidate for the role of mediator between myocardial metabolic state and coronary blood flow. "	( Intracoronary adenosine enhances myocardial reactive hyperemia after brief coronary occlusion. Abe, Y; Hyodo, T; Nakatsu, T; Saito, D; Takeda, K; Tani, H; Ueeda, M; Yamada, N, 1985)	2.07
"Adenosine is a metabolic vasodilator of the coronary vessels in the adult. "	( The role of adenosine in the regulation of coronary blood flow in newborn lambs. Berne, RM; Ely, SW; Mainwaring, RD; Mentzer, RM; Rubio, R, 1985)	2.09

Effects

Adenosine has a role in the vasculature by mediating vasodilation, vessel remodelling, cell proliferation as well as antiplatelet and inflammatory responses. Adenosine also has a pivotal role in sleep regulation.

Adenosine has been identified in the anterior pituitary gland and is secreted from cultured folliculostellate (FS) cells. It has profound effects on immune cells and has been implicated in the intrathymic apoptotic deletion of T-cells during development.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Adenosine has an anti-epileptic and anticonvulsive function in the brain."	( Adenosine Dysfunction in Epilepsy and Associated Comorbidities. Guo, M; Li, T, 2022)	2.89
"Adenosine has an analgesic and anti-inflammatory role and its injections are used for perioperative pain management. "	( Pilot prospective open-label one-arm trial investigating intrathecal Adenosine in neuropathic pain after lumbar discectomy. Aghamohammadi, D; Dolatkhah, N; Esmaeilinejad, A; Eydi, M; Pishgahi, A, 2020)	2.24
"Adenosine mostly has a cytotoxic effect, with the induction of apoptosis."	( Extracellular Adenine Nucleotides and Adenosine Modulate the Growth and Survival of THP-1 Leukemia Cells. Chlubek, D; Dziedziejko, V; Kłos, P; Puchałowicz, K; Tarnowski, M; Tkacz, M, 2020)	1.55
"Adenosine has a key role in controlling the immune system by signaling through receptors located on the surface of immune cells. It plays a very essential role in tumor growth and progression."	( Tumor-resident adenosine-producing mesenchymal stem cells as a potential target for cancer treatment. Alizadeh, A; Arab, S; Asgharzade, S, 2021)	1.7
"Adenosine has an immunosuppressive and angiogenic modulation of the tumor microenvironment. "	( Prognostic Effect of Adenosine-related Genetic Variants in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Treated With Bevacizumab-based Chemotherapy. Battaglin, F; Berger, MD; Cao, S; Cremolini, C; Falcone, A; Heinemann, V; Lenz, HJ; Lo, JH; Loupakis, F; Millstein, J; Naseem, M; Puccini, A; Soni, S; Stintzing, S; Tokunaga, R; Zhang, W, 2019)	2.28
"Adenosine has an important role in inflammation and tissue remodeling and promotes dermal fibrosis by adenosine receptor (A2AR) activation. "	( Extracellular generation of adenosine by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 promotes dermal fibrosis. Chan, ESL; Chiriboga, L; Cronstein, BN; Fernández, P; Franks, A; Perez-Aso, M; Robson, SC; Smith, G; Trzaska, S; Wilder, T, 2013)	2.13
"Adenosine also has an important role in the pre-conditioned state and also in the attenuation of ischemia-reperfusion injury."	( Adenosine: physiology, pharmacology, and clinical applications. Berry, C; Carrick, D; Layland, J; Lee, M; Oldroyd, K, 2014)	2.57
"Adenosine has a general inhibitory action on ventral horn interneurons while potentially maintaining motoneuron excitability."	( Adenosine-mediated modulation of ventral horn interneurons and spinal motoneurons in neonatal mice. Miles, GB; Nascimento, F; Witts, EC, 2015)	2.58
"Adenosine also has a pivotal role in sleep regulation."	( Role of wake-promoting basal forebrain and adenosinergic mechanisms in sleep-promoting effects of ethanol. Engemann, SC; Sahota, P; Sharma, R; Thakkar, MM, 2010)	1.34
"Adenosine has a higher rate of minor adverse effects, and of overall adverse effects, whereas verapamil has a higher rate of causing hypotension."	( The relative efficacy of adenosine versus verapamil for the treatment of stable paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in adults: a meta-analysis. Delaney, B; Kelly, AM; Loy, J, 2011)	1.39
"Adenosine has a role in the vasculature by mediating vasodilation, vessel remodelling, cell proliferation as well as antiplatelet and inflammatory responses."	( Vascular adenosine receptors; potential clinical applications. Ho, MF; Rose'Meyer, RB, 2013)	1.53
"Adenosine has a key endogenous neuroprotective role in the brain, predominantly mediated by the adenosine A(1) receptor (A(1)R). "	( Genetically controlled upregulation of adenosine A(1) receptor expression enhances the survival of primary cortical neurons. Atas, HC; Biber, K; Normann, C; Serchov, T; van Calker, D, 2012)	2.09
"Adenosine has a protective effect against apoptosis via adenosine receptor-mediated signaling."	( Sustained adenosine exposure causes lung endothelial apoptosis: a possible contributor to cigarette smoke-induced endothelial apoptosis and lung injury. Blackburn, MR; Curren, S; Gabino Miranda, GA; Hsiao, V; Lu, Q; Newton, J; Pedroza, M; Rounds, S; Sakhatskyy, P; Shamirian, P, 2013)	1.51
"Adenosine has a good linearity in the range of 0.002 mg/ml-0.01 mg/ml, Y = 1.7742 x 10(-4) + 8.9021 x 10(-7) X, r = 0.9995. "	( [Determination of adenosine in Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. by HPLC]. Gong, T; Lou, Y; Qie, C; Wang, Y; Zhu, Q, 1998)	2.08
"Adenosine (ADO) has an important role in the ischemic brain as an endogenous neuroprotective factor. "	( Neuroprotection role of adenosine under hypothermia in the rat global ischemia involves inhibition of not dopamine release but delayed postischemic hypoperfusion. Horiguchi, T; Inamasu, J; Kawase, T; Ogino, M; Shimizu, K; Suga, S; Yamaguchi, N, 2002)	2.06
"Adenosine has a more favorable safety profile and is well established for the assessment of myocardial perfusion."	( Comparison of dobutamine stress magnetic resonance, adenosine stress magnetic resonance, and adenosine stress magnetic resonance perfusion. Fleck, E; Gebker, R; Jahnke, C; Nagel, E; Neuss, M; Paetsch, I; Wahl, A, 2004)	1.3
"Adenosine (ADO) has an immunomodulating effect; it promotes immune reaction by increasing number of macrophage and enhancing phagocytosis."	( [Inoculation of bacille calmette guerin combined with intraperitoneal adenosine injection enhances antibacterial effect of macrophage against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice]. Chen, LJ; Lou, WL; Pan, JH; Shen, HY; Zhou, HQ, 2004)	1.28
"Adenosine has an effective role in preventing myocardial no-reflow, improving left ventricular function and reducing infarct area during AMI and reperfusion in mini-swine."	( [Beneficial effects of adenosine on myocardial no-reflow in a mini-swine model of acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion]. Chen, JL; Chen, ZJ; Gao, RL; Jing, ZC; Meng, L; Tian, Y; Wu, YJ; Yang, WX; Yang, YJ; You, SJ; Zhao, JL, 2005)	2.08
"Adenosine kinase has a molecular weight of 38,000 and requires glycerol for stability."	( The partial purification and characterization of adenosine kinase from Entamoeba histolytica. Lobelle-Rich, PA; Reeves, RE, 1983)	1.24
"As adenosine has a potent stabilizing action on catecholamine stimulation in the myocardium, the mode of interaction of adenosine and acetylcholine (ACh) was studied with regard to the membrane potential, current and tension components of the bullfrog atrium, using the single or double-sucrose gap method. "	( Interaction of adenosine and acetylcholine on the bullfrog atrium. Fujino, T; Goto, M; Urata, M; Yatani, A, 1981)	1.24
"Adenosine has a very short half-life and any adverse effects can be rapidly controlled."	( Pharmacological cardiac stress: when and how? Pennell, DJ, 1994)	1.01
"Adenosine (Adenocard) has a potent but very transient negative dromotropic effect on atrioventricular (A-V) nodal conduction. "	( Role of adenosine in the diagnosis and treatment of postoperative supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Dimich, I; Herschman, Z; Neustein, S; Sampson, I; Singh, PP; Sonnenklar, N, )	2.01
"Adenosine (ADO) has a cardioprotective effect in ischemia-reperfusion injury when administered both prior to ischemia and during reperfusion. "	( Pre-conditioning with adenosine leads to concentration-dependent infarct size reduction in the isolated rabbit heart. Patel, VC; Woolfson, RG; Yellon, DM, 1996)	2.05
"Adenosine has a vasodilator effect at the epicardial and microvascular levels, resulting in an overall increase in volumetric flow."	( Comparison of adenosine to dipyridamole in degree of coronary hyperemic response in heart transplant recipients. Amidon, TM; Botvinick, EH; Chatterjee, K; Chou, TM; DeMarco, T; Klinski, CS; Sudhir, K, 1996)	1.38
"Adenosine has a strong cardioprotective effect via adenosine A1 receptor stimulation and induces bradycardia by opening K+ channels and increasing the potassium current."	( Role of myocardial protection for coronary artery bypass grafting on the beating heart. Flameng, WJ, 1997)	1.02
"Adenosine has a greater vasodilator potency and more favorable kinetics than dipyridamole and thus it can be more suitable for assessing CFR in conjunction with this method."	( Contrast-enhanced transthoracic second harmonic echo Doppler with adenosine: a noninvasive, rapid and effective method for coronary flow reserve assessment. Caiati, C; Iliceto, S; Montaldo, C; Montisci, R; Zedda, N, 1999)	1.26
"Adenosine has a number of actions which merit it as a possible cardioprotective and therapeutic agent for CHF."	( Adenosine therapy: a new approach to chronic heart failure. Hori, M; Kitakaze, M, 2000)	2.47
"Adenosine has a potent negative dromotropic effect. "	( Differential effects of adenosine on antegrade fast pathway, antegrade slow pathway, and retrograde fast pathway in atrioventricular nodal reentry. Lai, WT; Lee, KT; Sheu, SH; Tung, CP; Voon, WC; Wu, JC, 2002)	2.06
"Adenosine has a well established negative chronotropic effect on the sinoatrial node. "	( Intravenous adenosine: a noninvasive diagnostic test for sick sinus syndrome. Feuer, J; Resh, W; Wesley, RC, 1992)	2.11
"Adenosine also has an apparent excitatory effect in the nucleus tractus solitarii."	( Contrasting excitatory and inhibitory effects of adenosine in blood pressure regulation. Biaggioni, I, 1992)	1.26
"Adenosine (ADO) has a pharmacological profile which makes it an interesting 'drug' to handle many of the problems arising with ischemia and reperfusion. "	( Nucleoside transport inhibition and fMLP-stimulated whole blood luminescence. Van Belle, H; Ver Donck, KL; Verheyen, WJ, 1991)	1.72
"Adenosine (ADO) has an antiadrenergic action in the heart that causes an attenuation of contractile and metabolic responses elicited by beta-adrenergic stimulation. "	( Influence of beta-adrenergic stimulation and contraction frequency on rat heart interstitial adenosine. Dobson, JG; Fenton, RA; Tsimikas, S, 1990)	1.94
"Adenosine has a negative inotropic effect in cardiac atrial preparations ("direct" negative inotropic effect). "	( [Cardiac effects of adenosine. Mechanism of action, pathophysiologic and clinical significance]. Böhm, M, 1987)	2.04
"Adenosine has an anti-adrenergic action in the heart and appears to serve as negative-feedback modulator of beta-adrenoceptor-mediated myocardial contractile and metabolic responses. "	( The cardiac anti-adrenergic effect of adenosine. Dobson, JG; Fenton, RA; Romano, FD, 1987)	1.99
"Adenosine has a negative chronotropic effect on pacemaker tissue. "	( Actions of adenosine on the sinus node. West, GA, 1987)	2.11
"Adenosine has a negative dromotropic effect and modulates hypoxia-induced atrioventricular (AV) conduction delay. "	( Effect of adenosine on atrioventricular conduction. I: Site and characterization of adenosine action in the guinea pig atrioventricular node. Belardinelli, L; Clemo, HF, 1986)	2.12
"Adenosine has a negative chronotropic effect in a number of species. "	( Sinus slowing and pacemaker shift caused by adenosine in rabbit SA node. Belardinelli, L; West, GA, 1985)	1.97
"New adenosine derivatives have been synthesized and tested as putative agonists of adenosine receptors. "	( Synthesis and biological activity of new potential agonists for the human adenosine A2A receptor. Bosch, MP; Brea, J; Campos, F; Díaz, JL; Guerrero, A; Loza, MI; Niubó, I; Rosell, G, 2004)	1.11
"Adenosine has an anti-epileptic and anticonvulsive function in the brain."	( Adenosine Dysfunction in Epilepsy and Associated Comorbidities. Guo, M; Li, T, 2022)	2.89
"Adenosine Receptor (AR) has emerged as a novel cancer-specific target."	( Pharmacological Study of A3 Adenosine Receptor agonist (AB Meca) in Xenograft Lung Cancer Model in Mice through In Silico and In Vivo Approach: Targeting TNF-α. Patel, A; Patel, L; Patel, M; Patel, S; Shah, S; Shah, U; Solanki, N, 2022)	1.74
"Adenosine metabolism has been poorly studied in uveal melanoma."	( Variability in CD39 and CD73 protein levels in uveal melanoma patients. Alix, E; Bertheau, C; Callet-Bauchu, E; Cros-Perrial, E; Devouassoux-Shisheboran, M; Dumontet, C; Harou, O; Jordheim, LP, 2022)	1.44
"Adenosine has been recommended as a first-line treatment for stable supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). "	( Comparison between the double-syringe and the single-syringe techniques of adenosine administration for terminating supraventricular tachycardia: A pilot, randomized controlled trial. Chaiyakhan, IO; Chantapoh, W; Kamonsri, P; Kaweenattayanon, N; Korsakul, K; Kotruchin, P; Lorcharassriwong, P; Mitsungnern, T; Narangsiya, N; Serewiwattana, N; Thawepornpuriphong, P; Tirapuritorn, T, 2022)	2.39
"Adenosine has emerged as a potent immune suppressant within the TME, and CD73 is the major enzyme responsible for its extracellular production."	( Targeting CD73 with AB680 (Quemliclustat), a Novel and Potent Small-Molecule CD73 Inhibitor, Restores Immune Functionality and Facilitates Antitumor Immunity. Banuelos, J; Becker, A; Chen, A; DiRenzo, D; Ginn, E; Kalisiak, J; Kimura, N; Narasappa, N; Paprcka, SL; Park, TW; Piovesan, D; Powers, JP; Purandare, B; Schindler, U; Sivick, KE; Tan, JBL; Udyavar, AR; Walters, MJ; Yin, F; Young, SW; Zhang, K, 2022)	1.44
"The adenosine pathway has been suggested to play a key role in several carcinogenetic processes, with the metabolism of adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) and its derivatives reported to be dysregulated in breast cancer. "	( Adenosine pathway inhibitors: novel investigational agents for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Cusmai, A; Fanizzi, A; Gadaleta-Caldarola, G; Giotta, F; Latorre, A; Lorusso, V; Massafra, R; Palmiotti, G; Rinaldi, L; Rizzo, A; Ronchi, M; Telegrafo, M; Zaccaria, GM, 2022)	2.72
"Adenosine has been safely used by paramedics for the treatment of stable supraventricular tachycardia since the mid-1990s. "	( An Evaluation of Prehospital Adenosine Use. Aydin, A; Burns, K; Cicero, MX; Cone, DC; Couturier, K; Joseph, D; Nelson, AR; Rollins, M; Shapiro, M, 2023)	2.64
"Adenosine (Ado) has been shown to have immunosuppressive effects in a variety of diseases. "	( The Multifaceted Actions of CD73 During Development and Suppressive Actions of Regulatory T Cells. Chen, L; Da, M; Enk, A; Mahnke, K; Ring, S, 2022)	2.16
"Adenosine has been characterized as an important regulator of adipocyte metabolism primarily through its actions on A"	( Feeding desensitizes A1 adenosine receptors in adipose through FOXO1-mediated transcriptional regulation. Bochkis, IM; Granade, ME; Hargett, SR; Harris, TE; Isakson, BE; Lank, DS; Lemke, MC; Linden, J; Luse, MA, 2022)	1.75
"Adenosine has emerged as a regulator of angiogenesis under hypoxic conditions; therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of adenosine prefabrication on fat graft survival."	( Adenosine-Prefabricated Adipose Tissue Improves Fat Graft Survival by Promoting VEGF-Dependent Angiogenesis. Chang, J; Cho, KW; Choi, CY; Kim, YJ; Sharlene, S; Soedono, S; Song, WJ, 2022)	2.89
"Adenosine has been tested in several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to minimize the incidence of coronary microvascular obstruction (CMVO). "	( Adenosine as adjunctive therapy in acute coronary syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Aurigemma, C; Bianchini, E; Burzotta, F; Ciliberti, G; Crea, F; D'Amario, D; Galli, M; Laborante, R; Leone, AM; Montone, RA; Princi, G; Restivo, A; Rodolico, D; Romagnoli, E; Trani, C; Vergallo, R; Zito, A, 2023)	3.8
"Adenosine has received great attentions acting as a potential biomarker for monitoring lung cancer. "	( A novel portable biosensor based on aptamer functionalized gold nanoparticles for adenosine detection. Gan, Y; Kong, L; Liang, T; Sun, J; Wan, H; Wang, P; Wang, X; Zhou, S, 2020)	2.23
"Adenosine has an analgesic and anti-inflammatory role and its injections are used for perioperative pain management. "	( Pilot prospective open-label one-arm trial investigating intrathecal Adenosine in neuropathic pain after lumbar discectomy. Aghamohammadi, D; Dolatkhah, N; Esmaeilinejad, A; Eydi, M; Pishgahi, A, 2020)	2.24
"Adenosine mostly has a cytotoxic effect, with the induction of apoptosis."	( Extracellular Adenine Nucleotides and Adenosine Modulate the Growth and Survival of THP-1 Leukemia Cells. Chlubek, D; Dziedziejko, V; Kłos, P; Puchałowicz, K; Tarnowski, M; Tkacz, M, 2020)	1.55
"Adenosine has a key role in controlling the immune system by signaling through receptors located on the surface of immune cells. It plays a very essential role in tumor growth and progression."	( Tumor-resident adenosine-producing mesenchymal stem cells as a potential target for cancer treatment. Alizadeh, A; Arab, S; Asgharzade, S, 2021)	1.7
"Adenosine has no analgesic effect or prophylactic effect against PONV, but reduce systolic blood pressure and heart rates. "	( Adenosine for postoperative analgesia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Jin, X; Mi, W, 2017)	3.34
"Adenosine receptors have been connected to several biological pathways affecting the physiology and pathology of the cardiovascular system."	( Exploring Adenosine Receptor Ligands: Potential Role in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. Geldenhuys, WJ; Hanif, A; Nayeem, MA; Yun, J, 2017)	1.58
"Adenosine has been demonstrated to play an important role in process of fibrosis."	( Acute rejection after kidney transplantation promotes graft fibrosis with elevated adenosine level in rat. Dai, Y; Lei, J; Li, M; Tang, J; Xia, B; Xia, Y; Yin, G; Zhou, Y, 2017)	1.4
"Adenosine (ADO) has been characterized as an endogenous anticonvulsant and alternative therapeutic drug, but its mechanism is not entirely clear. "	( Attenuation of pentylenetrazole-induced acute status epilepticus in rats by adenosine involves inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Chen, J; Han, T; Liu, X; Su, L; Wang, Y; Zang, K, 2017)	2.13
"Adenosine has been implicated in pathways that generate sleepiness and cognitive impairments, but existing mathematical models of sleep and cognitive performance do not explicitly include adenosine."	( Modeling the adenosine system as a modulator of cognitive performance and sleep patterns during sleep restriction and recovery. Butler, JP; Klerman, EB; Phillips, AJK, 2017)	1.55
"Low adenosine levels have been associated with schizophrenia."	( Is adenosine associated with sudden death in schizophrenia? A new framework linking the adenosine pathway to risk of sudden death. Bressan, RA; Calzavara, MB; de Mendonça Furtado, RH; Gadelha, A; Scorza, FA; Zugman, A, 2018)	1.58
"Adenosinergic signaling has important effects on brain function, anatomy, and physiology in both late and early stages of development. "	( Transient Disruption of Adenosine Signaling During Embryogenesis Triggers a Pro-epileptic Phenotype in Adult Zebrafish. da Silva, RS; Machado Torresini, F; Menezes, FP; Nery, LR, 2018)	2.23
"Adenosine signaling has emerged as a key metabolic pathway that regulates tumor immunity."	( Targeting adenosine for cancer immunotherapy. Emens, LA; Leone, RD, 2018)	1.6
"Adenosine has an immunosuppressive and angiogenic modulation of the tumor microenvironment. "	( Prognostic Effect of Adenosine-related Genetic Variants in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Treated With Bevacizumab-based Chemotherapy. Battaglin, F; Berger, MD; Cao, S; Cremolini, C; Falcone, A; Heinemann, V; Lenz, HJ; Lo, JH; Loupakis, F; Millstein, J; Naseem, M; Puccini, A; Soni, S; Stintzing, S; Tokunaga, R; Zhang, W, 2019)	2.28
"Adenosine receptor has several subtypes and adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) plays a crucial role especially within lymphocytes."	( The abnormal function of CD39 Chen, H; Cheng, L; Cheng, Y; Ji, L; Ke, Y; Li, F; Liu, C; Lu, Y; Min, Z; Shao, X; Sun, L; Wu, B; Zhan, Y, 2019)	1.24
"Adenosine has been traditionally considered an inhibitor of neuronal activity and a regulator of cerebral blood flow."	( Therapeutic Potential of Agonists and Antagonists of A1, A2a, A2b and A3 Adenosine Receptors. Al-Aboudi, A; Alhayani, DM; Jamwal, S; Kumar, P; Mittal, A, 2019)	1.47
"Adenosine has inhibitory effect and play important role in epilepsy."	( [Angiotensins as neuromodulators]. Kowalski, A; Kuśmirowska, K; Rebas, E, 2012)	1.1
"Adenosine has been shown to exert direct antiadrenergic effects on the heart, protecting it from toxic effects of overstimulation."	( Antiadrenergic effect of adenosine involves connexin 43 turn-over in H9c2 cells. Morello, S; Pinto, A; Popolo, A; Sorrentino, R, 2013)	1.41
"Adenosine has been reported to interact with dopamine and glutamate of which are currently central pathophysiology of schizophrenia. "	( Adenosine hypothesis in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial of adjuvant purinergic modulators. Hirota, T; Kishi, T, 2013)	3.28
"Adenosine signaling has been implicated in the pathophysiology of alcohol use disorders and other psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. "	( Adenosine signaling in striatal circuits and alcohol use disorders. Bruner, RC; Choi, DS; Nam, HW, 2013)	3.28
"Adenosine generation has been implicated in several pathophysiologic processes including angiogenesis, tumor defenses and neurodegeneration."	( Biological implications of extracellular adenosine in hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury. Eltzschig, H; Grenz, A; Kam, I; Zimmerman, MA, 2013)	1.38
"Adenosine has both vasodilatory and vasoconstrictive properties, yet its influence on cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) during whole-body cooling remains unknown. "	( Adenosine receptor inhibition attenuates the decrease in cutaneous vascular conductance during whole-body cooling from hyperthermia. Crandall, CG; Gagnon, D; Kenny, GP; McGinn, R; Swift, B, 2014)	3.29
"Adenosine has an important role in inflammation and tissue remodeling and promotes dermal fibrosis by adenosine receptor (A2AR) activation. "	( Extracellular generation of adenosine by the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 promotes dermal fibrosis. Chan, ESL; Chiriboga, L; Cronstein, BN; Fernández, P; Franks, A; Perez-Aso, M; Robson, SC; Smith, G; Trzaska, S; Wilder, T, 2013)	2.13
"Adenosine has complex effects on retinal vascular tone elicited both from the vascular wall and from the perivascular retina and with receptors mediating contraction at intermediate concentrations and relaxation at high concentration."	( Dual effects of adenosine on the tone of porcine retinal arterioles in vitro. Bek, T; Misfeldt, MW; Riis-Vestergaard, MJ, 2014)	2.19
"Adenosine also has an important role in the pre-conditioned state and also in the attenuation of ischemia-reperfusion injury."	( Adenosine: physiology, pharmacology, and clinical applications. Berry, C; Carrick, D; Layland, J; Lee, M; Oldroyd, K, 2014)	2.57
"Adenosine has been shown to play a role in blood flow regulation."	( Lack of endogenous adenosine tonus on sympathetic neurotransmission in spontaneously hypertensive rat mesenteric artery. Correia-de-Sá, P; Diniz, C; Ferreirinha, F; Fresco, P; Sá, C; Sousa, JB; Vieira-Rocha, MS, 2014)	1.45
"Adenosine has anticonvulsant effects in various models of seizures. "	( The role of alpha-2 adrenoceptors in the anticonvulsant effects of adenosine on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure threshold in mice. Mansoori, E; Moezi, L; Niknahad, H; Shafaroodi, H, 2014)	2.08
"Adenosine has been proposed as an endogenous antiarrhythmic substance to prevent hypoxia/ischemia-induced arrhythmias."	( The Janus face of adenosine: antiarrhythmic and proarrhythmic actions. Cseppento, Á; Galajda, Z; Gesztelyi, R; Hegyi, B; Nánási, PP; Susán, Z; Szentmiklosi, AJ, 2015)	1.47
"Adenosine has a general inhibitory action on ventral horn interneurons while potentially maintaining motoneuron excitability."	( Adenosine-mediated modulation of ventral horn interneurons and spinal motoneurons in neonatal mice. Miles, GB; Nascimento, F; Witts, EC, 2015)	2.58
"Adenosine has been proposed to exert anti-hypertrophic effects. "	( Adenosine A1 receptor activation attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in response to α1 -adrenoceptor stimulation in vivo. Böhm, M; Devaux, Y; Fries, P; Kazakov, A; Maack, C; Müller, A; Puhl, SL; Wagner, DR, 2016)	3.32
"Adenosine has been shown to induce nitric oxide (NO) production via inducible NO synthase (iNOS) activation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). "	( Upregulation of inducible NO synthase by exogenous adenosine in vascular smooth muscle cells activated by inflammatory stimuli in experimental diabetes. Cignarella, A; Gaion, RM; Malorgio, F; Nassi, A; Tedesco, S, 2016)	2.13
"Adenosine has no effect on inhibitory transmission between L4 interneurons."	( Adenosine Differentially Modulates Synaptic Transmission of Excitatory and Inhibitory Microcircuits in Layer 4 of Rat Barrel Cortex. Abel, T; Feldmeyer, D; Qi, G; van Aerde, K, 2017)	2.62
"Adenosine signaling has been described as one of the many immunosuppressive mechanisms of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). "	( Reply: Adenosine Producing Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Kerkelä, E, 2017)	2.35
"Adenosine has mainly anti-inflammatory effects by binding to the adenosine, or P1, receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3)."	( Extracellular ATP and adenosine: The Yin and Yang in immune responses? de Vos, P; Faas, MM; Sáez, T, 2017)	1.49
"Adenosine has broad activities in organisms due to the existence of multiple receptors, the differential adenosine concentrations necessary to activate these receptors and the presence of proteins able to synthetize, degrade or transport this nucleoside. "	( Molecular implications of adenosine in obesity. Chiarello, DI; Gutierrez, J; Leiva, A; Pardo, F; Salsoso, R; Sobrevia, L; Toledo, F; Villalobos-Labra, R, 2017)	2.2
"Adenosine has been shown to enhance mast cell degranulation when added together with an antigen. "	( Na-Tosyl-Phe chloromethyl ketone prevents granule movement and mast cell synergistic degranulation elicited by costimulation of antigen and adenosine. Nunomura, S; Ra, C; Yoshimaru, T, 2008)	1.99
"Adenosine has been proposed to promote sleep through A(1) receptors (A(1)R's) and/or A(2A) receptors in the brain. "	( Adenosine in the tuberomammillary nucleus inhibits the histaminergic system via A1 receptors and promotes non-rapid eye movement sleep. Fredholm, BB; Hayaishi, O; Huang, ZL; Oishi, Y; Urade, Y, 2008)	3.23
"Adenosine has also been shown to be involved in a variety of intestinal functions and to play a central role in the regulation of inflammatory responses of injured tissue."	( Regulation of serotonin transporter activity by adenosine in intestinal epithelial cells. Alcalde, AI; Iceta, R; Matheus, N; Mendoza, C; Mesonero, JE, 2009)	1.33
"Adenosine has been shown to relax corpus cavernosum from various species including human in both in vivo and in vitro studies. "	( Role of adenosine signaling in penile erection and erectile disorders. Phatarpekar, PV; Wen, J; Xia, Y, 2010)	2.24
"Adenosine has long been regarded as a crucial anti-inflammatory agent that protects the host from excessive damage. "	( Adenosine mediated desensitization of cAMP signaling enhances T-cell responses. Blackburn, MR; Chen, JF; Desrosiers, MD; Mucsi, AD; Schnermann, JB; Shi, Y; Yang, A, 2010)	3.25
"Adenosine has been indicated in guidelines as a vasodilator agent of choice for APVT, although it has not been directly compared with iNO, the gold standard for this test."	( Adenosine for vasoreactivity testing in pulmonary hypertension: a head-to-head comparison with inhaled nitric oxide. Amaral, CF; Oliveira, EC; Ribeiro, AL, 2010)	2.52
"Adenosine has been shown to exert direct antihypertrophic effects on the heart, and plasma adenosine levels have been shown to be elevated in patients with heart failure. "	( Compensatory upregulation of the adenosine system following phenylephrine-induced hypertrophy in cultured rat ventricular myocytes. Cook, MA; Freeman, DJ; Gan, XT; Karmazyn, M; Pang, T, 2010)	2.08
"Adenosine has been termed a retaliatory metabolite and its neuroprotective effects have been implicated in the hypoxia tolerance of several species; however, its role in the invertebrate CNS remains unclear. "	( Adenosinergic modulation of neuronal activity in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Buck, LT; Malik, A, 2010)	3.25
"Adenosine also has a pivotal role in sleep regulation."	( Role of wake-promoting basal forebrain and adenosinergic mechanisms in sleep-promoting effects of ethanol. Engemann, SC; Sahota, P; Sharma, R; Thakkar, MM, 2010)	1.34
"Adenosine has multiple mechanisms of action in the vasculature including direct endothelial protection, antiinflammatory and antithrombotic effects and is protective in several models of IRI."	( Transgenic overexpression of CD39 protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion and transplant vascular injury. Cowan, PJ; Crikis, S; D'Apice, AJ; Dwyer, KM; Lu, B; Murray-Segal, LM; Nandurkar, HH; Robson, SC; Selan, C, 2010)	1.08
"Adenosine has a higher rate of minor adverse effects, and of overall adverse effects, whereas verapamil has a higher rate of causing hypotension."	( The relative efficacy of adenosine versus verapamil for the treatment of stable paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in adults: a meta-analysis. Delaney, B; Kelly, AM; Loy, J, 2011)	1.39
"Adenosine has been shown to modulate cortical glutamate signaling and ventral-tegmental dopaminergic signaling, which are involved in several aspects of alcohol use disorders."	( An essential role for adenosine signaling in alcohol abuse. Adams, CA; Choi, DS; Knight, EJ; Nam, HW; Ruby, CL, 2010)	1.4
"Adenosine has been reported to play a key role in depression of neuronal activities in the CNS during acute hypoxia."	( Differential contributions of adenosine to hypoxia-evoked depressions of three neuronal pathways in isolated spinal cord of neonatal rats. Ito, S; Otsuguro, K; Wada, M, 2011)	1.38
"Adenosine has been implicated in normal and abnormal penile erection. "	( Impaired erectile function in CD73-deficient mice with reduced endogenous penile adenosine production. Dai, Y; Kellems, RE; Wen, J; Xia, Y; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y, 2011)	2.04
"Adenosine has been shown to inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in the several cancer cells via intrinsic and extrinsic pathway. "	( Adenosine induces cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in androgen-dependent and -independent prostate cancer cell lines, LNcap-FGC-10, DU-145, and PC3. Aghaei, M; Fallahian, F; Karami-Tehrani, F; Panjehpour, M; Salami, S, 2012)	3.26
"A3 adenosine receptor has shown several physiological and pathological activities, including cell proliferation and apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. "	( Molecular mechanisms of A3 adenosine receptor-induced G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in androgen-dependent and independent prostate cancer cell lines: involvement of intrinsic pathway. Aghaei, M; Karami-Tehrani, F; Panjehpour, M; Salami, S, 2011)	1.29
"Adenosine has been implicated in suppressing the proinflammatory responses of classically activated macrophages induced by Th1 cytokines. "	( Adenosine promotes alternative macrophage activation via A2A and A2B receptors. Csóka, B; Gause, WC; Haskó, G; Kepka-Lenhart, D; Koscsó, B; Leibovich, SJ; Morris, SM; Murray, PJ; Németh, ZH; Pacher, P; Selmeczy, Z, 2012)	3.26
"Adenosine has been well studied as a mainstay treatment, but the methods of adenosine administration have not been very well delineated."	( Intraosseous infusion is unreliable for adenosine delivery in the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia. Goodman, IS; Lu, CJ, 2012)	1.37
"Adenosine has been proposed as an endogenous homeostatic sleep factor that accumulates during waking and inhibits wake-active neurons to promote sleep. "	( Adenosine inhibits glutamatergic input to basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Arrigoni, E; Ferrari, LL; Hawryluk, JM; Keating, SA, 2012)	3.26
"Adenosine has been shown to affect various physiological and pathological processes, largely through 1 or more of its 4 types of receptors: the A1 and A3 adenylyl cyclase inhibitory receptors and the A2A and A2B adenylyl cyclase stimulatory receptors."	( A2 adenosine receptors and vascular pathologies. Johnston-Cox, HA; Koupenova, M; Ravid, K, 2012)	1.72
"Adenosine (ADO) has been proposed to reconnect isolated pulmonary veins (PVs) postablation through hyperpolarization of damaged myocytes in an animal model. "	( Time course of adenosine-induced pulmonary vein reconnection after isolation: implications for mechanism of dormant conduction. Cheung, JW; Chung, JH; Ip, JE; Lerman, BB; Liu, CF; Markowitz, SM; Thomas, G, 2012)	2.17
"Adenosine has a role in the vasculature by mediating vasodilation, vessel remodelling, cell proliferation as well as antiplatelet and inflammatory responses."	( Vascular adenosine receptors; potential clinical applications. Ho, MF; Rose'Meyer, RB, 2013)	1.53
"Adenosine and NO have been shown to contribute to exercise hyperaemia whereas the role of ATP remains unclear due to lack of specific purinergic receptor blockers."	( Contribution of intravascular versus interstitial purines and nitric oxide in the regulation of exercise hyperaemia in humans. Hellsten, Y; Mortensen, SP; Nyberg, M, 2012)	1.1
"Adenosine has a key endogenous neuroprotective role in the brain, predominantly mediated by the adenosine A(1) receptor (A(1)R). "	( Genetically controlled upregulation of adenosine A(1) receptor expression enhances the survival of primary cortical neurons. Atas, HC; Biber, K; Normann, C; Serchov, T; van Calker, D, 2012)	2.09
"Adenosine has been shown to regulate such diverse activities as chemotaxis, contraction, and matrix production in hepatic stellate cells (HSC)."	( Activated hepatic stellate cells upregulate transcription of ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 via specific SP1 and SMAD promoter elements. Bansal, MB; Dranoff, JA; Fausther, M; Saiman, Y; Sheung, N, 2012)	1.1
"The adenosine hypothesis has been offered to explain such adverse association."	( Viewpoint: reversible nature of platelet binding causing transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) syndrome may explain dyspnea after ticagrelor and elinogrel. Serebruany, VL, 2012)	0.86
"Adenosine has a protective effect against apoptosis via adenosine receptor-mediated signaling."	( Sustained adenosine exposure causes lung endothelial apoptosis: a possible contributor to cigarette smoke-induced endothelial apoptosis and lung injury. Blackburn, MR; Curren, S; Gabino Miranda, GA; Hsiao, V; Lu, Q; Newton, J; Pedroza, M; Rounds, S; Sakhatskyy, P; Shamirian, P, 2013)	1.51
"Adenosine has been shown to inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in the several cancer cells via caspase activation and Bcl-2/Bax pathway."	( Adenosine induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via cyclinD1/Cdk4 and Bcl-2/Bax pathways in human ovarian cancer cell line OVCAR-3. Aghaei, M; Fathi, M; Moeinifard, M; Shabani, M; Shirali, S; Sohrabi, M, 2013)	2.55
"Adenosine has been implicated as a modulator of retinohypothalamic neurotransmission in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the seat of the light-entrainable circadian clock in mammals. "	( Presynaptic adenosine A1 receptors regulate retinohypothalamic neurotransmission in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus. Cato, M; Colbert, C; Hallworth, R; Rea, MA, 2002)	2.14
"Adenosine has a good linearity in the range of 0.002 mg/ml-0.01 mg/ml, Y = 1.7742 x 10(-4) + 8.9021 x 10(-7) X, r = 0.9995. "	( [Determination of adenosine in Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch. by HPLC]. Gong, T; Lou, Y; Qie, C; Wang, Y; Zhu, Q, 1998)	2.08
"Adenosine (ADO) has an important role in the ischemic brain as an endogenous neuroprotective factor. "	( Neuroprotection role of adenosine under hypothermia in the rat global ischemia involves inhibition of not dopamine release but delayed postischemic hypoperfusion. Horiguchi, T; Inamasu, J; Kawase, T; Ogino, M; Shimizu, K; Suga, S; Yamaguchi, N, 2002)	2.06
"Adenosine has been proposed as a key factor regulating the metabolic balance between energy supply and demand in the central nervous system. "	( A2B receptor activation promotes glycogen synthesis in astrocytes through modulation of gene expression. Allaman, I; Lengacher, S; Magistretti, PJ; Pellerin, L, 2003)	1.76
"Adenosine has also been implicated in the cardioprotective phenomenon of ischemic preconditioning."	( Adenosine in myocardial protection in on-pump and off-pump cardiac surgery. Budde, JM; Corvera, JS; Guyton, RA; Morris, CD; Thourani, VH; Vinten-Johansen, J; Zhao, ZQ, 2003)	2.48
"Adenosine has been implicated as a proximate mediator of escape deficits in the learned helplessness paradigm, suggesting that neuronal overactivation-a typical precursor to adenosine release-precedes the inescapable shock-induced impairment (T. "	( Helplessness and escape performance: glutamate-adenosine interactions in the frontal cortex. Balleine, BW; Hunter, AM; Minor, TR, 2003)	2.02
"Adenosine has often been cited as a universal retaliatory metabolite against the destructive cellular mechanisms that are initiated during metabolic/oxidative stress. "	( Adenosine receptors and cardiovascular disease: the adenosine-1 receptor (A1) and A1 selective ligands. Hayes, ES, 2003)	3.2
"Adenosine has been implicated to play a role in asthma in part through its ability to influence mediator release from mast cells. "	( Activation of murine lung mast cells by the adenosine A3 receptor. Blackburn, MR; Jacobson, MA; Molina, JG; Sanborn, BM; Shlykov, SG; Tilley, SL; Zhong, H, 2003)	2.02
"Adenosine has neuroprotective potential in both acute and chronic neurological disorders such as stroke or Parkinson's disease."	( Adenosine receptors and Huntington's disease: implications for pathogenesis and therapeutics. Blum, D; Galas, MC; Hourez, R; Popoli, P; Schiffmann, SN, 2003)	2.48
"Adenosine, has been described as a retaliatory autacoid with homeostatic activities in the regulation of myocardial blood flow, catecholamine release, and reduction of injury resulting from periods of ischemia."	( Modulation of cardiac remodeling by adenosine: in vitro and in vivo effects. Bullough, DA; Erion, MD; Ito, BR; Makhsudova, L; Montag, AC; Villarreal, F; Zimmermann, S, 2003)	1.32
"Adenosine has been found to be cardioprotective during episodes of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion through activation of the A1 and possibly A1 receptors. "	( Adenosine protects against angiotensin II-induced apoptosis in rat cardiocyte cultures. Goldenberg, I; Grossman, E; Jacobson, KA; Shainberg, A; Shneyvays, V, 2003)	3.2
"Adenosine has various biological effects on human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and epithelial cells closely associated with inflammation, such as cytokine production and cell adhesion. "	( Involvement of CD73 (ecto-5'-nucleotidase) in adenosine generation by human gingival fibroblasts. Hashikawa, T; Murakami, S; Saho, T; Shimabukuro, Y; Takedachi, M; Terakura, M; Thompson, LF; Yamada, S, 2003)	2.02
"Adenosine has actions in the central nervous system (CNS), heart and vascular system, skeletal muscle and the immune system and the presence of receptors suggests potential actions in the gonads and other organs."	( Possible therapeutic benefits of adenosine-potentiating drugs in reducing age-related degenerative disease in dogs and cats. Baker, DJ; Scaramuzzi, RJ, 2003)	1.32
"Adenosine infusions have been shown to reduce requirements of anaesthetics, to decrease the need for postoperative analgesics and to attenuate hyperaesthesia related to neuropathic pain. "	( Perioperative intravenous adenosine infusion to extend postoperative analgesia in brachial plexus block. Anbarci, O; Apan, A; Basar, H; Buyukkocak, U; Ozcan, S, 2003)	2.06
"Adenosine analogues have been used by subarachnoid injection for the treatment of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. "	( Combination of adenosine with prilocaine and lignocaine for brachial plexus block does not prolong postoperative analgesia. Apan, A; Basar, H; Buyukkocak, U; Ozcan, S, 2003)	2.11
"Adenosine has been demonstrated to inhibit gastric acid secretion. "	( Role of adenosine A2A receptor in the regulation of gastric somatostatin release. Kwok, YN; Yip, L, 2004)	2.2
"Adenosine has been demonstrated to inhibit gastric acid secretion. "	( Role of adenosine A1 receptor in the regulation of gastrin release. Kwok, YN; Leung, HC; Yip, L, 2004)	2.2
"Adenosine has both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects and acts on inflammatory and resident immune cells and antioxidant enzymes."	( Adenosine, inflammation and asthma--a review. Ennis, M; Heaney, LG; Livingston, M, 2004)	2.49
"Adenosine has been shown to inhibit immunoreactive gastrin (IRG) release and to stimulate somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) release by activating adenosine A(1) and A(2A) receptors, respectively. "	( Effect of omeprazole on gastric adenosine A1 and A2A receptor gene expression and function. Kwok, YN; Leung, HC; Yip, L, 2004)	2.05
"Adenosine has also been shown to improve the clinical outcome of thrombolytics given in the setting of acute myocardial infarction."	( Cardiovascular drugs: adenosine role in coronary syndromes and percutaneous coronary interventions. Assali, AR; Eades, B; Rosales, OR, 2004)	1.36
"Adenosine has powerful inhibitory effects in the central nervous system. "	( Adenosine acting via A1 receptors, controls the transition to status epilepticus-like behaviour in an in vitro model of epilepsy. Avsar, E; Empson, RM, 2004)	3.21
"Adenosine has a more favorable safety profile and is well established for the assessment of myocardial perfusion."	( Comparison of dobutamine stress magnetic resonance, adenosine stress magnetic resonance, and adenosine stress magnetic resonance perfusion. Fleck, E; Gebker, R; Jahnke, C; Nagel, E; Neuss, M; Paetsch, I; Wahl, A, 2004)	1.3
"The adenosine system has important neuromodulatory and neuroprotective functions in the brain. "	( Ageing-related decline in adenosine A1 receptor binding in the rat brain: an autoradiographic study. Farkas, E; Keijser, JN; Luiten, PG; Meerlo, P; Nyakas, C; Roman, V, 2004)	1.18
"A3 adenosine receptor (AR) has been linked to a variety of apoptotic processes."	( Activation of A3 adenosine receptor provides lung protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury associated with reduction in apoptosis. Galun, E; Matot, I; Rivo, J; Zeira, E, 2004)	1.18
"Adenosine has been shown to inhibit growth of rat aortic smooth muscle cells."	( D-Glucose upregulates adenosine transport in cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells. Leung, GP; Man, RY; Tse, CM, 2005)	1.36
"Adenosine (ADO) has an immunomodulating effect; it promotes immune reaction by increasing number of macrophage and enhancing phagocytosis."	( [Inoculation of bacille calmette guerin combined with intraperitoneal adenosine injection enhances antibacterial effect of macrophage against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice]. Chen, LJ; Lou, WL; Pan, JH; Shen, HY; Zhou, HQ, 2004)	1.28
"Adenosine has been implicated in the cardioprotection of postconditioning, as has e-NOS, nitric oxide and guanylyl cyclase, opening of K(ATP) channels and closing of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore."	( Postconditioning--A new link in nature's armor against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Halkos, ME; Kerendi, F; Kin, H; Vinten-Johansen, J; Zatta, AJ; Zhao, ZQ, 2005)	1.05
"Adenosine has an effective role in preventing myocardial no-reflow, improving left ventricular function and reducing infarct area during AMI and reperfusion in mini-swine."	( [Beneficial effects of adenosine on myocardial no-reflow in a mini-swine model of acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion]. Chen, JL; Chen, ZJ; Gao, RL; Jing, ZC; Meng, L; Tian, Y; Wu, YJ; Yang, WX; Yang, YJ; You, SJ; Zhao, JL, 2005)	2.08
"Adenosine has many actions potentially useful as adjunct to a cardioplegia. "	( Effects of adenosine and defibrotide adjunct to a standard crystalloid cardioplegic solution. Borsani, P; Bruno, VD; Ferrarese, S; Leva, C; Mantovani, V; Mariscalco, G; Sala, A; Tenconi, S, 2005)	2.16
"Adenosine receptors have been reported to be expressed in microglia, which are major immune cells of brain, yet little is known about the role of adenosine receptors in microglial cytokine production."	( Activation of adenosine A3 receptor suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-alpha production through inhibition of PI 3-kinase/Akt and NF-kappaB activation in murine BV2 microglial cells. Baik, HH; Choe, W; Ha, J; Jhun, BS; Kang, I; Kim, SS; Lee, JH; Lee, JY; Oh, YT; Yoon, KS, 2006)	1.42
"Adenosine has been implicated in promoting the inflammation and airway remodeling seen in chronic lung disease and thus makes an attractive therapeutic target."	( Adenosine signaling in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Blackburn, MR; Mohsenin, A, 2006)	2.5
"Adenosine has anti-inflammatory activity. "	( Anti-inflammatory activity of non-nucleoside adenosine deaminase inhibitor FR234938. Fujii, T; Kinoshita, T; Kuno, M; Nakamura, K; Nakanishi, I; Nishio, N; Sato, A; Seki, N; Terasaka, T; Tsujimoto, S, 2006)	2.04
"Adenosine has been proposed as a homeostatic "sleep factor" that promotes the transition from waking to sleep by affecting several sleep-wake regulatory systems. "	( Adenosine inhibits basal forebrain cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons in vitro. Arrigoni, E; Chamberlin, NL; McCarley, RW; Saper, CB, 2006)	3.22
"Adenosine signaling has diverse actions on inflammation and tissue injury. "	( Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73)-mediated adenosine production is tissue protective in a model of bleomycin-induced lung injury. Blackburn, MR; Thompson, LF; Volmer, JB, 2006)	2.05
"Adenosine has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. "	( Role of A2B adenosine receptor signaling in adenosine-dependent pulmonary inflammation and injury. Belardinelli, L; Blackburn, MR; Chunn, JL; Mohsenin, A; Molina, JG; Morschl, E; Sun, CX; Zeng, D; Zhong, H, 2006)	2.16
"Adenosine, which has been used for a myocardial perfusion scan, shows rapid clearance from blood because of its short half-life of <10 seconds. "	( Fluctuation of adenosine concentration by modes of intravenous infusion based on mathematical simulation and experiments. Fukuoka, M; Kayano, D; Nakajima, K; Taki, J; Tonami, N; Yoneyama, T, 2006)	2.13
"Adenosine has been identified as a sleep promoter and its role in sleep regulation in the basal forebrain has been well documented."	( Adenosine inhibits activity of hypocretin/orexin neurons by the A1 receptor in the lateral hypothalamus: a possible sleep-promoting effect. Gao, XB; Liu, ZW, 2007)	2.5
"Adenosine has been shown to initiate apoptosis through different mechanisms: (i) activation of adenosine receptors, (ii) intracellular conversion to AMP and stimulation of AMP-activated kinase, (iii) conversion to S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy), which is an inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet)-dependent methyltransferases. "	( Role of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase in adenosine-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Hermes, M; Kloor, D; Osswald, H, 2007)	2.04
"Adenosine has potent anticonvulsant effects on various models of experimental epilepsy. "	( Anticonvulsant effects of focal and intracerebroventricular adenosine on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in rats. Marangoz, C; Yildirim, M, 2007)	2.02
"Adenosine has also a pain reducing effect in neuropathic pain which makes it a possible therapeutic option in ischemic pain.We report of a patient with thromboangiitis obliterans."	( [Adenosine for treatment of ischemic pain in thromboangiitis obliterans. A case report]. Irnich, D; Lang, PM, 2007)	1.97
"Adenosine has been proposed to be an endogenous anticonvulsant agent. "	( Allopurinol as adjunctive therapy in intractable epilepsy: a double-blind and placebo-controlled trial. Ahmadi, B; Akhondzadeh, S; Motamedi, M; Razeghi, S; Togha, M, 2007)	1.78
"Adenosine has been widely reported as a GHSR agonist. "	( Adenosine is not a direct GHSR agonist--artificial cross-talk between GHSR and adenosine receptor pathways. Drmota, T; Hermansson, NO; Larsson, N; Morgan, DG, 2007)	3.23
"Adenosine has been identified as an endogenous neuromodulator with antiepileptic and neuroprotective properties."	( Adenosine-based cell therapy approaches for pharmacoresistant epilepsies. Boison, D, 2007)	2.5
"Adenosine and glutamate have been implicated as mediators involved in the self-administration of alcohol. "	( Combined antagonism of glutamate mGlu5 and adenosine A2A receptors interact to regulate alcohol-seeking in rats. Adams, CL; Cowen, MS; Lawrence, AJ; Short, JL, 2008)	2.05
"Adenosine has been available for use in myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in Japan since 2005. "	( Safety of and tolerance to adenosine infusion for myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography in a Japanese population. Doi, M; Hatanaka, K; Hirohata, S; Kaji, Y; Kamikawa, S; Katoh, T; Kusachi, S; Ninomiya, Y; Ohe, T, 2007)	2.08
"Adenosine has been observed to suppress the growth of MOLT-4 human leukemia cells in vitro. "	( Effect of adenosine on the growth of human T-lymphocyte leukemia cell line MOLT-4. Hofer, M; Holá, J; Horváth, V; Kozubík, A; Streitová, D; Weiterová, L; Znojil, V, 2007)	2.18
"Adenosine has been studied to ameliorate reperfusion and is frequently used in a variety of doses, but there are no prospective studies to support its use for treatment of suboptimal reperfusion."	( High dose adenosine for suboptimal myocardial reperfusion after primary PCI: A randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. Bronzwaer, JG; de Cock, CC; Marques, KM; Stoel, MG; von Birgelen, C; Zijlstra, F, 2008)	1.47
"Adenosine has been shown to play an important modulatory role in blood pressure control in the NTS."	( Adenosine modulates cardiovascular functions through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the nucleus tractus solitarii of rats. Ho, WY; Hsiao, M; Hwang, HR; Lu, PJ; Tseng, CJ; Tseng, YC; Yen, MH, 2008)	2.51
"The adenosine system has therefore been recognized as a prime target for the development of new therapeutics for neurological diseases."	( Adenosine as a modulator of brain activity. Boison, D, 2007)	2.26
"Adenosine triphosphate has previously been shown to induce semi-mature human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC). "	( Modulation of murine dendritic cell function by adenine nucleotides and adenosine: involvement of the A(2B) receptor. Ben Addi, A; Boeynaems, JM; Communi, D; Hua, X; Ledent, C; Lefort, A; Libert, F; Macours, P; Robaye, B; Tilley, SL, 2008)	2.02
"Adenosine has also been associated with other respiratory diseases such as fibrosis, sarcoidosis, cystic fibrosis or tuberculosis."	( Adenosine and adenosine receptors in the pathomechanism and treatment of respiratory diseases. Horváth, I; Vass, G, 2008)	2.51
"Adenosine has been used to induce asystole and assist deployment of endoluminal grafts. "	( High-dose adenosine-induced asystole assisting accurate deployment of thoracic stent grafts in conscious patients. Bui, H; Donayre, CE; Fang, TD; Kakazu, C; Kopchok, GE; Lippmann, M; White, RA, 2008)	2.19
"Adenosine receptors have been identified on brain cortical membranes and microvascular preparations. "	( Demonstration of adenosine receptors on mouse cerebral smooth muscle membranes. Beck, DW; Cancilla, PA; Hart, MN; Henn, FA; Moore, SA; Vinters, HV, )	1.91
"The adenosine hypothesis has passed several critical tests, but despite much research the importance of adenosine in normal coronary regulation is not established."	( Coronary physiology. Feigl, EO, 1983)	0.75
"Adenosine kinase has a molecular weight of 38,000 and requires glycerol for stability."	( The partial purification and characterization of adenosine kinase from Entamoeba histolytica. Lobelle-Rich, PA; Reeves, RE, 1983)	1.24
"Adenosine has profound depressant effects upon the electrophysiological activity of the brain, but the adenosine receptor subtypes which mediate these responses are uncertain. "	( Electrophysiological responses to adenosine analogs in rat hippocampus and cerebellum: evidence for mediation by adenosine receptors of the A1 subtype. Basile, AS; Dunwiddie, TV; Palmer, MR, 1984)	1.99
"Adenosine has been reported by several investigators to stimulate corneal deturgescence, but the actual biochemical mechanism of this effect remains unknown. "	( Null effect of adenosine on cyclic nucleotides of the corneal endothelium: possible implications for adenosine-stimulated corneal deturgescence. Whikehart, DR; Zagrod, ME, 1984)	2.06
"Adenosine has been reported to produce a biphasic renal blood flow (RBF) response (vasoconstriction followed by a return of flow to control level) and a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) when infused into the kidney. "	( Adenosine-induced decrease in renin release: dissociation from hemodynamic effects. Arend, LJ; Haramati, A; Spielman, WS; Thompson, CI, 1984)	3.15
"Adenosine release has been documented in lung tissue exposed to hypoxic conditions or antigen challenge. "	( Adenosine release from stimulated mast cells. Gruber, HE; Marquardt, DL; Wasserman, SI, 1984)	3.15
"Adenosine has been implicated as an active agent in the vasodilatory component of cerebral autoregulation."	( Intravertebral artery adenosine fails to alter cerebral blood flow in the dog. Boarini, DJ; Kassell, NF; Olin, J; Sprowell, JA, )	1.17
"Adenosine has been suggested as a mediator of TGF, as adenosine receptor blockade with methylxanthines inhibits TGF."	( Aminophylline inhibits renal vasoconstriction produced by intrarenal hypertonic saline. Branch, RA; Gerkens, JF; Heidemann, HT; Jackson, EK, 1983)	0.99
"Adenosine has been proposed as the mediator of tubuloglomerular feedback."	( Role of adenosine in signal transmission of tubuloglomerular feedback. Hermes, HH; Nabakowski, G; Osswald, H, 1982)	1.42
"As adenosine has a potent stabilizing action on catecholamine stimulation in the myocardium, the mode of interaction of adenosine and acetylcholine (ACh) was studied with regard to the membrane potential, current and tension components of the bullfrog atrium, using the single or double-sucrose gap method. "	( Interaction of adenosine and acetylcholine on the bullfrog atrium. Fujino, T; Goto, M; Urata, M; Yatani, A, 1981)	1.24
"Adenosine has been proposed as a likely candidate and this study examines its possible involvement by use of hexobendine, an agent that enhances the effects of adenosine."	( Use of hexobendine to examine whether the coronary vasodilator metabolite released from guinea-pig isolated hearts is adenosine. Broadley, KJ; Rothaul, AL, 1981)	1.19
"Adenosine (ADO) has been implicated as a pathophysiological factor in contrast media (CM)-induced acute renal failure, which has been encountered more often in patients with diabetes and impaired renal function. "	( Increased sensitivity of the renal vasculature to adenosine in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus rats. Osswald, H; Pflueger, AC; Schenk, F, 1995)	1.99
"Adenosine has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiac pain through activation of cardiac sympathetic afferents. "	( Lack of a role of adenosine in activation of ischemically sensitive cardiac sympathetic afferents. Longhurst, JC; Pan, HL, 1995)	2.07
"Adenosine pretreatment has been shown to be beneficial in several models of ischemia-reperfusion. "	( Adenosine pretreatment for prolonged cardiac storage. An evaluation with St. Thomas' Hospital and University of Wisconsin solutions. Fremes, SE; Furukawa, RD; Mickle, DA; Weisel, RD; Zhang, J, 1995)	3.18
"Adenosine has become the preferred treatment for common types of supraventricular tachycardia because it is extremely effective and rarely associated with with serious side effects. "	( Life-threatening alterations in heart rate after the use of adenosine in atrial flutter. Allen, BJ; Ariani, M; Brodsky, MA; Chen, PS; Chun, JG; Gold, CR; Hunter, D; Hwang, C; Johnston, WD; Smith, D, 1995)	1.98
"The adenosine analogs have been recognized, among other effects, as strong depressors of the locomotor activity by acting on striatal A2 receptors."	( Adenosine A2 receptors regulate the gene expression of striatopallidal and striatonigral neurons. Schiffmann, SN; Vanderhaeghen, JJ, 1993)	2.21
"Adenosine has been used to diagnose latent preexcitation in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. "	( Provocation of atrioventricular reentry tachycardia: a paradoxical effect of adenosine. Dougherty, AH; Gilman, JK; Jalal, S; Naccarelli, GV; Wiggins, S, 1993)	1.96
"Adenosine has become the treatment of choice for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia because of its safety and efficacy. "	( Malignant wide complex tachycardia after adenosine administration to a postoperative pediatric patient with congenital heart disease. Fiumecaldo, F; Gelb, B; Golinko, RJ; Griepp, RB; Kipel, G; Rossi, AF; Steinberg, LG, )	1.84
"Adenosine has been proposed as one mediator for the preconditioning effect in the myocardium of some animals, but recent investigations have shown that this may not be the mechanism in the rat heart, although the effect itself is clearly demonstrable. "	( Mechanisms of ischemic preconditioning in rat myocardium. Roles of adenosine, cellular energy state, and mitochondrial F1F0-ATPase. Ala-Rämi, A; Hassinen, IE; Peuhkurinen, K; Raatikainen, P; Vuorinen, K; Ylitalo, K, 1995)	1.97
"Adenosine has recently been shown to activate IKATP in ventricular membrane patches, but the relevance of this finding remains to be defined."	( Ionic basis of the electrophysiological actions of adenosine on cardiomyocytes. Belardinelli, L; Shryock, JC; Song, Y; Srinivas, M; Wang, D, 1995)	1.26
"Adenosine has been implicated as a potential neuromodulator of the baroreceptor reflex, and therefore the current study has investigated the presence and characteristics of adenosine receptors on rat vagal afferent neurons."	( Presynaptic adenosine A2a receptors on soma and central terminals of rat vagal afferent neurons. Castillo-Meléndez, M; Jarrott, B; Krstew, E; Lawrence, AJ, 1994)	1.39
"Adenosine has a very short half-life and any adverse effects can be rapidly controlled."	( Pharmacological cardiac stress: when and how? Pennell, DJ, 1994)	1.01
"Adenosine has become widely used because of its diagnostic and therapeutic value in the emergency management of arrhythmias. "	( Adenosine-induced non-sustained polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Candinas, R; Romer, M, 1994)	3.17
"Adenosine has become the drug of choice for termination of regular, normal QRS tachycardia. "	( Therapeutic and diagnostic utility of adenosine during tachycardia evaluation in children. Crosson, JE; Dunnigan, A; Etheridge, SP; Hesslein, PS; Milstein, S, 1994)	2
"Adenosine has recently received much attention for the protection it provides against the deleterious effects of ischaemia reperfusion. "	( Purine metabolism in the heart. Strategies for protection against myocardial ischaemia. Ver Donck, K, 1994)	1.73
"Adenosine has been proposed as a useful diagnostic agent in patients with narrow complex regular tachycardia of uncertain origin. "	( Proarrhythmic effect of adenosine in a patient with atrial flutter. Garratt, CJ; Slade, AK, 1993)	2.04
"Adenosine has proven efficacy in clinical trials and in the electrophysiological laboratory for the treatment of paroxysmal tachycardia."	( Acute treatment of paroxysmal tachycardia by adenosine. Ho, KY; Smith, WM; Wilson, NJ, 1994)	1.99
"Adenosine has prominent cerebro-protective effect at total brain ischemia. "	( [Protective effect of adenosine in total brain ischemia]. Kulinskiĭ, VI; Sufianova, GZ; Usov, LA, 1993)	2.04
"Some adenosine analogues have been found previously to inhibit S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH)-hydrolase activity in erythrocyte lysates. "	( Effects of novel anti-viral adenosine analogues on the activity of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase from human liver. Duley, JA; Fabianowska-Majewska, K; Simmonds, HA, 1994)	1.1
"Adenosine has been proposed to be an important mediator of ischemic preconditioning. "	( A comparison of adenosine-induced cardioprotection and ischemic preconditioning in dogs. Efficacy, time course, and role of KATP channels. Gross, GJ; Yao, Z, 1994)	2.08
"Adenosine has been shown to reliably confirm the success of accessory pathway catheter ablation by producing transient atrioventricular (AV) block during atrial and ventricular pacing. "	( Limitations of adenosine in assessing the efficacy of radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory pathways. Engelstein, ED; Lerman, BB; Lippman, N; Stein, KM; Wadas, M; Wilber, D, 1994)	2.08
"Adenosine receptors have been shown to modulate a variety of physiological functions; however, little is known about the role these receptors play in the modulation of ocular function. "	( Modulation of intraocular pressure by adenosine agonists. Crosson, CE; Gray, T, 1994)	2
"Adenosine has profound effects on renal function in experimental animals, but little is known about its role in human subjects. "	( A potential role for endogenous adenosine in control of human glomerular and tubular function. Balakrishnan, VS; Coles, GA; Williams, JD, 1993)	2.01
"Adenosine has been shown to be a major regulator of neuronal activity in convulsive disorders, exerting its anticonvulsant effect through central A1 adenosine receptors. "	( Effect of pentylentetrazol-induced seizures on A1 adenosine receptor regional density in the mouse brain: a quantitative autoradiographic study. Angelatou, F; Kostopoulos, G; Pagonopoulou, O, 1993)	1.98
"Adenosine has been identified as a factor in the protection afforded against regional tissue necrosis by such preconditioning."	( Improved functional recovery by ischaemic preconditioning is not mediated by adenosine in the globally ischaemic isolated rat heart. Cave, AC; Collis, CS; Downey, JM; Hearse, DJ, 1993)	1.24
"Adenosine (Adenocard) has a potent but very transient negative dromotropic effect on atrioventricular (A-V) nodal conduction. "	( Role of adenosine in the diagnosis and treatment of postoperative supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Dimich, I; Herschman, Z; Neustein, S; Sampson, I; Singh, PP; Sonnenklar, N, )	2.01
"Adenosine has been shown either to decrease synaptic transmission or to produce an excitatory response in hippocampal synapses, resulting in increased glutamate release."	( Differential activation of adenosine receptors decreases N-type but potentiates P-type Ca2+ current in hippocampal CA3 neurons. Adams, ME; Fox, AP; Mogul, DJ, 1993)	1.3
"Adenosine has recently been shown to play a potentially important role in the regulation of synaptic excitability during experimental hypoxia in the hippocampus of the rat. "	( The effects of the adenosine reuptake inhibitor soluflazine on synaptic potentials and population hypoxic depolarizations in area CA1 of rat hippocampus in vitro. Boissard, CG; Gribkoff, VK, 1993)	2.06
"Adenosine (ADO) has been shown previously to inhibit p-nitrophenol glucuronidation in a concentration-dependent manner when concurrently incubated in isolated rat hepatocytes for 30-60 min. "	( Requirement of cellular uptake for adenosine inhibition of p-nitrophenol glucuronidation in isolated rat hepatocytes. Meng, Y; Weiner, M, 1993)	2.01
"Adenosine and ATP have been shown to activate separate cell surface purinergic receptors which have been designated P1 for adenosine and P2 for ATP. "	( Purinergic receptors in ocular ciliary epithelial cells. Kapadia, M; Lee, CH; Sanghavi, DM; Wax, M, 1993)	1.73
"Adenosine has been reported to mediate the necrosis-limiting effects of ischemic preconditioning; however, it is unclear how this mediation occurs. "	( Ischemic preconditioning increases adenosine release and 5'-nucleotidase activity during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in dogs. Implications for myocardial salvage. Hori, M; Inoue, M; Kamada, T; Kitakaze, M; Sato, H; Takashima, S, 1993)	2.01
"Adenosine has the ability to further decrease pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension who respond to calcium channel blockers. "	( Effects of adenosine in combination with calcium channel blockers in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Inbar, S; Kaufmann, E; Rich, S; Schrader, BJ; Vestal, RE, 1993)	2.12
"Adenosine receptors have been further found at different levels of the nephron as well as in glomerular cells."	( Distribution and regulation of renal ecto-5'-nucleotidase: implications for physiological functions of adenosine. Kaissling, B; Le Hir, M, 1993)	1.22
"Adenosine has proven effectiveness in the diagnosis and treatment of a variety of tachycardias with both normal and widened QRS complexes in children and adults. "	( Failure of adenosine to terminate focal atrial tachycardia. Belardinelli, L; Epstein, ML, 1993)	2.12
"Adenosine has been reported to trigger the synthesis of erythropoietin and the growth of blood capillaries."	( Effects of anemia on morphology of rat renal cortex. Kaissling, B; Le Hir, M; Rinne, B; Spiess, S, 1993)	1.01
"Adenosine A2a receptors have been localized to GABAergic striatopallidal neurons, but their functional role is unknown. "	( Adenosine A2a receptor modulation of electrically evoked endogenous GABA release from slices of rat globus pallidus. Mayfield, RD; Suzuki, F; Zahniser, NR, 1993)	3.17
"Adenosine has been found to be an important mediator of some of the in vivo effects of ethanol, and we investigated whether ethanol has combined inhibitory effects with adenosine on thrombin-stimulated platelet responses in vitro."	( Combined inhibitory effects of ethanol and adenosine on the responses of rabbit platelets to thrombin. Chahil, A; DaCosta, SM; Kinlough-Rathbone, RL; Rand, ML, 1995)	1.28
"Adenosine has been suggested to have a role in regulation of the tone of the cardiac resistance vessels. "	( A role for adenosine in coronary vasoregulation in man. Effects of theophylline and enprofylline. Conradsson, T; Edlund, A; Sollevi, A, 1995)	2.12
"Adenosine has been shown to inhibit the adhesion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) to the vascular endothelium. "	( Effect of adenosine on the expression of beta(2) integrins and L-selectin of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro. Arfors, KE; Bardenheuer, HJ; Chambers, JD; Chouker, A; Fischer, S; Peter, K; Thiel, M; Zourelidis, C, 1996)	2.14
"Adenosine deaminase has been reported to bind the product inosine (the substrate for the reverse reaction) as inosine 1,6-hydrate considered similar in structure to the transition state for adenosine deamination (Wilson & Quiocho, 1994) Accumulation on the enzyme of inosine 1,6-hydrate would be surprising, because this compound is an actual intermediate, probably approaching the transition state, in oxygen exchange between water and the C==O group of inosine, a reaction previously shown to be catalyzed by adenosine deaminase (Wolfenden & Kirsch, 1968). "	( Enzyme-substrate complexes of adenosine and cytidine deaminases: absence of accumulation of water adducts. Shih, P; Wolfenden, R, 1996)	2.03
"Adenosine has been proposed as an adjunct to hyperkalemic cardioplegic solutions."	( Adenosine slows the rate of K(+)-induced membrane depolarization in ventricular cardiomyocytes: possible implication in hyperkalemic cardioplegia. Alekseev, AE; Jovanović, A; López, JR; Terzic, A, 1996)	2.46
"Adenosine receptors have been identified on neuronal but also on glial surfaces, indicating a role of glial cells in mediation of adenosine effects."	( Both adenosine A1- and A2-receptors are required to stimulate microglial proliferation. Berger, M; Christoffel, F; Gebicke-Haerter, PJ; Northoff, H; Timmer, J; Van Calker, D, 1996)	1.53
"Adenosine (ADO) has a cardioprotective effect in ischemia-reperfusion injury when administered both prior to ischemia and during reperfusion. "	( Pre-conditioning with adenosine leads to concentration-dependent infarct size reduction in the isolated rabbit heart. Patel, VC; Woolfson, RG; Yellon, DM, 1996)	2.05
"Adenosine has been approved for intravenous use for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) in adults and children. "	( Adenosine for the treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in full-term and preterm newborn infants. Barzilay, Z; Frand, M; Hegesh, J; Kuint, J; Paret, G; Steinmetz, D, 1996)	3.18
"Adenosine has a vasodilator effect at the epicardial and microvascular levels, resulting in an overall increase in volumetric flow."	( Comparison of adenosine to dipyridamole in degree of coronary hyperemic response in heart transplant recipients. Amidon, TM; Botvinick, EH; Chatterjee, K; Chou, TM; DeMarco, T; Klinski, CS; Sudhir, K, 1996)	1.38
"Adenosine has been shown to reduce infarct size predominantly during reperfusion by adenosine A2-receptor-mediated processes. "	( Intravascular adenosine at reperfusion reduces infarct size and neutrophil adherence. Sato, H; Todd, J; Van Wylen, DG; Vinten-Johansen, J; Williams, MW; Zhao, ZQ, 1996)	2.1
"Adenosine has both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects on neutrophils. "	( Adenosine A2a receptor activation delays apoptosis in human neutrophils. Boone, RH; Ip, S; Jacobson, MA; Rocchini, C; Walker, BA, 1997)	3.18
"Adenosine has been postulated to be an important mediator since this nucleoside is derived from ATP, readily can permeate through cell membranes and constitutes a potent vasodilator."	( [Regulation of coronary circulation by adenosine]. Decking, U; Schrader, J, 1996)	1.28
"Adenosine has potent cardiac electrophysiologic effects including a negative chronotropic action on the sinus node and a predominant negative dromotropic action on the AV node. "	( [Exogenous adenosine as an anti-arrhythmia agent]. Jung, W; Korte, T; Lüderitz, B; Pfeiffer, D; Schumacher, B; Tebbenjohanns, J, 1996)	2.13
"Adenosine has been reported to cause polymorphic VT in patients with congenital or acquired prolonged QT intervals and to cause pause dependent VT in a patient with a normal QT interval. "	( Adenosine induced polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in adults without structural heart disease. Goldberger, JJ; Kadish, AH; Smith, JR, 1997)	3.18
"Adenosine (Ado) has been reported to be cardioprotective in several models of myocardial ischemia. "	( Infarct size reduction with the nucleoside transport inhibitor R-75231 in swine. Lasley, RD; Martin, BJ; Mentzer, RM, 1997)	1.74
"Adenosine has potent immunosuppressive activity. "	( Adenosine metabolism during phorbol myristate acetate-mediated induction of HL-60 cell differentiation: changes in expression pattern of adenosine kinase, adenosine deaminase, and 5'-nucleotidase. Barankiewicz, J; Mitchell, BS; Spychala, J, 1997)	3.18
"Adenosine has been shown to modulate cell proliferation in FRTL-5 thyroid cells, although the mechanisms by which this interaction occurs is still unclear. "	( Adenosine inhibits DNA synthesis stimulated with TSH, insulin, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells. Saarinen, P; Törnquist, K; Vainio, M, 1997)	3.18
"Adenosine has a strong cardioprotective effect via adenosine A1 receptor stimulation and induces bradycardia by opening K+ channels and increasing the potassium current."	( Role of myocardial protection for coronary artery bypass grafting on the beating heart. Flameng, WJ, 1997)	1.02
"Adenosine has been postulated to be the physiological transmitter coupling increases in coronary blood flow to increases in myocardial metabolism. "	( Role of adenosine in norepinephrine-induced coronary vasodilation. Feigl, EO; Kroll, K; Stepp, DW; Van Bibber, R, 1997)	2.17
"Adenosine has been shown to be a potent vasodilator and inhibitor of metabolic processes in the adult, actions that help maintain a balance between oxygen supply and oxygen use."	( Plasma adenosine responses during repeated episodes of umbilical cord occlusion. Kubonoya, K; Power, GG, 1997)	1.47
"Adenosine has recently been demonstrated to be a mediator of angina in human beings. "	( Adenosine-induced chest pain: is it due to myocardial ischaemia? Clinical, electrocardiographic, haemodynamic and metabolic study. Hiregoudar, NS; Mardikar, HM; Mathew, R; Mehta, AB; Sethi, RB; Solanki, DR, )	3.02
"Adenosine analogs have been shown to produce antinociception after intrathecal administration. "	( Characterization of adenosine receptors mediating spinal sensory transmission related to nociceptive information in the rat. Kemmotsu, O; Nakamura, I; Ohta, Y, 1997)	2.06
"Adenosine (Ado) has been shown to suppress several functional responses of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). "	( Suppression of leukotriene B4 biosynthesis by endogenous adenosine in ligand-activated human neutrophils. Borgeat, P; Krump, E; Mancini, J; Picard, S, 1997)	1.98
"Adenosine has multiple actions that might be beneficial during postischemic reperfusion, and the A2 effects include both coronary vasodilator and leukocyte inhibitory effects."	( Relationship of blood flow effects of adenosine during reperfusion to recovery of ventricular function after hypothermic ischemia in neonatal lambs. Forbess, JM; Hiramatsu, T; Mayer, JE; Nomura, F, 1997)	1.29
"Adenosine has several potentially cardioprotective effects. "	( Importance of endogenous adenosine during ischemia and reperfusion in neonatal porcine hearts. Grund, F; Ilebekk, A; Jynge, P; Kirkebøen, KA; Offstad, J; Sommerschild, HT, 1997)	2.04
"Adenosine has been shown to decrease the magnitude of the hypoxia-induced increase in [Ca2+]i in mammalian brain slices, delaying tissue injury."	( Adenosine and anoxia reduce N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor open probability in turtle cerebrocortex. Bickler, PE; Buck, LT, 1998)	2.46
"Adenosine has been proposed as a mediator of the ischaemic preconditioning phenomenon."	( Myocardial preconditioning using adenosine: review and clinical experience. Palanzo, DA; Sadr, FS; Zarro, DL, 1998)	1.3
"1. Adenosine has been suggested to be the mediator of a metabolic feedback mechanism which transfers acute changes in the tubular load into opposite changes in renal blood flow (RBF). "	( Renal haemodynamic responses to exogenous and endogenous adenosine in conscious dogs. Berthold, H; Ehmke, H; Just, A; Kirchheim, HR; Osswald, H, 1998)	1.17
"Adenosine has been demonstrated to reliably produce transient block of atrioventricular nodal (AVN) conduction, and has been advocated as a method of differentiating retrograde conduction via the atrioventricular node from accessory pathway conduction. "	( Variable effects of adenosine on retrograde conduction in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia. Fishberger, SB; Gomes, JA; Langan, MN; Marx, SO; Mehta, D; Rossi, AF, 1998)	2.07
"Adenosine has been identified in the anterior pituitary gland and is secreted from cultured folliculostellate (FS) cells. "	( Adenosine acts by A1 receptors to stimulate release of prolactin from anterior-pituitaries in vitro. Kimura, M; McCann, SM; Porter, JC; Walczewska, A; Yu, WH, 1998)	3.19
"Adenosine has been proposed to be a locally produced regulator of blood flow in skeletal muscle. "	( Adenosine concentrations in the interstitium of resting and contracting human skeletal muscle. Bangsbo, J; Hellsten, Y; Maclean, D; Rådegran, G; Saltin, B, 1998)	3.19
"Adenosine has profound effects on immune cells and has been implicated in the intrathymic apoptotic deletion of T-cells during development. "	( Apoptosis by 2-chloro-2'-deoxy-adenosine and 2-chloro-adenosine in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Abbracchio, MP; Barbieri, D; Brambilla, R; Cattabeni, F; Ceruti, S; Cossarizza, A; Franceschi, C; Jacobson, KA; Monti, D; Salvioli, S, )	1.86
"Adenosine has been shown to play a significant role as a modulator of neuronal activity in convulsion disorders, acting as an endogenous anticonvulsant agent. "	( Time development and regional distribution of [3H]nitrobenzylthioinosine adenosine uptake site binding in the mouse brain after acute Pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures. Angelatou, F; Pagonopoulou, O, 1998)	1.97
"Adenosine has been shown to modulate myocardial intermediary metabolism. "	( Adenosine attenuates in vivo myocardial stunning with minimal effects on cardiac energetics. Bünger, R; Hegge, JO; Lasley, RD; Mentzer, RM; Zhou, Z, 1998)	3.19
"Adenosine has been reported to have beneficial effects against ischemic brain damage, although the mechanisms are not fully clarified. "	( Modulation of ischemia-evoked release of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids by adenosine A1 receptor agonist. Fujishima, M; Goda, H; Ibayashi, S; Nakane, H; Ooboshi, H; Sadoshima, S, 1998)	1.97
"Adenosine has no direct electrophysiologic function in ventricular tissue, but in the presence of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), stimulation exerts a potent antiadrenergic effect. "	( Catecholamine facilitated reentrant ventricular tachycardia: uncoupling of adenosine's antiadrenergic effects. Lerman, BB; Markowitz, SM; Mittal, S; Slotwiner, D; Stein, KM, 1999)	1.98
"Adenosine has no antiadrenergic (antiarrhythmic) effect in patients with catecholamine-facilitated VT due to structural heart disease. "	( Catecholamine facilitated reentrant ventricular tachycardia: uncoupling of adenosine's antiadrenergic effects. Lerman, BB; Markowitz, SM; Mittal, S; Slotwiner, D; Stein, KM, 1999)	1.98
"Adenosine has become the preferred acute treatment for common types of supraventricular tachycardia because of its efficacy and safety. "	( Adenosine-induced atrial pro-arrhythmia in children. Chiu, C; Gilljam, T; Gow, R; Hamilton, R; Jaeggi, E, 1999)	3.19
"Adenosine has been demonstrated to have an anticonvulsant action which is mediated predominantly by the adenosine A1 receptor subtype. "	( Effect of adenosinergic modulation on the anticonvulsant effect of phenobarbitone and carbamazepine. Gupta, YK; Malhotra, J, 1999)	2.15
"Adenosine has been postulated to mediate the increase in coronary blood flow when myocardial oxygen consumption is increased. "	( Role of adenosine in local metabolic coronary vasodilation. Feigl, EO; Kroll, K; Richmond, KN; Van Bibber, R; Yada, T, 1999)	2.18
"Adenosine has previously been shown to stimulate K(+)-efflux and to block L-type calcium channels in atrial myocytes. "	( Effects of K(+)-channel blockers on A1-adenosine receptor-mediated negative inotropy and chronotropy of guinea-pig isolated left and right atria. Broadley, KJ; Ford, WR, 1999)	2.02
"Adenosine has a greater vasodilator potency and more favorable kinetics than dipyridamole and thus it can be more suitable for assessing CFR in conjunction with this method."	( Contrast-enhanced transthoracic second harmonic echo Doppler with adenosine: a noninvasive, rapid and effective method for coronary flow reserve assessment. Caiati, C; Iliceto, S; Montaldo, C; Montisci, R; Zedda, N, 1999)	1.26
"Adenosine has been shown to modulate the TSH-induced DNA synthesis in FRTL-5 thyroid cells. "	( An adenosine receptor agonist-induced modulation of TSH-dependent cell growth in FRTL-5 thyroid cells mediated by inhibitory G protein, Gi. Kondo, Y; Narita, T; Okajima, F; Sho, K, 1999)	2.37
"Adenosine has several potentially cardioprotective effects including vasodilatation, reduction in heart rate and alterations in metabolism. "	( Elevated levels of endogenous adenosine alter metabolism and enhance reduction in contractile function during low-flow ischemia: associated changes in expression of Ca(2+)-ATPase and phospholamban. Deindl, E; Ilebekk, A; Jynge, P; Kirkebøen, KA; Lunde, PK; Sommerschild, HT, 1999)	2.03
"Adenosine has received wide acceptance as the drug of choice for initial treatment of supraventricular tachycardias (SVT), and as a diagnostic adjunct in hemodynamically stable, wide-complex tachycardias. "	( Adenosine conversion of supraventricular tachycardia associated with high-dose epinephrine therapy for cardiac arrest. Furlong, R; Gerhardt, RT; Ress, BD; Schrank, K, )	3.02
"Adenosine has potent cardioprotective properties exerted during three major windows of opportunity: pretreatment, ischemia, and reperfusion."	( Broad-spectrum cardioprotection with adenosine. Guyton, RA; Jordan, JE; Nakamura, M; Ronson, RS; Thourani, VH; Velez, D; Vinten-Johansen, J; Zhao, ZQ, 1999)	1.3
"Adenosine has been proposed as a sleep-promoting substance that induces sleep by inhibiting cholinergic neurons of the BF and brainstem."	( Adenosinergic modulation of rat basal forebrain neurons during sleep and waking: neuronal recording with microdialysis. Alam, MN; Gong, H; King, J; McGinty, D; Szymusiak, R, 1999)	2.47
"Adenosine has recently been advocated as such a drug, although its clinical efficacy in this respect is still in question."	( The hemodynamic effects of adenosine infusion after experimental right heart infarct in young swine. Ala-Kokko, TI; Alahuhta, S; Kiviluoma, K; Ruskoaho, H; Spalding, MB, 2000)	1.33
"Adenosine has potent effects on both the cardiovascular and immune systems. "	( Adenosine and inosine increase cutaneous vasopermeability by activating A(3) receptors on mast cells. Jacobson, MA; Koller, BH; Salvatore, CA; Tilley, SL; Wagoner, VA, 2000)	3.19
"Adenosine has been implicated as an important endogenous regulator of various tissue functions. "	( Decreased expression of adenosine kinase in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus rats. Angielski, S; Pawelczyk, T; Sakowicz, M; Szczepanska-Konkel, M, 2000)	2.06
"Adenosine has been recently used to induce myocardial ischemia in the United States and Europe."	( [Myocardial ischemia detection with adenosine administration and SPECT. Initial experience in Mexico]. Alexánderson, E; Alexánderson, G; Altamirano, J; Arroyo, A; García, LJ; Gomezleón, A; Pastelín, G; Preciado, A; Sánchez, E; Suárez, P; Victoria, D, )	1.13
"Adenosine has been suggested to play an important role in the regulation of renal function. "	( Simple and sensitive binding assay for measurement of adenosine using reduced S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase. Delabar, U; Kloor, D; Osswald, H; Yao, K, 2000)	2
"Adenosine has been reported to alter a variety functions of the cells that participate in inflammatory responses. "	( Adenosine regulates the production of interleukin-6 by human gingival fibroblasts via cyclic AMP/protein kinase A pathway. Hashikawa, T; Kamatani, T; Murakami, S; Okada, H; Saho, T; Shimabukuro, Y; Terakura, M, 2000)	3.19
"Adenosine has been shown to modulate various pathophysiologic conditions through receptor-mediated mechanisms. "	( Activation of adenosine A1-receptor pathway induces edema formation in the pancreas of rats. Fujita, M; Ito, H; Kohno, Y; Masamune, A; Satoh, A; Satoh, K; Shimosegawa, T; Toyota, T, 2000)	2.11
"A(3) adenosine receptors have been proposed to play an important role in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia with a regimen-dependent nature of the therapeutic effects probably related to receptor desensitization and down-regulation. "	( Agonist-induced internalization and recycling of the human A(3) adenosine receptors: role in receptor desensitization and resensitization. Benzi, L; Cattabeni, F; Cecchetti, P; Falleni, A; Gremigni, V; Klotz, KN; Lucacchini, A; Martini, C; Trincavelli, ML; Tuscano, D, 2000)	1.06
"IV adenosine has more side effects and is more costly than IC adenosine but has a more stable and prolonged hyperemic effect."	( Adequacy of intracoronary versus intravenous adenosine-induced maximal coronary hyperemia for fractional flow reserve measurements. Abizaid, AA; Anderson, WD; Cohen, DJ; Filardo, SD; Fitzgerald, PJ; Jeremias, A; Kern, MJ; Mintz, GS; Tuzcu, EM; Whitbourn, RJ; Yeung, AC; Yock, PG, 2000)	1.08
"Adenosine has the potential of becoming a therapeutic antiinflammatory drug, but an optimal treatment strategy needs to be developed."	( Multi-cellular activation in vivo by endotoxin in humans--limited protection by adenosine infusion. Hjemdahl, P; Li, N; Sollevi, A; Soop, A, 2000)	1.26
"Adenosine has a number of actions which merit it as a possible cardioprotective and therapeutic agent for CHF."	( Adenosine therapy: a new approach to chronic heart failure. Hori, M; Kitakaze, M, 2000)	2.47
"Adenosine has cardioprotective effects against ischemia, and newborn hearts show high resistance to ischemia. "	( Increased sensitivity of neonate atrial myocytes to adenosine A1 receptor stimulation in regulation of the L-type Ca2+ current. Habuchi, Y; Hamaoka, K; Suto, F; Tanaka, H; Yamamoto, T, 2000)	2
"Adenosine has several functions within the CNS that involve an inhibitory tone of neurotransmission and neuroprotective actions in pathological conditions. "	( Adenosine in the central nervous system: release mechanisms and extracellular concentrations. Latini, S; Pedata, F, 2001)	3.2
"Adenosine has been implicated as a modulator of inflammatory processes central to asthma. "	( Gene expression profiling in inflammatory airway disease associated with elevated adenosine. Banerjee, SK; Blackburn, MR; Volmer, JB; Young, HW, 2002)	1.98
"Adenosine (ADO) has been shown to have beneficial effects against tissue injury after myocardial ischemia. "	( Adenosine in myocardial protection given through three windows of opportunity. An experimental study with pigs. Luotolahti, M; Pulkki, K; Saraste, A; Savunen, T; Vähäsilta, T; Valtonen, M; Virtanen, J; Voipio-Pulkki, LM, 2001)	3.2
"Adenosine has no effect on the yield of SV(STD) from BHK cells."	( Restriction of a Sindbis virus mutant in BHK cells and relief of the restriction by the addition of adenosine. Lin, YH; Simmonds, HA; Stollar, V, 2002)	1.25
"Adenosine has receptor-mediated effects that reduce or oppose the excitatory effects of glutamate."	( Ethanol alters glutamate but not adenosine uptake in rat astrocytes: evidence for protein kinase C involvement. Geiger, JD; Haughey, N; Othman, T; Parkinson, FE; Sinclair, CJ, 2002)	1.32
"Adenosine has been reported to have beneficial effects against neurodegenerative diseases, although the mechanisms are not fully clarified."	( [Neuroprotective mechanisms of adenosine action on CNS neurons]. Zalewska-Kaszubska, J, )	1.14
"Adenosine has a potent negative dromotropic effect. "	( Differential effects of adenosine on antegrade fast pathway, antegrade slow pathway, and retrograde fast pathway in atrioventricular nodal reentry. Lai, WT; Lee, KT; Sheu, SH; Tung, CP; Voon, WC; Wu, JC, 2002)	2.06
"Adenosine has been shown to stimulate cyclic AMP accumulation in guinea pig atrial and ventricular slice preparations in a rapid and dose-dependent manner. "	( Effect of adenosine and catecholamines on cyclic AMP levels in guinea pig heart. Drummond, GI; Huang, M, 1978)	2.1
"Adenosine derivatives have been synthesized with 5'-deoxy-5'-chloro and 5'-O-tosyl substitutions as leaving groups utilizing the 3'-O-phosphorothioate as the biphilic center."	( Mechanistic possibilities in prebiotic thiophosphate chemistry. Kapovits, I; Nagyvary, J, 1978)	0.98
"Adenosine has actions on smooth muscle similar to those of prostaglandin (PG) antagonists. "	( Adenosine as a natural prostaglandin antagonist in vascular smooth muscle. Ally, AI; Horrobin, DF; Karmali, RA; Karmazyn, M; Manku, MS; Morgan, RO, 1977)	3.14
"Adenosine deaminase has been measured in the lymphocytes of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia and in those of their parents. "	( Decreased lymphocyte adenosine deaminase activity in acute lymphocytic leukemia children and their parents. Khalifa, AS; Lightbody, JJ; Zimmer, J, 1975)	2.02
"Adenosine has a well established negative chronotropic effect on the sinoatrial node. "	( Intravenous adenosine: a noninvasive diagnostic test for sick sinus syndrome. Feuer, J; Resh, W; Wesley, RC, 1992)	2.11
"Adenosine has been postulated as an endogenous inhibitor of platelet aggregation."	( Role of cyclic AMP in adenosine inhibition of intracellular calcium rise in human platelets. Comparison of adenosine effects on thrombin- and epinephrine-induced platelet stimulation. Biaggioni, I; Feoktistov, IA; Hollister, AS; Paul, S; Robertson, D, 1992)	1.32
"Adenosine has been demonstrated for its actions on gastric secretion and stress-induced gastric ulceration in animals. "	( Adenosine: a novel ulcer modulator in stomachs. Cho, CH, 1992)	3.17
"Adenosine has dose-dependent biphasic excitatory and inhibitory effects on neurotransmission in the hippocampus. "	( Excitatory effect of adenosine on neurotransmission is due to increase of transmitter release in the hippocampal slices. Mori, M; Okada, Y; Sakurai, T, 1992)	2.05
"Adenosine has been shown to protect the ischemic and reperfused myocardium. "	( Adenosine A1 receptor activation attenuates cardiac injury produced by hydrogen peroxide. Cook, MA; Karmazyn, M, 1992)	3.17
"Adenosine also has an apparent excitatory effect in the nucleus tractus solitarii."	( Contrasting excitatory and inhibitory effects of adenosine in blood pressure regulation. Biaggioni, I, 1992)	1.26
"Adenosine has been shown to protect from postischemic reperfusion injury, presumably through inhibition of postischemic leukocyte-endothelial interaction."	( Reduction of postischemic leukocyte-endothelium interaction by adenosine via A2 receptor. Klotz, KN; Lehr, HA; Lorenzen, A; Messmer, K; Nolte, D; Zimmer, FJ, 1992)	1.24
"Adenosine has several advantages over verapamil, including rapid onset, brevity of side effects, theoretical safety, and probable lack of placental transfer."	( Adenosine in the treatment of maternal paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Koos, BJ; Mason, BA; Ricci-Goodman, J, 1992)	2.45
"Adenosine infusion has been shown to cause selective pulmonary vasodilatation in normal subjects and in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension but has not been assessed in patients with biventricular heart failure."	( Adenosine infusion for the reversal of pulmonary vasoconstriction in biventricular failure. A good test but a poor therapy. Bashir, Y; Gray, HH; Haywood, GA; Jennison, SH; McKenna, WJ; Sneddon, JF, 1992)	2.45
"Adenosine has been shown to inhibit anterograde and retrograde conduction through the atrioventricular (AV) node while having little or no effect on accessory pathway conduction. "	( Adenosine-induced atrioventricular block: a rapid and reliable method to assess surgical and radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular pathways. Belardinelli, L; Curtis, AB; Epstein, ML; Keim, S; Lerman, BB; Staples, ED, 1992)	3.17
"Adenosine has been associated with cellular Ca2+ metabolism in some cell types. "	( Adenosine stimulates Ca2+ fluxes and increases cytosolic free Ca2+ in cultured rat mesangial cells. López-Novoa, JM; López-Rivas, A; Olivera, A, 1992)	3.17
"Adenosine has been demonstrated to be useful in the assessment of coronary artery disease in conjunction with perfusion SPECT scintigraphy, PET imaging and two-dimensional echocardiography."	( The applications of adenosine in noninvasive cardiac imaging. Botvinick, EH; Cohen, TJ; Schiller, NB; Tucker, KJ, 1992)	1.33
"Adenosine has recently become widely available for the treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. "	( Adenosine and the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia. Brooks, R; McGovern, BA; Rankin, AC; Ruskin, JN, 1992)	3.17
"1. Adenosine has been shown to be responsible for the hyperaemic response of the hepatic artery to portal vein occlusion (the hepatic arterial 'buffer response'). "	( The role of adenosine in the hyperaemic response of the hepatic artery to portal vein occlusion (the 'buffer response'). Alexander, B; Mathie, RT, 1990)	1.28
"Adenosine has also been used to induce coronary vasodilation in patients undergoing thallium-201 single photon emission computed tomography (201Tl SPECT), 2-dimensional echocardiography or positron emission tomography to evaluate suspected coronary artery disease."	( Adenosine. An evaluation of its use in cardiac diagnostic procedures, and in the treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Buckley, MM; Chrisp, P; Faulds, D, 1991)	2.45
"Adenosine has been reported to exert its inhibitory effects on contractility by inhibiting adenylate cyclase."	( Influence of adenosine on the stimulatory effect of isoprenaline and insulin on myocardial contractility in vivo. Carney, PJ; Law, WR; McLane, MP, 1991)	1.37
"Adenosine has been shown to induce fast cardiac arrest whilst preserving membrane hyperpolarization in an isolated rat heart model."	( Adenosine cardioplegia: reducing reperfusion injury of the ischaemic myocardium? Boehm, DH; Human, PA; Opie, LH; Owen, P; Reichart, B; Reichenspurner, H; Rose, AG; von Oppell, U, 1991)	2.45
"Adenosine (ADO) has a pharmacological profile which makes it an interesting 'drug' to handle many of the problems arising with ischemia and reperfusion. "	( Nucleoside transport inhibition and fMLP-stimulated whole blood luminescence. Van Belle, H; Ver Donck, KL; Verheyen, WJ, 1991)	1.72
"Adenosine has been implicated in the pharmacological actions of several classes of drugs."	( Physiological and pharmacological properties of adenosine: therapeutic implications. Daval, JL; Nehlig, A; Nicolas, F, 1991)	1.26
"Adenosine (AD) has been reported to induce both pulmonary arterial constriction and dilation. "	( Response of perfused lung and isolated pulmonary artery to adenosine. Packer, CS; Patterson, CE; Rhoades, RA; Roepke, JE, )	1.82
"Adenosine has been shown recently to be the main factor responsible for the trophic effects of sympathetic innervation. "	( Long-term administration of 1,3-dipropyl-8-sulfophenylxanthine causes arterial hypertension. Albino-Teixeira, A; Azevedo, I; Matias, A; Polónia, J, 1991)	1.72
"Adenosine has several advantages over dipyridamole as a pharmacologic stress agent for use with PET."	( Adenosine in myocardial perfusion imaging using positron emission tomography. Esterbrooks, D; Frick, MP; Gupta, NC; Hilleman, D; Mohiuddin, S; Shiue, CY; Sunderland, J, 1991)	2.45
"Adenosine has been found to activate an outward K+ current in follicles."	( Xenopus oocyte K+ current. I. FSH and adenosine stimulate follicle cell-dependent currents. Greenfield, LJ; Hackett, JT; Linden, J, 1990)	1.27
"Adenosine (ADO) has an antiadrenergic action in the heart that causes an attenuation of contractile and metabolic responses elicited by beta-adrenergic stimulation. "	( Influence of beta-adrenergic stimulation and contraction frequency on rat heart interstitial adenosine. Dobson, JG; Fenton, RA; Tsimikas, S, 1990)	1.94
"Adenosine has been found to be effective in terminating PSVT and thus offers an alternative to verapamil."	( Adenosine in the episodic treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. McCollam, PL; Parker, RB, 1990)	2.44
"Adenosine has been proposed to act within the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) as a mediator of the inhibition of renin secretion produced by a high NaCl concentration at the macula densa. "	( Effect of adenosine1-receptor blockade on renin release from rabbit isolated perfused juxtaglomerular apparatus. Briggs, JP; Lorenz, JN; Schnermann, J; Skøtt, O; Weihprecht, H, 1990)	2.12
"Adenosine has sedative properties, and adenosine-receptor agonists have been found to reduce anesthetic requirements in rodents. "	( Adenosine decreases the minimum alveolar concentration of halothane in dogs. Merrell, WJ; Rush, W; Seitz, PA; ter Riet, M, 1990)	3.16
"Adenosine has been shown in vitro to be a potent antilipolytic agent and an inhibitor of insulin-stimulated glucose utilization in skeletal muscle. "	( Enhancement of maximal thermogenesis by reducing endogenous adenosine activity in the rat. Lee, TF; Wang, LC, 1990)	1.96
"Adenosine transport has been further characterized in rat renal brush-border membranes (BBM). "	( Further characterization of adenosine transport in renal brush-border membranes. Centelles, JJ; Franco, R; Kinne, RK, 1990)	2.02
"Adenosine has been postulated as an endogenous inhibitor of platelet aggregation."	( Adenosine inhibits the rise in intracellular calcium and platelet aggregation produced by thrombin: evidence that both effects are coupled to adenylate cyclase. Biaggioni, I; Feoktistov, I; Hollister, AS; Paul, S; Robertson, D, 1990)	2.44
"Adenosine has the advantage of being more stable."	( Adenosine or adenosine triphosphate for supraventricular tachycardias? Comparative double-blind randomized study in patients with spontaneous or inducible arrhythmias. Chong, E; Cobbe, SM; Dow, JW; Oldroyd, KG; Rae, AP; Rankin, AC, 1990)	2.44
"An adenosine receptor has been characterized to unambiguously demonstrate that the inhibitory guanine nucleotide regulatory protein, Gi, of 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells is fully capable of functionally coupling to adenylate cyclase. "	( Adenosine and muscarinic cholinergic receptors attenuate cyclic AMP accumulation by different mechanisms in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells. Harden, TK; Hughes, AR, 1986)	2.34
"Adenosine has a negative inotropic effect in cardiac atrial preparations ("direct" negative inotropic effect). "	( [Cardiac effects of adenosine. Mechanism of action, pathophysiologic and clinical significance]. Böhm, M, 1987)	2.04
"Adenosine has controversial effects. "	( Effect of adenosine in some models of inflammation and anaphylaxis in experimental animals. Arruzazabala, ML; Garcia, M, 1989)	2.12
"Adenosine has been reported to play an important role in several cardiac functions, including the regulation of total and regional myocardial perfusion. "	( Coronary effects of adenosine in conscious man. Camici, P; Klassen, GA; L'Abbate, A; Marraccini, P; Marzilli, M; Trivella, MG, 1989)	2.04
"Adenosine has been found to contract human bronchial smooth muscle in vitro and to induce bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients when administered by inhalation. "	( [Role of adenosine in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma]. Crimi, N; Mistretta, A; Polosa, R, )	1.99
"Adenosine has been proposed as a metabolic factor involved in the regulation of cerebral blood flow. "	( Adenosine in the control of the cerebral circulation. Phillis, JW, 1989)	3.16
"Adenosine has been implicated in neuromodulation in the central nervous system [(1985) Annu. "	( Adenosine is a modulator of hair cell-afferent neurotransmission. Barron, SE; Bryant, GM; Guth, PS; Norris, CH, 1987)	3.16
"Adenosine has been postulated to link control of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal blood flow (RBF) with changes in renal metabolism. "	( Maintenance of renal autoregulation during infusion of aminophylline or adenosine. Cornell, JE; Hall, JE; Mizelle, HL; Premen, AJ, 1985)	1.94
"Adenosine has been shown to acutely amplify LH-dependent events in luteal cells and FSH-dependent events in granulosa cells. "	( Adenosine differentially amplifies luteinizing hormone- over follicle-stimulating hormone-mediated effects in acute cultures of rat granulosa cells. Behrman, HR; Ohkawa, R; Polan, ML, 1985)	3.15
"Adenosine analogues have been shown to decrease blood pressure and heart rate and to induce a marked hypothermia."	( Effects of adenosine and two stable adenosine analogues on blood pressure, heart rate and colonic temperature in the rat. Bergquist, A; Fredholm, BB; Jonzon, B; Li, YO, 1986)	1.38
"Adenosine has been shown to be released in asthma and cause bronchoconstriction in patients with asthma."	( Relationships between adenosine, cyclic nucleotides, and xanthines in asthma. Church, MK; Cushley, MJ; Featherstone, RL; Holgate, ST; Mann, JS, 1986)	1.31
"Adenosine has an anti-adrenergic action in the heart and appears to serve as negative-feedback modulator of beta-adrenoceptor-mediated myocardial contractile and metabolic responses. "	( The cardiac anti-adrenergic effect of adenosine. Dobson, JG; Fenton, RA; Romano, FD, 1987)	1.99
"Adenosine has been measured at the nanomolar level by an enzymatic radioactive assay. "	( Radioenzymatic determination of adenosine. Camici, M; Del Corso, A; Gini, S; Ipata, PL; Mura, U, 1987)	2
"Adenosine uptake sites have been characterized and localized in guinea pig and pointer dog brain by in vitro autoradiography, using as probes 3H-nitrobenzylthioinosine (3H-NBI) and the recently available 3H-dipyridamole (3H-DPR). "	( Adenosine uptake sites in brain: regional distribution of putative subtypes in relationship to adenosine A1-receptors. Bisserbe, JC; Deckert, J; Klein, E; Marangos, PJ, 1988)	3.16
"Adenosine has been found to contract human bronchial smooth muscle in vitro and to induce bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients when administered by inhalation. "	( Influence of infused adenosine on bronchial tone and bronchial reactivity in asthma. Larsson, K; Sollevi, A, 1988)	2.04
"Adenosine has been shown to modulate the sensitivity of skeletal muscle to insulin (Budohoski et al. "	( Effects of dipyridamole on adenosine concentration, insulin sensitivity and glucose utilisation in soleus muscle of the rat. Challiss, RA; Leighton, B; Lozeman, FJ; Newsholme, EA, 1987)	2.01
"Adenosine has emerged as an important regulator of many physiological processes. "	( Regulatory functions of adenosine. Ohisalo, JJ, 1987)	2.02
"Adenosine has been invoked as a possible mediator of the vasoconstrictor response elicited through the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism. "	( Effect of adenosine analogues on tubuloglomerular feedback responses. Schnermann, J, 1988)	2.12
"Adenosine has been reported to attenuate the positive inotropic effects of catecholamines in isolated heart preparations of rodents. "	( Evidence against the adenosine-catecholamine antagonism in the canine heart in situ. Heusch, G; Schipke, J; Thämer, V, 1987)	2.03
"Adenosine has a negative chronotropic effect on pacemaker tissue. "	( Actions of adenosine on the sinus node. West, GA, 1987)	2.11
"Adenosine and verapamil has similar effects in the presence of fast-slow AV nodal reentry since both agents terminated SVT by producing block in the retrograde slow AV nodal pathway."	( Differential electrophysiologic properties of decremental retrograde pathways in long RP' tachycardia. DiMarco, JP; Greenberg, M; Lerman, BB; Overholt, ED; Sellers, TD; Smith, RT; Swerdlow, CD, 1987)	0.99
"Adenosine has been shown to have a negative dromotropic effect and has been implicated in mediating atrioventricular conduction disturbances induced by hypoxia. "	( Antagonism of the effects of adenosine and hypoxia on atrioventricular conduction time by two novel alkylxanthines: correlation with binding to adenosine A1 receptors. Belardinelli, L; Bourassa, A; Clemo, HF; Linden, J, 1987)	2.01
"Adenosine has been proposed to be a chemical link between cerebral metabolism and blood flow. "	( Systemically administered adenosine increases caudate blood flow in rabbits. Miller, MC; Pinard, E; Puiroud, S; Seylaz, J, 1987)	2.02
"Adenosine has a negative dromotropic effect and modulates hypoxia-induced atrioventricular (AV) conduction delay. "	( Effect of adenosine on atrioventricular conduction. I: Site and characterization of adenosine action in the guinea pig atrioventricular node. Belardinelli, L; Clemo, HF, 1986)	2.12
"Adenosine has been shown previously to antagonize the positive chronotropic effects of beta adrenoceptor agonists. "	( Antagonism of the positive chronotropic effect of norepinephrine by purine nucleosides in rat atria. Rutledge, CO; Samet, MK, 1985)	1.71
"The adenosine uptake site has been localized in rat brain by an in vitro light microscopic autoradiographic method, using [3H]nitrobenzylthioinosine ( [3H]NBI) as the probe. "	( Autoradiographic localization of adenosine uptake sites in rat brain using [3H]nitrobenzylthioinosine. Bisserbe, JC; Marangos, PJ; Patel, J, 1985)	1.11
"Adenosine has a negative chronotropic effect in a number of species. "	( Sinus slowing and pacemaker shift caused by adenosine in rabbit SA node. Belardinelli, L; West, GA, 1985)	1.97
"Adenosine has been shown to affect both sinus node automaticity and atrioventricular (AV) nodal conduction. "	( Diagnostic and therapeutic use of adenosine in patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Belardinelli, L; Berne, RM; diMarco, JP; Greenberg, ML; Lerman, BB; Sellers, TD, 1985)	1.99

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Adenosine plays a significant role in various physiological processes including cardioprotection. Adenosine can suppress the release of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and may contribute to the anti-inflammatory activities of methotrexate and sulphasalazine.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Adenosine plays an important role in many (patho)physiological conditions in the CNS as well as in peripheral organs and tissues."	( Adenosine receptor agonists: from basic medicinal chemistry to clinical development. Burbiel, JC; Maass, A; Müller, CE; Yan, L, 2003)	2.48
"The adenosine-A2AR pathway plays an important role in protecting normal organs and tissues from the autoimmune response of immune cells."	( Adenosine-A2A Receptor Pathway in Cancer Immunotherapy. Hao, S; Sun, C; Wang, B, 2022)	2.64
"Adenosine plays a major role in erection by binding to its receptors and activating pathways resulting in increased arterial blood flow and intracavernosal pressure (ICP). "	( A3 adenosine receptor allosteric modulator CF602 reverses erectile dysfunction in a diabetic rat model. Cohen, S; Fishman, P; Fishman, S; Itzhak, I, 2022)	2.79
"Adenosine promotes MRP1-dependent chemoresistance under normoxia."	( A Alarcón, S; Delgado, J; Erices, JI; Fernández-Gajardo, R; Melo, R; Niechi, I; Quezada Monrás, C; Rocha, JD; Salazar-Onfray, F; San Martín, R; Uribe, D, 2022)	1.44
"Adenosine plays a very significant role in modulating striatal glutamatergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission. "	( Presynaptic adenosine receptor heteromers as key modulators of glutamatergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission in the striatum. Ciruela, F; Ferré, S; Quiroz, C; Sarasola, LI, 2023)	2.73
"Adenosine plays an important role on gastrointestinal (GI) motility through adenosine receptors. "	( Effect of adenosine-1 receptor activation on pacemaker activity of interstitial cells of Cajal from mouse colon. Choi, S; Hong, C; Huang, X; Jun, JY; Lee, JH; Shin, DH; Wu, W, 2023)	2.76
"Adenosine plays a substantial role in protecting against cell damage in areas of increased tissue metabolism and preventing organ dysfunction in pathological states."	( Drugs targeting adenosine signaling pathways: A current view. Braczko, A; Caiazzo, E; Cicala, C; Kawecka, A; Koszałka, P; Kutryb-Zając, B; Nasadiuk, K; Stawarska, K, 2023)	1.98
"Adenosine kinase (ADK) plays the major role in cardiac adenosine metabolism, so that inhibition of ADK increases myocardial adenosine levels. "	( Accumulation of endogenous adenosine improves cardiomyocyte metabolism via epigenetic reprogramming in an ischemia-reperfusion model. Chen, Y; Fan, F; Fassett, J; Gao, R; Ge, J; Huo, Y; Li, B; Qian, S; Sun, A; Sun, X; Wang, C; Wang, P; Wu, T; Zhang, J; Zou, Y, 2023)	2.65
"The adenosine pathway plays a key role in modulating immune responses in physiological and pathological conditions. "	( Inhibition of the Adenosinergic Pathway in Cancer Rejuvenates Innate and Adaptive Immunity. Azambuja, JH; Braganhol, E; Ludwig, N; Whiteside, TL, 2019)	1.41
"IC adenosine led to lower rates of no-reflow based on TIMI grade flow scaling (15.4% vs."	( Randomized trial of intracoronary adenosine as adjunctive therapy for prevention of the no-reflow phenomenon. Ali Seif Rabiei, M; Kanonisabet, A; Mozayanimonfared, A; Naghshtabrizi, B; Naghshtabrizi, N; Sajedi, M, 2020)	1.35
"Adenosine promotes these behaviors through interaction with four adenosine receptors, including A3R, A2BR, A2AR, and A1R."	( Adenosine and adenosine receptors in colorectal cancer. Ghalamfarsa, G; Hajizadeh, F; Heydarzedeh Asl, S; Jadidi-Niaragh, F; Karoon Kiani, F; Masjedi, A; Peydaveisi, M; Sevbitov, A, 2020)	2.72
"Adenosine-induced increase in myocardial blood flow is accurate for confirmation of hyperaemia during stress CMR studies and is superior to traditional, clinically used markers of adequate stress such as SSO and BP response."	( Quantitative cardiovascular magnetic resonance myocardial perfusion mapping to assess hyperaemic response to adenosine stress. Brown, J; Chacko, L; Fontana, M; Hawkins, P; Kellman, P; Knight, D; Knott, KD; Kotecha, T; Lockie, T; Martinez-Naharro, A; Monteagudo, JM; Moon, JC; Patel, N; Plein, S; Rakhit, R; Xue, H, 2021)	2.28
"Adenosine can produce both an enhancement and an inhibition of mast cell degranulation, indicating that adenosine effects on these receptors is controversial and remains to be clarified."	( Adenosine Signaling in Mast Cells and Allergic Diseases. Garcia-Garcia, L; Martin, M; Muñoz-Cano, R; Olle, L; Roca-Ferrer, J, 2021)	2.79
"Adenosine failed to activate adenylyl cyclase in cholangiocarcinoma cell lines, but activated this enzyme in immortalized cholangiocytes."	( Adenosine Induces Autophagy in Cholangiocarcinoma Cells. Lertsuwan, J; Satayavivad, J; Svasti, J, 2021)	2.79
"The adenosine pathway plays a key role in modulating immune responses in health and in disease. "	( Targeting adenosine in cancer immunotherapy: a review of recent progress. Whiteside, TL, 2017)	1.42
"The adenosine-induced increase in TER was accompanied by activation of Rac1, decrease in contractility (MLC dephosphorylation), but not Rho inhibition."	( Extracellular adenosine-induced Rac1 activation in pulmonary endothelium: Molecular mechanisms and barrier-protective role. Black, SM; Cherian-Shaw, M; Fulton, DJ; Kim, KM; Kovacs-Kasa, A; Verin, AD, 2018)	1.32
"Adenosine plays a role in the energy supply of cells and provokes differential, hormone-like functions in circulating cells and various tissues. "	( PlanHab Study: Consequences of combined normobaric hypoxia and bed rest on adenosine kinetics. Choukèr, A; Crispin, A; Debevec, T; Eiken, O; Feuerecker, M; Hoerl, M; Johannes, B; Kumprej, I; Matzel, S; Mekjavic, IB; Schelling, G; Strewe, C; Thiel, M; Zeller, R, 2018)	2.15
"Adenosine plays a key role in the inhibitory control of the ascending dopaminergic system, largely dependent on functional complexes of specific subtypes of adenosine and dopamine receptors."	( Adenosine A Álvarez-Bagnarol, Y; Ayala-Santiago, C; Canela, EI; Casadó, V; Clemens, S; Cruz-Reyes, N; Díaz-Ríos, M; Ferré, S; Molina-Castro, GC; Moreno, E; Rivera-Oliver, M, 2019)	2.68
"Adenosine plays an important role in cell death and differentiation as well as in tumorigenesis and the intra- and extra-cellular levels range from nanomolar to millimolar levels under various physiological or pathophysiological conditions. "	( Adenosine causes read-through into the late region of the HPV16 genome in a guanosine-dependent manner. Kajitani, N; Nilsson, K; Schwartz, S; Wu, C; Yu, H, 2018)	3.37
"Adenosine plays an important role in cellular function via interactions with its receptors."	( Activation of adenosine A2a receptor accelerates and A2a receptor antagonist reduces intermittent hypoxia induced PC12 cell injury via PKC-KATP pathway. Cai, H; Cai, X; Chen, L; Chen, X; Han, X; Shi, H; Singh, BL; Wang, Y; Yu, C, 2019)	1.6
"Adenosine plays an important role in the phenotypic regulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and is thought to inhibit inflammatory responses during atherosclerosis."	( Novel effects of adenosine receptors on pericellular hyaluronan matrix: implications for human smooth muscle cell phenotype and interactions with monocytes during atherosclerosis. Fischer, JW; Grandoch, M; Hoffmann, J; Oberhuber, A; Röck, K; Schelzig, H; Wenzel, F, 2013)	1.45
"Adenosine plays an important role in regulating intestinal motility and inflammatory processes. "	( Adenosine-mediated enteric neuromuscular function is affected during herpes simplex virus type 1 infection of rat enteric nervous system. Banzato, S; Bin, A; Brun, P; Castagliuolo, I; Giron, MC; Macchi, V; Zoppellaro, C, 2013)	3.28
"Adenosine (ADO) can enhance and inhibit mast cell degranulation. "	( Intracellular adenosine inhibits IgE-dependent degranulation of human skin mast cells. Gomez, G; Lotfi-Emran, S; Nardone, V; Schwartz, LB; Zhao, W, 2013)	2.19
"The adenosine increase lasts only about 20 s."	( Mechanical stimulation evokes rapid increases in extracellular adenosine concentration in the prefrontal cortex. Nguyen, MD; Privman, E; Ross, AE; Venton, BJ, 2014)	1.12
"The adenosinergic pathway plays an important role in cancer progression. "	( Immunoregulatory activity of adenosine and its role in human cancer progression. Muller, L; Muller-Haegele, S; Whiteside, TL, 2014)	1.25
"Adenosine was used to produce maximum hyperemia."	( Determination of culprit coronary artery branches using hemodynamic indices from angiographic images. Chen, J; Molloi, S; Takarada, S; Zhang, Z, 2015)	1.14
"Adenosine plays a crucial role in the regulation of physiological activity in various tissues and organs. "	( Facile and label-free detection of lung cancer biomarker in urine by magnetically assisted surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Fu, S; Guo, X; Wang, H; Wen, Y; Wu, Y; Yang, H; Yang, T, 2014)	1.85
"Adenosine A1 receptors inhibit glutamatergic transmission in the CCR pathway, whereas adenosine A2a receptors most likely facilitate release of an unknown inhibitory neurotransmitter, which, in turn, inhibits the CCR."	( NTS adenosine A2a receptors inhibit the cardiopulmonary chemoreflex control of regional sympathetic outputs via a GABAergic mechanism. Minic, Z; O'Leary, DS; Scislo, TJ, 2015)	1.7
"This adenosine increase was enhanced by ENT2 inhibition, and suppressed by sodium polyoxotungstate (ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase inhibitor)."	( Different mechanisms of extracellular adenosine accumulation by reduction of the external Ca(2+) concentration and inhibition of adenosine metabolism in spinal astrocytes. Akao, S; Eguchi, R; Ito, S; Otsuguro, K; Yamaguchi, S, 2015)	1.14
"Adenosine plays an important role in the pathogenesis of homocysteine-associated vascular complications."	( Nucleoside Transport Inhibition by Dipyridamole Prevents Angiogenesis Impairment by Homocysteine and Adenosine. Chan, K; Kam, A; Razmovski-Naumovski, V; Troung, J; Zhou, X, 2015)	2.08
"Adenosine can produce arrhythmias, which are generally short living. "	( Torsades de pointes after adenosine administration. Kogan, Y; Margolin, E; Paz, O; Swissa, M; Teodorovich, N, )	1.87
"Adenosine promotes sleep and its A"	( Adenosine A Cherasse, Y; de Kerchove d'Exaerde, A; Huang, ZL; Lavielle, O; Lazarus, M; Li, R; McEown, K; Qu, WM; Schiffmann, SN; Wang, DR; Wang, YQ; Zhang, MQ; Zhang, Z, 2017)	2.62
"Adenosine levels increase rapidly with tissue hypoxia and inflammation."	( Long-term consequences of disrupting adenosine signaling during embryonic development. Rivkees, SA; Wendler, CC, 2017)	1.45
"Adenosine promotes adrenal steroidogenesis in vitro and in vivo. "	( Adenosine-stimulated adrenal steroidogenesis involves the adenosine A2A and A2B receptors and the Janus kinase 2-mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway. Chen, YC; Huang, SH; Wang, SM, 2008)	3.23
"Adenosine plays a key role in different protective and adaptive responses to ischemia and has been suggested to induce ischemic preconditioning."	( Preconditioning effects of adenosine in patients with severe coronary artery disease but preserved coronary flow reserve. Quintana, M; Sadigh, B; Shahgaldi, K; Sylvén, C; Winter, R, 2009)	2.09
"Adenosine plays an important role in the regulation of heart rate (HR) and vascular reactivity. "	( Adenosine elicits an eNOS-independent reduction in arterial blood pressure in conscious mice that involves adenosine A2A receptors. Andersen, H; Hansen, PB; Høgh, D; Jaff, MG; Vanhoutte, P, 2011)	3.25
"Adenosine levels increase rapidly with tissue hypoxia and inflammation."	( Adverse and protective influences of adenosine on the newborn and embryo: implications for preterm white matter injury and embryo protection. Rivkees, SA; Wendler, CC, 2011)	1.36
"Adenosine PC₂₀ elicited lower sensitivity and agreement."	( Comparison of bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine and adenosine and airway inflammation markers in patients with suspected asthma. Fernández-Nieto, M; Madero, MF; Manso, L; Ruiz-García, M; Sastre, J, 2011)	1.33
"Adenosine was used to produce maximum hyperemia."	( Assessment of coronary microcirculation in a swine animal model. Molloi, S; Takarada, S; Zhang, Z, 2011)	1.09
"Adenosine appears to allow safe flow arrest during intracranial aneurysm surgery. "	( Adenosine for temporary flow arrest during intracranial aneurysm surgery: a single-center retrospective review. Adel, JG; Batjer, HH; Bebawy, JF; Bendok, BR; Eddleman, CS; Gupta, DK; Koht, A; Rahme, RJ; Sherma, AK; Surdell, DL, 2011)	3.25
"Adenosine plays an important neuroprotective role in brain, usually mediated by the activation of adenosine A₁ receptors. "	( Desensitization of adenosine A(1) receptors in rat immature cortical neurons. Albasanz, JL; León, DA; Martín, M; Ruiz, MÁ, 2011)	2.14
"Adenosine plays an important role in physiology of several organs. "	( Recent advances in understanding the relationship between adenosine metabolism and the function of T and B lymphocytes in diabetes. Pawelczyk, T; Sakowicz-Burkiewicz, M, 2011)	2.06
"The adenosine-induced increase in PKCε-positive mitochondria was largely prevented not only by PKC inhibitor chelerythrine, but also by the HSP90 inhibitor geldanamycin and by siRNA targeting HSP90."	( Molecular mechanism underlying adenosine receptor-mediated mitochondrial targeting of protein kinase C. Hu, K; Sun, W; Yang, Z, 2012)	1.15
"Adenosine levels increase rapidly with tissue hypoxia and inflammation."	( Regulation of cardiovascular development by adenosine and adenosine-mediated embryo protection. Rivkees, SA; Wendler, CC, 2012)	1.36
"Adenosine promotes osteoclast differentiation via A(1) receptors and alters monocyte to dendritic cell differentiation through A(2B) receptors."	( Regulation of macrophage function by adenosine. Haskó, G; Pacher, P, 2012)	1.37
"Adenosine agonists produce behavioral effects similar to dopamine antagonists, hence increasing adenosine levels might improve symptoms of schizophrenia. "	( A randomized controlled trial of allopurinol vs. placebo added on to antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Davis, JM; Gershon, AA; Keefe, RS; Ladea, M; Petcu, C; Podea, D; Rubinstein, K; Sima, D; Weiser, M, 2012)	1.82
"Adenosine can blunt the effects of T cell receptor activation primarily by activating adenosine A(2A) receptors and signaling via cyclic AMP and protein kinase A."	( Regulation of lymphocyte function by adenosine. Cekic, C; Linden, J, 2012)	1.37
"Adenosine-induced increase in heart rate was 62.7% (P < 0.001). "	( Normal response of cardiac flow and function to adenosine stress as assessed by cardiac MR. Bremerich, J; Haas, T; Kawel, N; Santini, F; Streefkerk, HJ; Zellweger, MJ, 2012)	2.08
"Adenosine plays a role in asthma; asthmatics, but not normal subjects, present bronchoconstriction following inhalation of adenosine or of its precursor, adenosine-5'-monophosphate, most likely via adenosine A(2B) receptor on mast cells."	( Hyperresponsiveness to adenosine in sensitized Wistar rats over-expressing A1 receptor. Alfieri, A; Cicala, C; Grassia, G; Ialenti, A; Maione, F; Mascolo, N; Morello, S; Parisi, A, 2012)	1.41
"Adenosine plays an important role in neuromodulation and neuroprotection. "	( The mechanism of electrically stimulated adenosine release varies by brain region. Pajski, ML; Venton, BJ, 2013)	2.1
"Adenosine plays an important role during inflammation, particularly through modulation of monocyte function. "	( Adenosine modulates LPS-induced cytokine production in porcine monocytes. Faldyna, M; Kovaru, F; Kovaru, H; Leva, L; Ondrackova, P, 2013)	3.28
"Adenosine is known to suppress seizure activity mainly by activation of adenosine A(1) receptors. "	( Seizure suppression by adenosine A(2A) receptor activation in a rat model of audiogenic brainstem epilepsy. Boison, D; Güttinger, M; Huber, A; Möhler, H, 2002)	2.07
"Adenosine plays an important role as a modulator of ischemic reperfusion injury, and that the production and mechanism of action of adenosine are linked with NE release."	( Adenosine production and its interaction with protection of ischemic and reperfusion injury of the myocardium. Obata, T, 2002)	2.48
"Adenosine displays contradictory effects on cell growth: it improves cell proliferation, but it may also induce apoptosis and impair cell survival. "	( Adenosine receptors as mediators of both cell proliferation and cell death of cultured human melanoma cells. Baraldi, PG; Borea, PA; Gessi, S; Klotz, KN; Leung, E; Merighi, S; Milani, D; Mirandola, P; Varani, K, 2002)	3.2
"Adenosine plays a crucial role in this phenomenon, which is related to anti-apoptotic activity."	( Synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis inhibits neutrophil apoptosis: role of adenosine and proinflammatory cytokines. Arduino, N; Bertolotto, M; Cutolo, M; Dallegri, F; Frumento, G; Mancini, M; Ottonello, L; Sottofattori, E, 2002)	1.26
"Adenosine plays a role in promoting sleep, an effect that is thought to be mediated in the basal forebrain. "	( Enzymes of adenosine metabolism in the brain: diurnal rhythm and the effect of sleep deprivation. Cater, JR; Galante, RJ; Geiger, JD; Mackiewicz, M; Nikonova, EV; Pack, AI; Zhang, L; Zimmerman, JE, 2003)	2.15
"Adenosine receptors inhibit transmission, and this effect can be abolished by activation of PKC with phorbol esters."	( Phorbol ester uncouples adenosine inhibition of presynaptic Ca2+ transients at hippocampal synapses. Lovinger, DM; Stocca, G, 2003)	1.35
"Adenosine analogs produce analgesic actions in nociceptive paradigms and alleviate manifestations of neuropathic pain in nerve injury models in rodents. "	( Intravenous adenosine alleviates neuropathic pain: a double blind placebo controlled crossover trial using an enriched enrolment design. Clark, AJ; Lynch, ME; Sawynok, J, 2003)	2.14
"Adenosine did not cause vasoconstriction in arterioles from A1AR-/- mice."	( Adenosine induces vasoconstriction through Gi-dependent activation of phospholipase C in isolated perfused afferent arterioles of mice. Briggs, J; Castrop, H; Hansen, PB; Schnermann, J, 2003)	2.48
"Adenosine plays a major cytoprotective role during ischemia and conditions of oxidative stress. "	( Noise induces A1 adenosine receptor expression in the chinchilla cochlea. Hughes, LF; Pingle, SC; Ramkumar, V; Rybak, LP; Whitworth, CA, 2004)	2.11
"Adenosine analogs inhibit TRPV1-mediated Ca(2+) entry in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells stably expressing TRPV1 (HEK/TRPV1) and DRG neurons."	( Direct interaction of adenosine with the TRPV1 channel protein. Premkumar, LS; Puntambekar, P; Raisinghani, M; Ramkumar, V; Van Buren, J, 2004)	1.36
"The adenosine increase is matched by activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the striatal neurons of R6/2 mouse but not in the cortex."	( Adenosine and glutamate extracellular concentrations and mitogen-activated protein kinases in the striatum of Huntington transgenic mice. Selective antagonism of adenosine A2A receptors reduces transmitter outflow. Gianfriddo, M; Giovannini, MG; Melani, A; Pedata, F; Turchi, D, 2004)	2.25
"Adenosine can inhibit glutamate-induced calcium influx and voltage-gated calcium currents in rat RGCs through A(1)-R activation. "	( Adenosine A1-receptor modulation of glutamate-induced calcium influx in rat retinal ganglion cells. Baldridge, WH; Barnes, S; Hartwick, AT; Lalonde, MR, 2004)	3.21
"Adenosine was found to suppress release of amino acids from the heart in perfusion with calcium-free medium, to efficiently prevent disorders in the energy-dependent functions of mitochondrion and myoglobin release from the heart in reperfusion with Ca2+ -containing solution."	( [Some mechanisms of adenosine protective effect in the "calcium paradox"]. Alabovskiĭ, VV; Khamburov, VV; Vinokurov, AA, 2004)	1.37
"Adenosine promotes tissue protection and repair through four general modes of action: increased oxygen supply/demand ratio, preconditioning, anti-inflammatory effects, and stimulation of angiogenesis. "	( Adenosine in tissue protection and tissue regeneration. Linden, J, 2005)	3.21
"The adenosine-induced increase of current was blocked by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) inhibitors, KT 5720 and Rp-8-CPT-cAMPs."	( Protein kinase A-dependent activation of inward rectifier potassium channels by adenosine in rabbit coronary smooth muscle cells. Earm, YE; Han, J; Kim, N; Ko, JH; Park, WS; Son, YK, 2005)	1.04
"Adenosine could inhibit platelet aggregation induced by propyl gallate, but no action on restocetin."	( [Inhibiting effect of adenosine on platelet activation in vitro]. Liu, JH; Ouyang, XL; Wang, DM; Xing, YC; Zhou, J, 2005)	1.36
"Adenosine plays a significant role in various physiological processes including cardioprotection. "	( Characterization of adenosine transport in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. Leung, GP; Man, RY; Tse, CM, 2007)	2.11
"Adenosine plays multiple roles in the efficient functioning of the heart by regulating coronary blood flow, cardiac pacemaking, and contractility. "	( Distribution and functional characterization of equilibrative nucleoside transporter-4, a novel cardiac adenosine transporter activated at acidic pH. Baldwin, SA; Barnes, K; Beal, PR; Billeter-Clark, R; Boyett, MR; Cass, CE; Claycomb, WC; Dobrzynski, H; Foppolo, S; Ismat, F; Ritzel, MW; Scullion, ER; Sun, L; Tellez, J; Young, JD, 2006)	1.99
"Adenosine can suppress the release of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) from activated monocytes and macrophages, and may contribute to the anti-inflammatory activities of methotrexate and sulphasalazine. "	( Adenosine and cytokine levels following treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with dipyridamole. Darlington, LG; Forrest, CM; Harman, G; Mackay, GM; Oxford, L; Stone, TW; Stoy, N, 2006)	3.22
"The adenosine A(3) receptor plays an important role in ischemic preconditioning. "	( IB-MECA and cardioprotection. Jang, Y; Mueller, RA; Norfleet, EA; Xu, Z, )	0.69
"Adenosine evoked an increase in mitochondrial Ca(2+) using Rhod-2/AM, a mitochondrial Ca(2+) indicator."	( Mitochondria play an important role in adenosine-induced ATP release from Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Katsuragi, T; Migita, K; Zhao, Y, 2007)	1.33
"Adenosine can also enhance tolerance to injurious stimuli via receptor-independent metabolic effects."	( Adenosinergic cardioprotection: multiple receptors, multiple pathways. Headrick, JP; Peart, JN, 2007)	2.5
"Adenosine is known to inhibit inflammatory responses in many cell systems via a family of purine receptors termed "P1." The P1 family consists of the adenosine receptors (ADORA) of subtypes A(1), A(2a), A(2b), and A(3). "	( Adenosine inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-6 secretion by the osteoblastic cell line MG-63. Benton, HP; Russell, JM; Stephenson, GS; Yellowley, CE, 2007)	3.23
"Adenosine may cause bronchoconstriction in subjects with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). "	( Side effect profile and tolerability of adenosine myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in patients with mild asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Anagnostopoulos, C; Latus, K; Loong, CY; Reyes, E; Underwood, SR; Wechalekar, K, )	1.84
"Adenosine plays a role in regulating the contractile function of the heart. "	( Adenosine A1 and A2A receptor regulation of protein phosphatase 2A in the murine heart. Chen, JF; Dobson, JG; Fenton, RA; Schwarzschild, MA; Tikh, EI, 2008)	3.23
"Adenosine also promotes the morphological differentiation of PC12 cells."	( Adenosine inhibits cell division and promotes neurite extension in PC12 cells. Corcoran, T; Huffaker, T; Wagner, JA, 1984)	2.43
"Adenosine failed to inhibit the positive inotropic action exerted by phenylephrine via stimulation of alpha-adrenoceptors in the presence of pindolol (30 nM)."	( Adenosine antagonizes the positive inotropic action mediated via beta-, but not alpha-adrenoceptors in the rabbit papillary muscle. Endoh, M; Yamashita, S, 1980)	2.43
"Adenosine may activate metabolic pathways, since the observed metabolic changes remain constant during the period of activity of adenosine (30 to 60 min) and disappear concomitantly with adenosine."	( Action of adenosine on energy metabolism and on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in rat brains. Bonifacj, JF; Laborit, H, 1984)	1.39
"1. Adenosine analogues inhibit calcium-dependent K+-evoked release of [3H]norepinephrine from guinea pig cerebral cortical and hippocampal vesicular preparations. "	( Release of norepinephrine and dopamine from brain vesicular preparations: effects of adenosine analogues. Daly, JW; Ebstein, RP, 1982)	1.11
"Adenosine analogs also produce a marked increase in the ornithine decarboxylase levels of the cells, and the characteristics of this response suggest that it is linked to the adenylate cyclase-stimulatory adenosine receptors."	( The action of adenosine analogs on PC12 cells. Dickens, G; End, D; Guroff, G; Londos, C, 1981)	1.34
"(2) Adenosine and ATP can activate nodose ganglion cardiac afferent neurones."	( Responsiveness of in situ canine nodose ganglion afferent neurones to epicardial mechanical or chemical stimuli. Armour, JA; Huang, MH; Pelleg, A; Sylvén, C, 1994)	0.77
"Adenosine is known to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro via adenosine A2 receptor activation. "	( Early administration of YT-146, an adenosine A2 receptor agonist, inhibits neointimal thickening after rat femoral artery endothelium injury. Ikeda, Y; Nagano, M; Nakashima, M; Takiguchi, Y, 1995)	2.01
"Adenosine levels were lower in oxypurinol-treated rats, during ischemia, and in the initial reperfusion phase."	( Oxypurinol-enhanced postischemic recovery of the rat brain involves preservation of adenine nucleotides. O'Regan, MH; Perkins, LM; Phillis, JW; Smith-Barbour, M, 1995)	1.01
"Adenosine failed to inhibit current evoked by exogenous GABA or baclofen, suggesting that adenosine acted presynaptically to reduce GABA release from nerve terminals."	( Presynaptic inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acidB-mediated synaptic current by adenosine recorded in vitro in midbrain dopamine neurons. Johnson, SW; Mercuri, NB; Wu, YN, 1995)	1.24
"Adenosine can cause conduction block in about 20% of nondecremental accessory pathways. "	( Use of adenosine-sensitive nondecremental accessory pathways in assessing the results of radiofrequency catheter ablation. Epstein, MR; Fishberger, SB; Saul, JP; Triedman, JK; Walsh, EP, 1995)	2.19
"The adenosine increase reached 45 pmol/sample (225 nM), which was 200% of the basal value 20 min after the stimulant administration."	( Dopamine receptor blockade inhibits the amphetamine-induced release of diadenosine polyphosphates, diadenosine tetraphosphate and diadenosine pentaphosphate, from neostriatum of the conscious rat. Miras-Portugal, MT; Mora, F; Pintor, J; Porras, A, 1995)	1
"Adenosine and AMP produce no detectable effect, whereas ADP induces a small outward current."	( ATP- and UTP-induced currents in macrophages and macrophage polykaryons. Albuquerque, C; Coutinho-Silva, R; Oliveira, SM; Oliveira-Castro, GM; Persechini, PM, 1993)	1.01
"Adenosine was found to inhibit equally constriction involving either voltage or receptor operated Ca2+ channels."	( Modulation by adenosine of thromboxane A2 receptor-mediated constriction in the human umbilical artery. Boura, AL; Di Grande, A; Malatino, LS; Read, MA; Walters, WA, 1994)	1.37
"Adenosine blocked the increase in both [Ca]s and [Ca]c that normally accompanies a tetanus."	( Calcium concentration changes in the calyciform nerve terminal of the avian ciliary ganglion after tetanic stimulation. Bennett, MR; Larkum, ME; Warren, DA, 1994)	1.01
"Adenosine may inhibit transmitter release by reducing voltage-dependent Ca2+ currents, activating K+ currents, or by mechanisms downstream to Ca2+ influx."	( Adenosine inhibits evoked synaptic transmission primarily by reducing presynaptic calcium influx in area CA1 of hippocampus. Saggau, P; Wu, LG, 1994)	2.45
"Adenosine was chosen because of its safety for both the mother and the fetus and its lack of the hypotensive effect often seen with verapamil."	( Adenosine treatment of supraventricular tachycardia following epidural test dose: a case study. Merson, N, 1993)	2.45
"Adenosine is known to cause pain when injected intravenously or intra-arterially. "	( Analgesic effect of bamiphylline on pain induced by intradermal injection of adenosine. Crea, F; Gaspardone, A; Gioffré, PA; Iamele, M; Pappagallo, M; Tomai, F, 1993)	1.96
"Adenosine caused a 270% increase in average peak velocity but no change in epicardial coronary artery cross-sectional area, resulting in a 270% increase in volumetric blood flow."	( Assessment of coronary conductance and resistance vessel reactivity in response to nitroglycerin, ergonovine and adenosine: in vivo studies with simultaneous intravascular two-dimensional and Doppler ultrasound. Barbant, SD; Chatterjee, K; Fitzgerald, PJ; Foster, E; MacGregor, JS; Sudhir, K; Yock, PG, 1993)	1.22
"The adenosine-induced increase of tissue ACh was not the consequence of an adenosine-induced decrease of ACh release."	( Increased acetylcholine content induced by adenosine in a sympathetic ganglion and its subsequent mobilization by electrical stimulation. Collier, B; Tandon, A, 1993)	1.03
"Adenosine is known to produce cardiovascular effects such as bradycardia and hypotension via activation of myocardial (A1) and vascular (A2) receptors and antilipolytic effects through activation of adipocyte (A1) receptors. "	( Cardiovascular and antilipolytic effects of the adenosine agonist GR79236. Colussi, DJ; Cox, BF; Greenland, BD; Hawkins, ED; Merkel, LA; Perrone, MH; Smits, GJ, 1995)	1.99
"Adenosine agonists inhibit TNF-alpha production in macrophage and monocytes, but the mechanism is unknown. "	( Inhibition of TNF-alpha expression by adenosine: role of A3 adenosine receptors. Domingo, RC; Firestein, GS; Foster, AC; Sajjadi, FG; Takabayashi, K, 1996)	2.01
"Adenosine did not increase either the cyclic AMP or the cyclic GMP levels in platelets."	( Synergistic inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation by the novel nitric oxide-donor GEA 3175 and adenosine. Andersson, RG; Bengtsson, T; Grenegård, M; Gustafsson, MC, 1996)	1.23
"Adenosine caused an increase in CBF in the LAD averaging 20 +/- 10 mL/min before CSA, 10 +/- 8 mL/min after CSA, and 17 +/- 12 mL/min during L-arginine injection (P = .004)."	( Cyclosporin A-induced coronary artery vasoconstriction through myogenic and endothelium-dependent mechanisms. Carrier, M; Khalil, A; Latour, JG; Pelletier, LC, 1996)	1.02
"Adenosine plays an important role in postischemic dysfunction of cardiac sympathetic nerves because exogenously infused adenosine produces and adenosine deaminase prevents "neural stunning." We examined whether adenosine acts via a specific receptor mechanism to produce neural stunning. "	( Role of adenosine receptor subtypes in neural stunning of sympathetic coronary innervation. Abe, T; Gutterman, DD; Morgan, DA, 1997)	2.17
"Adenosine plays probably a very important but not an exclusive role."	( [The role of adenosine in "ischemic preconditioning"]. Htun, P; Schaper, W; Vogt, A, 1996)	1.38
"Adenosine failed to inhibit hypoxanthine uptake."	( Hypoxanthine uptake at the fetal side of human placenta proceeds through a nucleobase-preferring carrier and a non-saturable process. Acevedo, CG; Bravo, I; Ramírez, M; Rojas, S, 1997)	1.02
"Adenosine was found to inhibit 35 mM K(+)- and 20 Hz electrical stimulation-induced [3H]D-aspartate and endogenous glutamate overflow."	( Characterization of glutamate and [3H]D-aspartate outflow from various in vitro preparations of the rat hippocampus. Beani, L; Bianchi, C; Bregola, G; Muzzolini, A; Simonato, M, 1997)	1.02
"Adenosine plays a role opposite to dopamine in the striatum and adenosine agonists produce similar behavioural effects as dopamine antagonists."	( Adenosine-dopamine interactions in the ventral striatum. Implications for the treatment of schizophrenia. Ferré, S, 1997)	2.46
"Adenosine can produce cerebral vasodilation and reduce neuronal activity and is a possible mediator of uncoupling."	( Cerebrospinal fluid adenosine concentration and uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism after severe head injury in humans. Bell, MJ; Carcillo, JA; Clark, RS; Jackson, EK; Kochanek, PM; Marion, DW; Mi, Z; Obrist, WD; Wisneiwski, SR, 1997)	1.34
"Adenosine appears to inhibit the formation of thromboemboli during coronary hypoperfusion by suppressing the expression of P-selectin on platelets and neutrophil-platelet adhesion."	( Endogenous adenosine inhibits P-selectin-dependent formation of coronary thromboemboli during hypoperfusion in dogs. Asanuma, H; Funaya, H; Hori, M; Kitakaze, M; Kuzuya, T; Matsuzawa, Y; Minamino, T; Sato, H; Shiraga, M; Tomiyama, Y; Ueda, Y, 1998)	1.41
"Adenosine plays an important role in protection of the heart before, during and after ischemia. "	( Effects of nucleoside transport inhibitors and adenine/ribose supply on ATP concentration and adenosine production in cardiac myocytes. Kalsi, KK; Smolenski, RT; Yacoub, MH, 1998)	1.96
"Adenosine does not cause retrograde AVN block in all patients with AVNRT, and therefore cannot reliably distinguish between retrograde conduction via the AVN or an accessory pathway."	( Variable effects of adenosine on retrograde conduction in patients with atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia. Fishberger, SB; Gomes, JA; Langan, MN; Marx, SO; Mehta, D; Rossi, AF, 1998)	1.34
"Adenosine plays many physiological and pathological roles in CNS via its receptors."	( [The role of adenosine in the central nervous system]. Lu, GW; Zhang, WL, 1996)	1.38
"1. Adenosine plays a crucial role in the evolution of ischemic preconditioning. "	( Effects of lysophosphatidylcholine on the production of interstitial adenosine via protein kinase C-mediated activation of ecto-5'-nucleotidase. Arita, M; Obata, T; Sato, T; Yamanaka, Y, 1998)	1.16
"The adenosine-induced increase in cerebral blood flow velocity was reduced by the adenosine receptor antagonist aminophylline."	( Brain blood flow and blood pressure during hypoxia in the epaulette shark Hemiscyllium ocellatum, a hypoxia-tolerant elasmobranch. Nilsson, GE; Renshaw, GM; Söderström, V, 1999)	0.78
"Adenosine analogs produce antinociception in normal animals and reduce allodynia and hyperalgesia following inflammation and nerve injury following spinal injection, yet none have been tested for clinical safety. "	( Exogenous and endogenous adenosine enhance the spinal antiallodynic effects of morphine in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Eisenach, JC; Lavand'homme, PM, 1999)	2.05
"Adenosine can activate angiotensin production in the forearm vessels of essential hypertensive patients."	( Adenosine causes the release of active renin and angiotensin II in the coronary circulation of patients with essential hypertension. Duranti, P; Favilla, S; Ghiadoni, L; Marraccini, P; Marzilli, M; Orsini, E; Salvetti, A; Taddei, S; Virdis, A, 1999)	3.19
"Adenosine levels increase at seizure foci as part of a postulated endogenous negative feedback mechanism that controls seizure activity through activation of A1 adenosine receptors. "	( Adenosine kinase inhibitors as a novel approach to anticonvulsant therapy. Barankiewicz, J; Castellino, AJ; Dumas, DP; Erion, MD; Foster, AC; Gruber, HE; Ugarkar, BG; Wiesner, JB, 1999)	3.19
"2) Adenosine plays a major role as an autocrine factor regulating VEGF expression during normoxic conditions but has a relatively minor role during hypoxic conditions."	( Adenosine upregulates VEGF expression in cultured myocardial vascular smooth muscle cells. Adair, TH; Anand, V; Brady, AL; Gu, JW; Kelly, WC; Moore, MC, 1999)	2.26
"Adenosine analogs produce antinociception in animal models of acute pain, reduce hypersensitivity in models of inflammatory and nerve-injury pain, and stimulate neurotransmitter release in the brain. "	( Intrathecal adenosine interacts with a spinal noradrenergic system to produce antinociception in nerve-injured rats. Eisenach, JC; Gomes, JA; Li, X; Pan, HL, 1999)	2.13
"Adenosine can cause atrioventricular nodal (AV) block during infusion."	( The safety of adenosine pharmacologic stress testing in patients with first-degree atrioventricular block in the presence and absence of atrioventricular blocking medications. Alkoutami, GS; Movahed, A; Reeves, WC, )	1.21
"Adenosine (Ado) plays an important role in regulation of coronary vascular tone with nitric oxide (NO) and ATP-sensitive K(+) (K(+)(ATP)) channels. "	( Role of NO and K(+)(ATP) channels in adenosine-induced vasodilation on in vivo canine subendocardial arterioles. Hiramatsu, O; Kajiya, F; Tachibana, H; Toyota, E; Yada, T, 1999)	2.02
"Adenosine fails to increase vascular permeability in mast cell-deficient mice, suggesting that this tissue response to adenosine is mast cell-dependent."	( Adenosine and inosine increase cutaneous vasopermeability by activating A(3) receptors on mast cells. Jacobson, MA; Koller, BH; Salvatore, CA; Tilley, SL; Wagoner, VA, 2000)	2.47
"Adenosine plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic preconditioning."	( Effect of adjunctive intracoronary adenosine on myocardial ischemia, hemodynamic function and left ventricular performance during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: clinical access to ischemic preconditioning? Heidland, UE; Heintzen, MP; Michel, CJ; Strauer, BE, 2000)	1.31
"Adenosine levels increase in brain during cerebral ischemia, and adenosine has receptor-mediated neuroprotective effects. "	( Effects of nitrobenzylthioinosine on neuronal injury, adenosine levels, and adenosine receptor activity in rat forebrain ischemia. Geiger, JD; Greenway, SC; Parkinson, FE; Peeling, J; Shepel, PN; Zhang, YW, 2000)	2
"Adenosine plays a key role in its pathogenesis."	( Preconditioning during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty by endogenous and exogenous adenosine. Heidland, UE; Heintzen, MP; Schwartzkopff, B; Strauer, BE, 2000)	1.25
"A(1) adenosine receptors inhibit adenylate cyclase by activating G(i)/G(o), whereas A(2A) receptors activate G(s). "	( Dominance of G(s) in doubly G(s)/G(i)-coupled chimaeric A(1)/A(2A) adenosine receptors in HEK-293 cells. Holeton, D; Jia, LG; Linden, J; Taylor, AJ; Tucker, AL, 2000)	1.06
"Adenosine plays a major modulatory and neuroprotective role in the mammalian CNS. "	( A depletable pool of adenosine in area CA1 of the rat hippocampus. Caldwell, D; Dale, N; Frenguelli, BG; Nuritova, F; Pearson, T, 2001)	2.07
"Adenosine plays a significant role in various physiological and regulatory processes including coronary vasodilatation. "	( Characterization of an NBTI-sensitive equilibrative nucleoside transporter in vascular smooth muscle. Dhalla, AK; Dodam, JR; Jones, AW; Rubin, LJ, 2001)	1.75
"Adenosine was shown to inhibit norepinephrine (NE) release from sympathetic nerve endings. "	( Modulation of catecholamine release by endogenous adenosine in the rat adrenal medulla. Chan, JY; Jan, CR; Lo, WC; Tseng, CJ, 2001)	2.01
"If adenosine plays a role in vasovagal syncope, then dipyridamole would induce more positive HUT responses, a positive HUT response would be prevented by theophylline, and hemodynamic and HRV data in positive HUT responses induced by dipyridamole should reproduce those observed during spontaneous positive HUT responses."	( Role of endogenous adenosine in vasovagal syncope. Grad, A; Rakovec, P; Sinkovec, M, 2001)	1.15
"tk;1Adenosine plays a role in the control of water and electrolyte reabsorption in the distal tubule. "	( Adenosine modulates Mg(2+) uptake in distal convoluted tubule cells via A(1) and A(2) purinoceptors. Dai, LJ; Kang, HS; Kerstan, D; Quamme, GA; Ritchie, G, 2001)	2.31
"Adenosine plays important roles in a variety of pathophysiologic conditions through receptor-mediated mechanisms. "	( Activation of adenosine A2a receptor pathway reduces leukocyte infiltration but enhances edema formation in rat caerulein pancreatitis. Masamune, A; Satoh, A; Satoh, K; Shimosegawa, T; Yamagiwa, T, 2002)	2.12
"Adenosine may cause VF when administered during preexcited AF."	( Adenosine induced ventricular fibrillation in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Gupta, AK; Hayes, OW; Lokhandwala, YY; Maheshwari, A; Shah, CP; Thakur, RK, 2002)	2.48
"Adenosine did not produce any effect on basal release."	( Effects of adenosine A1 and A2A receptor activation on the evoked release of glutamate from rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes. Bonfanti, A; Marchi, M; Monopoli, A; Ongini, E; Raiteri, L; Raiteri, M; Risso, F; Vallarino, A, 2002)	1.43
"Adenosine plays an important role as a modulator of ischemic reperfusion injury."	( [Adenosine production and its role in protection against ischemic and reperfusion injury of the myocardium]. Obata, T, 2002)	1.95
"Adenosine was found to inhibit the field-stimulated release of 3H-norepinephrine in a dose-dependent manner in 50- to 1,000-microM concentrations."	( Effect of adenosine on adrenergic neurotransmission in the superfused rat portal vein. Moylan, RD; Westfall, TC, 1979)	1.38
"Adenosine did not produce contraction."	( The postjunctional effects and neural release of purine compounds in the guinea-pig vas deferens. Rowe, JN; Stitzel, RE; Westfall, DP, 1978)	0.98
"Adenosine was found to inhibit growth of Drosophila melanogaster cells in culture. "	( Role of vitamin B12 in the reduction of ribonucleotides into deoxyribonucleotides in Drosophila cells grown in vitro. Becker, JL, 1976)	1.7
"Adenosine and inosine increase the glycolysis in ACD stored human red cells."	( [Comparative study of adenosine and inosine as corrigents of ACD (Acid Citrate Dextrose) solution in preservation of human blood]. Aleksić, S; Popović, DA, 1975)	1.29
"Adenosine seems to increase cyclic AMP through the activation of a surface adenosine receptor with pharmacological properties distinct from those exhibited by the A2 adenosine receptor."	( Effect of adenosine and adenosine analogues on cyclic AMP accumulation in cultured mesangial cells and isolated glomeruli of the rat. Lopez-Novoa, JM; Olivera, A, 1992)	1.41
"Adenosine agonists produce antinociception when injected directly onto the spinal cord of rats and mice. "	( Adenosine analogs do not inhibit the potassium-stimulated release of substance P from rat spinal cord slices. Ono, H; Vasko, MR, 1990)	3.16
"Adenosine may cause acceleration of preexcited atrial arrhythmias, but these effects are transient and should not discourage the use of adenosine as a diagnostic agent in broad complex, regular tachycardias of uncertain origin."	( Effects of intravenous adenosine on antegrade refractoriness of accessory atrioventricular connections. Camm, AJ; Garratt, CJ; Griffith, MJ; O'Nunain, S; Ward, DE, 1991)	1.31
"Adenosine is known to inhibit nonshivering thermogenesis in adult brown fat. "	( Changes in plasma adenosine during simulated birth of fetal sheep. Asakura, H; Power, GG; Sawa, R, 1991)	2.06
"Adenosine did not cause Ca2+ fluxes or a Ca2+ transient and was inhibitory of O2- production."	( Exposure of human neutrophils to exogenous nucleotides causes elevation in intracellular calcium, transmembrane calcium fluxes, and an alteration of a cytosolic factor resulting in enhanced superoxide production in response to FMLP and arachidonic acid. Axtell, RA; Boxer, LA; Sandborg, RR; Smolen, JE; Ward, PA, 1990)	1
"Adenosine was found to cause a dose-dependent stimulation of PI hydrolysis (ED50, 2.8 microM) in renal slices from outer medulla."	( Adenosine and its analogs stimulate phosphoinositide hydrolysis in the kidney. Crews, FT; Garg, LC; Narang, N, 1990)	2.44
"Adenosine is able to inhibit in vitro neutrophil functions induced by formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) and A23187, but not phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). "	( Adenosine system and cell calcium translocation: interference of calcium channel blockers. Capecchi, PL; Ceccatelli, L; Di Perri, T; Gistri, A; Laghi Pasini, F; Mazza, S; Pasqui, AL, 1990)	3.16
"Adenosine caused an increase in heart rate (68 +/- 12 at baseline versus 87 +/- 18 beats/min at peak effect, p less than 0.0001) but no change in blood pressure."	( Single photon emission computed tomography with thallium-201 during adenosine-induced coronary hyperemia: correlation with coronary arteriography, exercise thallium imaging and two-dimensional echocardiography. Heo, J; Iskandrian, AS; Nguyen, T; Ogilby, JD, 1990)	1.24
"Adenosine plays many significant roles both as a metabolic precursor and cell communicator. "	( Isolation of two novel adenosine binding proteins from bovine brain. Bembenek, ME, 1990)	2.03
"Adenosine is known to increase carotid chemoreceptor discharge in vivo. "	( Effect of adenosine on isolated and superfused cat carotid body activity. Cherniack, NS; Prabhakar, NR; Runold, M, 1990)	2.12
"Adenosine was shown to cause a rapid biphasic increase in cAMP, while 2-chloroadenosine and adenosine with NBTI induces a prolonged elevation in cAMP."	( Adenosine induced immunosuppression: the role of the adenosine receptor--adenylate cyclase interaction in the alteration of T-lymphocyte surface phenotype and immunoregulatory function. Birch, RE; Polmar, SH, 1986)	2.44
"The adenosine-stimulated increase in vascularity was blocked with 110 micrograms of methyl-isobutyl-xanthine injected daily into the albumin."	( Stimulation of angiogenesis by adenosine on the chick chorioallantoic membrane. Dusseau, JW; Hutchins, PM; Malbasa, DS, 1986)	1.04
"Adenosine also plays a role as an autocrine growth factor in FRTL5, since adenosine deaminase increases the response of these cells to TSH."	( Adenosine has divergent effects on deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in FRTL5 cells: inhibition of thyrotropin-stimulated and potentiation of insulin-like growth factor-I-stimulated thymidine incorporation. Frauman, AG; Moses, AC; Tramontano, D; Veneziani, BM, 1989)	2.44
"Adenosine is able to inhibit the increase of wet lung weight to body weight ratio induced by ozone, and to reduce the mortality induced by anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs and mice."	( Effect of adenosine in some models of inflammation and anaphylaxis in experimental animals. Arruzazabala, ML; Garcia, M, 1989)	1.4
"Adenosine and ATP produce dose- and tone-dependent responses in the feline pulmonary vascular bed. "	( Adenosine does not mediate the pulmonary vasodilator response of adenosine 5'-triphosphate in the feline pulmonary vascular bed. Hyman, AL; Kadowitz, PJ; Lippton, H; Neely, CF; Neiman, M, 1989)	3.16
"Adenosine agonists cause a marked stimulation in cyclic AMP accumulation in whole human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in the presence of adenosine deaminase and papaverine, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. "	( Human retinal pigment epithelial cells in culture possess A2-adenosine receptors. Campochiaro, PA; Friedman, Z; Hackett, SF; Linden, J, 1989)	1.96
"Adenosine promotes relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, acting on the A2 subclass of purinoceptors."	( Expression and desensitisation of A2 purinoceptors on cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. Hunt, JA; Keen, M; Kelly, E; Luty, J; MacDermot, J; Nobbs, PK, 1989)	1
"The adenosine-induced increase in graft flow was maintained when the infusion was prolonged."	( Adenosine-induced increase in graft flow during coronary bypass surgery. Ekeström, S; Sollevi, A; Torssell, L, 1989)	2.2
"Adenosine was shown to inhibit firing rate; the adenosine antagonist theophylline was shown to increase firing rate; the enzyme adenosine deaminase, which catabolizes adenosine to inosine, was shown to increase firing rate; the adenosine uptake inhibitor dipyridamole was shown to decrease firing rate; and adenosine was shown to be released from the isolated semicircular canal by electrical stimulation."	( Adenosine is a modulator of hair cell-afferent neurotransmission. Barron, SE; Bryant, GM; Guth, PS; Norris, CH, 1987)	2.44
"Adenosine promotes the cAMP-induced increase of mRNAs, probed with the cDNAs D11 and D14, which are preferentially expressed in prestalk cells, while it inhibits cAMP-induced prespore gene expression. "	( Opposite effects of adenosine on two types of cAMP-induced gene expression in Dictyostelium indicate the involvement of at least two different intracellular pathways for the transduction of cAMP signals. Schaap, P; Spek, W; van Drunen, K; van Eijk, R, 1988)	2.04
"Adenosine may therefore lower production of inositol phosphates and thus reduce the stimulated release of calcium from intracellular stores."	( Adenosine reduces agonist-induced production of inositol phosphates in rat aorta. Long, CJ; Stone, TW, 1987)	2.44
"Adenosine was found to inhibit the induction of prespore differentiation by cAMP in an apparently competitive manner."	( Interactions between adenosine and oscillatory cAMP signaling regulate size and pattern in Dictyostelium. Schaap, P; Wang, M, 1986)	1.31
"Adenosine promotes a concentration-dependent hydrolysis of 3H-glycogen newly synthesized from 3H-glucose by mouse cerebral cortical slices. "	( Adenosine stimulates glycogenolysis in mouse cerebral cortex: a possible coupling mechanism between neuronal activity and energy metabolism. Hof, PR; Magistretti, PJ; Martin, JL, 1986)	3.16
"Adenosine produced an increase in cardiac output (CO), maintained blood flow to the cerebrum, cerebellum, heart, kidneys and adrenal glands and increased blood flow to the spinal cord and splanchnic organs, except the spleen."	( Central and regional haemodynamics during controlled hypotension produced by adenosine, sodium nitroprusside and nitroglycerin. Studies in the pig. Norlén, K, 1988)	1.23
"Adenosine causes a 50% increase of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content in the oocyte."	( Adenosine potentiates forskolin-induced delay of meiotic resumption by mouse denuded oocytes: evidence for an oocyte surface site of adenosine action. Conti, M; Petrungaro, S; Salustri, A; Siracusa, G, 1988)	2.44
"Adenosine plays an important role in the regulation of coronary blood flow, as it relaxes the coronary smooth muscle through A2 receptors. "	( Antagonism of adenosine-induced relaxation by methylxanthines in coronary artery. Mustafa, SJ; Ramagopal, MV; Rash, VA, )	1.93
"This adenosine-induced increase in portal blood flow was inhibited by 8-phenyltheophylline in a dose-dependent manner [adenosine, 81.7 +/- 8.0 ml.kg-1.min-1; adenosine + 8-phenyltheophylline (0.2 mg.kg-1.min-1), 49.8 +/- 6.6 ml.kg-1.min; P less than 0.05]."	( Ethanol-induced increase in portal blood flow: role of adenosine. Carmichael, FJ; Giles, HG; Israel, Y; Orrego, H; Saldivia, V; Sandrin, S, 1988)	0.98
"Adenosine tended to produce a larger relaxation in medium-size coronary arteries than in large coronary arteries."	( Effects of the water extract of Chrysanthemum indicum Linn. on coronary and systemic hemodynamics in the dog. Aburada, M; Hosoya, E; Kato, T; Miyamoto, Y; Noguchi, K; Sakanashi, M; Suekawa, M, 1986)	0.99
"The adenosine-induced increase in cardiac index (42 +/- 9%, n = 7) was associated with a 63 +/- 10% decrease in systemic vascular resistance index (n = 7) while the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure remained unchanged."	( Clinical experience with adenosine for controlled hypotension during cerebral aneurysm surgery. Gordon, E; Lagerkranser, M; Lindquist, C; Owall, A; Rudehill, A; Sollevi, A, 1987)	1.06
"The adenosine-induced increase in coronary flow was not facilitated by low pH."	( Adenosine-induced coronary release of prostacyclin at normal and low pH in isolated heart of rabbit. Ciabattoni, G; Wennmalm, A, 1985)	2.19
"Adenosine did not cause major systemic vasodilation (MABP less than 30 mmHg) in any case, and the blood pressure levels showed no intergroup difference during CPB."	( Adenosine spares platelets during cardiopulmonary bypass in man without causing systemic vasodilatation. Blombäck, M; Fredholm, BB; Settergren, G; Sollevi, A; Torssell, L, 1985)	2.43
"Adenosine causes an increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP in mouse neuroblastoma cells. "	( Adenosine-mediated elevation of cyclic 3':5'-adenosine monophosphate concentrations in cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells. Blume, AJ; Dalton, C; Sheppard, H, 1973)	3.14

Treatment

Adenosine treatment in combination with the Akt inhibitor, GSK690693, or the silencing of p21 can switch the senescence-to-apoptosis signal. Adenosine pretreatment significantly extended seizure latency (p < 0.05), but did not affect seizure duration and entry time to stage 4 seizure.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Adenosine treatment in combination with the Akt inhibitor, GSK690693, or the silencing of p21 to interfere with the Akt-p21 axis can switch the senescence-to-apoptosis signal and alleviate drug resistance."	( Augmenting the therapeutic efficacy of adenosine against pancreatic cancer by switching the Akt/p21-dependent senescence to apoptosis. Che, Z; Chu, Y; Liu, F; Liu, J; Ma, Y; McGrath, M; Song, C; Wu, L; Wu, M; Xu, W; Yang, D; Zhang, Q; Zhang, W, 2019)	1.5
"Adenosine treatment activated AMPK and led to phosphorylation of its downstream proteins including ULK and Raptor."	( Adenosine Induces Autophagy in Cholangiocarcinoma Cells. Lertsuwan, J; Satayavivad, J; Svasti, J, 2021)	2.79
"Adenosine pretreatment significantly extended seizure latency (p < 0.05), but did not affect seizure duration and entry time to stage 4 seizure. "	( The Effects of Adenosinergic Modulation on Cytokine Levels in a Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure Model. Ateş, N; Dede, F; Eraldemir, FC; Karadenizli, S; Özsoy, ÖD; Şahin, D, 2017)	2.25
"Adenosine treatment was found to be cytoprotective in the low intracellular ATP state, but cytotoxic under the normal ATP state."	( Intracellular ATP concentration contributes to the cytotoxic and cytoprotective effects of adenosine. Guo, H; Huang, H; Li, S; Li, X; Liu, J; Liu, N; Liu, S; Tang, P; Yang, C, 2013)	1.33
"Adenosine as treatment for no-reflow during PPCI could reduce angiographic no-reflow (TIMI flow grade < 3) but was found to increase adverse events."	( Adenosine and verapamil for no-reflow during primary percutaneous coronary intervention in people with acute myocardial infarction. Li, L; Nyi, TS; Su, Q, 2015)	2.58
"The adenosine derivative treatment reduced diethylnitrosamine-induced collagen expression and decreased the proportion of nodules positive for the tumor marker γ-glutamyl transferase."	( Cancer chemoprevention by an adenosine derivative in a model of cirrhosis-hepatocellular carcinoma induced by diethylnitrosamine in rats. Chagoya de Sánchez, V; Pérez-Carreón, JI; Pérez-Martínez, L; Velasco-Loyden, G; Vidrio-Gómez, S, 2017)	1.23
"The adenosine-treated cells also experienced a two-fold increase in ATP level that sustained for 3 days."	( Enhanced IFNgamma production in adenosine-treated CHO cells: a mechanistic study. Chong, WP; Sim, LC; Wong, KT; Yap, MG, )	0.9
"Adenosine deaminase treatment increases TNF-alpha production by ex vivo-cultured amniotic fluid. "	( Endogenous adenosine down-modulates mid-trimester intraamniotic tumor necrosis factor-alpha production. Bongiovanni, AM; Linhares, IM; Perni, U; Sezen, D; Skupski, D; Witkin, SS, 2009)	2.19
"Adenosine treatment was also protective, but not to the level of the agonists."	( Activation of A1, A2A, or A3 adenosine receptors attenuates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. Gazoni, LM; Kron, IL; Laubach, VE; Linden, J; Unger, EB; Walters, DM, 2010)	1.37
"Adenosine treatment can protect the graft in cadaver donor rats with warm ischemia. "	( [Cardioprotection of adenosine treatment in cadaver donor rats with warm ischemia]. Chen, S; Jiang, H; Luo, W; Wu, D, 2010)	2.12
"Adenosine pretreatment reduces injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion. "	( The myocardial protective effects of adenosine pretreatment in children undergoing cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Chen, M; Duan, W; Feng, G; Jin, Z; Xiong, L; Yi, D; Yu, S; Zhang, H, 2011)	2.08
"Adenosine pretreatment was performed by infusing a total of 2.45 mg kg⁻¹ of adenosine over 10 min."	( The myocardial protective effects of adenosine pretreatment in children undergoing cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Chen, M; Duan, W; Feng, G; Jin, Z; Xiong, L; Yi, D; Yu, S; Zhang, H, 2011)	1.36
"The adenosine pretreatment protocol caused significant hypotension but had no significant effect on heart rate."	( The myocardial protective effects of adenosine pretreatment in children undergoing cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Chen, M; Duan, W; Feng, G; Jin, Z; Xiong, L; Yi, D; Yu, S; Zhang, H, 2011)	1.12
"Adenosine treatment significantly reduced myocardial injury, as indicated by serum troponin I and creatine phosphokinase levels."	( Adenosine injection prior to cardioplegia enhances preservation of senescent hearts in rat heterotopic heart transplantation. Kawamura, T; Lee, S; Lim, SH; Nakao, A; Noda, K; Shigemura, N; Tanaka, Y; Toyoda, Y, 2013)	2.55
"Adenosine treatment increased the nitric oxide level in rats treated with chronic hypoxia."	( [Adenosine receptors agonists mitigated PAH of rats induced by chronic hypoxia through reduction of renin activity/angiotensin II levels and increase of inducible nitric oxide synthase-nitric oxide levels]. Fang, X; Huang, DN; Huang, XL; Tan, JX; Wang, B, 2012)	2.01
"Adenosine treatment did not affect upregulation of secretory and specific granule surface markers, confirming that degranulation was not impaired by adenosine."	( Inhibition of the neutrophil NADPH oxidase by adenosine is associated with increased movement of flavocytochrome b between subcellular fractions. Hanson, AJ; Nelson, LK; Quinn, MT; Siemsen, DW; Sipes, KM; Swain, SD, 2003)	1.3
"In adenosine-treated patients, the extent of all of these abnormalities during the first inflation was less than in untreated patients and did not change with subsequent inflations."	( Nonelectrocardiographic evidence that both ischemic preconditioning and adenosine preconditioning exist in humans. Bolli, R; Leesar, MA; Stoddard, MF; Tang, XL; Xuan, YT, 2003)	1.07
"Adenosine/amrinone treatment failed to improve survival figures."	( Beneficial effects of CD39/ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 in murine intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Enjyoji, K; Guckelberger, O; Imai, M; Kaczmarek, E; Kruskal, JB; Robson, SC; Sévigny, J; Sun, XF, 2004)	1.04
"Adenosine deaminase treatment abolished the suppressive effect of HS, indicating that HS inhibits neutrophils through adenosine generation."	( A putative osmoreceptor system that controls neutrophil function through the release of ATP, its conversion to adenosine, and activation of A2 adenosine and P2 receptors. Chen, Y; Insel, PA; Junger, WG; Namiki, S; Shukla, A, 2004)	1.26
"Adenosine-treated rats were given daily slow intravenous injection of adenosine at a dose of 150 microg/kg.min for 3 days from the second day."	( [Effect of adenosine on activity of transcription factor NF-kappa B and cytokines in myocardial tissue of experimental rats with pneumonia]. Huang, DN; Huang, XL; Huang, YG; Tan, JX, 2004)	1.43
"The adenosine/EHNA-treated cells were more resistant to hydrogen peroxide stress."	( Adenosine-dependent induction of glutathione peroxidase 1 in human primary endothelial cells and protection against oxidative stress. Handy, DE; Loscalzo, J; Zhang, Y, 2005)	2.25
"In adenosine treated group, the changes of SBP and DBP, left ventricular systolic pressure, +/- dp/dtmax, cardiac output, LVEDP and PCWP were the same as those in the control group after AMI and reperfusion, while left ventricular systolic pressure, +/- dp/dtmax, cardiac output, LVEDP and PCWP recovered significantly at 60 minutes of reperfusion compared with those at 6 hours AMI."	( [Beneficial effects of adenosine on myocardial no-reflow in a mini-swine model of acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion]. Chen, JL; Chen, ZJ; Gao, RL; Jing, ZC; Meng, L; Tian, Y; Wu, YJ; Yang, WX; Yang, YJ; You, SJ; Zhao, JL, 2005)	1.15
"Adenosine-treated rats exhibited less edema in cortex, brainstem and hippocampus during the first 48 h of recovery."	( Adenosine treatment delays postischemic hippocampal CA1 loss after cardiac arrest and resuscitation in rats. LaManna, JC; Lust, WD; Puchowicz, MA; Xu, K, 2006)	2.5
"Adenosine pretreatment resulted in a reduction in IL-8 expression and secretion in response to TNF-alpha, IL-1, LPS, and PMA."	( Adenosine is a negative regulator of NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling in human intestinal epithelial cells. Diaz, H; Ewaschuk, J; Hoentjen, F; Jijon, HB; Jobin, C; Madsen, KL; Walker, J, 2005)	2.49
"Adenosine treatment improved functional recovery and vascular function, and limited LDH efflux."	( Oxidant stress and damage in post-ischemic mouse hearts: effects of adenosine. Hack, B; Headrick, JP; Rayner, BS; Stocker, R; Witting, PK, 2006)	1.29
"An adenosine-based treatment for Parkinson's disease shows promise in recent clinical studies."	( Actions of adenosine A 2A receptors on synaptic connections of spiny projection neurons in the neostriatal inhibitory network. Arbuthnott, GW; Shindou, T; Wickens, JR, 2008)	1.25
"Adenosine treatment of both warm- and cold-acclimated hepatocytes suppressed COX activities but activated COX mRNA expression."	( Cold induced changes of adenosine levels in common eelpout (Zoarces viviparus): a role in modulating cytochrome c oxidase expression. Eckerle, LG; Hirse, T; Lucassen, M; Pörtner, HO, 2008)	1.37
"Adenosine is treated with CH3I in an anhydrous alkaline medium at 0 degrees C for 4 h."	( A simple method of the preparation of 2'-O-methyladenosine. Methylation of adenosine with methyl iodide in anhydrous alkaline medium. Kan, LS; Ts'o, PO; Yano, J, 1980)	1.24
"Both adenosine pre-treatments attenuated stunning compared with results in control animals (14.7% +/- 5.1% and 21.6% +/- 7.3% of preischemic systolic wall thickness versus -14.0% +/- 10%)."	( Salutary effects of exogenous adenosine administration on in vivo myocardial stunning. Lasley, RD; Mentzer, RM; Randhawa, MP, 1995)	1.03
"Adenosine pretreatment has been shown to be beneficial in several models of ischemia-reperfusion. "	( Adenosine pretreatment for prolonged cardiac storage. An evaluation with St. Thomas' Hospital and University of Wisconsin solutions. Fremes, SE; Furukawa, RD; Mickle, DA; Weisel, RD; Zhang, J, 1995)	3.18
"Adenosine treatment was also associated with improved myocardial phosphorylation potential in isolated guinea pig hearts and in the in situ porcine preparation."	( Protective effects of adenosine in the reversibly injured heart. Lasley, RD; Mentzer, RM, 1995)	1.33
"Adenosine treatment to CCl4-poisoned rats was able to counteract the effect of the hepatotoxin on the redox equilibrium; hence, it could be linked to the beneficial action of the nucleoside in the maintenance of mitochondrial function."	( Possible role of cell redox state on collagen metabolism in carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis as evidenced by adenosine administration to rats. Chagoya de Sánchez, V; Díaz-Muñoz, M; Hernández-Muñoz, R, 1994)	1.22
"Adenosine is a safe treatment for both narrow and broad complex tachycardias; usually effective for the former and diagnostic for the latter."	( Acute treatment of paroxysmal tachycardia by adenosine. Ho, KY; Smith, WM; Wilson, NJ, 1994)	1.99
"Adenosine pretreatment mimics the effects of preconditioning on the rise in [Ca2+]I and on stunning, but adenosine receptor antagonists do not eliminate the protective effects of preconditioning, although some adenosine antagonists also block hexose transport and under these conditions, the ability of preconditioning to attenuate the rise in [Ca2+]I is abolished and there is a corresponding loss of the protective effect of preconditioning on stunning."	( Role of increased cytosolic free calcium concentration in myocardial ischemic injury. Fralix, TA; Murphy, E; Steenbergen, C, )	0.85
"Adenosine treatment caused some improvement of recovery of DP, but which remained lower compared to that caused by preconditioning."	( Improved functional recovery after ischemic preconditioning in the globally ischemic rabbit heart is not mediated by adenosine A1 receptor activation. Flameng, W; Hendrikx, M; Mubagwa, K; Toshima, Y, )	1.06
"The adenosine-treated dogs showed total protection against loss of coronary flow reserve (peak reactive hyperemia and blood flow increase in response to acetylcholine and nitroglycerin; all p values not significant vs before LAD occlusion and reperfusion)."	( Adenosine protects against attenuation of flow reserve and myocardial function after coronary occlusion and reperfusion. Henson, K; Mehta, JL; Nichols, WW; Nicolini, FA; Stechmiller, JK; Yang, BC, 1994)	2.21
"Adenosine and PIA treatments did not significantly affect myocardial acidosis during ischaemia."	( Attenuation of postischaemic dysfunction by ischaemic preconditioning is not mediated by adenosine in the isolated rat heart. Asimakis, GK; Conti, VR; Inners-McBride, K, 1993)	1.23
"Thus adenosine treatment slowed the rate of metabolism and delayed the accumulation of H+ and Ca2+ during ischemia, resulting in better recovery of function upon reflow."	( Protective effects of adenosine in the perfused rat heart: changes in metabolism and intracellular ion homeostasis. Fralix, TA; London, RE; Murphy, E; Steenbergen, C, 1993)	1.06
"Adenosine treatment during initial reperfusion increased coronary flow (percentage of baseline +/- standard error of the mean) from 57% +/- 4% in control and 45% +/- 3% in hearts with hyperkalemic reperfusion to 79% +/- 3% and 83% +/- 5% in hearts with hyperkalemic reperfusion also treated with, respectively, 1 mmol/L adenosine and 5 mmol/L adenosine (p < 0.05)."	( Improvement in functional recovery of the isolated guinea pig heart after hyperkalemic reperfusion with adenosine. Bosnjak, ZJ; Graf, BM; Habazettl, H; Palmisano, BW; Roerig, DL; Stowe, DF, 1996)	1.23
"Only adenosine-treated hearts demonstrated a more rapid decline in ventricular contractility during sustained ischemia than did nonpreconditioned control hearts."	( Different preconditioning stimuli invoke disparate electromechanical and energetic responses to global ischemia in rat hearts. Banerjee, A; Bender, PR; Cairns, CB; Cleveland, JC; Friese, RS; Joo, K; Rehring, TF; Shapiro, JI, 1997)	0.75
"The adenosine-treated groups were subjected to 10 min of intracoronary adenosine followed by 10 min of recovery."	( Purine metabolite accumulation during myocardial ischemia: adenosine pretreatment versus brief ischemia. Manthei, SA; Van Wylen, DG, 1997)	1.02
"Adenosine pre-treatment started 30 min before ischaemia mimicked IPC3, preserving the vasodilation to 5-HT and improving myocardium recovery in both groups."	( Protection afforded by preconditioning to the diabetic heart against ischaemic injury. Bouchard, JF; Lamontagne, D, 1998)	1.02
"Adenosine-treated hearts received an adenosine bolus, 10 minutes before regional ischemia."	( Adenosine-enhanced ischemic preconditioning decreases infarct in the regional ischemic sheep heart. Gaudette, GR; Laurikka, JO; Levitsky, S; McCully, JD; Uematsu, M, 1998)	2.46
"Adenosine treated, adenosine-leukocyte treated, and leukocyte treated groups showed better functional recovery than the control group (maximum developed pressure: control = 74.6 +/- 5.6%, adenosine treated = 97.6 +/- 9.5%, adenosine-leukocyte treated = 98.5 +/- 5.6%, leukocyte treated = 82.5 +/- 6.0%. "	( Effects of adenosine infusion with or without leukocyte depletion on recovery after hypothermic ischemia in neonatal lamb hearts. Aoki, M; Forbess, JM; Mayer, JE; Nomura, F, 1998)	2.13
"Adenosine pretreatment was associated with decreased Pi and Cr contents resulting in improved postischemic (CrP/CrxPi) ratio in the stunned bed compared to controls, but this effect occurred only after postischemic function had attained maximal improvement."	( Adenosine attenuates in vivo myocardial stunning with minimal effects on cardiac energetics. Bünger, R; Hegge, JO; Lasley, RD; Mentzer, RM; Zhou, Z, 1998)	2.46
"Adenosine treatment is safe and well tolerated and may be associated with fewer postoperative complications."	( Adenosine myocardial protection: preliminary results of a phase II clinical trial. Barker, ML; Birjiniuk, V; Khuri, S; Lasley, RD; Lowe, JE; Mentzer, RM; Rahko, PS; Weisel, RD; Wellons, HA, 1999)	3.19
"In adenosine deaminase-treated PMN, exogenous AA induced Ca(2+) mobilization and the translocation of 5-lipoxygenase to nuclear structures."	( Activation of leukotriene synthesis in human neutrophils by exogenous arachidonic acid: inhibition by adenosine A(2a) receptor agonists and crucial role of autocrine activation by leukotriene B(4). Borgeat, P; Krump, E; Picard, S; Surette, ME, 1999)	1.03
"Adenosine pretreatment (100 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1), intracoronary) immediately prior to ischemia increased interstitial adenosine levels 9-fold and improved postischemic functional recovery from a control value of 17.6 +/- 4.1% to 43.6 +/- 3.4% of preischemic systolic wall thickening."	( Effects of adenosine and acadesine on interstitial nucleosides and myocardial stunning in the pig. Hegge, JO; Lasley, RD; Mentzer , RM; Randhawa, MP, 1999)	1.41
"This adenosine pretreatment resulted in a decrease in the incidence of the inosine-induced vasoconstriction (17% and 31%), as well as smaller constrictions (0.5 +/- 1% and 7 +/- 3%)."	( Activation of adenosine A2 alpha receptors inhibits mast cell degranulation and mast cell-dependent vasoconstriction. Duling, BR; Fenster, MS; Linden, J; Shepherd, RK, 2000)	1.12
"Adenosine-treated ECs had diminished p38alpha activity compared with control cells; this effect was blunted on PTPase inhibition."	( Adenosine induces endothelial apoptosis by activating protein tyrosine phosphatase: a possible role of p38alpha. Harrington, EO; Newton, J; Parks, N; Rounds, S; Smeglin, A, 2000)	2.47
"Adenosine pretreatment appears to protect against reperfusion injury in human hearts and thus results in improved post-operative haemodynamics."	( Pretreatment of human myocardium with adenosine. Bhan, A; Chauhan, S; Choudhary, SK; Sharma, R; Venugopal, P; Wasir, H, 2001)	2.02
"Adenosine treatment through a dominant vascular pedicle prior to raising the TRAM flap is effective in augmenting skin viability of the flap."	( [Adenosine is effective to improve the viability of the transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap in the pig]. He, W; Zhang, J; Zhong, A, 1999)	2.66
"Adenosine treatment after ischemia protected renal function and improved tubular histology."	( Systemic adenosine given after ischemia protects renal function via A(2a) adenosine receptor activation. Emala, CW; Lee, HT, 2001)	1.45
"Adenosine treatment might affect neutrophils and inflammatory mediators."	( Cardioprotective effect of adenosine pretreatment in coronary artery bypass grafting. Honkonen, EL; Kaukinen, S; Kuukasjärvi, P; Laine, S; Laurikka, J; Tarkka, M; Wei, M, 2001)	1.33
"Adenosine pretreatment resulted in less CK-MB release and an improved postbypass cardiac index. "	( Cardioprotective effect of adenosine pretreatment in coronary artery bypass grafting. Honkonen, EL; Kaukinen, S; Kuukasjärvi, P; Laine, S; Laurikka, J; Tarkka, M; Wei, M, 2001)	2.05
"The adenosine treated group had an insignificant 10% patient and graft improvement in survival at 6 months to 60 months compared to the control group."	( Adenosine rinse in human orthotopic liver transplantation: results of a randomized, double-blind trial. Beeston, J; Bowman, T; Contos, MJ; Fisher, RA; Lee, HM; Mills, AS; Posner, MP; Shiffman, ML; Wolfe, L, 1999)	2.23
"Adenosine treatment also significantly inhibited the LPS-induced increase in iNOS activity."	( Effects of adenosine on bacterial lipopolysaccharide- and interleukin 1-induced nitric oxide release from equine articular chondrocytes. Benton, HP; MacDonald, MH; Tesch, AM, 2002)	1.43
"Adenosine treatment induced a biphasic vascular-response, namely, an initial vasoconstriction followed by a long-lasting vasodilation."	( Renovascular actions of adenosine in the isolated perfused rat kidney: possible underlying mechanisms. Akbaş, N; Barlas, A; Küçükhüseyin, C; Seçkin, I; Silan, C; Yillar, DO, 2001)	1.34
"Adenosine treatment of CCl4-poisoned rats partially prevented the alterations in mitochondria membrane composition and prevented, almost completely, the impairment of mitochondria function induced by CCl4."	( Effects of adenosine administration on the function and membrane composition of liver mitochondria in carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis. Chagoya de Sánchez, V; Díaz-Muñoz, M; Hernández-Muñoz, R, 1992)	1.39
"Adenosine pretreatment, in dose of 7.5 mg/kg increased GMBF and protected against ethanol-evoked gastric lesion formation."	( Adenosine: a novel ulcer modulator in stomachs. Cho, CH, 1992)	2.45
"In adenosine-deaminase treated hearts the incidence of reperfusion-induced fibrillation increased, thereby contributing to the enhanced release of adenine nucleotide catabolites."	( Effect of exogenous adenosine deaminase on arrhythmias and the release of adenine nucleotide catabolites in isolated rat hearts with coronary occlusion and reperfusion. Bernauer, W, 1991)	1.12
"In adenosine treated groups, either a high dose of adenosine (0.37 mg.kg-1.min-1) with lignocaine treatment (5 mg intravenously 1 min before coronary occlusion and before reperfusion) or a low dose (0.15 mg.kg-1.min-1) of adenosine with or without lignocaine was infused for 60 min starting 5 min before the onset of reperfusion."	( Adenosine infusion during early reperfusion failed to limit myocardial infarct size in a collateral deficient species. Goto, M; Iimura, O; Iliodoromitis, EK; Ishimoto, R; Miura, T; O'Leary, EL; Yellon, DM, 1991)	2.24
"Adenosine deaminase treatment (2 U x kg/min) did not change the basal GFR and renal plasma flow but decreased plasma adenosine level 0.64 vs."	( Intrarenal adenosine prevents hyperfiltration induced by atrial natriuretic factor. Angielski, S; Redlak, M; Szczepańska-Konkel, M, 1990)	1.39
"Adenosine treatment alone or lidocaine treatment alone did not affect RMBF."	( Combined adenosine and lidocaine administration limits myocardial reperfusion injury. Fletcher, DD; Hoff, PT; Homeister, JW; Lucchesi, BR, 1990)	1.42
"Adenosine treatment did not modify the late hepatotoxic effect of the carbon tetrachloride; however, the stimulatory effect of the nucleoside on energy state appeared to counteract the drastic decreases in adenine nucleotides, ATP, ATP/ADP ratio and energy charge elicited by the hepatotoxin."	( Adenosine partially prevents cirrhosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats. Chagoya de Sánchez, V; Díaz-Muñoz, M; Hernández-Muñoz, R; Suárez, J, 1990)	2.44
"Adenosine deaminase pretreatment increased the peak vasoconstrictor and reduced the steady-state escape responses to NE infusion."	( Autoregulatory escape from norepinephrine infusion: roles of adenosine and histamine. Crissinger, KD; Granger, DN; Kvietys, PR, 1988)	1.24
"Adenosine deaminase treatment also shifted the EC50 of H2O2 stimulation of transport from 0.13 mM to 0.30 mM, and the EC50 for insulin stimulation of protein synthesis from 0.40 +/- 0.06 ng/ml to 1.30 +/- 0.25 ng/ml."	( The role of adenosine in insulin action coupling in rat adipocytes. Ciaraldi, TP, 1988)	1.38
"Adenosine pretreatment (3.7 X 10(-6) M) reduced both force and light responses in contractures with K+, PE, or electrical stimulation."	( Cellular Ca2+ monitored by aequorin in adenosine-mediated smooth muscle relaxation. Bradley, AB; Morgan, KG, 1985)	1.26
"The adenosine-treated group had significantly greater return of function to 86% +/- 3%, 96% +/- 3%, and 95% +/- 3% of the preischemic control at 15, 30, and 60 minutes of reperfusion, respectively."	( Functional and metabolic evidence of enhanced myocardial tolerance to ischemia and reperfusion with adenosine. Berne, RM; Ely, SW; Lasley, RD; Lee, BK; Mentzer, RM, 1985)	0.97
"Treatment with adenosine derivatives effectively resulted in cell death of ovarian cancer cells through AMPK activation and subsequently mTOR-mediated autophagic induction."	( Adenosine derivatives from Cordyceps exert antitumor effects against ovarian cancer cells through ENT1-mediated transport, induction of AMPK signaling, and consequent autophagic cell death. Kwon, S; Lindroth, AM; Park, SJ; Park, YJ; Yoon, SY, 2022)	2.5
"The treatment of adenosine promoted the apoptosis of newborn neurons."	( Fto-modulated lipid niche regulates adult neurogenesis through modulating adenosine metabolism. Chen, J; Chen, Y; Cheng, X; Dong, X; Gao, H; Guo, H; Ji, C; Li, X; Ma, L; Qu, W; Shu, Q, 2020)	1.12
"Pretreatment with adenosine dose-dependently reduced subsequent K(+) -induced contraction in detrusor muscle strips from young rats (half-maximal effect = 40 µmol/L). "	( Age-related decrease of adenosine-mediated relaxation in rat detrusor is a result of A2B receptor downregulation. Hakenberg, OW; Kirschstein, T; Köhling, R; Mader, F; Porath, K; Pose, M; Protzel, C; Weller, J, 2015)	1.06
"Treatment with adenosine dialdehyde (AdOx), a representative global methyltransferase inhibitor, remarkably mitigated the cytoplasmic mislocalization and aggregation of FUS mutant, which is consistent with previous reports."	( Treatment with a Global Methyltransferase Inhibitor Induces the Intranuclear Aggregation of ALS-Linked FUS Mutant In Vitro. Fujii, S; Kitajo, K; Takanashi, K; Yamaguchi, A, 2016)	0.77
"Treatment with adenosine-degrading enzymes or receptor antagonists increased iNOS formation in activated VSMCs from nondiabetic and diabetic rats. "	( Upregulation of inducible NO synthase by exogenous adenosine in vascular smooth muscle cells activated by inflammatory stimuli in experimental diabetes. Cignarella, A; Gaion, RM; Malorgio, F; Nassi, A; Tedesco, S, 2016)	1.04
"Treatment with adenosine, which is the standard medical therapy of atrioventricular reentry tachycardia, led to the development of an irregular wide complex tachycardia, caused by rapid ventricular response to atrial fibrillation. "	( Reentry Tachycardia in Children: Adenosine Can Make It Worse. Benito Castro, F; Filleron, A; Fournier, P; Hien, MD; Tran, TA, 2018)	1.12
"Treatment with adenosine or the stable adenosine analog 2-chloroadenosine, which decreased hypertrophy, specifically reduced accumulation of microtubules."	( Adenosine regulation of microtubule dynamics in cardiac hypertrophy. Bache, RJ; Chen, Y; Fassett, JT; French, J; Hu, X; Xu, X; Zhu, G, 2009)	2.14
": Treatment with adenosine infusion."	( Adenosine for wide-complex tachycardia: efficacy and safety. Desouza, IS; Ellinor, PT; Kay, D; Marill, KA; Nishijima, DK; Setnik, GS; Stair, TO; Wolfram, S, 2009)	2.14
"The treatment with adenosine (0.3-100 mg/kg, i.p.) and inosine (0.1-300 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min before carrageenan injection reduced significantly all these parameters analyzed."	( Anti-inflammatory effects of purine nucleosides, adenosine and inosine, in a mouse model of pleurisy: evidence for the role of adenosine A2 receptors. da Rocha Lapa, F; da Silva, MD; de Almeida Cabrini, D; Santos, AR, 2012)	0.95
"Treatment with adenosine dialdehyde (AdOx), an inhibitor of transmethylation-suppressive adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) hydrolase (SAHH), enhanced the level of SAH and effectively blocked the proliferation, migration, and invasion of cancer cells; the treatment also induced the differentiation of C6 glioma cells and suppressed the neovascular genesis of eggs in a dose-dependent manner."	( Involvement of Src and the actin cytoskeleton in the antitumorigenic action of adenosine dialdehyde. Cha, SH; Cho, JY; Hong, S; Jeong, D; Kim, JH; Lee, YG; Oh, J; Park, J; Rhee, MH; Song, WK; Yoo, BC; Yoo, S, 2013)	0.96
"Pretreatment with adenosine A(2) receptor antagonist 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (10 nmol) blocked the depressor and bradycardiac effects of CPCA (5 nmol)."	( Modification of cardiovascular response of posterior hypothalamic adenosine A(2) receptor stimulation by adenylate cylase, guanylate cyclase and by K(ATP) channel blockade in anesthetized rats. Kang, MJ; Koh, HC; Park, MS; Shin, IC, 2003)	0.88
"Pretreatment with adenosine A(1) receptor agonists, 2-chloro-N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA) (0.1, 0.3, 1, or 3 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)), or N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) (1, 3, or 10 mg/kg, i.p.), attenuated neurotoxicity by dizocilpine (0.5 mg/kg, i.p), in a dose-dependent manner."	( Adenosine A1 receptor agonists block the neuropathological changes in rat retrosplenial cortex after administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine. Hashimoto, K; Iyo, M; Komatsu, N; Kumakiri, C; Okamura, N; Shimizu, E, 2004)	2.09
"Pretreatment of adenosine deaminase (1 U/ml) or alpha,beta-methylene-ADP (100 microM) for 5 h did not alter the magnitude of cilostazol-stimulated I(K(Ca))."	( Cilostazol, an inhibitor of type 3 phosphodiesterase, stimulates large-conductance, calcium-activated potassium channels in pituitary GH3 cells and pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Huang, MH; Liu, SI; Wu, SN, 2004)	0.66
"Treatment with adenosine receptor agonists has shown benefit in experimental CNS trauma; however, their effects on CBF after injury remain undefined."	( Characterization of the effects of adenosine receptor agonists on cerebral blood flow in uninjured and traumatically injured rat brain using continuous arterial spin-labeled magnetic resonance imaging. Hendrich, KS; Ho, C; Jackson, EK; Janesko, KL; Kochanek, PM; Melick, JA; Shore, PM; Wisniewski, SR; Zacharia, L, 2005)	0.95
"Treatment with adenosine or caffeine reversed these behavioural changes."	( Involvement of adenosinergic receptor system in an animal model of tardive dyskinesia and associated behavioural, biochemical and neurochemical changes. Bishnoi, M; Chopra, K; Kulkarni, SK, 2006)	1.03
"Treatment of adenosine resulted in the similar changes sensitive to tolbutamide."	( A1 adenosine receptor-mediated modulation of neuronal ATP-sensitive K channels in rat substantia nigra. Andoh, T; Echigo, N; Goto, T; Ishiwa, D; Kamiya, Y; Yamada, Y, 2006)	1.31
"Pretreatment with adenosine receptor antagonists, theophylline or 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropyl xanthine (DPCPX) prior to ischemic preconditioning or adenosine preconditioning abolished the protective effects of preconditioning by ischemic preconditioning and adenosine preconditioning."	( Ischemic preconditioning modulates ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat lung: role of adenosine receptors. Demiryürek, AT; Gümüşel, B; Lippton, H; Yildiz, G, 2007)	0.89
"Pretreatment with adenosine prevented this inhibitory effect of thrombin."	( Adenosine opposes thrombin-induced inhibition of intercellular calcium wave in corneal endothelial cells. D'hondt, C; Himpens, B; Srinivas, SP; Vereecke, J, 2007)	2.11
"Treatment with adenosine caused less vasodilation in diabetic animals than in controls."	( Altered hyperemic response of the coronary arterial bed in alloxan-diabetes. Koltai, MZ; Pogátsa, G; Wagner, M, 1983)	0.61
"Treatment of adenosine reduced maximum lactate dehydrogenase release and ATP loss compared with regular Ca2+ PD."	( Adenosine attenuates calcium paradox injury: role of adenosine A1 receptor. Ashraf, M; Suleiman, J, 1995)	2.09
"Pretreatment with adenosine caused a dose-dependent enhancement of K-induced contractures in the ileum."	( Purinergic modulation of spontaneous activity and of responses to high potassium and acetylcholine in rat ileal smooth muscle. Huddart, H; Mahmod, SM, 1993)	0.61
"Pretreatment with adenosine also potentiated the cyclic GMP response to sodium nitroprusside, abolishing the decline in [3H]-cyclic GMP observed with sodium nitroprusside alone, and allowing [3H]-cyclic GMP levels to be maintained for at least an additional 10 min."	( Adenosine receptor-induced second messenger production in adult guinea-pig cerebellum. Alexander, SP; Hernández, F; Kendall, DA, 1993)	2.05
"Pretreatment with adenosine, A2 agonist, A1 antagonist, and isoproterenol blocked the increase in Kf,c induced by PMA."	( Adenosine prevents PMA-induced lung injury via an A2 receptor mechanism. Adkins, WK; Allison, RC; Barnard, JW; Moore, TM; Prasad, VR; Taylor, AE, 1993)	2.05
"Pretreatment with adenosine primed the O2- response of guinea pig pulmonary eosinophils following the addition of 1 or 10 microM platelet-activating factor (PAF)."	( Effects of adenosine on guinea pig pulmonary eosinophils. Walker, BA, 1996)	1.01
"Pretreatment with adenosine receptor agonists (0.001 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg, i.p.) depressed inducible NO synthase mRNA expression significantly."	( Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in mice: pharmacological evaluation of adenosine receptor agonists. Chhatwal, VJ; Hon, WM; Khoo, HE; Moochhala, SM, 1996)	0.84
"Pretreatment with adenosine is remarkably effective (even more effective than ischemic preconditioning) and could be used prophylactically to attenuate ischemia in selected patients undergoing PTCA of the left anterior descending coronary artery."	( Preconditioning of human myocardium with adenosine during coronary angioplasty. Ahmed, M; Bolli, R; Broadbent, J; Leesar, MA; Stoddard, M, 1997)	0.89
"Treatment with adenosine only at the onset of prolonged ischemia afforded a dose-dependent protection."	( Preconditioning of isolated rabbit cardiomyocytes: no evident separation of induction, memory and protection. Armstrong, SC; Ganote, CE; Hoover, DB; Shivell, LC, 1997)	0.64
"Pretreatment with adenosine A(1) receptor antagonist, 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine (50 nmol), attenuated the depressor and bradycardiac effects of baclofen (100 nmol), but not with adenosine A(2) receptor antagonist, 3, 7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (25 nmol)."	( Mediation of the cardiovascular response to spinal gamma-aminobutyric acid(B) receptor stimulation by adenosine A(1) receptors in anesthetized rats. Kang, JH; Kang, JS; Kim, BS; Koh, HC; Lee, H; Om, SA; Shin, IC, 2000)	0.85
"Treatment with adenosine deaminase suggested that human ASM cultures secrete adenosine that feeds back on A(2b)ARs and regulates basal cAMP levels as well as a small degree of A(2b)AR, beta(2)AR, and prostaglandin E(2) receptor desensitization."	( Regulation of G protein-coupled receptor-adenylyl cyclase responsiveness in human airway smooth muscle by exogenous and autocrine adenosine. Benovic, JL; Mundell, SJ; Olah, ME; Panettieri, RA; Penn, RB, 2001)	0.86
"Pretreatment with adenosine (10 mg/kg i.g.) also reduced the lesions induced by I/R and increased the gastric blood flow with the extent similar to that observed with standard ischemic preconditioning, while an antagonist of adenosine receptors, 8-phenyl theophylline (SPT, 10 mg/kg i.g.) attenuated significantly the gastroprotection afforded by the preconditioning."	( Gastric preconditioning induced by short ischemia: the role of prostaglandins, nitric oxide and adenosine. Brzozowski, T; Drozdowicz, D; Hahn, EG; Konturek, PC; Konturek, SJ; Kwiecień, S; Pajdo, R; Pawlik, M; Ptak, A; Sliwowski, Z, )	0.67
"Pretreatment with adenosine A(2) receptor antagonist 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine (10 nmol) blocked the depressor and bradycardiac effects of CPCA (5 nmol)."	( The involvement of nitric oxide on the adenosine A(2) receptor-induced cardiovascular inhibitory responses in the posterior hypothalamus of rats. Kang, JS; Koh, HC; Lee, CH; Lee, SJ; Shin, IC; Shin, KA; Song, MS, 2002)	0.91
"Pretreatment with adenosine receptor agonists failed to affect basal levels of GABA release."	( Adenosine receptor agonists inhibit the release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from the ischemic rat cerebral cortex. O'Regan, MH; Perkins, LM; Phillis, JW; Simpson, RE, 1992)	2.05
"Pretreatment with adenosinergic agents and MK-801 markedly enhanced the protective effect of the stable analogs of adenosine namely, 2-chloroadenosine and N6-cyclohexyladenosine."	( Effect of MK-801 and its interaction with adenosinergic agents and carbamazepine against hypoxic stress-induced convulsions and death in mice. Kulkarni, SK; Thorat, SN, 1990)	0.87
"Post-treatment with adenosine alone has shown no effect on mitotic delay or chromosomal damage."	( Effect of caffeine and adenosine on G2 repair: mitotic delay and chromosome damage. González-Fernández, A; Hernández, P; López-Sáez, JF, 1985)	0.89

Toxicity

Adenosine infusion myocardial SPECT is safe and well tolerated in the Japanese population. Deoxyadenosine was the most toxic in all the systems, the LD50 values being 20-25 microM.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"When adenosine deaminase activity is inhibited, low concentrations of adenosine are toxic to human lymphoblast mutants that are unable to convert adenosine to intracellular nucleotides."	( S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase is an adenosine-binding protein: a target for adenosine toxicity. Hershfield, MS; Krodich, NM, 1978)	1.04
" While 10(-5) M MTX was rescued by 10(-3) M leucovorin, rescue of the toxic effect of 10(-4) M MTX by 10(-3) M leucovorin was not observed."	( The reversal of methotrexate cytotoxicity to mouse bone marrow cells by leucovorin and nucleosides. Bull, JM; Chabner, BA; Pinedo, HM; Zaharko, DS, 1976)	0.26
" We conclude that the emetic side effect of xanthine bronchodilators results from the inhibition of one or more forms of PDE rather than from adenosine antagonism."	( Mechanism for the emetic side effect of xanthine bronchodilators. Howell, RE; Kinnier, WJ; Muehsam, WT, 1990)	0.48
" No serious adverse reactions such as acute myocardial infarction or death occurred."	( Tolerance and safety of pharmacologic coronary vasodilation with adenosine in association with thallium-201 scintigraphy in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Abreu, A; Boyce, TM; Mahmarian, JJ; Nishimura, S; Verani, MS, 1991)	0.52
" These studies demonstrated that DPEA produced a range of adverse effects in common laboratory animal species."	( Preclinical toxicity studies of an adenosine agonist, N-(2,2-diphenylethyl) adenosine. Barsoum, NJ; Macallum, GE; Smith, GS; Walker, RM, 1991)	0.56
" Adenosine did not terminate tachycardia or have any serious adverse effect in any patient; both flecainide and disopyramide were significantly more effective than lignocaine, but flecainide had significantly more severe adverse effects than lignocaine."	( Relative efficacy and safety of intravenous drugs for termination of sustained ventricular tachycardia. Camm, AJ; Garratt, CJ; Griffith, MJ; Linker, NJ; Ward, DE, 1990)	1.19
"Myelotoxicity remains a significant dose-limiting side effect of chemotherapy contributing to the morbidity and mortality of patients undergoing treatment for cancer."	( Approaches to ablating the myelotoxicity of chemotherapy. Epremian, BE; Gentile, P, 1987)	0.27
" Although reinitiation limited its clinical efficacy in some patients, intravenous adenosine offered a safe and efficient method of rapid termination of most episodes of supraventricular tachycardia and in some cases facilitated diagnosis of the mechanism."	( Efficacy and safety of adenosine in the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia in infants and children. Clarke, B; Rigby, ML; Rowland, E; Shinebourne, EA; Till, J; Ward, DE, 1989)	0.81
" We first tested the hypothesis of a toxic effect of MeSAdo in the conditions of growth experiments: we could not demonstrate any toxic effect of MeSAdo on the synthesis of macromolecules, nor any toxicity mediated by polyamines or pyrimidine starvation, and we found that the growth of CCL39 cells was strictly dependent on the supply of exogenous methionine."	( Methylthioadenosine toxicity and metabolism to methionine in mammalian cells. Augé, J; Christa, L; Kersual, J; Pérignon, JL, 1988)	0.68
"3 to 20 microM, all of these nucleosides were toxic to nondividing peripheral blood lymphocytes, suggesting that in these cells their mechanism of action does not involve reactions associated with DNA replication."	( Flow cytometric analysis of adenosine analogue lymphocytotoxicity. Fox, RM; Kefford, RF; Taylor, IW, 1983)	0.56
" Deoxyadenosine was the most toxic in all the systems, the LD50 values being 20-25 microM."	( Adenosine and deoxyadenosine toxicity in colony assay systems for human T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and granulocytes. Belch, A; Brox, LW; Pollock, E, 1982)	2.19
" The strains were of serotype H-1, producing thuringiensin, toxic to flies, and serotype H-14, producing endotoxin, toxic to mosquitoes, but not thuringiensin."	( Safety testing of Bacillus thuringiensis preparations, including thuringiensin, using the Salmonella assay. Abdel-Hameed, AH; Carlberg, G; Tikkanen, L, 1995)	0.29
" 4 of 6 patients with toxic signs and symptoms attributed to methotrexate and unrelieved by steroids, epidural blood patch, promethazine, 5-hydroytryptamine antagonists, paracetamol, and narcotics, had complete resolution of neurotoxicity after or during a 1-h infusion of aminophylline; 2 others had a pronounced improvement but persistent nausea."	( Aminophylline for methotrexate-induced neurotoxicity. Bernini, JC; Chappell, WB; Fort, DW; Griener, JC; Kamen, BA; Kane, BJ, 1995)	0.29
"To compare the hemodynamic responses and the adverse effects associated with two coronary vasodilators used for pharmacologic stress testing."	( Hemodynamic responses and adverse effects associated with adenosine and dipyridamole pharmacologic stress testing: a comparison in 2,000 patients. Daley, JR; Gibbons, RJ; Hodge, DO; Hopfenspirger, MR; Johnston, DL, 1995)	0.54
" Adverse effects occur less often with dipyridamole but, in comparison with adenosine, are more difficult to manage and necessitate more monitoring time as well as fairly frequent intravenous use of aminophylline for reversal."	( Hemodynamic responses and adverse effects associated with adenosine and dipyridamole pharmacologic stress testing: a comparison in 2,000 patients. Daley, JR; Gibbons, RJ; Hodge, DO; Hopfenspirger, MR; Johnston, DL, 1995)	0.76
" In summary, in this series, routine human liver procurement using exclusive aortic perfusion seemed to be at least as safe as using a combined aortic and portal perfusion technique."	( Liver procurement without in situ portal perfusion. A safe procedure for more flexible multiple organ harvesting. Barker, A; de Ville de Goyet, J; Hausleithner, V; Jamart, J; Lerut, J; Malaise, J; Otte, JB; Reding, R, 1994)	0.29
" Adverse effects of the different adenosine dosages were compared."	( Safety of different dosages of intravenous adenosine used in conjunction with diagnostic myocardial imaging techniques. Esterbrooks, DJ; Gupta, NC; Hilleman, DE; Mohiuddin, SM, )	0.67
"Adenosine-assisted myocardial perfusion imaging procedures are relatively safe for evaluating coronary artery disease."	( Safety of different dosages of intravenous adenosine used in conjunction with diagnostic myocardial imaging techniques. Esterbrooks, DJ; Gupta, NC; Hilleman, DE; Mohiuddin, SM, )	1.84
" Information on safety and adverse events during and immediately after adenosine infusion was maintained in the Adenoscan Multicenter Trial Registry."	( Safety profile of adenosine stress perfusion imaging: results from the Adenoscan Multicenter Trial Registry. Cerqueira, MD; Heo, J; Iskandrian, AS; Schwaiger, M; Verani, MS, 1994)	0.86
") is equally toxic to both wild-type and adenosine-kinase-deficient BHK cells at concentrations up to 100 microM; at higher concentrations, wild-type cells are more sensitive, as are cells over-expressing adenosine kinase."	( The bis(adenosin-N6-yl) alkanes, a family of potential dinucleoside polyphosphate analogue precursors. Mechanism of growth inhibition and suppression of adenosine toxicity in lymphoid cells. Chen, H; McLennan, AG, 1993)	0.75
"These echocardiographic stress tests proved safe and well tolerated."	( Stress echocardiography in elderly patients with coronary artery disease: applicability, safety and prognostic value of dobutamine and adenosine echocardiography in elderly patients. Anthopoulos, LP; Bonou, MS; Kardara, DN; Kardaras, FG; Kranidis, AI; Margaris, NG; Sideris, AM; Sioras, EP, 1996)	0.5
" These results suggest that amiodarone may have a direct toxic effect on mitochondria, beginning at < 10 microM, with membrane-damaging effects at higher drug concentrations."	( Amiodarone-induced lymphocyte toxicity and mitochondrial function. Hutchins, JB; Kennedy, T; Sausville, EA; Woosley, RL; Yasuda, SU, 1996)	0.29
" Depression of selenium methylation ability resulting from inactivation of methionine adenosyltransferase and Se-methylation via enzymic reaction was also found in mice following repeated oral administration of a toxic dose of Se-Cys."	( Mechanisms of selenium methylation and toxicity in mice treated with selenocystine. Hasegawa, T; Mihara, M; Nakamuro, K; Sayato, Y, 1996)	0.29
"Adenosine is an effective, safe drug for the diagnosis and treatment of paroxysmal tachycardias in adult and pediatric patients."	( Adenosine: an effective and safe antiarrhythmic drug in pediatrics. Paul, T; Pfammatter, JP, )	3.02
" In conclusion, MIBI-SPECT during adenosine stress is a safe diagnostic method that can be performed in most patients early on after thrombolytically treated acute myocardial infarction."	( Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (SPECT) during adenosine stress can be performed safely early on after thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Bouvier, F; Höjer, J; Hulting, J; Jensen-Urstad, M; Ruiz, H; Samad, B, 1998)	0.83
" No adverse haemodynamic effects were observed."	( Efficacy and safety of adenosine in diagnosis and treatment of regular tachycardia in the elderly. Berni, G; Camaiti, A; Del Rosso, A; Grifoni, S; Morettini, A; Nozzoli, C, 1998)	0.61
" We conclude that it is safe to perform adenosine pharmacologic stress testing in patients with baseline PR prolongation."	( The safety of adenosine pharmacologic stress testing in patients with first-degree atrioventricular block in the presence and absence of atrioventricular blocking medications. Alkoutami, GS; Movahed, A; Reeves, WC, )	0.76
" The perioperative use of high-dose adenosine to ensure precise stent-graft placement appears to be a safe method of inducing temporary asystole during endovascular aortic repair."	( Safety and efficacy of high-dose adenosine-induced asystole during endovascular AAA repair. Hollier, LH; Kahn, RA; Marin, ML; McLaughlin, M; Moskowitz, DM; Parsons, R; Teodorescu, V, 2000)	0.86
"98%) of 906 patients adverse cardiac events were observed."	( Safety of intracoronary Doppler flow measurement. Baumgart, D; Erbel, R; Ge, J; Haude, M; Oldenburg, O; Qian, J; Sack, S, 2000)	0.31
"Intracoronary Doppler flow measurement with Doppler wires and intracoronary administration of adenosine is a safe method."	( Safety of intracoronary Doppler flow measurement. Baumgart, D; Erbel, R; Ge, J; Haude, M; Oldenburg, O; Qian, J; Sack, S, 2000)	0.53
" Adverse reaction data were collected on all patients and compared by sex."	( Treadmill exercise during adenosine infusion is safe, results in fewer adverse reactions, and improves myocardial perfusion image quality. Fabrizi, RR; Hayashida, C; Kothapalli, S; Majmundar, H; Miyamoto, MI; Payne, JL; Payne, MM; Prill, NV; Thomas, GS; Thomas, JJ, )	0.43
" Hypotensive and arrhythmic (atrioventricular block, sinus bradycardia, and new onset atrial fibrillation or flutter) adverse reactions occurred less often during adenosine-exercise than during adenosine-nonexercise."	( Treadmill exercise during adenosine infusion is safe, results in fewer adverse reactions, and improves myocardial perfusion image quality. Fabrizi, RR; Hayashida, C; Kothapalli, S; Majmundar, H; Miyamoto, MI; Payne, JL; Payne, MM; Prill, NV; Thomas, GS; Thomas, JJ, )	0.63
" Women were more likely to experience adverse reactions than men."	( Treadmill exercise during adenosine infusion is safe, results in fewer adverse reactions, and improves myocardial perfusion image quality. Fabrizi, RR; Hayashida, C; Kothapalli, S; Majmundar, H; Miyamoto, MI; Payne, JL; Payne, MM; Prill, NV; Thomas, GS; Thomas, JJ, )	0.43
"Limited data are available about the effects of adjunctive treadmill exercise on adverse effects and the image quality of adenosine perfusion imaging."	( Impact of an abbreviated adenosine protocol incorporating adjunctive treadmill exercise on adverse effects and image quality in patients undergoing stress myocardial perfusion imaging. Elliott, MD; Hendel, RC; Holly, TA; Leonard, SM, )	0.64
" More adverse effects were experienced during the standard adenosine study than during the adenosine study with low-level exercise (2."	( Impact of an abbreviated adenosine protocol incorporating adjunctive treadmill exercise on adverse effects and image quality in patients undergoing stress myocardial perfusion imaging. Elliott, MD; Hendel, RC; Holly, TA; Leonard, SM, )	0.68
"In comparison with standard 6-minute adenosine perfusion imaging, a protocol incorporating a 4-minute adenosine infusion with low-level treadmill exercise results in a marked reduction in the quantity and severity of adverse effects and an improvement in image quality."	( Impact of an abbreviated adenosine protocol incorporating adjunctive treadmill exercise on adverse effects and image quality in patients undergoing stress myocardial perfusion imaging. Elliott, MD; Hendel, RC; Holly, TA; Leonard, SM, )	0.71
" We have previously reported that amyloid beta-peptide (A beta), the main constituent of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, is toxic to neurons through a free radical-dependent oxidative stress mechanism and that A beta(1--42), the principal form of A beta in AD brain, causes an increase in polyamine metabolism manifested by up-regulated polyamine uptake and increased ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity."	( Role of spermine in amyloid beta-peptide-associated free radical-induced neurotoxicity. Ain, KB; Butterfield, DA; Varadarajan, S; Yatin, M; Yatin, SM, 2001)	0.31
"To determine the safety and efficacy of midazolam premedication to minimize the subjective adverse effects of adenosine."	( Randomized controlled trial of midazolam premedication to reduce the subjective adverse effects of adenosine. Hourigan, C; Jacobs, I; Lockney, A; Rogers, I; Safih, S, 2001)	0.74
" Side-effect recall was judged by a questionnaire at 1 h and 24 h postadenosine administration."	( Randomized controlled trial of midazolam premedication to reduce the subjective adverse effects of adenosine. Hourigan, C; Jacobs, I; Lockney, A; Rogers, I; Safih, S, 2001)	0.76
" There were no adverse outcomes in any of the patients studied."	( Randomized controlled trial of midazolam premedication to reduce the subjective adverse effects of adenosine. Hourigan, C; Jacobs, I; Lockney, A; Rogers, I; Safih, S, 2001)	0.53
"Co-administration of midazolam can safely reduce the recall of the unpleasant adverse effects of adenosine."	( Randomized controlled trial of midazolam premedication to reduce the subjective adverse effects of adenosine. Hourigan, C; Jacobs, I; Lockney, A; Rogers, I; Safih, S, 2001)	0.74
" The decisive reason, besides its price, is the physicians fear of potential adverse effects and their limited knowledge regarding its clinical use."	( [Effectiveness and safety of adenosine in the therapy and diagnosis of arrhythmias]. Dúbrava, J; Jurkovicová, O, 2003)	0.61
" Adenosine caused adverse effects in 18."	( [A randomized, multicenter trial to compare the safety and efficacy of adenosine versus verapamil for termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia]. Cheng, KA, 2003)	1.46
" Adverse reactions to adenosine are common but are minor and brief."	( [A randomized, multicenter trial to compare the safety and efficacy of adenosine versus verapamil for termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia]. Cheng, KA, 2003)	0.87
" There were no serious adverse events."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of binodenoson after intravenous dose escalation in healthy volunteers. Barrett, RJ; Johnson, J; Lamson, MJ; Smith, WB, )	0.13
"5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects."	( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling. Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004)	0.32
" Adverse events during infusion of the adenosine were seen in 42 (64%) patients and included chest discomfort/oppression in 17 (26%) and dyspnea/throat discomfort in 15 (23%)."	( [Safety of adenosine stress myocardial perfusion imaging by a one-route infusion protocol]. Kawai, Y; Kishino, K, 2006)	0.99
"Adenosine-stress CMR imaging is safe early after acute STEMI and identifies patients with significant coronary stenosis more accurately than ETT."	( Safety and diagnostic accuracy of stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging vs exercise tolerance testing early after acute ST elevation myocardial infarction. Ball, SG; Greenwood, JP; Plein, S; Ridgway, JP; Sivananthan, MU; Younger, JF, 2007)	1.78
" Adverse reactions were observed in 161 patients (78."	( Safety of and tolerance to adenosine infusion for myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography in a Japanese population. Doi, M; Hatanaka, K; Hirohata, S; Kaji, Y; Kamikawa, S; Katoh, T; Kusachi, S; Ninomiya, Y; Ohe, T, 2007)	0.64
"Adenosine infusion myocardial SPECT is safe and well tolerated in the Japanese population, despite the frequent occurrence of minor adverse reactions."	( Safety of and tolerance to adenosine infusion for myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography in a Japanese population. Doi, M; Hatanaka, K; Hirohata, S; Kaji, Y; Kamikawa, S; Katoh, T; Kusachi, S; Ninomiya, Y; Ohe, T, 2007)	2.08
" In our cohort of patients with a history of COPD, asthma or both who demonstrated impaired lung function on spirometry, adenosine was safe and well tolerated."	( The safety and tolerability of adenosine in patients with obstructive airways disease. Allman, KC; Chan, M; Couthino, B; van Gaal, WJ, 2008)	0.84
"A stepwise 6-minute adenosine infusion with prophylactic beta(2)-adrenergic agonist is safe and well tolerated in patients with mild asthma or COPD."	( Side effect profile and tolerability of adenosine myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in patients with mild asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Anagnostopoulos, C; Latus, K; Loong, CY; Reyes, E; Underwood, SR; Wechalekar, K, )	0.72
"Although serious adverse events following adenosine administration are rare, it should only be administered in an environment where continuous ECG monitoring and emergency resuscitation equipment are available."	( Pre-excited atrial fibrillation triggered by intravenous adenosine: a commonly used drug with potentially life-threatening adverse effects. Murray, S; Thambyrajah, J; Turley, AJ, 2008)	0.86
" Patients received a telephone call on days 7 and 14 to assess for adverse events, discontinuation, and recurrent stroke/TIA."	( Titrated initiation of acetylsalicylic acid-dipyridamole therapy reduces adverse effects and improves tolerance in patients with stroke. Douen, AG; Medic, S; Pageau, N; Sabih, M; Shuaib, A, )	0.13
" Transient chest pain was the most common side effect (199 subjects-57%)."	( Tolerance and safety of adenosine stress perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in patients with severe coronary artery disease. Arnold, JR; Banning, AP; Cheng, AS; Francis, JM; Karamitsos, TD; Neubauer, S; Pegg, TJ; Selvanayagam, JB; van Gaal, WJ, 2009)	0.66
"Previous reports have shown that a fixed unit bolus of regadenoson is safe and noninferior to adenosine for the detection of reversible perfusion defects by radionuclide imaging."	( Effects of age, gender, obesity, and diabetes on the efficacy and safety of the selective A2A agonist regadenoson versus adenosine in myocardial perfusion imaging integrated ADVANCE-MPI trial results. Cerqueira, MD; Iskandrian, AE; Nguyen, P; Staehr, P; Underwood, SR, 2008)	0.77
": To determine whether adenosine is useful and safe as a diagnostic and therapeutic agent for patients with undifferentiated wide QRS complex tachycardia."	( Adenosine for wide-complex tachycardia: efficacy and safety. Desouza, IS; Ellinor, PT; Kay, D; Marill, KA; Nishijima, DK; Setnik, GS; Stair, TO; Wolfram, S, 2009)	2.11
": Measured outcomes included rhythm response to adenosine, if any, and all adverse effects."	( Adenosine for wide-complex tachycardia: efficacy and safety. Desouza, IS; Ellinor, PT; Kay, D; Marill, KA; Nishijima, DK; Setnik, GS; Stair, TO; Wolfram, S, 2009)	2.05
": Adenosine is useful and safe as a diagnostic and therapeutic agent for patients with regular wide QRS complex tachycardia."	( Adenosine for wide-complex tachycardia: efficacy and safety. Desouza, IS; Ellinor, PT; Kay, D; Marill, KA; Nishijima, DK; Setnik, GS; Stair, TO; Wolfram, S, 2009)	2.52
" Secondary safety end points were changes from preinjection measure in forced expiratory volume in 1 second, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory flow during the middle 50% of the forced vital capacity; vital signs; pulse oximetry; and adverse events."	( Safety of binodenoson, a selective adenosine A2A receptor agonist vasodilator pharmacological stress agent, in healthy subjects with mild intermittent asthma. Barrett, RJ; Busse, WW; Katial, RK; Lockey, RF; McFadden, ER; Murray, JJ; Pixton, GC; Schwartz, LB; Weiler, JM, 2009)	0.63
" Ticagrelor was well tolerated, with no serious or dose-related adverse events or notable changes in laboratory values observed."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, tolerability and safety of single ascending doses of ticagrelor, a reversibly binding oral P2Y(12) receptor antagonist, in healthy subjects. Butler, K; Teng, R, 2010)	0.36
" An understanding of structure-activity relationships (SARs) of chemicals can make a significant contribution to the identification of potential toxic effects early in the drug development process and aid in avoiding such problems."	( Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity. Fisk, L; Greene, N; Naven, RT; Note, RR; Patel, ML; Pelletier, DJ, 2010)	0.36
" Ticagrelor was well tolerated in both groups, and no adverse events were reported."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of ticagrelor in volunteers with mild hepatic impairment. Butler, K; Teng, R, 2011)	0.37
" There were no significant immediate or long term adverse events in these patients."	( Safety of adenosine pharmacologic stress myocardial perfusion imaging in orthotopic cardiac transplant recipients: a single center experience of 102 transplant patients. Al-Mallah, MH; Ananthasubramaniam, K; Arida, M; Assal, C; Czerska, B; Garcia-Sayan, E; Zegarra, GT, 2011)	0.77
"CMR analysis of ventricular volume, aortic flow, myocardial viability, and stress perfusion all add incremental value for prediction of adverse events over pre-CMR data and can be combined to further enhance prognostication."	( Incremental prognostic significance of combined cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, adenosine stress perfusion, delayed enhancement, and left ventricular function over preimaging information for the prediction of adverse events. Bingham, SE; Hachamovitch, R, 2011)	0.59
" Both vasodilators had similar side effect profiles (P = ."	( Regadenoson is a safe and well-tolerated pharmacological stress agent for myocardial perfusion imaging in post-heart transplant patients. Ananthasubramaniam, K; Barboza, J; Cavalcante, JL, 2011)	0.37
" REG appears to be safe and well tolerated without significant cardiovascular adverse events."	( Regadenoson is a safe and well-tolerated pharmacological stress agent for myocardial perfusion imaging in post-heart transplant patients. Ananthasubramaniam, K; Barboza, J; Cavalcante, JL, 2011)	0.37
"We wanted to prospectively assess the adverse events and hemodynamic effects associated with an intravenous adenosine infusion in patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease and who were undergoing cardiac MRI."	( The adverse events and hemodynamic effects of adenosine-based cardiac MRI. Bramlage, P; Elsässer, A; Kauczor, HU; Magedanz, A; Mohrs, OK; Schmermund, A; Voigtländer, T, )	0.6
" We documented any signs and symptoms of potential adverse events."	( The adverse events and hemodynamic effects of adenosine-based cardiac MRI. Bramlage, P; Elsässer, A; Kauczor, HU; Magedanz, A; Mohrs, OK; Schmermund, A; Voigtländer, T, )	0.39
"In total, 47 out of 168 patients (28%) experienced adverse effects, which were mostly mild or moderate."	( The adverse events and hemodynamic effects of adenosine-based cardiac MRI. Bramlage, P; Elsässer, A; Kauczor, HU; Magedanz, A; Mohrs, OK; Schmermund, A; Voigtländer, T, )	0.39
" A considerable proportion of all patients will experience minor adverse effects and some patients will not tolerate adenosine infusion."	( The adverse events and hemodynamic effects of adenosine-based cardiac MRI. Bramlage, P; Elsässer, A; Kauczor, HU; Magedanz, A; Mohrs, OK; Schmermund, A; Voigtländer, T, )	0.6
" Ticagrelor was well tolerated in both groups with few adverse events."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of ticagrelor in volunteers with severe renal impairment. Butler, K; Teng, R, 2012)	0.38
"We conclude that stress CMR, with adenosine as the main stress agent, is well tolerated, safe and accurate in routine clinical practice."	( Stress cardiovascular MR in routine clinical practice: referral patterns, accuracy, tolerance, safety and incidental findings. Coulden, RA; Grundy, BJ; Khoo, JP; McCann, GP; Sonnex, EP; Steadman, CD, 2012)	0.66
" The endpoints extracted were post-procedure residual stent thrombosis (ST) segment elevation and ST segment resolutions (STRes), difference in peak creatine kinase (CK-MB) concentration, thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) grade III flow (TIMI 3 flow), myocardial blush grade (MBG) 3, mean difference in post-PCI ejection fraction (EF), all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, heart failure (HF) and major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE)."	( Safety and efficacy of intracoronary adenosine administration in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arora, R; Khosla, K; Khosla, S; Molnar, J; Shah, T; Singh, M; Singh, P, 2012)	0.65
" CRT-related serious adverse events (SAEs), adverse events (AEs), and follow-up MACE (death, nonfatal myocardial infarction [MI], nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure) were recorded."	( Safety of coronary reactivity testing in women with no obstructive coronary artery disease: results from the NHLBI-sponsored WISE (Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation) study. Anderson, RD; Azarbal, B; Handberg, E; Johnson, BD; Kar, S; Kelsey, SF; Kothawade, K; Lerman, A; Mehta, PK; Merz, CN; Pepine, CJ; Petersen, J; Samuels, B; Sharaf, B; Shaw, L; Shufelt, C; Sopko, G; Wei, J, 2012)	0.38
" Other common adverse effects of ticagrelor such as dyspnea and ventricular pauses appear to be mild and self-limited."	( Safety profile and bleeding risk of ticagrelor compared with clopidogrel. Lincoff, AM; May, CH, 2012)	0.38
" No adverse symptoms were reported after NTP."	( Comparison of efficacy and safety of intracoronary sodium nitroprusside and intravenous adenosine for assessing fractional flow reserve. Benz, M; Dehnee, A; Kaluski, E; Klapholz, M; Nasur, A; Rudzinski, W; Rusovici, A; Sanchez, S; Waller, AH, 2013)	0.61
" Finally, 1000 μg/mL cefazolin showed no adverse effects on porcine kidney endothelial cells."	( Antibiotic prophylaxis in (sub)normothermic organ preservation: in vitro efficacy and toxicity of cephalosporins. Bruinsma, BG; de Boer, L; Heger, M; Post, IC; van Gulik, TM; van Rijssen, LB; Zaat, SA, 2013)	0.39
" No patient experienced any adverse effects in the postoperative period related to the use of ticagrelor."	( Safety and efficacy of ticagrelor for neuroendovascular procedures. A single center initial experience. Dixon, T; Freeman, WD; Hanel, RA; Johns, G; Miller, DA; Navarro, R; Nordeen, JD; Sapin, M; Taussky, P; Tawk, RG, 2014)	0.4
" All of our patients showed immediate platelet inhibition after a loading dose of 180 mg of ticagrelor, with no adverse effects."	( Safety and efficacy of ticagrelor for neuroendovascular procedures. A single center initial experience. Dixon, T; Freeman, WD; Hanel, RA; Johns, G; Miller, DA; Navarro, R; Nordeen, JD; Sapin, M; Taussky, P; Tawk, RG, 2014)	0.4
" However, the comparative risks of gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events during DAPT are not clear."	( Gastrointestinal adverse events after dual antiplatelet therapy: clopidogrel is safer than ticagrelor, but prasugrel data are lacking or inconclusive. Can, MM; Dinicolantonio, JJ; Kuliczkowski, W; Pershukov, IV; Serebruany, VL, 2013)	0.39
"The study stopping criteria were met when 3 of the 6 volunteers receiving ticagrelor 1,260 mg experienced moderate gastrointestinal adverse events (AE); none were observed with placebo."	( Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of high single-ascending doses of ticagrelor in healthy volunteers. Butler, K; Teng, R, 2013)	0.39
" We analysed adverse events (AEs) consistent with either pulmonary infection or sepsis, and subsequent mortality, in 18,421 PLATO patients treated with ticagrelor or clopidogrel."	( Lower mortality following pulmonary adverse events and sepsis with ticagrelor compared to clopidogrel in the PLATO study. Åsenblad, N; Becker, RC; Cannon, CP; Held, C; Husted, SE; James, SK; Siegbahn, A; Steg, PG; Storey, RF; Varenhorst, C; Wallentin, L; Ycas, J, 2014)	0.4
" The adenosine A1 GPCR (A1AR) is a major therapeutic target for cardioprotection, but current agents acting on the receptor are clinically limited for this indication because of on-target bradycardia as a serious adverse effect."	( Separation of on-target efficacy from adverse effects through rational design of a bitopic adenosine receptor agonist. Aurelio, L; Baltos, JA; Christopoulos, A; Chuo, CH; May, LT; Scammells, PJ; Sexton, PM; Valant, C; White, PJ, 2014)	1.14
" However, in addition to bleeding, distinctive adverse effects of this new chemical entity have not been reported with the thienopyridine P2Y12 -receptor inhibitors."	( Ticagrelor: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, and safety. Dobesh, PP; Oestreich, JH, 2014)	0.4
"NSTE-ACS management with DAPT and DES is probably safe and effective in class II G6PD-deficient patients."	( Antiplatelet and invasive treatment in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and acute coronary syndrome. The safety of aspirin. Kafkas, NV; Liakos, CI; Mouzarou, AG, 2015)	0.42
"3%) experienced one or more adenosine-associated adverse effects."	( The safety and tolerability of adenosine as a pharmacological stressor in stress perfusion cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the Chinese population. Chan, MK; Chan, WS; Shiu, CK; Tsang, KH, 2015)	1
"Adenosine stress cardiac magnetic resonance perfusion study is safe and well tolerated in clinical practice."	( The safety and tolerability of adenosine as a pharmacological stressor in stress perfusion cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the Chinese population. Chan, MK; Chan, WS; Shiu, CK; Tsang, KH, 2015)	2.15
" The patients were prospectively assessed for the occurrence of serious adverse events (SAEs) and symptoms and invasively measured hemodynamics were also recorded."	( Safety of guidewire-based measurement of fractional flow reserve and the index of microvascular resistance using intravenous adenosine in patients with acute or recent myocardial infarction. Ahmed, N; Berry, C; Carberry, J; Carrick, D; Curzen, N; Davie, A; Eteiba, H; Hood, S; Layland, J; Lindsay, M; Mahrous, A; McConnachie, A; McEntegart, M; Oldroyd, KG; Petrie, MC; Teng, V; Watkins, S, 2016)	0.64
" No serious adverse events occurred during infusion of adenosine and all of the symptoms resolved after the infusion ceased."	( Safety of guidewire-based measurement of fractional flow reserve and the index of microvascular resistance using intravenous adenosine in patients with acute or recent myocardial infarction. Ahmed, N; Berry, C; Carberry, J; Carrick, D; Curzen, N; Davie, A; Eteiba, H; Hood, S; Layland, J; Lindsay, M; Mahrous, A; McConnachie, A; McEntegart, M; Oldroyd, KG; Petrie, MC; Teng, V; Watkins, S, 2016)	0.89
"In this multicenter analysis, guidewire-based measurement of FFR and IMR using intravenous adenosine was safe in patients following STEMI or NSTEMI."	( Safety of guidewire-based measurement of fractional flow reserve and the index of microvascular resistance using intravenous adenosine in patients with acute or recent myocardial infarction. Ahmed, N; Berry, C; Carberry, J; Carrick, D; Curzen, N; Davie, A; Eteiba, H; Hood, S; Layland, J; Lindsay, M; Mahrous, A; McConnachie, A; McEntegart, M; Oldroyd, KG; Petrie, MC; Teng, V; Watkins, S, 2016)	0.86
"73 m(2) pre-specified for analysis of the effect of ticagrelor on the primary efficacy composite of cardiovascular death, MI, or stroke (major adverse cardiovascular events, MACE) and the primary safety endpoint of TIMI major bleeding."	( Efficacy and safety of ticagrelor for long-term secondary prevention of atherothrombotic events in relation to renal function: insights from the PEGASUS-TIMI 54 trial. Ardissino, D; Aylward, P; Bhatt, DL; Bonaca, MP; Braunwald, E; Cohen, M; Corbalan, R; Dellborg, M; Goudev, AR; Held, P; Im, K; Isaza, D; Jensen, EC; Kontny, F; Kuder, J; Magnani, G; Medina, F; Parkhomenko, A; Sabatine, MS; Steg, G; Storey, RF, 2016)	0.43
"To compare the adverse effect profiles of adenosine and regadenoson in patients undergoing outpatient cardiac stress testing."	( Comparison of the Safety of Adenosine and Regadenoson in Patients Undergoing Outpatient Cardiac Stress Testing. Brink, HL; Dickerson, JA; Pickworth, KK; Stephens, JA, 2015)	0.98
" The primary outcome was the occurrence of adverse effects-arrhythmia, chest pain or tightness, dizziness, dyspnea, flushing, or headache, and use of the rescue agent aminophylline-in the adenosine and regadenoson groups."	( Comparison of the Safety of Adenosine and Regadenoson in Patients Undergoing Outpatient Cardiac Stress Testing. Brink, HL; Dickerson, JA; Pickworth, KK; Stephens, JA, 2015)	0.9
"Among patients undergoing an outpatient pharmacologic stress test, the use of adenosine was associated with a lower occurrence of adverse effects and lower rate of a rescue agent use and may provide a potential medication cost savings opportunity compared with regadenoson."	( Comparison of the Safety of Adenosine and Regadenoson in Patients Undergoing Outpatient Cardiac Stress Testing. Brink, HL; Dickerson, JA; Pickworth, KK; Stephens, JA, 2015)	0.94
" Other than under resting conditions it is unclear whether MR safe pacing modes (paused pacing or asynchronous mode) can be applied safely because the effect of adenosine on heart rate is not precisely known in this entity of patients."	( Feasibility and safety of adenosine cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with MR conditional pacemaker systems at 1.5 Tesla. Busch, M; Garbrecht, M; Garmer, M; Grönemeyer, D; Hailer, B; Kara, K; Klein-Wiele, O; Mateiescu, S; Schulte-Hermes, M; Urbien, R, 2015)	0.91
"Adenosine stress CMR appears to be feasible and safe in patients with MR conditional pacemakers."	( Feasibility and safety of adenosine cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with MR conditional pacemaker systems at 1.5 Tesla. Busch, M; Garbrecht, M; Garmer, M; Grönemeyer, D; Hailer, B; Kara, K; Klein-Wiele, O; Mateiescu, S; Schulte-Hermes, M; Urbien, R, 2015)	2.16
"Nicorandil IC bolus injection is a simple, safe and effective hyperaemic method for FFR measurement and can be used as a substitute for adenosine."	( Safety and efficacy of intracoronary nicorandil as hyperaemic agent for invasive physiological assessment: a patient-level pooled analysis. Amano, T; Doh, JH; Ishihara, H; Kato, D; Koo, BK; Kurita, A; Lee, JM; Lim, WH; Nam, CW; Oi, M; Takashima, H; Tanaka, N; Toyofuku, M; Waseda, K, 2016)	0.64
" However, no clinically significant adverse events occurred."	( Intravenous Adenosine Infusion is Safe and Well Tolerated During Coronary Fractional Flow Reserve Assessment in Elderly Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis. Dawn, B; Earnest, M; Gunasekaran, P; Gupta, K; Levine, M; Lippmann, M; Mehta, A; Stanojevic, D; Tadros, P; Wiley, M, 2016)	0.81
"In elderly patients with severe AS, adenosine infusion is safe and well tolerated during FFR evaluation of intermediate coronary lesions."	( Intravenous Adenosine Infusion is Safe and Well Tolerated During Coronary Fractional Flow Reserve Assessment in Elderly Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis. Dawn, B; Earnest, M; Gunasekaran, P; Gupta, K; Levine, M; Lippmann, M; Mehta, A; Stanojevic, D; Tadros, P; Wiley, M, 2016)	1.09
" No patients had any documented adverse events in either group."	( Safety and efficacy of paramedic treatment of regular supraventricular tachycardia: a randomised controlled trial. Antoniou, S; Baker, V; Earley, MJ; Finlay, M; Honarbakhsh, S; Hunter, RJ; Kirkby, C; Patel, K; Richmond, L; Robinson, G; Schilling, RJ; Ullah, W; Whitbread, M, 2017)	0.46
" An understanding of stroke mechanisms and causes is important to deliver safe and efficacious treatments for early stroke prevention."	( Efficacy and safety of ticagrelor versus aspirin in acute stroke or transient ischaemic attack of atherosclerotic origin: a subgroup analysis of SOCRATES, a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Albers, GW; Amarenco, P; Denison, H; Easton, JD; Evans, SR; Held, P; Hill, MD; Johnston, SC; Jonasson, J; Kasner, SE; Ladenvall, P; Minematsu, K; Molina, CA; Wang, Y; Wong, KSL, 2017)	0.46
" In part, this could be related to their safety issues; therefore, our aim was to examine the toxicological and adverse effects data of different compounds acting on adenosinergic signalling, including different AdR ligands and compounds resembling the structure of adenosine."	( Safety issues of compounds acting on adenosinergic signalling. Ferk, P; Schmidt, J, 2017)	0.92
" We have presented different mechanisms that participate to an adverse effect or toxic outcome."	( Safety issues of compounds acting on adenosinergic signalling. Ferk, P; Schmidt, J, 2017)	0.73
" Some have hypothesized that the active metabolites of toxic ribonucleoside analogs, the triphosphate forms, inadvertently target human mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT), thus inhibiting mitochondrial RNA transcription and protein synthesis."	( Structure-activity relationship analysis of mitochondrial toxicity caused by antiviral ribonucleoside analogs. Behera, I; Beigelman, L; Chaudhuri, S; Deval, J; Dyatkina, N; Jekle, A; Jin, Z; Kinkade, A; Rajwanshi, VK; Smith, DB; Symons, JA; Tucker, K; Wang, G, 2017)	0.46
" Outcomes were evaluated for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and bleeding at 1 year."	( Comparative Effectiveness and Safety Analysis of Dual Antiplatelet Therapies Within an Integrated Delivery System. Boyd, A; Chambers, A; Chanas, T; Coons, JC; Eckardt, J; Ensor, CR; Iasella, CJ; Lemon, LS; Lyons, J; Merkel, A; Rihtarchik, L; Smith, R; Wang, N; Williams, K, 2017)	0.46
"Thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications are among the most feared adverse events in the endovascular treatment of aneurysms, and this is particularly the case for flow diverter devices."	( A Multicenter Cohort Comparison Study of the Safety, Efficacy, and Cost of Ticagrelor Compared to Clopidogrel in Aneurysm Flow Diverter Procedures. Adeeb, N; Griessenauer, CJ; Gupta, R; Moore, JM; Ogilvy, CS; Patel, AS; Shallwani, H; Siddiqui, A; Thomas, AJ; Youn, R, 2017)	0.46
"Ticagrelor is a safe and effective agent for prevention of thromboembolic complications following flow diverter deployment when compared to clopidogrel."	( A Multicenter Cohort Comparison Study of the Safety, Efficacy, and Cost of Ticagrelor Compared to Clopidogrel in Aneurysm Flow Diverter Procedures. Adeeb, N; Griessenauer, CJ; Gupta, R; Moore, JM; Ogilvy, CS; Patel, AS; Shallwani, H; Siddiqui, A; Thomas, AJ; Youn, R, 2017)	0.46
"Sunitinib is an anti-cancer tyrosine kinase inhibitor associated with severe cardiotoxic adverse effects."	( Attenuation of Sunitinib-induced cardiotoxicity through the A3 adenosine receptor activation. Cooper, S; Hussain, A; Maddock, H; Mee, C; Sandhu, H, 2017)	0.69
" The aim of this study was to analyse the safety profile of these drugs using data from spontaneous reporting of suspected adverse reactions (ADRs)."	( Safety of Antiplatelet Agents: Analysis of 'Real-World' Data from the Italian National Pharmacovigilance Network. Benfatto, G; Drago, F; Gozzo, L; Longo, L; Mansueto, S; Navarria, A; Pani, L; Salomone, S; Sottosanti, L, 2017)	0.46
"We hypothesized that concomitant pharmacological inhibition of the endothelin and adenosine pathway is safe and improves exercise performance in hypoxic humans, via a mechanism that does not involve augmentation of blood oxygenation."	( Safety and Ergogenic Properties of Combined Aminophylline and Ambrisentan in Hypoxia. Autmizguine, J; Bell, C; Christians, U; Cohen-Wolkowieczs, M; Hamilton, KL; Irwin, DC; Klawitter, J; Natoli, MJ; Noveck, RJ; Piantadosi, CA; Schroeder, T, 2018)	0.71
"The US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) is a global passive surveillance database that relies on voluntary reporting by health care professionals and consumers as well as required mandatory reporting by pharmaceutical manufacturers."	( Filing Sources after Oral P2Y12 Platelet Inhibitors to the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Cabrera-Fuentes, HA; Cherepanov, V; Kim, MH; Litvinov, O; Marciniak, TA; Serebruany, VL, )	0.13
"From the FAERS database we extracted and examined adverse event cases coreported with oral P2Y12 platelet inhibitors."	( Filing Sources after Oral P2Y12 Platelet Inhibitors to the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Cabrera-Fuentes, HA; Cherepanov, V; Kim, MH; Litvinov, O; Marciniak, TA; Serebruany, VL, )	0.13
"Overall, 2015 annual adverse events were more commonly coreported with clopidogrel (n = 13,234) with known source filers (n = 12,818, or 96."	( Filing Sources after Oral P2Y12 Platelet Inhibitors to the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Cabrera-Fuentes, HA; Cherepanov, V; Kim, MH; Litvinov, O; Marciniak, TA; Serebruany, VL, )	0.13
" Patients filed most adverse events for clopidogrel and prasugrel, while physicians originated most ticagrelor complaints."	( Filing Sources after Oral P2Y12 Platelet Inhibitors to the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS). Cabrera-Fuentes, HA; Cherepanov, V; Kim, MH; Litvinov, O; Marciniak, TA; Serebruany, VL, )	0.13
" No serious adverse effects were observed during the follow-up period."	( Efficacy and safety of a novel, soluble microneedle patch for the improvement of facial wrinkle. Choi, SY; Hong, JY; Kim, AR; Kim, BJ; Ko, EJ; Li, K; Park, JO, 2018)	0.48
" Relevant clinical history, exam indications, and adverse reactions following gadolinium-based contrast agent and adenosine administration were recorded."	( Magnetic Resonance Myocardial Perfusion Imaging: Safety and Indications in Pediatrics and Young Adults. Biko, DM; Collins, RT; Fogel, MA; Harris, M; Keller, MS; Partington, SL; Whitehead, KK, 2018)	0.69
" These studies are the first to evaluate safety of an inhaled TLR7 agonist and demonstrate AZD8848 is safe with a no observed adverse effect level at 26μg/kg allowing progression to man with weekly inhalation dosing."	( Temporal cytokine and lymphoid responses to an inhaled TLR7 antedrug agonist in the cynomolgus monkey demonstrates potential safety and tolerability of this approach. Bell, J; Biffen, M; Delaney, S; Dymond, M; Keeling, D; Robinson, I; Zhang, H, 2018)	0.48
"Reversal of regadenoson with aminophylline is safe and equivalent to adenosine for FFR measurements."	( Intravenous regadenoson with aminophylline reversal is safe and equivalent to intravenous adenosine infusion for fractional flow reserve measurements. Bober, R; Edward, JA; Lee, JH; Morin, DP; White, CJ, 2018)	0.94
" Medical records were reviewed to determine hemodynamic and ECG response to regadenoson and to identify adverse reactions."	( Safety of regadenoson positron emission tomography stress testing in orthotopic heart transplant patients. Aaronson, K; Colvin, M; Corbett, JR; Ghannam, M; Koelling, T; Konerman, MC; Lazarus, JJ; Murthy, VL; Pagani, F; Saleh, A; Weinberg, RL, 2020)	0.56
"No serious adverse events occurred."	( Safety of regadenoson positron emission tomography stress testing in orthotopic heart transplant patients. Aaronson, K; Colvin, M; Corbett, JR; Ghannam, M; Koelling, T; Konerman, MC; Lazarus, JJ; Murthy, VL; Pagani, F; Saleh, A; Weinberg, RL, 2020)	0.56
"Regadenoson stress testing appears to be well tolerated and safe in OHT patients."	( Safety of regadenoson positron emission tomography stress testing in orthotopic heart transplant patients. Aaronson, K; Colvin, M; Corbett, JR; Ghannam, M; Koelling, T; Konerman, MC; Lazarus, JJ; Murthy, VL; Pagani, F; Saleh, A; Weinberg, RL, 2020)	0.56
" There were no drug-related adverse events, and the tracer was well tolerated in all subjects."	( Dosimetry, biodistribution, and safety of flurpiridaz F 18 in healthy subjects undergoing rest and exercise or pharmacological stress PET myocardial perfusion imaging. Bengel, F; Crane, P; Czernin, J; Dahlbom, M; Lazewatsky, J; Maddahi, J; Phelps, M; Schelbert, H; Sparks, R, 2019)	0.51
"The nucleoside antibiotic tubercidin displays strong activity against different target organisms, but it is notoriously toxic to mammalian cells."	( Revisiting tubercidin against kinetoplastid parasites: Aromatic substitutions at position 7 improve activity and reduce toxicity. Caljon, G; Campagnaro, GD; de Koning, HP; Hulpia, F; Maes, L; Scortichini, M; Van Calenbergh, S; Van Hecke, K, 2019)	0.51
" Patient demographics, adenosine dosing, results, adverse effects, and outcomes including results of electrophysiology studies (EPS) were reviewed."	( Utility and safety of adenosine challenge for subtle ventricular pre-excitation in the pediatric population. Arora, G; Beerman, LB; Bertolet, M; Follansbee, CW; Wu, L, 2019)	1.14
"Adenosine challenge is an effective and safe testing modality for subtle WPW in the pediatric population."	( Utility and safety of adenosine challenge for subtle ventricular pre-excitation in the pediatric population. Arora, G; Beerman, LB; Bertolet, M; Follansbee, CW; Wu, L, 2019)	2.27
" No adverse events during scanning were noted in groups 1 and 2, whereas in group 3 four examinations were stopped due to severe dyspnea (n = 2) and AV-blockage (n = 2)."	( Splenic Switch-Off for Determining the Optimal Dosage for Adenosine Stress Cardiac MR in Terms of Stress Effectiveness and Patient Safety. Forschner, M; Giusca, S; Hagstotz, S; Hofmann, N; Kelle, S; Korosoglou, G; Nunninger, P; Schueler, M; Wolf, D, 2020)	0.8
" Cardiac catheterization has no safe and consistent method for measuring microvascular disease."	( Feasibility and safety of quantitative adenosine stress perfusion cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric heart transplant patients with and without coronary allograft vasculopathy. Abou Zahr, R; Arar, Y; Butts, RJ; Dixon, B; Duran, SR; Gooty, V; Greer, JS; Huffaker, T; Hussain, MT, 2021)	0.89
"Myocardial perfusion reserve is a safe and feasible method for estimating myocardial perfusion in pediatric heart transplant patients."	( Feasibility and safety of quantitative adenosine stress perfusion cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in pediatric heart transplant patients with and without coronary allograft vasculopathy. Abou Zahr, R; Arar, Y; Butts, RJ; Dixon, B; Duran, SR; Gooty, V; Greer, JS; Huffaker, T; Hussain, MT, 2021)	0.89
" The Safe and Timely Antithrombotic Removal - Ticagrelor (STAR-T) Trial is a multi-center, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial enrolling patients who require cardiothoracic surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) within 48 hours of last ticagrelor dose."	( Rationale and design of the safe and timely antithrombotic removal - ticagrelor (STAR-T) trial: A prospective, multi-center, double-blind, randomized controlled trial evaluating reductions in postoperative bleeding with intraoperative removal of ticagrelo Cutlip, DE; Deliargyris, EN; Doros, G; Gibson, CM; Kroger, H; Lee, VT; Mack, MJ; Ohman, EM; Schneider, DJ; Sellke, FW; Thourani, VH, 2022)	0.72
" No fatal events or related serious adverse events were reported."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of the Nucleoside Analog Antiviral Drug Galidesivir Administered to Healthy Adult Subjects. Collins, D; Dobo, S; Mathis, A; Sheridan, WP; Taylor, R; Walling, DM, 2022)	0.72
"IC bolus injection of nicardipine could be introduced as a safe and practical alternative method of inducing hyperemia during FFR measurements."	( Comparison of efficacy and safety of intracoronary nicardipine and adenosine for fractional flow reserve assessment of coronary stenosis. Angkananard, T; Jirapattrathamrong, S; Rattanajaruskul, N; Roongsangmanoon, W; Wongsoasup, A, 2022)	0.96
"Results from available evidence suggest that IC epinephrine might be an effective and safe agent in managing the no-reflow phenomenon."	( Efficacy and safety of intracoronary epinephrine for the management of the no-reflow phenomenon following percutaneous coronary interventions: a systematic-review study. Jafari Afshar, E; Rastad, H; Samimisedeh, P; Shafiabadi Hassani, N; Tayebi, A; Yazdani, S, )	0.13
"Adenosine stress CMR was found to be safe and to have a significant impact on clinical management in Asian patients with known or suspected CAD."	( Safety and clinical impact of adenosine stress perfusion cardiac magnetic resonance in Asian patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. Jirataiporn, K; Kaolawanich, Y; Krittayaphong, R; Songsangjinda, T; Yindeengam, A, 2023)	2.64

Pharmacokinetics

Istradefylline has the longest half-life of all the currently available A2A adenosine receptor antagonists. It can successfully permeate through the blood-brain barrier and has a high human A2a adenosin receptor affinity. The pharmacokinetic results suggest that the levels of both adenosines and cordycepin decreased rapidly in blood around 30 min after drug administration.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"In order to define the pharmacodynamic profile of salmon calcitonin (sCT) in humans, several markers of the biological activity of the drug have been studied, namely cAMP, adenosine and pO2 in venous blood, and the cytosolic free calcium level in circulating cells."	( Pharmacodynamics of salmon calcitonin in humans: new markers of pharmacological activity. Blardi, P; Capecchi, PL; Ceccatelli, L; Di Perri, T; Domini, L; Franchi, M; Laghi Pasini, F; Mazza, S; Pasqui, AL; Sodi, N, 1992)	0.48
"We sought to determine bronchial vascular metabolic and pharmacokinetic activity toward benzoyl-Phe-Ala-Pro (BPAP), ADP, adenosine, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by developing an isolated sheep bronchial circulation preparation."	( Metabolic and pharmacokinetic activity of the isolated sheep bronchial circulation. Grantham, CJ; Jackowski, JT; Ryan, US; Wanner, A, 1989)	0.48
" On the basis of this model, the pharmacodynamic parameters of both CPA and CPT could be estimated."	( Modelling of the pharmacodynamic interaction of an A1 adenosine receptor agonist and antagonist in vivo: N6-cyclopentyladenosine and 8-cyclopentyltheophylline. Appel, S; Danhof, M; IJzerman, AP; Langemeijer, MW; Mathôt, RA, 1995)	0.54
" In future studies, total peripheral resistance may also be useful as a pharmacodynamic parameter for A24 activation, provided that possible changes of the stroke volume are also assessed."	( Pharmacokinetic modelling of the haemodynamic effects of the A2a adenosine receptor agonist CGS 21680C in conscious normotensive rats. Cleton, A; Danhof, M; IJzerman, AP; Mathôt, RA; Soudijn, W, 1995)	0.53
" In the individual rats the concentration-hemodynamic effect relationships were satisfactorily modeled according to the sigmoidal Emax pharmacodynamic model."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship of the cardiovascular effects of adenosine A1 receptor agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine in the rat. Breimer, DD; Danhof, M; Ijzerman, AP; Langemeijer, MW; Mathôt, RA; Soudijn, W; van Schaick, EA, 1994)	0.52
"min-1, respectively), its mean half-life increased (0."	( Pharmacokinetics of exogenous adenosine in man after infusion. Blardi, P; De Giorgi, L; Di Perri, T; Frigerio, C; Laghi Pasini, F; Urso, R; Volpi, L, 1993)	0.57
" The elimination half-life was 12."	( Pharmacokinetics of the antiviral agent 3-deazaneplanocin A. Coulombe, RA; Huggins, JW; Sharma, RP, )	0.13
" Plasma and whole blood concentrations were measured up to 32 h post-dose, and were related to adenosine breakdown inhibition (ABI) measured ex vivo, which served as a pharmacodynamic endpoint."	( The implications of non-linear red blood cell partitioning for the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the nucleoside transport inhibitor draflazine. Crabbé, R; Danhof, M; Dupont, A; Heykants, J; Jacqmin, P; Snoeck, E; Van Belle, H; Van Gool, R; Van Peer, A; Ver Donck, K; Woestenborghs, R, 1996)	0.51
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug were calculated from the model coefficients."	( [Adenosine pharmacokinetics in rats]. Eliseev, VV; Krylova, IB; Prokopenko, VM, )	1.04
" Administration of SPA at different rates and doses (60 microg kg[-1] in 5 min and 15 min, and 120 microg kg[-1] in 60 min) led to uniform pharmacodynamic parameter estimates."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of the anti-lipolytic and anti-ketotic effects of the adenosine A1-receptor agonist N6-(p-sulphophenyl)adenosine in rats. Danhof, M; de Greef, HJ; IJzerman, AP; Langemeijer, MW; Sheehan, MJ; van Schaick, EA, 1997)	0.52
"Analysis of pharmacodynamic data using the empirical Hill equation only provides limited insights in the underlying factors that determine the shape and location of a concentration-effect curve, such as agonist affinity and efficacy."	( Analysis of drug-receptor interactions in vivo: a new approach in pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling. Danhof, M; Van der Graaf, PH, 1997)	0.3
" The pharmacokinetic behavior of each ligand was described by a standard two-compartment model."	( Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of antilipolytic effects of adenosine A(1) receptor agonists in rats: prediction of tissue-dependent efficacy in vivo. Danhof, M; De Greef, HJ; Ijzerman, AP; Van der Graaf, PH; Van Schaick, EA; Visser, SA, 1999)	0.53
"It is proposed the data obtained by these in vitro experiments can be used to investigate the in vivo pharmacodynamic of A, full and partial agonists."	( Thermodynamic in vitro studies as a method to investigate the pharmacodynamic behavior of adenosine A1 receptor ligands. Andrea Borea, P; Dalpiaz, A; IJzerman, AP; Pavan, B; Scatturin, A; Varani, K, 1999)	0.52
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of nimodipine after intravenous administration were as follows: peak concentration (C(max)), 319."	( Nimodipine: drug pharmacokinetics and plasma adenosine levels in patients affected by cerebral ischemia. Auteri, A; Blardi, P; De Lalla, A; Perri, TD; Urso, R; Volpi, L, 2002)	0.57
" The half-life of a therapeutic ATP concentration (0."	( Metabolism of P2 receptor agonists in human airways: implications for mucociliary clearance and cystic fibrosis. Boucher, RC; Burch, LH; Picher, M, 2004)	0.32
"A population pharmacokinetic model is proposed for estimation of the brain distribution clearance of synthetic A1 receptor agonists in vivo."	( Population pharmacokinetic modeling of blood-brain barrier transport of synthetic adenosine A1 receptor agonists. Cleypool, CG; Danhof, M; De Boer, AG; DeJongh, J; Groenendaal, D; IJzerman, AP; Schaddelee, MP, 2004)	0.55
" These pharmacokinetic parameters were linearly proportional to dose in the other treatment groups."	( Tolerability, pharmacokinetics and concentration-dependent hemodynamic effects of oral CF101, an A3 adenosine receptor agonist, in healthy young men. Bar-Yehuda, S; Carey, WD; Clark, EV; Cohn, I; Fishman, P; Fong, KL; Kerns, WD; Silverman, MH; van Troostenburg, AR; Warrington, SJ, 2004)	0.54
" Binodenoson exhibited linear pharmacokinetics as indicated by a dose-proportional increase in peak concentration (C max ) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)."	( Pharmacokinetics and safety of binodenoson after intravenous dose escalation in healthy volunteers. Barrett, RJ; Johnson, J; Lamson, MJ; Smith, WB, )	0.13
" Therefore, we characterized the potencies, selectivities, and pharmacokinetic profiles of six prototypical A2A -antagonists."	( Characterization of the potency, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic profile for six adenosine A2A receptor antagonists. Belardinelli, L; Chu, N; Diamond, I; Kalla, R; Leung, K; Shryock, JC; Soelaiman, S; Soohoo, D; Yang, M; Yao, L; Zablocki, J, 2007)	0.57
" The pharmacological and pharmacokinetic SAR of a series of inhaled A(2A) agonists is described leading through to human pharmacokinetic data for a clinical candidate."	( SAR of a series of inhaled A(2A) agonists and comparison of inhaled pharmacokinetics in a preclinical model with clinical pharmacokinetic data. Batchelor, DV; Chavaroche, H; Lemaitre, A; Macintyre, F; Mantell, SJ; Maw, GN; Monaghan, SM; Rozze, S; Selby, MD; Stephenson, PT; Stuart, EF; Trevethick, MA; Walker, DK; Whitlock, L; Wright, KN; Wright, PA; Yeadon, M, 2009)	0.35
" The mean terminal-phase half-life (t(1/2)) was approximately 7-8."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, tolerability and safety of single ascending doses of ticagrelor, a reversibly binding oral P2Y(12) receptor antagonist, in healthy subjects. Butler, K; Teng, R, 2010)	0.36
" The pharmacokinetic results suggest that the levels of both adenosine and cordycepin decreased rapidly in blood around 30 min after drug administration."	( Pharmacokinetics of adenosine and cordycepin, a bioactive constituent of Cordyceps sinensis in rat. Lin, LC; Tsai, TH; Tsai, YJ, 2010)	0.93
"This report is the first to demonstrate the superior pharmacodynamic effect of ticagrelor compared with clopidogrel irrespective of CYP2C19 genotype."	( First analysis of the relation between CYP2C19 genotype and pharmacodynamics in patients treated with ticagrelor versus clopidogrel: the ONSET/OFFSET and RESPOND genotype studies. Armstrong, M; Bliden, KP; Butler, K; Gurbel, PA; Storey, RF; Tantry, US; Wei, C, 2010)	0.36
" This has led to the development of other P2Y12 receptor inhibitors, such as prasugrel and ticagrelor, with different pharmacokinetic characteristics that influence their pharmacodynamics."	( Beyond efficacy: pharmacokinetic differences between clopidogrel, prasugrel and ticagrelor. Cohen Arazi, H; Di Girolamo, G; Giorgi, MA; Gonzalez, CD, 2011)	0.37
" However, the pharmacokinetic advantages of both prasugrel and ticagrelor allow clinicians to center patient management by selecting the best drug for the appropriate subject."	( Beyond efficacy: pharmacokinetic differences between clopidogrel, prasugrel and ticagrelor. Cohen Arazi, H; Di Girolamo, G; Giorgi, MA; Gonzalez, CD, 2011)	0.37
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were evaluated on cycle day 21, and endogenous hormones assayed on cycle days 1, 7, 14 and 21."	( Effect of ticagrelor on the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl oestradiol and levonorgestrel in healthy volunteers. Butler, K; Teng, R, 2011)	0.37
" Ticagrelor and AR-C124910XX (a major pharmacologically active metabolite) plasma concentrations were quantified for pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Lack of significant food effect on the pharmacokinetics of ticagrelor in healthy volunteers. Butler, K; Mitchell, PD; Teng, R, 2012)	0.38
" The purpose of this study was to improve the pharmacokinetic characteristics of DZNep in vivo through developing a unilamellar pegylated liposomal formulation encapsulating DZNep (L-DZNep)."	( Loading 3-deazaneplanocin A into pegylated unilamellar liposomes by forming transient phenylboronic acid-drug complex and its pharmacokinetic features in Sprague-Dawley rats. Chan, E; Li, J; Sun, F; Yu, Q, 2012)	0.38
"Prediction of pharmacokinetic (PK) profile for inhaled drugs in humans provides valuable information to aid toxicology safety assessment, evaluate the potential for systemic accumulation on multiple dosing and enable an estimate for the clinical plasma assay requirements."	( A new methodology for predicting human pharmacokinetics for inhaled drugs from oratracheal pharmacokinetic data in rats. Harrison, A; Jones, RM, 2012)	0.38
" The alkyl side chains of the 2-cycloalkoxyadenosines were fluorinated, and compounds with moderate antibacterial activity and favorable pharmacokinetic properties in rat and dog were identified."	( Discovery of bacterial NAD⁺-dependent DNA ligase inhibitors: improvements in clearance of adenosine series. Albert, R; Chen, B; Gowravaram, M; Hu, H; Huynh, H; Lu, M; Mills, SD; Mullen, GB; Newman, JV; O'Shea, TJ; Rooney, MT; Stokes, SS, 2012)	0.86
" The objectives of this study were to assess the pharmacokinetic parameters of ticagrelor and its active metabolite AR-C124910XX, and the safety and tolerability of ticagrelor in healthy Chinese subjects, following single and multiple oral doses of ticagrelor."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of single and multiple doses of ticagrelor in healthy Chinese subjects: an open-label, sequential, two-cohort, single-centre study. Butler, K; Li, H; Teng, R; Yang, L; Yang, Z, 2012)	0.38
" On days 1 and 10 of both dosing schedules, blood samples for pharmacokinetic analyses were collected for 72 hours."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of single and multiple doses of ticagrelor in healthy Chinese subjects: an open-label, sequential, two-cohort, single-centre study. Butler, K; Li, H; Teng, R; Yang, L; Yang, Z, 2012)	0.38
"Following single and multiple doses at both dose levels, ticagrelor was rapidly absorbed (median time [t(max)] to reach maximum plasma concentration [C(max)] 2 hours) with a mean elimination half-life (t(1/2;)) of 10."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of single and multiple doses of ticagrelor in healthy Chinese subjects: an open-label, sequential, two-cohort, single-centre study. Butler, K; Li, H; Teng, R; Yang, L; Yang, Z, 2012)	0.38
" Mean terminal elimination half-life was slightly longer in women vs."	( Effect of age and gender on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single ticagrelor dose in healthy individuals. Butler, K; Mitchell, P; Teng, R, 2012)	0.38
" The recently approved oral antiplatelet agent ticagrelor has the potential to overcome some of the limitations of current therapy due to its unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles."	( Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and pharmacogenetic profile of the oral antiplatelet agent ticagrelor. Teng, R, 2012)	0.38
" In the ONSET-OFFSET study (parallel group trial) and the RESPOND study (crossover trial), the pharmacodynamic effects of ticagrelor were compared with clopidogrel in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD)."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ticagrelor in patients with stable coronary artery disease: results from the ONSET-OFFSET and RESPOND studies. Bliden, K; Butler, K; Gurbel, PA; Husted, SE; Høimark, L; Storey, RF; Tantry, US; Teng, R; Wei, C, 2012)	0.38
" Expression of the 3435T/T genetic variant encoding the MDR1 gene for the P-glycoprotein efflux transporter results in a significantly reduced maximum drug concentration and area under the plasma concentration-time curve as intestinal absorption of clopidogrel is reduced; and the expression of the mutant *2 allele of CYP2C19 results in similar pharmacokinetic effects as the two cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated steps required for the production of the active metabolite of clopidogrel are impaired."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of platelet adenosine diphosphate receptor antagonists and their clinical implications. Ferro, A; Floyd, CN; Passacquale, G, 2012)	0.62
"As ticagrelor, clopidogrel and cangrelor therapies may be used in the same clinical setting, their potential pharmacodynamic interactions are of interest."	( Evaluation of ticagrelor pharmacodynamic interactions with reversibly binding or non-reversibly binding P2Y(12) antagonists in an ex-vivo canine model. Emanuelsson, BM; Ravnefjord, A; van Giezen, JJ; Weilitz, J, 2012)	0.38
" No pharmacodynamic interaction occurred between ticagrelor and cangrelor."	( Evaluation of ticagrelor pharmacodynamic interactions with reversibly binding or non-reversibly binding P2Y(12) antagonists in an ex-vivo canine model. Emanuelsson, BM; Ravnefjord, A; van Giezen, JJ; Weilitz, J, 2012)	0.38
"The extent of the pharmacodynamic drug-drug interactions observed between clopidogrel and cangrelor or ticagrelor apparently depends on the level of receptor occupancy when clopidogrel is administered."	( Evaluation of ticagrelor pharmacodynamic interactions with reversibly binding or non-reversibly binding P2Y(12) antagonists in an ex-vivo canine model. Emanuelsson, BM; Ravnefjord, A; van Giezen, JJ; Weilitz, J, 2012)	0.38
" Ticagrelor and AR-C124910XX plasma concentrations were quantified for pharmacokinetic analysis (n = 14); inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA) was also assessed (n = 14)."	( Effect of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ticagrelor in healthy subjects. Butler, K; Mitchell, P; Teng, R, 2013)	0.39
" At steady-state ticagrelor (50 mg bid, or 200 mg bid), concomitant aspirin (300 mg qd) had no effect on mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), median time to Cmax (tmax), or mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve for the dosing interval (AUC0-τ) for ticagrelor and its primary metabolite, AR-C124910XX."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ticagrelor co-administered with aspirin in healthy volunteers. Butler, K; Maya, J; Teng, R, 2013)	0.39
"3-Deazaneplanocin A (DZNep) has been shown to have anti-cancer activity in numerous cancer types and its continued preclinical, and eventual clinical, drug development will require rapid and sensitive bioanalytical methods in order to quantitate this drug for pharmacokinetic analyses."	( A rapid ultra HPLC-MS/MS method for the quantitation and pharmacokinetic analysis of 3-deazaneplanocin A in mice. Figg, WD; Peer, CJ; Rao, M; Schrump, DS; Shahbazi, S; Spencer, SD; Steeg, PS, 2013)	0.39
" Plasma concentrations of tolbutamide, 4-hydroxytolbutamide, ticagrelor, and AR-C124910XX were determined for pharmacokinetic analyses."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interaction between ticagrelor and tolbutamide, a cytochrome P450 2C9 substrate, in healthy volunteers. Butler, K; Mitchell, P; Teng, R, 2013)	0.39
"Ticagrelor had no effect on tolbutamide or 4-hydroxytolbutamide pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interaction between ticagrelor and tolbutamide, a cytochrome P450 2C9 substrate, in healthy volunteers. Butler, K; Mitchell, P; Teng, R, 2013)	0.39
" Istradefylline , a xanthine derivative, has the longest half-life of all the currently available A2A adenosine receptor antagonists; it can successfully permeate through the blood-brain barrier and has a high human A2A adenosine receptor affinity."	( Suitability of the adenosine antagonist istradefylline for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: pharmacokinetic and clinical considerations. Müller, T, 2013)	0.93
" Specifically, the article reviews the clinical and pharmacokinetic information available to elucidate its therapeutic potential."	( Suitability of the adenosine antagonist istradefylline for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: pharmacokinetic and clinical considerations. Müller, T, 2013)	0.72
" l-dopa has a complex pharmacokinetic behavior and causes long-term behavioral and metabolic side effects."	( Suitability of the adenosine antagonist istradefylline for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: pharmacokinetic and clinical considerations. Müller, T, 2013)	0.72
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of digoxin and ticagrelor were evaluated following co-administration of ticagrelor 400 mg qd or placebo on days 1-16, and digoxin (0."	( A pharmacokinetic interaction study of ticagrelor and digoxin in healthy volunteers. Butler, K; Teng, R, 2013)	0.39
" The objective of the present study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile after different subcutaneous (s."	( Evaluation of systemic exposure of nanoparticle suspensions subcutaneously administered to mice regarding stabilization, volume, location, concentration and size. Palmer, M; Sigfridsson, K, 2014)	0.4
"The goal of this study was to evaluate the pharmacodynamic effects of switching patients from ticagrelor to prasugrel."	( Pharmacodynamic evaluation of switching from ticagrelor to prasugrel in patients with stable coronary artery disease: Results of the SWAP-2 Study (Switching Anti Platelet-2). Angiolillo, DJ; Curzen, N; Effron, MB; Gurbel, P; Jakubowski, JA; Li, W; Lipkin, F; Trenk, D; Vaitkus, P; Zettler, M, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacodynamic assessments were defined according to P2Y12 reaction unit (PRU) (P2Y12 assay) and platelet reactivity index (vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation assay) at baseline (before and after the run-in phase) and 2, 4, 24, and 48 h and 7 days after randomization."	( Pharmacodynamic evaluation of switching from ticagrelor to prasugrel in patients with stable coronary artery disease: Results of the SWAP-2 Study (Switching Anti Platelet-2). Angiolillo, DJ; Curzen, N; Effron, MB; Gurbel, P; Jakubowski, JA; Li, W; Lipkin, F; Trenk, D; Vaitkus, P; Zettler, M, 2014)	0.4
"In patients referred for PPCI, ticagrelor bolus following clopidogrel resulted in more rapid and profound platelet inhibition, demonstrating a positive pharmacodynamic interaction."	( A comparative pharmacodynamic study of ticagrelor versus clopidogrel and ticagrelor in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: the CAPITAL RELOAD study. Blondeau, M; Dick, A; Froeschl, M; Glover, C; Hibbert, B; Labinaz, M; Le May, MR; Marquis, JF; Maze, R; Moudgil, R; Pourdjabbar, A; Ramirez, FD; Simard, T; So, DY, 2014)	0.4
"This study sought to determine pharmacodynamic effects during transition from intravenous cangrelor to oral ticagrelor and from oral ticagrelor to intravenous cangrelor."	( Pharmacodynamic effects during the transition between cangrelor and ticagrelor. Agarwal, Z; Gogo, P; Keating, FK; Schneider, DJ; Seecheran, N, 2014)	0.4
" Pharmacodynamic effects (light transmission platelet aggregation in response to 20 and 5 μmol/l adenosine diphosphate, VerifyNow, P2Y12 assay (Accumetrics, San Diego, California), vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein index, and flow cytometry) were assessed during and after the cangrelor infusion."	( Pharmacodynamic effects during the transition between cangrelor and ticagrelor. Agarwal, Z; Gogo, P; Keating, FK; Schneider, DJ; Seecheran, N, 2014)	0.62
"Ticagrelor given before or during infusion of cangrelor did not attenuate the pharmacodynamic effects of cangrelor."	( Pharmacodynamic effects during the transition between cangrelor and ticagrelor. Agarwal, Z; Gogo, P; Keating, FK; Schneider, DJ; Seecheran, N, 2014)	0.4
" This study assessed the potential pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction between ticagrelor and cyclosporine."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction study of ticagrelor and cyclosporine in healthy volunteers. Hsia, J; Kujacic, M; Teng, R, 2014)	0.4
" Plasma concentrations of ticagrelor and its active metabolite (AR-C124910XX) and blood concentrations of cyclosporine were analyzed, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction study of ticagrelor and cyclosporine in healthy volunteers. Hsia, J; Kujacic, M; Teng, R, 2014)	0.4
"Co-administration of cyclosporine with ticagrelor increased exposure to ticagrelor and its active metabolite and had no effect on cyclosporine pharmacokinetic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetic interaction study of ticagrelor and cyclosporine in healthy volunteers. Hsia, J; Kujacic, M; Teng, R, 2014)	0.4
" The impact of venlafaxine on ticagrelor pharmacokinetic parameters was also investigated."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interaction between ticagrelor and venlafaxine, a cytochrome P-450 2D6 substrate, in healthy subjects. Hsia, J; Kujacic, M; Teng, R, 2014)	0.4
" Plasma concentrations of ticagrelor, venlafaxine, and their metabolites (AR-C124910XX and O-desmethylvenlafaxine [ODV], respectively) were quantified for pharmacokinetic analyses."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interaction between ticagrelor and venlafaxine, a cytochrome P-450 2D6 substrate, in healthy subjects. Hsia, J; Kujacic, M; Teng, R, 2014)	0.4
" Venlafaxine Cmax was increased by 22% in the presence of ticagrelor (121."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interaction between ticagrelor and venlafaxine, a cytochrome P-450 2D6 substrate, in healthy subjects. Hsia, J; Kujacic, M; Teng, R, 2014)	0.4
" In pharmacodynamic studies, ticagrelor demonstrated faster onset and more potent inhibition of platelet aggregation than clopidogrel."	( Ticagrelor: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, and safety. Dobesh, PP; Oestreich, JH, 2014)	0.4
"The objective was to compare the pharmacodynamic (PD) and pharmacokinetic (PK) effects of ticagrelor with clopidogrel among subjects of Hispanic ethnicity, as the PD and PK effects of antiplatelet agents among Hispanics are not specifically known."	( A randomised trial of the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects of ticagrelor compared with clopidogrel in Hispanic patients with stable coronary artery disease. Angiolillo, DJ; Caplan, R; Carlson, G; Clavijo, L; Maya, J; Price, MJ; Teng, R, 2015)	0.42
" The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacodynamic profile of 5 different anti-platelet treatments in the acute phase of STEMI in patients undergoing primary PCI."	( A pharmacodynamic comparison of 5 anti-platelet protocols in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary PCI. Andell, P; Björnsson, S; Erlinge, D; Götberg, M; Harnek, J; Koul, S; Martinsson, A; Norström, E; Scherstén, F; Smith, JG, 2014)	0.4
" We describe the unique pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of this drug and the extensive data obtained by preclinical and Phase II and III clinical studies."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ticagrelor when treating non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes. Aspromonte, N; Caldarola, P; Chiatto, M; Iacoviello, M; Monitillo, F; Valle, R, 2015)	0.42
" In light of new data, this review provides an update on the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and pharmacogenetic profiles of ticagrelor in different study populations."	( Ticagrelor: Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacogenetic Profile: An Update. Teng, R, 2015)	0.42
" Antitumor studies on DZNep have been stuck in the preclinical phase because of the lack of information about its integral pharmacokinetic (PK) properties."	( Preclinical pharmacokinetic studies of 3-deazaneplanocin A, a potent epigenetic anticancer agent, and its human pharmacokinetic prediction using GastroPlus™. Chan, E; Duan, X; Lee, L; Sun, F; Wang, X; Yu, Q; Zhang, Z, 2015)	0.42
"The aim of this study was to assess the impact of ticagrelor dosing regimens on pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles in patients on maintenance ticagrelor therapy."	( Pharmacodynamic Effects of Ticagrelor Dosing Regimens in Patients on Maintenance Ticagrelor Therapy: Results From a Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Investigation. Angiolillo, DJ; Bass, TA; Bhatti, M; Cho, JR; DeGroat, C; Dunn, EC; Ferrante, E; Franchi, F; Guzman, LA; Muniz-Lozano, A; Rollini, F; Suryadevara, S; Zenni, MM, 2015)	0.42
" (Impact of Ticagrelor Re-Load Pharmacodynamic Profiles; NCT01731041)."	( Pharmacodynamic Effects of Ticagrelor Dosing Regimens in Patients on Maintenance Ticagrelor Therapy: Results From a Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Investigation. Angiolillo, DJ; Bass, TA; Bhatti, M; Cho, JR; DeGroat, C; Dunn, EC; Ferrante, E; Franchi, F; Guzman, LA; Muniz-Lozano, A; Rollini, F; Suryadevara, S; Zenni, MM, 2015)	0.42
"The objective of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior of ticagrelor administered either as crushed (in the semi-upright sitting position) or as integral (in the supine position) tablets in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)."	( Crushed Versus Integral Tablets of Ticagrelor in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients: A Randomized Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Study. Alexopoulos, D; Barampoutis, N; Davlouros, P; Gkizas, V; Hahalis, G; Koutsogiannis, N; Nylander, S; Parodi, G; Tsigkas, G; Vogiatzi, C; Xanthopoulou, I, 2016)	0.43
" In this study, we compared the pharmacodynamic efficacy of prasugrel and ticagrelor in East Asian patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS)."	( A pharmacodynamic study of the optimal P2Y12 inhibitor regimen for East Asian patients with acute coronary syndrome. Ahn, MS; Ahn, SG; Kang, YS; Kim, JY; Lee, JH; Lee, JW; Lee, SH; Park, B; Park, SW; Yoo, BS; Yoon, J; Youn, YJ, 2015)	0.42
"The goal of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles of escalating ticagrelor loading dose (LD) regimens in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI)."	( Impact of Escalating Loading Dose Regimens of Ticagrelor in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Results of a Prospective Randomized Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Investigati Angiolillo, DJ; Bass, TA; Bhatti, M; Carraway, E; Cho, JR; DeGroat, C; Dunn, EC; Ferrante, E; Franchi, F; Guzman, LA; Nanavati, A; Rollini, F; Suryadevara, S; Zenni, MM, 2015)	0.42
" Here, we review the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic information presently available for these drugs, using data obtained in healthy volunteers for pharmacokinetics and data obtained in human clinical trials or animal models for pharmacodynamics."	( Ebola Virus Infection: Review of the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Drugs Considered for Testing in Human Efficacy Trials. de Lamballerie, X; Guedj, J; Madelain, V; Mentré, F; Nguyen, TH; Olivo, A; Taburet, AM, 2016)	0.43
" Pharmacodynamic assessments were conducted using three assays (vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein, VerifyNow P2Y12, and light transmittance aggregometry, LTA) at baseline, 30 min, 2, 24 h, and 1 week."	( A head-to-head pharmacodynamic comparison of prasugrel vs. ticagrelor after switching from clopidogrel in patients with coronary artery disease: results of a prospective randomized study. Angiolillo, DJ; Bass, TA; Bhatti, M; Cho, JR; DeGroat, C; Dunn, EC; Ferrante, E; Franchi, F; Guzman, LA; Muniz-Lozano, A; Rollini, F; Singh, K; Wilson, RE; Zenni, MM, 2016)	0.43
"This study sought to assess the pharmacodynamic (PD) effects of switching to ticagrelor patients who were treated with prasugrel after undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in the setting of an acute coronary syndrome."	( Pharmacodynamic Effects of Switching From Prasugrel to Ticagrelor: Results of the Prospective, Randomized SWAP-3 Study. Aggarwal, N; Angiolillo, DJ; Antoun, P; Bass, TA; Been, L; Cho, JR; Durairaj, A; Faz, GT; Franchi, F; Guzman, LA; Hu, J; Kureti, M; Park, Y; Rollini, F; Suryadevara, S; Thano, E; Zenni, MM, 2016)	0.43
"The aim of the study was to assess ticagrelor's effects on inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA), P2Y12 reaction units (PRU, measure of platelet P2Y12 receptor blockade), pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and safety in Chinese patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD)."	( Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and safety of ticagrelor in Chinese patients with stable coronary artery disease. Carlson, GF; Guo, J; Li, H; Teng, R, 2016)	0.43
" 90 mg twice daily) in ticagrelor Cmax (616 [37] vs."	( Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and safety of ticagrelor in Chinese patients with stable coronary artery disease. Carlson, GF; Guo, J; Li, H; Teng, R, 2016)	0.43
" However, the mean pharmacodynamic differences between 45 and 60 mg doses were small."	( Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and safety of ticagrelor in Chinese patients with stable coronary artery disease. Carlson, GF; Guo, J; Li, H; Teng, R, 2016)	0.43
" The method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study in hamsters after oral administration of IMM-H007."	( Simultaneous quantification of 2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-N6-(3-hydroxylaniline)adenosine and its principal metabolites in hamster blood by LC-MS/MS and its application in pharmacokinetics study. Hu, J; Jia, Y; Li, S; Li, Y; Wang, B; Wang, D; Wu, X; Zhu, H, 2016)	0.66
" Data from two studies in patients with acute coronary syndromes with large amounts of pharmacokinetic (PK) data (phase IIb DISPERSE-2 study (n = 609)); phase III PLATO PK substudy (n = 6,381)), along with non-linear mixed effects modeling software, were used to develop population PK models for ticagrelor and its metabolite, AR-C124910XX, and to evaluate the impact of demographic and clinical factors on the PK of ticagrelor and AR-C124910XX."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ticagrelor in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Husted, S; Li, J; Storey, RF; Tang, W; Teng, R, 2016)	0.43
"To complete a systematic review evaluating the currently available evidence regarding the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic activity of orally administered clopidogrel, prasugrel and ticagrelor during the acute phase of a myocardial infarction in relation to mechanical reperfusion with primary percutaneous coronary angioplasty."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral P2Y12 inhibitors during the acute phase of a myocardial infarction: A systematic review. Cotton, JM; Cox, AR; Khan, N, 2016)	0.43
"Twelve papers were included in our final analysis; seven relating to pharmacodynamic studies, one to a pharmacokinetic study and four to pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral P2Y12 inhibitors during the acute phase of a myocardial infarction: A systematic review. Cotton, JM; Cox, AR; Khan, N, 2016)	0.43
" However, the dynamic interaction of ticagrelor, the ticagrelor active metabolite (TAM), and MEDI2452, makes pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis nontrivial and mathematical modeling becomes essential to unravel the complex behavior of this system."	( Unraveling the pharmacokinetic interaction of ticagrelor and MEDI2452 (Ticagrelor antidote) by mathematical modeling. Almquist, J; Gennemark, P; Goodman, J; Janefeldt, A; Madalli, S; Maqbool, S; Nylander, S; Pehrsson, S; Penney, M; Sandinge, AS, 2016)	0.43
" Whether these findings may be attributed to differences in the pharmacodynamic profiles of these drugs in DM patients remains poorly explored and represented the aim of this study."	( Pharmacodynamic Comparison of Prasugrel Versus Ticagrelor in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Coronary Artery Disease: The OPTIMUS (Optimizing Antiplatelet Therapy in Diabetes Mellitus)-4 Study. Aggarwal, N; Angiolillo, DJ; Bass, TA; Been, L; Cho, JR; Duarte, VE; Durairaj, A; Franchi, F; Hu, J; Kureti, M; Rollini, F; Zenni, MM, 2016)	0.43
"In this prospective, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, crossover pharmacodynamic study, aspirin-treated DM patients (n=50) with coronary artery disease were randomly assigned to receive prasugrel (60 mg loading dose [LD]/10 mg maintenance dose once daily) or ticagrelor (180 mg LD/90 mg maintenance dose twice daily) for 1 week."	( Pharmacodynamic Comparison of Prasugrel Versus Ticagrelor in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Coronary Artery Disease: The OPTIMUS (Optimizing Antiplatelet Therapy in Diabetes Mellitus)-4 Study. Aggarwal, N; Angiolillo, DJ; Bass, TA; Been, L; Cho, JR; Duarte, VE; Durairaj, A; Franchi, F; Hu, J; Kureti, M; Rollini, F; Zenni, MM, 2016)	0.43
" Pharmacodynamic assessments measured by vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein, light transmittance aggregometry, and Multiplate were similar between prasugrel and ticagrelor at each time point, including at 1 week."	( Pharmacodynamic Comparison of Prasugrel Versus Ticagrelor in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Coronary Artery Disease: The OPTIMUS (Optimizing Antiplatelet Therapy in Diabetes Mellitus)-4 Study. Aggarwal, N; Angiolillo, DJ; Bass, TA; Been, L; Cho, JR; Duarte, VE; Durairaj, A; Franchi, F; Hu, J; Kureti, M; Rollini, F; Zenni, MM, 2016)	0.43
" Inhibition in platelet aggregation (IPA) was assessed and the area under the time-effect curve (AUEC) for the IPA was calculated as pharmacodynamic parameters."	( No Effect of SLCO1B1 and CYP3A4/5 Polymorphisms on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Ticagrelor in Healthy Chinese Male Subjects. Chen, X; Hu, X; Hu, Y; Li, H; Li, M; Tang, J; Wen, Z; Xiao, J; Zhang, D; Zhang, Y, 2017)	0.46
" Thus, we designed a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study setting the feasibility of platelet inhibition with a loading dose of ticagrelor given as crushed tablets sublingually compared with two other ticagrelor loading dose administration strategies: integral tablet given orally and crushed tablet given orally in patients with unstable angina."	( Crushed sublingual versus oral ticagrelor administration strategies in patients with unstable angina. A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic study. Alexopoulos, D; Barańska, M; Buszko, K; Fabiszak, T; Jilma, B; Kubica, J; Marszałł, MP; Niezgoda, P; Siemińska, E; Sikora, A; Sikora, J; Siller-Matula, JM, 2017)	0.46
" This is coherent with the emergence of an uninhibited subpopulation of reticulated platelets during treatment with aspirin plus thienopyridine, explained by the short pharmacokinetic half-lives of these drugs."	( Newly Formed Reticulated Platelets Undermine Pharmacokinetically Short-Lived Antiplatelet Therapies. Armstrong, PC; Chan, MV; Ferreira, PM; Hayman, MA; Hoefer, T; Knowles, RB; Tucker, AT; Warner, TD, 2017)	0.46
"In this single-center, prospective, randomized pharmacodynamic study, 52 ESRD patients on HD were prescribed clopidogrel (300mg loading dose [LD], then 75mg daily), standard-dose ticagrelor (180mg LD, then 90mg twice daily), or low-dose ticagrelor (90mg LD, then 90mg daily) for 14days."	( The pharmacodynamics of low and standard doses of ticagrelor in patients with end stage renal disease on hemodialysis. Ihm, CG; Jeong, KH; Kim, JB; Kim, JS; Kim, KS; Kim, W; Kim, WS; Lee, TW; Woo, JS, 2017)	0.46
" This post hoc analysis investigated the pharmacodynamic effects of ticagrelor versus clopidogrel loading dose (LD) in troponin-negative acute coronary syndrome patients with or without DM undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in the Ad Hoc PCI study."	( Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on the Pharmacodynamic Effects of Ticagrelor Versus Clopidogrel in Troponin-Negative Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients Undergoing Ad Hoc Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Angiolillo, DJ; Carlson, GF; Dangas, G; Franchi, F; Khan, ND; Mehran, R; Raveendran, G; Rollini, F; Sweeny, JM; Teng, R; Waksman, R; Zhao, Y, 2017)	0.46
"The long-term pharmacodynamic effects of Ticagrelor versus Clopidogrel in patients undergoing early percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) after fibrinolytic therapy is unknown."	( Long-term pharmacodynamic effects of Ticagrelor versus Clopidogrel in fibrinolytic-treated STEMI patients undergoing early PCI. Bagai, A; Booker, J; Cantor, WJ; Cheema, AN; Crawford, JJ; Dehghani, P; Goodman, SG; Harenberg, S; Kelly, S; Lavi, S; Lavoie, A; Mehta, SR; Pon, Q; Yang, A; Zimmermann, RH, 2018)	0.48
" Log-transformed pharmacokinetic parameters of ticagrelor and AR-C124910XX obtained from the trials were compared by the mean of two one-sided t-test."	( Effects of food and gender on pharmacokinetics of ticagrelor and its main active metabolite AR-C124910XX in healthy Chinese subjects . Ding, L; Feng, W; Liu, D; Liu, F; Shi, X; Sun, L; Wang, Y, 2018)	0.48
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic characteristics of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in vivo after oral administration and sublingual venous injection of the small molecule IMM-H007 in hamsters."	( Preclinical pharmacokinetic study of a novel lipid-lowering agent, IMM-H007. Deng, XZ; Liu, WQ; Zhang, ZL, 2018)	0.48
" These results illustrate that the HPLC MS/MS analytic method is simple, reliable, and sensitive and exhibits high specificity and which meets the clinical pharmacokinetic requirements of IMM-H007."	( Preclinical pharmacokinetic study of a novel lipid-lowering agent, IMM-H007. Deng, XZ; Liu, WQ; Zhang, ZL, 2018)	0.48
" Plasma samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Effect of tea polyphenols on the oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics of ticagrelor in rats and its in vitro metabolism. Cai, WM; Liu, SB; Sun, H; Tang, ZJ; Wang, ZT; Xue, Y; Zhang, Z, 2020)	0.56
" In spite of United States Food and Drug Administration's recent assent of remdesivir as the only approved agent for COVID-19, there is limited information available about the physicochemical, metabolism, transport, pharmacokinetic (PK), and drug-drug interaction (DDI) properties of this drug."	( Simulation of Remdesivir Pharmacokinetics and Its Drug Interactions. Deb, S; Reeves, AA, 2021)	0.62
" Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling of GastroPlus was used to simulate different patient populations based on age, weight, liver function, and renal function status."	( Simulation of Remdesivir Pharmacokinetics and Its Drug Interactions. Deb, S; Reeves, AA, 2021)	0.62
"7%, respectively) in mice, which provided good insight into the pharmacokinetic optimization of GS-441524."	( Potency and pharmacokinetics of GS-441524 derivatives against SARS-CoV-2. Aisa, HA; Hu, T; Shen, J; Wei, D; Xie, Y; Xue, H; Zhang, Y; Zheng, W, 2021)	0.62
" Here, we evaluated GS-441524 for Covid-19 treatment based on studies reporting pharmacokinetic parameters of the agent in mice, rats, cats, dogs, monkeys, and the single individual in the first-in-human trial supplemented with information about its activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and safety."	( Nucleoside analog GS-441524: pharmacokinetics in different species, safety, and potential effectiveness against Covid-19. Hansen, PR; Rasmussen, HB; Thomsen, R, 2022)	0.72
" A prospective observational pharmacokinetic study was performed in non-critically ill hospitalized COVID-19 patients with hypoxemia."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Remdesivir and GS-441524 in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. Bosma, LBE; Leegwater, E; Moes, DJAR; Ottens, TH; van der Meer, IM; van Nieuwkoop, C; Wilms, EB, 2022)	0.72
"To study the pharmacokinetic inter-individual variability of remdesivir and its main metabolite GS-441524 in a real-world setting of COVID-19 inpatients and to identify possible associations with different demographic/biochemical variables."	( Interpatient variability in the pharmacokinetics of remdesivir and its main metabolite GS-441524 in treated COVID-19 subjects. Agrati, C; Ascoli Bartoli, T; Benvenuto, D; Marchioni, L; Nicastri, E; Stazi, GV; Tempestilli, M, 2022)	0.72
" Linear regression, logistic regression and multiple linear regression tests were used for statistical comparisons of pharmacokinetic parameters and variables."	( Interpatient variability in the pharmacokinetics of remdesivir and its main metabolite GS-441524 in treated COVID-19 subjects. Agrati, C; Ascoli Bartoli, T; Benvenuto, D; Marchioni, L; Nicastri, E; Stazi, GV; Tempestilli, M, 2022)	0.72

Compound-Compound Interactions

Intravenously administered adenosine and high-dose dipyridamole, both combined with low-level exercise stress, were compared in a head-to-head fashion. The non-xanthine PDE type IV inhibitor rolipram was examined as a potential modulator of TNF alpha-primed PMN oxidative activity.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Here we demonstrate that extracellular ATP, ADP or AMPPNP caused synergistic enhancement of DNA synthesis in 3T6 mouse fibroblasts and BALB/MK keratinocytes when combined with any of the above polypeptides."	( Extracellular ATP shows synergistic enhancement of DNA synthesis when combined with agents that are active in wound healing or as neurotransmitters. Heppel, LA; Huang, NN; Wang, DJ, 1990)	0.28
"Studies were performed in ten pentobarbital-anesthetized, open chest dogs to evaluate regional circulatory effects of isovolemic hemodilution alone, and in combination with adenosine-induced controlled hypotension."	( Regional hemodynamics and oxygen supply during isovolemic hemodilution alone and in combination with adenosine-induced controlled hypotension. Crystal, GJ; Rooney, MW; Salem, MR, 1988)	0.68
"Effects of the adenosine analogs R-N6-phenylisopropyl-adenosine (R-PIA) and 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA), alone and in combination with caffeine, were studied in squirrel monkeys trained to respond under multiple fixed-interval fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement."	( Effects of adenosine analogs alone and in combination with caffeine in the squirrel monkey. Goldberg, SR; Katz, JL; Prada, JA, 1988)	1.02
" Accordingly, measurements of left ventricular myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption were obtained during isovolemic hemodilution alone and in combination with adenosine-induced controlled hypotension in ten pentobarbital-anesthetized, open chest dogs with normal coronary circulation."	( Myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption during isovolemic hemodilution alone and in combination with adenosine-induced controlled hypotension. Crystal, GJ; Rooney, MW; Salem, MR, 1988)	0.68
" Mice receiving the combination of tubercidin (or nebularine) plus NBMPR-P or dilazep, as well as those that survived the combination with dipyridamole, appeared healthy and were found to have normal size livers and spleens."	( Treatment of schistosomiasis by purine nucleoside analogues in combination with nucleoside transport inhibitors. Cha, S; el Kouni, MH; Messier, NJ, 1987)	0.27
"Pentostatin (I), a tight-binding inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, was evaluated in combination with the partially effective antitumor nucleoside N6-(delta 2-isopentenyl)adenosine (II) for cytotoxic activity against cultured L-1210 lymphocytic mouse leukemia cells."	( Increased cytotoxicity of N6-(delta 2-isopentenyl)adenosine in combination with pentostatin against L-1210 leukemia cells. Chang, Y; Hacker, B, 1983)	0.78
"The biologic effects of a series of sugar-substituted analogs of tubercidin were evaluated and compared with the effects of the homologous series of adenosine analogs in combination with 2'-deoxycoformycin."	( Comparison of the effects on cultured L1210 leukemia cells of the ribosyl, 2'-deoxyribosyl, and xylosyl homologs of tubercidin and adenosine alone or in combination with 2'-deoxycoformycin. Cass, CE; Muhs, WH; Robins, MJ; Selner, M; Tan, TH, 1982)	0.67
"The toxicology and metabolism of 8-azaadenosine (8-azaAdo) were examined both as a single agent and in combination with the adenosine deaminase inhibitor, 2'-deoxycoformycin (dCF)."	( Biochemical pharmacology and toxicology of 8-azaadenosine alone and in combination with 2'-deoxycoformycin (pentostatin). Calabresi, P; Chu, SH; Crabtree, GW; Dexter, DL; Diamond, I; Farineau, DM; Ghoda, LY; McGowan, DL; Parks, RE; Spremulli, EN, 1982)	0.79
" Group B patients (n = 50) had the same test combined with low-level dynamic exercise."	( 201Tl myocardial perfusion SPET: adenosine alone or combined with dynamic exercise. Bomanji, JB; Ell, PJ; Gunning, M; Gupta, NK; Jarritt, PH; Mahmood, S, 1994)	0.57
" In the present study, the non-xanthine PDE type IV inhibitor rolipram (4-[3'-cyclopentyloxy-4'-methoxyphenyl]-2-pyrrolidone) alone and in combination with adenosine is examined as a potential modulator of TNF alpha-primed PMN oxidative activity."	( The specific type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor rolipram combined with adenosine reduces tumor necrosis factor-alpha-primed neutrophil oxidative activity. Carper, HT; Mandell, GL; Sullivan, GW, 1995)	0.72
"Intravenously administered adenosine and high-dose dipyridamole, both combined with low-level exercise stress, were compared in a head-to-head fashion using 99Tcm-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile (99Tcm-MIBI) single photo emission tomography (SPET) myocardial perfusion imaging."	( Comparison of adenosine and high-dose dipyridamole both combined with low-level exercise stress for 99Tcm-MIBI SPET myocardial perfusion imaging. Ascoop, CA; Cramer, MJ; Niemeyer, MG; Pauwels, EK; van der Wall, EE; Vermeersch, PH; Verzijlbergen, JF; Zwinderman, AH, 1996)	0.95
" In ROP kidneys, however, TAN were less reduced, suggesting that even during CS, TAN can still be regenerated in the injured kidneys when ROP is combined with UW solution."	( Retrograde oxygen persufflation in combination with UW solution enhances adenine nucleotide contents in ischemically damaged rat kidney during cold storage. Booster, MH; Buurman, WA; Kootstra, G; Maessen, JG; van der Vusse, GJ; Yin, M, 1996)	0.29
"This study investigated whether aldose reductase (AR) inhibition with zopolrestat, either alone or in combination with an adenosine A(3)-receptor agonist (CB-MECA), reduced myocardial ischemic injury in rabbit hearts subjected to 30 min of regional ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion."	( Aldose reductase inhibition alone or combined with an adenosine A(3) agonist reduces ischemic myocardial injury. Ellery, CA; Knight, DR; MacAndrew, JT; Magee, WP; Oates, PJ; Smith, AH; Tracey, WR, 2000)	0.76
" Therefore, pharmacological preconditioning with diazoxide in combination with adenosine and a nitric oxide donor (triple-combination pharmacological preconditioning) may enhance cardioprotection."	( Integrated pharmacological preconditioning in combination with adenosine, a mitochondrial KATP channel opener and a nitric oxide donor. Imamura, H; Kido, M; Nakao, S; Ninomiya, H; Okada, T; Otani, H; Shingu, K; Uchiyama, T; Uchiyama, Y, 2003)	0.79
"The purpose of this study was to report the efficacy of intravenous amiodarone alone or in combination with digoxin in neonates and small infants with life-threatening supraventricular tachyarrhythmia (SVT)."	( Intravenous amiodarone used alone or in combination with digoxin for life-threatening supraventricular tachyarrhythmia in neonates and small infants. Aslan, Y; Celiker, A; Dilber, B; Dilber, E; Gedik, Y; Mutlu, M, 2010)	0.36
"We retrospectively analyzed 9 neonates and small infants with life-threatening or resistant SVT who were treated with intravenous amiodarone alone or in combination with digoxin."	( Intravenous amiodarone used alone or in combination with digoxin for life-threatening supraventricular tachyarrhythmia in neonates and small infants. Aslan, Y; Celiker, A; Dilber, B; Dilber, E; Gedik, Y; Mutlu, M, 2010)	0.36
" Amiodarone alone or in combination with digoxin effectively controlled reentrant SVT in all patients."	( Intravenous amiodarone used alone or in combination with digoxin for life-threatening supraventricular tachyarrhythmia in neonates and small infants. Aslan, Y; Celiker, A; Dilber, B; Dilber, E; Gedik, Y; Mutlu, M, 2010)	0.36
"Intravenous amiodarone alone or in combination with digoxin was found to be safe and effective in controlling refractory and life-threatening SVT in neonates and small infants."	( Intravenous amiodarone used alone or in combination with digoxin for life-threatening supraventricular tachyarrhythmia in neonates and small infants. Aslan, Y; Celiker, A; Dilber, B; Dilber, E; Gedik, Y; Mutlu, M, 2010)	0.36
"The objective of this study was to explore a new method for the identification of viable myocardium by means of two-dimensional (2D) strain imaging combined with adenosine stress echocardiography."	( Two-dimensional strain combined with adenosine stress echocardiography assessment of viable myocardium. Fang, LL; Feng, XH; Ma, XW; Shi, HW; Wang, C; Wang, LM; Zhang, PY, 2011)	0.84
"A simple, fast and inexpensive method based on dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) combined with LC-MS was developed for simultaneous determination of 7 nucleosides and nucleobases (i."	( Determination of the nucleosides and nucleobases in Tuber samples by dispersive solid-phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Li, HM; Li, YY; Liu, P; Tang, YJ; Wan, DJ, 2011)	0.37
"To assess the feasibility and accuracy of CT coronary angiography (CTCA) combined with adenosine stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) for diagnosis of flow-limiting coronary stenosis."	( [CT coronary angiography combined with adenosine stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy for detecting flow-limiting coronary stenoses]. Chen, YD; Dong, W; Gai, LY; Guan, ZW; Qin, J; Sun, ZJ; Tian, JH; Wang, Q; Wang, ZG; Yang, L, 2011)	0.86
" In the present study, we firstly found that artesunate in combination with oxacillin was capable of protecting mice challenged with live MRSA WHO-2 (WHO-2) and the protection was related to the reduced TNF-α and IL-6 levels and decreased bacterial load."	( Artesunate in combination with oxacillin protect sepsis model mice challenged with lethal live methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) via its inhibition on proinflammatory cytokines release and enhancement on antibacterial activity of oxacilli Cao, H; Cen, Y; Jiang, W; Li, B; Li, J; Liu, X; Pan, X; Zheng, J; Zheng, X; Zhou, H, 2011)	0.37
"Adenosine infusion in combination with low-level exercise seems to result in higher-quality images and fewer adverse reactions than adenosine infusion without exercise."	( The impact of adenosine pharmacologic stress combined with low-level exercise in patients undergoing myocardial perfusion imaging (BIWAKO adenosine-Ex trial). Hara, M; Higuchi, H; Hirata, M; Hirose, K; Kobayashi, H; Matsuoka, T; Monzen, H; Ogasawara, M; Suzuki, T; Yuki, R, 2011)	2.17
"The purpose of this study was to determine whether polarized arrest using adenosine/lidocaine cold crystalloid cardioplegia in combination with the hibernation inductor δ-opioid receptor agonist pentazocine would give satisfactory myocardial protection rather than using depolarized supranormal potassium cardioplegia, supranormal potassium cardioplegia with pentazocine, or adenosine/lidocaine cardioplegia."	( The myocardial protection of polarizing cardioplegia combined with delta-opioid receptor agonist in swine. Chen, C; Dong, P; Hou, X; Wu, T; Yang, J, 2011)	0.6
" In the present study, we investigated the effects of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), vitamin D₃ and resveratrol alone and in combination with adenosine analogues, 2-chloro-2'-deoxyadenosine (2CdA) and 9-β-d-arabinosyl-2-fluoroadenine (F-ara-A), on the methylation and expression of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) tumour suppressor gene in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells."	( Comparative effects of retinoic acid, vitamin D and resveratrol alone and in combination with adenosine analogues on methylation and expression of phosphatase and tensin homologue tumour suppressor gene in breast cancer cells. Bednarek, A; Fabianowska-Majewska, K; Salamé, P; Stefanska, B, 2012)	0.8
"2D STI combined with adenosine stress echocardiography could provide a new and reliable method to identify myocardium viability."	( Clinic value of two-dimensional speckle tracking combined with adenosine stress echocardiography for assessment of myocardial viability. Fang, LL; Feng, WF; Ma, XW; Ran, H; Wu, WF; Zhang, PY, 2012)	0.94
" This study assessed whether high-dose aspirin: a) provides additional anti-platelet efficacy, assessed in vivo and ex vivo, when combined with P2Y12 inhibition; and/or b) has a negative effect on vascular function."	( High-dose aspirin in dogs increases vascular resistance with limited additional anti-platelet effect when combined with potent P2Y12 inhibition. Björkman, JA; Forsberg, GB; Hansson, GI; Nylander, S; von Bahr, H; Warner, TD; Zachrisson, H, 2013)	0.39
" The possibility that cytotoxicity elicited by Cl-IB-MECA, alone or in combination with PXT, involves adenosine receptor activation was discarded and results confirmed that oxidative stress is only involved in cytotoxicity after treatment with PXT, alone."	( Potentiation of cytotoxicity of paclitaxel in combination with Cl-IB-MECA in human C32 metastatic melanoma cells: A new possible therapeutic strategy for melanoma. Costa, VM; Diniz, C; Fresco, P; Soares, AS, 2013)	0.61
"5-T non-contrast enhanced whole-heart magnetic resonance coronary angiography (MRCA) alone and in combination with adenosine stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR-Perf)."	( Diagnostic performance of non-contrast-enhanced whole-heart magnetic resonance coronary angiography in combination with adenosine stress perfusion cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Heer, T; Höfling, B; Pilz, G; Reiter, S, 2013)	0.81
" The aim of the study presented here was to analyze the effects of a pharmacological inhibition of EZH2 alone and in combination with other anticancer drugs on RTs cells in vitro."	( Analysis of the antiproliferative effects of 3-deazaneoplanocin A in combination with standard anticancer agents in rhabdoid tumor cell lines. Borchardt, C; Clemens, D; Dirksen, U; Frühwald, MC; Kool, M; Unland, R, 2015)	0.42
" BODIPY-ATP can interact with Tween 20-AuNPs through the coordination between the adenine group of BODIPY-ATP and Au atoms on the NP surface, thereby causing the fluorescence quenching of BODIPY-ATP through the nanometal surface energy transfer (NSET) effect."	( Tween 20-stabilized gold nanoparticles combined with adenosine triphosphate-BODIPY conjugates for the fluorescence detection of adenosine with more than 1000-fold selectivity. Hung, SY; Shih, YC; Tseng, WL, 2015)	0.67
"The risk and benefit of GP-IIb/IIIa Inhibition (GPI) in combination with recent antiplatelet regimens in acute coronary syndromes (ACS) remain unassessed."	( Safety and efficacy of IIb/IIIa inhibitors in combination with highly active oral antiplatelet regimens in acute coronary syndromes: A meta-analysis of pivotal trials. Agueznai, M; Ardouin, P; Beygui, F; Blanchart, K; Collet, JP; Lemaître, A; Milliez, P; Montalescot, G; Roule, V; Sabatier, R, 2017)	0.46
" In conclusion, cangrelor in combination with ticagrelor results in consistent and strong P2Y12 inhibition during and after infusion and cangrelor may bridge the gap until oral P2Y12 inhibitors achieve effect in real-world STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI."	( Cangrelor in combination with ticagrelor provides consistent and potent P2Y12-inhibition during and after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in real-world patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Andell, P; Erlinge, D; Götberg, M; James, S; Koul, S; Mohammad, MA; Scherstén, F, 2017)	0.46
" This study aimed to investigate the influences of dual-dose clopidogrel, clopidogrel combined with tongxinluo, and ticagrelor on the platelet activity and MACE events of patients with CYP2C19*2 gene function deficiency and poor clopidogrel response after PCI."	( Effects of Dual-Dose Clopidogrel, Clopidogrel Combined with Tongxinluo Capsule, and Ticagrelor on Patients with Coronary Heart Disease and CYP2C19*2 Gene Mutation After Percutaneous Coronary Interventions (PCI). Chen, S; Geng, Y; Gu, J; Hao, Q; Qi, P; Wang, H; Wang, L; Zhang, Y, 2017)	0.46
"The present case demonstrates that a potential drug-drug interaction (DDI) may lead to a life-threatening drug adverse reaction especially in special subjects."	( Ticagrelor-induced life-threatening bleeding via the cyclosporine-mediated drug interaction: A case report. Cui, M; Gu, Z; Liu, X; Shen, L; Zhang, C, 2017)	0.46
" We studied the effect of high-dose atorvastatin combined with ticagrelor loading on endothelial dysfunction in a model of forearm vascular ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury."	( Atorvastatin combined with ticagrelor prevent ischemia-reperfusion induced vascular endothelial dysfunction in healthy young males - A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study. Kerbel, T; Litschauer, B; Weisshaar, S; Wolzt, M, 2018)	0.48
"Chronic atorvastatin treatment combined with ticagrelor loading prevents against endothelial dysfunction after acute forearm ischemia."	( Atorvastatin combined with ticagrelor prevent ischemia-reperfusion induced vascular endothelial dysfunction in healthy young males - A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study. Kerbel, T; Litschauer, B; Weisshaar, S; Wolzt, M, 2018)	0.48
" We found that inhibition of the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) after brain injury alleviated the TBI-ALI; however, it is unknown whether lowering blood glutamate levels in combination with inhibiting the A2AR would lead to better effects."	( Reduction in Blood Glutamate Levels Combined With the Genetic Inactivation of A2AR Significantly Alleviate Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Acute Lung Injury. Bai, W; Chen, X; Jiang, YL; Li, P; Ning, YL; Yang, N; Zhou, YG, 2019)	0.8
" In spite of United States Food and Drug Administration's recent assent of remdesivir as the only approved agent for COVID-19, there is limited information available about the physicochemical, metabolism, transport, pharmacokinetic (PK), and drug-drug interaction (DDI) properties of this drug."	( Simulation of Remdesivir Pharmacokinetics and Its Drug Interactions. Deb, S; Reeves, AA, 2021)	0.62
" Subsequently, these data were used in the Drug-Drug Interaction module to simulate drug interaction potential of remdesivir with other COVID-19 drug regimens and with agents used for comorbidities."	( Simulation of Remdesivir Pharmacokinetics and Its Drug Interactions. Deb, S; Reeves, AA, 2021)	0.62
" In this study, we aim to explore the clinical efficacy of ulinastatin combined with meglumine adenosine cyclophosphate in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and its effect on cardiac function and endothelial function of patients."	( Clinical Efficacy of Ulinastatin Combined with Meglumine Adenosine Cyclophosphate in the Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction. Cao, Q; Ma, J; Ma, Q; Sun, X; Wang, L; Zhang, L; Zhang, Z, 2022)	1.19
"To evaluate AZD4635, an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, as monotherapy or in combination with durvalumab in patients with advanced solid tumors."	( Phase Ia/b, Open-Label, Multicenter Study of AZD4635 (an Adenosine A2A Receptor Antagonist) as Monotherapy or Combined with Durvalumab, in Patients with Solid Tumors. Bauer, TM; Bendell, JC; Chen, H; Choe, JH; Das, M; Drake, CG; Falchook, GS; George, DJ; Hattersley, MM; Karlix, JL; Kumar, R; Lim, EA; Moorthy, G; Patel, MR; Pilling, EA; Pouliot, GP; Russell, DL; Sachsenmeier, KF; Sidders, BS; Ulahannan, S, 2022)	1.27
" Patients received AZD4635 monotherapy (75-200 mg once daily or 125 mg twice daily) or in combination with durvalumab (AZD4635 75 or 100 mg once daily)."	( Phase Ia/b, Open-Label, Multicenter Study of AZD4635 (an Adenosine A2A Receptor Antagonist) as Monotherapy or Combined with Durvalumab, in Patients with Solid Tumors. Bauer, TM; Bendell, JC; Chen, H; Choe, JH; Das, M; Drake, CG; Falchook, GS; George, DJ; Hattersley, MM; Karlix, JL; Kumar, R; Lim, EA; Moorthy, G; Patel, MR; Pilling, EA; Pouliot, GP; Russell, DL; Sachsenmeier, KF; Sidders, BS; Ulahannan, S, 2022)	0.97
" The RP2D of the AZD4635 capsule formulation was 75 mg once daily, as monotherapy or in combination with durvalumab."	( Phase Ia/b, Open-Label, Multicenter Study of AZD4635 (an Adenosine A2A Receptor Antagonist) as Monotherapy or Combined with Durvalumab, in Patients with Solid Tumors. Bauer, TM; Bendell, JC; Chen, H; Choe, JH; Das, M; Drake, CG; Falchook, GS; George, DJ; Hattersley, MM; Karlix, JL; Kumar, R; Lim, EA; Moorthy, G; Patel, MR; Pilling, EA; Pouliot, GP; Russell, DL; Sachsenmeier, KF; Sidders, BS; Ulahannan, S, 2022)	0.97
" A2A receptor antagonists are an emerging class of agents that treat cancers by enhancing immunotherapy, both as monotherapy and in combination with other therapeutic agents."	( Caffeine-folic acid-loaded-chitosan nanoparticles combined with methotrexate as a novel HepG2 immunotherapy targeting adenosine A2A receptor downstream cascade. Gaber, M; Ghareeb, D; Hamed, A; Hamed, M; Mohamed, TM; Nofal, MS, 2023)	1.12
"This study suggests that CAF-FA-CS-NPs (D4) in combination with MTX may be a promising candidate for cancer immunotherapy, by inhibiting A2aR signaling and leading to improved immune activation and anti-tumor activity of MTX."	( Caffeine-folic acid-loaded-chitosan nanoparticles combined with methotrexate as a novel HepG2 immunotherapy targeting adenosine A2A receptor downstream cascade. Gaber, M; Ghareeb, D; Hamed, A; Hamed, M; Mohamed, TM; Nofal, MS, 2023)	1.12

Bioavailability

CF101, an adenosine A3 receptor agonist, is an orally bioavailable small molecule drug presenting an anti-psoriatic effect demonstrated in a Phase 2 clinical trial in psoriasis patients.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" These results suggest that CV-1674 induces selective coronary vasodilation with less depression on cardiohemodynamics, and is relatively well absorbed from the intestinal tract."	( Effects of a 2-substituted adenosine derivative, 2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-adenosine (CV-1674) on coronary and cardiohemodynamics, and myocardial energetics. Hirata, M; Kawazoe, K; Kikuchi, K; Tanabe, M, 1977)	0.55
" An oral dose (5 mg/kg) of enprofylline to rats was almost completely recovered in the urine as unchanged drug, showing that this xanthine is well absorbed and negligibly metabolised."	( Tracheal relaxant and cardiostimulant actions of xanthines can be differentiated from diuretic and CNS-stimulant effects. Role of adenosine antagonism? Edholm, LE; Erjefält, I; Karlsson, JA; Lamm, CJ; Persson, CG, 1982)	0.47
" Oral bioavailability of the drug was about 90%."	( Metabolism and disposition of 2',3'-di-O-nitro-adenosine-5'-(N-ethyl-carboxamide) in dogs. Kolassa, N; Krivanek, P; Wiener, H, 1983)	0.52
" An important implication of these findings is that reduced nitric oxide bioavailability during stress in patients with atherosclerosis or risk factors for atherosclerosis may contribute to myocardial ischemia by limiting epicardial and microvascular coronary vasodilation."	( Contribution of nitric oxide to metabolic coronary vasodilation in the human heart. Andrews, NP; Cannon, RO; Dakak, N; Gilligan, DM; Panza, JA; Quyyumi, AA, 1995)	0.29
"The bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) in the human coronary circulation at rest and after acetylcholine (ACH)-induced vasodilation was investigated in 32 patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries."	( Nitric oxide activity in the human coronary circulation. Impact of risk factors for coronary atherosclerosis. Andrews, NP; Arora, S; Cannon, RO; Dakak, N; Gilligan, DM; Husain, S; Panza, JA; Quyyumi, AA, 1995)	0.29
" In summary, the bioavailability of components of preservation solutions at 4 degrees C is lower than at physiological temperatures, so that the application of cytoprotectants at 37 degrees C to organ donors, rather than simple addition to the cold storage solution, might improve cold storage preservation of livers and kidneys."	( Effect of temperature on hepatic and renal uptake of components from University of Wisconsin solution. Büchler, MW; Schilling, M; Tian, YH, 1998)	0.3
"A series of 5'-esters of N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) were prepared with the aim to improve stability and bioavailability of selective A1 agonists."	( Synthesis and study of 5'-ester prodrugs of N6-cyclopentyladenosine, a selective A1 receptor agonist. Biondi, C; Bortolotti, F; Dalpiaz, A; Durini, E; Manfredini, S; Menegatti, E; Pavan, B; Scatturin, A, 2001)	0.82
" This supports the concept that RASONs offer the potential to address a variety of respiratory targets including those for which approaches employing systemic distribution and systemic bioavailability of the therapeutic agent may be undesirable."	( RASONs: a novel antisense oligonucleotide therapeutic approach for asthma. Leonard, SA; Li, Y; Mannion, JC; Nyce, JW; Sandrasagra, A; Tang, L; Teng, K, 2001)	0.31
" The oral bioavailability of the synthetic A3AR agonists, and their induced systemic anticancer and myeloprotective effect, renders them potentially useful in three different modes of treatment: as a stand-alone anticancer treatment, in combination with chemotherapy to enhance its therapeutic index and myelprotection."	( A3 adenosine receptor as a target for cancer therapy. Bar-Yehuda, S; Cohn, I; Fishman, P; Madi, L, 2002)	0.94
" Such a pathway may be via maintained bioavailability of nitric oxide."	( Pharmacological possibilities for protection against myocardial reperfusion injury. Pernow, J; Rydén, L; Sjöquist, PO; Wang, QD, 2002)	0.31
" We conclude that the A3AR agonist CF101, a small orally bioavailable molecule, exerts systemic anticancer, antimetastatic, and myeloprotective effects in colon carcinoma-bearing mice, and may serve as an adjuvant treatment to enhance the chemotherapeutic index and prevent myelotoxicity."	( Inhibition of primary colon carcinoma growth and liver metastasis by the A3 adenosine receptor agonist CF101. Arich, A; Bar-Yehuda, S; Dreznick, Z; Fishman, P; Madi, L; Ohana, G; Rath-Wolfson, L; Silberman, D; Slosman, G, 2003)	0.55
" As statin treatment is known to increase nitric oxide bioavailability and enhance myocardial function, we tested whether ADMA concentration modifies the effect of pravastatin on myocardial blood flow in young adults with mild hypercholesterolemia."	( Plasma asymmetric dimethylarginine modifies the effect of pravastatin on myocardial blood flow in young adults. Janatuinen, T; Knuuti, J; Laakso, J; Laaksonen, R; Lehtimäki, T; Nuutila, P; Raitakari, OT; Vesalainen, R, 2003)	0.32
" The mechanisms by which NADPH oxidase-derived radicals mediate the cerebrovascular dysfunction involve reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide."	( NADPH-oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species mediate the cerebrovascular dysfunction induced by the amyloid beta peptide. Anrather, J; Carlson, GA; Frys, K; Iadecola, C; Park, L; Pitstick, R; Younkin, S; Zhou, P, 2005)	0.33
"CF101, an A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) agonist, is a small orally bioavailable molecule known to suppress in vitro the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)."	( Antiinflammatory effect of A3 adenosine receptor agonists in murine autoimmune arthritis models. Baharav, E; Bar-Yehuda, S; Fishman, P; Halpren, M; Madi, L; Ochaion, A; Rath-Wolfson, L; Silberman, D; Weinberger, A, 2005)	0.99
" Poor oral bioavailability observed in rhesus monkeys may be due to the labile glycosidic bond, and special formulation may be necessary for oral delivery."	( Mechanism of anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity of beta-D-6-cyclopropylamino-2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxyguanosine. Anderson, KS; Bozeman, C; Cheng, YC; Chu, CK; Dutschman, GE; Gullen, E; Hernandez-Santiago, BI; Hurwitz, S; Mathew, JS; McClure, H; Murakami, E; Ray, AS; Schinazi, RF; Xie, MY; Yang, Z, 2005)	0.33
" Also reported is the characterization of a lead AKI, 19d (GP3966), an orally bioavailable compound (F% = 60% in dog) which exhibits broad-spectrum analgesic activities (ED50 < or = 4 mg/kg, per os) that are reversible with an adenosine receptor antagonist (theophylline)."	( Adenosine kinase inhibitors. 5. Synthesis, enzyme inhibition, and analgesic activity of diaryl-erythro-furanosyltubercidin analogues. Boyer, SH; Erion, MD; Gomez-Galeno, JE; Kopcho, J; Matelich, MC; Mendonca, R; Nagahisa, A; Nakane, M; Ollis, K; Solbach, J; Tsuchiya, M; Ugarkar, BG; Wiesner, JB, 2005)	1.96
" IB-MECA, an orally bioavailable molecule, activates the A3AR, inducing receptor downregulation and the initiation of a molecular mechanism that involves de-regulation of the PI3K-NF-kappaB signaling pathway."	( The PI3K-NF-kappaB signal transduction pathway is involved in mediating the anti-inflammatory effect of IB-MECA in adjuvant-induced arthritis. Baharav, E; Bar-Yehuda, S; Cohen, S; Fishman, P; Madi, L; Ochaion, A; Rath-Wolfson, L, 2006)	0.33
"IB-MECA, a small highly bioavailable molecule, induces modulation of proteins which control survival and apoptosis resulting in the amelioration of the inflammatory process and the preservation of bone mass in AIA rats."	( IB-MECA, an A3 adenosine receptor agonist prevents bone resorption in rats with adjuvant induced arthritis. Bar-Yehuda, S; Cohen, S; Fishman, P; Madi, L; Ochaion, A; Rath-Wolfson, L; Zabutti, A, )	0.48
" In summary, CVT-3619 is an orally bioavailable A1 agonist that lowers circulating FFA and TG levels by inhibiting lipolysis."	( Antilipolytic activity of a novel partial A1 adenosine receptor agonist devoid of cardiovascular effects: comparison with nicotinic acid. Belardinelli, L; Dhalla, AK; Santikul, M; Shryock, JC; Smith, M; Wong, MY, 2007)	0.6
" The oral bioavailability of the initial lead was below 5%; therefore, additional analogues were synthesized and screened for liver NTP levels after oral administration to rats."	( Liver-targeted prodrugs of 2'-C-methyladenosine for therapy of hepatitis C virus infection. Boyer, SH; Erion, MD; Fujitaki, JM; Hecker, SJ; Huang, W; Koeplinger, KA; Linemeyer, DL; MacCoss, M; Olsen, DB; Reddy, KR; Reddy, MV; Sun, Z; van Poelje, PD; Varkhedkar, V, 2007)	0.61
" Taken together, this information suggests that A(3)AR agonists may be a new family of orally bioavailable drugs to be developed as potent inhibitors of autoimmune-inflammatory diseases."	( The anti-inflammatory effect of A3 adenosine receptor agonists: a novel targeted therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Bar-Yehuda, S; Cohen, S; Fishman, P; Kerns, WD; Ochaion, A; Silverman, MH, 2007)	0.62
" CF101 is a highly specific orally bioavailable A3AR agonist."	( Clinical evidence for utilization of the A3 adenosine receptor as a target to treat rheumatoid arthritis: data from a phase II clinical trial. Adawi, M; Caspi, D; Cohen, S; Cohn, I; Farbstein, M; Fishman, P; Fishman-Furman, S; Friedman, J; Green, L; Kerns, WD; Langevitz, P; Mader, R; Markovits, D; Molad, Y; Nahir, M; Ochaion, A; Reitblat, T; Rosner, I; Rozenbaum, M; Rubinow, A; Silverman, MH; Strand, V; Tanay, A; Tishler, M; Yehuda, SB, 2008)	0.61
"Acadesine is an adenosine-regulating agent that increases bioavailability of adenosine and has important metabolic effects, partly through activation of the key metabolic regulatory enzyme, AMP-activated protein kinase."	( Acadesine, an adenosine-regulating agent with the potential for widespread indications. Drew, BG; Kingwell, BA, 2008)	1.05
" AMPK-activating agents with high oral bioavailability have potential application in impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and types 1 and 2 diabetes, however the poor oral bioavailability of acadesine precludes such application."	( Acadesine, an adenosine-regulating agent with the potential for widespread indications. Drew, BG; Kingwell, BA, 2008)	0.71
" Ex vivo assays indicate that activation of the low affinity adenosine A2B receptor subtype (A2BAR) mediates TGF-beta1 release from glomeruli of diabetic rats, a pathogenic event that could support progression of glomerulopathy when the bioavailability of adenosine is increased."	( Adenosine mediates transforming growth factor-beta 1 release in kidney glomeruli of diabetic rats. Escudero, C; Fuentealba, V; Gajardo, C; Pastor-Anglada, M; Quezada, C; Roa, H; San Martin, R; Sobrevia, L; Troncoso, E; Yáñez, A, 2009)	2.04
" Such clarification may lead to the development of strategies to overcome efflux and enhance its bioavailability at target site."	( Interaction of gatifloxacin with efflux transporters: a possible mechanism for drug resistance. Kwatra, D; Mitra, AK; Pal, D; Vadlapatla, RK; Vadlapudi, AD, 2010)	0.36
" Administering as a dry powder formulation slowed the rat lung absorption rate of the least soluble compound (fluticasone propionate), impacting the prediction of C(max) and MRT."	( A new methodology for predicting human pharmacokinetics for inhaled drugs from oratracheal pharmacokinetic data in rats. Harrison, A; Jones, RM, 2012)	0.38
"It was recently proposed that the improved oral bioavailability of genistein aglycone and conjugates in Bcrp1(-/-) mice is mainly due to increased intestinal absorption of aglycone and subsequent elevated exposure to conjugation enzymes."	( Breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) determines distribution of genistein phase II metabolites: reevaluation of the roles of ABCG2 in the disposition of genistein. Gao, S; Hu, M; Jiang, W; Yang, Z; Yin, T; Zhu, W, 2012)	0.38
" CF102 demonstrated good oral bioavailability and linear PK behavior."	( CF102 for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a phase I/II, open-label, dose-escalation study. Bar-Yehuda, S; Benjaminov, O; Ciuraru, NB; Cohen, S; Farbstein, M; Fishman, P; Fishman, S; Harpaz, Z; Kerns, WD; Medalia, G; Patoka, R; Silverman, MH; Singer, B; Stemmer, SM, 2013)	0.39
"It may be concluded that BCRP plays an important role in the intestinal efflux of MED-5 and limits the bioavailability after oral administration of MED-15."	( Evaluation of intestinal absorption of amtolmetin guacyl in rats: breast cancer resistant protein as a primary barrier of oral bioavailability. Li, X; Liu, D; Rong, Z; Xiang, D; Xu, Y; Zhang, C, 2013)	0.39
" CF101, an orally bioavailable A3AR agonist, has been analyzed in dry eye syndrome phase II clinical trials and was identified to be safe and well tolerated."	( Targeting the A3 adenosine receptor for glaucoma treatment (review). Bar-Yehuda, S; Cohen, S; Fishman, P, 2013)	0.73
" This experimental system is useful for clarifying the cause of low bioavailability of various drugs."	( In vivo assessment of the impact of efflux transporter on oral drug absorption using portal vein-cannulated rats. Hashimoto, T; Konno, Y; Matsuda, Y; Nagai, M; Satsukawa, M; Taguchi, T; Yamashita, S, 2013)	0.39
"To investigate the effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and adenosine as strategies to protect cardiac injury caused by intestinal IR in rats, based on increasing in adenosine bioavailability and improvement of cell energy state by IPC."	( Heart injury following intestinal ischemia reperfusion in rats is attenuated by association of ischemic preconditioning and adenosine. Bonservizi, WG; Koike, MK; Montero, MF; Saurim, R; Taha, MO, 2014)	0.85
" When endogenous adenosine bioavailability was increased by the nucleoside transporter inhibitor, S-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine, tritium overflow increased in intact, denuded and hypertensive arteries."	( Endothelial dysfunction impairs vascular neurotransmission in tail arteries. Diniz, C; Fresco, P; Sousa, JB, 2015)	0.76
"To compare the bioavailability and safety profile of crushed ticagrelor tablets suspended in water and administered orally or via nasogastric tube, with that of whole tablets administered orally."	( An open-label, randomized bioavailability study with alternative methods of administration of crushed ticagrelor tablets in healthy volunteers. Carlson, G; Hsia, J; Teng, R, 2015)	0.42
" In addition, VEGF expression and eNOS bioavailability elimination significantly reduced the formation of capillary-like structures."	( Adenosine A2B receptor stimulates angiogenesis by inducing VEGF and eNOS in human microvascular endothelial cells. Cong, F; Du, X; Ou, X; Song, T; Xiong, Y; Zhang, S; Zhang, W, 2015)	1.86
"A one-compartment model with population mean PK parameters of firstorder absorption rate constant (0."	( Population pharmacokinetics of ticagrelor in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Husted, S; Li, J; Storey, RF; Tang, W; Teng, R, 2016)	0.43
"CF101, an adenosine A3 receptor agonist, is an orally bioavailable small molecule drug presenting an anti-psoriatic effect demonstrated in a Phase 2 clinical trial in psoriasis patients."	( Treatment of Plaque-Type Psoriasis With Oral CF101: Data from a Phase II/III Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Trial. Benea, V; Bristol, DR; Cohen, S; Cosgarea, MR; Cristodor, P; David, M; Demerdjieva, ZV; Farbstein, M; Fishman, P; Gheorghe, N; Giurcaneanu, C; Gospodinov, DK; Harpaz, Z; Hitova, MC; Horia, B; Hristakieva, E; Kadurina, MI; Mateev, GS; Michael, Z; Morariu, HS; Nica, C; Patel, RV; Purcaru, AI; Ramon, M; Rotaru, M; Rusinova, MV; Silverman, MH; Simionescu, O; Solovastru, LG; Tsingov, II; Yankova, RK, 2016)	0.84
" These immunosuppressive effects were probably a response to the higher bioavailability of adenosine found in the supernatant as result of inhibition of enzyme activity."	( Adenosine reduces reactive oxygen species and interleukin-8 production by Trichomonas vaginalis-stimulated neutrophils. Frasson, AP; Garcia, SC; Gnoatto, SCB; Goelzer, GK; Menezes, CB; Tasca, T, 2017)	2.12
"Data from available studies suggest that the presence of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) may be associated with delayed and attenuated ticagrelor bioavailability and effect compared with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)."	( Comparison of bioavailability and antiplatelet action of ticagrelor in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A prospective, observational, single-centre study. Adamska, U; Adamski, P; Buszko, K; Gorog, DA; Kubica, A; Kubica, J; Laskowska, E; Marszałł, MP; Navarese, EP; Ostrowska, M; Paciorek, P; Rość, D; Sikora, A; Sikora, J; Skibińska, N; Sobczak, P; Umińska, JM, 2017)	0.46
" Impaired bioavailability of ticagrelor and AR-C124910XX seen in STEMI subjects was associated with diminished platelet inhibition in this group, which was most pronounced during the initial hours of treatment."	( Comparison of bioavailability and antiplatelet action of ticagrelor in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A prospective, observational, single-centre study. Adamska, U; Adamski, P; Buszko, K; Gorog, DA; Kubica, A; Kubica, J; Laskowska, E; Marszałł, MP; Navarese, EP; Ostrowska, M; Paciorek, P; Rość, D; Sikora, A; Sikora, J; Skibińska, N; Sobczak, P; Umińska, JM, 2017)	0.46
" This reduced and delayed ticagrelor bioavailability was associated with weaker antiplatelet effect in STEMI."	( Comparison of bioavailability and antiplatelet action of ticagrelor in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A prospective, observational, single-centre study. Adamska, U; Adamski, P; Buszko, K; Gorog, DA; Kubica, A; Kubica, J; Laskowska, E; Marszałł, MP; Navarese, EP; Ostrowska, M; Paciorek, P; Rość, D; Sikora, A; Sikora, J; Skibińska, N; Sobczak, P; Umińska, JM, 2017)	0.46
" Peritoneal equilibration tests showed that sinefungin attenuated the urea nitrogen transport rate from plasma and the glucose absorption rate from the dialysate."	( Inhibition of the H3K4 methyltransferase SET7/9 ameliorates peritoneal fibrosis. Doi, S; Maeda, K; Masaki, T; Nakashima, A; Sasaki, K; Tamura, R; Ueno, T, 2018)	0.48
" Similar bioavailability of ticagrelor (and AR-C124910XX) was demonstrated for all comparisons tested."	( Development Strategy and Relative Bioavailability of a Pediatric Tablet Formulation of Ticagrelor. Berggren, AR; Johanson, P; Karlsson, C; Niazi, M; Wissmar, J, 2019)	0.51
"Similar bioavailability of a new pediatric dispersible tablet formulation of ticagrelor for use across a wide age range of pediatric patients was demonstrated compared with other oral ticagrelor formulations."	( Development Strategy and Relative Bioavailability of a Pediatric Tablet Formulation of Ticagrelor. Berggren, AR; Johanson, P; Karlsson, C; Niazi, M; Wissmar, J, 2019)	0.51
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
" We highlighted a mechanism triggered mainly by the increased extracellular bioavailability of adenosine, which activates A2B and A3 receptors on the endothelium."	( Ticagrelor Prevents Endothelial Cell Apoptosis through the Adenosine Signalling Pathway in the Early Stages of Hypoxia. Brassart-Pasco, S; Djerada, Z; Feliu, C; Millart, H; Nguyen, P; Oszust, F; Peyret, H; Poitevin, G, 2020)	1.02
" The oral bioavailability of YZG-331 in monkeys is 74."	( Simultaneous determination of YZG-331 and its metabolites in monkey blood by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Jiang, J; Jin, X; Li, Y; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Sheng, L; Shi, J; Xu, C; Zhang, J, 2021)	0.62
" Potent orally bioavailable antiviral drugs for early treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection are urgently needed, and several, including molnupiravir and PF-07321332, are currently in clinical development."	( Rethinking Remdesivir: Synthesis, Antiviral Activity, and Pharmacokinetics of Oral Lipid Prodrugs. Beadle, JR; Carlin, AF; Clark, AE; Garretson, AF; Hostetler, KY; Leibel, SL; McMillan, RE; McVicar, RN; Murphy, J; Schooley, RT; Smith, VI; Valiaeva, N; Xie, J; Zhang, XQ, 2021)	0.62
" However, this nucleoside has a poor oral bioavailability in non-human primates, which may affect its therapeutic efficacy."	( Potency and pharmacokinetics of GS-441524 derivatives against SARS-CoV-2. Aisa, HA; Hu, T; Shen, J; Wei, D; Xie, Y; Xue, H; Zhang, Y; Zheng, W, 2021)	0.62
" An orally bioavailable remdesivir analog may boost therapeutic benefit by facilitating early administration to non-hospitalized patients."	( Oral prodrug of remdesivir parent GS-441524 is efficacious against SARS-CoV-2 in ferrets. Babusis, D; Barrett, KT; Bilello, JP; Chan, J; Chun, K; Cihlar, T; Cox, RM; DuPont, V; Greninger, AL; Kalla, R; Lieber, CM; Lin, MJ; Lye, D; Mackman, RL; Martinez-Sobrido, L; Plemper, RK; Sourimant, J; Wolf, JD; Ye, C, 2021)	0.62
" Here, we demonstrate the in vitro antiviral activity and in vivo therapeutic efficacy of GS-621763, an orally bioavailable prodrug of GS-441524, the parent nucleoside of remdesivir, which targets the highly conserved virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase."	( Therapeutic treatment with an oral prodrug of the remdesivir parental nucleoside is protective against SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in mice. Babusis, D; Bannister, R; Baric, RS; Barrett, KT; Bilello, JP; Bleier, BJ; Brown, AJ; Chun, K; Cihlar, T; Conrad, WS; Dong, S; Du Pont, V; Feng, JY; Gully, KL; Kalla, R; Mackman, RL; Martinez, DR; May, SR; Meganck, RM; Montgomery, SA; Moreira, FR; Murakami, E; Schäfer, A; Sheahan, TP; Subramanian, R; Tang, J; Won, JJ; Zweigart, MR, 2022)	0.72
" Using different presumptions, we estimated human oral bioavailability of GS-441524 at 13% and 20%."	( Nucleoside analog GS-441524: pharmacokinetics in different species, safety, and potential effectiveness against Covid-19. Hansen, PR; Rasmussen, HB; Thomsen, R, 2022)	0.72
" In vivo, African green monkeys (AGM) orally dosed with GS-441524 yielded low plasma levels due to limited oral bioavailability of <10%."	( Intravenous delivery of GS-441524 is efficacious in the African green monkey model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Babusis, D; Bannister, R; Barrett, K; Bilello, JP; Cihlar, T; Kajon, A; Lu, X; Lye, D; Ma, B; Mackman, R; Pitts, J; Porter, DP; Riola, N; Shi, PY; Smith, BJ; Subramanian, R; Toteva, M; Vermillion, MS; Xie, X; Zhao, X, 2022)	0.72
" Because of the limited efficacy of vaccination in prevention of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and continuous emergence of variants of concern (VOCs), orally bioavailable and broadly efficacious antiviral drugs are urgently needed."	( The adenosine analog prodrug ATV006 is orally bioavailable and has preclinical efficacy against parental SARS-CoV-2 and variants. Cao, L; Chen, J; Cong, F; Dai, J; Deng, X; Guo, D; Huang, S; Ji, Y; Ke, B; Li, CM; Li, G; Li, Y; Liao, R; Lin, C; Liu, L; Liu, X; Lu, H; Luan, H; Luo, R; Luo, Y; Shi, M; Shi, Y; Sun, J; Wang, P; Xing, F; Xu, T; Yang, S; Yang, Y; Yu, Y; Zhang, H; Zhang, L; Zhang, W; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhao, J; Zheng, H; Zhou, Q; Zhu, T; Zhu, Y, 2022)	1.28
" The mouse PK study revealed the oral bioavailability (%F) of HL3501 at 30 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg as 92."	( A Selective Adenosine A Kim, DM; Kim, Y; Moon, BG; Son, WC, )	0.51
" We also demonstrated that HL3501 is orally available and has a good bioavailability (BA >90%) profile from in mouse PK."	( A Selective Adenosine A Kim, DM; Kim, Y; Moon, BG; Son, WC, )	0.51
" Precise recalibration of interspecies melatonin dosages that account for differences in metabolic rates and bioavailability will ensure the efficacious reinstatement of the once-powerful ancient synergy between light, water, and melatonin in a modern world."	( Light, Water, and Melatonin: The Synergistic Regulation of Phase Separation in Dementia. Loh, D; Reiter, RJ, 2023)	0.91

Dosage Studied

The effects of (R)-N-(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine (PIA) on glycogen synthesis were compared with those effectively inhibiting lipolysis. Adenosine preferentially dilated small arterioles, and the dose-response curves shifted to the right for larger vessels. Pretreatment with the adenosine A1 receptor antagonist cyclopentyltheophylline did not affect the dose response curve to NECA.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Cumulative dose-response curves of Ca2+-induced tension increments were studied in K+-depolarized helical strips of dog coronary arteries."	( Relaxation of coronary artery strips by adenosine and acidosis. Kolassa, N; Kraupp, O; Pittner, H; Turnheim, K, 1977)	0.52
" The same dosage of tolerogen did not reverse a strongly established anti-nucleoside antibody production after a tertiary response."	( Nucleoside specificity in the carrier IgG-dependent induction of tolerance. Borel, Y; Stollar, BD, 1976)	0.26
" The inhibition dose-response curve is paralleled by an adenosine-induced increase in cAMP levels of human leukocyte preparations."	( Adenosine receptor on human basophils: modulation of histamine release. Findlay, SR; Lichtenstein, LM; Marone, G, 1979)	1.95
" However, on increasing the concentrations of these agents, the reversing effect of guanylic acid decreased gradually, the dose-response curves for the two agents being similar."	( Effect of bredinin and its aglycone on L5178Y cells. Hayano, K; Ishida, N; Mizuno, K; Sakaguchi, K; Tsujino, M, 1975)	0.25
" Adenosine inhibited the Ca2+ dose-response curves of strips stimulated with 20 mM and 30 mM K+ and its effect was dependent on the Ca2+ concentration."	( Adenosine relaxation of isolated vascular smooth muscle. Berne, RM; Bockman, EL; Herlihy, JT; Rubio, R, 1976)	2.61
" Noncyclic nucleotides, adenosine, adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), and guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP) showed clear, dose-response protection against histamine death of propranolol-treated mice when they were given 45 to 90 min before histamine."	( Hypersensitivity to histamine and systemic anaphylaxis in mice with pharmacologic beta adrenergic blockade: protection by nucleotides. Matsumura, Y; Tan, EM; Vaughan, JH, 1976)	0.56
" Analysis of the dose-response data by a double reciprocal plot method indicated that the antagonism was competitive."	( Deoxyadenosine antagonism of the antiviral activity of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine. Drach, JC; Shipman, C; Smith, SH, 1978)	0.77
" Our study revealed that EACH had no potential antianginal effect and that at a dosage of 33 mg it may induce angina."	( Trials with an adenosine analogue as antianginal medication. Cavanaugh, JH; Dagenais, GR; Fedor, EJ; Irshad, F, 1977)	0.61
" The finding that adenosine receptor is permanently coupled to the cyclase catalytic unit is corroborated by the observation that the progressive increase in membrane fluidity has no effect on the rate constant (k3) of adenylate cyclase activation by the adenosine-adenosine receptor complex and that the dose-response curve for adenosine is noncooperative."	( Adenosine receptor permanently coupled to turkey erythrocyte adenylate cyclase. Braun, S; Levitzki, A, 1979)	2.04
" The equivalence of CHO and CdR in dose-response in terms of stimulated RNA synthesis and their disparity in dose-response in terms of cytotoxic effects indicate that the systems involved in conferring protection against the lethal effects of Cd2+ are not similarly involved in attenuating the effects on RNA metabolism."	( Cadmium-induced alterations in RNA metabolism in cultures of Chinese hamster cells sensitive to and resistant to the cytotoxic effects of cadmium. Campbell, EW; Enger, MD; Hildebrand, CE; Kissane, RJ; Ratliff, RL; Tobey, RA, 1979)	0.26
" The dose-response curve of KC-6141 was parallel to that of aspirin, suggesting it is an aspirin-like compound."	( Effect of 1-methyl-2-mercapto-5-(3-pyridyl)-imidazole (KC-6141) on rabbit platelet aggregation in vitro and rat platelet retention. Kato, T; Umetsu, T, 1978)	0.26
" Mecamylamine shifted the dose-response curves for nicotine to the right with a gradual depression."	( Comparative studies on anti-nicotinic action of hexamethonium, mecamylamine and adenosine in the guinea pig isolated ileum. Hayashi, E; Mori, M; Yamada, S, 1977)	0.48
" The log (dose-) response curve relating reactive hyperemia flow to tissue adenosine concentration has a steeper slope and is half-maximal at a lower adenosine concentration than the dose-response curve obtained by intracoronary infusions of adenosine in oxygenated hearts, indicating that the coronary vasoactivity of adenosine is enhanced during reactive hyperemia."	( Adenosine metabolism in canine myocardial reactive hyperemia. Gentry, MK; Olsson, RA; Snow, JA, 1978)	1.93
" Pretreatment of animals with reserpine or treatment of tissues with an alpha-adrenoceptor blocking agent failed to alter the dose-response relationship for ATP."	( The postjunctional effects and neural release of purine compounds in the guinea-pig vas deferens. Rowe, JN; Stitzel, RE; Westfall, DP, 1978)	0.26
" Dose-response curves of isoproterenol were shifted significantly to the left by 2 x 10(-5) M aminophylline."	( Comparison of the relaxing effect of dopamine with that of adenosine, isoproterenol and acetylcholine in isolated canine coronary arteries. Hojo, M; Sakae, K; Toda, N; Usui, H, 1975)	0.5
" Adenine nucleotide analogs in which the polyphosphate moiety was modified had steeper log dose-response curves than ATP and induced greater maximal responses than ATP."	( Inhibitory effects of adenine nucleotide analogs on the isolated guinea-pig taenia coli. Maguire, MH; Satchell, DG, 1975)	0.25
" Possible increases in the dosage of trasicor in the pediatric practice are deemed permissible."	( [Characteristics of the reaction of the renal tissue adenylic system to the beta-adrenoblockader, trasicor (oxprenolol), in early postnatal ontogeny]. Chekman, IS; Chernomorets, SG; Viktorov, AP, )	0.13
" However, the same adenosine dosage plus inosine (3."	( The potentiation of the activity of adenosine on coronary blood flow, blood pressure and heart rate by inosine in the dog. Komarek, J; Parish, GA, 1975)	0.86
"The test was completed on 21 of the 22 patients, and 20 of the latter were subjected to the maximal dosage of the adenosine infusion."	( [The adenosine test in association with 99m-technetium sestamibi tomoscintigraphy in the diagnosis of coronary pathology]. Bettini, D; Braito, E; Crepaz, R; Osele, L; Pitscheider, W; Romeo, C; Zammarchi, A, 1992)	1.01
" CGS 15943 (100 nM), a nonselective adenosine antagonist, attenuated the VR activity of DPMA and CPA, causing a 9- and 12-fold rightward shift of the dose-response curves, respectively, whereas 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (20 nM), a highly A1-selective blocker, had no such effect."	( Demonstration of vasorelaxant activity with an A1-selective adenosine agonist in porcine coronary artery: involvement of potassium channels. Cox, BF; Lappe, RW; Merkel, LA; Perrone, MH; Rivera, LM, 1992)	0.8
" When RFL9-transfected cells were compared with VA 13 fibroblasts, the human cell line in which endogenous A2b-adenosine receptors were originally characterized, the dose-response curves of cAMP responses to drug treatments were highly correlated."	( RFL9 encodes an A2b-adenosine receptor. Reppert, SM; Rivkees, SA, 1992)	0.82
" agonist dose-response curves by theophylline (i."	( Involvement of adenosine in antinociception produced by spinal or supraspinal receptor-selective opioid agonists: dissociation from gastrointestinal effects in mice. DeLander, GE; Mosberg, HI; Porreca, F, 1992)	0.64
" The selective A1 receptor antagonist DPCPX also had no effect on release when administered at a low dosage (0."	( Excitatory transmitter amino acid release from the ischemic rat cerebral cortex: effects of adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists. O'Regan, MH; Perkins, LM; Phillis, JW; Simpson, RE, 1992)	0.5
" This observation suggests that the resting level of adenosine in our slices is appreciable, and an analysis of the adenosine dose-response relation is consistent with endogenous adenosine levels of about 10 microM."	( Adenosine decreases neurotransmitter release at central synapses. Prince, DA; Stevens, CF, 1992)	1.98
" When dose-response curves taken from the literature have been transformed into direct or Scatchard plots new information has become available."	( Graphical analysis of data from pharmacology experiments. Busquets, M; Canela, EI; Centelles, JJ; Franco, R, )	0.13
" After control responses to these purinergic agonists were elicited, animals were given infusions for several hours of either vehicle or one of six dosage levels of FK453 (a potent, selective, nonxanthine A1 receptor antagonist), one of three dosage levels of FR113452 (the S-enantiomer of FK453) or one of seven dosage levels of DPCPX (a potent, selective, xanthine A1 receptor antagonist)."	( An experimental paradigm for investigating the role of endogenous adenosine/A1 receptor interactions in vivo. Herzer, WA; Jackson, EK; Kuan, CJ, 1992)	0.52
" Dose-response curves of AV nodal conduction time (expressed as percent increase in AH interval) were studied during the control state and during isoproterenol infusion."	( Negative dromotropism of adenosine under beta-adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol. Lai, WT; Sung, RJ; Wu, SN, 1992)	0.59
"0 micrograms) were injected into the functionally isolated hindlimb, and dose-response curves were generated."	( Reduced vascular responsiveness after a single bout of dynamic exercise in the conscious rabbit. DiCarlo, SE; Howard, MG, 1992)	0.28
" Six pigs were used in a pilot study to establish dose-response relationships for the hypotensive agents; 36 pigs were randomly allocated to one of three groups (n = 12) to receive nitroprusside, adenosine, or isoflurane to reduce mean arterial pressure (MAP) by 50%."	( Deliberate arterial hypotension does not reduce intraocular pressure in pigs. Hennes, HJ; Jantzen, JP; Rochels, R; Wallenfang, T, 1992)	0.47
") dose-response curves for decrease in MBP due to YT-146 underwent parallel rightward shifts."	( Vasodepressor mechanisms of 2-(1-octynyl)-adenosine (YT-146), a selective adenosine A2 receptor agonist, involve the opening of glibenclamide-sensitive K+ channels. Satoh, K; Taira, N; Yamada, H; Yoneyama, F, 1992)	0.55
" A2 receptors by N-0861 was evaluated by generating dose-response curves to adenosine-induced bradycardia (A1 effect), and vasodilation in the in situ constant-flow perfused rat hindquarter vasculature (A2 effect)."	( N-0861 selectively antagonizes adenosine A1 receptors in vivo. Barrett, RJ; Droppleman, DA; Wright, KF, 1992)	0.8
" The adenosine dose-response curve in these hearts was shifted 20-fold to the right by 1 microM glyburide."	( Coronary reactive hyperemia and adenosine-induced vasodilation are mediated partially by a glyburide-sensitive mechanism. Clayton, FC; Grover, GJ; Hess, TA; Smith, MA, 1992)	1.08
" Dose-response curves to the agonists were similar for both age groups."	( Cerebrovascular reactivity to adenosine analogues in 0.6-0.7 gestation and near-term fetal sheep. Kurth, CD; Wagerle, LC, 1992)	0.57
" Moreover, alpidem, zolpidem, and zopiclone did not modify the 2-chloroadenosine dose-response curves nor the diazepam induced sensitization of adenosine-induced relaxation."	( Influence of diazepam, alpidem, zolpidem and zopiclone, on the response to adenosine of the guinea pig isolated trachea. Advenier, C; Candenas, ML; Devillier, P; Naline, E, 1991)	0.74
" However, L-arginine had no effect on the dose-response curve to 5-HT in both kinds of preparation and did not change the tone in precontracted unrubbed cat cerebral segments."	( Different influence of endothelium in the mechanical responses of human and cat isolated cerebral arteries to several agents. Benito, JM; Conde, MV; Fraile, ML; López de Pablo, AL; Marco, EJ; Moreno, MJ; Sanz, ML, 1991)	0.28
", norepinephrine dose-response curves were shifted to left in presence of adenosine deaminase or IBMX and to right with 2-chloroadenosine)."	( Cold acclimation induces desensitization to adenosine in brown fat cells without changing receptor binding. Mohell, N; Nedergaard, J; Unelius, L, 1990)	0.77
"In order to test the GABA hypothesis of kindling, GABA-complex antagonists were administered in a dose-response paradigm to rats that had been implanted with indwelling forebrain electrodes, but not kindled."	( Secondary generalization in non-kindled rats following acute administration of GABA-complex and adenosine antagonists. Burnham, WM; Mingo, NS, 1990)	0.5
" The adenosine receptor antagonist 8-(p-sulphophenyl)theophylline (8-SPT, 50 microM) produced approximately 50 fold shifts of the dose-response curves to adenosine, AMP and AMPPCP, whereas those to ATP, MeSATP and substance P (SP) were unaffected."	( A study of the purinoceptors mediating contraction in the rat colon. Bailey, SJ; Hourani, SM, 1990)	0.79
" Furthermore, if a dose of adenosine is ineffective, the exceptionally short plasma half-life of the adenyl nucleosides (less than 10 sec) allows rapid upward dosage titration until PSVT is terminated."	( Adenosine. An evaluation of its use in cardiac diagnostic procedures, and in the treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Buckley, MM; Chrisp, P; Faulds, D, 1991)	2.02
" Dose-response relationships for an endothelial-dependent vasodilator, acetylcholine, and an endothelial-independent vasodilator, adenosine, were determined in guinea pig aortic rings."	( Endothelial-dependent and -independent responses in the thoracic aorta during endotoxic shock. Berne, RM; Headrick, JP; Young, JS, 1991)	0.49
" BMA caused "flattening" of the dose-response curves for 86Rb efflux induced by L-PIA, adenosine and carbachol with a significant reduction in response at the highest concentrations of adenosine and carbachol."	( 86Rubidium efflux and negative inotropy induced by P1- and muscarinic-receptor agonists in guinea-pig left atria. Effects of potassium channel blockers. Broadley, KJ; Rothaul, AL; Urquhart, RA, 1991)	0.5
" The autoregulatory gain and an adenosine dose-response curve for coronary flow before and after ischemia and reperfusion were obtained."	( Effect of transient coronary occlusion on coronary blood flow autoregulation, vasodilator reserve and response to adenosine in the dog. Engler, RL; Ito, BR; Libraty, DH, 1991)	0.78
" Dose-response curves for adenosine and its analogues 5'-N-ethyl-carboxamido-adenosine (NECA), the 2-substituted NECA analogue CGS 21680C, and R- and S-N6-phenyl-isopropyl-adenosine (R- and S-PIA) were obtained after their injection into the hepatic arterial supply."	( Adenosine-induced dilatation of the rabbit hepatic arterial bed is mediated by A2-purinoceptors. Alexander, B; Burnstock, G; Mathie, RT; Ralevic, V, 1991)	2.02
" Dose-response curves for the vasodilatation produced by adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), acetylcholine (ACh), adenosine, and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were obtained following injection into the HA supply."	( Nitric oxide is the mediator of ATP-induced dilatation of the rabbit hepatic arterial vascular bed. Alexander, B; Burnstock, G; Mathie, RT; Ralevic, V, 1991)	0.53
" Dose-response measurements with tissues from intact or sympathectomized (6-OHDA) animals indicate that the thermogenic effects of low concentrations of ephedrine and also of caffeine are entirely dependent upon the presence of intact sympathetic nerve endings, and thus depend on presynaptic mechanisms."	( Peripheral mechanisms of thermogenesis induced by ephedrine and caffeine in brown adipose tissue. Dulloo, AG; Girardier, L; Seydoux, J, 1991)	0.28
" Increasing concentrations of the highly selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX, 3-100 nM) produced parallel, rightward shifts of the dose-response curve for the N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA)-induced decrease in PS amplitude."	( Adenosinergic inhibition in hippocampus is mediated by adenosine A1 receptors very similar to those of peripheral tissues. Alzheimer, C; Kargl, L; ten Bruggencate, G, 1991)	1.98
" Dose-response curves were performed with the selective A1-adenosine receptor agonist R-phenylisopropyl-adenosine (R-PIA)."	( A1-adenosine receptor inhibition of adenylate cyclase in failing and nonfailing human ventricular myocardium. Bristow, MR; Feldman, AM; Hershberger, RE, 1991)	1.15
" An A1-selective, centrally acting, adenosine antagonist, 8-cyclopentyltheophylline (10 mg/kg), completely reversed the locomotor depressant effects of CHA (A1-selective) and NECA (nonselective) at doses of agonists as high as twice the ED50, and shifted the dose-response curves to the right, suggesting a primary involvement of A1 receptors."	( Behavioral effects of A1- and A2-selective adenosine agonists and antagonists: evidence for synergism and antagonism. Daly, JW; Jacobson, KA; Nikodijević, O; Sarges, R, 1991)	0.82
" The dose-response curve of the effect of adenosine on neurotransmission in the hippocampus thus showed an excitatory and inhibitory biphasic pattern according to the concentrations applied."	( Excitatory effect of adenosine on neurotransmission in the slices of superior colliculus and hippocampus of guinea pig. Miyamoto, T; Nishimura, S; Okada, Y, 1990)	0.86
" Theophylline, which at this dosage blunted the vasodilator effect of adenosine (the physiological agonist for the P1 purinoceptor), significantly increased lower-body negative pressure-mediated vasoconstriction."	( Sympathetic nervous system-dependent vasoconstriction in humans. Evidence for mechanistic role of endogenous purine compounds. Pedrinelli, R; Salvetti, A; Taddei, S, 1990)	0.51
" The dose-response curve of the effect of adenosine showed an excitatory and inhibitory biphasic pattern."	( Excitatory and inhibitory effects of adenosine on the neurotransmission in the hippocampal slices of guinea pig. Mohri, M; Mori, M; Nishimura, S; Okada, Y, 1990)	0.82
"The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, and dosage and administration of adenosine in the treatment of episodes of paroxysmal supraventricular trachycardia (PSVT) are reviewed."	( Adenosine in the episodic treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. McCollam, PL; Parker, RB, 1990)	1.94
" On the AMP study day, three AMP dose-response bronchial challenges were performed at 1-hour intervals."	( Repeated exposure of asthmatic airways to inhaled adenosine 5'-monophosphate attenuates bronchoconstriction provoked by exercise. Finnerty, JP; Holgate, ST; Polosa, R, 1990)	0.53
"5 peak/resting velocity after a maximally vasodilating dose of intracoronary papaverine), the dose-response characteristics to intracoronary boluses and intravenous infusions of adenosine were similar to those found in normal patients."	( Effects of adenosine on human coronary arterial circulation. Christensen, BV; Laxson, DD; Wilson, RF; Wyche, K; Zimmer, S, 1990)	0.86
" At the same dosage range (0."	( Adenosine deaminase and porcine meat quality. II. Effects of adenosine analogues on plasma free fatty acids, glucose and lactate in pigs representing high and low adenosine deaminase red cell activity. Hyldgaard-Jensen, JF, 1990)	1.72
" Dose-response relationships for adenosine were obtained in aortic rings and hearts isolated from immature (5 days) and mature (1-2 mo) guinea pigs."	( Ontogeny of adenosine response in guinea pig heart and aorta. Berne, RM; Headrick, JP; Matherne, GP, 1990)	0.94
" An unexpected finding was that R-PIA, 2-CA and CHA all induced contractions at concentrations lower than were required for relaxation, giving a biphasic dose-response curve."	( The coexistence of adenosine A1 and A2 receptors in guinea-pig aorta. Shaw, JS; Stoggall, SM, 1990)	0.61
" Although 68% of the patients had symptoms of flushing, light-headedness, and dizziness during adenosine infusion, symptoms resolved within 1 minute of dosage adjustment or termination of the infusion in all but one patient, who required theophylline."	( Intravenous adenosine (adenoscan) versus exercise in the noninvasive assessment of coronary artery disease by SPECT. Cha, SD; LaManna, MM; Lumia, FJ; Maranhao, V; Mohama, R; Rambaran, N; Slavich, IL, 1990)	0.88
" From dose-response curves it was found that APEC (ED50 16 micrograms/kg) is more potent than CHA (ED50 60 micrograms/kg) and less potent than NECA (ED50 2 micrograms/kg)."	( Characterization of the locomotor depression produced by an A2-selective adenosine agonist. Daly, JW; Jacobson, KA; Nikodijević, O, 1990)	0.51
" In ensuing dose-response studies, the concentrations of lactobionate, glutahione, dexamethasone in UW solution proved to be optimal."	( Rat liver preservation. I. The components of UW solution that are essential to its success. Bitter-Suermann, H; Coddington, D; Yu, WM, 1990)	0.28
" Dose-response curves for negative chronotropic action of adenosine in the sinus node and ventricular pacemakers were obtained in group 1 under base-line conditions, during isoproterenol infusion, and after subsequent administration of propranolol; in group 2 before and after administration of quinidine; in group 3 before and after administration of aminophylline; and in group 4 before and after administration of 1,3-dipropyl-8-phenylxanthine amine congener (XAC)."	( Differential sensitivity of cardiac pacemakers to exogenous adenosine in vivo. Dreifus, LS; Hurt, C; Michelson, EL; Miyagawa, A; Pelleg, A, 1990)	0.77
" We determined the inhaled adenosine dose-response curves after no treatment and after treatment with aminophylline (240 mg in 10 min), reproterol (90 mcg in 2 min) and salbutamol (100 mcg in 2 min) administered intravenously 15 min before adenosine and reproterol (500 mcg) and salbutamol (200 mcg) administered by inhalation from a metered aerosol 30 min before adenosine on separate days."	( Role of purinergic system in tracheobronchial reactivity of healthy and bronchopathic subjects. Carapella, N; Filippelli, A; Loffreda, A; Marmo, E; Matera, MG; Montanaro, C; Santagata, A; Servodio, R; Susanna, V, 1990)	0.58
" Neither xanthine shifted the calcium dose-response when PMNs were activated with calcium ionophore."	( Therapeutic concentrations of theophylline and enprofylline potentiate catecholamine effects and inhibit leukocyte activation. Crowley, JJ; Cusack, BJ; Nielson, CP; Vestal, RE, 1986)	0.27
" In preparations precontracted by a higher concentration of KCl, 40 mM, forskolin produced full relaxation with a shift of the dose-response curve to the right; adenosine did not produce full relaxation."	( Vasodilation produced by forskolin compared with that produced by adenosine in rabbit coronary artery. Fujiwara, M; Hama, T; Hisajima, H; Kurahashi, K; Usui, H, )	0.56
" Adenosine decreased the SVR in a dose-related manner at the lower dosage amounts but caused a maximum decrease in SVR at the higher dosage amounts averaging 30% below the Ringer control values."	( Vascular development in chick embryos: a possible role for adenosine. Adair, TH; Guyton, AC; Montani, JP; Strick, DM, 1989)	1.43
" However, the inhibitory dose-response curves of adenylate cyclase to R-PIA, nicotinic acid, GTP, guanylylimidodiphosphate, and guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) were unaltered by adrenalectomy, indicating that the inhibitory function of Gi is unimpaired by adrenalectomy."	( Role of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and the Ri-receptor Gi-coupled adenylate cyclase inhibitory pathway in the mechanism whereby adrenalectomy increases the adenosine antilipolytic effect in rat fat cells. de Mazancourt, P; Giot, J; Giudicelli, Y; Lacasa, D, 1989)	0.71
" BWA1433U induced a parallel shift of the adenosine dose-response curve to the right; however, it had no significant inhibitory effect on the decrease in lobar arterial pressure in response to ATP."	( Adenosine does not mediate the pulmonary vasodilator response of adenosine 5'-triphosphate in the feline pulmonary vascular bed. Hyman, AL; Kadowitz, PJ; Lippton, H; Neely, CF; Neiman, M, 1989)	1.98
" Dose-response studies revealed a dose-dependent increase in beta-adrenergic receptor-stimulated cAMP production."	( Glucocorticoid administration increases receptor-mediated and forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in rat brain cerebral cortical slices. Duman, RS; Enna, SJ; Strada, SJ, 1989)	0.28
" Adenosine also increased the histamine-induced contraction causing a leftward shift of the histamine dose-response curves, an effect that was abolished in the presence of atropine."	( Adenosine potentiates neurally- and histamine-induced contraction of canine airway smooth muscle. Katayama, M; Kobayashi, K; Sakai, N; Takizawa, T; Tamaoki, J, 1989)	2.63
" Perfusion with adenosine for a minimum of 90 min followed by washout resulted in a 40% depression of the dose-response curve of left ventricular dP/dt to isoproterenol."	( Persistent desensitization of the heart to the inotropic action of isoproterenol by adenosine. Lee, JT; Newman, WH; Webb, JG, 1989)	0.85
" The influence of 5 and 10 nM 2-chloroadenosine, which is equipotent to 150 and 300 nM adenosine, on the dose-response curve for the lipolytic effect of norepinephrine and the stimulatory effect of insulin on glucose transport was studied."	( Microdialysis of intercellular adenosine concentration in subcutaneous tissue in humans. Fredholm, BB; Jansson, PA; Lönnroth, P; Smith, U, 1989)	0.83
" The dose-response relationship between insulin and inhibition of ISO-stimulated lipolysis showed that insulin sensitivity was increased and responsiveness unaltered in S and D compared to C adipocytes for incubations with both uncontrolled and controlled adenosine concentrations."	( Antilipolytic action of insulin in adipocytes from starved and diabetic rats during adenosine-controlled incubations. Bosman, J; Koopmans, SJ; Krans, HM; Radder, JK; Sips, HC, 1989)	0.68
" The dose-response relationship for the effects of adenosine on respiration and heart-rate did not differ significantly between 10 young (mean age 25."	( Adenosine-induced respiratory and heart rate changes in young and elderly adults. Bayer, A; Routledge, PA; Swift, CG; Watt, AH, 1989)	1.97
" The dose of adenosine producing a 20% change in FEV1 (PD20) was calculated from the individual semilogarithmic dose-response curve; the results of PD20 were converted to log values for statistical analysis (Student's paired t test)."	( Effect of indomethacin on adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction. Crimi, N; Maccarrone, C; Mistretta, A; Oliveri, R; Palermo, B; Palermo, F; Polosa, R, 1989)	0.95
" Calculations of the extent of vascular escape from vasoconstrictor stimuli and analysis of dose-response data by classical pharmacodynamic methods can be used where such data are expressed as conductance but not when such data are expressed as resistance."	( Resistance or conductance for expression of arterial vascular tone. Lautt, WW, 1989)	0.28
" This investigation compared the dose-response curves to adenosine in the cremaster of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) with Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs) at an age when cardiac output and blood flow of the SHR have been shown to be increased (6 weeks)."	( Altered microvascular response to adenosine in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Hutchins, P; Lynch, C; Roddick, V, 1989)	0.8
" Antagonism of adenosine receptors with 1,3-dipropyl-8-p-sulfophenylxanthine shifted the dose-response curve to exogenous adenosine sixfold to the right yet did not influence vascular responses to PNS or NE in either SHR or WKY."	( Role of adenosine in noradrenergic neurotransmission in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Jackson, EK, 1987)	1.06
" The adenosine receptor antagonist 8-phenyltheophylline antagonized the effect of NECA, shown by a shift in the dose-response curve to the right."	( Adenosine receptor-mediated effects by nonmetabolizable adenosine analogs in preovulatory rat granulosa cells: a putative local regulatory role of adenosine in the ovary. Billig, H; Rosberg, S; Thelander, H, 1988)	2.23
" Maximal inhibition was observed at a concentration of 10 nM PIA, and the ED50 of the dose-response curve was 1 nM."	( Adenosine inhibition of the hormonal response in the Sertoli cell is reversed by pertussis toxin. Conti, M; DeManno, DA; Martin, MW; Monaco, L, 1988)	1.72
" The adenosine receptor antagonist 8-phenyltheophylline (10 microM) displaced the dose-response curve for NECA to the right, increasing the EC50 for NECA about one order of magnitude."	( Evidence for A2 adenosine receptor-mediated effects on adenylate cyclase activity in rat ovarian membranes. Billig, H; Rosberg, S, 1988)	1.13
" The dose of adenosine producing a 20% change in FEV1(PD20) was calculated from the individual semi-logarithmic dose-response curves."	( Comparative study of the effects of nedocromil sodium (4 mg) and sodium cromoglycate (10 mg) on adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects. Crimi, N; Maccarrone, C; Mistretta, A; Oliveri, R; Palermo, B; Palermo, F; Polosa, R; Vancheri, C, 1988)	0.86
" The dose-response relationships of the alpha 2- and beta-selective agents clonidine and isoproterenol were not appreciably changed by caloric restriction."	( Adrenergic regulation of lipolysis in abdominal adipocytes of obese subjects during caloric restriction: reversal of catecholamine action caused by relief of endogenous inhibition. Fischer, B; Kather, H; Schlierf, G; Wieland, E; Wirth, A, 1985)	0.27
" The dose-response curves for both adenosine and L-PIA were shifted to the right in the presence of aminophylline (13 and 32 mumol l-1)."	( [Comparative effects of adenosine and L-N-phenylisopropyladenosine (L-PIA) on the spontaneous contraction of the isolated atrium in the guinea-pig]. Prostran, M; Varagić, VM, 1986)	0.85
" Dose-response and time-course studies revealed that baclofen has little influence on neurotransmitter recognition site affinity, but rather enhances the synthesis or accumulation of second messenger that occurs in response to these agents."	( Characterization of the relationship between gamma-aminobutyric acid B agonists and transmitter-coupled cyclic nucleotide-generating systems in rat brain. Enna, SJ; Karbon, EW, 1985)	0.27
" Analysis of this ATP effect, based on Michaelis-Menten type kinetics, revealed that ATP increased the maximum response (Vmax) of the dose-response curve of ACh currents without an appreciable effect on the affinity (Km) of ACh for its receptor."	( Effect of adenosine triphosphate on the sensitivity of the nicotinic acetylcholine-receptor in the bullfrog sympathetic ganglion cell. Akasu, T; Koketsu, K, 1985)	0.67
"The dose-response characteristics for the effect of ATP upon cardiac function and vascular tone have been investigated in the isolated perfused rat heart."	( Vascular and contractile responses to extracellular ATP: studies in the isolated rat heart. Hearse, DJ; Hohl, CM, )	0.13
"Chronic administration of caffeine to mice (1 mg/ml in drinking water X 14 d) led to a downward shift in the dose-response curve for the locomotor effects of caffeine."	( Cross-tolerance studies between caffeine and (-)-N6-(phenylisopropyl)-adenosine (PIA) in mice. Ahlijanian, MK; Takemori, AE, 1986)	0.5
" Calcium-free/EGTA conditions did not, however, alter the dose-response parameters for the response to the H2-agonist, impromidine."	( The role of calcium in the cyclic AMP response to histamine in rabbit cerebral cortical slices. Al-Gadi, M; Hill, SJ, 1987)	0.27
"The dose-response effects of adenosine and its analogs on cardiovascular parameters were examined in rats following intravenous administration."	( The effects of parenteral injections of adenosine and its analogs on blood pressure and heart rate in the rat. Barraco, RA; Campbell, WR; Marcantonio, DR; Phillis, JW, 1987)	0.83
" Dose-response curves were determined for each drug by administering cumulative doses IV during timeout periods that preceded sequential components of the FI schedule."	( Psychomotor stimulant effects of methylxanthines in squirrel monkeys: relation to adenosine antagonism. Spealman, RD, 1988)	0.5
" Although vessel geometry was not altered, there was a significant shift to the left of the Ang I and Ang II dose-response curves of first-order and third-order arterioles, indicating increased sensitivity to these vasoconstrictors."	( Angiotensin reactivity in the cheek pouch of the renovascular hypertensive hamster. Gilmore, JP; Joyner, WL; Myers, TO, 1988)	0.27
" Intracoronary adenosine is a potent and very short acting vasodilator for studying coronary flow reserve, but the side effects and unpredictability of the dosage needed to produce maximal hyperemia may limit its applicability."	( Value and limitations of intracoronary adenosine for the assessment of coronary flow reserve. Juillière, Y; Roelandt, JR; Serruys, PW; Zijlstra, F, 1988)	0.9
" In the presence of a standard concentration of verapamil (73 nmol l-1), the dose-response curves for NECA, both for the isometric contraction and the atrial rate, were significantly shifted to the left."	( Interactions of 5'-N-ethylcarboxamide adenosine (NECA), aminophylline and dipropyl-phenyl-xanthine (XAC) on the isolated guinea-pig atria. Prostran, M; Varagic, VM, )	0.4
" Denuding caused a parallel shift of the dose-response curve of adenosine to the right by a factor of five in comparison with intact aorta."	( Partially endothelium-dependent vasodilator effect of adenosine in rat aorta. Chiou, WF; Wu, CC; Yen, MH, 1988)	0.76
" A dose-response relationship existed between ADO and insulin-stimulated MGU."	( Adenosine potentiates insulin-stimulated myocardial glucose uptake in vivo. Law, WR; Raymond, RM, 1988)	1.72
" N6-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) had a biphasic effect on renin secretion: submicromolar concentrations inhibited concentration-dependently, and there was an inflection in the dose-response curve near 1 microM CHA such that higher concentrations produced a concentration-dependent relative stimulation, which became an absolute stimulation (i."	( XAC, a functionalized congener of 1,3-dialkylxanthine, antagonizes A1 adenosine receptor-mediated inhibition of renin secretion in vitro. Churchill, MC; Churchill, PC; Jacobson, KA, 1987)	0.87
" Both adenosine deaminase and 8-phenyltheophylline caused a rightward shift of the dose-response curve to intracoronary adenosine; 8-phenyltheophylline was significantly more potent than adenosine deaminase."	( Role of adenosine in coronary vasodilation during exercise. Bache, RJ; Dai, XZ; Homans, DC; Schwartz, JS, 1988)	1.19
" The study also investigated the effects of a known adenosine antagonist, namely, the xanthine derivative 8-phenyltheophylline, which at concentrations having no intrinsic effect (10(-8) and 10(-7) M) produced a significant shift to the right only for the NECA dose-response curve."	( Effects of adenosine and its analogues on porcine basilar arteries: are only A2 receptors involved? Harper, AM; McBean, DE; Rudolphi, KA, 1988)	0.92
" When coadministered with teratogenic dosages of caffeine (1160 to 1290 mumol/kg), L-PIA and chloroadenosine at dosage levels of 1 to 100 mumol/kg did not prevent and in some cases potentiated the teratogenic effects of caffeine."	( Interactions between caffeine and adenosine agonists in producing embryo resorptions and malformations in mice. Clark, RL; Cusick, WA; Eschbach, K; Heyse, JF, 1987)	0.77
" Dose-response curves were generated (concentration range, 10(-8) to 10(-3) M), and the drug concentration producing 50% inhibition of cell growth was calculated for each analogue."	( Cytotoxic action of adenosine nucleoside and dialdehyde analogues on murine neuroblastoma in tissue culture: structure-activity relationships. Hogenkamp, HP; Mirkin, BL; O'Dea, RF, 1987)	0.6
" Data were used to plot dose-response curves for the four test compounds."	( Adenosine mediates the negative chronotropic action of adenosine 5'-triphosphate in the canine sinus node. Menduke, H; Michelson, EL; Mitsuoka, T; Pelleg, A, 1987)	1.72
" Caffeine stimulated locomotor activity of both strains, but the dose-response relationship and time course of drug action differed according to strain."	( Effects of caffeine and L-phenylisopropyladenosine on locomotor activity of mice. Buckholtz, NS; Middaugh, LD, 1987)	0.54
" Moreover, adenosine failed to alter the theophylline dose-response curve for diaphragmatic tension."	( Comparative effects of theophylline and adenosine on respiratory skeletal and smooth muscle. Deal, EC; Kelsen, SG; Supinski, GS, 1986)	0.93
"05) shifts to the right of the histamine dose-response curve in normal physiological salt solution (PSS)."	( Differential effects of adenosine and verapamil on histamine vascular contractions. Merrill, GF; Tozzi, CA, 1986)	0.58
" Cells were treated in a dose-response manner for 72 hr and the concentration of drug necessary to inhibit cell growth 50% (GI50) was determined."	( Differential antiproliferative actions of 2',5' oligo A trimer core and its cordycepin analogue on human tumor cells. Hubbell, HR; Lee, C; Pequignot, EC; Suhadolnik, RJ; Willis, DH, 1985)	0.27
" Dose-response curves before and after insulin (10 U/kg) were identical in controls."	( Restoration of coronary dilator action of adenosine in experimental diabetes. Downing, SE, 1985)	0.53
" We determined the adenine nucleotide de novo synthesis in the dog by infusion of [14C]glycine and the acceleration of adenine nucleotide built up by intracoronary infusion of ribose together with [14C]glycine or radiolabeled 5-amino-4-imidazolcarboxamide riboside or adenosine in the same animal model and with the same dosage of substrates (9 mmol) in postischemic and nonischemic myocardial tissue."	( Influence of ribose, adenosine, and "AICAR" on the rate of myocardial adenosine triphosphate synthesis during reperfusion after coronary artery occlusion in the dog. Hoffmeister, HM; Mauser, M; Nienaber, C; Schaper, W, 1985)	0.77
" The dosage was identical based on a predetermined dose-response curve (dose of 2 mg/kg)."	( [Mode of action of purinergic derivatives of adenine on auriculo-ventricular conduction. Experimental study in dogs]. Koliopoulos, N; Lehujeur, C; Munoz, A; Puech, P; Sassine, A, 1985)	0.27
"The dose-response effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of the pyrimidine ribonucleosides cytidine and uridine and the purine ribonucleoside adenosine on sleep and wakefulness (W) in rats were examined and compared."	( A comparison of the dose response effects of pyrimidine ribonucleosides and adenosine on sleep in rats. Crane, RA; Radulovacki, M; Rapoza, D; Virus, RM, 1985)	0.7
"The dose-response effects of intracerebroventricular (i."	( Lack of effect of 1-methylisoguanosine on sleep in rats. Crane, RC; Radulovacki, M; Rapoza, D; Virus, RM, 1985)	0.27
" Dose-response curves were obtained for the effect of intraportal adenosine infusion on hepatic arterial conductance in doses that did not lead to recirculation and secondary effects on the hepatic artery via altered portal blood flow."	( The use of 8-phenyltheophylline as a competitive antagonist of adenosine and an inhibitor of the intrinsic regulatory mechanism of the hepatic artery. Lautt, WW; Legare, DJ, 1985)	0.75
" Different dose-response curves were obtained for cytostasis and inhibition of [(3)H]-nucleoside incorporation, and changes in [(3)H]thymidine uptake were detected within 15 min of treatment with the inhibitors."	( Rapid changes in nucleoside transport induced by growth inhibitors. Studies with neoplastic mast cells. Lingwood, CA; Thomas, DB, 1974)	0.25
" When dose-response relationships could be determined, the adenyl compounds were found to be of similar potency."	( Ionic basis of the hyperpolarizing action of adenyl compounds on sinus venosus of the tortoise heart. Hutter, OF; Rankin, AC, 1984)	0.27
" Analysis of the dose-response curves showed that simultaneous increase of [Ca++]0 and decrease of [Mg++]0 reduced both the maximum effect of adenosine and constant of its binding with a receptor."	( [Effect of magnesium and calcium ions on synaptic transmission block induced by adenosine in isolated slices of rat hippocampus]. Artemenko, DP; Gerasimov, VD, 1984)	0.7
" Dosing practices that will minimize side effects and toxicity are stressed, along with their management if they do occur."	( Theophylline use in asthma. Some current issues. Jenne, JW, 1984)	0.27
" A moderate hypotension was induced by CV-1808, nifedipine, and nitroglycerin, while a significant reduction in cardiac function was seen after dosing with propranolol."	( Effect of 2-phenylaminoadenosine (CV-1808) on ischemic ST-segment elevation in anesthetized dogs. Fujiwara, S; Hirata, M; Imamoto, T; Kawazoe, K; Matsumoto, N; Tanabe, M, )	0.44
" Within a limited dose range, linear/log dose-response curves can be obtained after application of histamine or bradykinin."	( Use of 125I-labeled human serum albumin for quantitation of microvascular permeability in rat skin: reevaluation of an old method for studies on substances with an enhancing effect on microvascular permeability. Gerdin, B, 1981)	0.26
"5 mM-IBMX, the 2-chloroadenosine dose-response curve was shifted to the right two orders of magnitude."	( Adenosine-elicited accumulation of adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate in the chick embryo retina. de Mello, FG; Paes de Carvalho, R, 1982)	2.02
" This study serves to quantitate the pharmacologic effects of several agents on anti-IgE-mediated histamine release from dispersed human lung mast cells and has further suggested that the dispersed cell system is similar to the standard chopped lung system in dose-response relationships, kinetics, and pharmacologic modulation."	( Dispersed human lung mast cells. Pharmacologic aspects and comparison with human lung tissue fragments. Lichtenstein, LM; MacGlashan, DW; Newball, HH; Peters, SP; Schleimer, RP; Schulman, ES, 1982)	0.26
" Significantly, the dose-response curves for isoproterenol stimulation of lipolysis and respiration were both shifted by adenosine to higher agonist concentrations by the same order of magnitude, providing additional evidence for a tight coupling between lipolysis and respiration."	( Control of brown adipose tissue lipolysis and respiration by adenosine. Bukowiecki, LJ; Szillat, D, 1983)	0.72
" Inhibition of adenylate cyclase at the P site attenuates the rise in cellular cyclic AMP and suppresses IgE-dependent mediator release in a parallel and superimposable dose-response fashion."	( Role of adenylate cyclase in immunologic release of mediators from rat mast cells: agonist and antagonist effects of purine- and ribose-modified adenosine analogs. Austen, KF; Holgate, ST; Lewis, RA, 1980)	0.46
" Among purine and pyrimidine derivatives, only adenosine and adenine nucleotides depressed the field potential with similar dose-response curves at concentrations of 10(-5)."	( Inhibitory action of adenosine on synaptic transmission in the hippocampus of the guinea pig in vitro. Okada, Y; Ozawa, S, 1980)	0.84
" (4) Although ADP and ATP had partial agonist-liked dose-response curves, they did not inhibit the response to adenosine."	( Adenosine receptor activation by adenine nucleotides requires conversion of the nucleotides to adenosine. Bruns, RF, 1980)	1.92
"2 Dose-response curves to adenosine and a number of 5'- and N(6)-substituted analogues were constructed for the isolated guinea-pig trachea, contracted with carbachol."	( Evidence for an A2/Ra adenosine receptor in the guinea-pig trachea. Brown, CM; Collis, MG, 1982)	0.88
" Dose-response curves were constructed for the 6 most active compounds and characterized in terms of the IC50, the slope and the maximum response attainable relative to that of histamine."	( Histamine H1-agonist potentiation of adenosine-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in slices of guinea-pig cerebral cortex: comparison of response and binding parameters. Daum, PR; Hill, SJ; Young, JM, 1982)	0.54
" Dipyridamole, an adenosine uptake blocker, potentiated the effects of low concentrations of adenosine and shifted the dose-response curve for adenosine towards that of 2-chloroadenosine (EC50 = 1 microM)."	( The ionic basis of adenosine receptor actions on post-ganglionic neurones in the rat. Henon, BK; McAfee, DA, 1983)	0.93
" Although this activity (tested in the presence of GTP) was unaltered by adrenalectomy, the dose-response curve of this enzyme to low concentrations of N6-PIA showed an activation in sham-operated and an inhibition in adrenalectomized rats, two effects which were suppressed by sodium (80 mM)."	( N6-phenylisopropyladenosine stimulates in normal and inhibits in adrenalectomized rats the low KM cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase in the brain. de Mazancourt, P; Giudicelli, Y, 1984)	0.6
" The dose-response characteristics of (R)-N-(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine (PIA), a potent and specific adenylate cyclase inhibitor, on glycogen synthesis were compared with those effectively inhibiting lipolysis, a measure of functional cAMP levels."	( Glycogen synthesis stimulation by adenylate cyclase inhibition in rat epididymal adipocytes. de Haën, C; Muchmore, DB; Raess, BU, 1983)	0.51
", it resulted in a leftward shift in the dose-response curve."	( beta-Hydroxybutyrate increases the insulin sensitivity of adipocyte glucose transport at a postreceptor level. Bustillos, DP; Green, A; Misbin, RI, 1984)	0.27
" Diazepam failed to further modify the dose-response curve to adenosine obtained in the presence of dipyridamole, and uptake inhibitor."	( Mechanism of potentiation by diazepam of adenosine response. Kulkarni, SK; Mehta, AK, 1984)	0.77
" In additional experiments, cumulative dose-response curves (10(-7) to 10(-3) M) for relaxation by adenosine and nine of its analogs showed that all agents were more effective in branch strips."	( Adenosine-mediated relaxation and activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in coronary arterial smooth muscle. DiSalvo, J; Silver, PJ; Walus, K, 1984)	1.93
"9 X 10(-6) M, and the full dose-response curve spanned 2 log units from threshold to near maximum responses."	( Effect of aminophylline on adenosine and exercise dilation of rat cremaster arterioles. Heller, LJ; Mohrman, DE, 1984)	0.56
"2',3'-Di-O-nitro-[8-3H]-adenosine-5'-(N-ethyl-carboxamide) (20 micrograms/kg) was denitrated completely within 1-3 hr in perorally and intravenously dosed dogs."	( Metabolism and disposition of 2',3'-di-O-nitro-adenosine-5'-(N-ethyl-carboxamide) in dogs. Kolassa, N; Krivanek, P; Wiener, H, 1983)	0.83
" Dose-response curves to intravenously administered 1-methylisoguanosine and adenosine in anaesthetized rats demonstrated qualitatively similar decreases in blood pressure and heart rate, with 1-methylisoguanosine being two to three times more potent than adenosine."	( The cardiovascular actions of 1-methylisoguanosine. Marwood, JF, )	0.36
" We assumed occlusion duration to be a measure of the concentration of endogeneous adenosine and determined adenosine dose-response curves by varying occlusion duration and measuring the resulting drop in vascular resistance."	( Role of adenosine in postocclusion coronary vasodilation. Hendriks, FF; Kroll, K; Laird, JD; Schipperheyn, JJ, 1980)	0.92
" min-1) vasodilatory levels of adenosine, 2) the dose-response characteristics of adenosine, 3) the dose-response characteristics of dipyridamole, and 4) the effects of adenosine in the presence of an increased arterial PO2."	( Effect of adenosine on transmural myocardial blood flow distribution in the awake dog. Boyd, LM; Greenfield, JC; Rembert, JC; Watkinson, WP, 1980)	0.95
" Adenosine produced dose-dependent prolongation of A-V conduction time in both species, although guinea pig hearts responded to lower doses (10(-7) M) and showed a steeper dose-response relationship than rabbit hearts."	( Atrioventricular conduction disturbances during hypoxia. Possible role of adenosine in rabbit and guinea pig heart. Belardinelli, L; Belloni, FL; Berne, RM; Rubio, R, 1980)	1.4
" The dose-response curve was shifted to the left by factor 30 in diabetic, compared with nondiabetic rats rats."	( Increased sensitivity of the renal vasculature to adenosine in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus rats. Osswald, H; Pflueger, AC; Schenk, F, 1995)	0.54
" Adenosine preferentially dilated small arterioles, and the dose-response curves shifted to the right for larger vessels."	( Longitudinal gradients for endothelium-dependent and -independent vascular responses in the coronary microcirculation. Chilian, WM; Davis, MJ; Kuo, L, 1995)	1.2
" Dose-response curves were constructed before and during intra-arterial infusion of the NO synthase inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) (2 mg/min, n = 6) or vehicle (n = 6)."	( Endothelial release of nitric oxide contributes to the vasodilator effect of adenosine in humans. Banitt, P; Creager, MA; Lipson, DE; Rongen, GA; Smits, P; Williams, SB, 1995)	0.52
" The NECA dose-response curve is multiphasic (depression, stimulation and then depression) versus amphetamine in control mice, but only depressant versus amphetamine in chronic caffeine mice, while being multiphasic versus cocaine in both control and chronic caffeine mice."	( Effects of chronic caffeine on adenosine, dopamine and acetylcholine systems in mice. Daly, JW; Jacobson, KA; Nikodijević, O; Shi, D, )	0.42
" The dose-response curve in the steady state is sigmoidal and resembles those of receptor occupation."	( [Effects of adenosine on automaticity and post-potential oscillations in Purkinje fibers of mammals]. Cárdenas, M; Cumming, E; Gamboa, R; Gorostiza, P; Valenzuela, F, )	0.51
" A remarkable finding was the dose-response curve to APNEA, which is thought to have some selective activity on the A3 receptor."	( Characterization of the adenosine receptors in the airways. Joos, GF; Pauwels, RA, )	0.44
" Further studies indicated that CHA-stimulated Ieq was independent of cAMP generation because CHA did not induce an increase in cAMP accumulation parallel to the increase in Ieq in a dose-response analysis, and the adenylate cyclase inhibitor 2',5' dideoxy-adenosine (DDA) did not affect the CHA-induced increase in Ieq."	( Adenosine stimulation of Na+ transport is mediated by an A1 receptor and a [Ca2+]i-dependent mechanism. Gasalla-Herraiz, J; Hayslett, JP; Isales, C; Kalghatgi, L; Macala, LJ; Smallwood, JI, 1995)	1.91
"05 for each draflazine dosage versus placebo)."	( High-grade nucleoside transport inhibition stimulates ventilation in humans. Bootsma, G; de Vries, A; Rongen, GA; Smits, P; Thien, T; Ver Donck, K, 1995)	0.29
" Stimulatory effects of injected caffeine were lower in chronically treated mice and the biphasic dose-response (stimulatory followed by depressant) curve for injected caffeine was left shifted."	( Locomotor activity in mice during chronic treatment with caffeine and withdrawal. Daly, JW; Jacobson, KA; Nikodijević, O, 1993)	0.29
" ATP dose-response experiments, taken together with the effect of cAMP with and without ATP, suggest that phosphorylation is necessary, but not sufficient, for activation."	( Regulation of CFTR Cl- conductance in secretion by cellular energy levels. Bell, CL; Quinton, PM, 1993)	0.29
" The dosage of 360 units/mL penicillin-G had only a modest effect on the growth of the microorganism."	( Penicillin-G enhanced production of thuringiensin by Bacillus thuringiensis sp. darmstadiensis. Tzeng, YM; Young, YH, )	0.13
" A stepped dose-response study was performed in three fetal sheep."	( A potential role for adenosine in the inhibition of nonshivering thermogenesis in the fetal sheep. Asakura, H; Ball, KT; Gluckman, PD; Gunn, TR; Power, GG, 1995)	0.61
" Finally, 120 micrograms/kg/min adenosine dosage was infused for 10 min in 14 men and eight showed full erection while six had only tumescence."	( Adenosine: a new agent in the diagnosis of impotence. Anafarta, K; Baltaci, S; Kiliç, S; Koşar, A; Salih, M, 1994)	2.01
" Immature rings were more sensitive to NECA than mature rings as demonstrated by a lower ED50 and steeper slope of the dose-response curve."	( Mechanisms of increased sensitivity to A2 adenosine receptor stimulation in immature rabbit aortic rings. Girling, PW; Matherne, GP; McDaniel, NL, 1993)	0.55
" Higher dosage of adenosine (600 micrograms/kg) did not lead to torsades de pointes after beta blockade."	( Adenosine induced torsades de pointes in a child with congenital long QT syndrome. Celiker, A; Cil, E; Ozkutlu, S; Ozme, S; Tokel, K, 1994)	2.07
" The investigation of gene dosage effects in homozygote plants readdresses the question of threshold levels for cytokinin effects on the developmental program of plants."	( Promoter tagging with a promoterless ipt gene leads to cytokinin-induced phenotypic variability in transgenic tobacco plants:implications of gene dosage effects. Hewelt, A; Prinsen, E; Schell, J; Schmülling, T; Van Onckelen, H, 1994)	0.29
" We hypothesized that an intravenous draflazine dosage without effect on hemodynamic and neurohumoral parameters would still be able to augment the forearm vasodilator response to intraarterially infused adenosine."	( Hemodynamic and neurohumoral effects of various grades of selective adenosine transport inhibition in humans. Implications for its future role in cardioprotection. De Abreu, RA; Rongen, GA; Smits, P; Thien, T; Van Belle, H; Ver Donck, K; Willemsen, JJ, 1995)	0.71
"Open-label, dose-response trial."	( Role of exogenous adenosine as a modulator of theophylline toxicity. Hulula, G; Skau, KA; Ujhelyi, MR, 1994)	0.62
" In 10 experiments we determined adenosine-contractile state dose-response relationships in three groups of hearts using two different perfusates and in the presence and absence of adrenergic blockade."	( Effect of adenosine on contractile state and oxygen consumption in isolated rat hearts. de Tombe, PP; Little, WC; Wannenburg, T, 1994)	0.97
" This study was designed to characterise the dose-response relationship of adenosine on these variables relative to arrhythmia induction with single atrial premature stimuli."	( Effects of adenosine on atrial refractoriness and arrhythmias. Belardinelli, L; Buchanan, LV; Gibson, JK; Kabell, G, 1994)	0.91
" Although glibenclamide is a functional antagonist that acts at the level of an effector rather than at a receptor, it caused parallel rightward shifts of agonist dose-response curves."	( Glibenclamide reduces the coronary vasoactivity of adenosine receptor agonists. Niiya, K; Olsson, RA; Tsuji, T; Uchida, S, 1994)	0.54
" In ferrets infected with influenza B virus, single-dose treatment (40 mg/kg given intraperitoneally) produced a similar but reduced response in comparison with that in ferrets infected with influenza A virus, indicating that dosing was not optimal for this virus."	( Efficacy of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluororibosides against influenza A and B viruses in ferrets. Jakeman, KJ; Leone, A; Russell, S; Sweet, C; Tisdale, M, 1994)	0.29
" Dose-response curves were constructed for the ability of theophylline to produce tonic seizures in animals pre-treated with vehicle or several adenosine A1 receptor agonists."	( Adenosine receptors are not involved in theophylline-induced seizures. Hornfeldt, CS; Larson, AA, 1994)	1.93
" The slopes of the dose-response functions to CPA or DPMA were not significantly altered in the normally perfused circumflex vascular bed."	( Ischaemia/reperfusion selectively attenuates coronary vasodilatation to an adenosine A2- but not to an A1-agonist in the dog. Cox, BF; Greenland, BD; Merkel, LA; Perrone, MH, 1994)	0.52
" This study investigates in a canine model of single-lung allotransplantation whether cardiopulmonary bypass adversely affects early graft function and whether a heparin-coated cardiopulmonary bypass circuit with reduced systemic heparin dosage improves results compared with standard uncoated cardiopulmonary bypass systems."	( Deleterious effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on early graft function after single lung allotransplantation: evaluation of a heparin-coated bypass circuit. Aeba, R; Francalancia, NA; Griffith, BP; Marrone, GC; Yousem, SA, )	0.13
" pretreatment with DMPX, an adenosine receptor antagonist exhibiting selectivity for striatal A2 receptors, at a dosage which alone had no significant effect on locomotor activity."	( Role of adenosine A2a receptors in the nucleus accumbens. Barraco, RA; Martens, KA; Normile, HJ; Parizon, M, 1994)	1.02
" Blood pressure and heart rate were continuously recorded in rats for 30 min before and 1 h after oral dosing with GR79236 (0."	( The effects of GR79236 on plasma fatty acid concentrations, heart rate and blood pressure in the conscious rat. Coates, J; Gardner, CJ; Strong, P; Twissell, DJ, 1994)	0.29
" Successively higher concentrations of DMPX shifted the dose-response curve of NECA to the right in a nearly parallel fashion."	( Adenosine stimulates human sperm motility via A2 receptors. Chen, SS; Chiang, PH; Linden, J; Shen, MR; Wu, SN, 1993)	1.73
" The experiments used dipyridamole and S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine to inhibit adenosine uptake, competitive adenosine receptor antagonists to shift adenosine dose response curves to the right, and corrected for the effect of endogenous adenosine on dose-response curves."	( Extracellular adenosine concentrations in hippocampal brain slices and the tonic inhibitory modulation of evoked excitatory responses. Diao, L; Dunwiddie, TV, 1994)	0.87
" In spite of common gene dosage effects, unexpected and highly significant differences were noted between Down's syndrome patients without complications and those presenting with additional psychotic features."	( Differences in purine metabolism in patients with Down's syndrome. Cattaneo, F; Lejeune, J; Megarbane, A; Peeters, MA; Rethore, MO, 1993)	0.29
"05) shifting the dose-response curve to the right."	( Adenosine-induced bronchoconstriction and contraction of airway smooth muscle from allergic rabbits with late-phase airway obstruction: evidence for an inducible adenosine A1 receptor. Ali, S; Metzger, WJ; Mustafa, SJ, 1994)	1.73
" Incubation with 1 microM adrenaline and increasing doses of phenylisopropyladenosine (PIA) caused a rightward shift in the dose-response curve of adipocytes in five of the ten exercisers compared to litter-mate controls."	( Exercise attenuates the anti-lipolytic effect of adenosine in adipocytes isolated from miniature swine. Carey, GB; Sidmore, KA, 1994)	0.77
"The purpose of this study was to determine if intraosseous administration of adenosine is effective and, if so, to establish therapeutic dosage criteria for the intraosseous route compared with peripheral or central intraosseous route compared with peripheral or central venous routes."	( Intraosseous adenosine. As effective as peripheral or central venous administration? Allen, HD; Dietrich, AM; Franklin, WH; Getschman, SJ, 1994)	0.89
" The nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, L-monomethyl-L-arginine (30 microM) shifted the dose-response curve for NECA to the right in all groups suggesting that the vascular response to NECA is partially mediated through the release of NO."	( Influence of aortic baroreceptor denervation on adenosine receptor-mediated relaxation of isolated rat aorta. Abdel-Rahman, AA; el-Mas, MM; Fahim, M; Mustafa, SJ, 1994)	0.54
" When measured in the presence of antagonists, the dose-response curves of NECA-induced inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation were right-shifted."	( Molecular cloning and characterization of the human A3 adenosine receptor. Jacobson, MA; Johnson, RG; Linden, J; Salvatore, CA; Taylor, HE, 1993)	0.53
" Dose-response curves to CPA were shallower and maximal responses were weaker than those produced by the other agonists."	( Interactions of adenosine A1 receptor-mediated renal vasoconstriction with endogenous nitric oxide and ANG II. Barrett, RJ; Droppleman, DA, 1993)	0.63
"To determine the safety of three different dosage regimens of intravenous adenosine."	( Safety of different dosages of intravenous adenosine used in conjunction with diagnostic myocardial imaging techniques. Esterbrooks, DJ; Gupta, NC; Hilleman, DE; Mohiuddin, SM, )	0.62
"Subjects underwent myocardial perfusion imaging in conjunction with one of three intravenous dosage regimens: 1 = fixed dosage 140 micrograms/kg/minute for 6 minutes; 2 = dosage titration to a maximum of 140 micrograms/kg/minute; and 3 = dosage titration to a maximum of 200 micrograms/kg/minute."	( Safety of different dosages of intravenous adenosine used in conjunction with diagnostic myocardial imaging techniques. Esterbrooks, DJ; Gupta, NC; Hilleman, DE; Mohiuddin, SM, )	0.39
" After obtaining control responses to N6-cyclopentyladenosine and CGS21680C, the rats received infusions of either vehicle or one of two dosage levels of KF17837, a compound recently demonstrated to be a potent and selective A2 receptor antagonist in vitro."	( KF17837 is an A2 adenosine receptor antagonist in vivo. Herzer, WA; Jackson, EK; Suzuki, F, 1993)	0.88
" Neither afferent nor efferent arteriolar Ang II dose-response relations were significantly different in kidneys treated with low-dose adenosine or the adenosine receptor blocker."	( Renal arteriolar angiotensin responses during varied adenosine receptor activation. Carmines, PK; Inscho, EW, 1994)	0.74
"This study was done to quantify the dosing differences between central and peripheral adenosine administration for treatment of supraventricular tachycardia."	( Safety and efficacy of central intravenous bolus administration of adenosine for termination of supraventricular tachycardia. Drew, BJ; McIntosh-Yellin, NL; Scheinman, MM, 1993)	0.75
" Although it has been recommended that lower doses should be given centrally, dosing recommendations have not been provided."	( Safety and efficacy of central intravenous bolus administration of adenosine for termination of supraventricular tachycardia. Drew, BJ; McIntosh-Yellin, NL; Scheinman, MM, 1993)	0.52
" However, the same dose of PD 81,723 caused a significant leftward and upward shift of the adenosine dose-response curve for inducing atrium to His bundle interval prolongation and increased the degree of atrioventricular block caused by adenosine."	( Selective potentiation by an A1 adenosine receptor enhancer of the negative dromotropic action of adenosine in the guinea pig heart. Amoah-Apraku, B; Belardinelli, L; Bruns, RF; Lu, JY; Pelleg, A; Xu, J, 1993)	0.79
" In closed chest pigs (n = 4), R75231 exerted a moderate dose-dependent decrease in mean arterial blood pressure (from 97 +/- 4 mmHg to 95 +/- 4, 90 +/- 1 and 83 +/- 2 mmHg at 25, 50 and 100 micrograms kg-1 respectively) and produced a dose-related shift to the left of the blood pressure dose-response curve to intravenous bolus doses of adenosine."	( The antiarrhythmic effects of the nucleoside transporter inhibitor, R75231, in anaesthetized pigs. Parratt, JR; Van Belle, H; Wainwright, CL, 1993)	0.46
"01-1 microM, A2 selective) shifted the dose-response curve of adenosine in parallel to the right, but they shifted that of cAMP to the right and downwards."	( Pharmacological analysis of vasodilation induced by extracellular adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate in the isolated and perfused canine coronary artery. Chiba, S; Nakane, T, 1993)	0.76
" While the nonmetabolizable adenosine analogue N6-(phenylisopropyl)adenosine (PIA) inhibited ADA-stimulated lipolysis, EGF affected neither ADA-stimulated lipolysis nor the dose-response curve for PIA."	( Epidermal growth factor modulates the lipolytic action of catecholamines in rat adipocytes. Involvement of a Gi protein. Ramírez, I; Soley, M; Tebar, F, 1993)	0.58
" Dose-response curves induced by bolus injection (i."	( Effects of a K+ATP channel opener, lemakalim, on systemic, coronary and regional vascular dynamics in conscious dogs: comparison with nifedipine, adenosine, nitroglycerin and acetylcholine. Shen, YT; Vatner, SF, 1993)	0.49
" In seated, unanesthetized monkeys prepared with a head plethysmograph, ventilation during exposure to air, CO2 (3, 4 and 5%) mixed in air (hypercapnia), 10% O2 mixed in N2 (hypoxia) and 100% O2 (hyperoxia) was measured during cumulative dosing with each drug."	( Effects of adenosine agonists on ventilation during hypercapnia, hypoxia and hyperoxia in rhesus monkeys. Howell, LL, 1993)	0.68
" Detailed dose-response experiments were performed for NE and EPI, as well as ISO."	( Adenylyl cyclase activation underlies intracellular cyclic AMP accumulation, cyclic AMP transport, and extracellular adenosine accumulation evoked by beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation in mixed cultures of neurons and astrocytes derived from rat cerebra Li, Y; Rosenberg, PA, 1995)	0.5
" Dose-response curves of corneal swelling indicated a greater sensitivity to N-ethyl(carboxamido)adenosine than to the A2 alpha specific agonist CGS 21680."	( Adenosine promotes regulation of corneal hydration through cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Peters, MI; Riley, MV; Starnes, CA; Winkler, BS, 1996)	1.95
" Left atrial N omega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), a competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), was infused at a dosage of approximately 1 mg."	( Nitric oxide is an important determinant of coronary flow at rest and during hypoxemic stress in fetal lambs. Burson, MA; Lohr, JL; Morton, MJ; Reller, MD; Thornburg, KL, 1995)	0.29
"6 nmol) antiallodynic action and evoked a delayed motor weakness at a dosage of 30 nmol."	( Pharmacology of the spinal adenosine receptor which mediates the antiallodynic action of intrathecal adenosine agonists. Lee, YW; Yaksh, TL, 1996)	0.59
"The dose-response effects of a new adenosine agonist, GR79236, were examined in isolated rat soleus muscle strips and human rectus abdominus muscle strips."	( In vitro effect of adenosine agonist GR79236 on the insulin sensitivity of glucose utilisation in rat soleus and human rectus abdominus muscle. Heseltine, L; Taylor, R; Webster, JM, 1996)	0.9
"05) rightward shift of the dose-response curve for the depressor effects of adenosine (ED50 = 13."	( The involvement of ATP-sensitive potassium channels and adenosine in the regulation of coronary flow in the isolated perfused rat heart. Randall, MD, 1995)	0.77
" In adults, chronic cocaine use alters neurotransmitter concentrations and receptor dose-response relationships."	( Effect of chronic cocaine exposure on carotid artery reactivity in neonatal rabbits. Feuer, P; Kurth, CD; Loeb, AL; Monitto, CL; O'Rourke, MM, 1996)	0.29
" Dose-response curves demonstrated that each agonist produced a dose-related rise in IOP with the following rank order of potency: NECA > CV-1808 > > R-PIA = CGS-21680."	( Characterization of ocular hypertension induced by adenosine agonists. Crosson, CE; Gray, T, 1996)	0.55
" In conclusion, basal interstitial adenosine concentration is at the threshold of a remarkably steep dose-response curve for increasing coronary blood flow."	( Quantitative relation between interstitial adenosine concentration and coronary blood flow. Feigl, EO; Kroll, K; Stepp, DW; Van Bibber, R, 1996)	0.83
"8% following dosage at concentrations of 10 micrograms/ml and 30 micrograms/ml, respectively."	( Determination of sinefungin in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. Brasseur, P; Favennec, L; Marchand, J; Tharasse-Bloch, C, 1995)	0.29
" The T88A and T88S mutant receptor fully stimulated adenylyl cyclase, with the dose-response curves to CGS 21680 highly shifted to the right."	( Hydrophilic side chains in the third and seventh transmembrane helical domains of human A2A adenosine receptors are required for ligand recognition. Jacobson, KA; Jiang, Q; Kim, J; Van Rhee, AM; Wess, J; Yehle, S, 1996)	0.51
" Dose-response data for both agonists were best represented by two-site models."	( A biphasic response to adenosine in the coronary vasculature of the K(+)-arrested perfused rat heart. Harden, FA; Harrison, GJ; Headrick, J; Jordan, LR; Willis, RJ, 1996)	0.6
" The dose-response curves of adenosine on AV nodal conduction were almost identical in the control state and after verapamil, propranolol, or procainamide injection."	( Effects of verapamil, propranolol, and procainamide on adenosine-induced negative dromotropism in human beings. Lai, WT; Lee, CS; Sheu, SH; Wu, JC; Wu, SN, 1996)	0.83
" However, [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE), a delta 1-opioid receptor agonist, and [D-Ala2,Cys4]deltorphin, a delta 2-opioid receptor agonist, at doses which exhibit no intrinsic effects (10(-8) and 10(-7) M), shifted the dose-response curve for mu-opioid receptor-evoked adenosine release to the left in a dose-dependent manner."	( Synergy between mu/delta-opioid receptors mediates adenosine release from spinal cord synaptosomes. Cahill, CM; Sawynok, J; White, TD, 1996)	0.72
" The dose-response characteristics of two nitrovasodilators, sodium nitroprusside and nitroglycerin, and two nonnitrovasodilators, prostaglandin E2 and 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine, were studied."	( Inhibition of endogenous nitric oxide synthase potentiates nitrovasodilators in experimental pulmonary hypertension. Kavanagh, BP; Pearl, RG; Thompson, JS, 1996)	0.49
" In contrast, pretreatment with L-NAME resulted in no changes in the dose-response characteristics of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-mediated, NO-independent vasodilators prostaglandin E1 and 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine."	( Inhibition of endogenous nitric oxide synthase potentiates nitrovasodilators in experimental pulmonary hypertension. Kavanagh, BP; Pearl, RG; Thompson, JS, 1996)	0.5
" An escalating adenosine dosage schedule was planned to produce blood cardioplegia concentrations from 0 to 250 mumol/L, and the blocks were tested sequentially."	( Phase 1 human trial of adenosine-potassium cardioplegia. Christakis, GT; Cohen, EA; Deemar, KA; Feder-Elituv, R; Fremes, SE; Goldman, BS; Iazetta, J; Levy, SL; Mallidi, HR; Walker, SE; Wong, BI, 1996)	0.96
" This study was designed to investigate further this phenomenon to evaluate the dose-response and the temperature dependence of the effect of addition of adenosine to St."	( Functional and metabolic effects of adenosine in cardioplegia: role of temperature and concentration. Amrani, M; Jayakumar, J; Katayama, O; Lachno, DR; Ledingham, SJ; Smolenski, RT; Yacoub, MH, 1997)	0.77
" In a dose-response relationship for ATP, adenosine A1 receptor activation shifted the half-maximal inhibition of the KATP channel from 70 to 241 microM."	( Modulation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels in rabbit ventricular myocytes by adenosine A1 receptor activation. Earm, YE; Han, J; Ho, W; Kim, E, 1997)	0.79
" To clarify the actions of SAM during different stages of ischemia/ reperfusion, we have compared its benefit in five dosage regimens, using perfused rat livers after sequential periods of 24 hr cold and 20 min rewarming ischemia."	( Treatment of experimental ischemia/reperfusion injury with S-adenyosylmethionine: evidence that donor pretreatment complements other regimens. Dunne, JB; Piratvisuth, T; Tredger, JM; Williams, R, 1997)	0.3
"This study describes the hemodynamic dose-response characteristics of a titrated, continuous adenosine infusion before and 1 h (anesthetized), 1 week, and 1 year after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery."	( Hemodynamic response to adenosine infusion before and after coronary artery bypass surgery. Anderson, RE; Brodin, LA; Lind, B; Owall, A, 1997)	0.82
" A similar rightward shift of the dose-response curve was observed for the effects of adenosine on developed left ventricular pressure (LVP) and of carbachol (0."	( Beta-blockade reduces effects of adenosine and carbachol by transregulation of inhibitory receptors and Gi proteins. Borst, MM; Kübler, W; Marquetant, R; Strasser, RH, 1997)	0.8
" After exercise training, the dose-response curve of CBF in response to veratrine was shifted to the left; eg, 5 micrograms/kg of veratrine increased CBF by 101 +/- 12% (P < ."	( Short-term exercise training enhances reflex cholinergic nitric oxide-dependent coronary vasodilation in conscious dogs. Hintze, TH; Ochoa, M; Xu, X; Zhang, X; Zhao, G, 1997)	0.3
" In patients with HT adenosine-induced vasodilation was significantly impaired over the entire dose-response curve compared with NT (6."	( Impairment of adenosine-induced dilation of forearm resistance arteries in patients with arterial hypertension. Kelm, M; Preik, M; Schäfer, S; Strauer, BE, 1997)	0.98
" The arteries were precontracted with PGF2alpha (3 microM) and cumulative dose-response curves to either NECA itself, or the selective A2A agonists, 2-[4-2(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino]-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosi ne (CGS 21680) and 2-hexynyl-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (2HE-NECA) were obtained."	( Prolonged exposure to 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) does not affect the adenosine A2A-mediated vasodilation in porcine coronary arteries. Conti, A; Lozza, G; Monopoli, A, 1997)	0.74
" However, the dose-response curves to adenosine were shifted to the left in arterioles constricted by either stunning, compound 48/80, exposure to cold superfusate, or cromolyn compared with control vessels."	( Arteriolar constriction in skeletal muscle during vascular stunning: role of mast cells. Keller, MW, 1997)	0.57
" In conclusion, either limb of the autonomic nervous system may modulate the adenosine dosage required for termination of SVT."	( Influence of beta-adrenergic and vagal activity on the effect of exogenous adenosine on supraventricular tachycardia termination. Chang, MS; Chen, SA; Chiang, CE; Lee, SH; Tai, CT; Wen, ZC; Wu, SN, 1997)	0.76
" Appropriate dosing and rapid bolusing with intravenous administration is required."	( Adenosine as an antiarrhythmic agent. Marchlinski, FE; Wilbur, SL, 1997)	1.74
" Dose-response curves showed that the rank order of agonist potencies was: L-CCG1 > L-AP4 > (1S,3S)-ACPD."	( Metabotropic glutamate receptors in the rat nucleus accumbens. Bockaert, J; Manzoni, O; Michel, JM, 1997)	0.3
" The dose-response curve for flow changes vs intracoronary administration of adenosine was displaced to the right after the inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis with N-omega-nitro-L-arginine, revealing that nitric oxide release partly mediates the vasodilator action of adenosine."	( Relative participation of adenosine and endothelium derived mediators in coronary reactive hyperemia in the dog. Domenech, R; Macho, P; Penna, M, 1995)	0.82
" Adenosine receptor blockade with 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT) was used to shift the adenosine dose-response curve 12-fold."	( Role of adenosine in norepinephrine-induced coronary vasodilation. Feigl, EO; Kroll, K; Stepp, DW; Van Bibber, R, 1997)	1.64
" Dose-response curves of agonists for these responses were obtained to determine their relative potency order."	( Characterization of adenosine receptors mediating spinal sensory transmission related to nociceptive information in the rat. Kemmotsu, O; Nakamura, I; Ohta, Y, 1997)	0.62
" 8-Cyclopentyltheophylline produced dose-dependent parallel shifts to the right of NECA dose-response curves for these responses."	( Characterization of adenosine receptors mediating spinal sensory transmission related to nociceptive information in the rat. Kemmotsu, O; Nakamura, I; Ohta, Y, 1997)	0.62
" Dose-response curves generated using a variety of adenosine agonists revealed that A1AR activation potently regulated fetal heart rates."	( A1 adenosine receptors potently regulate heart rate in mammalian embryos. Hiatt, K; Hofman, PL; Rivkees, SA; Yoder, MC, 1997)	1.17
" Theophylline, an antagonist of P1 adenosine receptor, completely reversed the effect of adenosine on the furosemide-sensitive ATPase activity in a dose-response manner."	( Effect of adenosine on the ouabain-insensitive Na+-ATPase activity from basolateral membrane of the proximal tubule. Caruso-Neves, C; Chagas, C; Francisco-Pedro, LG; Lopes, AG; Souza, LP, 1997)	0.98
" Sinus bradycardia and A-V block induced by injection of exogenous adenosine were closely akin to those caused by myocardial hypoxia both in ECG characteristics and dose-response curve."	( [Experimental study on adenosine hypothesis of bradyarrhythmias occurring in myocardial hypoxia and its clinical significance]. Sun, J; Xu, J; Yuan, F, 1996)	0.84
" Ischemic phase damage was addressed by comparing the dose-response effects of controls vs."	( Effect of high-energy phosphates and free radical scavengers on replant survival in an ischemic extremity model. Ablove, RH; Moy, OJ; Peimer, CA; Severin, CM; Sherwin, FM, 1996)	0.29
" The EC50 values for the dose-response curves established for the inhibition of histamine-induced contractions by adenosine were nearly identical to those obtained for the relaxations of fluoride-induced contractions by cromakalim: resp."	( Role of adenosine-triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels in the mechanical responses of agonist-stimulated isolated porcine coronary arteries. Nguyen, DH, 1997)	0.94
" Pulmonary arterial segments were isolated and dose-response curves to various agonists (high K+, norepinephrine, serotonin, angiotensin II, and adenosine) were generated."	( Myosin isoform shifts and decreased reactivity in hypoxia-induced hypertensive pulmonary arterial muscle. Oberlies, NH; Packer, CS; Rhoades, RA; Roepke, JE, 1998)	0.5
" The latter may be very helpful for the design of optimal dosing schemes of draflazine."	( Physiological red blood cell kinetic model to explain the apparent discrepancy between adenosine breakdown inhibition and nucleoside transporter occupancy of draflazine. Danhof, M; Dupont, AG; Jacqmin, P; Snoeck, E; Van Belle, H; Van Peer, A; Ver Donck, K, 1998)	0.52
" This property could be used as a new pharmacological end point to optimize dosage and timing of MTX administration."	( Immunosuppressive properties of methotrexate: apoptosis and clonal deletion of activated peripheral T cells. Ferraro, C; Fournel, S; Genestier, L; Miossec, P; Paillot, R; Revillard, JP, 1998)	0.3
" We conclude that inhibition of endogenous NO synthesis shifts the dose-response curves for both the pulmonary and systemic vasodilator effects to the left for the nitrovasodilator SNP but not for the non-nitrovasodilator adenosine."	( Inhibition of endogenous nitric oxide synthesis potentiates the effects of sodium nitroprusside but not of adenosine in experimental pulmonary hypertension. Kavanagh, BP; Patterson, KW; Pearl, RG; Wall, MH, 1999)	0.7
" With the same dosing schedule, methamphetamine induces HSP72 expression in both cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions of the striatum, cerebellum and hippocampus."	( Microgliosis and down-regulation of adenosine transporter induced by methamphetamine in rats. Camarasa, J; Camins, A; Escubedo, E; Guitart, L; Jiménez, A; Pallàs, M; Pubill, D; Sureda, FX, 1998)	0.58
" Measurement of intracellular cAMP levels revealed that in the case of PTH and AVP, the dose-response curve for the increase in cAMP virtually matched that for transcellular Ca2+ transport."	( Hormone-stimulated Ca2+ reabsorption in rabbit kidney cortical collecting system is cAMP-independent and involves a phorbol ester-insensitive PKC isotype. Bindels, RJ; De Pont, JJ; Hoenderop, JG; Willems, PH, 1999)	0.3
" Dose-response curves for adenosine inhibition of isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis demonstrated that chronic culture with bST decreased adipose tissue responsiveness and sensitivity to adenosine."	( Effect of somatotropin, insulin, and glucocorticoid on lipolysis in chronic cultures of adipose tissue from lactating cows. Bauman, DE; Lanna, DP, 1999)	0.6
"To confirm the efficacy of prehospital administration of adenosine, using a 6 milligram (mg) initial dosing regimen, for the treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT)."	( Adenosine for the treatment of PSVT in the prehospital arena: efficacy of an initial 6 mg dosing regimen. Muhr, MD; Wittwer, LK, )	1.82
" If the patient's rhythm remained unchanged, the dosing regimen was increased to 12 mg followed by a 10 ml flush."	( Adenosine for the treatment of PSVT in the prehospital arena: efficacy of an initial 6 mg dosing regimen. Muhr, MD; Wittwer, LK, )	1.57
" Dose-response analysis yielded an EC50 of 14."	( Ca2+-permeable P2X receptor channels in cultured rat retinal ganglion cells. Grantyn, R; Jüttner, R; Taschenberger, H, 1999)	0.3
" The dosage of adenosine was reduced in four patients because of a decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) of 20% in comparison with baseline (FEV1 before administration of albuterol)."	( Pulmonary function monitoring during adenosine myocardial perfusion scintigraphy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Gibbons, RJ; Glynn, RB; Hodge, DO; Hung, JC; Johnston, DL; Scanlon, PD, 1999)	0.93
" All patients were submitted to A-Stress-Echo, after a 6-minute infusion of adenosine (140 microg/kg body weight/min), and then (>3 days later) A-SPECT with the same dosage of adenosine as above."	( Detection of coronary artery disease in patients with severe aortic stenosis with noninvasive methods. Anthopoulos, LP; Antonelis, IP; Filippatos, G; Houssianakou, IK; Kardaras, F; Kranidis, AI; Patsilinakos, SP; Sioras, E; Tsiotika, T; Zamanis, NI, 1999)	0.53
" Patients had access to escape analgesic and if these were taken, the time and dosage were recorded."	( The efficacy of a novel adenosine agonist (WAG 994) in postoperative dental pain. Andrews, C; Frame, J; Hawkesford, JE; Hill, CM; Seymour, RA, 1999)	0.61
" When the analysis was performed in terms of the extra amounts of uric acid produced during the infusion of adenosine, where the initial bursts are also taken into account, different dose-response curves were found for each experimental protocol."	( Regional heterogeneities in the production of uric acid from adenosine in the bivascularly perfused rat liver. Bracht, A; Constantin, J; Fernandes, TR; Ishii-Iwamoto, EL; Suzuki-Kemmelmeier, F, 1999)	0.76
"85 micromol/mmol on the day during methotrexate dosing (P<."	( Urinary adenosine and aminoimidazolecarboxamide excretion in methotrexate-treated patients with psoriasis. Baggott, JE; Linden, J; Morgan, SL; Sams, WM, 1999)	0.74
" Neuroprotective properties assessed after postischemic dosing in a Mongolian gerbil severe temporary forebrain ischemia paradigm, using hippocampal CA1 damage endpoints, and the efficacy of these agonists in an A(1) functional assay show similarities to some reference adenosine agonists."	( N-substituted adenosines as novel neuroprotective A(1) agonists with diminished hypotensive effects. Hansen, AJ; Judge, ME; Knutsen, LJ; Lau, J; Petersen, H; Shalmi, M; Sheardown, MJ; Thomsen, C; Weis, JU, 1999)	0.84
" To test the hypothesis that plasma adenosine deaminase, which was increased in the patients' plasma, was actually involved in this blunted response to adenosine in alcoholic cirrhosis, we performed adenosine dose-response experiments and pharmacologically blocked adenosine deaminase activity with deoxycoformycin."	( Blunted anti-inflammatory response to adenosine in alcoholic cirrhosis. Devière, J; Gulbis, B; Le Moine, O; Quertinmont, E, 1999)	0.85
" Activation of adenosine A2A receptors shifted the dose-response curve for quinpirole on adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) to the right."	( Reciprocal interactions between adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors in Chinese hamster ovary cells co-transfected with the two receptors. Arslan, G; Ferré, S; Fredholm, BB; Fuxe, K; Kull, B; Owman, C; Svenningsson, P, 1999)	0.94
" Dose-response curves for NECA were shifted to the right by the nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist 8(p-sulphophenyl)theophylline (8-SPT; 100 microM) and by the selective A1-receptor antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX; 1 mM)."	( Species-dependent effects of adenosine receptor agonists on contractile responses of vas deferens to ATP. Khoyi, MA; Moloney, S; Smith, AD; Westfall, DP, 1999)	0.82
"We reviewed our experience with adenosine for the conversion of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) to determine whether the recommended dosing strategy of 6 mg, followed by 12 mg, is cost-effective in actual practice."	( Cost-effective adenosine dosing for the treatment of PSVT. Davis, R; Jagminas, L; Spitalnic, SJ, 1999)	0.94
"1) Step up in dosage of ATP and adenosine beyond currently recommended clinical doses resulted in a significant increase in coronary hyperemia; 2) ATP was equivalent to adenosine for both CFR and FFR; and 3) complete coronary occlusion yielded a better hyperemic response than either drug, indicating that maximal hyperemia was not achieved by either pharmacological stimulus."	( Effects of intravenous and intracoronary adenosine 5'-triphosphate as compared with adenosine on coronary flow and pressure dynamics. Filardo, SD; Fitzgerald, PJ; Jeremias, A; Kernoff, RS; Whitbourn, RJ; Yeung, AC; Yock, PG, 2000)	0.86
" The ED50 of each neuromuscular blocker was determined from cumulative log dose-response regression lines (n = 14)."	( Adenosine potentiation of neuromuscular blocking agents in guinea-pigs. Dan, K; Foldes, FF; Kornak, P; Nagashima, H; Nitahara, K; Vizi, ES, 2000)	1.75
"1 micromole/L) levels in both dosage groups."	( Exercise in the heat: effects of an adenosine antagonist. de Garavilla, L; Durkot, MJ, 2000)	0.58
" Adenosine dissolved in isotonic sodium chloride solution was infused into the uterine artery at sequentially increasing doses (1, 3, 10, 30, 100, and 300 microg/min), and a dose-response curve was constructed."	( The role of nitric oxide in mediating adenosine-induced increases in uterine blood flow in the oophorectomized nonpregnant sheep. Baker, RS; Carpenter, LB; Clark, KE; Greenberg, S, 2000)	1.49
" Estimated interstitial adenosine concentration with glibenclamide was not different from control vehicle and was well below the level necessary to overcome the 10-fold shift in the adenosine dose-response curve due to glibenclamide."	( Role of K(ATP)(+) channels and adenosine in the control of coronary blood flow during exercise. Feigl, EO; Gorman, MW; Richmond, KN; Tune, JD, 2000)	0.9
" Dose-response characteristics of adenosine-induced ventricular asystole have not been determined."	( Adenosine-induced ventricular asystole to induce transient profound systemic hypotension in patients undergoing endovascular therapy. Dose-response characteristics. Aagaard, BD; Hashimoto, T; Joshi, S; Ostapkovich, ND; Pile-Spellman, J; Young, WL, 2000)	2.03
"During endovascular embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations, the authors performed a series of adenosine test injections to establish a dose-response relation in each patient."	( Adenosine-induced ventricular asystole to induce transient profound systemic hypotension in patients undergoing endovascular therapy. Dose-response characteristics. Aagaard, BD; Hashimoto, T; Joshi, S; Ostapkovich, ND; Pile-Spellman, J; Young, WL, 2000)	1.96
" The ET-1 dose-response curve (1 pM-5 nM) was rightward shifted after preconditioning with adenosine (1 microM) for 20 min and 10 min of washout (n = 11)."	( Adenosine preconditions against endothelin-induced constriction of coronary arterioles. Chilian, WM; Jones, DW; Merkus, D; Nishikawa, Y; Stepp, DW, 2000)	1.97
" The clinically used dosage of 12 mg adenosine was administered subsequently as bolus injection during a constant atrial and ventricular pacing (500 ms) in all patients."	( Variable responsiveness of anterograde and retrograde fast pathway conduction to adenosine in patients with typical AV-nodal reentry tachycardia. Bosch, RF; Kühlkamp, V; Mewis, C; Seipel, L, )	0.63
" Caffeine, theophylline, and paraxanthine shifted the dose-response curve for adenosine at the A1, A2A, and A2B receptors."	( Comparison of the potency of adenosine as an agonist at human adenosine receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Fredholm, BB; Irenius, E; Kull, B; Schulte, G, 2001)	0.83
" The primary result of this study was a statistically significantly blunted second messenger response to agonist stimulation in the depressed group compared to the control group at the 50 and 100 nM and 1 microM dosage levels."	( Blunted adenosine A2a receptor function in platelets in patients with major depression. Berk, M; Ferreira, D; Jersky, B; Plein, H, 2001)	0.74
" This dual mechanism of action is consistent with analysis of CHA dose-response curve, which indicates that the reduction in IOP induced this agonist's results from multiple mechanisms of action."	( Intraocular pressure responses to the adenosine agonist cyclohexyladenosine: evidence for a dual mechanism of action. Crosson, CE, 2001)	0.58
" Dose-response relationships for phenylisopropyladenosine (PIA) were determined for hearts adrenergically stimulated by isoproterenol."	( Chronic ethanol enhances adenosine antiadrenergic actions in the isolated rat heart. Chung, ES; Fenton , RA, 2001)	0.87
" Furthermore, it is uncertain whether there exists a TMR dose-response relationship that is a function of channel number."	( Transmyocardial laser revascularization dose response: enhanced perfusion in a porcine ischemia model as a function of channel density. Hamawy, AH; Lee, LY; Polce, DR; Rosengart, TK; Samy, SA; Szulc, M; Vazquez, M, 2001)	0.31
" A dose-response relationship related to channel number may be of significance when evaluating the efficacy of various treatment strategies."	( Transmyocardial laser revascularization dose response: enhanced perfusion in a porcine ischemia model as a function of channel density. Hamawy, AH; Lee, LY; Polce, DR; Rosengart, TK; Samy, SA; Szulc, M; Vazquez, M, 2001)	0.31
" Inhibitors of phospholipase C (PLC), protein kinase C (PKC), calcium/calmodulin, NOS and guanylate cyclase shifted the dose-response curve of CPA on contractility to the right."	( Role of nitric oxide/cyclic GMP in myocardial adenosine A1 receptor-inotropic response. Borda, E; Gómez, RM; Sterin-Borda, L, 2002)	0.57
" The dilator and constrictor dose-response curves were combined into a single relationship for MAP, cardiac output, total peripheral conductance (TPC) and heart rate; total peripheral resistance (TPR) was estimated as 1/TPC."	( Structural factors increase blood pressure through the interaction of resistance vessel geometry with neurohumoral and local factors: estimates in rabbits with renal cellophane-wrap hypertension with intact effectors and during neurohumoral blockade. Angus, JA; Korner, PI; Wright, CE, 2002)	0.31
" However, chronic morphine treatment did induce a leftward shift in the adenosine dose-response curve, indicating an increase in the sensitivity of synaptic currents to exogenously applied adenosine."	( Increase in adenosine sensitivity in the nucleus accumbens following chronic morphine treatment. Brundege, JM; Williams, JT, 2002)	0.93
" These indicate that HPMA at this dosage (IC50 dosage) preferentially acted on presynapse (may be the A1 receptor) to attenuate the release of neurotransmitters."	( [The A1- and non A1-effects of N6-(5-hydroxy-2-pyridyl)-methyl-adenosine on rat vas deferens]. Huang, J; Xiong, J, 1998)	0.54
"We studied the dose-response effects of acute administration of the selective A1 adenosine receptor agonist 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA), the selective A2A agonists 2-hexynyl-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (2HE-NECA) and 2-[4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino]-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (CGS 21680) and the non-selective agonist N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) on plasma renin activity, atrial natriuretic peptide, cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) and endothelin-1 in spontaneously hypertensive rats."	( Humoral effects of selective adenosine agonists in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Alberti, C; Casati, C; Monopoli, A; Morganti, A; Ongini, E; Sala, C; Zanchetti, A, 1996)	0.81
" Both humoral and hemodynamic parameters were determined 1 h after dosing in separate sets of animals."	( Humoral effects of selective adenosine agonists in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Alberti, C; Casati, C; Monopoli, A; Morganti, A; Ongini, E; Sala, C; Zanchetti, A, 1996)	0.59
" Compared to the dosage that was determined before esmolol infusion, the lowest effective dose of adenosine remained the same in 13 patients after the end of esmolol infusion, whereas the dose increased in 5 and decreased in 1 patient."	( Interactions of esmolol and adenosine in atrioventricular nodal-dependent supraventricular tachycardia: implication for the cellular mechanisms of adenosine. Chang, KC; Chen, JY; Chou, HT; Hung, JS; Lin, YC, 2002)	0.83
" The dose-response curve of adenosine and the dose of adenosine required to produce AV or ventriculoatrial block among the representative three conduction pathways were compared."	( Differential effects of adenosine on antegrade fast pathway, antegrade slow pathway, and retrograde fast pathway in atrioventricular nodal reentry. Lai, WT; Lee, KT; Sheu, SH; Tung, CP; Voon, WC; Wu, JC, 2002)	0.92
" Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester shifted the dose-response curves of adenosine, N6-cyclopentyladenosine, or 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine to the right in both normal and hypothyroid vessels."	( Adenosine participates in regulation of smooth muscle relaxation in aortas from rats with experimental hypothyroidism. Baños, G; Franco, M; Grimaldo, JI; Martínez, F, 2002)	1.99
" AD increased cardiac output and cardiac index to the significant degree only when the dosage increased to 300 micrograms/(kg."	( [Dose-related response of adenosine in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in canines]. Hua, Y; Liao, K; Liu, H; Tang, W; Zhou, T, 1999)	0.6
" In slices from heterozygous mice the dose-response curve for both adenosine and ATP was shifted to the right."	( Modulation of hippocampal glutamatergic transmission by ATP is dependent on adenosine a(1) receptors. Diao, L; Dunwiddie, TV; Fredholm, BB; Illes, P; Johansson, B; Larson, GA; Masino, SA; Zahniser, NR, 2002)	0.78
" For comparison, dose-response functions were obtained from double-recombinant human embryonic kidney 293 cells expressing the human A3 receptor and a chimeric Galphaq-i3 protein, which was required to establish A3-mediated calcium signaling."	( Pharmacological analysis of calcium responses mediated by the human A3 adenosine receptor in monocyte-derived dendritic cells and recombinant cells. Bober, L; Caux, C; de Bouteiller, O; Deno, G; Du, XK; Fan, X; Fossetta, J; Jackson, J; Lundell, D; Lunn, C; Palmer, RK; Soudé-Bermejo, A, 2003)	0.55
" In SHRs and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) anesthetized rats, the NO inhibitor l-nitro-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) was infused at the dosage of 1 mg/kg for 30 min."	( Influence of L-nitro-arginine methyl ester, acetylcholine, and adenosine on mean blood pressure, pulse pressure, and pulse pressure amplification in rats. Blacher, J; Laurent, P; Meaune, S; Safar, ME, 2003)	0.56
" DMPX (10 microM) caused a leftward shift of the inhibitory dose-response curves for d-tubocurarine (0."	( Endogenous adenosine prevents post-tetanic release facilitation mediated by alpha3beta2 nicotinic autoreceptors. Correia-de-Sá, P; Faria, M; Timóteo, MA, 2003)	0.71
" Dose-response analyses show efficient 1G4 staining of ART-expressing cells at micromolar etheno-NAD concentrations."	( Flow cytometric and immunoblot assays for cell surface ADP-ribosylation using a monoclonal antibody specific for ethenoadenosine. Haag, F; Koch-Nolte, F; Koestner, W; Krebs, C; Leiter, EH; Malavasi, F; Nissen, M; Parusel, I; Santella, RM; Welge, V, 2003)	0.53
"0 mg/ml) resulted in tolerance to the motor effects of an acute administration of caffeine, lack of tolerance to amphetamine, apparent tolerance to MSX-3 (shift to the left of its 'bell-shaped' dose-response curve), and true cross-tolerance to CPT."	( Involvement of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors in the motor effects of caffeine after its acute and chronic administration. Antoniou, K; Ferré, S; Fuxe, K; Goldberg, SR; Justinova, Z; Karcz-Kubicha, M; Müller, CE; Pezzola, A; Popoli, P; Quarta, D; Reggio, R; Solinas, M; Terasmaa, A, 2003)	0.67
" We attempted to study the dose-response relationship of adenosine-induced potential changes in the Xenopus oocyte."	( Telescience testbed experiments of intracellular recordings in the Xenopus oocyte. Ando, H; Fukai, K; Hirakawa, K; Kanazawa, Y; Matsumoto, K; Mori, S; Nagaoka, S; Ogasawara, K; Ogawa, K; Ohshima, M; Shimura, R; Suzuki, H; Suzuki, T; Takagi, S; Tanaka, M; Tsumura, K; Wada, Y; Watanabe, S; Yamashita, M, 1994)	0.53
"The achievement of maximal vasodilatation of the coronary microvessels is mandatory for the accurate determination of fractional flow reserve (FFR); the optimal dosing to achieve maximal vasodilation is unclear."	( Role of incremental doses of intracoronary adenosine for fractional flow reserve assessment. Higano, S; Holmes, DR; Lennon, R; Lerman, A; Mathew, V; Murtagh, B, 2003)	0.58
"8% at a dosage of 5 micromol/L caffeine."	( The effect of caffeine on peripheral vascular resistance in isolated perfused guinea pig hind limbs. Brodmann, M; Lischnig, U; Lueger, A; Pilger, E; Stark, G, 2003)	0.32
" PTX pretreatment did not affect the constriction response to KCl, whereas the angiotensin II dose-response relationship was shifted rightward."	( Adenosine induces vasoconstriction through Gi-dependent activation of phospholipase C in isolated perfused afferent arterioles of mice. Briggs, J; Castrop, H; Hansen, PB; Schnermann, J, 2003)	1.76
" The A1 and A2A receptor antagonists (CPT and MSX-3) both produced high levels of drug-lever selection when substituted for either methamphetamine or cocaine and significantly shifted dose-response curves of both psychostimulants to the left."	( Involvement of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors in the adenosinergic modulation of the discriminative-stimulus effects of cocaine and methamphetamine in rats. Antoniou, K; Ferre, S; Goldberg, SR; Highkin, JL; Hockemeyer, J; Justinova, Z; Munzar, P; Pappas, LA; Segal, PN; Solinas, M, 2003)	0.67
" Continuous dosing of cultures with adenosine to provide a steady-state concentration showed that proliferation could be stimulated by low micromolar concentrations of adenosine."	( Adenosine stimulation of the proliferation of colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Roles of cell density and adenosine metabolism. Blay, J; Hoskin, D; Mujoomdar, M, 2003)	2.04
"In a multicenter, randomized, single-blind, 2-arm crossover trial, 240 patients underwent 2 single photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) imaging studies in random order, first after pharmacological stress with adenosine and a second study with the selective adenosine A2A receptor agonist binodenoson, using 1 of 4 dosing regimens."	( Randomized, controlled dose-ranging study of the selective adenosine A2A receptor agonist binodenoson for pharmacological stress as an adjunct to myocardial perfusion imaging. Barrett, RJ; Chai, A; Coleman, PS; DiCarli, M; Dilsizian, V; Gibbons, RJ; Hachamovitch, R; Heller, GV; Hinchman, D; Johnson, JR; Udelson, JE; Wackers, FJ, 2004)	0.75
"This study suggests a dose-response relationship on hyperemia for intracoronary adenosine doses >60 microg."	( Are high doses of intracoronary adenosine an alternative to standard intravenous adenosine for the assessment of fractional flow reserve? Casella, G; Erdin, P; Klauss, V; König, A; Leibig, M; Rieber, J; Schiele, TM; Schrepf, R; Seelig, V; Siebert, U; Stempfle, HU, 2004)	0.83
" However, the 5 mg multiple-dose group reported headache, drowsiness, hot flushes and dizziness on standing; this declined with dosing duration and was not dose-limiting in this study."	( Tolerability, pharmacokinetics and concentration-dependent hemodynamic effects of oral CF101, an A3 adenosine receptor agonist, in healthy young men. Bar-Yehuda, S; Carey, WD; Clark, EV; Cohn, I; Fishman, P; Fong, KL; Kerns, WD; Silverman, MH; van Troostenburg, AR; Warrington, SJ, 2004)	0.54
" Increases in heart rate and neutrophil count were reversible during multiple dosing and were not dose-limiting in the repeat dose study."	( Tolerability, pharmacokinetics and concentration-dependent hemodynamic effects of oral CF101, an A3 adenosine receptor agonist, in healthy young men. Bar-Yehuda, S; Carey, WD; Clark, EV; Cohn, I; Fishman, P; Fong, KL; Kerns, WD; Silverman, MH; van Troostenburg, AR; Warrington, SJ, 2004)	0.54
" Using a dose-response model, we evaluated the effectiveness of adenosine application for focal seizure prophylaxis in 12 rats."	( Focally injected adenosine prevents seizures in the rat. Anschel, DJ; Fisher, RS; Kraus, AC; Ortega, EL, 2004)	0.9
" Dose-response curves to Ado were determined."	( Microvascular responses to adenosine help explain functional and pathologic differences between intestinal segments. Garrison, RN; Harris, PD; Li, N; Matheson, PJ; Zakaria, el R, 2004)	0.62
" Similarly, adenosine A2A receptor antagonists CSC and DMPX did not alter the dose-response relation between norepinephrine release and adenosine."	( Receptors subtypes involved in adenosine-mediated modulation of norepinephrine release from cardiac nerve terminals. Chung, ES; Dobson, JG; Fenton, RA; Lorbar, M; Meyer, TE; Nabi, A; Skalova, K, 2004)	0.99
" In both dogfish and eel, AD dose-response curves showed a biphasic effect: vasoconstriction (pico to nanomolar range) and vasodilation (micromolar range)."	( Adenosine/nitric oxide crosstalk in the branchial circulation of Squalus acanthias and Anguilla anguilla. Pellegrino, D; Randall, DJ; Tota, B, 2005)	1.77
" Caffeine alone did not change RBF, but shifted the dose-response curve of adenosine to the right during concomitant infusion of caffeine."	( Mechanisms of adenosine-induced renal vasodilatation in hypertensive patients. de Leeuw, PW; Houben, AJ; Koster, D; Kroon, AA; Postma, CT; Smits, P; van Engelshoven, JM; Wierema, TK, 2005)	0.92
" In addition, a vertical shift of the cocaine dose-response curve was observed in mice lacking A2A adenosine receptors in comparison with wild-type littermates."	( The lack of A2A adenosine receptors diminishes the reinforcing efficacy of cocaine. Castañé, A; Ledent, C; Maldonado, R; Parmentier, M; Soria, G; Valverde, O, 2006)	0.9
" AZD6140 (100 and 200 mg bid, 400 mg qd) rapidly and nearly completely inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation after initial dosing (day 1) and at day 28."	( Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and safety of the oral reversible P2Y12 antagonist AZD6140 with aspirin in patients with atherosclerosis: a double-blind comparison to clopidogrel with aspirin. Emanuelsson, H; Heptinstall, S; Husted, S; Peters, G; Sandset, PM; Wickens, M, 2006)	0.33
" Experiments with adenosine demonstrated that the selected dose of SPT elicited marked rightward shifts in the dose-response curves for both the inotropic and vascular actions."	( Acute dilatory and negative inotropic effects of homocysteine are inhibited by an adenosine blocker. Boerma, M; Hauer-Jensen, M; Joseph, J; Kennedy, RH; Melchert, RB; Owings, R, 2006)	0.89
" Thus, the dosing and timing of IB-MECA treatment determines its effectivity in stimulating granulopoiesis under conditions of myelosuppression."	( Effects of adenosine A(3) receptor agonist on bone marrow granulocytic system in 5-fluorouracil-treated mice. Hofer, M; Holá, J; Pospísil, M; Streitová, D; Vacek, A; Weiterová, L; Znojil, V, 2006)	0.72
" It is also clear that extrapolations to dosage routes or schedules other than those used to estimate the parameters should be undertaken with great caution (e."	( Modelling response time profiles in the absence of drug concentrations: definition and performance evaluation of the K-PD model. Gieschke, R; Girard, P; Jacqmin, P; Pillai, P; Snoeck, E; Steimer, JL; van Schaick, EA, 2007)	0.34
"1, 1, and 10 microM) induced a reduction of PRL secretion into the medium in a U-shaped dose-response curve."	( Adenosine A1 receptor-mediated inhibition of in vitro prolactin secretion from the rat anterior pituitary. Antunes-Rodrigues, J; Picanço-Diniz, DL; Valença, MM, 2006)	1.78
" AICA and adenosine excretions increased during the day of MTX dosing (treatment day) compared to the previous baseline day in animals responding well to MTX (i."	( Methotrexate and erythro-9-(2-hydroxynon-3-yl) adenine therapy for rat adjuvant arthritis and the effect of methotrexate on in vivo purine metabolism. Baggott, JE; Morgan, SL, 2007)	0.74
"The purpose of this study was to define binodenoson dosing regimens that produce coronary hyperemia comparable to those of adenosine and that are tolerated well by patients."	( Coronary circulation responses to binodenoson, a selective adenosine A2A receptor agonist. Bach, RG; Barrett, RJ; Dib, N; Hodgson, JM; Kern, MJ, 2007)	0.79
" Lead compounds identified in a primary rat hepatocyte screen were shown to result in liver levels of NTP predictive of efficacy after intravenous dosing to rats."	( Liver-targeted prodrugs of 2'-C-methyladenosine for therapy of hepatitis C virus infection. Boyer, SH; Erion, MD; Fujitaki, JM; Hecker, SJ; Huang, W; Koeplinger, KA; Linemeyer, DL; MacCoss, M; Olsen, DB; Reddy, KR; Reddy, MV; Sun, Z; van Poelje, PD; Varkhedkar, V, 2007)	0.61
" Insights to the intracellular action of sinefungin stem from the finding that increased gene dosage of yeast AdoMet synthase plus cap guanine-N7 methyltransferase afforded greater resistance to sinefungin than either enzyme alone."	( Sinefungin resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae arising from Sam3 mutations that inactivate the AdoMet transporter or from increased expression of AdoMet synthase plus mRNA cap guanine-N7 methyltransferase. Schwer, B; Shuman, S; Zheng, S, 2007)	0.34
" Despite the unambiguous clinical benefit associated with clopidogrel, accumulating experience with this drug has also led to identification of some of its drawbacks, which are related to inadequate platelet inhibition with standard dosage regimens as well as to its irreversible antiplatelet effects."	( ADP receptor antagonism: what's in the pipeline? Angiolillo, DJ, 2007)	0.34
" Asystole duration in relationship to the dosage of adenosine, safety, and side effect profiles was investigated."	( High-dose adenosine-induced asystole assisting accurate deployment of thoracic stent grafts in conscious patients. Bui, H; Donayre, CE; Fang, TD; Kakazu, C; Kopchok, GE; Lippmann, M; White, RA, 2008)	1
" The therapeutic potential of the implants was validated in a dose-response study in the rat model of kindling epileptogenesis."	( Silk polymer-based adenosine release: therapeutic potential for epilepsy. Boison, D; Kaplan, DL; Lan, JQ; Li, T; Pritchard, EM; Wilz, A, 2008)	0.67
" The dose and administration, nature and frequency of side-effects and relevant interactions and dosage adjustments are also discussed."	( Review article: Adenosine use in the emergency department. Innes, JA, 2008)	0.69
" The need for dosage adjustments in the presence of interacting medications is well documented, but no studies have addressed how to rationally effect these adjustments."	( Review article: Adenosine use in the emergency department. Innes, JA, 2008)	0.69
" Atbt1 RNAi dosage mutants show substantially retarded growth, adenylate levels similar to those of wild-type plants, increased glutamine contents and unchanged starch levels."	( Characterization of the Arabidopsis Brittle1 transport protein and impact of reduced activity on plant metabolism. Kirchberger, S; Neuhaus, HE; Tjaden, J, 2008)	0.35
" Gabapentin and R-PIA were administered to obtain the dose-response curve and the 50% effective dose (ED(50))."	( The interaction of gabapentin and N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)-adenosine R-(-)isomer (R-PIA) on mechanical allodynia in rats with a spinal nerve ligation. Jun, IG; Park, JY, 2008)	0.59
" The primary aim of this multicenter study was to determine the dose-response profile of adenosine with respect to perioperative analgesia."	( Phase 2, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response trial of intravenous adenosine for perioperative analgesia. Candiotti, K; Creed, MR; Gan, TJ; Gu, J; Habib, AS; Minkowitz, H; Ogunnaike, B; Osborn, T; Viscusi, E, 2008)	0.8
" UTP at doses between 500 and 3000 microM resulted in increasing cell death following a normal sigmoid dose-response model."	( Cell death induced by uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP) in contrast to adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) in human epidermoid carcinoma cells (A-431). Neuhuber, W; Ogilvie, A; Völkl, T, 2008)	0.58
"Routine dosage (140 microgxkg(-1)xmin(-1) IV for 6 min) adenosine stress echocardiography was performed on 40 patients with chest pain for diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD)."	( [Quantitative evaluation of ischemic myocardium by adenosine tissue Doppler stress echocardiography.]. He, RM; Shen, WF; Sun, YG; Zhao, QH, 2008)	0.84
" It is quickly absorbed and exhibits a rapid antiplatelet effect, with higher and more consistent levels of inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA) being maintained across the dosing interval than with clopidogrel."	( Ticagrelor: the first reversibly binding oral P2Y12 receptor antagonist. Husted, S; van Giezen, JJ, 2009)	0.35
" In this setting, an antecubital dosage of 170 microg kg(-1) min(-1) is comparable to the standard dosage of 140 microg kg(-1) min(-1) in the femoral vein."	( Adenosine-induced maximal coronary hyperemia for myocardial fractional flow reserve measurements: comparison of administration by femoral venous versus antecubital venous access. Bojara, W; Fadgyas, T; Germing, A; Holland-Letz, T; Lindstaedt, M; Mügge, A; Müller, L; Yazar, A, 2009)	1.8
" No observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was achieved when rats were orally dosed with NITD008 at 50 mg/kg daily for 1 week."	( An adenosine nucleoside inhibitor of dengue virus. Beltz, K; Bernard, KA; Chan, WL; Chen, YL; Dartois, V; Dong, M; Duraiswamy, J; Garrett, C; Goh, A; Gu, F; He, H; Keller, TH; Kondreddi, RR; Lakshminarayana, SB; Lim, CC; Lim, JY; Lin, K; Liu, B; Liu, W; Ng, CY; Niyomrattanakit, P; Pichota, A; Qing, M; Schul, W; Shi, PY; Tan, HP; Wang, G; Wang, QY; Weaver, M; Xu, HY; Yin, Z; Yip, A; Zhang, B; Zou, G, 2009)	0.97
"The measurements of cardiac output, pulmonary and systemic resistance were done in the basal state and with a stepwise increase of the dose of each drug until either maximum dosage (adenosine: 500 microg/kg/min or iNO: 80 ppm) or side effects observed or a positive response were reached, according to current guidelines."	( Adenosine for vasoreactivity testing in pulmonary hypertension: a head-to-head comparison with inhaled nitric oxide. Amaral, CF; Oliveira, EC; Ribeiro, AL, 2010)	2
"Endogenous adenosine is an important modulator of intestinal neuro-effector activity, operating in the linear part of the dose-response curve."	( Estimation of endogenous adenosine activity at adenosine receptors in guinea-pig ileum using a new pharmacological method. Glaumann, C; Grishina, VA; Gustafsson, LE; Nilsson, KF, 2010)	1.05
" Optimal dosing strategy as determined by ticagrelor's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile is a loading dose of 180 mg followed by 90 mg by mouth twice daily."	( Efficacy and safety of ticagrelor: a reversible P2Y12 receptor antagonist. Anderson, SD; Epstein, BJ; Shah, NK; Yim, J, 2010)	0.36
" Non-potassium-sparing diuretics (NPSDs) still remain the cornerstone of therapy for fluid management in heart failure despite the lack of large randomized trials evaluating their safety and optimal dosing regimens in both the acute and chronic setting."	( Diuretic therapy in heart failure: current controversies and new approaches for fluid removal. Boccanelli, A; Brandimarte, C; Brandimarte, F; Cacciatore, G; Fedele, F; Gheorghiade, M; Mureddu, GF, 2010)	0.36
" We reviewed our experience to determine the dose-response relationship and apparent perioperative safety profile of adenosine in intracranial aneurysm patients."	( Adenosine-induced flow arrest to facilitate intracranial aneurysm clip ligation: dose-response data and safety profile. Avram, MJ; Batjer, HH; Bebawy, JF; Bendok, BR; Gupta, DK; Hemmer, LB; Koht, A; Zeeni, C, 2010)	2.01
" Using a bivascular liver perfusion dose-response curves to adenosine of the HA were performed in the presence and the absence of pan-adenosine blocker (8-SPT), A1 blocker (caffeine) or nitric oxide synthase-blocker (l-NMMA) after preconstriction with an alpha1-agonist (methoxamine)."	( A distinct nitric oxide and adenosine A1 receptor dependent hepatic artery vasodilatatory response in the CCl-cirrhotic liver. Groszmann, RJ; Mehal, WZ; Ripoll, C; Zipprich, A, 2010)	0.9
" However, in vivo pharmacokinetic studies indicated that NITD449 had a low level of exposure in plasma when dosed orally."	( Inhibition of dengue virus by an ester prodrug of an adenosine analog. Chen, YL; Dartois, V; Duraiswamy, J; Goh, A; Keller, TH; Kondreddi, RR; Lakshminarayana, SB; Liu, B; Qing, M; Schul, W; Shi, PY; Weaver, M; Xu, HY; Yin, Z; Yip, A, 2010)	0.61
" For each condition extended scaled dose (ScD)-TPC and TPR curves were derived from individual dose-response curves to two constrictors and two dilators."	( A new approach to assessing the structural total peripheral resistance amplifier in renal (Page) hypertension in conscious rabbits. Angus, JA; Korner, PI; Wright, CE, 2010)	0.36
" Pretreatment with 1 micromol/L CHA for 24 h caused a right shift of the dose-response curve of DPDPE-mediated inhibition of cAMP accumulation, with a significant increase in EC(50) but no change in E(max)."	( Adenosine A(1) receptor agonist N(6)-cyclohexyl-adenosine induced phosphorylation of delta opioid receptor and desensitization of its signaling. Chen, J; Cheng, Y; Chi, ZQ; Liu, JG; Sun, JF; Tao, YM; Wang, YH; Xu, XJ, 2010)	1.8
"This study assesses the optimal dosing schedule for ticagrelor in healthy volunteers and compares the degree of IPA with clopidogrel."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of multiple ascending doses of ticagrelor in healthy volunteers. Butler, K; Teng, R, 2010)	0.36
"Multiple dosing provided predictable pharmacokinetics of ticagrelor and its metabolite over the dose range of 50-600 mg once daily and 50-300 mg twice daily with C(max) and AUC(0,t) increasing approximately dose-proportionally."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of multiple ascending doses of ticagrelor in healthy volunteers. Butler, K; Teng, R, 2010)	0.36
"We found that MTA ameliorated EAE in a dose-response manner."	( Preclinical studies of methylthioadenosine for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Di Penta, A; Fernandez-Diez, B; Moreno, B; Villoslada, P, 2010)	0.64
" However, different degrees of resistance to clopidogrel have been the subject of many recent studies that led to higher dosing regimens of clopidogrel."	( A new era for antiplatelet therapy in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Abu-Fadel, MS; Dib, C; Hanna, EB, 2010)	0.36
" Based on these data, no ticagrelor dosage adjustment is needed in patients with mild hepatic impairment."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of ticagrelor in volunteers with mild hepatic impairment. Butler, K; Teng, R, 2011)	0.37
" The present article reviews data on the clinical impact of enhanced P2Y12 inhibition with either higher clopidogrel dosing or new oral antiplatelet agents, including prasugrel and ticagrelor, in the setting of STEMI, focusing on results in the setting of primary PCI."	( Clinical impact of enhanced inhibition of P2Y12-mediated platelet aggregation in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Capranzano, P; Dangas, G; Mehran, R; Stone, GW; Tamburino, C, 2010)	0.36
"In the recent PLATO trial, the daily aspirin dosages in the USA were split between 81 and 325 mg while the vast majority of dosing outside of the USA was 75 or 100 mg."	( Aspirin dose and ticagrelor benefit in PLATO: fact or fiction? Serebruany, VL, 2010)	0.36
" The conidial production of this mutant was dependent on the dosage of IMP amended."	( Phosphoribosylamidotransferase, the first enzyme for purine de novo synthesis, is required for conidiation in the sclerotial mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans. Cheng, J; Fu, Y; Gong, X; Huang, J; Jiang, D; Li, G; Qin, L; Xie, J, 2011)	0.37
" During preservation, in the periods of zero, 12, 18 and 24 hours, were conducted evaluating the degree of mucosal injury and dosage of malondialdehyde acid (MDA)."	( Effects of ischemic preconditioning associated to different preservation solutions in protecting the intestinal graft. Abrahão, Mde S; Gonzalez, AM; Montero, EF; Neves, Jde S; Salzedas Netto, AA, 2011)	0.37
"Prediction of pharmacokinetic (PK) profile for inhaled drugs in humans provides valuable information to aid toxicology safety assessment, evaluate the potential for systemic accumulation on multiple dosing and enable an estimate for the clinical plasma assay requirements."	( A new methodology for predicting human pharmacokinetics for inhaled drugs from oratracheal pharmacokinetic data in rats. Harrison, A; Jones, RM, 2012)	0.38
" After completion of this phase, additional subjects (n = 14) were recruited into the ticagrelor 180 mg group, and received ticagrelor 180 mg under the same dosing schedule."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of single and multiple doses of ticagrelor in healthy Chinese subjects: an open-label, sequential, two-cohort, single-centre study. Butler, K; Li, H; Teng, R; Yang, L; Yang, Z, 2012)	0.38
" Steady-state concentrations of ticagrelor and AR-C124910XX were rapidly established with both dosing regimens."	( Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of single and multiple doses of ticagrelor in healthy Chinese subjects: an open-label, sequential, two-cohort, single-centre study. Butler, K; Li, H; Teng, R; Yang, L; Yang, Z, 2012)	0.38
" Whether this is worth both the risk of non-compliance with twice-a-day dosing in real-life patients lacking the same motivation as their trial-volunteer counterparts, and the 2000-fold difference in incremental cost, is the remaining matter for debate."	( Quantitative comparison of clopidogrel 600 mg, prasugrel and ticagrelor, against clopidogrel 300 mg on major adverse cardiovascular events and bleeding in coronary stenting: synthesis of CURRENT-OASIS-7, TRITON-TIMI-38 and PLATO. Davies, JE; Francis, DP; Nijjer, SS, 2012)	0.38
" Atenolol inhibited the increase in HR at a small dosage of higenamine but potentiated it at a higher dosage."	( Hypotensive and cardio-chronotropic constituents of Tinospora crispa and mechanisms of action on the cardiovascular system in anesthetized rats. Andersen, RJ; Jansakul, C; Mulvany, MJ; Praman, S; Williams, DE, 2012)	0.38
" In RESPOND, ticagrelor mean C(max) and AUC(8) following 2-week dosing were comparable between clopidogrel responders (724 ng/mL and 3983 ng · h/mL, respectively) and non-responders (764 ng/mL and 3986 ng · h/mL, respectively)."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ticagrelor in patients with stable coronary artery disease: results from the ONSET-OFFSET and RESPOND studies. Bliden, K; Butler, K; Gurbel, PA; Husted, SE; Høimark, L; Storey, RF; Tantry, US; Teng, R; Wei, C, 2012)	0.38
" The compound design was based on modifications of ticagrelor and its major metabolite (33) in order to ameliorate their pharmacokinetic properties and dosing profile."	( Synthesis and biological evaluation of ticagrelor derivatives as novel antiplatelet agents. Kong, L; Liu, J; Sun, H; Yao, H; Zhang, H; Zhang, L, 2012)	0.38
" However, the reversible binding of ticagrelor to the P2Y(12) receptor requires a twice-daily dosing regimen."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of platelet adenosine diphosphate receptor antagonists and their clinical implications. Ferro, A; Floyd, CN; Passacquale, G, 2012)	0.62
"Six male dogs all received 7 different dosing regimens separated by 1-5week washout periods: cangrelor (1μg/kg/min, intravenous infusion); ticagrelor (0."	( Evaluation of ticagrelor pharmacodynamic interactions with reversibly binding or non-reversibly binding P2Y(12) antagonists in an ex-vivo canine model. Emanuelsson, BM; Ravnefjord, A; van Giezen, JJ; Weilitz, J, 2012)	0.38
" With clopidogrel dosed 3hours after ticagrelor, IPA was reduced after washout of ticagrelor to 38% at 24hrs vs."	( Evaluation of ticagrelor pharmacodynamic interactions with reversibly binding or non-reversibly binding P2Y(12) antagonists in an ex-vivo canine model. Emanuelsson, BM; Ravnefjord, A; van Giezen, JJ; Weilitz, J, 2012)	0.38
" Dose-response experiments in the isolated hearts of rats were used to evaluate the functional selectivity of INO-8875 for the slowing of A-V-nodal conduction."	( INO-8875, a highly selective A1 adenosine receptor agonist: evaluation of chronotropic, dromotropic, and hemodynamic effects in rats. Beharier, O; Dror, S; Etzion, Y; Katz, A; Mor, M; Moran, A; Pikovsky, O; Shalev, A, 2013)	0.67
" The comparator was standard dosage of clopidogrel."	( Comparing newer oral anti-platelets prasugrel and ticagrelor in reduction of ischemic events-evidence from a network meta-analysis. Chatterjee, S; Frankel, R; Ghose, A; Guha, G; Mukherjee, D; Sharma, A, 2013)	0.39
" At steady-state ticagrelor (50 mg bid, or 200 mg bid), concomitant aspirin (300 mg qd) had no effect on mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), median time to Cmax (tmax), or mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve for the dosing interval (AUC0-τ) for ticagrelor and its primary metabolite, AR-C124910XX."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ticagrelor co-administered with aspirin in healthy volunteers. Butler, K; Maya, J; Teng, R, 2013)	0.39
" Tolbutamide had no effect on the Cmax, area under the concentration curve over the 2-hour dosing interval (AUC0-τ), t1/2 or tmax of either ticagrelor or AR-C124910XX."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interaction between ticagrelor and tolbutamide, a cytochrome P450 2C9 substrate, in healthy volunteers. Butler, K; Mitchell, P; Teng, R, 2013)	0.39
" Moreover, inappropriate statin dosing restrictions (underdosing of simvastatin and lovastatin) were deliberately utilized in PLATO, potentially contributing to the beneficial effect of ticagrelor."	( Exploring the ticagrelor-statin interplay in the PLATO trial. Dinicolantonio, JJ; Serebruany, VL, 2013)	0.39
" For the oral dose, ticagrelor tablets were crushed using a mortar and pestle and transferred to a dosing cup."	( Evaluation of crushed ticagrelor tablet doses: recovery following crushing and naso-gastric tube passage ex vivo. Crean, B; Crosby, A; Finnie, C, 2013)	0.39
" Future studies are required to test the effect of crushed dosing on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters."	( Evaluation of crushed ticagrelor tablet doses: recovery following crushing and naso-gastric tube passage ex vivo. Crean, B; Crosby, A; Finnie, C, 2013)	0.39
" A review of data regarding aspirin use for secondary prevention of events in ACS demonstrated that low aspirin doses (75 to 160 mg/day) are consistently favored for short- and long-term use because of the lack of a dose-response relationship between increasing aspirin dose and improved efficacy, and a higher incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding with increasing aspirin dose."	( Aspirin, clopidogrel, and ticagrelor in acute coronary syndromes. Berger, JS, 2013)	0.39
" In contrast, on an oral dosage basis (mg/kg), prasugrel showed more potent platelet inhibition compared to ticagrelor on ex vivo aggregation and VASP phosphorylation assays in monkeys."	( Comparison of antiplatelet effects of prasugrel and ticagrelor in cynomolgus monkeys by an ELISA-based VASP phosphorylation assay and platelet aggregation. Jakubowski, JA; Mizuno, M; Ohno, K; Sugidachi, A; Tomizawa, A, 2013)	0.39
" Dans certaines situations de risque par contre, une adaption du dosage est conseillée pour minimiser les effets secondaires négatifs: Chez les patients de plus de 75 ans, et/ou d'un poids corporel de moins de 60 kg, une réduction du dosage de prasugrel est conseillée en raison d'un risque élevé d'hémorragie."	( [Thrombocyte aggregation inhibitors: what are the risks?]. Curkovic, I; Egbring, M; Kullak-Ublick, GA, 2013)	0.39
" In this situation, a number of alternatives to conventional dosing of clopidogrel have been investigated, including increasing the dosage of clopidogrel, switching from clopidogrel to either prasugrel or ticagrelor, or adding cilostazol to clopidogrel therapy."	( Treatment options for patients with poor clopidogrel response. Nawarskas, JJ; Roberts, DI, )	0.13
" A clear dose-response was obtained after spiking whole blood with increasing amounts of PRP."	( Reversal strategy in antagonizing the P2Y12 -inhibitor ticagrelor. Derhaschnig, U; Firbas, C; Hobl, EL; Jilma, B; Schoergenhofer, C; Schwameis, M, 2013)	0.39
"Clinicians may need to switch between more potent P2Y12 inhibitors because of adverse effects or switch to the use of a once-daily dosing regimen due to compliance issues."	( Pharmacodynamic evaluation of switching from ticagrelor to prasugrel in patients with stable coronary artery disease: Results of the SWAP-2 Study (Switching Anti Platelet-2). Angiolillo, DJ; Curzen, N; Effron, MB; Gurbel, P; Jakubowski, JA; Li, W; Lipkin, F; Trenk, D; Vaitkus, P; Zettler, M, 2014)	0.4
" Moreover, twice daily oral therapeutic dosage of 1 mg/kg of NAM significantly inhibited the paw swelling and disease progression even after the occurrence of experimental CIA."	( A novel IKKα inhibitor, noraristeromycin, blocks the chronic inflammation associated with collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Asamitsu, K; Hamano, T; Ito, M; Komatsu, T; Okamoto, T; Yamakawa, T, 2014)	0.4
" Bleeding times were >= 60 minutes in more Japanese than Caucasians with multiple dosing of 100 mg and 300 mg ticagrelor Adverse events were similar between groups (mild-to-moderate intensity)."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of single and multiple doses of ticagrelor in Japanese and Caucasian volunteers. Butler, K; Teng, R, 2014)	0.4
" Intriguingly, ATP had a biphasic effect on breast cancer cells-lower dosage inhibited but higher dosage promoted its migration."	( Differential impact of adenosine nucleotides released by osteocytes on breast cancer growth and bone metastasis. Ellies, LG; Gao, X; Jiang, JX; Riquelme, MA; Sun, LZ; Zhou, JZ, 2015)	0.73
" Adenosine enhanced photoreceptor Cx35 phosphorylation in daytime, but with a complex dose-response curve."	( Regulation of photoreceptor gap junction phosphorylation by adenosine in zebrafish retina. Chuang, AZ; Li, H; O'Brien, J, 2014)	1.55
"Twice daily dosing is often perceived as inferior to once daily dosing due to a higher likelihood of missing a dose."	( Projected inhibition of platelet aggregation with ticagrelor twice daily vs. clopidogrel once daily based on patient adherence data (the TWICE project). Claeys, MJ; Legrand, V; Van de Werf, F; Vandendriessche, E; Vrijens, B, 2014)	0.4
"Drug dosing histories of 5014 patients prescribed cardiovascular medications (primarily antihypertensive medicines) were extracted from an electronically compiled dosing history database."	( Projected inhibition of platelet aggregation with ticagrelor twice daily vs. clopidogrel once daily based on patient adherence data (the TWICE project). Claeys, MJ; Legrand, V; Van de Werf, F; Vandendriessche, E; Vrijens, B, 2014)	0.4
" This modelling and simulation study suggests a therapeutic benefit of ticagrelor over clopidogrel when taking into account the most common dosing omissions."	( Projected inhibition of platelet aggregation with ticagrelor twice daily vs. clopidogrel once daily based on patient adherence data (the TWICE project). Claeys, MJ; Legrand, V; Van de Werf, F; Vandendriessche, E; Vrijens, B, 2014)	0.4
" At the end of the dosing interval on day 28, mean final-extent IPA was 10."	( Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and safety of ticagrelor in Asian patients with stable coronary artery disease. Emanuelsson, H; Hiasa, Y; Teng, R, 2014)	0.4
"4 mg/kg) produced a downward shift in the cocaine dose-response curve under a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement and decreased the cocaine breaking point."	( On the role of adenosine (A)₂A receptors in cocaine-induced reward: a pharmacological and neurochemical analysis in rats. Filip, M; Fuxe, K; Gołembiowska, K; Kamińska, K; Suder, A; Wydra, K, 2015)	0.77
" Significant improvement in survival was observed after treatment with BCX4430 at 4 mg/kg of body weight per day dosed intraperitoneally (i."	( BCX4430, a novel nucleoside analog, effectively treats yellow fever in a Hamster model. Babu, YS; Bantia, S; Julander, JG; Kotian, P; Minning, DM; Morrey, JD; Sheridan, WP; Smee, DF; Taubenheim, BR, 2014)	0.4
" Coagulation biomarkers in shed blood were assessed at 3 h after monotherapy with the medicines under study, at 3 h after triple therapy dosing and at steady state trough conditions."	( Antithrombotic triple therapy and coagulation activation at the site of thrombus formation: a randomized trial in healthy subjects. Eichinger, S; Gouya, G; Kapiotis, S; Kyrle, PA; Litschauer, B; Mayer, P; Smerda, L; Weisshaar, S; Wolzt, M, 2014)	0.4
"In a dosage of 50 mg bid, eplerenone does not augment extracellular adenosine formation in healthy human subjects."	( The effect of eplerenone on adenosine formation in humans in vivo: a double-blinded randomised controlled study. Bilos, A; Deinum, J; Donders, AR; Riksen, NP; Rongen, GA; van den Berg, TN, 2014)	0.93
" In a double blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial in healthy volunteers, a single oral dosage of 180 mg ticagrelor reduced platelet-monocyte complex (PMC) formation."	( Differential effects of platelets and platelet inhibition by ticagrelor on TLR2- and TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses. de Groot, PG; de Mast, Q; Dinarello, CA; Fijnheer, R; Gasem, MH; Gomes, ME; Joosten, LA; Netea, MG; Riksen, N; Rongen, G; Tacke, S; Tunjungputri, RN; van de Veerdonk, FL; van den Berg, TN; van der Ven, AJ, 2015)	0.42
" The simulated human PBPK model successfully identified that intravenous administration of DZNep at appropriate dosing regimen could be further developed for human non-small cell lung carcinoma treatments."	( Preclinical pharmacokinetic studies of 3-deazaneplanocin A, a potent epigenetic anticancer agent, and its human pharmacokinetic prediction using GastroPlus™. Chan, E; Duan, X; Lee, L; Sun, F; Wang, X; Yu, Q; Zhang, Z, 2015)	0.42
"The aim of this study was to assess the impact of ticagrelor dosing regimens on pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles in patients on maintenance ticagrelor therapy."	( Pharmacodynamic Effects of Ticagrelor Dosing Regimens in Patients on Maintenance Ticagrelor Therapy: Results From a Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Investigation. Angiolillo, DJ; Bass, TA; Bhatti, M; Cho, JR; DeGroat, C; Dunn, EC; Ferrante, E; Franchi, F; Guzman, LA; Muniz-Lozano, A; Rollini, F; Suryadevara, S; Zenni, MM, 2015)	0.42
"Many patients on maintenance P2Y12-inhibiting therapies may require coronary revascularization procedures, raising a common clinical question with regard to the dosing regimen of the P2Y12-inhibiting agent to be used."	( Pharmacodynamic Effects of Ticagrelor Dosing Regimens in Patients on Maintenance Ticagrelor Therapy: Results From a Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Investigation. Angiolillo, DJ; Bass, TA; Bhatti, M; Cho, JR; DeGroat, C; Dunn, EC; Ferrante, E; Franchi, F; Guzman, LA; Muniz-Lozano, A; Rollini, F; Suryadevara, S; Zenni, MM, 2015)	0.42
"This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study assessing the PD effects of 2 dosing regimens of ticagrelor in patients on standard aspirin and ticagrelor maintenance therapy."	( Pharmacodynamic Effects of Ticagrelor Dosing Regimens in Patients on Maintenance Ticagrelor Therapy: Results From a Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Investigation. Angiolillo, DJ; Bass, TA; Bhatti, M; Cho, JR; DeGroat, C; Dunn, EC; Ferrante, E; Franchi, F; Guzman, LA; Muniz-Lozano, A; Rollini, F; Suryadevara, S; Zenni, MM, 2015)	0.42
" We sought to evaluate platelet reactivity during loading and maintenance dosing of ticagrelor versus clopidogrel, and the pharmacokinetic profile of ticagrelor and its metabolite AR-C124910XX, in black patients with stable CAD taking low-dose aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)."	( Ticagrelor Versus Clopidogrel in Black Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease: Prospective, Randomized, Open-Label, Multiple-Dose, Crossover Pilot Study. Angiolillo, DJ; Caplan, RJ; Carlson, GF; Ferdinand, KC; Maya, J; Teng, R; Waksman, R, 2015)	0.42
" In all patients, hyperemia had been achieved by intravenous adenosine administration using a dosage of 140 µg/kg/min."	( Differences between automatically detected and steady-state fractional flow reserve. Elsässer, A; Härle, T; Meyer, S; Vahldiek, F, 2016)	0.68
" Arms using different dosing schedules were merged."	( Efficacy of Adenosine in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A PRISMA-Compliant Meta-Analysis. Gao, Q; Guo, Y; Yang, B; Zheng, F, 2015)	0.8
"The purpose of the study was to examine effects of pre-treatment with a Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist (AZD8848) in allergic rhinitis and to evaluate clinical effects of two dosing regimens."	( Biological effects and clinical efficacy of a topical Toll-like receptor 7 agonist in seasonal allergic rhinitis: a parallel group controlled phase IIa study. Ahlström-Emanuelsson, C; Alenäs, M; Almqvist, G; Andersson, M; Cervin, A; Dolata, J; Greiff, L; Lindgren, S; Mårtensson, A; Widegren, H; Young, B, 2015)	0.42
"The present study sought to establish the dosage of intracoronary (IC) adenosine associated with minimal side effects and above which no further increase in flow can be expected."	( Intracoronary Adenosine: Dose-Response Relationship With Hyperemia. Adjedj, J; Barbato, E; De Bruyne, B; Di Gioia, G; Ferrara, A; Floré, V; Johnson, NP; Muller, O; Pellicano, M; Toth, GG, 2015)	1.01
"Despite the widespread adoption of IC adenosine in clinical practice, no wide-ranging, dose-response study has been conducted."	( Intracoronary Adenosine: Dose-Response Relationship With Hyperemia. Adjedj, J; Barbato, E; De Bruyne, B; Di Gioia, G; Ferrara, A; Floré, V; Johnson, NP; Muller, O; Pellicano, M; Toth, GG, 2015)	1.05
"This wide-ranging, dose-response study indicates that an IC adenosine bolus injection of 100 μg in the RCA and 200 μg in the LCA induces maximum hyperemia while being associated with minimal side effects."	( Intracoronary Adenosine: Dose-Response Relationship With Hyperemia. Adjedj, J; Barbato, E; De Bruyne, B; Di Gioia, G; Ferrara, A; Floré, V; Johnson, NP; Muller, O; Pellicano, M; Toth, GG, 2015)	1.02
" In mice dosed to complete P2Y12 inhibition, boosting coagulation by administration of rhFVIIa or rhFII within 90s after bleeding initiation can partly reverse ticagrelor-enhanced bleeding."	( Boosting the coagulation restores haemostasis in ticagrelor-treated mice. Hansson, K; Nelander, K; Nylander, S; Pehrsson, S, 2016)	0.43
" However, there are limited data available for instances when the recommended dosing regimen (6 mg, 12 mg, 12 mg) fails to terminate SVT."	( High-Dose Adenosine for Treatment of Refractory Supraventricular Tachycardia in an Emergency Department of an Academic Medical Center: A Case Report and Literature Review. Bailey, AM; Baum, RA; Humphries, RL; Rose, J, 2016)	0.84
" It is imperative that providers be aware of the limitations of adenosine and when it may be appropriate to deviate from standard dosing recommendations."	( High-Dose Adenosine for Treatment of Refractory Supraventricular Tachycardia in an Emergency Department of an Academic Medical Center: A Case Report and Literature Review. Bailey, AM; Baum, RA; Humphries, RL; Rose, J, 2016)	1.08
" The most common adverse events were infections and gastrointestinal events, and there was no cumulative intolerance over the 32-week dosing period."	( Treatment of Plaque-Type Psoriasis With Oral CF101: Data from a Phase II/III Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Trial. Benea, V; Bristol, DR; Cohen, S; Cosgarea, MR; Cristodor, P; David, M; Demerdjieva, ZV; Farbstein, M; Fishman, P; Gheorghe, N; Giurcaneanu, C; Gospodinov, DK; Harpaz, Z; Hitova, MC; Horia, B; Hristakieva, E; Kadurina, MI; Mateev, GS; Michael, Z; Morariu, HS; Nica, C; Patel, RV; Purcaru, AI; Ramon, M; Rotaru, M; Rusinova, MV; Silverman, MH; Simionescu, O; Solovastru, LG; Tsingov, II; Yankova, RK, 2016)	0.43
" Weight and dosing variability may in part explain the conflicting results of studies evaluating the clinical utility of adenosine in PVI."	( Determining the Optimal Dose of Adenosine for Unmasking Dormant Pulmonary Vein Conduction Following Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Electrophysiological and Hemodynamic Assessment. DORMANT-AF Study. Azzopardi, SM; Kalman, JM; Kistler, PM; Lee, G; Ling, LH; Mackin, V; Mariani, J; McGlade, D; McLellan, AJ; Nalliah, CJ; Pathik, B; Peck, KY; Phan, T; Prabhu, S; Taylor, AJ; Voskoboinik, A; Wong, GR, 2017)	0.95
" Newer P2Y12 antagonists with faster onset and greater inhibition of platelet activity have improved cardiovascular outcomes but have created uncertainty with the appropriate dosing when switching between agents."	( In-stent thrombosis when switching ticagrelor to clopidogrel after percutaneous coronary intervention. Brice, AE; Haynick, M; Hernandez, GA; Mendoza, CE; Sanchez, M, 2017)	0.46
" Future studies should investigate the optimal methodology, including dosage and waiting time between PVI and adenosine administration."	( Adenosine Testing After Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Kanagaratnam, A; Kumar, N; Phan, K; Phan, S; Wang, N, 2018)	2.14
"The optimal dosing of novel oral P2Y12 receptor platelet inhibitors such as prasugrel or ticagrelor is unclear and especially challenging in East Asians."	( A Prospective, Randomized, Open-Label, Blinded, Endpoint Study Exploring Platelet Response to Half-Dose Prasugrel and Ticagrelor in Patients with the Acute Coronary Syndrome: HOPE-TAILOR Study. Bang, J; Jin, C; Kim, MH; Serebruany, V, )	0.13
"AZD8848 is a TLR7 agonist antedrug developed for administration by inhalation dosing for the treatment of allergic diseases, such as asthma."	( Temporal cytokine and lymphoid responses to an inhaled TLR7 antedrug agonist in the cynomolgus monkey demonstrates potential safety and tolerability of this approach. Bell, J; Biffen, M; Delaney, S; Dymond, M; Keeling, D; Robinson, I; Zhang, H, 2018)	0.48
" Effective rabies antivirals for therapeutic use need to be molecules that can be dosed into the cerebrospinal fluid and that rapidly and potently block ongoing virus replication and as such stop the further spread of the virus."	( The path towards effective antivirals against rabies. Jochmans, D; Neyts, J, 2019)	0.51
" Simulation for dosage regimen was performed based on the final PK-PD model."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ticagrelor and AR-C124910XX in Chinese healthy male subjects. Liu, S; Shi, X; Sun, Z; Tian, X; Xue, L; Zhang, X; Zhu, Z, 2018)	0.48
" Simulation results indicated that a lower dosage regimen of 30 mg maintenance dose (MD) could produce an anticipated anti-platelet response in comparison to the routine clinical dosage regimen (180 mg loading dose (LD), 90 mg MD)."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ticagrelor and AR-C124910XX in Chinese healthy male subjects. Liu, S; Shi, X; Sun, Z; Tian, X; Xue, L; Zhang, X; Zhu, Z, 2018)	0.48
"Our study developed a population PK-PD model for ticagrelor and further simulation for dosage regimen was performed based on the final model."	( Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ticagrelor and AR-C124910XX in Chinese healthy male subjects. Liu, S; Shi, X; Sun, Z; Tian, X; Xue, L; Zhang, X; Zhu, Z, 2018)	0.48
" The Cmax and AUC(0-t) of the Ml and MP metabolites in male and female hamsters were increased with increasing dosage and were proportional to the dose."	( Preclinical pharmacokinetic study of a novel lipid-lowering agent, IMM-H007. Deng, XZ; Liu, WQ; Zhang, ZL, 2018)	0.48
" However, variability in dosing regimens does not allow definitive conclusions regarding noninferiority of IC approach compared to IV administration."	( Comparison of intracoronary versus intravenous adenosine-induced maximal hyperemia for fractional flow reserve measurement: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Abdel-Latif, A; Abo-Aly, M; Adams, C; Ahmed, AE; Lolay, G; Ziada, KM, 2019)	0.77
" DZNep inhibited JH synthesis in a dose-response fashion."	( Inhibition of juvenile hormone synthesis in mosquitoes by the methylation inhibitor 3-deazaneplanocin A (DZNep). Fernandez-Lima, F; Michalkova, V; Noriega, FG; Nouzova, M; Ramirez, CE, 2019)	0.51
" Mechanisms by which MSCs achieve therapeutic effects are theorized, though appropriate dosing and duration of these mechanisms in vivo warrant deeper investigation."	( Kinetics of MSC-based enzyme therapy for immunoregulation. Burr, A; Parekkadan, B, 2019)	0.51
"Such use of these models may allow for better dosing predictions for MSCs to be used therapeutically for chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, pancreatitis, and other systemic inflammatory response syndromes."	( Kinetics of MSC-based enzyme therapy for immunoregulation. Burr, A; Parekkadan, B, 2019)	0.51
"Adenosine was incrementally dosed until AV block occurred (maximum 200 mcg/kg up to 12 mg)."	( Impact of dipyridamole on adenosine dosing in pediatric and young adult patients after heart transplantation. Addonizio, LJ; Anderson, BR; Flyer, JN; Liberman, L; Richmond, ME; Satzer, MB; Silver, ES; Zuckerman, WA, 2020)	2.3
" The quantification of cylic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) allowed to establish a dose-response curve after receptor stimulation."	( Simultaneous quantification of 8 nucleotides and adenosine in cells and their medium using UHPLC-HRMS. Djerada, Z; Feliu, C; Peyret, H; Vautier, D, 2020)	1.1
"A dosage of 175 μg/kg/min adenosine results in a higher proportion of SSO, which may be an indirect marker of adequate coronary vasodilatation and simultaneously offers similar safety compared to the standard 140 μg/kg/min dosage."	( Splenic Switch-Off for Determining the Optimal Dosage for Adenosine Stress Cardiac MR in Terms of Stress Effectiveness and Patient Safety. Forschner, M; Giusca, S; Hagstotz, S; Hofmann, N; Kelle, S; Korosoglou, G; Nunninger, P; Schueler, M; Wolf, D, 2020)	1.1
" Higher doses (up to 720 μg) have been reported to optimize hyperaemic stimuli in small dose-response studies."	( High dose escalation of intracoronary adenosine in the assessment of fractional flow reserve: A retrospective cohort study. Hsieh, MY; Huang, CC; Jong, CB; Kao, HL; Lu, TS; Meng, SW; Wu, CC; Yan-Tyng Liu, P, 2020)	0.83
" This study looked to compare stress myocardial blood flow (MBF) and haemodynamic response with different dosing regimens of adenosine during stress perfusion CMR in patients and healthy controls."	( A comparison of standard and high dose adenosine protocols in routine vasodilator stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance: dosage affects hyperaemic myocardial blood flow in patients with severe left ventricular systolic impairment. Brown, LAE; Craven, T; Dall'Armellina, E; Das, A; Greenwood, JP; Kellman, P; Knott, KD; Levelt, E; Moon, JC; Plein, S; Saunderson, CED; Swoboda, PP; Xue, H, 2021)	1.1
" We describe utilizing the recall antigen assay platform to screen small molecule drug off-target effects on memory T cell expansion/function using a dosing regimen based on adenosine treatment."	( Adenosine-related small molecules show utility of recall antigen assay to screen compounds for off-target effects on memory T cells. Daftarian, PM; George, MV; Kleiman, E; Magcase, D; Mao, B; Sierra, G, 2021)	2.26
" We found that mean (standard deviation) recovery of RDV at 6 hours after dosing was low in both the ECMO (33."	( Remdesivir and GS-441524 Extraction by Ex Vivo Extracorporeal Life Support Circuits. Green, DJ; Imburgia, CE; Kelley, WE; Mcknite, AM; Reilly, CA; Rower, JE; Watt, KM, 2022)	0.72
" Study 1 evaluated the safety and tolerability of IM galidesivir over single day dosing, single day dosing ± lidocaine, and 7-day dosing with lidocaine."	( Pharmacokinetics and Safety of the Nucleoside Analog Antiviral Drug Galidesivir Administered to Healthy Adult Subjects. Collins, D; Dobo, S; Mathis, A; Sheridan, WP; Taylor, R; Walling, DM, 2022)	0.72
" A dosing interval of 8 h was considered clinically relevant and used to calculate steady-state plasma concentrations of GS-441524."	( Nucleoside analog GS-441524: pharmacokinetics in different species, safety, and potential effectiveness against Covid-19. Hansen, PR; Rasmussen, HB; Thomsen, R, 2022)	0.72
" In vivo, African green monkeys (AGM) orally dosed with GS-441524 yielded low plasma levels due to limited oral bioavailability of <10%."	( Intravenous delivery of GS-441524 is efficacious in the African green monkey model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Babusis, D; Bannister, R; Barrett, K; Bilello, JP; Cihlar, T; Kajon, A; Lu, X; Lye, D; Ma, B; Mackman, R; Pitts, J; Porter, DP; Riola, N; Shi, PY; Smith, BJ; Subramanian, R; Toteva, M; Vermillion, MS; Xie, X; Zhao, X, 2022)	0.72
" Alternative dosing regimens were evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations."	( Population Pharmacokinetics of Remdesivir and GS-441524 in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. Bosma, LBE; Leegwater, E; Moes, DJAR; Ottens, TH; van der Meer, IM; van Nieuwkoop, C; Wilms, EB, 2022)	0.72
" Our data showed that adenosine at dosage of 1, 10, and 20 μM had no influence on the cell viability of ECs."	( Adenosine improves LPS-induced ROS expression and increasing in monolayer permeability of endothelial cell via acting on A2AR. Chen, B; Fan, W; Lu, W; Neng, L; Wang, Y; Zhang, J; Zuo, B, 2022)	2.48
" Subsequently, the dosage was increased by 20 mcg/kg/min every 2 min to a maximum of 210 mcg/kg/min until an adequate stress response was achieved."	( Inadequate response to adenosine infusion during cardiac stress magnetic resonance imaging. Barthur, A; Ganga, K; Gupta, S; Nagaraja, PS; Prabhakar, V; Simha, PP; Singh, NG, )	0.44
" Cordycepin at dosage of 20 mg/kg also increased the TH level in SN."	( Cordycepin improved the cognitive function through regulating adenosine A Han, YY; Huang, SY; Li, CH; Liu, L; Mai, ZF; Shang, YJ; Su, ZY; Zeng, ZW, 2023)	1.15
"A fixed dose of ticagrelor, without adjusting the dosing regimen other than covariates of FOOD/WT/SEX, could be used in patients with acute coronary syndromes, and the standard regimen could be used in Chinese patients from the perspective of exposure."	( Integrated Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics Model and Simulation of the Ticagrelor Effect on Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome. Cui, Y; Guo, L; Guo, N; Huang, J; Huang, Y; Jiang, J; Li, J; Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Mu, G; Song, H; Wang, Z; Xiang, Q; Xie, Q; Yang, G; Yuan, D; Zhang, H; Zhou, S, 2023)	0.91