aldosterone profile

dehydrodiisoeugenol: an isoeugenol dimer, inhibits lipopolysaccharide-stimulated nuclear factor kappa B activation and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in macrophages; structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	5379033
CHEMBL ID	2442730
SCHEMBL ID	2871103
MeSH ID	M0000686
PubMed CID	5839
CHEMBL ID	273453
CHEBI ID	27584
SCHEMBL ID	1675
MeSH ID	M0000686

Synonym
nsc 16743
phenol, 4-(2,3-dihydro-7-methoxy-3-methyl-5-propenyl-2-benzofuranyl)-2-methoxy-
phenol, 4-(2,3-dihydro-7-methoxy-3-methyl-5-(1-propenyl)-2-benzofuranyl)-2-methoxy-
diisoeugenol, dehydro-
dehydrodiisoeugenol
isoeugenol, dehydrodi-
2680-81-1
licarin a
BMSE010228 ,
2-methoxy-4-(7-methoxy-3-methyl-5-propenyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-2-yl) phenol
AC1NTDZA ,
2-methoxy-4-[7-methoxy-3-methyl-5-[(e)-prop-1-enyl]-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl]phenol
S9098
CHEMBL2442730
dehrodiisoeugenol
CCG-223449
SCHEMBL2871103
23518-30-1
AC-34580
Q-100937
ITDOFWOJEDZPCF-AATRIKPKSA-N
2-methoxy-4-(7-methoxy-3-methyl-5-[(1e)-1-propenyl]-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl)phenol #
phenol, 4-[2,3-dihydro-7-methoxy-3-methyl-5-(1-propenyl)-2-benzofuranyl]-2-methoxy-
2-methoxy-4-[7-methoxy-3-methyl-5-[(e)-prop-1-enyl]-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-2-yl]phenol
AKOS030530346
mfcd13194820
83377-50-8
EX-A4978
4-[(2r,3r)-2,3-dihydro-7-methoxy-3-methyl-5-[(e)-1-propenyl]benzofuran-2-yl]-2-methoxyphenol
HY-N0589
CS-0009602
2-methoxy-4-(7-methoxy-3-methyl-5-(prop-1-en-1-yl)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-2-yl)phenol
MS-24875
BIDD:ER0511
gtpl2872
(11beta)-11,21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al
11beta,21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al
CHEBI:27584 ,
11beta,21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-pregn-4-ene-18-al
LMST02030026
aldocortene
nsc73856
(+)-aldosterone
elektrocortin
pregn-4-en-18-al,21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-, (11.beta.)-
18-oxocorticosterone
nsc-73856
reichstein x
d-aldosterone
aldocorten
aldosterone [inn:ban:dcf]
aldosterona [inn-spanish]
pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, 11-beta,18-epoxy-18,21-dihydroxy-
11-beta,21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al
11-beta-18-epoxy-18,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione
aldosteronum [inn-latin]
brn 3224996
pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, 11beta,18-epoxy-18,21-dihydroxy-
pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, 11,18-epoxy-18,21-dihydroxy-, (11-beta)-
einecs 200-139-9
MLS001333164
smr000857170
MLS001333163
nsc 73856
11beta,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,18,20-trione
11beta,21-dihydroxy-3,20-diketo-4-pregnen-18-al
18-formyl-11beta,21-dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione
11beta,21-dihydroxy-3,20-diketopregn-4-ene-18-al
pregn-4-en-18-al, 11,21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-, (11beta)-
11beta,21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-4-pregnen-18-al, 18,11-halbacetal
52-39-1
C01780
ALDOSTERONE ,
11beta,21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-4-pregnen-18-al
11.beta.,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,18,20-trione
aldocortin
electrocortin
(8s,9s,10r,11s,13r,14s,17s)-11-hydroxy-17-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-10-methyl-3-oxo-1,2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-13-carbaldehyde
aldosterone, >=95% (hplc)
DB04630
NCGC00164236-01
CHEMBL273453
sr-01000838883
SR-01000838883-2
4-08-00-03491 (beilstein handbook reference)
4964p6t9rb ,
11,13-(epoxymethano)-13h-cyclopenta(a)phenanthrene, pregn-4-ene-3,20-deriv.
unii-4964p6t9rb
aldosterona
aldosteronum
HMS2233D14
18-aldocorticosterone
(11beta)-11,21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-pregn-4-en-18-al
11b,21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-pregn-4-en-18-al
gtpl3452
[3h]-aldosterone
aldosterone [inn]
aldosterone [mart.]
aldosterone [who-dd]
aldosterone [mi]
bdbm19214
[3h]aldosterone
(1s,2r,10s,11s,14s,15r,17s)-17-hydroxy-14-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-2-methyl-5-oxotetracyclo[8.7.0.0;{2,7}.0;{11,15}]heptadec-6-ene-15-carbaldehyde
SCHEMBL1675
aldosterone (inn)
D10528
pregn-4-en-18-al, 11,21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-, (11b)-
AKOS024462706
DTXSID7022419
AS-69489
11-hydroxy-17-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-10-methyl-3-oxo-1,2,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-13-carbaldehyde
(11b)-11,21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-pregn-4-en-18-al
delta-aldosterone
11,21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al
11beta,21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-pregn-4-en-18-al
18-ketocorticosterone
(11alpha,14beta,17alpha)-11,21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al
'(11beta)-11,21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al'
Q184564
HY-113313
CS-0059576
aldosterone 100 microg/ml in acetonitrile
(8S,9S,10R,11S,13R,14S,17S)-11-HYDROXY-17-(2-HYDROXYACETYL)-10-METHYL-3-OXO-1,2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16,17-TETRADECAHYDRO-13H-CYCLOPENTA[A]PHENANTHRENE-13-CARBALDEHYDE

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone responsible for maintaining fluid volume, electrolyte balance, and blood pressure homeostasis."	( The role of lipid second messengers in aldosterone synthesis and secretion. Bollag, WB; Spaulding, SC, 2022)	1.71
"Aldosterone (ALD) is a steroid hormone secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex that mainly acts on the kidney to regulate sodium ion and water reabsorption. "	( Creation of a quick and sensitive fluorescent immunosensor for detecting the mineralocorticoid steroid hormone aldosterone. Dong, H; Dong, J; Gomez-Sanchez, CE; Inagaki, T; Jiang, G; Liang, J; Ueda, H; Wang, H; Yi, Z, 2022)	2.38
"Aldosterone is a critical pathological driver for cardiac and renal diseases. "	( MANP Activation Of The cGMP Inhibits Aldosterone Via PDE2 And CYP11B2 In H295R Cells And In Mice. Burnett, JC; Cardarelli, S; Chen, Y; Iyer, SR; Lee, HC; Ma, X; Naro, F; Nikolaev, VO; Pellegrini, M, 2022)	2.44
"Aldosterone is considered to be a link between hypertension and obesity; obese individuals have high serum levels of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). "	( Phospholipase D mediates very low-density lipoprotein-induced aldosterone production, in part, via lipin-1. Bollag, WB; Choudhary, V; Spaulding, SC, 2023)	2.59
"High aldosterone is a key driver of hypertension and long-term negative sequelae. "	( CYP11B2 inhibitor dexfadrostat phosphate suppresses the aldosterone-to-renin ratio, an indicator of sodium retention, in healthy volunteers. Brooks, A; Brunner, HR; Groessl, M; Hossack, S; Mulatero, P; Schumacher, C; Steele, RE; Vogt, B, 2023)	1.67
"The aldosterone/renin ratio is an important tool for PA screening, and dynamic testing in serum or urine is used to confirm the diagnosis."	( A Novel Enzymatic Hydrolysis Method for Urine Aldosterone Quantification: A Case for Reassessing Clinical Cut-Offs of Primary Aldosteronism. Beriault, DR; Delaney, SR; Yazdanpanah, M, 2023)	1.65
"Aldosterone is a steroid hormone produced in the zona glomerulosa (ZG) of the adrenal cortex. "	( Ca Dinh, HA; Scholl, UI; Stölting, G, 2023)	2.35
"Aldosterone is a key component of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS). "	( Evaluation of Possible Association between Serum Levels of Aldosterone and Cortisol with Clinical Symptoms Progression in COVID-19 Suspicious Outpatients Tested for SARS-CoV2 RT-PCR: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study. Adelipour, M; Golabi, S; Maghsoudi, F; Mobarak, S; Naghashpour, M; Piri, M; Seyedtabib, M, 2023)	2.6
"Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone, as its main renal effect has been considered as electrolyte and water homeostasis in the distal tubule, thus maintaining blood pressure and extracellular fluid homeostasis through the activation of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in epithelial cells. "	( Role of Aldosterone in Renal Fibrosis. Che, RC; Shrestha, A; Zhang, AH, 2019)	2.39
"Aldosterone is a key risk factor promoting inflammation and fibrosis causing cardio-renal failure."	( Mitigating risk of aldosterone in diabetic kidney disease. Frimodt-Møller, M; Persson, F; Rossing, P, 2020)	1.61
"Aldosterone is an important driver of inflammation and fibrosis leading to renal and cardiovascular complications. "	( Mitigating risk of aldosterone in diabetic kidney disease. Frimodt-Møller, M; Persson, F; Rossing, P, 2020)	2.33
"Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone that participates in the regulation of electrolyte balance, blood pressure, and tissue remodeling."	( Endothelial Dysfunction in Primary Aldosteronism. Chen, ZW; Chou, CH; Hung, CS; Liao, CW; Lin, YH; Pan, CT; Tsai, CH; Wu, VC, 2019)	1.24
"Aldosterone is a steroid hormone regulating fluid and electrolyte homeostasis and is known to increase the risk of atherosclerosis. "	( Serum Aldosterone Concentration, Blood Pressure, and Coronary Artery Calcium: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Allison, M; Goldwater, D; Inoue, K; Kestenbaum, BR; Seeman, T; Watson, KE, 2020)	2.48
"Aldosterone is a mediator of progressive renal disease, but the mechanisms for aldosterone-mediated renal impairment in mice with diabetes are not fully defined."	( miR-196b-5p-enriched extracellular vesicles from tubular epithelial cells mediated aldosterone-induced renal fibrosis in mice with diabetes. Gao, R; Ge, Q; Hu, J; Hu, R; Li, Q; Li, X; Luo, T; Ma, L; Peng, C; Qing, H; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Wu, C; Xiao, X; Yang, J; Yang, S; Young, MJ, 2020)	2.23
"Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone that controls body fluid and electrolyte balance. "	( Aldosterone, Inflammation, Immune System, and Hypertension. Ferreira, NS; Paradis, P; Schiffrin, EL; Tostes, RC, 2021)	3.51
"Aldosterone 1 is a mineralocorticoid, it has great influence on the blood pressure and its glucuronide is an important marker for the detection of several diseases. "	( Aldosterone Glucuronide, an Important Biomarker: Synthesis and Structure Elucidation of Novel Isomers. Guha, S; Senthilkumar, S; Tietze, LF; Voß, E, 2020)	3.44
"Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that regulates blood pressure and cardiovascular function by acting on renal and vascular mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) to promote sodium retention and modulate endothelial function. "	( Mineralocorticoid receptors in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and related disorders: from basic studies to clinical disease. Jia, G; Lockette, W; Sowers, JR, 2021)	2.06
"Aldosterone (Ald) is a crucial factor in maintaining electrolyte and water homeostasis. "	( Aldosterone signaling defect in young infants: single-center report and review. Chen, Q; Du, M; Guo, S; Li, Y; Ma, H; Wijaya, M; Zhang, J, 2021)	3.51
"Aldosterone is a major mineralocorticoid hormone that plays a key role in the regulation of blood pressure and is implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension and heart failure."	( Salt-dependent Blood Pressure in Human Aldosterone Synthase-Transgenic Mice. Du, N; Du, Y; Gu, H; Kowala, MC; Ma, Z; Shatara, A; Wang, J; Yi, X; Zhu, T, 2017)	1.45
"Aldosterone is a uniquely terrestrial hormone, first appearing in lungfish, which have both gills and lungs. "	( Aldosterone and Mineralocorticoid Receptors-Physiology and Pathophysiology. Funder, JW, 2017)	3.34
"Aldosterone is a key factor in adverse cardiovascular remodeling by acting on the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in different cell types. "	( Endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptors oppose VEGF-induced gene expression and angiogenesis. Bode, C; Deng, L; Esser, JS; Fürst, D; Hein, L; Huck, M; Kowalski, J; Lother, A; Moser, M, 2019)	1.96
"Aldosterone is a key component in this process."	( Spironolactone and perioperative atrial fibrillation occurrence in cardiac surgery patients: Rationale and design of the ALDOCURE trial. Alexandre, J; Allouche, S; Beygui, F; Buklas, D; Chequel, M; Cholley, B; Dolladille, C; Fellahi, JL; Fischer, MO; Legallois, D; Milliez, P; Ollitrault, P; Parienti, JJ; Rozec, B; Saplacan, V, 2019)	1.24
"Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone with various direct harmful effects on the myocardium, including increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which contributes significantly to cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiac aging."	( Adrenal βarrestin1 targeting for tobacco-associated cardiac dysfunction treatment: Aldosterone production as the mechanistic link. Lymperopoulos, A; Mitaishvili, E; Solesio, ME, 2019)	1.46
"Aldosterone is a downstream effector of angiotensin II in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and binds to the mineralocorticoid receptor. "	( Aldosterone receptor antagonists: current perspectives and therapies. Ahmed, MI; Calhoun, DA; Clark, D; Guichard, JL, 2013)	3.28
"Aldosterone appears to be a main marker of adverse clinical outcome, in accordance with the literature."	( Prognostic role of aldosterone in patients with acute coronary syndrome: short and medium term follow-up. Arnone, G; Arnone, MT; Assennato, P; Corrado, E; Mignano, A; Novo, G; Novo, S; Pitruzzella, V; Rotolo, A, 2014)	1.45
"Aldosterone breakthrough is a frequent event 1 year after initiating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade, particularly in participants exposed to intensive lowering of BP with sodium depletion and short-acting angiotensin II receptor blockers. "	( Determinants and changes associated with aldosterone breakthrough after angiotensin II receptor blockade in patients with type 2 diabetes with overt nephropathy. Bakris, G; Esnault, VL; Fafin, C; Favre, G; Moranne, O; Pradier, C, 2013)	2.1
"Aldosterone is a key regulator of Na(+) conservation in the distal nephron, largely through multiple mechanisms that modulate the activity of the epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC)."	( Rapid aldosterone actions on epithelial sodium channel trafficking and cell proliferation. Harvey, BJ; Quinn, S; Thomas, W, 2014)	1.6
"Aldosterone is a steroid hormone synthesized in and secreted from the outer layer of the adrenal cortex, the zona glomerulosa. "	( Regulation of aldosterone synthesis and secretion. Bollag, WB, 2014)	2.21
"A aldosterone is a component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, classically known for its role in sodium and water retention. "	( Aldosterone: a cardiometabolic risk hormone? Bressan, J; Eloiza Priore, S; Feliciano Pereira, P, 2014)	2.57
"Aldosterone is a major regulator of Na(+) absorption and acts primarily by controlling the epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) function at multiple levels including transcription. "	( Regulation of αENaC transcription. Chen, L; Zhang, W; Zhang, X, 2015)	1.86
"Aldosterone is a steroid hormone important in the regulation of blood pressure. "	( Calpain-10 Activity Underlies Angiotensin II-Induced Aldosterone Production in an Adrenal Glomerulosa Cell Model. Bollag, WB; Schnellmann, RG; Seremwe, M, 2015)	2.11
"Aldosterone is a steroid hormone secreted from the adrenal cortex, which regulates blood pressure. "	( Ginsenoside Rg1 reduces aldosterone-induced autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR pathway in NRK-52E cells. Fan, JM; Furhad, M; Liu, YH; Mao, N; Tan, RZ; Wang, HL; Wang, L; Wen, J, 2015)	2.17
"Aldosterone is an inverse predictor of mortality and CV events in ESRD patients. "	( Aldosterone, mortality, cardiovascular events and reverse epidemiology in end stage renal disease. Abd ElHafeez, S; Mallamaci, F; Tripepi, G; Zoccali, C, 2015)	3.3
"Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid steroid hormone, the measurement of which in the clinical laboratory is principally performed for the investigation of primary hyperaldosteronism. "	( Measurement of serum aldosterone in picomolar level by LC-MS/MS using charge-tagged technique. Fong, BM; Siu, TS; Tam, S, 2015)	2.18
"Aldosterone (Aldo) is an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD), and although Aldo directly induces renal tubular cell injury, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. "	( Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation contributes to aldosterone-induced renal tubular cells injury. Ding, F; Ding, W; Guo, H; Wang, B; Xu, C; Zhang, M, 2016)	2.1
"Aldosterone is an important factor supporting placental growth and fetal development. "	( Placental expression of the angiogenic placental growth factor is stimulated by both aldosterone and simulated starvation. Albrecht, C; Baumann, M; Currie, G; Delles, C; Dick, B; Eisele, N; Escher, G; Gennari-Moser, C; Mistry, HD; Mohaupt, MG; Surbek, D, 2016)	2.1
"Aldosterone (ALD) is a well‑known hormone, which may initiate renal injury by inducing mesangial cell (MC) injury in chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, the molecular mechanism remains unknown. "	( Effects of p53 on aldosterone-induced mesangial cell apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. Gan, W; He, Y; Shi, H; Yang, M; Zhang, A, 2016)	2.21
"Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone produced in the adrenal glands and plays a role in the maintenance of key ion pumps, including the Na-K(+)-Cl co-transporter 1 or NKCC1, which is involved in homeostatic maintenance of the endocochlear potential."	( Long-term treatment with aldosterone slows the progression of age-related hearing loss. Ding, B; Frisina, RD; Halonen, J; Hinton, AS; Walton, JP; Zhu, X, 2016)	1.46
"Aldosterone is an important mediator of cardiovascular and renal remodeling. "	( Increased aldosterone levels in a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Birner, C; Endemann, DH; Fredersdorf, S; Heitzmann, D; Luchner, A; Muders, F; Resch, M; Riegger, GA; Schmid, P; Stoelcker, B; Ulucan, C; Weil, J, 2009)	2.2
"Aldosterone is an adrenal hormone that regulates sodium, fluid, and potassium balance. "	( Aldosterone and cardiovascular disease. Calhoun, DA; Gaddam, KK; Husain, S; Pimenta, E, 2009)	3.24
"Aldosterone is a key regulator of electrolyte and water homeostasis and plays a central role in blood pressure regulation. "	( Hyperaldosteronism in pregnancy. Escher, G, 2009)	1.8
"Aldosterone is a key biological peptide in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system that regulates blood pressure."	( Aldosterone stimulates the proliferation of uterine leiomyoma cells. Isobe, A; Kimura, T; Li, B; Sakata, M; Takeda, T; Tsuiji, K; Wakabayashi, A; Yaegashi, N, 2010)	2.52
"Aldosterone is a prerequisite for this action."	( Pathogenesis of hypertension: interactions among sodium, potassium, and aldosterone. Büssemaker, E; Hausberg, M; Hillebrand, U; Oberleithner, H; Pavenstädt, H, 2010)	1.31
"Aldosterone (Aldo) is a major sodium-retaining hormone that reduces renal sodium excretion and also stimulates sodium appetite. "	( mPGES-1 deletion impairs aldosterone escape and enhances sodium appetite. Aoyagi, T; Jia, Z; Kohan, DE; Yang, T, 2010)	2.11
"Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that signals through renal mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) to regulate blood pressure."	( Placental growth factor mediates aldosterone-dependent vascular injury in mice. Aronovitz, M; Carmeliet, P; Ehsan, A; Jaffe, IZ; McGraw, AP; Mendelsohn, ME; Mohammad, NN; Newfell, BG; Perreault, RE, 2010)	1.36
"Aldosterone acts as a growth factor in many tissues, whereas cortisol inhibits growth."	( Regulation of placental growth by aldosterone and cortisol. Baumann, MU; Escher, G; Frey, BM; Frey, FJ; Gennari-Moser, C; Karumanchi, SA; Khankin, EV; Lehmann, AD; Mohaupt, MG; Portmann, CB; Schüller, S; Surbek, D, 2011)	1.37
"1. Aldosterone is a hormone that affects both blood pressure and glucose homeostasis. "	( Association of the aldosterone synthase gene -344T>C polymorphism with essential hypertension and glucose homeostasis: a case-control study in a Han Chinese population. Chen, HY; Gao, X; Li, XM; Ling, Y; Liu, Y; Lu, DR; Lu, ZQ; Yi, QL, 2011)	1.32
"Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone synthesized by the adrenal glands that has several regulatory functions to help the body maintain normal volume status and electrolyte balance. "	( Aldosterone and aldosterone receptor antagonists in patients with chronic heart failure. Nappi, JM; Sieg, A, 2011)	3.25
"Aldosterone (Aldo) is an important active hormone in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and plays a vital role in the development of hypertension, heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases. "	( Endogenous aldosterone is involved in vascular calcification in rat. Cai, Y; Jia, LX; Qi, YF; Tang, CS; Wang, X; Wu, SY; Xiao, CS; Yu, YR, 2012)	2.21
"Aldosterone antagonists are an important pharmacologic therapy in the neurohormonal blockade necessary in the treatment of systolic heart failure. "	( Aldosterone antagonists in heart failure. Alvarez, RJ; Miller, SE, )	3.02
"Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid steroid hormone whose measurement in the clinical laboratory is principally performed for the investigation of primary hyperaldosteronism. "	( Quantitation of aldosterone in human plasma by ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Carter, S; Hinchliffe, E; Keevil, BG; Owen, LJ, 2013)	2.18
"Aldosterone is a major mineralocorticoid hormone that plays a key role in the regulation of electrolyte balance and blood pressure. "	( Structural insights into aldosterone synthase substrate specificity and targeted inhibition. Arrowsmith, CH; Edwards, AM; Gilep, AA; Park, HW; Shen, L; Strushkevich, N; Usanov, SA, 2013)	2.14
"Aldosterone is a key regulator of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and stimulates protein methylation on the β-subunit of the ENaC. "	( The migratory capacity of human trophoblastic BeWo cells: effects of aldosterone and the epithelial sodium channel. Assef, YA; Kotsias, BA; Marino, GI, 2013)	2.07
"The aldosterone/rennin ratio is a robust screening test with a high sensitivity and specificity, but in South Africa this should be combined with an absolute aldosterone level because of the high incidence of low-renin hypertension in Blacks."	( Screening and diagnosis of primary aldosteronism. Rayner, BL, )	0.61
"The aldosterone receptor is a transcriptional factor and the pathways that lead to aldosterone-induced fibrosis are multiple."	( Molecular mechanisms of myocardial remodeling. The role of aldosterone. Delcayre, C; Swynghedauw, B, 2002)	1.04
"Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid with protean actions in both epithelial and nonepithelial cells. "	( Aldosteronism revisited: perspectives on less well-recognized actions of aldosterone. Weber, KT, 2003)	1.99
"Aldosterone is an important and independent target for therapeutic intervention in hypertension and hypertension-related diseases. "	( Aldosterone receptor antagonists for hypertension: what do they offer? Krum, H; Liew, D, 2003)	3.2
"Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone that regulates blood pressure and salt/water balance. "	( Aldosterone inhibits uncoupling protein-1, induces insulin resistance, and stimulates proinflammatory adipokines in adipocytes. Fasshauer, M; Jäger, J; Klein, J; Kraus, D; Meier, B, 2005)	3.21
"Aldosterone hormone is a mineralocorticoid secreted by adrenal gland cortex and controls serum sodium (Na(+)) and potassium (K(+)) levels. "	( Higher serum aldosterone correlates with lower hearing thresholds: a possible protective hormone against presbycusis. Frisina, DR; Frisina, RD; Frisina, ST; Mapes, F; Tadros, SF, 2005)	2.14
"Aldosterone is a major regulator of epithelial Na(+) absorption. "	( Aldosterone-sensitive repression of ENaCalpha transcription by a histone H3 lysine-79 methyltransferase. Jalal, DI; Kone, BC; Kuncewicz, T; Lesage, GD; Xia, X; Xu, W; Zhang, W, 2006)	3.22
"Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid primarily produced in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland. "	( Aldosterone receptor antagonists and cardiovascular disease: do we need a change of the guard? Dostal, DE; Jewell, CW; Mock, J; Watson, LE, 2006)	3.22
"Aldosterone is a major regulator of epithelial Na(+) absorption and acts in large part through induction of the epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) gene in the renal collecting duct. "	( Dot1a-AF9 complex mediates histone H3 Lys-79 hypermethylation and repression of ENaCalpha in an aldosterone-sensitive manner. Hemenway, CS; Kone, BC; Reisenauer, MR; Xia, X; Zhang, W, 2006)	1.99
"Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone that plays an important role in regulating electrolyte balance and blood pressure and also participates in endothelial dysfunction. "	( Aldosterone impairs vascular endothelial cell function. Hashikabe, Y; Hattori, Y; Jojima, T; Suzuki, K; Uchida, K, 2006)	3.22
"Aldosterone is an important mediator of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) that plays a major role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease as well as regulation of extracellular fluid volume and potassium. "	( Cardiovascular effects of aldosterone and post-acute myocardial infarction pathophysiology. Cohn, JN; Colucci, W, 2006)	2.08
"Aldosterone is a well-recognized cardiovascular risk (CVR) factor and is related to inflammatory processes."	( Serum aldosterone concentration and cardiovascular risk in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Cascella, T; Colao, A; Di Biase, S; Giallauria, F; Labella, D; Lombardi, G; Manguso, F; Orio, F; Palomba, S; Tauchmanovà, L; Vigorito, C, 2006)	1.54
"The aldosterone/renin ratio is a valid screening and sodium loading a valid confirmation test in GRA. "	( A German family with glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism. Altenhenne, C; Büchner, NJ; Dekomien, G; Epplen, JT; Hofebauer, S; Maser-Gluth, C; Rump, LC; Sellin, L; Vonend, O; Weiner, SM, 2007)	0.9
"As aldosterone is a substrate of the ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein) efflux transporter, whose expression and activity has been shown to be linked to the ABCB1 3435C-->T polymorphism, we tested the impact of the ABCB1 3435C-->T polymorphism on aldosterone disposition, blood pressure, cardiac structure, and kidney function."	( MDR1 genotype-dependent regulation of the aldosterone system in humans. Fromm, MF; Jacobi, J; Pahl, A; Schmieder, RE; Zolk, O, 2007)	1.12
"Aldosterone is an important mediator in the pathogenesis of heart failure, and increased plasma aldosterone levels are associated with a poor prognosis. "	( Drug insight: aldosterone-receptor antagonists in heart failure--the journey continues. Francis, GS; Kalidindi, SR; Tang, WH, 2007)	2.14
"Aldosterone is an important cardiovascular hormone; 15% of hypertensive subjects have alteration in aldosterone regulation, defined by a raised ratio of aldosterone to renin (ARR). "	( Phenotypic consequences of variation across the aldosterone synthase and 11-beta hydroxylase locus in a hypertensive cohort: data from the MRC BRIGHT Study. Brown, M; Caulfield, M; Clayton, D; Connell, JM; Davies, E; Dominiczak, AF; Farrall, M; Fraser, R; Freel, EM; Friel, EC; Ingram, M; Munroe, P; Samani, NJ; Webster, J, 2007)	2.04
"Aldosterone is a crucial modulator of ion transport across high resistance epithelia and regulates whole body electrolyte balance through its effects on the kidney and colon. "	( Rapid responses to aldosterone in the kidney and colon. Alzamora, R; Harvey, BJ; Irnaten, M; McEneaney, V; Stubbs, AK; Thomas, W, 2008)	2.12
"Aldosterone is an important pathogenetic factor, independent of the renin-angiotensin system in cardiovascular and renal disease. "	( Aldosterone breakthrough during angiotensin II receptor blockade in hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus. Karashima, S; Oda, N; Takata, H; Takeda, Y; Usukura, M; Yamagishi, M; Yamamoto, Y; Yoneda, T, 2007)	3.23
"Aldosterone is an important regulator of Na(+) and K(+) transport in the distal nephron modulating the surface expression of transporters through the action of the mineralocorticoid receptor as a ligand-dependent transcription factor. "	( Aldosterone-induced signalling and cation transport in the distal nephron. Harvey, BJ; McEneaney, V; Thomas, W, 2008)	3.23
"Aldosterone is a pro-inflammatory factor that can participate in the vascular inflammatory process associated with different pathologies including hypertension through activation of the NFkappaB system, which mediates the vascular production of different cytokines."	( Aldosterone and the vascular system. Ballesteros, S; Cachofeiro, V; de Las Heras, N; Fernández-Tresguerres, J; Lahera, V; Martín-Fernández, B; Miana, M, 2008)	2.51
"Aldosterone is a mineral corticoid hormone that is produced in response to angiotensin-II, and like angiotensin-II, stimulates inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis by activating nuclear factor-kappaB and activating protein-1. "	( Crosstalk between the heme oxygenase system, aldosterone, and phospholipase C in hypertension. Jadhav, A; Lane, N; Ndisang, JF, 2008)	2.05
"Aldosterone is a kaliuretic hormone. "	( Angiotensin II and renal excretion of sodium and potassium in unanaesthetized dogs. Aakvaag, A; Børresen, HC; Guldvog, I; Rørvik, S, 1982)	1.71
"Aldosterone is a type of steroid hormone that acts primarily in renal collecting ducts to stimulate reabsorption of Na+ as well as secretion of K+ and H+. "	( Action of aldosterone on renal collecting tubule cells. Muto, S, 1995)	2.14
"Aldosterone is a major regulator of Na(+)-absorptive and K(+)-secretory processes in the distal segment of mammalian colon. "	( Aldosterone-induced apical Na+ and K+ conductances are located predominantly in surface cells in rat distal colon. Lomax, RB; Lombès, M; McNicholas, CM; Sandle, GI, 1994)	3.17
"Aldosterone is a major regulator of salt balance and blood pressure, exerting its effects via the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). "	( Hibernoma development in transgenic mice identifies brown adipose tissue as a novel target of aldosterone action. Le Menuet, D; Lombès, M; Ricquier, D; Viengchareun, S; Walker, F; Zennaro, MC, 1998)	1.96
"Aldosterone/renin ratio is an index for inappropriate aldosterone activity, and it is increasingly being used to screen for primary aldosteronism within the hypertensive population. "	( Raised aldosterone to renin ratio predicts antihypertensive efficacy of spironolactone: a prospective cohort follow-up study. Jung, RT; Lim, PO; MacDonald, TM, 1999)	2.2
"Aldosterone is a risk factor for stroke, and the literature suggests it may play a role in increasing the expression of the receptor for EGF (EGFR)."	( Spironolactone reduces cerebral infarct size and EGF-receptor mRNA in stroke-prone rats. Dorrance, AM; Grekin, R; Osborn, HL; Webb, RC, 2001)	1.03
"Aldosterone is a major regulator of fluid and electrolyte balance after hemorrhage and is released from the adrenal cortex by the action of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and angiotensin II (AII). "	( Aldosterone secretion following non-hypotensive hemorrhage is potentiated by prior blood loss. DeMaria, EJ; Gann, DS; Lilly, MP, 1989)	3.16

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Aldosterone has an important role in the progression of renal fibrosis. "	( Aldosterone induces renal fibrosis by promoting HDAC1 expression, deacetylating H3K9 and inhibiting klotho transcription. Cheng, P; Gu, Y; Lai, L; Xue, J; Yan, M, 2019)	3.4
"Aldosterone excess has a direct negative effect on β-cell function in patients with PA. "	( Aldosterone excess impairs first phase insulin secretion in primary aldosteronism. Adolf, C; Beuschlein, F; Bidlingmaier, M; Fischer, E; Pallauf, A; Reincke, M; Seissler, J; Then, C, 2013)	3.28
"Aldosterone has a number of vascular effects, including regulation of vascular reactivity and vascular growth and/or development."	( Vascular effects of aldosterone: sorting out the receptors and the ligands. Feldman, RD; Gros, R, 2013)	1.43
"Aldosterone has a key role in the pathophysiology of heart failure. "	( Aldosterone status associated with insulin resistance in patients with heart failure--data from the ALOFT study. Connell, JM; Freel, EM; Latini, R; Lewsey, JD; Maggioni, AP; McMurray, JJ; Pitt, B; Solomon, S; Tsorlalis, IK, 2009)	3.24
"Aldosterone has a number of non-classical, mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)-mediated actions, including tissue remodeling, modulation of vascular tone and stimulating inflammation and fibrosis, which may fuel progression of end organ damage."	( Aldosterone, from (patho)physiology to treatment in cardiovascular and renal damage. Bakker, SJ; de Vries, LV; Hillebrands, JL; Laverman, GD; Navis, G; van Goor, H; Waanders, F, 2011)	2.53
"Aldosterone has a rapid, non-genomic, inhibitory effect on macroscopic basolateral K(+) conductance in the human colon, reducing its capacity for Cl(-) secretion. "	( Non-genomic regulation of intermediate conductance potassium channels by aldosterone in human colonic crypt cells. Bowley, KA; Hunter, M; Morton, MJ; Sandle, GI, 2003)	1.99
"Aldosterone, which has an important role in the pathology of heart failure, has recently been implicated as a mediator of AT-II biologic activities."	( Effect of eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, on blood pressure, serum and macrophage oxidative stress, and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Aviram, M; Coleman, R; Hamoud, S; Hayek, T; Kaplan, M; Keidar, S; Pavlotzky, E, 2003)	1.32
"Aldosterone has a variety of detrimental effects on the heart and vasculature and is increasingly recognized as an important target in chronic heart failure, as illustrated by the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study. "	( The role of aldosterone in heart failure and the clinical benefits of aldosterone blockade. Davies, JI; Dawson, A; Struthers, AD, 2004)	2.15
"Aldosterone has a pivotal role for increasing expression of prostasin in epithelial cells of the left colon. "	( In vivo induction of prostasin mRNA in colonic epithelial cells by dietary sodium depletion and aldosterone infusion in rats. Fukushima, K; Funayama, Y; Haneda, S; Naito, H; Sasaki, I; Shibata, C; Yonezawa, H, 2004)	1.98
"Aldosterone has a stimulatory effect on expression of sodium-potassium ATPase (Na, K-ATPase) and sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter (NKCC) in cell membranes."	( Higher serum aldosterone correlates with lower hearing thresholds: a possible protective hormone against presbycusis. Frisina, DR; Frisina, RD; Frisina, ST; Mapes, F; Tadros, SF, 2005)	1.42
"Aldosterone has a pivotal role by increasing expression of 11beta-HSD2 in epithelial cells of the colon. "	( Aldosterone enhances 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 expression in colonic epithelial cells in vivo. Fukushima, K; Funayama, Y; Haneda, S; Krozowski, ZS; Naito, H; Sasaki, I; Sasano, H; Shibata, C; Suzuki, T; Takahashi, K; Yonezawa, H, 2005)	3.21
"Aldosterone has a dual effect on iNOS/NO through mineralocorticoid receptor and glucocorticoid receptor pathway."	( [Effects of aldosterone on inducible nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide pathway in aortic adventitia]. Deng, CN; Li, HW; Shen, LH; Tang, CS, 2007)	2.16
"Aldosterone also has a major role in progression and outcome of ischemic heart disease."	( A lifetime of aldosterone excess: long-term consequences of altered regulation of aldosterone production for cardiovascular function. Connell, JM; Davies, E; Fraser, R; Freel, EM; MacKenzie, SM, 2008)	1.43
"Aldosterone has a number of deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system, including myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, vascular stiffening and injury, reduced fibrinolysis, endothelial dysfunction, catecholamine release, and production of cardiac arrhythmias."	( Aldosterone as a mediator in cardiovascular injury. Chander, PN; Rocha, R; Stier, CT, )	2.3
"Aldosterone has a considerable effect which is independent of the presence of angiotensin, and which differs in proximal and distal colon in regard to the relative effects on chloride absorption and potassium secretion."	( The effect of aldosterone and the renin-angiotensin system on sodium, potassium and chloride transport by proximal and distal rat colon in vivo. Dolman, D; Edmonds, CJ, 1975)	1.34
"Aldosterone has a potent kaliuretic action in sheep when plasma K is elevated."	( Effect of aldosterone on potassium excretion during potassium chloride infusion in sheep. Rabinowitz, L; Sarason, RL; Yamauchi, H, 1985)	1.39
"Aldosterone has been recently characterized as a 'stress hormone'. "	( Impaired aldosterone response to ACTH without hypoaldosteronism: An unrecognized secretory pattern in search of clinical implications. Greenman, Y; Marcus, Y; Shefer, G; Sofer, Y; Stern, N; Tordjman, K, 2022)	2.58
"Aldosterone has been implicated as an augmenting factor in the progression of vascular calcification."	( Protective effects of spironolactone on vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. Alesutan, I; Auer, T; Buehling, SS; Degenhart, G; Feger, M; Grebe, S; Hammer, F; Hauser, T; Krane, V; Lang, F; Malzahn, U; Masyout, J; Pasch, A; Tuffaha, R; Voelkl, J; Wanner, C, 2021)	1.34
"Aldosterone has hypertrophic and profibrotic effects on the heart. "	( Serum aldosterone effect on left ventricular structure and diastolic function in essential hypertension. Al-Hashedi, EM; Juvenal, H; Mohammed, AA; Yu, J; Zhao, X, 2023)	2.83
"Aldosterone measurements have been changed to the CLEIA method."	( Recent progress in the diagnosis and treatment of primary aldosteronism. Shibata, H; Yoshida, Y, 2023)	1.63
"Aldosterone has been assumed to be one of aggravating factors in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). "	( Sacubitril/valsartan ameliorates renal tubulointerstitial injury through increasing renal plasma flow in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes with aldosterone excess. Handa, T; Ikushima, A; Inoue, Y; Ishii, A; Ishimura, T; Kato, Y; Minamino, N; Mori, KP; Mukoyama, M; Nishio, H; Ohno, S; Sugioka, S; Yamada, H; Yanagita, M; Yokoi, H, 2023)	2.55
"Aldosterone has also been shown to increase blood pressure by a direct activation of the sympathetic nervous system, to cause endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell dysfunction, myocardial remodeling and fibrosis, and to have pro-arrhythmogenic actions in the heart."	( Mineralocorticoid Receptor Blockade in End-Stage Renal Disease. Gosmanova, EO; Lyubarova, R, 2017)	1.18
"Aldosterone breakthrough has been associated with worsening congestive heart failure and chronic kidney disease, yet the pathophysiology remains unclear."	( Aldosterone breakthrough does not alter central hemodynamics. Beenken, A; Bomback, AS, )	2.3
"Aldosterone has an important role in the progression of renal fibrosis. "	( Aldosterone induces renal fibrosis by promoting HDAC1 expression, deacetylating H3K9 and inhibiting klotho transcription. Cheng, P; Gu, Y; Lai, L; Xue, J; Yan, M, 2019)	3.4
"Aldosterone (Aldo) has been intensively studied for years since its isolation by Simpson and Tait in the 1950s. "	( Aldosterone and Myocardial Pathology. Cannavo, A; Elia, A; Koch, WJ; Liccardo, D; Rengo, G, 2019)	3.4
"Aldosterone has been linked with obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS), pro-inflammatory, and prothrombotic states; however, most studies relate these indicators with primary aldosteronism (PA), excluding non-PA patients."	( The Aldosterone/Renin Ratio Predicts Cardiometabolic Disorders in Subjects Without Classic Primary Aldosteronism. Allende, F; Barros, ER; Baudrand, R; Campino, C; Carvajal, C; Fardella, CE; Fuentes, CA; García, H; Kalergis, AM; Martínez-Aguayo, A; Olmos, R; Solari, S; Tapia-Castillo, A; Vecchiola, A, 2019)	2.51
"Aldosterone has been proved a risk factor of fibrosis and inflammation."	( Aldosterone induced up-expression of ICAM-1 and ET-1 in pancreatic islet endothelium may associate with progression of T2D. Chen, L; Cui, C; Guo, X; He, Q; Hou, X; Hu, H; Liu, F; Qin, J; Song, J; Wang, J; Yan, F, 2019)	2.68
"Aldosterone excess has a direct negative effect on β-cell function in patients with PA. "	( Aldosterone excess impairs first phase insulin secretion in primary aldosteronism. Adolf, C; Beuschlein, F; Bidlingmaier, M; Fischer, E; Pallauf, A; Reincke, M; Seissler, J; Then, C, 2013)	3.28
"Aldosterone has been found to be associated with cardiovascular toxicity."	( Diagnosis and management of primary aldosteronism: an updated review. Chang, CC; Chao, CT; Chueh, SJ; Kuo, CC; Lin, YH; Pimenta, E; Stowasser, M; Wu, KD; Wu, VC, 2013)	1.11
"Aldosterone breakthrough has the potential to eliminate the organ-protective effects of RA system inhibitors."	( Effect of aldosterone breakthrough on albuminuria during treatment with a direct renin inhibitor and combined effect with a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist. Fukuda, S; Sato, A, 2013)	1.51
"Aldosterone has actions far beyond its role as a renal regulator of sodium reabsorption, and broader mechanisms of action than simply a transcriptional regulator. "	( Vascular effects of aldosterone: sorting out the receptors and the ligands. Feldman, RD; Gros, R, 2013)	2.16
"Aldosterone has also stimulatory effects on proton secretion that may be mediated by a non-genomic pathway."	( Effect of mineralocorticoids on acid-base balance. Wagner, CA, 2014)	1.12
"Aldosterone has been shown to substantially contribute to the accumulation of different types of collagen fibres and growth factors in the arterial wall, thus increasing wall thickness. "	( Long-term effect of specific treatment of primary aldosteronism on carotid intima-media thickness. Holaj, R; Indra, T; Michalský, D; Novák, K; Petrák, O; Rosa, J; Šomlóová, Z; Štrauch, B; Wichterle, D; Widimský, J; Zelinka, T, 2015)	1.86
"low aldosterone levels) have been found in preeclamptic women, we hypothesized that Asians have lower muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and greater aldosterone concentrations during normal pregnancy than Caucasians."	( Asian women have attenuated sympathetic activation but enhanced renal-adrenal responses during pregnancy compared to Caucasian women. Best, SA; Casey, BM; Fu, Q; Jarvis, SS; Levine, BD; Okada, Y; Parker, RS; Shibata, S, 2015)	0.9
"Aldosterone has hypertrophic and profibrotic effects on the heart. "	( Plasma aldosterone and left ventricular diastolic function in treatment-naïve patients with hypertension: tissue-Doppler imaging study. Catena, C; Kraigher-Krainer, E; Pieske, B; Pilz, S; Sechi, LA; Tomaschitz, A; Verheyen, N, 2015)	2.31
"Aldosterone has been implicated in atrial remodelling representing a potential target for upstream therapies. "	( Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Korantzopoulos, P; Letsas, KP; Li, G; Liu, T; Shao, Q; Zhang, Z, 2016)	1.88
"Aldosterone has been recognized as a risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). "	( Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling mediates aldosterone-induced profibrotic responses in kidney. Ding, W; Gu, Y; Niu, J; Qiao, Z; Sheng, L; Yang, M; Zhang, M, 2016)	2.13
"Aldosterone has been reported to induce IL-18, resulting in cardiac fibrosis with induced IL-18-mediated osteopontin (OPN)."	( Interleukin-18 deficiency protects against renal interstitial fibrosis in aldosterone/salt-treated mice. Enomoto, D; Higaki, J; Kukida, M; Miyoshi, K; Nagao, T; Okamura, H; Okura, T; Pei, Z; Tanino, A, 2016)	1.39
"Aldosterone (Aldo) has been shown as an important contributor of podocyte injury. "	( NLRP3 inflammasome activation contributes to aldosterone-induced podocyte injury. Bai, M; Chen, Y; He, JC; Huang, S; Jia, Z; Zhang, A; Zhang, Y; Zhao, M, 2017)	2.16
"Aldosterone excess has been equally associated with resistant hypertension (RHT) and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). "	( Effects of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on aldosterone excretion in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea and resistant hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. Cavalcanti, AH; Cortez, AF; de Souza, F; Margallo, V; Muxfeldt, ES; Salles, GF, 2017)	2.14
"Aldosterone has been reported to increase in the luteal phase in normal women but to our knowledge the influence of the ovarian cycle on the first screening for primary aldosteronism (that is, on the levels of plasma aldosterone and its relationship to PRA levels) was never investigated."	( The ovarian cycle as a factor of variability in the laboratory screening for primary aldosteronism in women. Di Cecco, P; Fommei, E; Ghione, S; Iervasi, A; Maffei, S; Ripoli, A; Turchi, S, 2009)	1.07
"Aldosterone has also been demonstrated to be a major factor in target organ damage independent of its effects on blood pressure."	( Aldosterone as an independent factor in cerebrovascular damage. Bertello, C; Caserta, M; Giraudo, G; Morello, F; Mulatero, P; Schiavone, D; Veglio, F; Verhovez, A, 2008)	2.51
"Aldosterone has been shown to stimulate renal TGF-beta(1) expression. "	( Aldosterone-induced TGF-beta1 expression is regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinases and activator protein-1 in mesangial cells. Choi, BS; Han, JS; Kim, YS; Yang, CW, 2009)	3.24
"Aldosterone has been found to accelerate the increase in left ventricular mass in patients with hypertension."	( Resistant hypertension: who and how to evaluate. Acelajado, MC; Calhoun, DA, 2009)	1.07
"Aldosterone has a key role in the pathophysiology of heart failure. "	( Aldosterone status associated with insulin resistance in patients with heart failure--data from the ALOFT study. Connell, JM; Freel, EM; Latini, R; Lewsey, JD; Maggioni, AP; McMurray, JJ; Pitt, B; Solomon, S; Tsorlalis, IK, 2009)	3.24
"Aldosterone has been shown to induce vascular damage, endothelial dysfunction, and myocardial fibrosis, which depend in part on activation of angiotensin II (Ang II)-mediated pathways. "	( Aldosterone-induced activation of signaling pathways requires activity of angiotensin type 1a receptors. Coffman, TM; Deschênes, ME; Ebrahimian, T; Lemarié, CA; Nikonova, A; Paradis, P; Schiffrin, EL; Simeone, SM, 2009)	3.24
"Aldosterone has emerged as an important mediator of disease progression and mortality in patients with chronic heart and kidney disease (CKD). "	( The effect of spironolactone upon corticosteroid hormone metabolism in patients with early stage chronic kidney disease. Edwards, NC; Ferro, CJ; Hammer, F; Hughes, BA; Steeds, RP; Stewart, PM; Townend, JN, 2010)	1.8
"Aldosterone has been correlated with increased oxidative stress, endothelial inflammation, and fibrosis, particularly in patients with heart disease."	( Increased levels of oxidative stress, subclinical inflammation, and myocardial fibrosis markers in primary aldosteronism patients. Becerra, E; Carvajal, CA; Fardella, CE; García, L; Jalil, J; Lavandero, S; Mellado, R; Mosso, L; Ocaranza, MP; Solis, M; Stehr, CB, 2010)	1.08
"Aldosterone has emerged as a deleterious hormone in the kidney, for example as a potent inducer of proteinuria. "	( Endocrinological aspects of proteinuria and podocytopathy in diabetes: role of the aldosterone/mineralocorticoid receptor system. Fujita, T; Nagase, M, 2011)	2.04
"Aldosterone antagonists have been highly successful in treating congestive heart failure and resistant hypertension. "	( Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade in chronic kidney disease. Bomback, AS; Klemmer, PJ; Volk, MJ, 2011)	1.81
"Aldosterone has a number of non-classical, mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)-mediated actions, including tissue remodeling, modulation of vascular tone and stimulating inflammation and fibrosis, which may fuel progression of end organ damage."	( Aldosterone, from (patho)physiology to treatment in cardiovascular and renal damage. Bakker, SJ; de Vries, LV; Hillebrands, JL; Laverman, GD; Navis, G; van Goor, H; Waanders, F, 2011)	2.53
"Aldosterone has similar effects to increase AT(1)R expression in the PVN and sympathetic drive."	( Aldosterone-induced brain MAPK signaling and sympathetic excitation are angiotensin II type-1 receptor dependent. Felder, RB; Wei, SG; Yu, Y; Zhang, ZH, 2012)	2.54
"Aldosterone has been linked to the deleterious cardiovascular effects of obesity in humans. "	( The development of hypertension and hyperaldosteronism in a rodent model of life-long obesity. Dorrance, AM; Fink, GD; Garver, H; Haywood, JR; Laimon-Thomson, EL; McClain, JL; Northcott, CA; Pires, PW; Rainey, WE; Rigsby, CS, 2012)	1.82
"1. Aldosterone has been shown to mediate p21-dependent cellular senescence in rat kidney proximal tubules in vivo and in cultured human proximal tubular cells. "	( Aldosterone induces p21-regulated apoptosis via increased synthesis and secretion of tumour necrosis factor-α in human proximal tubular cells. Deguchi, K; Hitomi, H; Kitada, K; Kobori, H; Masaki, T; Mori, H; Nakano, D; Nishiyama, A, 2012)	2.44
"Aldosterone has been shown to have rapid nongenomic effects in different tissues including the heart."	( Rapid effects of aldosterone and spironolactone in the isolated working rat heart. Barbato, JC; Franco-Saenz, R; Mulrow, PJ; Shapiro, JI, 2002)	1.38
"Aldosterone has been implicated in the pathogenesis of progressive cardiovascular disease. "	( Additive effect of drospirenone/17-beta-estradiol in hypertensive postmenopausal women receiving enalapril. Alonso, A; Karara, AH; Panzitta, D; Preston, RA; Zhang, P, 2002)	1.76
"Aldosterone has been only considered as a humoral factor playing a role in salt and water homeostasis and as a consequence controlling arterial blood pressure."	( [Aldosterone and cardiovascular diseases, more than water and salt retention]. Duprez, D, 2002)	1.95
"Aldosterone has several deleterious properties. "	( Aldosterone: cardiovascular assault. Struthers, AD, 2002)	3.2
"Aldosterone has direct effects on the vasculature and has been associated with vascular smooth muscle cell hypertrophy, endothelial dysfunction, cardiac fibrosis, proteinuria, and renal vascular injury."	( Aldosterone: a risk factor for vascular disease. Fritsch Neves, M; Schiffrin, EL, 2003)	2.48
"Aldosterone has long been known to mediate water and electrolyte balance by acting on mineralocorticoid receptors in the kidneys. "	( Aldosterone and aldosterone antagonism in cardiovascular disease: focus on eplerenone (Inspra). Chawla, M; Frishman, WH; Koenig, S; Lee, DY; Stier, CT, )	3.02
"Aldosterone has a rapid, non-genomic, inhibitory effect on macroscopic basolateral K(+) conductance in the human colon, reducing its capacity for Cl(-) secretion. "	( Non-genomic regulation of intermediate conductance potassium channels by aldosterone in human colonic crypt cells. Bowley, KA; Hunter, M; Morton, MJ; Sandle, GI, 2003)	1.99
"Aldosterone, which has an important role in the pathology of heart failure, has recently been implicated as a mediator of AT-II biologic activities."	( Effect of eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, on blood pressure, serum and macrophage oxidative stress, and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Aviram, M; Coleman, R; Hamoud, S; Hayek, T; Kaplan, M; Keidar, S; Pavlotzky, E, 2003)	1.32
"Aldosterone has been implicated in the progression of heart failure. "	( Sustained reduction of aldosterone in response to the angiotensin receptor blocker valsartan in patients with chronic heart failure: results from the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial. Anand, IS; Chiang, YT; Cohn, JN; Glazer, R; Latini, R; Masson, S, 2003)	2.07
"Aldosterone has been also implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure independently of its action on arterial blood pressure."	( Aldosterone regulation of T-type calcium channels. Bockhorn, L; Chiappe, A; Lalevée, N; Lesouhaitier, O; Perrier, E; Rossier, MF, 2003)	2.48
"Aldosterone has been overlooked as a mediator of RAAS escape and a key factor in target-organ injury despite the use of available RAAS blockers."	( RAAS escape: a real clinical entity that may be important in the progression of cardiovascular and renal disease. Lakkis, J; Lu, WX; Weir, MR, 2003)	1.04
"Aldosterone has been implicated for many years as an important substance in the pathogenesis of heart disease. "	( Eplerenone: a selective aldosterone receptor antagonist for hypertension and heart failure. Anderson, JR; Moore, TD; Nawarskas, JJ, )	1.88
"Aldosterone has been suggested to elicit vessel contraction via a nongenomic mechanism. "	( Rapid inhibition of vasoconstriction in renal afferent arterioles by aldosterone. Hansen, PB; Jensen, BL; Nørregaard, R; Schjerning, J; Skøtt, O; Sorensen, GL; Uhrenholt, TR, 2003)	2
"Aldosterone-antagonism has become a novel therapeutic principle beyond its sodium retention properties in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases."	( [Aldosterone receptor antagonists in heart failure. Rightly brought back from retirement]. Kolloch, R; Offers, E, 2003)	1.95
"Aldosterone has long been known to control water and electrolyte balance by acting on mineralocorticoid receptors in kidney. "	( Human endothelium: target for aldosterone. Albermann, L; Hillebrand, U; Ludwig, T; Oberleithner, H; Riethmüller, C; Schäfer, C; Schillers, H; Shahin, V, 2004)	2.05
"Aldosterone has a variety of detrimental effects on the heart and vasculature and is increasingly recognized as an important target in chronic heart failure, as illustrated by the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study. "	( The role of aldosterone in heart failure and the clinical benefits of aldosterone blockade. Davies, JI; Dawson, A; Struthers, AD, 2004)	2.15
"Aldosterone blockade has been shown to be effective in reducing total mortality as well as hospitalization for heart failure in patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction (SLVD) due to chronic heart failure and in patients with SLVD post acute myocardial infarction. "	( Effect of aldosterone blockade in patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction: implications of the RALES and EPHESUS studies. Pitt, B, 2004)	2.17
"Anti-aldosterone drugs have been clinically reported to be useful for their organ-protecting effects."	( Aldosterone-induced organ damage: plasma aldosterone level and inappropriate salt status. Saruta, T; Sato, A, 2004)	2.22
"Aldosterone has been known for many years to increase sodium (Na(+)) reabsorption by the distal nephron. "	( Aldosterone enhances renal calcium reabsorption by two types of channels. Brunette, MG; Couchourel, D; Leclerc, M, 2004)	3.21
"Aldosterone has recently attracted considerable attention for its involvement in the pathophysiology of heart failure, in which apoptotic cell loss plays a critical role. "	( Aldosterone directly induces myocyte apoptosis through calcineurin-dependent pathways. Keira, N; Kobara, M; Mano, A; Matoba, S; Matsubara, H; Nishikawa, S; Nomura, T; Nozawa, Y; Shiraishi, J; Shirayama, T; Takamatsu, T; Takeda, M; Tanaka, H; Tatsumi, T; Yamanaka, S, 2004)	3.21
"Aldosterone has attracted considerable interest as an independent cardiovascular risk marker, which has been demonstrated in a number of studies. "	( Rapid effects of aldosterone on vascular cells: clinical implications. Boldyreff, B; Lösel, R; Schultz, A; Wehling, M, 2004)	2.11
"Aldosterone has been demonstrated in the perfusate of the ex situ rat heart and heart homogenates; however, the origin of aldosterone in the heart is controversial, with some reporting a primary role for extraadrenal synthesis within the heart, and others finding that all of the aldosterone in the heart is sequestered from the circulation. "	( Origin of aldosterone in the rat heart. Ahmad, N; Gomez-Sanchez, CE; Gomez-Sanchez, EP; Romero, DG, 2004)	2.17
"Aldosterone has a pivotal role for increasing expression of prostasin in epithelial cells of the left colon. "	( In vivo induction of prostasin mRNA in colonic epithelial cells by dietary sodium depletion and aldosterone infusion in rats. Fukushima, K; Funayama, Y; Haneda, S; Naito, H; Sasaki, I; Shibata, C; Yonezawa, H, 2004)	1.98
"Aldosterone has been demonstrated to alter intracellular pH and calcium in isolated cells."	( Eplerenone blocks nongenomic effects of aldosterone on the Na+/H+ exchanger, intracellular Ca2+ levels, and vasoconstriction in mesenteric resistance vessels. Delpiano, AM; Hitschfeld, C; Lavandero, S; Lobos, L; Marusic, ET; Michea, L, 2005)	1.32
"Aldosterone antagonism has BP-independent effects on arterial stiffness."	( Aldosterone-to-renin ratio, arterial stiffness, and the response to aldosterone antagonism in essential hypertension. Feely, J; Mahmud, A, 2005)	2.49
"Aldosterone has physiological effects to regulate fluid and electrolyte homeostasis across epithelia and proinflammatory effects on a variety of nonepithelial cells in the context of inappropriate salt status. "	( The nongenomic actions of aldosterone. Funder, JW, 2005)	2.07
"The aldosterone/renin ratio has been proposed as the most sensitive criterium."	( [Biochemical detection of Conn's adenoma: definition of criteria and reference values]. Clementy, J; Gosse, P; Guiheneuf-Tobie, C; Lasserre, R; Lemetayer, P; Minifie, C, 2005)	0.81
"Aldosterone has recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of heart failure. "	( Synergistic stimulation of aldosterone production in human adrenocortical carcinoma NCI-H295R cells by endothelin-1 and angiotensin II. Hu, CW; Jeng, AY; Webb, RL, 2004)	2.06
"Aldosterone has long been known to control water and electrolyte balance by acting on mineralocorticoid receptors in kidney. "	( Aldosterone makes human endothelium stiff and vulnerable. Oberleithner, H, 2005)	3.21
"Aldosterone has recently been recognized as an important factor in the development and progression of cardiorenal disease. "	( Adverse cardiorenal effects of aldosterone: is aldosterone antagonism beneficial? Coca, SG; Perazella, MA, 2005)	2.06
"Aldosterone has been shown to decrease BRS in humans and animal models."	( Aldosterone blunts human baroreflex sensitivity by a nongenomic mechanism. Feuring, M; Horisberger, K; Schmidt, BM; Schultz, A; Wehling, M, 2005)	2.49
"Aldosterone has a stimulatory effect on expression of sodium-potassium ATPase (Na, K-ATPase) and sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter (NKCC) in cell membranes."	( Higher serum aldosterone correlates with lower hearing thresholds: a possible protective hormone against presbycusis. Frisina, DR; Frisina, RD; Frisina, ST; Mapes, F; Tadros, SF, 2005)	1.42
"Aldosterone has a pivotal role by increasing expression of 11beta-HSD2 in epithelial cells of the colon. "	( Aldosterone enhances 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 expression in colonic epithelial cells in vivo. Fukushima, K; Funayama, Y; Haneda, S; Krozowski, ZS; Naito, H; Sasaki, I; Sasano, H; Shibata, C; Suzuki, T; Takahashi, K; Yonezawa, H, 2005)	3.21
"Aldosterone has emerged as a deleterious hormone in the heart, with mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blockade reducing mortality in patients with severe heart failure. "	( Increased expression of mineralocorticoid effector mechanisms in kidney biopsies of patients with heavy proteinuria. Cockwell, P; Eardley, KS; Hewison, M; Howie, AJ; Hughes, SV; Lepenies, J; Quinkler, M; Stewart, PM; Zehnder, D, 2005)	1.77
"Aldosterone has been suggested to play a role in the initiation and progression of diabetic nephropathy. "	( Beneficial impact of spironolactone in diabetic nephropathy. Boomsma, F; Juhl, TR; Parving, HH; Rossing, K; Rossing, P; Schjoedt, KJ; Tarnow, L, 2005)	1.77
"Aldosterone has been reported to impair the baroreflex response in animal models. "	( Acute effects of aldosterone on the autonomic nervous system and the baroreflex function in healthy humans. Dodt, C; Fehm, HL; Heindl, S; Hinz, A; Holzschneider, J; Sayk, F, 2006)	2.12
"Aldosterone has been suggested recently to cause vascular injury by directly acting on the vasculature, in addition to causing injury by raising the blood pressure. "	( Aldosterone impairs bone marrow-derived progenitor cell formation. Fujita, T; Hayashi, M; Hishikawa, K; Marumo, T; Uchimura, H, 2006)	3.22
"Aldosterone has been demonstrated to play an important role in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases. "	( MDM2: a novel mineralocorticoid-responsive gene involved in aldosterone-induced human vascular structural remodeling. Ito, S; Miura, I; Moriya, T; Nakamura, Y; Ono, K; Saito, H; Sasano, H; Satoh, F; Suzuki, S; Suzuki, T; Yamada, S, 2006)	2.02
"Anti-aldosterone treatment has proven effective in patients with heart failure."	( Mechanisms of disease: The role of aldosterone in kidney damage and clinical benefits of its blockade. Cusi, D; Del Vecchio, L; Procaccio, M; Viganò, S, 2007)	1.07
"Aldosterone has pro-fibrotic properties and is a potential target for additional intervention in patients with chronic renal disease showing resistance to therapy during treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi). "	( Effect of combining ACE inhibition with aldosterone blockade on proteinuria and renal damage in experimental nephrosis. Hamming, I; Kramer, AB; Navis, G; van der Meulen, EF; van Goor, H, 2007)	2.05
"Aldosterone has also been shown to exert a number of effects in the central nervous system."	( Aldosterone and the vasculature: mechanisms mediating resistant hypertension. Duprez, DA, 2007)	2.5
"Aldosterone has non-genomic effects that express within minutes and modulate intracellular ion milieu and cellular function. "	( Non-genomic effects of aldosterone on intracellular ion regulation and cell volume in rat ventricular myocytes. Hayashi, H; Katoh, H; Kawashima, H; Matsui, S; Nagasaka, S; Niu, CF; Satoh, H; Urushida, T; Watanabe, Y, 2007)	2.09
"Aldosterone has rapid nongenomic effects in the human vasculature. "	( Influence of acute and chronic mineralocorticoid excess on endothelial function in healthy men. Bernheim, A; Binkert, C; Brunner-La Rocca, HP; Julius, B; Kiowski, W; Nietlispach, F; Schindler, R, 2007)	1.78
"Aldosterone has been shown to increase the propensity to arrhythmias by changing the expression or function of various ion channels."	( Aldosterone modulates I(f) current through gene expression in cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Honjo, H; Horiba, M; Kamiya, K; Kodama, I; Lee, JK; Muto, T; Nagata, K; Ohkusa, T; Opthof, T; Suzuki, S; Tsuji, Y; Ueda, N; Yasui, K, 2007)	2.5
"Aldosterone has attracted significant consideration for its role in the progression of renal injury. "	( Aldosterone promotes proximal tubular cell apoptosis: role of oxidative stress. Chander, PN; Franki, N; Luan, L; Mathew, JT; Patni, H; Singhal, PC, 2007)	3.23
"Aldosterone has a dual effect on iNOS/NO through mineralocorticoid receptor and glucocorticoid receptor pathway."	( [Effects of aldosterone on inducible nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide pathway in aortic adventitia]. Deng, CN; Li, HW; Shen, LH; Tang, CS, 2007)	2.16
"Aldosterone excess has been reported to be a common cause of resistant hypertension. "	( Aldosterone excess and resistance to 24-h blood pressure control. Calhoun, DA; Cofield, SS; Gaddam, KK; Nishizaka, MK; Oparil, S; Pimenta, E; Pratt-Ubunama, MN, 2007)	3.23
"Aldosterone blockade has been shown to reduce the incidence of sudden death in patients with heart failure. "	( Spironolactone has antiarrhythmic activity in ischaemic cardiac patients without cardiac failure. Donnan, PT; Pringle, SD; Shah, NC; Struthers, AD, 2007)	1.78
"Aldosterone also has a major role in progression and outcome of ischemic heart disease."	( A lifetime of aldosterone excess: long-term consequences of altered regulation of aldosterone production for cardiovascular function. Connell, JM; Davies, E; Fraser, R; Freel, EM; MacKenzie, SM, 2008)	1.43
"Aldosterone has no direct contractile action or a relaxant action on human penile cavernous tissue, but acts to significantly enhance the noradrenaline-induced contraction. "	( Effect of aldosterone on isolated human penile corpus cavernosum tissue. Anzai, H; Kagawa, J; Kanayama, HO; Kawanishi, Y; Kishimoto, T; Kojima, K; Muguruma, H; Numata, A; Sugiyama, H; Tanimoto, S; Yamanaka, M, 2008)	2.19
"Aldosterone blockade has been shown to be effective in reducing mortality in patients who have severe heart failure because of systolic left ventricular dysfunction (SLVD) and those who have heart failure and SLVD post-myocardial infarction. "	( Aldosterone blockade in patients with chronic heart failure. Pitt, B, 2008)	3.23
"Aldosterone has been recognized as an important sodium retaining hormone for many years. "	( Interaction between the natriuretic effects of renal perfusion pressure and the antinatriuretic effects of angiotensin and aldosterone in control of sodium excretion. Pan, YJ; Young, DB, 1984)	1.92
"Aldosterone has been assayed in the plasma of systemic venous blood six times a day (0600, 0800, 1200, 1800, 2000, 0000) in different conditions of physical activity and sodium intake."	( Toward a chronophysiology of circulating aldosterone. Centanni, M; Cornelissen, G; Cugini, P; Halberg, F; Letizia, C; Lucia, P; Murano, G; Scavo, D; Sothern, R, 1984)	1.25
"Aldosterone has been associated with the development of cardiac hypertrophy and a correlation has been found between levels of aldosterone and the degree of cardiac hypertrophy in hypertensive patients. "	( Aldosterone levels and cardiac hypertrophy in professional cyclists. Barriales, R; Cortina, A; González, V; Iglesias Cubero, G; Rodriguez Reguero, JJ; Terrados, N, 1995)	3.18
"Aldosterone has been shown to have an acute arrhythmogenic effect as well as a potential detrimental effect on baroreflex function, a marker of prognosis in CHF."	( Aldosterone escape during ACE inhibitor therapy in chronic heart failure. Struthers, AD, 1995)	2.46
"Aldosterone has been shown to have an acute arrhythmogenic effect as well as a detrimental effect on parasympathetic and baroreflex function."	( Aldosterone escape during angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy in chronic heart failure. Struthers, AD, 1996)	2.46
"Aldosterone has been shown to impair the baroreflex response in animal models."	( Aldosterone blunts the baroreflex response in man. Struthers, AD; Yee, KM, 1998)	2.46
"Aldosterone synthase has 11beta-hydroxylase activity as well as 18-hydroxylase activity and 18-oxidase activity."	( Disorders of the aldosterone synthase and steroid 11beta-hydroxylase deficiencies. Dubuis, JM; Peter, M; Sippell, WG, 1999)	1.36
": Aldosterone has been implicated in the regulation of both Na and K concentrations in the plasma. "	( Aldosterone and potassium secretion by the cortical collecting duct. Frindt, G; Palmer, LG, 2000)	2.47
"Aldosterone, which has no immune suppressive function, did not alter systemic disease."	( Aldosterone and prednisolone control of cochlear function in MRL/MpJ-Fas(lpr) autoimmune mice. Kempton, JB; Trune, DR, 2001)	2.47
"Aldosterone has been identified as a critically important neurohormone with direct detrimental effects on the myocardium."	( Angiotensin receptor blockers and aldosterone antagonists in chronic heart failure. Miller, AB; Srivastava, P, 2001)	1.31
"Aldosterone has a number of deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system, including myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, vascular stiffening and injury, reduced fibrinolysis, endothelial dysfunction, catecholamine release, and production of cardiac arrhythmias."	( Aldosterone as a mediator in cardiovascular injury. Chander, PN; Rocha, R; Stier, CT, )	2.3
"Aldosterone has a considerable effect which is independent of the presence of angiotensin, and which differs in proximal and distal colon in regard to the relative effects on chloride absorption and potassium secretion."	( The effect of aldosterone and the renin-angiotensin system on sodium, potassium and chloride transport by proximal and distal rat colon in vivo. Dolman, D; Edmonds, CJ, 1975)	1.34
"Aldosterone has no such effects."	( The effect of corticosteroids and hemicholinium-3 on choline uptake and incorporation into acetylcholine in rat diaphragm. Leeuwin, RS; Veldsema-Currie, RD; Wolters, E, 1976)	0.98
"Aldosterone has again, indirectly, proved to be integrated in the renal magnesium handling."	( Acute changes in plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone concentration and plasma electrolyte concentrations following furosemide administration in patients with congestive heart failure--interrelationships and diuretic response. Mulder, H; Schopman, W; van der Lely, AJ, 1987)	1.25
"Aldosterone has a potent kaliuretic action in sheep when plasma K is elevated."	( Effect of aldosterone on potassium excretion during potassium chloride infusion in sheep. Rabinowitz, L; Sarason, RL; Yamauchi, H, 1985)	1.39
"Aldosterone metabolism has been shown to be altered in pregnancy. "	( The metabolism of orally and intravenously administered labeled aldosterone in pregnant subjects. Little, B; Tait, JF, 1969)	1.93

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Aldosterone (Aldo) promotes proteoglycan synthesis in valve interstitial cells (VICs) from mitral valves via the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)."	( Sex-Related Signaling of Aldosterone/Mineralocorticoid Receptor Pathway in Calcific Aortic Stenosis. Álvarez de la Rosa, D; Álvarez, V; Arrieta, V; Fernández-Celis, A; Gainza, A; Garaikoetxea, M; García-Peña, A; Jaisser, F; Jover, E; López-Andrés, N; Martín-Nuñez, E; Matilla, L; Navarro, A; Sádaba, R, 2022)	1.75
"Aldosterone treatment promotes P-Akt, P-GSK-3β protein expression and hippocampal neural stem cell proliferation, and improves postoperative cognitive dysfunction."	( Mineralocorticoid receptor agonist aldosterone rescues hippocampal neural stem cell proliferation defects and improves postoperative cognitive function in aged mice. Fan, X; Huang, Z; Wang, D; Wu, M; Xiao, J; Zhao, Z, 2023)	1.91
"Aldosterone plays a key role in controlling blood pressure (BP) values by maintaining body salt, water, and fluid homeostasis. "	( Expression of functional mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in human T lymphocytes. Caroccia, B; Carraro, S; Piazza, M; Rossi, GP, 2023)	2.35
"Aldosterone, which plays a key role in the regulation of blood pressure, is produced by zona glomerulosa (ZG) cells of the adrenal cortex. "	( L- and T-type calcium channels control aldosterone production from human adrenals. Barrett, PQ; He, M; Hu, C; Yang, T; Zhang, H, 2020)	2.27
"Aldosterone plays a role in the relationship between aldosterone and nephropathy."	( Aldosterone renin ratio and chronic kidney disease. Al Dohani, H; Al Hinai, AS; Al Salmi, I; Hannawi, S; M Shaheen, FA; Osman, W, )	2.3
"Aldosterone (Aldo) promotes fibrosis in myocardium, and MR (mineralocorticoid receptor) antagonists (MRAs) improve cardiac function by decreasing cardiac fibrosis."	( A New Role for the Aldosterone/Mineralocorticoid Receptor Pathway in the Development of Mitral Valve Prolapse. Alvarez de la Rosa, D; Alvarez, V; Arrieta, V; Bonnard, B; Fernández-Celis, A; Gainza, A; Garcia-Peña, A; Ibarrola, J; Jaisser, F; López-Andrés, N; Matilla, L; Navarro, A; Rossignol, P; Sádaba, R, 2020)	1.61
"Aldosterone plays a major role in atrial structural and electrical remodeling, in particular through Ca"	( TRPM4 Participates in Aldosterone-Salt-Induced Electrical Atrial Remodeling in Mice. Alexandre, J; Ferchaud, V; Guinamard, R; Manrique, A; Milliez, P; Sallé, L; Simard, C, 2021)	2.38
"Aldosterone plays pivotal roles in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in order to maintain the equilibrium of liquid volume and electrolyte metabolism. "	( Pathology of Aldosterone Biosynthesis and its Action. Gao, X; Morimoto, R; Nakamura, Y; Omata, K; Ono, Y; Sasano, H; Satoh, F; Suzuki, T; Tezuka, Y; Yamazaki, Y, 2021)	2.43
"Aldosterone plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease; however, the underlying mechanisms have not been clarified. "	( Effects of Aldosterone on Chemerin Expression And Secretion in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Gu, M; Jiang, H; Li, X; Lu, J; Ma, J; Shi, C; Sun, F; Wang, J; Wang, X; You, W; Zhang, J; Zhu, H, 2018)	2.31
"Aldosterone plays vital physiological roles through the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) but in certain cell types, it can also activate the glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR)."	( Primary aldosteronism patients show skin alterations and abnormal activation of glucocorticoid receptor in keratinocytes. Bigas, J; Boix, J; Caroccia, B; Citton, M; Iacobone, M; Pérez, P; Rossi, GP; Sevilla, LM; Torresan, F, 2017)	1.18
"Aldosterone plays a key role in maintaining the homeostasis of the whole organism. "	( Aldosterone modulates blood homocysteine and cholesterol in coronary artery disease patients - a possible impact on atherothrombosis? Glowacki, R; Karolczak, K; Kubalczyk, P; Pietruszynski, R; Watala, C, 2018)	3.37
"Aldosterone excess plays an important role in the association between resistant hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea. "	( Role of Mineralocorticoid Receptors in Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Metabolic Syndrome. Calhoun, DA; Valaiyapathi, B, 2018)	1.92
"Aldosterone displays powerful vascular effects and acts as a potent pro-fibrotic agent in cardiovascular remodeling."	( Mineralocorticoid Receptor and Aldosterone-Related Biomarkers of End-Organ Damage in Cardiometabolic Disease. Armani, A; Caprio, M; Gorini, S; Mammi, C; Marzolla, V, 2018)	1.49
"Aldosterone promotes atherosclerosis in animal models, but the mechanisms are poorly understood."	( Aldosterone increases early atherosclerosis and promotes plaque inflammation through a placental growth factor-dependent mechanism. Armani, A; Bagley, J; Caprio, M; Carmeliet, P; Chen, WS; Galayda, C; Jaffe, IZ; McGraw, AP; Nickerson, H, 2013)	2.55
"Aldosterone plays a crucial role in cardiovascular disease. "	( Endothelial mineralocorticoid receptor activation mediates endothelial dysfunction in diet-induced obesity. Berger, S; Lohmann, C; Lüscher, TF; Matter, CM; Miranda, MX; Nussberger, J; Ruschitzka, F; Schäfer, N; van Tits, LJ; Vergopoulos, A; Verrey, F; Winnik, S, 2013)	1.83
"Aldosterone plays a major role in the regulation of sodium and potassium homeostasis and blood pressure. "	( Genetics of mineralocorticoid excess: an update for clinicians. Boulkroun, S; Rickard, AJ; Zennaro, MC, 2013)	1.83
"Aldosterone levels increase during AHF hospitalization and remain increased long after discharge."	( Serum aldosterone is associated with mortality and re-hospitalization in patients with reduced ejection fraction hospitalized for acute heart failure: analysis from the EVEREST trial. Fought, A; Gheorghiade, M; Girerd, N; Konstam, MA; Kwasny, MJ; Maggioni, A; Pang, PS; Subacius, H; Swedberg, K; Zannad, F, 2013)	1.59
"Aldosterone promotes cardiac oxidative stress, inflammation and structural/electrical remodeling via multiple mechanisms."	( Impact of aldosterone antagonists on the substrate for atrial fibrillation: aldosterone promotes oxidative stress and atrial structural/electrical remodeling. Alzoubi, KH; Mayyas, F; Van Wagoner, DR, 2013)	1.51
"Aldosterone also promotes the activation of protein kinase signalling cascades that are coupled to growth factor receptors and act directly on specific substrates in the cell membrane or cytoplasm."	( Rapid aldosterone actions on epithelial sodium channel trafficking and cell proliferation. Harvey, BJ; Quinn, S; Thomas, W, 2014)	1.6
"Aldosterone may increase in luteotropic/progestogenic and in hypothyroid states; LH and, occasionally, TSH receptors have been detected in normal adrenal cortex and aldosterone-producing adenoma."	( LH, progesterone, and TSH can stimulate aldosterone in vitro: a study on normal adrenal cortex and aldosterone producing adenoma. Balzan, S; Fommei, E; Iacconi, P; Morelli, L; Nicolini, G; Ripoli, A; Sabatino, L, 2014)	1.39
"Aldosterone promotes electrogenic sodium reabsorption through the amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). "	( Colon-specific deletion of epithelial sodium channel causes sodium loss and aldosterone resistance. Charles, RP; Christensen, BM; Hummler, E; Maillard, M; Malsure, S; Perrier, R; Rossier, BC; Sergi, C; Wang, Q, 2014)	2.07
"Aldosterone plays a key role in the pathogenesis of hypertension, congestive heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. "	( Development of a high-throughput assay for aldosterone synthase inhibitors using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Bell, MG; Kowala, M; Kuo, MS; McGee, J; Schrementi, J; Wang, J; Yu, L; Yurek, D, 2014)	2.11
"Aldosterone may produce insulin resistance secondarily by altering potassium, increasing inflammatory cytokines, and reducing beneficial adipokines such as adiponectin."	( Effects of aldosterone on insulin sensitivity and secretion. Luther, JM, 2014)	1.51
"Aldosterone increase with use of cediranib was correlated with better outcome."	( Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and Aldosterone Serum Levels as Prognostic and Predictive Biomarkers for Cediranib in NCIC Clinical Trials Group Study BR.24. Addison, CL; Bar, J; Bradbury, PA; Dimitroulakos, J; Ding, K; Goss, GD; Han, L; Laurie, SA; Seymour, L; Shepherd, FA; Zhao, H, 2015)	1.42
"An aldosterone level increase with treatment might also be predictive of OS benefit from cediranib."	( Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and Aldosterone Serum Levels as Prognostic and Predictive Biomarkers for Cediranib in NCIC Clinical Trials Group Study BR.24. Addison, CL; Bar, J; Bradbury, PA; Dimitroulakos, J; Ding, K; Goss, GD; Han, L; Laurie, SA; Seymour, L; Shepherd, FA; Zhao, H, 2015)	1.21
"Aldosterone is able to activate HSCs and increase PAI-1 expression during hepatic fibrosis, which may be inhibited by spironolactone. "	( Aldosterone and TGF-β₁ synergistically increase PAI-1 expression in hepatic stellate cells of rats. Gao, HJ; He, CZ; Wang, SL; Wu, HM; Yang, CQ; Yang, L, 2015)	3.3
"Aldosterone excess can cause DNA damage in vitro and in vivo."	( Prevalence of Malignancies in Patients With Primary Aldosteronism. Allolio, B; Dietz, AS; Friedrichs, N; Fuss, CT; Hahner, S; Hannemann, A; Heinze, B; Lang, K; Quack, I; Quinkler, M; Reincke, M; Rump, LC; Wallaschofski, H; Weber, K; Willenberg, HS, 2016)	1.16
"Aldosterone also promotes collagen synthesis, which leads to increased arterial stiffness and elevation of blood pressure."	( Resistant Hypertension and the Pivotal Role for Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists: A Clinical Update 2016. Duprez, DA; Epstein, M, 2016)	1.16
"Aldosterone plays an important role in regulating ion and fluid homeostasis and thus blood pressure, and hyperaldosteronism results in hypertension. "	( VLDL-activated cell signaling pathways that stimulate adrenal cell aldosterone production. Bollag, WB; Johnson, MH; Rainey, WE; Tsai, YY, 2016)	2.11
"Aldosterone plays a central role in the regulation of sodium and potassium homoeostasis by binding to the mineralocorticoid receptor and contributes to kidney and cardiovascular damage."	( Interleukin-18 deficiency protects against renal interstitial fibrosis in aldosterone/salt-treated mice. Enomoto, D; Higaki, J; Kukida, M; Miyoshi, K; Nagao, T; Okamura, H; Okura, T; Pei, Z; Tanino, A, 2016)	1.39
"Aldosterone, which plays a key role in maintaining water and electrolyte balance, is produced by zona glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex. "	( Small-Conductance Ca2+-Activated Potassium Channels Negatively Regulate Aldosterone Secretion in Human Adrenocortical Cells. Barrett, PQ; Hu, C; Liang, Q; Mei, YA; Shi, Y; Yang, T; Zhang, HL, 2016)	2.11
"The aldosterone-mediated increase of TRPM7 current was inhibited by eplerenone, a mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blocker, and GSK-650394, an inhibitor of the serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1)."	( Aldosterone Upregulates Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 7 (TRPM7). Jolly, A; Miquel, P; Shrier, A; Touyz, RM; Valinsky, WC, 2016)	2.36
"Aldosterone plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of systolic heart failure. "	( Effects of early aldosterone antagonism on cardiac remodeling in rats with aortic stenosis-induced pressure overload. Campos, DHS; Cezar, MDM; Cicogna, AC; Costa, LCO; Damatto, RL; Iyomasa, RM; Martinez, PF; Minicucci, MF; Okoshi, K; Okoshi, MP; Silva, MB, 2016)	2.22
"Aldosterone is known to enhance both renal and colonic K(+) secretion."	( Aldosterone increases KCa1.1 (BK) channel-mediated colonic K+ secretion. Leipziger, J; Matos, JE; Praetorius, HA; Ruth, P; Sausbier, M; Sausbier, U; Sørensen, MV, 2008)	2.51
"Aldosterone plays an important role in electrolyte and blood pressure homeostasis. "	( Altered corticosteroid biosynthesis in essential hypertension: A digenic phenomenon. Alvarez-Madrazo, S; Connell, JM; Davies, E; Fraser, R; Freel, EM; Mackenzie, SM, 2009)	1.8
"Aldosterone promotes renal fibrosis via the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), thus contributing to hypertension-induced nephropathy. "	( Hypertension-induced renal fibrosis and spironolactone response vary by rat strain and mineralocorticoid receptor gene expression. Camp, JR; Cavallari, LH; Fashingbauer, LA; Geenen, DL; King, ST, 2008)	1.79
"Aldosterone plays a detrimental role in the pathology of chronic heart failure. "	( Comparison of the effects of intrapericardial and intravenous aldosterone infusions on left ventricular fibrosis in rats. Bitsch, N; Essen, Hv; Hermans, JJ; Minnaard-Huiban, M; Smits, JF, 2008)	2.03
"Aldosterone plays a crucial role in renal fibrosis by inducing mesangial cell proliferation and promoting collagen synthesis in renal fibroblasts. "	( Aldosterone induces collagen synthesis via activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 in renal proximal tubules. Liu, A; Liu, X; Xu, G, 2008)	3.23
"Aldosterone can increase ERK1/2 phosphorylation of human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. "	( Aldosterone induces collagen synthesis via activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 in renal proximal tubules. Liu, A; Liu, X; Xu, G, 2008)	3.23
"Aldosterone plays an important pathophysiological role in cardiovascular disease, and aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) receptor antagonism has been used in the treatment of heart failure and hypertension. "	( Aldosterone synthase inhibitors: pharmacological and clinical aspects. Jan Danser, AH; Jansen, PM; van den Meiracker, AH, 2009)	3.24
"Aldosterone plays a crucial role in salt and water homeostasis but in case of pathologically increased plasma aldosterone levels it is also involved in the development and the progression of severe cardiovascular diseases like heart failure and myocardial fibrosis. "	( Selective aldosterone synthase inhibitors reduce aldosterone formation in vitro and in vivo. Birk, B; Hartmann, RW; Heim, R; Lucas, S; Ries, C, 2009)	2.2
"The aldosterone-induced increase in renal TGFbeta1 and PCNA was significantly prevented by treatment with DMA."	( The role of Na+-H+ exchanger isoform 1 in aldosterone-induced glomerulosclerosis in vivo. Chen, J; Gu, Y; Lin, S; Liu, S; You, L; Zhang, M, 2009)	1.1
"Aldosterone plays an important role in fibrosis. "	( Aldosterone promotes fibronectin synthesis in rat mesangial cells via ERK1/2-stimulated Na-H+ exchanger isoform 1. Chen, J; Gu, Y; Hao, C; Lai, L; Lin, S; You, L; Zhang, M, 2010)	3.25
"Aldosterone plays an important role in salt and water homeostasis and blood pressure control through the classical mineralocorticoid receptor. "	( Aldosterone and diabetic kidney disease. Cha, DR; Kang, YS, 2009)	3.24
"Aldosterone promotes the proliferation of ventricular fibroblasts, mediated by aldosterone receptor."	( [The effect of aldosterone of promotion on proliferation of ventricular fibroblasts]. Fu, SG; Gong, SZ; Liu, PQ; Lu, W; Pan, JY; Tan, Z, 2001)	2.11
"Aldosterone induced an increase in adhesion molecule protein content and promoted monocyte adhesion to VSMCs, responses that were inhibited an by cholesterol depletion, caveolin-1 deficiency, AG1296 and PP2, a c-Src inhibitor."	( Vascular proinflammatory responses by aldosterone are mediated via c-Src trafficking to cholesterol-rich microdomains: role of PDGFR. Briones, AM; Callera, GE; He, Y; Montezano, AC; Schiffrin, EL; Tostes, RC; Touyz, RM; Yogi, A, 2011)	1.36
"Aldosterone plays an essential role in the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis in the distal nephron. "	( Aldosterone resistance: structural and functional considerations and new perspectives. Fernandes-Rosa, FL; Hubert, EL; Zennaro, MC, 2012)	3.26
"Aldosterone promotes an inflammatory state characterized by vascular infiltration of immune cells, reactive oxidative stress, and proinflammatory cytokine production."	( Aldosterone as a modulator of immunity: implications in the organ damage. Amador, CA; Campino, C; Fardella, CE; Herrada, AA; Kalergis, AM; Michea, LF, 2011)	2.53
"Aldosterone caused an increase in both reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen (RNS) species."	( Aldosterone increases kidney tubule cell oxidants through calcium-mediated activation of NADPH oxidase and nitric oxide synthase. Oteiza, PI; Queisser, N; Schinzel, R; Schupp, N; Stopper, H, 2011)	2.53
"Aldosterone plays a role in hypertension, and hypertension is prevalent in patients with insulin resistance. "	( Plasma aldosterone levels and development of insulin resistance: prospective study in a general population. Adachi, H; Enomoto, M; Esaki, E; Fukami, A; Hirai, Y; Imaizumi, T; Jacobs, DR; Kasahara, A; Kumagae, S; Kumagai, E; Nanjo, Y; Ogata, K; Ohbu-Murayama, K; Otsuka, M; Tsukagawa, E; Yokoi, K; Yoshikawa, K, 2011)	2.27
"Aldosterone binding to MR promotes different post-translational modifications that regulate MR nuclear translocation, gene expression, and finally receptor degradation."	( Differential ubiquitylation of the mineralocorticoid receptor is regulated by phosphorylation. Faresse, N; Staub, O; Vitagliano, JJ, 2012)	1.1
"Aldosterone plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure by modulating the activity of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) that consists of α-, β-, and γ-subunits. "	( In vivo contribution of serine proteases to the proteolytic activation of γENaC in aldosterone-infused rats. Adachi, M; Hayata, M; Kakizoe, Y; Kitamura, K; Miyoshi, T; Mizumoto, T; Morinaga, J; Onoue, T; Sakai, Y; Shiraishi, N; Tomita, K; Uchimura, K; Ueda, M; Yamazoe, R, 2012)	2.05
"Aldosterone levels increase in 30%-40% of patients on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and/or angiotensin receptor blockers over the long term. "	( Aldosterone breakthrough during aliskiren, valsartan, and combination (aliskiren + valsartan) therapy. Appel, GB; Bomback, AS; Canetta, PA; Klemmer, PJ; Radhakrishnan, J; Rekhtman, Y, )	3.02
"Aldosterone failed to increase the number of apoptotic cells on day 3, but did increase them on day 5."	( Aldosterone induces p21-regulated apoptosis via increased synthesis and secretion of tumour necrosis factor-α in human proximal tubular cells. Deguchi, K; Hitomi, H; Kitada, K; Kobori, H; Masaki, T; Mori, H; Nakano, D; Nishiyama, A, 2012)	2.54
"Aldosterone-induced increase of blood pressure was reduced by spironolactone (P<0.05)."	( Spironolactone improves angiotensin-induced vascular changes and oxidative stress. Amiri, F; Neves, MF; Schiffrin, EL; Touyz, RM; Viel, E; Virdis, A, 2002)	1.04
"Aldosterone plays a pathological role in cardiac fibrosis by directly affecting cardiac fibroblasts. "	( Aldosterone stimulates proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts by activating Ki-RasA and MAPK1/2 signaling. Meszaros, JG; Stockand, JD, 2003)	3.2
"Aldosterone production plays an important role in the remodeling of the heart."	( Molecular mechanisms of myocardial remodeling. The role of aldosterone. Delcayre, C; Swynghedauw, B, 2002)	1.28
"Aldosterone classically promotes unidirectional transepithelial sodium transport, thereby regulating blood volume and blood pressure. "	( Transgenic model of aldosterone-driven cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Blomme, EA; Bond, BR; Funder, JW; Goellner, JJ; McMahon, EG; Qin, W; Rocha, R; Rudolph, AE, 2003)	2.09
"Aldosterone promotes collagen synthesis and structural remodeling of the heart."	( Mice lacking osteopontin exhibit increased left ventricular dilation and reduced fibrosis after aldosterone infusion. Colucci, WS; Kerstetter, DL; Ooi, H; Sam, F; Singh, K; Singh, M; Xie, Z, 2004)	1.26
"Aldosterone excess can produce heart and kidney fibrosis, which seem to be related to a direct effect of aldosterone at the level of specific receptors. "	( Effect of aldosterone and glycyrrhetinic acid on the protein expression of PAI-1 and p22(phox) in human mononuclear leukocytes. Armanini, D; Calò, LA; Davis, PA; De Mozzi, P; Fiore, C; Martire, G; Pagnin, E; Sartorato, P; Zaghetto, F, 2004)	2.17
"Aldosterone plays an important role in development of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis. "	( Association of -344/T/C aldosterone synthase polymorphism (CYP11B2) with left ventricular structure and humoral parameters in young normotensive men. Aschermann, M; Heller, S; Hlubocká, Z; Horký, K; Jáchymová, M; Jindra, A; Linhart, A; Peleska, J; Umnerová, V, 2004)	2.07
"Aldosterone also promotes myocardial fibrosis and cardiac remodelling by enhancing collagen synthesis, resulting in increased myocardial stiffness and increased left ventricular mass."	( The clinical implications of aldosterone escape in congestive heart failure. Struthers, AD, 2004)	1.34
"Aldosterone promotes sodium and water retention, sympathoadrenergic activation, endothelial dysfunction, and cardiovascular fibrosis and hypertrophy."	( Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism and cardiac remodeling in ischemic heart failure. Bauersachs, J; Fraccarollo, D; Galuppo, P, 2004)	1.04
"Aldosterone appeared to increase inotropy primarily through increased cytosolic pH, whereas spironolactone increased myosin ATPase calcium sensitivity and diastolic calcium concentration."	( Mechanisms for aldosterone and spironolactone-induced positive inotropic actions in the rat heart. Barbato, JC; Franco-Saenz, R; Mulrow, PJ; Rashid, S; Shapiro, JI, 2004)	1.4
"Aldosterone plays an important role in the harmful cardiac remodeling process and pathophysiology of heart failure after a myocardial infarction. "	( New treatment option for heart failure patients: eplerenone. Cavallari, LH; Southworth, MR, )	1.57
"Aldosterone plays a pivotal role in NaCl and K(+) homeostasis by stimulation of Na(+) reabsorption and K(+) secretion in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron (ASDN). "	( Role of Sgk1 in salt and potassium homeostasis. Huang, DY; Kuhl, D; Lang, F; Loffing, J; Vallon, V; Völkl, H; Wulff, P, 2005)	1.77
"Aldosterone caused a 27% increase in protein incorporation (EC(50) = 40 nmol/L) and a 29% increase in myocyte surface area compared with the vehicle control."	( Aldosterone directly stimulates cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. Lorell, BH; Nakayama, M; O'Connell, TD; Okoshi, K; Okoshi, MP; Schuldt, AJ; Simpson, PC; Yan, X, 2004)	2.49
"Aldosterone plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and renal disease that is independent of angiotensin II. "	( Pleiotropic actions of aldosterone and the effects of eplerenone, a selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist. Takeda, Y, 2004)	2.08
"Aldosterone plays an important role in the pathophysiology of sodium/potassium and water homeostasis of the body. "	( Cardiovascular effects of aldosterone. Murin, J, 2005)	2.07
"Aldosterone plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Ang II-induced organ damage. "	( Aldosterone synthase inhibitor ameliorates angiotensin II-induced organ damage. Al-Saadi, N; Dechend, R; Fiebeler, A; Hilfenhaus, G; Jeng, AY; Luft, FC; Maser-Gluth, C; Meiners, S; Muller, DN; Nussberger, J; Rong, S; Shagdarsuren, E; Webb, RL; Wellner, M, 2005)	3.21
"Aldosterone thereby plays an important role in atherosclerosis and hypertension-induced vascular injury."	( The mineralocorticoid receptor and oxidative stress. Fiebeler, A; Luft, FC, 2005)	1.05
"Aldosterone plays a central role in Na+ homeostasis by controlling Na+ reabsorption in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron involving the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC). "	( Aldosterone-induced serum and glucocorticoid-induced kinase 1 expression is accompanied by Nedd4-2 phosphorylation and increased Na+ transport in cortical collecting duct cells. Chabanel, S; Daidié, D; Dudler, J; Flores, SY; Gerbex, C; Kamynina, E; Loffing, J; Loffing-Cueni, D; Staub, O, 2005)	3.21
"Aldosterone plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. "	( Role of cardiovascular aldosterone in hypertension. Takeda, Y, 2005)	2.08
"Aldosterone plays a key role in salt and water homeostasis but is also involved in the development and progression of congestive heart failure and myocardial fibrosis. "	( The adrenocortical tumor cell line NCI-H295R as an in vitro screening system for the evaluation of CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) and CYP11B1 (steroid-11beta-hydroxylase) inhibitors. Angotti, M; Hartmann, RW; Müller-Vieira, U, 2005)	1.98
"Aldosterone plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. "	( c-Src-dependent nongenomic signaling responses to aldosterone are increased in vascular myocytes from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Callera, GE; He, Y; Montezano, AC; Schiffrin, EL; Tostes, RC; Touyz, RM; Yogi, A, 2005)	2.02
"Aldosterone plays an important role in the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure (CHF), and spironolactone improves cardiovascular function and survival rates in patients with CHF. "	( Mineralocorticoid receptor blocker increases angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 activity in congestive heart failure patients. Abassi, Z; Gamliel-Lazarovich, A; Hamoud, S; Hayek, T; Kaplan, M; Karry, R; Keidar, S; Pavlotzky, E, 2005)	1.77
"Aldosterone values were lower in PE from week 26 to 29 onwards and in FGR after week 34."	( Time course of maternal plasma volume and hormonal changes in women with preeclampsia or fetal growth restriction. Gutiérrez, BL; Marshall, G; Rosso, P; Salas, SP, 2006)	1.06
"Aldosterone plays an important role in the pathophysiology of numerous cardiovascular disorders including heart failure and hypertension. "	( P-glycoprotein modulates aldosterone plasma disposition and tissue uptake. Laizure, SC; Parker, RB; Weber, KT; Yates, CR, 2006)	2.08
"Aldosterone plays a crucial role in controlling mineral balance in our body. "	( Aldosterone-induced abnormal regulation of ENaC and SGK1 in Dahl salt-sensitive rat. Aoi, W; Marunaka, Y; Miyazaki, H; Niisato, N; Sawabe, Y, 2006)	3.22
"Aldosterone acts to increase apical membrane permeability by activation of epithelial Na(+) channels (ENaC). "	( Regulation of epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC) by methylation: a novel methyltransferase stimulates ENaC activity. Edinger, RS; Johnson, JP; Kleyman, TR; Perry, C; Yospin, J, 2006)	1.78
"Aldosterone promotes vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and endothelial dysfunction, suggesting the contribution to in-stent restenosis (ISR). "	( Impact of plasma aldosterone levels for prediction of in-stent restenosis. Amano, T; Hamaguchi, Y; Hayashi, Y; Ishii, H; Izawa, H; Matsubara, T; Miura, M; Murohara, T; Ogawa, Y; Torigoe, M; Yoshida, T, 2006)	2.12
"Aldosterone promotes cardiovascular inflammation and remodeling, both of which are characteristic changes in hypertensive and failing hearts. "	( The antagonism of aldosterone receptor prevents the development of hypertensive heart failure induced by chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in rats. Asano, Y; Fujita, M; Hirata, A; Hori, M; Kitakaze, M; Minamino, T; Okada, K; Sanada, S; Shintani, Y; Takashima, S; Tomoike, H; Tsukamoto, O; Yamasaki, S; Yulin, L, 2006)	2.11
"Aldosterone levels increase during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. "	( Relationship between aldosterone and progesterone in the human menstrual cycle. Adler, GK; Green, DE; Hopkins, PN; Seely, EW; Szmuilowicz, ED; Williams, JS; Yao, TM, 2006)	2.1
"This aldosterone-mediated increase in cell surface roughness was completely prevented by spironolactone."	( Direct aldosterone action on mouse cardiomyocytes detected with atomic force microscopy. Hillebrand, U; Kliche, K; Kuhn, M; Ludwig, Y; Oberleithner, H; Stock, C, 2006)	1.24
"Aldosterone plays essential roles in body fluid and electrolyte homeostasis and blood pressure. "	( Polymorphism of CYP11B2 determines salt sensitivity in Japanese. Iwai, N; Kajimoto, K; Takashima, N; Tomoike, H, 2007)	1.78
"Aldosterone plays a major role in the development of both hypertension and heart failure. "	( MDR1 genotype-dependent regulation of the aldosterone system in humans. Fromm, MF; Jacobi, J; Pahl, A; Schmieder, RE; Zolk, O, 2007)	2.05
"Aldosterone plays a key role in cardiovascular and renal injury. "	( Aldosterone-induced EGFR expression: interaction between the human mineralocorticoid receptor and the human EGFR promoter. Freudinger, R; Gekle, M; Grossmann, C; Krug, AW; Mildenberger, S; Voelker, K, 2007)	3.23
"Aldosterone plays a major role in the regulation of salt balance and the pathophysiology of cardiovascular and renal diseases. "	( Aldosterone-induced Sgk1 relieves Dot1a-Af9-mediated transcriptional repression of epithelial Na+ channel alpha. Kone, BC; Kuhl, D; Lang, F; Reisenauer, MR; Rieg, T; Vallon, V; Xia, X; Zhang, W, 2007)	3.23
"Aldosterone promotes tubular cell apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner."	( Aldosterone promotes proximal tubular cell apoptosis: role of oxidative stress. Chander, PN; Franki, N; Luan, L; Mathew, JT; Patni, H; Singhal, PC, 2007)	2.5
"Aldosterone plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure. "	( Aldosterone-stimulated PKC signalling cascades: from receptor to effector. Harvey, BJ; McEneaney, V; Thomas, W, 2007)	3.23
"Aldosterone plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension and renal disease. "	( Aldosterone and progression of renal disease. Wenzel, U, 2008)	3.23
"The aldosterone-induced increase in NHE activity SHR PTE cells was completely prevented by apocynin."	( Oxidative stress and the genomic regulation of aldosterone-stimulated NHE1 activity in SHR renal proximal tubular cells. Hopfer, U; Jose, PA; Pinho, MJ; Pinto, V; Soares-da-Silva, P, 2008)	1.08
"Aldosterone may increase sympathetic nerve activity by these mechanisms."	( Aldosterone acts centrally to increase brain renin-angiotensin system activity and oxidative stress in normal rats. Felder, RB; Kang, YM; Wei, SG; Yu, Y; Zhang, ZH, 2008)	2.51
"Aldosterone plays a major role in cardiac pathology. "	( Aldosterone and the autocrine modulation of potassium currents and oxidative stress in the diabetic rat heart. Chen, K; Emmett, T; Kargacin, G; Shimoni, Y, 2008)	3.23
"The aldosterone-induced increase in T3-binding was blocked by cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, and actinomycin D, an inhibitor of RNA synthesis."	( Corticoids augment nuclear binding capacity for triiodothyronine in bullfrog tadpole tail fins. Kikuyama, S; Suzuki, MR, 1983)	0.75
"The aldosterone-dependent increase in PNa was a result of an equivalent increase in the area density of conducting apical Na channels."	( Aldosterone control of the density of sodium channels in the toad urinary bladder. Edelman, IS; Li, JH; Lindemann, B; Palmer, LG, 1982)	2.19
"The aldosterone increase was not inhibited by L-dopa pretreatment, whereas pretreatment with dexamethasone did suppress it."	( Adrenocorticotropin-mediated effect of metoclopramide on plasma aldosterone in man. Endoh, M; Horino, M; Kakita, K; Matsuki, M; Nagase, Y; Nishida, S; Oyama, H; Tenku, A, 1983)	0.99
"The aldosterone-stimulated increase in Na+ transport was accounted for by increases in both the relative selective permeability of the apical membrane to Na+ and an increase in its absolute Na+ permeability."	( Apical membrane permeability and kinetic properties of the sodium pump in rabbit urinary bladder. Lewis, SA; Wills, NK, 1983)	0.75
"Aldosterone did not produce changes in pH values, even if injected in doses equimolar to those of 18-OH-B, but showed a tendency--at these higher doses--to decrease PCO2 values."	( Effects of 18-hydroxycorticosterone and of aldosterone on acid-base parameters in the arterial blood of adrenalectomized rats. Ceñal, JP; Damasco, MC; Lantos, CP; Otero de Bedners, ME; Vallverdú, R, 1983)	1.25
"Aldosterone and AVP were lower in non-dippers (p < 0.05) and a negative correlation in all patients was noticed between ECV and aldosterone (rho = -0.50, p < 0.05)."	( Night blood pressure: relation to organ lesions in microalbuminuric type 1 diabetic patients. Christensen, PD; Christiansen, JS; Hansen, KW; Mogensen, CE; Pedersen, EB; Sørensen, K, 1995)	1.01
"Aldosterone did not increase basal phospholipase C activity or content of the inositol trisphosphate precursor phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate."	( Mechanisms of enhanced angiotensin II-stimulated signal transduction in vascular smooth muscle by aldosterone. Fine, JJ; Ullian, ME, 1994)	1.23
"The aldosterone-induced increase in Na+ transport and mobile fraction can be inhibited by the methylation inhibitor, 3-deazaadenosine, consistent with the hypothesis that a methylation event is involved in aldosterone induced upregulation of Na+ transport."	( Effects of vasopressin and aldosterone on the lateral mobility of epithelial Na+ channels in A6 renal epithelial cells. Angelides, KJ; Benos, DJ; Smith, PR; Stoner, LC; Viggiano, SC, 1995)	1.07
"The aldosterone-induced increase in body weight gain and carcass water were attenuated by RU-28362 (type II receptor agonist) infusion, suggesting that type II receptor stimulation can antagonize the effect of type I receptor stimulation."	( Interaction of type I and type II corticosteroid receptor stimulation on carcass energy and carcass water. Edwards, GL; Martin, RJ; White, BD, 1996)	0.77
"The aldosterone-induced increase in Ip and rate of rise of alpha iNa was eliminated by bumetanide, suggesting that aldosterone activates Na+ influx through the Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl- cotransporter."	( Na+ influx and Na(+)-K+ pump activation during short-term exposure of cardiac myocytes to aldosterone. Buhagiar, KA; Mihailidou, AS; Rasmussen, HH, 1998)	1
"The aldosterone-induced increase in cytosolic sodium was accompanied by an EIPA- and Zn2+-sensitive cell swelling."	( Non-genomic action of the mineralocorticoid aldosterone on cytosolic sodium in cultured kidney cells. Gekle, M; Silbernagl, S; Wünsch, S, 1998)	1.04
"Aldosterone plays a major role in the regulation of renal sodium reabsorption, of extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure. "	( Molecular and cellular determinants of mineralocorticoid selectivity. Farman, N, 1999)	1.75
"Aldosterone is known to increase the amiloride sensitivity of the NaCl taste response."	( Epithelial Na+ channel subunits in rat taste cells: localization and regulation by aldosterone. Finger, TE; Kinnamon, SC; Lin, W; Rossier, BC, 1999)	1.25
"Aldosterone plays a central role in the homeostatic regulation of extracellular fluid volume by stimulating transepithelial electrolyte transport. "	( Rapid effects of aldosterone on sodium-hydrogen exchange in isolated colonic crypts. Geibel, JP; Harvey, BJ; O'Sullivan, GC; Schneider, MF; Winter, DC, 1999)	2.09
"Aldosterone induced an increase in intracellular Na(+) activity."	( Hyperaldosteronemia in rabbits inhibits the cardiac sarcolemmal Na(+)-K(+) pump. Bundgaard, H; Hansen, PS; Kjeldsen, K; Mardini, M; Mihailidou, AS; Rasmussen, HH, )	1.37
"The aldosterone-induced increase in sodium reabsorption across tight epithelia can be divided schematically into two functional phases: an early regulatory phase starting after a lag period of 20 to 60 minutes, during which the pre-existing transport machinery is activated, and a late phase (>2.5 h), which can be viewed as an anabolic action leading to a further amplification/differentiation of the Na+ transport machinery. "	( Pleiotropic action of aldosterone in epithelia mediated by transcription and post-transcription mechanisms. Mastroberardino, L; Pearce, D; Pfeiffer, R; Spindler, B; Summa, V; Verrey, F; Zecevic, M, 2000)	1.18
"Aldosterone tended to increase from 322+/-239 to 362+/-254 pmol/L (bosentan) and from 271+/-70 to 297+/-136 pmol/L (placebo)."	( Regulation of aldosterone secretion in patients with chronic congestive heart failure by endothelins. Bertel, O; Clozel, M; Kiowski, W; Nicholls, MG; Rickenbacher, P; Sütsch, G; Yandle, TG, 2000)	1.39
"Aldosterone promotes nephrosclerosis in several rat models, whereas aldosterone receptor antagonism blunts the effect of activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) on nephrosclerosis, independent of effects on blood pressure. "	( Aldosterone modulates plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and glomerulosclerosis in vivo. Brown, NJ; Donnert, E; Fogo, AB; Freeman, M; Ma, L; Nakamura, I; Nakamura, S; Vaughan, DE, 2000)	3.19
"Aldosterone promotes collagen synthesis and structural remodeling of target organs such as the heart. "	( Spironolactone inhibits the transcardiac extraction of aldosterone in patients with congestive heart failure. Fujii, M; Hayashi, M; Horie, H; Kinoshita, M; Mabuchi, N; Maeda, K; Matsumoto, T; Ohnishi, M; Sawaki, M; Sugimoto, Y; Tsutamoto, T; Tsutsui, T; Wada, A, 2000)	2
"Aldosterone plays a major role in regulating sodium and potassium flux in epithelial tissues such as kidney and colon. "	( The serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase is a physiological mediator of aldosterone action. Bhargava, A; Cole, TJ; Fullerton, MJ; Funder, JW; Myles, K; Pearce, D; Purdy, TM, 2001)	1.98
"Aldosterone (ALD) promotes collagen synthesis and structural remodeling of the heart. "	( Effect of spironolactone on plasma brain natriuretic peptide and left ventricular remodeling in patients with congestive heart failure. Fujii, M; Hayashi, M; Kinoshita, M; Mabuchi, N; Maeda, K; Matsui, T; Matsumoto, T; Ohnishi, M; Sawaki, M; Tsutamoto, T; Tsutsui, T; Wada, A, 2001)	1.75
"Aldosterone did not activate any ENaC current in whole cell clamped rat collecting duct principal cells."	( Nongenomic regulation of ENaC by aldosterone. Bubien, JK; Zhou, ZH, 2001)	1.31
"Aldosterone plays a pivotal role in electrolyte and fluid homeostasis and thus control of blood pressure. "	( Aldosterone. Booth, RE; Johnson, JP; Stockand, JD, 2002)	3.2
"The aldosterone-dependent increase in medullary citrate synthase activity was proportionate to the associated increase in the quantity of antiserum (specific for citrate synthase) required for half-maximal immuno-precipitation."	( Induction of citrate synthase by aldosterone in the rat kidney. Edelman, IS; Law, PY, 1978)	1.02
"Both aldosterone and insulin increase active Na+ transport across the urinary bladder of the toad. "	( Aldosterone and insulin effects on driving force of Na+ pump in toad bladder. Civan, MM; Siegel, B, 1976)	2.21
"Aldosterone appears to increase the permeability of the mucosal (luminal) barrier allowing increased entry of lithium into the colonic epithelial cells."	( Effect of aldosterone on lithium permeability of rat colon mucosa. Dolman, D; Edmonds, CJ; Salas-Coll, C, 1976)	1.38
"Aldosterone plays a major part in the adaptation of colonic sodium and potassium transport to sodium depletion or potassium excess; these adaptations were much impaired in hypothyroid animals."	( Aldosterone and thyroid hormone interaction on the sodium and potassium transport pathways of rat colonic epithelium. Edmonds, CJ; Willis, CL, 1990)	2.44
"The aldosterone increase was most probably mediated by angiotensin II."	( Serial measurements of plasma renin activity, aldosterone and cortisol during percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the renal artery in man. Hägg, A; Lörelius, LE; Mörlin, C; Wide, L, 1988)	1.01
"Both aldosterone and insulin increase ISC in A6 cells and when added together are synergistic."	( Hormonal regulation of Na+-K+-ATPase in cultured epithelial cells. Johnson, JP; Jones, D; Wiesmann, WP, 1986)	0.73
"Aldosterone was lower (p less than 0.01) during sodium depletion in the sodium-sensitive subsets (17.3 +/- 12 vs 26.3 +/- 16; 18.5 +/- 18 vs 27.9 +/- 17 ng/ml)."	( Sodium sensitivity in human subjects. Hemodynamic and hormonal correlates. Ratts, TE; Sullivan, JM, 1988)	1

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Aldosterone levels before treatment were positively correlated with serum PTH levels."	( Hyperparathyroidism in patients with overt and mild primary aldosteronism. Glycofridi, S; Gravvanis, C; Markou, Α; Papanastasiou, L; Piaditis, G; Theodora, K; Tyfoxylou, E; Voulgaris, N, 2021)	1.34
"Aldosterone treatment promotes P-Akt, P-GSK-3β protein expression and hippocampal neural stem cell proliferation, and improves postoperative cognitive dysfunction."	( Mineralocorticoid receptor agonist aldosterone rescues hippocampal neural stem cell proliferation defects and improves postoperative cognitive function in aged mice. Fan, X; Huang, Z; Wang, D; Wu, M; Xiao, J; Zhao, Z, 2023)	1.91
"In aldosterone-treated rats compared with control rats, switching from a low-salt diet to a high-salt diet initiated significantly greater increases in mean arterial pressure and SVR and significantly greater decreases in heart rate and CO."	( Hypertension in Primary Aldosteronism Is Initiated by Salt-Induced Increases in Vascular Resistance With Reductions in Cardiac Output. DiCarlo, SE; Kurtz, TW; Lujan, HL; Morris, RC; Pravenec, M, 2023)	1.42
"Aldosterone-treated mice exhibited an increased kidney injury and DNA damage in distal and proximal tubuli."	( Aldosterone Induces DNA Damage and Activation of Nrf2 Mainly in Tubuli of Mouse Kidneys. Balhorn, R; Hartmann, C; Schupp, N, 2020)	2.72
"The aldosterone-treated mice were exposed to NaCl drinking water (1%) during the hormone administration."	( Disruption of the with no lysine kinase-STE20-proline alanine-rich kinase pathway reduces the hypertension induced by angiotensin II. Alessi, DR; Bobadilla, NA; Castaneda-Bueno, M; Cervantes-Perez, LG; Gamba, G; Jimenez, JV; Rojas-Vega, L; Vazquez, N, 2018)	0.96
"Aldosterone treatment enhanced mRNA expression of genes associated with inflammation and fibrosis and stimulated differentiation of 3T3-L1 and brown preadipocytes."	( Inflammation and Fibrosis in Perirenal Adipose Tissue of Patients With Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma. Fan, C; Guan, M; Tan, W; Wang, L; Wei, Q; Wu, C; Wu, P; Xie, C; Xu, L; Xue, Y; Zhang, H; Zhang, J, 2018)	1.44
"Aldosterone treatment also decreased the expression of MAS receptor, but did not alter the expression or the catalytic activity of ACE 2 and ANG (1-7) levels."	( Both aldosterone and spironolactone can modulate the intracellular ACE/ANG II/AT1 and ACE2/ANG (1-7)/MAS receptor axes in human mesangial cells. Casarini, DE; Sanches Aragão, D; Stoll, D; Yokota, R, 2019)	1.75
"Aldosterone treatment increased lipid content of plaques (2.1±0.2-fold) and inflammatory cell content (2.2±0.3-fold), induced early T-cell (2.9±0.3-fold) and monocyte (2.3±0.3-fold) infiltration into atherosclerosis-prone vascular regions, and enhanced systemic inflammation with increased spleen weight (1.52±0.06-fold) and the circulating cytokine RANTES (regulated and normal T cell secreted; 1.6±0.1-fold)."	( Aldosterone increases early atherosclerosis and promotes plaque inflammation through a placental growth factor-dependent mechanism. Armani, A; Bagley, J; Caprio, M; Carmeliet, P; Chen, WS; Galayda, C; Jaffe, IZ; McGraw, AP; Nickerson, H, 2013)	2.55
"Aldosterone treatment associated with a high salt diet induced not only hypertension but also oxidative stress, collagen synthesis and vascular inflammation."	( [Respective roles of cortisol, aldosterone and angiotensin II during pathophysiology of atherosclerosis]. Ayari, H, )	1.14
"Aldosterone-salt treatment induces not only hypertension but also extensive inflammation that contributes to fibrosis in the rat kidney. "	( Mizoribine ameliorates renal injury and hypertension along with the attenuation of renal caspase-1 expression in aldosterone-salt-treated rats. Doi, S; Doi, T; Kohno, N; Masaki, T; Nakashima, A; Ueno, T; Yokoyama, Y, 2014)	2.06
"Aldosterone treatment enlarged the cell volume and elevated the apical membrane of renal mpkCCDc14 epithelia, which resulted in enhancing the open probability of ENaC."	( Phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway mediates early aldosterone action on morphology and epithelial sodium channel in mammalian renal epithelia. An, G; Chen, X; Li, Y; Liu, X; Lu, H; Ma, Q; Zhang, J; Zhang, N; Zhang, Y; Zhou, Y; Zhu, H, 2014)	1.38
"The aldosterone-treated animals exhibited a prolongation of the QT interval and action potential duration with a higher incidence of early afterdepolarizations. "	( Aldosterone down-regulates the slowly activated delayed rectifier potassium current in adult guinea pig cardiomyocytes. Bai, S; Li, L; Lv, Y; Meng, J; Xu, Y; Zhang, H, 2015)	2.42
"Aldosterone changes with treatment predicted differential OS between treatment arms, with an increased trend to associate with longer OS (HR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.23-1.06; P = .07) for patients who received cediranib, but shorter OS (HR, 1.90; 95% CI, 0.93-3.87; P = .08) for patients who received placebo (interaction P = .01)."	( Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and Aldosterone Serum Levels as Prognostic and Predictive Biomarkers for Cediranib in NCIC Clinical Trials Group Study BR.24. Addison, CL; Bar, J; Bradbury, PA; Dimitroulakos, J; Ding, K; Goss, GD; Han, L; Laurie, SA; Seymour, L; Shepherd, FA; Zhao, H, 2015)	1.42
"Aldosterone treatment of mesenteric arteries from wild-type mice for 50 min resulted in an increased number of intracellular Ca"	( Biosensor cell assay for measuring real-time aldosterone-induced release of histamine from mesenteric arteries. Andersen, K; Dalgaard, EG; Hansen, PB; Svenningsen, P, 2017)	1.44
"When aldosterone-treated HBMEC were incubated with the activated protein C (APC), the partial thromboplastin clotting time (aPTT) increased 2.5-fold over control, from 10 to 25 s."	( Aldosterone modifies hemostasis via upregulation of the protein-C receptor in human vascular endothelium. Agarwal, MK; Berthaut, A; Ducros, E; Faussat, AM; Mirshahi, M; Mirshahi, SS; Soria, J, 2008)	2.24
"Aldosterone treatment of endothelial cells increases leukocyte adherence to endothelial cells in culture."	( Aldosterone activates endothelial exocytosis. Cameron, SJ; Chaupin, DF; Jeong, Y; Lowenstein, CJ; Matsushita, K; Morrell, CN; Yamakuchi, M, 2009)	2.52
"Aldosterone treatment stimulated expression of Period 1 (Per1) mRNA in renal collecting duct cell lines and in the rodent kidney."	( The circadian clock protein Period 1 regulates expression of the renal epithelial sodium channel in mice. Cain, BD; Greenlee, MM; Gumz, ML; Lynch, IJ; Rudin, A; Stow, LR; Weaver, DR; Wingo, CS, 2009)	1.07
"In aldosterone-infused rats, treatment with a nonspecific vasodilator, hydralazine (5 mg/kg per day in drinking water) resulted in a reduction in SBP similar to azelnidipine; however, it did not affect any renal parameters."	( Inhibitory effects of a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker on renal injury in aldosterone-infused rats. Du, J; Fan, YY; Fu, H; Fujisawa, Y; Hitomi, H; Hosomi, N; Kimura, S; Kiyomoto, H; Kohno, M; Lu, XM; Nagai, Y; Nakano, D; Nishiyama, A; Ohmori, K, 2009)	1.09
"Aldosterone-treated VSMC also showed increased LDL oxidation, (approximately 2-fold; P < 0.001), which was blocked by spironolactone."	( Aldosterone up-regulates 12- and 15-lipoxygenase expression and LDL oxidation in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Kaplan, M; Keidar, S; Knoll, E; Limor, R; Naidich, M; Sharon, O; Stern, N; Weisinger, G, 2009)	2.52
"Aldosterone treatment markedly increased the fibronectin level, which can be reduced by PD98059, spironolactone and shRNA-NHE1."	( Aldosterone promotes fibronectin synthesis in rat mesangial cells via ERK1/2-stimulated Na-H+ exchanger isoform 1. Chen, J; Gu, Y; Hao, C; Lai, L; Lin, S; You, L; Zhang, M, 2010)	2.52
"Aldosterone treatment of M1-CCD cells stimulated an increase in epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) alpha-subunit expression that was mainly localized to the apical membrane. "	( Protein kinase D1 modulates aldosterone-induced ENaC activity in a renal cortical collecting duct cell line. Dooley, R; Harvey, BJ; Keating, N; McEneaney, V; Quinn, U; Thomas, W; Yusef, YR, 2010)	2.1
"In aldosterone + salt-treated rats, -dP/dt decreased (P < 0.05), but +dP/dt was similar in all groups."	( Structural, functional, and molecular alterations produced by aldosterone plus salt in rat heart: association with enhanced serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase-1 expression. Ballesteros, S; Cachofeiro, V; de las Heras, N; Delgado, C; Hintze, T; Lahera, V; Martín-Fernández, B; Miana, M; Song, S, 2011)	1.12
"Aldosterone treatment did not modify NO or TxB(2) release, but it did increase superoxide anion and 6-keto-PGF(1alpha) release in mesenteric resistance arteries from both strains."	( Aldosterone alters the participation of endothelial factors in noradrenaline vasoconstriction differently in resistance arteries from normotensive and hypertensive rats. Avendaño, MS; Balfagón, G; Blanco-Rivero, J; Salaíces, M; Sastre, E; Velázquez, K; Xavier, FE; Yela, R, 2011)	2.53
"Aldosterone treatment induced an anhedonic state manifested by decreased sucrose preference."	( Subchronic treatment with aldosterone induces depression-like behaviours and gene expression changes relevant to major depressive disorder. Babic, S; Flynn, ME; Hlavacova, N; Jezova, D; Murck, H; Ondrejcakova, M; Poundstone, PK; Wes, PD, 2012)	1.4
"Aldosterone treatment for 3 h decreases ERK1/2 phosphorylation."	( Dietary salt modulates the sodium chloride cotransporter expression likely through an aldosterone-mediated WNK4-ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Cai, H; Chen, J; Feng, X; Gu, Y; Lai, L; Liu, D; Niu, B; Zhang, Y, 2012)	1.32
"Aldosterone treatment resulted in hypertrophy as indicated by an increased ratio of heart weight/tibia length and doubled the time until the AF converted spontaneously into sinus rhythm (85.8±13.4 s vs. "	( Spironolactone prevents aldosterone induced increased duration of atrial fibrillation in rat. Brandt, MC; Dartsch, T; Halbach, M; Hescheler, J; Hoppe, UC; Lammers, C; Müller-Ehmsen, J; Ockenpoehler, S; Peinkofer, G; Reuter, H; Rottländer, D; Schneider, T; Weiergraeber, M; Zobel, C, 2012)	2.13
"Aldosterone treatment significantly increased the expression of Cox-2 and IL-6 and activation of p38MAPK and NF-κB. "	( The mineralocorticoid receptor-p38MAPK-NFκB or ERK-Sp1 signal pathways mediate aldosterone-stimulated inflammatory and profibrotic responses in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Hu, ZW; Hua, F; Liu, HZ; Wang, QQ; Yang, HZ; Zhou, JL; Zhu, CJ, 2012)	2.05
"Aldosterone treatment impaired the rate of glucose uptake, oxidation, and insulin signal transduction in the gastrocnemius muscle through defective expression of IR, IRS-1, Akt, AS160, and GLUT4 genes."	( Excess aldosterone-induced changes in insulin signaling molecules and glucose oxidation in gastrocnemius muscle of adult male rat. Balasubramanian, K; Mayilvanan, C; Sathish, S; Selvaraj, J, 2013)	1.57
"Aldosterone treatment resulted in further decrements in Af9 and Dot1a association with the αENaC promoter."	( An Af9 cis-element directly targets Dot1a to mediate transcriptional repression of the αENaC gene. Chen, L; Kone, BC; Kong, Q; Wu, H; Yu, Z; Zhang, W, 2013)	1.11
"Aldosterone pretreatment inhibited recovery from wild-type and COX-2(-/-) mice."	( Histamine-dependent prolongation by aldosterone of vasoconstriction in isolated small mesenteric arteries of the mouse. Hansen, PB; Jensen, BL; Schjerning, J; Skøtt, O; Svenningsen, P; Uhrenholt, TR; Vanhoutte, PM, 2013)	1.39
"Thus aldosterone and salt treatment in uninephrectomized rats led to severe hypertension and the development of a vascular inflammatory phenotype in the heart, which may represent one mechanism by which aldosterone contributes to myocardial disease."	( Aldosterone induces a vascular inflammatory phenotype in the rat heart. Blomme, EA; Delyani, JA; Frierdich, GE; Kekec, BK; McMahon, EG; Nachowiak, DA; Rocha, R; Rudolph, AE, 2002)	2.21
"In aldosterone/salt treated rats, renal histopathologic evaluation revealed severe vascular and glomerular sclerosis, fibrinoid necrosis and thrombosis, interstitial leukocyte infiltration, and tubular damage and regeneration."	( Aldosterone/salt induces renal inflammation and fibrosis in hypertensive rats. Blasi, ER; Blomme, EA; McMahon, EG; Polly, ML; Rocha, R; Rudolph, AE, 2003)	2.28
"Aldosterone treatment of cells resulted in significant up-regulation of several genes within 1 hour, with sgk, p21/waf1, gadd45, and gadd153 being the most significant ones. "	( Early aldosterone up-regulated genes: new pathways for renal disease? Christ, M; Falkenstein, E; Feuring, M; Hafner, M; Kellner, M; Lösel, R; Peiter, A; Wehling, M, 2003)	2.24
"Aldosterone-treated cells dramatically shrink when 1 micromol/L of the diuretic amiloride is applied."	( Human endothelium: target for aldosterone. Albermann, L; Hillebrand, U; Ludwig, T; Oberleithner, H; Riethmüller, C; Schäfer, C; Schillers, H; Shahin, V, 2004)	1.33
"Aldosterone treatment also decreased AT2 mRNA content by 2-fold (P<0.05 versus controls), suggesting that aldosterone may switch the Ang II pathway toward activation of vessel growth."	( Aldosterone enhances ischemia-induced neovascularization through angiotensin II-dependent pathway. Ambroisine, ML; Delcayre, C; Duriez, M; Levy, BI; Michel, F; Silvestre, JS, 2004)	2.49
"But aldosterone treatment in all doses (same as for corticosterone) had no significant effect on the adrenal medulla or blood sugar level; (3) Only moderate and higher doses of norepinephrine or epinephrine (same as for corticosterone) caused adrenomedullary atrophy with depletions of norepinephrine and epinephrine levels but elevated the glycemic level."	( Adrenomedullary and glycemic responses to ACTH, corticosterone, aldosterone, epinephrine and norepinephrine administrations in the soft-shelled turtle. Chaudhuri-Sengupta, S; Maiti, BR; Ray, PP, 2004)	1.04
"Upon aldosterone treatment, CTGF expression was significantly increased in a dose and time-dependent manner."	( Aldosterone upregulates connective tissue growth factor gene expression via p38 MAPK pathway and mineralocorticoid receptor in ventricular myocytes. Byun, J; Choi, JH; Jang, HS; Jeon, ES; Kim, DK; Kim, JA; Kim, JM; Kim, KL; Lee, JS; Lee, JY; Lee, YS; Shin, IS; Suh, W, 2004)	2.22
"Aldosterone (100 nmol/L) treatment for 30 hours increased [3H]-thymidine incorporation and decreased the elastic modulus, indicating cellular proliferative and deforming effects of aldosterone, respectively."	( Involvement of aldosterone and mineralocorticoid receptors in rat mesangial cell proliferation and deformability. Abe, Y; Fan, Y; Hashimoto, K; Kajiya, F; Kataoka, N; Kimura, S; Kiyomoto, H; Kohno, M; Kyaw, M; Nagai, Y; Nakamura, E; Nishiyama, A; Shokoji, T; Tamaki, T; Tsujioka, K; Yao, L; Yoshizumi, M, 2005)	1.4
"Aldosterone treatment of rats with Li-NDI decreased fractional excretion of sodium (0.83 +/- 0.02), whereas spironolactone did not change fractional excretion of sodium (1.10 +/- 0.11) compared with rats treated with lithium alone (1.11 +/- 0.05)."	( Lithium-induced NDI in rats is associated with loss of alpha-ENaC regulation by aldosterone in CCD. Frøkiaer, J; Knepper, MA; Kwon, TH; Nielsen, J; Nielsen, S, 2006)	1.28
"Aldosterone/salt-treated hypertensive rats exhibited severe proteinuria and renal injury characterized by glomerular sclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis."	( Augmentation of intrarenal angiotensin II levels in uninephrectomized aldosterone/salt-treated hypertensive rats; renoprotective effects of an ultrahigh dose of olmesartan. Abe, Y; Baba, R; Fan, YY; Fujita, M; Hosomi, N; Kimura, S; Kohno, M; Miyatake, A; Nagai, Y; Nishiyama, A; Sun, GP, 2006)	1.29
"Anti-aldosterone treatment has proven effective in patients with heart failure."	( Mechanisms of disease: The role of aldosterone in kidney damage and clinical benefits of its blockade. Cusi, D; Del Vecchio, L; Procaccio, M; Viganò, S, 2007)	1.07
"Aldosterone treatment induced hypokalemia, decreased urine osmolality, and increased the urine volume and water intake in ALDO compared with CON and dDAVP+Aldo compared with dDAVP."	( Long-term aldosterone treatment induces decreased apical but increased basolateral expression of AQP2 in CCD of rat kidney. de Seigneux, S; Dimke, H; Frøkiaer, J; Kwon, TH; Nielsen, J; Nielsen, S; Olesen, ET, 2007)	1.46
"Aldosterone treatment abolished insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation (100 nmol/L; 5 minutes; n=4)."	( Aldosterone suppresses insulin signaling via the downregulation of insulin receptor substrate-1 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Fujita, Y; Hara, T; Hitomi, H; Ihara, G; Kaifu, K; Kiyomoto, H; Kohno, M; Moriwaki, K; Nishiyama, A; Ugawa, T, 2007)	2.5
"In aldosterone-treated and aldosterone + spironolactone-treated rats, aldosterone plasma levels were increased by fourfold."	( Genomic regulation of intestinal amino acid transporters by aldosterone. Amaral, JS; Pinho, MJ; Soares-da-Silva, P, 2008)	1.1
"Aldosterone treatment affected not only the spatiotemporal measures of anxiety, but also the ethological parameters related to exploration and risk assessment."	( Chronic treatment with the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone results in increased anxiety-like behavior. Hlavacova, N; Jezova, D, 2008)	1.32
"Aldosterone-treated rats also showed greater numbers of apoptosed MCs."	( Aldosterone induces mesangial cell apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro. Chander, PN; Chaudhary, AN; Ding, G; Gupta, A; Liang, W; Mathew, JT; Patni, H; Singhal, PC, 2008)	2.51
"In aldosterone-treated skins all compounds significantly suppressed SCC, the strongest effect was again exerted by TA."	( Effects of triamterene and its phase I and phase II metabolities on sodium transport of the isolated frog skin. Kramer, HJ; Rörig, M; Völger, KD, 1981)	0.78
"Aldosterone treatment was associated with a decrease in renin activity and a non-significant increase in mean arterial pressure. "	( Neointimal thickening after balloon denudation is enhanced by aldosterone and inhibited by spironolactone, and aldosterone antagonist. Bauters, C; Bertrand, ME; Dupuis, B; Hamon, M; Lablanche, JM; McFadden, EP; Racadot, A; Van Belle, E; Wernert, N, 1995)	1.97
"Aldosterone treatment of the cells for 4 h increased Na+ transport and stimulated GTP hydrolysis by apical membranes in vitro more than twofold over basal levels."	( Aldosterone stimulation of GTP hydrolysis in membranes from renal epithelia. Abramow, M; Fisher, RS; Mies, F; Sariban-Sohraby, S, 1995)	2.46
"In aldosterone-treated animals (70 micrograms.100 g body wt-1.day-1 for 7 days), Na+ conductances were induced in 88% of surface cells but only 40% of crypt cells, and the distribution of K+ conductances was similar (82% of surface cells and 50% of crypt cells)."	( Comparison of aldosterone- and RU-28362-induced apical Na+ and K+ conductances in rat distal colon. Lomax, RB; Sandle, GI, 1994)	1.16
"Aldosterone treatment of A6 cultured renal epithelial cells methylates the apical membrane, and we examined the aldosterone-induced carboxymethylation of the apical membrane of these cells to determine the targeted polypeptides. "	( Aldosterone-induced and GTP-stimulated methylation of a 90-kDa polypeptide in the apical membrane of A6 epithelia. Abramow, M; Fisher, RS; Sariban-Sohraby, S, 1993)	3.17
"Aldosterone treatment of vascular smooth muscle cells cultured from WF resulted in 82% less upregulation of angiotensin II radioligand binding, 50% less induction of angiotensin II AT1a receptor mRNA, and 76% less potentiation of angiotensin II-stimulated inositol phosphates than did aldosterone treatment of cells from W."	( Resistance to mineralocorticoids in Wistar-Furth rats. Fitzgibbon, WR; Islam, MM; Paul, RV; Robinson, CJ; Tobin, ET; Ullian, ME, 1997)	1.02
"Aldosterone levels during treatment [13.2+/-2.1 ng/100 ml (mean+/-SEM)] were lower than those before treatment (20.1+/-2.5 ng/100 ml, P< 0.05)."	( Evidence for persistent dysfunction of wild-type aldosterone synthase gene in glucocorticoid-treated familial hyperaldosteronism type I. Gartside, MG; Gordon, RD; Stowasser, M; Taylor, WL; Tunny, TJ, 1997)	1.27
"Aldosterone-salt treatment induced, (1) arterial hypertension (+40%) and LV hypertrophy (+60%) without altering LV-fractional shortening, (2) an increase in plasma norepinephrine levels (+262%) and suppression of renin activity. "	( Modifications of myocardial Na+,K(+)-ATPase isoforms and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger in aldosterone/salt-induced hypertension in guinea pigs. Carayon, A; Charlemagne, D; Lechat, P; Mougenot, N; Ramírez-Gil, JF; Trouvé, P, 1998)	1.97
"Aldosterone treatment had no visible effect."	( Ultrastructure of the endolymphatic sac in two-phase endolymphatic hydrops in the guinea pig. Albers, FW; Blaauw, EH; Dunnebier, EA; Segenhout, JM; Verheul, J; Wit, HP, 1999)	1.02
"Aldosterone treatment increased K-Ras2A protein expression 2.8-fold within 4 h."	( Regulation of Na(+) reabsorption by the aldosterone-induced small G protein K-Ras2A. Al-Baldawi, N; Eaton, DC; Spier, BJ; Stockand, JD; Worrell, RT; Yue, G, 1999)	1.29
"Aldosterone treatment of undifferentiated cells induced accumulation of intracytoplasmic lipid droplets and mitochondria."	( The mineralocorticoid receptor mediates aldosterone-induced differentiation of T37i cells into brown adipocytes. Cluzeaud, F; Le Menuet, D; Lombès, M; Penfornis, P; Viengchareun, S; Zennaro, MC, 2000)	1.3
"Aldosterone treatment induced a drastic decrease in isoproterenol- and retinoic acid-stimulated UCP1 mRNA levels in a time- and dose-dependent manner (IC(50) approximately 1 nM aldosterone)."	( Mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors inhibit UCP expression and function in brown adipocytes. Lombès, M; Penfornis, P; Viengchareun, S; Zennaro, MC, 2001)	1.03
"Aldosterone treatment significantly reduced (P<0.05) saline intake before (7.3 +/- 1.6 vs day 0, 14.4 +/- 1.3 ml) and after captopril treatment."	( Effect of chronic oral administration of a low dose of captopril on sodium appetite of hypothyroid rats. Influence of aldosterone treatment. Antunes-Rodrigues, J; Olivares, EL; Passos Junior, DB; Ramalho, MJ; Reis, LC; Ventura, RR, 2001)	1.24
"Aldosterone treatment completely blocked this effect."	( Aldosterone suppresses expression of an avian colonic sodium-glucose cotransporter. Arnason, SS; Bjarnadóttir, S; Elbrønd, VS; Laverty, G, 2001)	2.47
"Aldosterone treatment induced a 36% increase of mRNA coding for alpha(1)H, as assessed by real-time PCR."	( Aldosterone increases T-type calcium currents in human adrenocarcinoma (H295R) cells by inducing channel expression. Chiappe, A; Lesouhaitier, O; Rossier, MF, 2001)	2.47
"Aldosterone treatment reduced the Na(+) loss via urine and feces by 99 and 72%, respectively, later followed by a marked increase in Na(+) excretion by both pathways."	( Effects of acute intravenous aldosterone administration on Na(+), K(+), and water excretion in the horse. Dahlborn, K; Jansson, A; Lindholm, A, 2002)	1.33
"Aldosterone treatment of M-1 cells substantially increased prostasin expression and stimulated (22)Na uptake."	( Regulation of prostasin by aldosterone in the kidney. Adachi, M; Chai, KX; Chao, J; Chen, LM; Iwashita, K; Kitamura, K; Miyoshi, T; Narikiyo, T; Nonoguchi, H; Shiraishi, N; Tomita, K, 2002)	1.33
"In aldosterone-treated bladders glucose caused larger increments (16.5+/-2.7) in H+ transport than pyruvate (9.3+/-2.0) when halves of the same bladders were compared."	( Characteristics of stimulation of H+ transport by aldosterone in turtle urinary bladder. Al-Awqati, Q; Mueller, A; Norby, LH; Steinmetz, PR, 1976)	1.02
"Aldosterone-salt treatment produced decreased vascular sensitivity to acetylcholine and nitroprusside in both Wistar and Wistar-Furth rats."	( Vascular responsiveness in rats resistant to aldosterone-salt hypertension. Bruner, CA, 1992)	1.26
"In aldosterone-treated ponies, the rate of electroneutral Na absorption was doubled in both segments and a small, amiloride-sensitive current was detected in the dorsal colon."	( Short-term effect of aldosterone on Na-Cl transport across equine colon. Argenzio, RA; Clarke, LL; Grubb, BR; Roberts, MC, 1992)	1.12
"Aldosterone treatment of these tissues resulted in a significant increase in Na+ channel density."	( Development of aldosterone-stimulation of short-circuit current across larval frog skin. Hillyard, SD; Van Driessche, W, 1991)	1.36
"Aldosterone treatment completely protected the dentate gyrus from adrenalectomy-induced cell death, while treatment with RU28362 resulted in only a partial protection against cell death in this region."	( Effects of aldosterone or RU28362 treatment on adrenalectomy-induced cell death in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat. Gould, E; McEwen, BS; Sakai, RR; Spencer, RL; Woolley, CS, 1991)	1.39
"Aldosterone treatment did not affect mean single K+ channel current, which was 1.5 +/- 0.12 pA corresponding to a 15-pS channel conductance, whereas the number of basolateral K+ channels doubled."	( Aldosterone regulation of basolateral potassium channels in alveolar epithelium. Clauss, W; Fischer, H; Illek, B, 1990)	2.44
"Aldosterone treatment resulted in an increase in blood pressure to 165 +/- 5 mmHg over the control value of 105 +/- 2 mmHg within 3 wk of experimental period."	( Effects of antimineralocorticoid RU 26752 on steroid-induced hypertension in rats. Agarwal, M; Corley, K; Kalimi, M; Opoku, J, 1990)	1
"Aldosterone (aldo) treatment of animals stimulates the rate of H+ secretion in the collecting duct, a process which may involve an H+-ATPase sensitive to inhibition by NEM (N-ethylmaleimide). "	( Effects of aldosterone on NEM-sensitive ATPase in rabbit nephron segments. Garg, LC; Narang, N, 1988)	2.11
"Aldosterone changes on treatment were marginal and nonsignificant."	( Effects of fosenopril, a once-daily angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, on resting and exercise-induced changes of blood pressure, hormonal variables, and plasma potassium in essential hypertension. Cervenka, J; Dineen, M; O'Connor, DT; Sullivan, PA, 1988)	1
"In aldosterone-treated epithelia, 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) caused Cl- flux ratios to approach predicted values."	( Effect of aldosterone and insulin on mannitol, Na+ and Cl- fluxes in cultured epithelia of renal origin (A6): evidence for increased permeability in the paracellular pathway. Fidelman, ML; Watlington, CO, 1987)	1.19
"Aldosterone treatment diminished the increase in plasma K and in Na excretion but increased the rate of K excretion."	( Effect of aldosterone on potassium excretion during potassium chloride infusion in sheep. Rabinowitz, L; Sarason, RL; Yamauchi, H, 1985)	1.39
"Cell treatment by aldosterone+glycated albumin increased intracellular MGO, MR and RAGE expression; hampered antioxidant, detoxification enzyme activities and reduced NRF-2, Keap-1 expression."	( Mineralocorticoid interaction with glycated albumin downregulates NRF - 2 signaling pathway in renal cells: Insights into diabetic nephropathy. Apte, MM; Bangar, NS; Gaikwad, DD; Gvalani, A; Tupe, RS, 2022)	1.04
"Treatment with aldosterone induced time- and dose-dependent increases of chemerin gene expression and protein secretion, and effect that was mediated through the mineralocorticoid receptor."	( Effects of Aldosterone on Chemerin Expression And Secretion in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Gu, M; Jiang, H; Li, X; Lu, J; Ma, J; Shi, C; Sun, F; Wang, J; Wang, X; You, W; Zhang, J; Zhu, H, 2018)	1.21
"Treatment with aldosterone caused a significant increase in retinal edema and more severe retinopathy manifest as retinal whitening and extensive intraretinal hemorrhage."	( Aldosterone Exposure Causes Increased Retinal Edema and Severe Retinopathy Following Laser-Induced Retinal Vein Occlusion in Mice. Allingham, MJ; Cousins, SW; Mettu, PS; Saloupis, P; Tserentsoodol, N, 2018)	2.26
"Treatment with aldosterone also increased Na(+), K(+) ATPase-mediated (86)Rb uptake and expression of Na(+), K(+) ATPase α1 subunits in HKC11 cells."	( Aldosterone regulates Na(+), K(+) ATPase activity in human renal proximal tubule cells through mineralocorticoid receptor. Barati, MT; Clark, BJ; Khundmiri, SJ; Klein, JD; Lederer, ED; Parks, J; Salyer, SA, 2013)	2.17
"Treatment with aldosterone (10 nmol/L) significantly increased ROS generation and the expression of SOD2 and catalase in MPC5 cells. "	( Ginsenoside Rg1 protects mouse podocytes from aldosterone-induced injury in vitro. Cheng, Y; Fan, JM; Hu, QD; Mao, N; Shi, XL; Wang, L; Wen, J; Zhang, Q, 2014)	1.01
"Treatment with aldosterone increased the expression of MR target genes as well as the transcriptional activities in HEK293T cells transfected either with MRWT or MRS 810L ."	( Histone deacetylase inhibition, but not a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone, attenuates atypical transcription by an activating mutant MR (MRS 810L ). Kang, SH; Kim, I; Kim, M; Lee, E; Lee, HA, 2016)	0.77
"Treatment of aldosterone with 35% HCl in EtOH or in MeOH followed by the picolinyl derivatization gave the picolinyl derivative of aldosterone-ethyl ether, 8, or methyl ether, 9, as a single and well-shaped liquid chromatographic peak. "	( Preparation and structural elucidation of the picolinyl ester of aldosterone for liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Numazawa, M; Tadokoro, Y; Takahashi, M; Yamashita, K, 2008)	0.95
"Treatment of aldosterone increased the levels of Ang II type-1 receptor mRNA."	( Aldosterone stimulates the proliferation of uterine leiomyoma cells. Isobe, A; Kimura, T; Li, B; Sakata, M; Takeda, T; Tsuiji, K; Wakabayashi, A; Yaegashi, N, 2010)	2.16
"Treatment with aldosterone did not alter mitochondrial respiratory function but accelerated Ca(2+)-induced MPT in SSM, but not IFM, compared with healthy old and young beagles."	( Enhanced resistance to permeability transition in interfibrillar cardiac mitochondria in dogs: effects of aging and long-term aldosterone infusion. Asemu, G; Cox, JW; Dabkowski, ER; Hecker, PA; Hoppel, CL; O'Connell, KA; Rastogi, S; Ribeiro, RF; Sabbah, HN; Shekar, KC; Stanley, WC; Xu, W, 2013)	0.94
"Treatment with aldosterone did not modify blood pressure levels in any strain."	( Participation of prostacyclin in endothelial dysfunction induced by aldosterone in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Aras-Lopez, R; Balfagón, G; Blanco-Rivero, J; Cachofeiro, V; Ferrer, M; Lahera, V; Márquez-Rodas, I; Salaices, M; Xavier, FE, 2005)	0.9
"Treatment with aldosterone (0.1 to 10 nmol/L) increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation in a concentration-dependent manner with a peak at 5 minutes."	( Aldosterone stimulates collagen gene expression and synthesis via activation of ERK1/2 in rat renal fibroblasts. Abe, Y; Kimura, S; Kiyomoto, H; Kohno, M; Miyata, K; Miyatake, A; Nagai, Y; Nishiyama, A; Rahman, M; Sun, GP; Yoshizumi, M, 2005)	2.11
"Treatment with aldosterone for 3 and 24 h increased JH at the wide pHi range, and shifted the JH versus pHi in the alkaline direction. "	( Mechanisms for nongenomic and genomic effects of aldosterone on Na+/H+ exchange in vascular smooth muscle cells. Kusano, E; Miyata, Y; Muto, S, 2005)	0.94
"Cotreatment with aldosterone and potassium canrenoate, a MR antagonist, blocked induction of ET-1 mRNA, suggesting that induction was mediated via the MR."	( A direct effect of aldosterone on endothelin-1 gene expression in vivo. Brennan, FE; Cole, TJ; Fuller, PJ; Wong, S; Young, MJ, 2007)	1
"Pre-treatment with aldosterone also significantly extended the mean (SEM) time required to reach 50% relaxation of a noradrenaline-induced contraction, of 9.3 (1.5) min, vs the control, of 5.2 (1.0) min (P = 0.002)."	( Effect of aldosterone on isolated human penile corpus cavernosum tissue. Anzai, H; Kagawa, J; Kanayama, HO; Kawanishi, Y; Kishimoto, T; Kojima, K; Muguruma, H; Numata, A; Sugiyama, H; Tanimoto, S; Yamanaka, M, 2008)	1.07
"Pretreatment with aldosterone blocked the uptake of [3H]corticosterone in hippocampal cell nuclei."	( Aldosterone blocks the response to corticosterone in the raphe-hippocampal serotonin system. De Kloet, ER; Kovacs, GL; Versteeg, DH, 1983)	2.03
"6. Treatment with aldosterone produced a large increase in short-circuit current with a substantial increase in intracellular Na+ activity."	( Intracellular sodium ion activity and sodium transport in rabbit urinary bladder. Eaton, DC, 1981)	0.59
"Pretreatment with aldosterone attenuated the AEP change produced by canrenoate."	( Effect of intravenously applied canrenoate on ampullar endolymphatic potential. Mori, N; Nario, K; Sakai, S; Yura, K, 1995)	0.61
"Pretreatment with aldosterone significantly enhanced both basal neuronal excitability and tetanically evoked synaptic plasticity in adrenalectomized, but not sham-operated rats."	( Mineralocorticoid receptor-mediated enhancement of neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus in vivo is dependent on the beta-adrenergic activity. Nishiyama, N; Saito, H; Smriga, M, 1998)	0.62
"Treatment with aldosterone induced a decrease in pump current measured when myocytes were dialyzed with patch pipette solution containing Na(+) in a concentration of 10 mmol/L, whereas there was no effect measured when the solution contained 80 mmol/L Na(+)."	( Hyperaldosteronemia in rabbits inhibits the cardiac sarcolemmal Na(+)-K(+) pump. Bundgaard, H; Hansen, PS; Kjeldsen, K; Mardini, M; Mihailidou, AS; Rasmussen, HH, )	0.98
"Treatment with aldosterone increased the heart weight/body weight ratio, cardiomyocyte size, and collagen amount."	( Calcineurin inhibition attenuates mineralocorticoid-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Demura, M; Mabuchi, H; Takeda, Y; Usukura, M; Yoneda, T, 2002)	0.65
"Treatment with aldosterone does not affect the total lipid content of kidney or liver in adrenalectomized rats."	( Effects of aldosterone on lipid metabolism and renal oxygen consumption in the rat. Kirsten, E; Kirsten, R; Nelson, K; Rüschendorf, U; Scholz, T; Seger, W, 1977)	0.99
"The treatment with aldosterone also stimulated the AVP-produced [45Ca2+] efflux during a 3 min period (1 x 10(-8) mol/L AVP; 32 vs 49, 1 x 10(-6) mol/L AVP; 50 vs 58% released from the resting intracellular [45Ca2+]-contents)."	( Potentiation by aldosterone of vasopressin-induced calcium kinetics in vascular smooth muscle cells. Ishikawa, S; Okada, K; Saito, T, 1991)	0.95
"Pretreatment with aldosterone attenuated the decrease in the ESP by canrenoate."	( Effect of aldosterone antagonist on the DC potential in the endolymphatic sac. Mori, N; Sakai, S; Uozumi, N; Yura, K, 1991)	1.01
"Treatment with aldosterone stimulated the short-circuit current, I(o), and the associated rate of oxygen consumption, J(ro), and increased their stability; linearity was then demonstrable over a range of +/-160 mv."	( Energetics of sodium transport in frog skin. II. The effects of electrical potential on oxygen consumption. Caplan, SR; Essig, A; Vieira, FL, 1972)	0.59

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" These data show that fosinopril is a safe and effective inhibitor of ACE with a long duration of action on serum ACE activity."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and pharmacologic effects of fosinopril sodium, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in healthy subjects. Duchin, KL; Frantz, M; Manning, J; Tu, JI; Waclawski, AP; Willard, DA, 1991)	0.28
" Assessment criteria included evaluation of plasma ACE and renin activity and aldosterone levels in the supine and standing positions, monitoring of blood pressure, heart rate and electrocardiogram, routine blood and urine laboratory tests, and evaluation of adverse effects."	( Pharmacological activity and safety of trandolapril (RU 44570) in healthy volunteers. Bianco, L; Caravaggi, M; Crema, A; D'Angelo, L; De Ponti, F; Frigo, GM; Lecchini, S; Marelli, C, 1991)	0.51
" The results obtained from single-blind, placebo-controlled studies indicate that indapamide is a safe and effective agent to use in lowering the blood pressure of hypertensive patients with normal renal function, those with various degrees of renal impairment, and those who are undergoing long-term maintenance hemodialysis."	( Clinical efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of indapamide in renal impairment. Acchiardo, SR; Skoutakis, VA, 1983)	0.27
" We conclude that enalapril monotherapy is effective in adolescents with SEH and exerts a beneficial influence on sodium and purine balance and no adverse effect on the lipid profile."	( [Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of monotherapy for significant essential hypertension in adolescents with use of enalapril]. Cichocka, E; Januszewicz, P; Kawalec, W; Wyszyńska, T, 1995)	0.29
"Aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity remains a common clinical problem and is the major cause of acute toxic renal failure in hospitalized patients."	( Effects of diltiazem on netilmicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rabbits. Amirault, P; Blanchet, F; Carbon, C; Heudes, D; Lortholary, O; Nochy, D; Seta, N, 1993)	0.29
" Most adverse experiences reported throughout the study were mild or moderate in both treatment groups."	( Effects of eprosartan versus enalapril in hypertensive patients on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and safety parameters: results from a 26-week, double-blind, multicentre study. Eprosartan Multinational Study Group. Gavras, H; Gavras, I, 1999)	0.53
" However, since haemodialysis patients are prone to hyperkalaemia, a known side effect of spironolactone, this treatment is not used in this population."	( Safety of low-dose spironolactone administration in chronic haemodialysis patients. Fumeaux, Z; Mach, F; Martin, PY; Perneger, T; Rossier, M; Saudan, P; Schnetzler, B; Stoermann, C, 2003)	0.32
" More studies are required, however, before concluding that spironolactone administration is safe in the chronic haemodialysis population."	( Safety of low-dose spironolactone administration in chronic haemodialysis patients. Fumeaux, Z; Mach, F; Martin, PY; Perneger, T; Rossier, M; Saudan, P; Schnetzler, B; Stoermann, C, 2003)	0.32
" In particular, there were no adverse effects or impairment of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system, the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, the renin-angiotensin system, prolactin or vasopressin secretion."	( Treatment of depression with the CRH-1-receptor antagonist R121919: endocrine changes and side effects. Ackl, N; Holsboer, F; Ising, M; Künzel, HE; Nickel, T; Sonntag, A; Uhr, M; Zobel, AW, )	0.13
"The aims of this study were to propose a bioindicator organism, the newt Triturus carnifex, for the assessment of toxicological impact of thiophanate methyl in the Campania region (Italy) and the possible adverse activity on the adrenal gland."	( The newt Triturus carnifex as a model for monitoring the ecotoxic impact of the fungicide thiophanate methyl: adverse effects on the adrenal gland. Capaldo, A; De Falco, M; Gay, F; Laforgia, V; Valiante, S; Varano, L; Virgilio, F, 2006)	0.33
" Up to date, many articles evaluating beneficial and adverse effects of CsA have been published."	( [Novel action of aldosterone in CsA nephrotoxicity]. Bobadilla, NA; Pérez-Rojas, JM, )	0.47
" Here we show that aldosterone exerts direct toxic actions on myocardium by oxidative activation of CaMKII, causing cardiac rupture and increased mortality in mice after myocardial infarction."	( Oxidation of CaMKII determines the cardiotoxic effects of aldosterone. Allamargot, C; Anderson, ME; Blankesteijn, WM; Grumbach, IM; Guan, X; He, BJ; Heymans, S; Joiner, ML; Koval, OM; Kutschke, W; Luczak, ED; Mohler, PJ; Sigmund, CD; Singh, MV; Spitz, DR; Swaminathan, PD; Weiss, RM; Yang, J; Zimmerman, K, 2011)	0.94
" Adverse events related to BAY 94-8862 were infrequent and mostly mild."	( Safety and tolerability of the novel non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist BAY 94-8862 in patients with chronic heart failure and mild or moderate chronic kidney disease: a randomized, double-blind trial. Filippatos, G; Gheorghiade, M; Kim, SY; Kober, L; Kolkhof, P; Krum, H; Nowack, C; Pitt, B; Ponikowski, P; Zannad, F, 2013)	0.39
" Also, spironolactone is safe and protective in arterial hypertension, particularly in patients with so-called resistant hypertension."	( Safety profile of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: Spironolactone and eplerenone. Gaudio, C; Greco, C; Lainscak, M; Pelliccia, F; Rosano, G; Schiariti, M; Speziale, G; Vitale, C, 2015)	0.42
" The relatively new QdNOs, cyadox (CYA), mequindox (MEQ), quinocetone (QCT) and their metabolites, were selected for elucidation of their toxic mechanisms in H295R cells."	( High risk of adrenal toxicity of N1-desoxy quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide derivatives and the protection of oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC) in the inhibition of the expression of aldosterone synthetase in H295R cells. Chen, D; Cheng, G; Dai, M; Guo, P; Ihsan, A; Liu, Z; Luo, X; Wang, X; Yang, C; Yuan, Z, 2016)	0.63
"Early detection of adverse effects of novel therapies and understanding of their mechanisms could improve the safety and efficiency of drug development."	( Improving Assessment of Drug Safety Through Proteomics: Early Detection and Mechanistic Characterization of the Unforeseen Harmful Effects of Torcetrapib. DeLisle, RK; Ganz, P; Hyde, C; Malarstig, A; Murthy, AC; Ostroff, R; Segal, MR; Weiss, SJ; Williams, SA, 2018)	0.48
" Spironolactone appears safe in carefully monitored maintenance hemodialysis patients, but did not affect cardiovascular parameters in this small study."	( Safety and cardiovascular efficacy of spironolactone in dialysis-dependent ESRD (SPin-D): a randomized, placebo-controlled, multiple dosage trial. Anderson, AH; Charytan, DM; Dember, LM; DiCarli, M; Himmelfarb, J; Hsu, JY; Hung, AM; Ikizler, TA; Kimmel, PL; Kliger, AS; Landis, JR; Mehrotra, R; Raj, DS; Sharma, S; Skali, H; Weiner, DE; Williams, M, 2019)	0.51
" Adverse events occurred in 4 of 18 participants receiving AZD9977 (22."	( Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor Modulator AZD9977 in Healthy Men: A Phase I Multiple Ascending Dose Study. Albayaty, M; Backlund, A; Ericsson, H; Forte, P; Greasley, PJ; Hartleib-Geschwindner, J; Heijer, M; Kjaer, M; Kragh, ÅM; Unwin, R; Wernevik, L; Whittaker, A, 2020)	0.56
" Catheter-based adrenal ablation appears to produce substantial and sustained blood pressure reduction and biochemical improvement, with only minor adverse events in PA patients without apparent aldosteronoma."	( Adrenal artery ablation for primary aldosteronism without apparent aldosteronoma: An efficacy and safety, proof-of-principle trial. Bu, X; He, H; Hong, Y; Li, Q; Li, Y; Liu, X; Shen, R; Sun, F; Yan, Z; Yang, G; Zhang, H; Zhao, Z; Zheng, H; Zhou, X; Zhu, Z, 2020)	0.56
" A combination of short-term low-dose SPL and ARB is safe for patients with stage 1-3a CKD, but blood potassium must be regularly monitored."	( Efficacy and safety of a low-sodium diet and spironolactone in patients with stage 1-3a chronic kidney disease: a pilot study. Chang, L; Chen, H; He, L; Tian, R; Wang, Y; Ye, X; Yu, D; Zhang, H; Zhu, B, 2022)	0.72
"Ambulatory FST is safe and accurate and can be performed with significantly less healthcare costs compared to FSTin."	( Ambulatory fludrocortisone suppression test in the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism: Safety, accuracy and cost-effectiveness. Avander, K; Calissendorff, J; Carasel, A; Falhammar, H; Shabo, I; Volpe, C, 2022)	0.72
" The safety of the procedure was evaluated using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events."	( Safety and feasibility of radiofrequency ablation using bipolar electrodes for aldosterone-producing adenoma: a multicentric prospective clinical study. Goshima, S; Ito, S; Kawabata, M; Kinoshita, T; Koda, W; Kometani, M; Kurihara, I; Matsui, S; Minami, T; Miyashita, K; Morimoto, R; Moriya, N; Nakai, K; Nakatsuka, S; Nishikawa, T; Oguro, S; Oishi, T; Oki, Y; Omata, K; Omura, M; Ono, Y; Ota, H; Satoh, F; Seiji, K; Takase, K; Takeda, Y; Tezuka, Y; Ushio, T, 2022)	0.95
" Safety was assessed by adverse events, physical examinations, electrocardiograms, orthostatic vital signs, and clinical laboratory evaluations."	( Results from a phase 1, randomized, double-blind, multiple ascending dose study characterizing the pharmacokinetics and demonstrating the safety and selectivity of the aldosterone synthase inhibitor baxdrostat in healthy volunteers. Bond, M; Freeman, MW; Hui, J; Isaacsohn, J; Murphy, B, 2023)	1.1
" No major adverse safety events related to SAAE were reported during the intraoperative, postoperative, and follow-up periods."	( Superselective adrenal arterial embolization for primary aldosteronism without lateralized aldosterone secretion: an efficacy and safety, proof-of-principle study. Dong, YF; Hu, CK; Jiang, XJ; Lai, ZQ; Li, N; Li, YD; Liang, NP; Qiu, J; Xiong, HL; Yang, J; Zhang, HJ, 2023)	1.13
" Therefore, we aimed to assess whether new potassium binders are effective and safe to promote medical optimization in patients with HF."	( Safety and efficacy of new potassium binders on hyperkalemia management in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Carvalho, PEP; Gewehr, DM; Lacerda, H; Nunes, MCP; Simões E Silva, AC; Tofanelli, MR; Veiga, TMA, 2023)	0.91
" Moreover, restricted diet further intensified the adverse effects of PFBS on the liver."	( Novel insights into perfluorinated compound-induced hepatotoxicity: Chronic dietary restriction exacerbates the effects of PFBS on hepatic lipid metabolism in mice. Li, H; Li, J; Liu, S; Liu, Y; Shao, X; Xie, P; Zhang, D, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Synthetic ANF increased plasma ANF concentration by similar amounts, but the elimination half-life (t 1/2) for synthetic ANF was longer in the heart failure group (6."	( Atrial natriuretic factor: pharmacokinetics and cyclic GMP response in relation to biologic effects in severe heart failure. Armstrong, PW; Canepa-Anson, R; Moe, GW, 1992)	0.28
" Serum aldosterone levels, ACE activity, and sitting blood pressure were determined, as were pharmacokinetic parameters of fosinoprilat, the active diacid of fosinopril."	( Pharmacokinetics, safety, and pharmacologic effects of fosinopril sodium, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in healthy subjects. Duchin, KL; Frantz, M; Manning, J; Tu, JI; Waclawski, AP; Willard, DA, 1991)	0.74
" The possibility of an acute pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction between the ACE inhibitor ramipril and the calcium antagonist felodipine was examined in 12 normotensive male volunteers."	( A study of the acute pharmacodynamic interaction of ramipril and felodipine in normotensive subjects. Bainbridge, AD; Lees, KR; MacFadyen, RJ; Reid, JL, 1991)	0.28
"4 h, Cmax of 182 ng."	( Fosinopril pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Davis, J; Duchin, KL; Fakhry, I; Gehr, TW; Grasela, DM; Sica, DA, 1991)	0.28
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of doxazosin in both single- and consecutive-dose study were 18."	( Antihypertensive effects and pharmacokinetics of single and consecutive administration of doxazosin in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Kaneko, Y; Miyajima, E; Miyakawa, T; Shionoiri, H; Takagi, N; Umemura, S; Yasuda, G; Yoshimura, H, 1987)	0.27
"The acute hemodynamic, hormonal, and pharmacokinetic aspects of treatment with the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor lisinopril were assessed in two studies in 24 patients with chronic stable congestive heart failure (CHF)."	( Hemodynamic, hormonal, and pharmacokinetic aspects of treatment with lisinopril in congestive heart failure. Dickstein, K, 1987)	0.27
" 2 There were no appreciable differences between the two groups in any of the pharmacokinetic parameters for pentopril derived from its plasma data (Cmax, tmax, AUC and t1/2)."	( Pharmacokinetics of pentopril in the elderly. Hurley, ME; Kochak, GM; Radensky, P; Rakhit, A; Tipnis, V; Williams, R, 1987)	0.27
"The effect of age on the pharmacodynamic responses to converting enzyme inhibitors, enalapril and enalaprilat was investigated in nine young (22-30 years) and nine sex-matched elderly (65-73 years), healthy volunteers."	( Age and the pharmacodynamics of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors enalapril and enalaprilat. Ajayi, AA; Hockings, N; Reid, JL, 1986)	0.27
" Both patients who had undergone renal transplant and control subjects displayed similar pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior, as assessed by drug delivery to the urine and sodium excretion, respectively."	( Furosemide pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in renal transplantation. Brater, C; Davis, J; Fakhry, I; Gehr, TW; Sica, DA, 1988)	0.27
" The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) and plasma half-life of this material were measured before and after 6 days of rifampicin treatment (600 mg/day) in seven patients with Addison's disease due to tuberculosis."	( Pharmacokinetics of aldosterone in patients with Addison's disease: effect of rifampicin treatment on glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid metabolism. Benker, G; Mönig, H; Ohnhaus, EE; Pagel, H; Reinwein, D; Schulte, HM, 1987)	0.6
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of unchanged plasma captopril and the kinetics of the drug effects on plasma converting enzyme activity (PCEA), plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone (PA) and mean blood pressure (MBP) were studied over 24 h after oral administration in three groups of hypertensive patients: with normal renal function (group 1, plasma creatinine less than 110 mumol/l, n = 10), with moderate chronic renal failure (group 2, 135 less than plasma creatinine less than 450 mumol/l, n = 10) and with severe chronic renal failure (group 3, plasma creatinine greater than 500 mumol/l, n = 10)."	( Influence of chronic renal failure on captopril pharmacokinetics and clinical and biological effects in hypertensive patients. Chaignon, M; Giroux, B; Giudicelli, JF; Guedon, J; Richer, C, 1984)	0.46
" Although the profiles of the pharmacodynamic effects and of the kinetics of nicardipine were almost parallel in each individual after administration of both nicardipine formulations, there was no correlation between the nicardipine plasma relative bioavailability and its effects on brachial and carotid arteries blood flows when considering all subjects together."	( Nicardipine: pharmacokinetics and effects on carotid and brachial blood flows in normal volunteers. Duhaze, P; Giudicelli, JF; Gueret, M; Kiechel, JR; Lhoste, F; Thuillez, C, 1984)	0.27
" Cmax and AUC tended to be higher after the 4 mg dose in the Chinese group who had a lower body weight than the Caucasians."	( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral doses of perindopril in normotensive Chinese and Caucasian volunteers. Anderson, PJ; Critchley, JA; Resplandy, G; Tomlinson, B, 1995)	0.29
" The plasma half-life of CNP on termination of infusion was rapid (1."	( Biological actions and pharmacokinetics of C-type natriuretic peptide in conscious sheep. Charles, CJ; Espiner, EA; Nicholls, MG; Richards, AM; Yandle, TG, 1995)	0.29
" The administration of I or S with M significantly blunted sodium excretion on a purely pharmacodynamic basis while the decline in urinary potassium excretion upon addition of I to M related probably to an attenuation of braking phenomenon induced kaliuresis."	( The effect of nonsteroidal agents (NSAIDs) on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of metolazone. Gehr, TW; Kish, C; Ripley, EB; Sica, DA; Wade, J; Wallace, H, 1994)	0.29
" After 30 mg kg-1 oral dose, maximum plasma concentration, tmax and AUC of YM-21095 were 28."	( Pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular effects of YM-21095, a novel renin inhibitor, in dogs and monkeys. Asano, M; Inagaki, O; Shibasaki, M; Takenaka, T; Usui, T, 1994)	0.29
" The mean values of Cmax and AUC0-infinity increased in a dose-dependent manner."	( Pharmacokinetics and biochemical efficacy after single and multiple oral administration of losartan, an orally active nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist, in humans. Nakashima, M; Ohtawa, M; Saitoh, K; Takayama, F; Yoshinaga, T, 1993)	0.29
"hr/mL and Cmax was 143."	( Invasive pharmacodynamics of fosinopril in patients with congestive heart failure. Ford, NF; Fulmor, IE; Hui, KK; Natarajan, C; Smith, RA, 1995)	0.29
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of cilazaprilat were similar in the two ethnic groups."	( A comparison of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cilazapril between Chinese and Caucasian healthy, normotensive volunteers. Anderson, PJ; Critchley, JA; Tomlinson, B, 1996)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of KD3-671 were not influenced by repeated dosing."	( Antihypertensive activity and pharmacokinetics of KD3-671, a nonpeptide AT1-receptor antagonist, in renal hypertensive dogs. Kato, H; Mochizuki, S; Suzaka, H; Tajima, S; Takata, Y; Tomiyama, A, 1998)	0.3
"Patients were administered losartan 100 mg/day for 7 days, and after the seventh and final dose pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for both losartan and its active metabolite E-3174."	( Pharmacokinetics and blood pressure response of losartan in end-stage renal disease. Gehr, TW; Halstenson, CE; Keane, WF; Sica, DA, 2000)	0.31
" These pharmacodynamic differences warrant further investigation and clarification."	( Pharmacodynamic studies on the angiotensin II type 1 antagonists irbesartan and candesartan based on angiotensin II dose response in humans. Belz, GG; Butzer, R; Kober, S; Mutschler, E, 2002)	0.31
"Our objective was to define the pharmacodynamic profile of the new dual neutral endopeptidase (NEP)/angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor AVE7688."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the vasopeptidase inhibitor AVE7688 in humans. Azizi, M; Bissery, A; Floch, A; Guyene, TT; Ménard, J; Ozoux, ML; Peyrard, S, 2006)	0.33
"AVE7688 at a dose of 25 mg has a favorable pharmacodynamic profile compared with other RAS blockers."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the vasopeptidase inhibitor AVE7688 in humans. Azizi, M; Bissery, A; Floch, A; Guyene, TT; Ménard, J; Ozoux, ML; Peyrard, S, 2006)	0.33
" The aims of this phase I study were to investigate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between nebivolol, a vasodilatory β1-selective blocker, and valsartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, and to assess safety and tolerability of the combination."	( A Single-Center, Open-Label, 3-Way Crossover Trial to Determine the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interaction Between Nebivolol and Valsartan in Healthy Volunteers at Steady State. Chen, CL; Desai-Krieger, D; Ghahramani, P; Kerolous, M; Ortiz, S; Wright, HM, )	0.13
" An illustration of the impact of the age of preclinical models on pharmacokinetic properties is also highlighted."	( Structure-Activity Relationships, Pharmacokinetics, and in Vivo Activity of CYP11B2 and CYP11B1 Inhibitors. Adams, CM; Amaral, A; Beil, ME; Carvalho, J; Fu, F; Gangl, E; Hu, CW; Hu, QY; Jeng, AY; Ksander, GM; LaSala, D; Liang, G; Logman, M; Lou, C; Maniara, WM; Papillon, JP; Rajan, S; Rigel, DF; Singh, AK; Smith, SA; Zhang, C, 2015)	0.42
" The pharmacokinetic exposure of the LCZ696 analytes in patients with HF observed in this study is comparable to that observed in the pivotal Phase III study."	( Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Sacubitril/Valsartan (LCZ696) in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction. Albrecht, D; Averkov, O; Ayalasomayajula, S; Chandra, P; Jordaan, P; Kobalava, Z; Kotovskaya, Y; Langenickel, TH; Moiseev, V; Pal, P; Pavlikova, E; Prescott, MF; Rajman, I, 2016)	0.43
" The objectives of this study were to evaluate pharmacodynamic markers of furosemide-induced diuresis and to investigate mechanisms of diuretic braking in dogs receiving constant rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide."	( Pharmacodynamic assessment of diuretic efficacy and braking in a furosemide continuous infusion model. Adin, D; Atkins, C; Papich, MG, 2018)	0.48
" Area under the curve and maximum concentration were approximately dose proportional but elimination and accumulation terminal half-life increased with dose."	( Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor Modulator AZD9977 in Healthy Men: A Phase I Multiple Ascending Dose Study. Albayaty, M; Backlund, A; Ericsson, H; Forte, P; Greasley, PJ; Hartleib-Geschwindner, J; Heijer, M; Kjaer, M; Kragh, ÅM; Unwin, R; Wernevik, L; Whittaker, A, 2020)	0.56
"To assess pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of torasemide in healthy cats, and to investigate the effects of a single administration of torasemide on indicators of diuresis, plasma creatinine concentration, blood pressure, electrolyte concentrations and markers of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of orally administered torasemide in healthy cats. Broeckx, BJG; de Salazar Alcala, AG; Devreese, M; Hellemans, A; Paepe, D; Roche-Catholy, M; Schneider, M; Smets, P; Woehrlé, F, 2022)	0.9
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained using a noncompartmental analysis, and the clinically effective dose was assessed using a Hill model."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of orally administered torasemide in healthy cats. Broeckx, BJG; de Salazar Alcala, AG; Devreese, M; Hellemans, A; Paepe, D; Roche-Catholy, M; Schneider, M; Smets, P; Woehrlé, F, 2022)	0.72
"64 mL/h/kg and mean terminal half-life was 12."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of orally administered torasemide in healthy cats. Broeckx, BJG; de Salazar Alcala, AG; Devreese, M; Hellemans, A; Paepe, D; Roche-Catholy, M; Schneider, M; Smets, P; Woehrlé, F, 2022)	0.72
" Plasma levels of baxdrostat increased proportionally with ascending doses, with peak concentrations observed within 4 h after dosing and a mean half-life of 26 to 31 h."	( Results from a phase 1, randomized, double-blind, multiple ascending dose study characterizing the pharmacokinetics and demonstrating the safety and selectivity of the aldosterone synthase inhibitor baxdrostat in healthy volunteers. Bond, M; Freeman, MW; Hui, J; Isaacsohn, J; Murphy, B, 2023)	1.1

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Na+,K+ co-transport, measured as the ouabain-resistant, frusemide-sensitive component of 86Rb+ influx, and Na(+)-Na+ countertransport, measured as the ouabain-resistant, phloretin-sensitive component of 22Na+ influx, were both increased in women taking, on days 1-21 of their cycle, ethinyloestradiol (30-50 micrograms) combined with norethisterone (1000 micrograms or 500-1000 micrograms) for 3 or 6 months."	( Effects of oral contraceptives containing oestrogen combined with norethisterone or levonorgestrel on erythrocyte cation transport in normal women. Baber, R; Flemming, CL; Johnston, H; Jones, M; Monaghan, JC; Pinkerton, G; Stokes, GS, 1992)	0.28
" The purpose of the present study was to examine whether long-term therapy with ramipril (RA, and ACE inhibitor) would lower blood pressure more effectively and without adverse reactions in combination with the loop diuretics piretanide (PI) or furosemide (FU)."	( Loop diuretics combined with an ACE inhibitor for treatment of hypertension: a study with furosemide, piretanide, and ramipril in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Baldes, L; Becker, RH; Treudler, M, 1989)	0.28
"To test the hypothesis that the trophic action of angiotensin II on the adrenal zona glomerulosa may allow a sustained stimulation of aldosterone by ACTH by preventing the morphological changes of the zona glomerulosa cells into zona fasciculata-like elements we investigated the effects in rats of a 6-day treatment with ACTH (100 micrograms/kg/day) alone or combined with angiotensin II (300 ng/kg/day) on corticosterone and aldosterone production and adrenal morphology."	( Long-term effects of ACTH combined with angiotensin II on steroidogenesis and adrenal zona glomerulosa morphology in the rat. Bockhorn, L; Gaillard, RC; Mazzochi, G; Muller, AF; Nussberger, J; Nussdorfer, GG; Rebuffat, P; Riondel, AM; Vallotton, MB, 1987)	0.48
"To examine the antihypertensive effects of captopril, when used in combination with diuretics, an oral dose of the agent (30 mg/kg) was given to spontaneously hypertensive rats pretreated for 1 week with trichlormethiazide (TCTZ), hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), furosemide, or water."	( Antihypertensive effects of captopril in combination with diuretics in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Koike, H; Miyamoto, M; Nishino, H, )	0.13
"Stress hormone response was investigated during midazolam/fentanyl/oxygen/air anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia in six patients undergoing abdominal total hysterectomy (group MF)."	( [Stress hormone response during midazolam/fentanyl anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia for abdominal total hysterectomy]. Honda, N; Kitano, T; Miyakawa, H; Mizutani, A; Taniguchi, K; Yoshitake, S, 1996)	0.29
"To evaluate the catecholamine and renin-angiotensin response during controlled hypotension combined with hemodilution in the clinical setting."	( Catecholamine and renin-angiotensin response during controlled hypotension induced by prostaglandin E1 combined with hemodilution during isoflurane anesthesia. Fukusaki, M; Hara, T; Kobayashi, I; Maekawa, T; Sumikawa, K, 1997)	0.3
"This multicenter study evaluated the efficacy of candesartan cilexetil, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, used alone or in combination with amlodipine or in combination with amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of patients with moderate-to-severe essential hypertension."	( Efficacy of candesartan cilexetil alone or in combination with amlodipine and hydrochlorothiazide in moderate-to-severe hypertension. UK and Israel Candesartan Investigators. Antonios, TF; He, FJ; MacGregor, GA; Viskoper, JR, 2000)	0.31
" We recruited 10 healthy volunteers in order to study the effects of 32 g liquorice alone or in combination with 25mg hydrochlorothiazide a day for 2 weeks."	( Effects of low-dose liquorice alone or in combination with hydrochlorothiazide on the plasma potassium in healthy volunteers. Hukkanen, J; Savolainen, MJ; Ukkola, O, 2009)	0.35
" These results suggest that blood pressure is decreased in Fe-deficiency anaemia combined with Zn deficiency partly due to decreased circulating aldosterone concentrations in addition to decreased haematocrit."	( A possible role of plasma aldosterone in hypotension secondary to iron-deficiency anaemia combined with zinc deficiency in rats. Konomi, A; Yokoi, K, 2011)	0.87
"Aliskiren combined with olmesartan reduces proteinuria in CKD patients."	( Beneficial effect of aliskiren combined with olmesartan in reducing urinary protein excretion in patients with chronic kidney disease. Itabashi, M; Kojima, C; Moriyama, T; Nitta, K; Ogawa, T; Sugiura, H; Takei, T; Tsuchiya, K; Tsuruta, Y; Uchida, K, 2012)	0.38
"Fimasartan administered alone or in combination with HCTZ was well tolerated at the described dosages."	( Assessment of the drug-drug interactions between fimasartan and hydrochlorothiazide in healthy volunteers. Cho, JY; Jang, IJ; Jeon, H; Kim, J; Lim, KS; Shin, KH; Shin, SG; Yoon, SH; Yu, KS, 2012)	0.38
"We established a novel technique for quantifying [Na+]i in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes attached to a 96-well plate using a microplate reader in combination with SBFI and probenecid."	( A technique for quantifying intracellular free sodium ion using a microplate reader in combination with sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate and probenecid in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Date, T; Hongo, K; Ito, K; Katoh, D; Kawai, M; Kayama, Y; Komukai, K; Yoshimura, M; Yoshino, T, 2013)	0.39
"To investigate the diagnostic value of plasma aldosterone-to-active-renin ratio(ARR)in combination with plasma aldosterone concentration(PAC)in the predication of aldosteronoma(APA)."	( [An evaluation of plasma aldosterone-to-active-renin ratio in different postures in combination with aldosterone concentration in the diagnosis of aldosteronoma]. Ba, JM; Dou, JT; Gu, WJ; Guo, QH; Jin, N; Lyu, ZH; Mu, YM; Wang, XL; Yang, GQ; Yang, LJ; Zang, L; Zhu, J, 2016)	1
"5% respectively) when supine ARR cut-off point were used in combination with supine PAC over 329."	( [An evaluation of plasma aldosterone-to-active-renin ratio in different postures in combination with aldosterone concentration in the diagnosis of aldosteronoma]. Ba, JM; Dou, JT; Gu, WJ; Guo, QH; Jin, N; Lyu, ZH; Mu, YM; Wang, XL; Yang, GQ; Yang, LJ; Zang, L; Zhu, J, 2016)	0.74
"Adrenal vein sampling (AVS) and pathological report were selected as gold standard to assess the value of adrenal CT scan combined with postural stimulation test in diagnosing aldosterone-producing adenoma."	( [The Value of Postural Stimulation Test Combined with Adrenal CT in the Diagnosis of Aldosterone-producing Adenoma]. Chen, SH; Luo, PY; Yu, YR, 2020)	0.98
" The sensitivity and specificity of adrenal CT scan combined with postural stimulation test in diagnosing APA were studied."	( [The Value of Postural Stimulation Test Combined with Adrenal CT in the Diagnosis of Aldosterone-producing Adenoma]. Chen, SH; Luo, PY; Yu, YR, 2020)	0.78
"Adrenal CT combined with postural test can increase the diagnostic accuracy of APA patients."	( [The Value of Postural Stimulation Test Combined with Adrenal CT in the Diagnosis of Aldosterone-producing Adenoma]. Chen, SH; Luo, PY; Yu, YR, 2020)	0.78
"This work aimed to evaluate the diagnostic utility of the adrenal CT combined with PST in the classification diagnosis of PA."	( Significance of computed tomography combined with postural stimulation test in predicting laterality of primary aldosteronism. Hu, C; Hu, H; Li, P; Peng, Q; Rao, J; Wu, Y; Wu, Z, 2023)	0.91
" We analyzed the concordance rate between AVS outcomes, adrenal CT, and PST, and explored the value of adrenal CT combined with PST for predicting laterality of PA."	( Significance of computed tomography combined with postural stimulation test in predicting laterality of primary aldosteronism. Hu, C; Hu, H; Li, P; Peng, Q; Rao, J; Wu, Y; Wu, Z, 2023)	0.91
" The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, +LR, and -LR of adrenal CT combined with PST for the diagnosis of unilateral PA were 34."	( Significance of computed tomography combined with postural stimulation test in predicting laterality of primary aldosteronism. Hu, C; Hu, H; Li, P; Peng, Q; Rao, J; Wu, Y; Wu, Z, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" While this regimen effectively blocked adrenal function, it was complicated by a drug interaction in which aminoglutethimide accelerated the metabolism and reduced the bioavailability of dexamethasone."	( Kinetic, hormonal and clinical studies with aminoglutethimide in breast cancer. Harvey, H; Kendall, J; Lipton, A; Ruby, EB; Samojlik, E; Santen, RJ; Wells, SA, 1977)	0.26
"The effect of aldosterone on the ionic composition of colonic epithelial cells and on lithium absorption rate was studied by experiments on rats in vivo."	( Effect of aldosterone on lithium permeability of rat colon mucosa. Dolman, D; Edmonds, CJ; Salas-Coll, C, 1976)	1.02
" It has been proposed that the increased bioavailability of unmetabolized corticosterone and cortisol following 11 beta-OHSD inhibition allows these steroids to act on renal mineralocorticoid receptors to elicit the mineralocorticoid action."	( The 11 beta-OHSD inhibitor, carbenoxolone, enhances Na retention by aldosterone and 11-deoxycorticosterone. Morris, DJ; Souness, GW, 1990)	0.51
" Further measurements were made during a series of intensive study days, and the most important additional finding was a pharmacokinetic interaction that resulted in increased peak concentrations and bioavailability of prazosin."	( The combination of prazosin and verapamil in the treatment of essential hypertension. Campbell, L; Elliott, HL; Meredith, PA; Reid, JL, 1988)	0.27
" Renal impairment had no effect on plasma captopril Cmax, CLtot and relative bioavailability (AUC)."	( Influence of chronic renal failure on captopril pharmacokinetics and clinical and biological effects in hypertensive patients. Chaignon, M; Giroux, B; Giudicelli, JF; Guedon, J; Richer, C, 1984)	0.27
" In each instance, receptor affinity was diminished by 1,2 unsaturation, but this effect was offset by the greater bioavailability of the delta 1 derivatives on oral administration."	( Orally active mineralocorticoid agonists and antagonists: delta 1-derivatives of aldosterone and 18-deoxyaldosterone. Adam, WR; Funder, JW; Ulick, S, 1981)	0.49
" Simultaneously, nicardipine plasma levels and relative bioavailability were determined."	( Nicardipine: pharmacokinetics and effects on carotid and brachial blood flows in normal volunteers. Duhaze, P; Giudicelli, JF; Gueret, M; Kiechel, JR; Lhoste, F; Thuillez, C, 1984)	0.27
"Increased bioavailability of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of mineralocorticoid hypertension."	( NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor prevents blood pressure elevation and cardiovascular hypertrophy in aldosterone-infused rats. Park, JB; Park, MY; Park, YM; Suh, YL, 2004)	0.54
" We investigated the effect of a combination of eplerenone, a selective aldosterone antagonist, and enalapril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, on NO bioavailability and spontaneous atherosclerotic changes."	( Addition of eplerenone to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor effectively improves nitric oxide bioavailability. Akasaka, T; Goto, M; Ikejima, H; Imanishi, T; Kobayashi, K; Kuroi, A; Mochizuki, S; Muragaki, Y; Tsujioka, H; Yoshida, K, 2008)	0.58
" Eplerenone also increases nitric oxide bioavailability and improves impaired endothelial function by decreasing oxidative stress."	( Effects of eplerenone, a selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, on clinical and experimental salt-sensitive hypertension. Takeda, Y, 2009)	0.35
"Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors differ in their lipophilic/hydrophilic index that determines their tissue bioavailability and affinity to ACE, which may result in major differences in the degree of blockade of cardiac ACE."	( Effects of ACE inhibitors on cardiac angiotensin II and aldosterone in humans: "Relevance of lipophilicity and affinity for ACE". Coletta, E; Davies, R; Haddad, H; Leenen, FH; Ruzicka, M; White, R, 2010)	0.61
" Therefore, the mechanism of aldosterone prothrombotic action is multiple and involves primary haemostasis activation, procoagulative and antifibrinolytic action, NO bioavailability impairment and oxidative stress augmentation."	( [Prothrombotic aldosterone action--a new side of the hormone]. Chabielska, E; Gromotowicz, A; Mantur, M; Osmólska, U; Szemraj, J; Szoka, P; Zakrzeska, A, 2010)	1
" The observation of reduced nitric oxide bioavailability in hyperaldosteronism implied the generation of oxidative stress by aldosterone."	( Aldosterone, oxidative stress, and NF-κB activation in hypertension-related cardiovascular and renal diseases. Queisser, N; Schupp, N, 2012)	2.03
" Mineralocorticoid receptor inhibitors, ET(A) receptor antagonists and T-type Ca(2) + channel blockers appear to diminish the pathophysiological participation of aldosterone in cardiovascular disease and exert beneficial actions on bioavailability of endothelium-derived NO, particularly in resistant hypertension and aldosteronism."	( Aldosterone affects blood flow and vascular tone regulated by endothelium-derived NO: therapeutic implications. Nakanishi, S; Tanabe, S; Toda, N, 2013)	2.03
" The CLP-induced reduction in intrinsic HCO(3)(-) absorption rate appears to involve loss of function of basolateral Na(+)/H(+) exchange."	( A two-hit mechanism for sepsis-induced impairment of renal tubule function. George, T; Good, DW; Sherwood, ER; Watts, BA, 2013)	0.39
" It has also been observed involvement of aldosterone in the generation of oxidative stress, action exerted indirectly through reduction of the bioavailability of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)."	( [Is aldosterone a modulator of vascular tone?]. Bobadilla, NA; Sánchez-Pozos, K, )	0.95
" Structure-activity relationships and optimization of their oral bioavailability are presented."	( Structure-Activity Relationships, Pharmacokinetics, and in Vivo Activity of CYP11B2 and CYP11B1 Inhibitors. Adams, CM; Amaral, A; Beil, ME; Carvalho, J; Fu, F; Gangl, E; Hu, CW; Hu, QY; Jeng, AY; Ksander, GM; LaSala, D; Liang, G; Logman, M; Lou, C; Maniara, WM; Papillon, JP; Rajan, S; Rigel, DF; Singh, AK; Smith, SA; Zhang, C, 2015)	0.42
"Mean absolute bioavailability was estimated at 88."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of orally administered torasemide in healthy cats. Broeckx, BJG; de Salazar Alcala, AG; Devreese, M; Hellemans, A; Paepe, D; Roche-Catholy, M; Schneider, M; Smets, P; Woehrlé, F, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"5 produces both a shift to the left of the A-II dose-response curve as well as an increase in maximum steroid production."	( Angiotensin-induced steroidogenesis in rabbit adrenal: effects of pH and calcium. Chiu, AT; Freer, RJ, 1979)	0.26
" The maximum exercise heart rate fell significantly during labetalol treatment, and there was a significant correlation between exercise tachycardia and the dosage of labetalol."	( Effects of labetalol on plasma renin, aldosterone, and catecholamines in hypertensive patients. Amery, AK; De Schaepdryver, AF; Fagard, RH; Lijnen, PJ; Moerman, EJ; Reybrouck, TM, )	0.4
" The angiotensin II-pressor relationship was not significantly changed after the prolonged infusion of angiotensin II, while the angiotensin II-aldosterone dose-response curve was steeper than in the basal state but not identical with that of sodium depletion."	( Effect of prolonged low-dose angiotensin II infusion on the sensitivity of adrenal cortex in man. Brown, JJ; Fraser, R; Lever, AF; Morton, JJ; Oelkers, W; Robertson, JI; Schöneshöfer, M; Schultze, G, 1975)	0.45
" Among them mention is specifically made of three studies regarding the dosage of insulin: the most recent of them is devised and coordinated by the Instituto Superiore di Santià in cooperation with the Laboratory of Clinical Physiology of the National Research Council of Pisa."	( [Evaluation and standardization of radioimmunoassays]. Masi, I, 1975)	0.25
" With increasing concentrations of angiotensin II logarithmic dose-response curves for aldosterone and cyclic AMP production were similar."	( Adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate production and steroidogenesis by isolated rat adrenal glomerulosa cells. Effects of angiotensin II and [Sar 1,Ala 8]angiotensin II. Bing, RF; Schulster, D, 1978)	0.48
"The effects of hydralazine (3 mg/kg) and the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril (SQ 14,225) (100 mg/kg) on mean arterial blood pressure, plasma renin activity, urinary volume and urinary Na+,K+, and aldosterone concentrations were examined in spontaneously hypertensive rats of the Okamoto and Aoki strain (SHR) after oral daily dosing for 2 weeks, 3 or 6 months."	( Effects of chronic treatment with captopril (SQ 14,225), an orally active inhibitor of angiotensin I-converting enzyme, in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Antonaccio, MJ; Goldberg, ME; Harris, DN; High, JP; Horovitz, ZP; Laffan, RJ; Rubin, B; Zaidi, I, 1979)	0.44
"25 mg/day, then gradually increased to 20 mg daily, which dosage was continued for 3--9 weeks."	( Effect of the dopamine agonist bromocriptine on blood pressure, catecholamines and renin activity in acromegalics at rest, following exercise and during insulin induced hypoglycemia. Hökfelt, B; Nilsson, A, 1978)	0.26
" Dose-response studies at weekly intervals showed progressive elevation, without steepening, of the plasma angiotensin II-blood pressure curve."	( An altered relation between arterial pressure and plasma angiotensin II concentration resulting from prolonged infusion of angiotensin II. Bean, BL; Brown, JJ; Casals-Stenzel, J; Fraser, R; Lever, AF; Morton, JJ; Petch, B; Riegger, AJ; Robertson, JI; Tree, M, 1978)	0.26
" The dose-response curves for [des-Asp]-A II with respect to blood pressure and aldosterone production were not parallel, and although no maximum was established for A II, [des-Asp]-A II was less efficacious."	( Activity of (des-Aspartyl1)-angiotensin II and angiotensin II in man. Differences in blood pressure and adrenocortical response during normal and low sodium intake. Ayers, CR; Carey, RM; Peach, MJ; Vaughan, ED, 1978)	0.49
" Further expansion of plasma volume was prevented by furosemide, individual dosage requirement ranging from 40 to 500 mg/day, irrespective of the renal function."	( [Effects of minoxidil on blood pressure and plasma volume in refractory hypertension (author's transl)]. Alhenc-Gelas, F; Ménard, J; Morgado Vital, A; Plouin, PF, 1979)	0.26
" The data shows that this dosage of spironolactone gave minor adjustments of the systemic and renal circulation in spite of the consistent changes in BW, PV, PRA and PA."	( Haemodynamic effects of treatment and withdrawal of spironolactone in essential hypertension. Falch, DK; Johansson, R; Norman, N; Odegaard, AE, 1979)	0.26
" The dose-response characteristic obtained for this aldosterone-stimulated ammonia release has been determined."	( Aldosterone effects on renal metabolism. Snart, RS; Taylor, E, 1978)	1.95
" Spirolactone (SC-26304), a potent anti-mineralocorticoid, abolished the effect of aldosterone on amino acid incorporation into medullary proteins when administered at a 100-fold higher dosage [i."	( Effect of aldosterone on incorporation of amino acids into renal medullary proteins. Edelman, IS; Law, PY, 1978)	0.89
" Angiotensin II/aldosterone dose-response curves after moderate sodium depletion were both elevated and steepened in comparison with those found during normal sodium intake."	( Angiotensin II/aldosterone dose-response curves in the dog: effect of changes in sodium balance. Brown, JJ; Douglas, BH; Fraser, R; Hay, GD; Lever, AF; Morton, JJ; Nicholls, MG; Robertson, JI; Tree, M, 1978)	0.96
" [des-Asp1]AII stimulated aldosterone in four of the five sodium-depleted dogs but no steepening of the [des-Asp1]AII/aldosterone dose-response curves was apparent."	( [des-Asp1]angiotensin II in the dog: blood levels and effect on aldosterone. Fraser, R; Nicholls, MG; Semple, PF; Tree, M, 1978)	0.8
" In normotensives with normal plasma renin activity saralasine in the usual dosage (4."	( [The influence of saralasine on blood pressure and renal function in Bartter's syndrome and decompensated hepatic cirrhosis (author's transl)]. Dürr, H; Klaus, D; Lange, H; Witzgall, H; Zehner, J, 1976)	0.26
" Although fludrocortisone has glucocorticoid activity, the "hydrocortisone equivalent" effect of the small dosage used was unlikely to inhibit either pituitary corticotrophin or growth hormone production."	( Hypoaldosteronism in three sibs due to 18-dehydrogenase deficiency. Gray, CE; Hamilton, W; Ireland, JT; McCandless, AE, 1976)	0.26
"We examined the acute and chronic dose-response relationships between intravenously infused angiotensin II (A II) and the resulting changes in arterial pressure and plasma aldosterone concentration at varying levels of sodium intake."	( Acute and chronic dose-response relationships for angiotensin, aldosterone, and arterial pressure at varying levels of sodium intake. Cowley, AW; McCaa, RE, 1976)	0.69
" In normal subjects, Sar1-Ile-AII showed pressor (agonistic) activity, which was related to both dosage and sodium intake."	( Changes of blood pressure, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration following the infusion of Sar1-Ile8-angiotensin II in hypertensive, fluid and electrolyte disorders. Doi, K; Hata, T; Ichihara, K; Kumahara, Y; Ogihara, T; Yamamoto, T, 1976)	0.5
" These findings confirm and extend earlier studies of angiotensin II/arterial pressure and angiotensin II/aldosterone dose-response curves."	( The effects of the angiotensin II antagonist saralasin on blood pressure and plasma aldosterone in man in relation to the prevailing plasma angiotensin II concentration. Brown, JJ; Brown, WC; Fraser, R; Lever, AF; Morton, JJ; Robertson, JI; Rosei, EA; Trust, PM, 1976)	0.69
"Acebutolol, a new cardioselective beta-blocking agent, has been given for 5 days, at a daily dosage of 600 mg to 8 patients with mild essential hypertension."	( [Effects of acebutolol on the renin-aldosterone system in essential arterial hypertension]. Corvol, P; Ménard, J; Plouin, PF, 1975)	0.53
"Infection of human foreskin cells (D-550) by the Snyder-Theilen strain of feline sarcoma virus produced small but countable foci and demonstrated "single-hit" dose-response kinetics."	( Influence of glucocorticoid, estrogen, and androgen hormones on transformation of human cells in vitro by feline sarcoma virus. Blakeslee, JR; Milo, GE; Olsen, RG; Schaller, JP; Yohn, DS, 1976)	0.26
" This dosage was well tolerated."	( Nilvadipine in hypertension with renal dysfunction. Albert, FW; Berger, HH, 1992)	0.28
" Ninety percent of K+/86Rb accumulation was blocked by ouabain, and the dose-response curve of inhibition by ouabain was monophasic (IC50, approximately 80 microM), suggesting the role of a single type of Na+/K+ pump (alpha-isoenzyme) in 86Rb accumulation by rat glomerulosa cells."	( Angiotensin-II inhibits Na+/K+ pump in rat adrenal glomerulosa cells: possible contribution to stimulation of aldosterone production. Balla, T; Csordás, G; Enyedi, P; Hajnóczky, G; Hunyady, L; Kalapos, MP; Spät, A, 1992)	0.5
" This study shows the threshold dosage of UFH leading to suppression of mineralocorticoid metabolism in man and provides information that LMWH as well as UFH can suppress mineralocorticoid production."	( Dose dependent suppression of mineralocorticoid metabolism by different heparin fractions. Andrassy, K; Back, T; Nawroth, P; Seelig, HP; Siebels, M; Vecsei, P; Weber, E, 1992)	0.28
"01) from baseline over the 24 h dosing interval."	( Twenty-four hour blood pressure effect of once-daily lisinopril, enalapril, and placebo in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Dunne, B; Glazer, N; Kostis, JB; Miller, WE; Rector, DJ; Tresznewsky, ON; Whelton, A, 1992)	0.28
" Therefore, after 4 weeks of washout with placebo (phase 1), doxazosin (dosage range from 1 to 16 mg, plus hydrochlorothiazide when necessary) was given to 11 essential hypertensive patients (6 M, 5 F, age range 34-63 years) for 8 weeks (phase 2) in order to achieve diastolic blood pressure values less than 90 mmHg; this dosage was then maintained for a further 20 weeks up to the end of the study (phase 3)."	( Reduction of left ventricular hypertrophy after longterm antihypertensive treatment with doxazosin. Agabiti-Rosei, E; Beschi, M; Calebich, S; Castellano, M; Muiesan, G; Muiesan, ML; Rizzoni, D; Zulli, R, 1992)	0.28
" Thus, this long-term study provides additional evidence that diuretics have a flat dose-response curve with respect to their antihypertensive efficacy, whereas lower doses might cause less pronounced activation of counter-regulatory systems."	( Long-term diuretic therapy: effects of dose reduction on antihypertensive efficacy and counterregulatory systems. Ripka, O; Weisser, B, 1992)	0.28
"The aim of this double blind placebo-controlled cross-over study was to evaluate the effects of fadrozole, a new oral nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor, on basal and stimulated cortisol and aldosterone secretion at a daily dosage of 4 mg given for 14 days to eight healthy men."	( The effects of fadrozole hydrochloride on aldosterone secretion in healthy male subjects. Aupetit, B; Bhatnagar, AS; Ezzet, F; Girard, F; Menard, J; Mueller, P; Trunet, PF; Zognbi, F, 1992)	0.74
" An increased dosage of loop diuretic potentiates the haemodynamic effects of captopril in patients with cardiac failure."	( The relationship between diuretic dose, and the haemodynamic response to captopril in patients with cardiac failure. Davies, E; Edwards, CR; Flapan, AD; Shaw, TR; Williams, BC, 1992)	0.28
" Doxazosin produced rightward shifts of the PE pressor dose-response curves but had no effect on responses to AII."	( Vascular pressor responses in treated and untreated essential hypertension. Donnelly, R; Elliott, HL; Howie, CA; Reid, JL; Sumner, DJ, 1990)	0.28
" This dose-response was similar to that previously reported for DEX-induced parameters of differentiation."	( Growth and differentiation of pancreatic acinar cells: independent effects of glucocorticoids on AR42J cells. Guthrie, J; Logsdon, CD; Williams, JA, 1991)	0.28
" Perindopril alone tended to reduce serum and urinary thromboxane B2 (TxB2) and to raise urinary 6-ketoPGF1 alpha and PGE2 and inhibited serum ACE activity 24 h post dosing by about 85%."	( Hemodynamic and humoral interactions between perindopril and indomethacin in essential hypertensive subjects. Abdel-Haq, B; Favilla, S; Magagna, A; Salvetti, A, 1991)	0.28
" Dosage reductions may not be necessary in the majority of dialysis patients."	( Fosinopril pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Davis, J; Duchin, KL; Fakhry, I; Gehr, TW; Grasela, DM; Sica, DA, 1991)	0.28
" It is also a progestogen that suppresses ovulation in normal women at a daily dosage of 2 mg."	( Dihydrospirorenone, a new progestogen with antimineralocorticoid activity: effects on ovulation, electrolyte excretion, and the renin-aldosterone system in normal women. Bähr, V; Beier, S; Berger, V; Bolik, A; Elger, W; Hazard, B; Heithecker, A; Oelkers, W, 1991)	0.48
" Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors cause an acute fall in creatinine clearance which may reduce the effects of loop diuretics and attention must be paid to diuretic dosage when initiating angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for the treatment of cardiac failure."	( Acute administration of captopril lowers the natriuretic and diuretic response to a loop diuretic in patients with chronic cardiac failure. Davies, E; Edwards, CR; Flapan, AD; Shaw, TR; Waugh, C; Williams, BC, 1991)	0.28
" Cai changes stimulated by angiotensin-II (Ang-II) show a complex dose-response pattern, with high concentrations (greater than or equal to 1 nM) of Ang-II eliciting a peak-plateau signal and lower doses (0."	( Kinetics of cytosolic calcium and aldosterone responses in rat adrenal glomerulosa cells. Enyedi, P; Quinn, SJ; Tillotson, DL; Williams, GH, 1991)	0.56
" (1-24) ACTH, given at a dosage of 20 IU/animal, increased C and Aldo-gluc."	( Excretion of electrolytes, free cortisol and aldosterone-18-oxo-glucuronide in 24-hr urines of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus): effect of lysine-vasopressin and adrenocorticotrophin administration, and of changes in sodium balance. Fenske, M, 1990)	0.54
" Metoclopramide did not change baseline ERPF, GFR or FF over 2 h post dosing but it significantly reduced baseline UNaV, UKV, urine flow, urinary dopamine excretion, supine and erect diastolic blood pressure and supine systolic blood pressure."	( Metoclopramide, domperidone and dopamine in man: actions and interactions. MacDonald, TM, 1991)	0.28
" These results suggest that the dosage rate of quinapril may have to be altered in renal impairment."	( The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of quinapril and quinaprilat in renal impairment. Bailey, RR; Begg, EJ; Frank, GJ; Lynn, KL; Olson, SC; Robson, RA, 1990)	0.28
" Further elucidation of the possible role of BNP as a circulating hormone in man awaits measurement of tissue and plasma concentrations of human BNP in health and disease and provision of fuller dose-response data for human as well as porcine BNP."	( Brain natriuretic peptide administered to man: actions and metabolism. Espiner, E; Ikram, H; McGregor, A; Richards, M; Yandle, T, 1990)	0.28
" The dose-response relationship also was determined in 15 normal subjects."	( Infusion of low dose etomidate: correction of hypercortisolemia in patients with Cushing's syndrome and dose-response relationship in normal subjects. Allolio, B; Benker, G; Reinwein, D; Schulte, HM; Sippell, WG, 1990)	0.28
" The conductance of the amiloride-sensitive pathway (Gamil) was assessed before and after replacement of Na+ in the mucosal bath by K+, using two independent measurements: (1) the slope conductance (GT), determined from current-voltage (I-V) relationships for control and amiloride-treated tissues and (2) the maximum amiloride-sensitive conductance (Gmax) calculated from the amiloride dose-response relationship."	( Amiloride-sensitive Na+ transport across cultured renal (A6) epithelium: evidence for large currents and high Na:K selectivity. Millinoff, LP; Wills, NK, 1990)	0.28
" Dose-response curves for receptor occupation, inositol phosphate production and aldosterone secretion were made under the same experimental conditions, on the third day of culture."	( Implication of phospholipase C in the steroidogenic action of angiotensin II. Boulay, G; Gallo-Payet, N; Guillemette, G, 1990)	0.51
" HPC-EC10 (5:3) microcapsules containing piretanide were satisfactory as a sustained-release preparation in the light of the anti hypertensive effect even at a half frequency of daily dosing of the solution."	( Pharmacological evaluation of hydroxypropylcellulose-ethylcellulose microcapsules containing piretanide. Goto, S; Kawata, M; Kuriki, T; Suzuki, N; Tsujiyama, T, 1990)	0.28
" In addition to altering the angiotensin II-aldosterone dose-response curve, hyperinsulinemia also increased the pressor action of angiotensin II."	( Hyperinsulinemia and the aldosterone and pressor responses to angiotensin II. Ball, DL; DeRemer, S; Goodfriend, TL; Moorehead, C; Rocchini, AP, 1990)	0.84
" The safety, tolerance and dose-response relationship with regard to inhibition of plasma ACE activity were characterised initially in an open, pilot, dose-finding study in 12 subjects and further explored in a double-blind, parallel group, placebo controlled study in another 30 subjects."	( Pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic and humoral effects of oral zabicipril, an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor in normotensive man. Hughes, DM; Lees, KR; MacDonald, NJ; Reid, JL, 1990)	0.28
" Blood pressure (BP) was lower with E after half the maximum dosage compared with V, but similar BP reductions were obtained after 2 months with the maximum dosage."	( Antihypertensive and renal effects of enalapril and slow-release verapamil in essential hypertension. A double-blind, randomized study. Fagher, B; Henningsen, N; Hulthén, L; Katzman, P; Thulin, T, 1990)	0.28
" The higher dose of CV-2961 (100 micrograms/min) completely blocked angiotensin II-induced enhancement of vascular responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation and shifted the angiotensin dose-response curve 10-fold to the right with respect to angiotensin II-induced increases in mesenteric perfusion pressure."	( Blockade of the pre- and postjunctional effects of angiotensin in vivo with a non-peptide angiotensin receptor antagonist. Inagami, T; Jackson, EK, 1990)	0.28
" The dosing was either metoclopramide alone or combined with either neostigmine and pirenzepine or with neostigmine and atropine."	( The effect of neostigmine on metoclopramide-induced aldosterone secretion after the administration of muscarinic antagonists in man. Meyer, EC; Sommers, DK; van Wyk, M, 1990)	0.53
" The response delay for Ang II was consistently briefer than that for the same concentration of AVP, showing a 2-3 log unit separation in the dose-response relations."	( Cytosolic calcium and aldosterone response patterns of rat adrenal glomerulosa cells stimulated by vasopressin: comparison with angiotensin II. Enyedi, P; Quinn, SJ; Tillotson, DL; Williams, GH, 1990)	0.59
" Twenty and 40 mg enalapril lowered the blood pressure by 2 h after dosing in the hypertension group, and peak effects were seen 4-5 h after dosing."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of enalapril in patients with congestive heart failure and patients with hypertension. Abernethy, D; Farmer, J; Mitchell, JR; Nelson, E; O'Meara, M; Pool, J; Schwartz, JB; Taylor, A; Young, J, )	0.13
"25 mg and increasing dosage until blood pressure was adequately controlled."	( Changes in the pathophysiologic profile of blood pressure determinants during short-term enalapril administration. Birkenhäger, WH; de Leeuw, PW, 1986)	0.27
" The effect of ANP on the dose-response curve of aldosterone stimulated by ANG II, ACTH, and potassium on isolated rat adrenal glomerulosa cells was studied."	( Role of calcium in effects of atrial natriuretic peptide on aldosterone production in adrenal glomerulosa cells. Chartier, L; Schiffrin, EL, 1987)	0.77
") for evaluation of its consecutive dosing effect."	( Antihypertensive effects and pharmacokinetics of single and consecutive administration of doxazosin in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Kaneko, Y; Miyajima, E; Miyakawa, T; Shionoiri, H; Takagi, N; Umemura, S; Yasuda, G; Yoshimura, H, 1987)	0.27
" Arterial blood pressure was monitored continuously for 6 h following each dosage using an intraarterial cannula."	( Hemodynamic, hormonal, and pharmacokinetic aspects of treatment with lisinopril in congestive heart failure. Dickstein, K, 1987)	0.27
" Serum prolactin concentration increased in all subjects after L5HTP/C in comparison to placebo, mean (SD) prolactin (ng/ml) at 8 h after dosing was 19."	( Effect of repeated doses of L-5-hydroxytryptophan and carbidopa on prolactin and aldosterone secretion in man. Clementi, RA; Ferguson, RK; Rotmensch, HH; Swanson, BN; Vlasses, PH, 1989)	0.5
" Thus, combined treatment with low doses of loop diuretics and ACE inhibitors that permit partial recovery of serum ACE activity during the 24 h after dosing synergistically lowers blood pressure without adverse reactions associated with larger doses of either therapy alone."	( Loop diuretics combined with an ACE inhibitor for treatment of hypertension: a study with furosemide, piretanide, and ramipril in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Baldes, L; Becker, RH; Treudler, M, 1989)	0.28
" Enalapril was then administered for 72 hours and 6 weeks, and the assessment of the Ang II dose-response relations was repeated."	( Prolonged converting enzyme inhibition in non-modulating hypertension. Dluhy, RG; Hollenberg, NK; Smith, K; Taylor, T; Williams, GH, 1989)	0.28
" In addition, a dose-response curve for corticosterone with adrenalectomized rats shows that synthesis of the protein is maximally increased when the injected dosage causes serum levels of corticosterone to increase to the levels seen during stress."	( Receptor specificity of a glucocorticoid- and stress-induced hippocampal protein. Dokas, LA; Schlatter, LK, 1989)	0.28
"Six pregnant women (below 49 days of amenorrhea) desiring pregnancy termination received 600 mg RU486 orally in a single dosage and 1 mg PG-05 or ONO-802 as vaginal suppository 48 h afterward."	( Functional status of the pituitary-adrenal axis during treatment of RU486 for termination of early pregnancy in combination with PGs in Chinese women. Wu, XR; Yang, XL, 1989)	0.28
"25 mg, in 8 normal subjects before and after treatment with the selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine, at a maximal dosage of 60 mg daily."	( Yohimbine and aldosterone responsiveness to angiotensin II or corticotrophin in normal subjects. Beretta-Piccoli, C; Kressebuch, H; Lucchini, E, 1989)	0.64
"When the dose-response curve of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-induced aldosterone secretion is compared to that of ACTH-induced intracellular cAMP, the ED50 for intracellular cAMP is more than 10 times as high as that for aldosterone production."	( Role of calcium and cAMP in the action of adrenocorticotropin on aldosterone secretion. Kojima, I; Kojima, K; Rasmussen, H, 1985)	0.74
" After withdrawal of antihypertensive medications at least 3 weeks prior to the study, nitrendipine was given orally in a daily dosage of 40 to 60 mg."	( Therapeutic value of calcium antagonists in autonomous hyperaldosteronism. Ivens, K; Kaufmann, W; Stimpel, M; Volkmann, HP; Wambach, G, 1989)	0.28
" Captopril when dosed to lower diastolic blood pressure 5-7 mm Hg did not significantly affect GFR, RPF or RVR."	( Preliminary observations of the acute effects of selective serum thromboxane inhibition and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on blood pressure and renal hemodynamics in hypertensive humans. Douglas, FL; Hoover, N; Klassen, DK; Weir, MR, 1989)	0.28
" In the clinical development of an antihypertensive drug, the earlier use of such within-patient studies, with the random insertion of one placebo period between the active periods, should help in the dose-response curve search."	( Crossover design for the dose determination of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor in hypertension. Bellet, M; Corvol, P; Guyene, TT; Ménard, J; Sassano, P; Serrurier, D, 1989)	0.28
" In the olaquindox groups only the 200 ppm dosage showed a consistent decrease to hyponatraemic levels from four weeks treatment."	( Comparative study of the effect of the effect of carbadox, olaquindox and cyadox on aldosterone, sodium and potassium plasma levels in weaned pigs. Baars, AJ; de Graaf, GJ; Jager, LP; van der Molen, EJ, 1989)	0.5
" These conclusions are drawn from continuous infusion studies where corticosterone yields a bitonic dose-response curve for body weight gain and feeding efficiency."	( Corticosterone's dual metabolic actions. Devenport, L; Knehans, A; Sundstrom, A; Thomas, T, 1989)	0.28
" ACTH infusions evoked an incremental response in plasma aldosterone and cortisol, and the dose-response relationship was unaltered by alpha hANP."	( Effect of physiological levels of atrial natriuretic peptide on hormone secretion: inhibition of angiotensin-induced aldosterone secretion and renin release in normal man. Cuneo, RC; Espiner, EA; Livesey, JH; Nicholls, MG; Yandle, TG, 1987)	0.73
" Similar dose-response curves were obtained for the effect of AII on labeling of the 17."	( Effects of atrial natriuretic peptide, angiotensin, cyclic AMP, and potassium on protein phosphorylation in adrenal glomerulosa cells. Elliott, ME; Goodfriend, TL, 1987)	0.27
" The dose-response curve (peak plasma ACTH level vs."	( Dose-response relationships between plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), cortisol, aldosterone, and 18-hydroxycorticosterone after injection of ACTH-(1-39) or human corticotropin-releasing hormone in man. Bähr, V; Boelke, T; Oelkers, W, 1988)	0.5
" ANP shifted the dibutyryl cAMP dose-response curve slightly to the right but did not blunt the maximal aldosterone secretory response."	( Effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on ACTH, dibutyryl cAMP, angiotensin II and potassium-stimulated aldosterone secretion by rat adrenal glomerulosa cells. Brown, RD; Kem, DC; Schiebinger, RJ, 1988)	0.7
" An inhibitory effect of the steroids on membrane-bound adenylate cyclase has been demonstrated and dose-response effects suggest the presence of specific membrane-bound glucocorticoid receptors."	( Role of cyclic AMP in steroid action in rat intestine. Franco, F; Snart, RS, 1988)	0.27
"We evaluated the acute blood pressure lowering effect of enalapril in terms of dose-response curve and compared this effect with that on humoral parameters."	( Acute dose-response curve of enalapril in renovascular hypertensives. Arzilli, F; Giovannetti, R; Magagna, A; Nuccorini, A; Salvetti, A, 1988)	0.27
" ANP stimulated production of cyclic GMP (cGMP), and inhibited aldosterone secretion with a similar dose-response relationship."	( Regulation of aldosterone secretion by avian adrenocortical cells. Hurwitz, S; Pines, M; Rosenberg, J, 1988)	0.88
" The effects of intravenous metoclopramide on baseline values and dopamine dose-response curves for renal haemodynamics and natriuresis were investigated in healthy volunteers and patients with renal disease."	( Effect of metoclopramide on dopamine-induced changes in renal function in healthy controls and in patients with renal disease. Donker, AJ; Meijer, S; Reitsma, WD; Smit, AJ; Wesseling, H, 1988)	0.27
" After placebo dosing for 2 weeks, active drug was given double-blind in two 4-week phases."	( Ketanserin and prazosin: a comparison of antihypertensive and biochemical effects. Marwood, JF; Mennie, BA; Stokes, GS, 1986)	0.27
" Both analogs shifted the hANP-(1-28) dose-response curve to the left."	( Atrial natriuretic peptides: the role of phenylalanine on biological activity. Craven, TG; Kem, DC; Schiebinger, RJ, 1988)	0.27
" Synthetic beta-lipotropin (5 x 10(-10) mol/l) did not significantly change the dose-response curve for corticotropin (10(-13) mol/l-10(-9) mol/l) versus the three steroids measured."	( Effects of beta-lipotropin, beta-endorphin, gamma 2-melanotropin and corticotropin on steroid production by isolated human adrenocortical cells. Bähr, V; Eggens, U; Li, CH; Oelkers, W, 1987)	0.27
" The therapeutic dosage was increased when the blood pressure (BP) was not controlled for more than 3 days."	( Effects of enalapril maleate (MK-421) on renovascular hypertension. Hara, A; Hirakawa, A; Kawai, C; Koide, H; Matsunaga, M; Nagai, H; Ogawa, K; Pak, CH, 1985)	0.27
" Although the dose-dependent mode of actions of MPA have been extensively clarified, there is still some uncertainty regarding the mode of actions and dosage of MA."	( [Megestrol acetate in various doses in the treatment of metastatic breast carcinoma--clinical and endocrinologic studies]. Blossey, HC; Emrich, D; Nagel, GA; Wander, HE, 1985)	0.27
" 4) The lack of antiglucocorticosteroid activity, at the dosage of 100 mg/day, suggests that RU 486 may be useful for fertility control."	( Effects of the antiprogesterone steroid RU 486 during midluteal phase in normal women. Baulieu, EE; George, M; Lestrat, N; Reinberg, A; Schaison, G, 1985)	0.27
" 4) The lack of antiglucocorticosteroid activity, at a dosage of 100 mg/day, suggests that RU 486 may be useful for fertility control."	( Effects of the antiprogesterone steroid RU 486 during midluteal phase in normal women. Baulieu, EE; George, M; Lestrat, N; Reinberg, A; Schaison, G, 1985)	0.27
" At 10(-8) M N-POMC1-61 amide, gamma 3-MSH and Lys-gamma 3-MSH did not modify the ACTH dose-response for steroids (gluco- and mineralocorticoids) and cAMP production."	( Effects of several pro-opiomelanocortin derived peptides on steroidogenesis in ovine and bovine adrenal cells. Cathiard, AM; Chrétien, M; Durand, P; Saez, JM; Seidah, MG, 1985)	0.27
" These results suggest that in the hepatorenal syndrome, captopril in standard dosage is without benefit, and provide further evidence that the changes in the renin-angiotensin system are probably secondary to reduced renal perfusion from some other cause."	( Captopril in the hepatorenal syndrome. Cobden, I; Record, CO; Shore, A; Wilkinson, R, 1985)	0.27
" In this study we investigated further the effects of synthetic ANP on the dose-response curve of aldosterone secretion stimulated by ACTH in vitro."	( Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits the stimulation of aldosterone secretion by ACTH in vitro and in vivo. Chartier, L; Schiffrin, EL, 1986)	0.74
"05), as was the slope of the angiotensin II-vehicle dose-response curve (0."	( Dopamine selectively inhibits aldosterone responses to angiotensin II in humans. Carey, RM; Drake, CR, 1986)	0.56
" Further study of the usefulness of chronic dosing with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertension in the elderly is indicated."	( Age and the pharmacodynamics of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors enalapril and enalaprilat. Ajayi, AA; Hockings, N; Reid, JL, 1986)	0.27
" The dose-response to ACTH was similar for cyclic AMP and corticosterone but aldosterone secretion appeared to be more sensitive to ACTH stimulation."	( Relationship between endogenous cyclic AMP production and steroid hormone secretion in chick adrenal cells. Hurwitz, S; Pines, M; Rosenberg, J, 1986)	0.5
"The time course of the blood pressure lowering effect and the dose-response relationship of the new angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril (HOE 498) were studied in 8 patients, with essential hypertension."	( Studies on the antihypertensive effect of single doses of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril (HOE 498) in man. Böhm, RO; Rahn, KH; van Baak, MA, 1986)	0.27
"Nifedipine, in a slow release preparation, was given at a mean daily dosage of 47 +/- 4 mg to 12 patients with severe hypertension in whom arterial pressure was not satisfactorily controlled (mean blood pressure, 172 +/- 6/111 +/- 4 mmHg) by the association of a converting enzyme inhibitor and a diuretic."	( Effect of nifedipine in hypertension not controlled by converting enzyme inhibitor and diuretic. Mimran, A; Ribstein, J, 1986)	0.27
" Both drugs have a shallow dose-response curve and both produce comparable hormonal changes: an increase in plasma renin activity and a decrease in aldosterone levels."	( Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in congestive heart failure. Overview in comparison of captopril and enalapril. Cohn, JN; Levine, TB; Olivari, MT, 1986)	0.47
"The effects of administering ketoconazole at a high dosage (30 mg/kg of body weight/day) and at a low dosage (10 mg/kg/day) on steroidogenesis in the dog were compared."	( Ketoconazole-induced changes in selected canine hormone concentrations. McDonald, R; Nachreiner, R; Roudebush, P; Willard, MD, 1986)	0.27
"The time-course and dose-response of the in-vivo secretion of aldosterone and corticosterone after administration of ACTH(1-24) were measured in adrenal venous blood from female Brattleboro rats, homozygous for hypothalamic diabetes insipidus and lacking arginine vasopressin (AVP)."	( Release of aldosterone and corticosterone from the adrenal cortex of the Brattleboro rat in response to administration of ACTH. Brudieux, R; Krifi, MN; Laulin, JP, 1986)	0.9
" In patients with severe renal failure, adjustment of the dose or the dosing frequency to the degree of renal failure is recommended to avoid administration of doses in excess of those required to achieve adequate inhibition of converting enzyme."	( Lisinopril in hypertensive patients with and without renal failure. Boer, P; Geyskes, GG; van Schaik, BA, 1987)	0.27
" Administration of domperidone for 3 days reduced the falls in creatinine clearance and the urinary excretion of sodium and potassium induced by UP but did not alter the blood pressure and aldosterone dose-response curves to angiotensin II."	( Peripheral dopaminergic blockade for the treatment of diabetic orthostatic hypotension. Andriolo, A; Chacra, AR; Lopes de Faria, SR; Ribeiro, AB; Zanella, MT, 1988)	0.47
" Although the group data support a reduction in peripheral sympathetic tone as associated with the decrease in BP for the thermal biofeedback condition, dose-response relations were not significant."	( Biochemical changes associated with thermal biofeedback treatment of hypertension. Blanchard, EB; McCoy, GC; Morrison, S; Pallmeyer, TP; Pangburn, L; Siracusa, K; Wittrock, DA, 1988)	0.27
" In the present study, we infused beta h-endorphin into six normal subjects under carefully controlled conditions at dosage levels several orders of magnitude higher than endogenous levels."	( Effect of human beta-endorphin on plasma aldosterone concentrations in normal human subjects. Feldman, M; Kem, DC; Li, CH; Starkweather, G, 1985)	0.54
"1 micrograms/kg X min dosage levels."	( beta-Endorphin stimulates plasma renin and aldosterone release in normal human subjects. Dluhy, RG; Rabinowe, SL; Taylor, T; Williams, GH, 1985)	0.53
" A dose-response curve for amiloride obtained in the presence of AVT showed that amiloride completely inhibits ISC."	( Stimulation of sodium transport by aldosterone and arginine vasotocin in A6 cells. Bindels, RJ; Reif, MC; Schafer, JA, 1988)	0.55
"The quantities and temporal sequences of appearance of aldosterone metabolites in the urine of adrenalectomized rats, and adrenalectomized rats treated with spironolactone, were compared following subcutaneous administration of a physiological dosage (0."	( Effects of adrenalectomy and spironolactone on urinary metabolites of aldosterone in rats. Gorsline, J; Morris, DJ, )	0.61
" In vitro dose-response curves to NE and TNS were not significantly different."	( Effect of high calcium intake on pressor responsivity in hypertensive rats. Berger, M; Brickman, AS; Eggena, P; Golub, M; Lee, DB; Nyby, M; Stern, N; Tuck, ML, 1987)	0.27
" It is less clear, however, whether renin-angiotensin II stimulation is the cause of the flat blood pressure dose-response relationship to diuretics."	( Plasma renin activity does not predict the antihypertensive efficacy of chlorthalidone. Bartolomei, G; Cagianelli, MA; Cinotti, G; Innocenti, P; Loni, C; Papi, L; Pedrinelli, R; Saba, G; Saba, P; Salvetti, A, 1987)	0.27
" The QT interval (QTc) was significantly increased after 1 month's treatment: at 1 h after dosing 334 +/- 32 ms after 1 month of ketanserin compared with 302 +/- 31 ms after placebo."	( Acute and chronic ketanserin in essential hypertension: antihypertensive mechanisms and pharmacokinetics. Donnelly, R; Elliott, HL; Meredith, PA; Reid, JL, 1987)	0.27
" The mean supine BP 24 hours post dosing were 177/110 mmHg (placebo), 173/109 mmHg (propranolol) and 164/100 mmHg (atenolol)."	( Atenolol or propranolol in hypertensive patients poorly controlled on captopril and frusemide. Lovell, HG; Petrie, JC; Robb, OJ; Webster, J; Witte, K, 1987)	0.27
" The dosing was either metoclopramide alone or combined with ganglionic, muscarinic, beta-adrenergic or calcium-channel blockade."	( Aldosterone response to metoclopramide is mediated through the autonomic nervous system in man. de Villiers, LS; Meyer, EC; Sommers, DK; van Wyk, M, 1988)	1.72
" Dose-response studies on the icvt infusion of ALD were carried out in sensitized and non-sensitized (intact, with tap water to drink) male Sprague-Dawley rats (SDR)."	( Dose-response studies of intracerebroventricular infusion of aldosterone in sensitized and non-sensitized rats. Gomez Sanchez, EP, 1988)	0.52
"After a run-in period of 8 weeks on a regimen of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT, median dosage 75 mg/day), patients with essential hypertension were randomly allocated to continued hydrochlorothiazide therapy (Group I) or additional treatment with amiloride (Group II, median dosage 15 mg/day, or 5 mg per 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide) for the following 12 weeks."	( Effects of combined therapy with amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide on plasma and total body potassium, blood pressure, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertensive patients. Dige-Petersen, H; Giese, J; Ibsen, H; Leth, A; Nielsen, MD; Rasmussen, S; Svendsen, UG, 1986)	0.47
" Three-point dose-response curves were initially determined for all women."	( The effect of prostaglandin E1 upon the pressor and hormonal response to exogenous angiotensin II in human pregnancy. Broughton Pipkin, F; Morrison, R; O'Brien, PM, 1987)	0.27
" On dose-response studies RU 28362 proved to be as active as dexamethasone, cortisol was active at intermediate concentrations and aldosterone was the least active."	( Binding and action of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids in rabbit mammary gland. Exclusive participation of glucocorticoid type II receptors for stimulation of casein synthesis. Djiane, J; Houdebine, LM; Jahn, GA; Moguilewsky, M, 1987)	0.48
" A dose-response curve for DEX demonstrated that the minimal effective dose (0."	( Glucocorticoid regulation of glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase and ornithine decarboxylase activities in the spinal cord of the rat. De Nicola, AF; Grillo, C; Moses, DF; Ortí, E, 1987)	0.27
" The dose-response curve for TPA-induced inhibition reveals that quite a high concentration of TPA is necessary to block angiotensin action compared with that needed to stimulate aldosterone secretion."	( Phorbol ester inhibits angiotensin-induced activation of phospholipase C in adrenal glomerulosa cells. Its implication in the sustained action of angiotensin. Kojima, I; Ogata, E; Shibata, H, 1986)	0.46
" Accordingly, opiate receptors sensitive to naloxone in a moderate dosage seem not to be involved in the cardiovascular response and the increase in plasma catecholamines, PRA and plasma aldosterone induced by exercise."	( Lack of effect of naloxone in a moderate dosage on the exercise-induced increase in blood pressure, heart rate, plasma catecholamines, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone in healthy males. Bramnert, M; Hökfelt, B, 1985)	0.65
"The effects of 2 days of oral dosing with sulindac (200 mg twice a day) or indomethacin (75 mg twice a day) on glomerular filtration rate, urinary excretion of prostaglandin E2, sodium homeostasis, and other renal function parameters were investigated in eight patients with chronic stable impaired renal function."	( Acute renal effects of sulindac and indomethacin in chronic renal failure. Berg, KJ; Talseth, T, 1985)	0.27
" Suitable techniques for the investigation of secondary aldosteronism of unknown cause and for primary and secondary hypoaldosteronism are described, as well as the adjustment of dosage for replacement therapy where mineralocorticoid secretion is deficient."	( Disorders of mineralocorticoid activity. Drury, PL, 1985)	0.27
" Piretanide and furosemide both induced a short-term increase in plasma renin activity with a maximum about 4 hours after dosing which returned to initial levels after approximately 12 hours regardless of whether a single or twice daily dose had been given."	( The effects of piretanide on catecholamine metabolism, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone: a double-blind study versus furosemide in healthy volunteers. Heintz, B; Kirsten, R; Nelson, K; Verho, M, 1985)	0.49
"To elucidate the effect of bed rest used as an adjunct to increased diuretic treatment, twelve patients with chronic congestive heart failure (CHF) had a 50% increase in loop diuretic dosage and were allocated to either continuous bed rest or bed rest during nights only."	( Bed rest and increased diuretic treatment in chronic congestive heart failure. Abildgaard, U; Aldershvile, J; Christensen, NJ; Falk, J; Giese, J; Hammer, M; Henriksen, JH; Ring-Larsen, H, 1985)	0.27
" The dose-response curve for amount drunk rose from 5 to 100 ng and levelled off thereafter."	( Drinking induced by injection of angiotensin into the rain of the rat. Epstein, AN; Fitzsimons, JT; Rolls, BJ, 1970)	0.25
" To eliminate ACTH-dependent steroid synthesis, the experiments were performed in subjects receiving constant dosage of dexamethasone."	( Site of stimulation of aldosterone biosynthesis by angiotensin and potassium. Brown, RD; Liddle, GW; Strott, CA, 1972)	0.56
" Dose-response relationships were established between the rate of A II infusion and the adrenal, the renal vascular, and pressor responses."	( Reciprocal influence of salt intake on adrenal glomerulosa and renal vascular responses to angiotensin II in normal man. Adams, DF; Chenitz, WR; Hollenberg, NK; Williams, GH, 1974)	0.25
" A simple clinical method using the urinary Na/K ratio as a guide to spironolactone dosage is outlined."	( Spironolactone diuresis in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Eggert, RC, 1970)	0.25
" This latter dosage was calculated to be within the physiologic range of prolactin in blood."	( Prolactin stimulates and potentiates adrenal steroid secretion in vitro. Eldridge, JC; Lymangrover, JR, 1984)	0.27
" Throughout the dose-response range, however, the steroidogenic cells of the IZ are more sensitive and more responsive to corticotropic stimulation than are the cells of the SCZ."	( Adrenal gland: some evidence for the structural and functional zonation of the steroidogenic tissues. Cronshaw, J; Holmes, WN, 1984)	0.27
" Both acutely and chronically in patients with essential hypertension, enalapril reduced blood pressure with a rather flat dose-response curve."	( An overview of the clinical pharmacology of enalapril. Davies, RO; Gomez, HJ; Irvin, JD; Walker, JF, 1984)	0.27
" During long-term administration of enalapril, a similar relationship between the plasma enalaprilic acid level, ACE inhibition and the hypotensive effect was shown, although the dose-response curve for plasma enalaprilic acid to ACE inhibition was displaced to the right compared to the acute dose-response curve."	( Plasma enalapril levels and hormonal effects after short- and long-term administration in essential hypertension. Casley, D; Cubella, R; Jackson, BJ; Johnston, CI; Larmour, I, 1984)	0.27
" The slope of the angiotensin II-aldosterone dose-response curve was steeper with vehicle (0."	( Dopamine selectively inhibits aldosterone responses to angiotensin II in man. Carey, RM; Drake, CR, 1984)	0.84
" Prolonged infusion of norepinephrine did not alter the relation between plasma norepinephrine and arterial pressure as assessed by these dose-response studies."	( Prolonged infusion of norepinephrine in the conscious dog: effects on blood pressure, heart rate, renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone. Brown, JJ; Casals-Stenzel, J; Fraser, R; Hamilton, C; Lever, AF; Millar, JA; Morton, JJ; Reid, JL; Robertson, JI; Tree, M, 1982)	0.47
" Steepest portions of the dose-response curves were at lower rates of ACTH infusion for cortisol than for aldosterone, and maximum increment was much greater for cortisol (60-fold) than for aldosterone (12-fold)."	( Influence of sodium balance on ACTH/adrenal corticosteroid dose-response curves in the dog. Fraser, R; Gordon, RD; Nicholls, MG; Robertson, JI; Tree, M, 1980)	0.47
" At the same time the reactivity and the range of shifts in the course of ACTH dosage build-up decrease with aging."	( [Age and the effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone on aldosterone secretion in rats]. Magdich, LV, 1980)	0.51
" Captopril was given in biweekly, doubling doses starting with 25 mg 3 times a day until control of blood pressure was achieved or a total daily dosage of 600 mg was reached."	( Dose response in captopril therapy of hypertension. Amery, A; Fagard, R; Lijnen, P; Staessen, J; Verschueren, LJ, 1980)	0.26
" The two dosages of MK-421 caused similar, significant falls in supine and standing blood pressure, which were maximum four to six hours after dosing (9."	( Non-sulfhydryl-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (MK421): evidence for role of renin system in normotensive subjects. Bayliss, J; MacGregor, GA; Markandu, ND; Morton, JJ; Roulston, JE; Squires, M, 1981)	0.26
" The slope of the dose-response curve of ILE dilution was steeper than that of alpha h 1-39 ACTH measured on zona glomerulosa steroid production."	( Effect of pituitary intermediate lobe extract on steroid production by the isolated zona glomerulosa and fasciculata cells. Szalay, KS, 1981)	0.26
"Lithium chloride was given intraperitoneally to dogs at a dosage of 125 mg/kg body weight for three days."	( The effect of lithium chloride on renal structure and sodium-potassium-adenosine triphosphatase activity in dogs. Easley, JR, 1982)	0.26
" During repeated dosing in the outpatient trial there was attenuation of the antihypertensive effect (12 to 24 hr after dosing) in eight of 10 patients."	( Effects of enalapril, a new converting enzyme inhibitor, in hypertension. Ferguson, RK; Hichens, M; Huber, PB; Irvin, JD; Mojaverian, P; Swanson, BN; Vlasses, PH, 1982)	0.26
" Although they are considerably less potent than corticotropin (ACTH), the dose-response curves are parallel to those for ACTH except in the case of aldosterone stimulation by beta-MSH where the dose-response curve is biphasic."	( Melanotropins: aldosterone- and corticosterone-stimulating activity in isolated rat adrenal cells. Cheng, CH; Li, CH; Ng, TB, 1982)	0.82
" The reduction in blood pressure following enalapril was evident throughout the 12-hour dosing interval."	( Comparative antihypertensive effects of enalapril maleate and hydrochlorothiazide, alone and in combination. Ferguson, RK; Irvin, JD; Koplin, JR; Lee, RB; Rotmensch, HH; Swanson, BN; Vlasses, PH, )	0.13
" (2) Normalised alpha-MSH dose-response curves for aldosterone production in glomerulosa cells from normal rats, and corticosterone in inner zone cells were coincident."	( alpha-MSH and zona glomerulosa function in the rat. Bateman, A; Dell, A; McAuley, ME; Vinson, GP; Whitehouse, BJ, 1983)	0.52
" The maximum of the dose-response curve (5-fold stimulation) was reached at 10(-10) M ACTH."	( Effects of angiotensin II and ACTH on normal and tumourous human adrenocortical cells. Belkien, L; Belmega, W; Fiedler, U; Häring, R; Oelkers, W; Shirpai, M, 1983)	0.27
" The shift to the left of the dose-response curve for beta MSH during sodium depletion was greater than that for AII or ACTH."	( Effect of sodium deficiency on beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone stimulation of aldosterone in isolated rat adrenal cells. Franco-Saenz, R; Mulrow, PJ; Yamakado, M, 1983)	0.49
" Inhibition studies performed with 5 X 10(-4)-5 X 10(-9) M spironolactone and with 5 X 10(-4)-5 X 10(-8) M glycyrrhetinic acid, showed a dose-response reduction of [3H]-ALDO, [3H]-CORT and [3H]-DEX binding, implying that in brain these compounds did not behave as exclusive ALDO antagonists."	( Identification of mineralocorticoid binding sites in rat brain by competition studies and density gradient centrifugation. Coirini, H; De Nicola, AF; Marusic, ET; McEwen, BS; Rainbow, TC, 1983)	0.27
", the hypertensives had a steeper dose-response curve than the borderline group, which points to the presence of structural vascular changes in the renal vessels in the hypertensives."	( Effects of subpressor doses of angiotensin II on renal hemodynamics in relation to blood pressure. Aurell, M; Berglund, G; Hartford, M; Ljungman, S; Wikstrand, J, )	0.13
" The acute blood-pressure-lowering effect of nifedipine in the Dahl salt-sensitive rat was characterized by a rapid onset of action, the minimal effective oral dosage (0."	( Factors involved in the antihypertensive action of calcium antagonists. Garthoff, B; Kazda, S; Knorr, A; Thomas, G, )	0.13
" The slopes of the two dose-response curves were very similar (-14."	( The effect of saralasin in the chronically cannulated ewe in the early puerperium. Broughton Pipkin, F; Turner, SR; Wallace, C, 1984)	0.27
" The slope of the AII-aldosterone dose-response curve was steeper with vehicle (0."	( Dopamine modulates sodium-dependent aldosterone responses to angiotensin II in humans. Carey, RM; Drake, CR, )	0.72
" The slope of angiotensin-aldosterone dose-response curve was steeper with vehicle (0."	( Dopaminergic suppression of angiotensin II-induced aldosterone secretion in man: differential responses during sodium loading and depletion. Carey, RM; Drake, CR; Kaiser, DL; Ragsdale, NV, 1984)	0.82
"42 mg/kg) on heart rate, arterial blood pressure and plasma renin activity (PRA) was compared with the effect of the substance after treatment at the same respective dosage twice daily over 4 days."	( Altered blood pressure response to propyldazine after repeated oral administration in conscious normotensive dogs: role of the renin-angiotensin system. Bacher, S; Beck, A; Kraupp, O; Raberger, G; Seitelberger, R, )	0.13
" Dexamethasone and aldosterone had identical dose-response curves, maximal and half-maximal activity being evident at concentrations of approximately 100 nM and 10 nM respectively."	( Steroid-induced protein synthesis in giant-toad (Bufo marinus) urinary bladders. Correlation with natriferic activity. Alvis, R; Cox, M; Geheb, M; Hercker, E; Owen, A, 1984)	0.6
" Dose-response effects of testosterone and aldosterone in distal sections of the small intestine have been compared."	( Developmental aspects of steroid-induced ammonia release from isolated sections of rat intestine. Coates, DR; Snart, RS, 1984)	0.53
"8 meq/liter) serum potassium for 48 h after bilateral nephrectomy for determining Ang II-aldosterone dose-response relationships."	( Potassium regulates angiotensin II-induced aldosterone biosynthesis in acutely nephrectomized rats. Douglas, JG, 1984)	0.75
" Experiments investigating the dose-response relationship, glucocorticoid sensitivity of the preparation, and the role of the mitochondria in the aldosterone response in this preparation are presented."	( Further observations of aldosterone response in barnacle muscle fibers. Tallitsch, RB, 1983)	0.77
" Prior to study, 2 hours post dosing and coincident with immediate pre-exercise on treadmill, at graded increases of exercise and 2 hours post exercise (approximately 4 hours post dosing), blood was sampled for potassium, renin concentration, aldosterone and catecholamines."	( Potassium disposition and neuroendocrine effects of propranolol, methyldopa and clonidine during dynamic exercise. Affrime, MB; Falkner, B; Hakki, H; Lowenthal, DT; Rosenthal, L; Saris, S, 1982)	0.45
" Before the study, 2 hr after dosing and coincident with immediate preexercise on treadmill (at graded increases of exercise), and 2 hr after exercise, blood was sampled for determination of potassium, renin, aldosterone, and catecholamine levels."	( Biochemical and dynamic responses to single and repeated doses of methyldopa and propranolol during dynamic physical activity. Affrime, MB; Falkner, B; Gould, AB; Lowenthal, DT; Rosenthal, L; Saris, S, 1982)	0.45
" Corticosterone and progesterone significantly inhibited the renal synthesis of the polar metabolites of aldosterone, but the inhibition was not significant at this dosage of spironolactone."	( The metabolism of aldosterone in kidney. Latif, S; McDermott, M; Morris, DJ, 1983)	0.81
" A dose-response curve constructed by counting the number of cells on day 16, or at regular intervals, showed that glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone and cortisone) and mineralocorticoids (aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone) caused an increase in cell density when added at physiological concentrations or higher."	( Effects of various steroids on in vitro lifespan and cell growth of human fetal lung fibroblasts (WI-38). Kasuga, H; Kondo, H; Noumura, T, )	0.32
" Plasma angiotensin II and arterial pressure both rose and were related in a dose-response curve."	( Evidence that the acute hypotensive effect of captopril in dogs is not wholly explained by a reduction of plasma angiotensin II and its direct vasoconstrictor effect. Morton, JJ; Tree, M, 1980)	0.26
" Therefore, during chronic captopril therapy of CHF, a reduction of diuretic dosage may be necessary to prevent orthostatic hypotension."	( Postural hypotension during tilt with chronic captopril and diuretic therapy of severe congestive heart failure. Cody, RJ; Franklin, KW; Laragh, JH, 1982)	0.26
"1-mg bid doses of C to six normal subjects at rest, 2 hr after dosing and immediately before dynamic physical activity (DPA) on a treadmill, and at peak activity and 2 hr after DPA."	( Dynamic and biochemical responses to single and repeated doses of clonidine during dynamic physical activity. Affrime, MB; Borruso, J; Falkner, B; Gould, AB; Lowenthal, DT; Rosenthal, L, 1982)	0.26
" Potassium/aldosterone dose-response curves were constructed for each dietary sodium regimen."	( Effect of changes in sodium balance on potassium/aldosterone dose-response curves in the dog. Fraser, R; Livesey, JH; Morton, JJ; Nicholls, MG; Robertson, JI; Tree, M, 1982)	0.91
" This cell concentration associated (CCA) increase in aldosterone production showed a dose-response relationship with the number of cells per incubation and was further increased in modified Medium 199, compared with KRBGA."	( Increased steroidogenesis by rat zona glomerulosa cells with increased cell concentration in vitro: evidence for a novel aldosterone-stimulating factor and implications regarding aldosterone biosynthesis. Campbell, DJ, 1982)	0.72
" In the current study, we administered metoclopramide to rhesus monkeys and normal subjects and compared the time-course and dose-response characteristics of plasma aldosterone."	( The effect of metoclopramide and dopamine on plasma aldosterone concentration in normal man and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): a new model to study dopamine control of aldosterone secretion. Billman, GE; Brown, RD; Hegstad, RL; Jiang, NS; Kao, P; Kem, DC; Stone, HL, 1982)	0.71
" We conclude that aldosterone antagonists in the dosage used had no effect on the course of postoperative hyperaldosteronism."	( Hyperaldosteronism after heart surgery in children. Part I: Treatment with aldosterone antagonists. Haschke, F; Parth, K; Wimmer, M, 1981)	0.83
" In a smaller study potassium chloride induced a significant log dose-response on plasma potassium, but the effect was small in absolute terms."	( Amiloride, spironolactone, and potassium chloride in thiazide-treated hypertensive patients. Fraser, R; Hettiarachchi, J; Morton, JJ; Ramsay, LE, 1980)	0.26
" Aprotinin was infused intravenously in high dosage (2 x 10(6) kallikrein inhibitory units loading, 1 x 10(6) kallikrein inhibitory units/h)."	( Effect of the serine protease inhibitor, aprotinin, on systemic haemodynamics and renal function in patients with hepatic cirrhosis and ascites. Craig, KJ; Cumming, AD; Hayes, PC; MacGilchrist, A, 1994)	0.29
" The daily dosage of enalapril was increased, if required, from 10 to 20 to 40 mg and that of nifedipine from 40 to 60 to 80 mg at 4-week intervals during the 12-week titration period."	( Factors determining the blood pressure response to enalapril and nifedipine in hypertension associated with NIDDM. Chan, JC; Cheung, CK; Cockram, CS; Law, LK; Nicholls, MG; Swaminathan, R, 1995)	0.29
" Urinary electrolytes and aldosterone were measured for the 24 h before dosing and for 24 h after dosing."	( Comparison of the oral angiotensin II receptor antagonist UP 269-6 or enalapril 20 mg on blood pressure and neurohormonal effects in salt-deplete man. Brunner, HR; Insuasty, J; MacFadyen, RJ; McIntyre, M; Menard, J; Meredith, PA; Reid, JL, 1995)	0.59
" In this small sample of hypertensive patients, losartan monotherapy and losartan-hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) combination therapy were associated with modest reductions in systolic, diastolic and mean arterial BPs; significant changes were observed only at the peak dosing interval."	( Effects of losartan on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis in essential hypertension. Bauer, IH; Lau-Sieckman, A; Reams, GP; Wu, Z, 1995)	0.55
" In this protocol after salt depletion, losartan caused a transient increase in urea and creatinine (143 +/- 40 microML) 8 h after dosing as compared with placebo (105 +/- 13 microM)."	( Haemodynamic and renal responses to oral losartan potassium during salt depletion or salt repletion in normal human volunteers. Doig, JK; MacFadyen, RJ; Reid, JL; Sweet, CS, 1995)	0.29
" Aldosterone also blunted the dose-response effects of corticosterone on CRH and NT/N mRNA levels in the central nucleus of the amygdala, but not in the PVH."	( Region-specific regulation of neuropeptide mRNAs in rat limbic forebrain neurones by aldosterone and corticosterone. Sanchez-Watts, G; Watts, AG, 1995)	1.43
"Despite almost three centuries of use, the appropriate dosage of digitalis in patients with chronic heart failure and normal sinus rhythm has not been well studied."	( Effects of increasing maintenance dose of digoxin on left ventricular function and neurohormones in patients with chronic heart failure treated with diuretics and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Alam, M; Gheorghiade, M; Goldstein, S; Hall, VB; Jacobsen, G; Rosman, H, 1995)	0.29
" Our results indicate a BP and plasma renin dose-response relation for the orally active angiotensin II (AII) receptor blocker losartan in normotensive subjects with an activated RAS."	( Dose-ranging study of the angiotensin type I receptor antagonist losartan (DuP753/MK954), in salt-deplete normal man. Doig, JK; Lees, KR; MacFadyen, RJ; Reid, JL; Sweet, CS, 1993)	0.29
" All C21-deoxysteroids, except 11,19-oxidoprogesterone, exhibited parabolic log dose-response functions, indicating an effect that opposes renal sodium retention at high doses."	( Sodium-retaining activity of some natural and synthetic 21-deoxysteroids. Brachet-Cota, AL; Burton, G; Damasco, MC; De Lavallaz, S; Galigniana, M; Ghini, AA; Lantos, CP; Sproviero, EM, 1995)	0.29
" All patients received three dosing regimens administered in random order: (a) intravenous frusemide: 40 mg bolus then 40 mg h-1 for 3 h, (b) captopril: two 12."	( The renin angiotensin aldosterone system and frusemide response in congestive heart failure. Cerimele, B; Greene, P; Reed, S; Ryan, T; Schwertschlag, U; Voelker, J; Weinberger, M, 1995)	0.61
" The dosage of both drugs was individually adjusted in time according to the results of serum potassium and renal function."	( Combined therapy of captopril and spironolactone for refractory congestive heart failure. Han, YL; Hu, XL; Jing, QM; Liu, JQ; Tong, M, 1994)	0.29
" An effective dosage of norepinephrine that increased MAP by 20 mmHg (EDNE 20) was thereafter calculated."	( Enhanced pressor responsiveness to norepinephrine in type II diabetes. Effect of ACE inhibition. Capelli, M; Ciavarella, A; Mustacchio, A; Ricci, C; Vannini, P, 1994)	0.29
" Carbenoxolone treatment of hMR-transfected CV-1 cells did not result in a shift of the dose-response transactivation curves of B and F toward lower concentrations, ruling out the implication of 11HSD in the aldosterone MR selectivity of these conditions."	( The mineralocorticoid receptor discriminates aldosterone from glucocorticoids independently of the 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Farman, N; Kenouch, S; Lombes, M; Rafestin-Oblin, ME; Souque, A, 1994)	0.74
"The purpose of the present study was to quantify some of the short term responses of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) to a recommended dosage of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril in clinically healthy dogs fed a normal-sodium and a low-sodium diet."	( Short term effects of acute inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme on the renin-angiotensin system and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide in healthy dogs fed a low-sodium diet versus a normal-sodium diet. Bie, P; Flagstad, A; Jensen, AL; Koch, J; Pedersen, HD; Poulsen, K, 1994)	0.29
" The hypotensive action of NZ-105 were reproducible after repeated dosing for 12 weeks."	( Effects of long-term oral administration of NZ-105, a novel calcium antagonist, with or without propranolol in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Kasuya, Y; Masuda, Y; Sakai, T; Shigenobu, K; Shudo, C; Tanaka, S, 1993)	0.29
" Urine samples were obtained over 36 hours post-metolazone dosing for the determination of sodium, potassium and metolazone concentration."	( The effect of nonsteroidal agents (NSAIDs) on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of metolazone. Gehr, TW; Kish, C; Ripley, EB; Sica, DA; Wade, J; Wallace, H, 1994)	0.29
" Plasma levels of YM-21095 after 3 mg kg-1 intravenous dosing to dogs declined biphasically and fitted a two-compartment model."	( Pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular effects of YM-21095, a novel renin inhibitor, in dogs and monkeys. Asano, M; Inagaki, O; Shibasaki, M; Takenaka, T; Usui, T, 1994)	0.29
" important differences are noted in the dose-response of aldosterone secretion to adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), which is often shifted to a lower concentration sensitivity in cultured cells."	( A model for studying regulation of aldosterone secretion: freshly isolated cells or cultured cells? Balestre, MN; Chouinard, L; Gallo-Payet, N; Guillon, G; Payet, MD, 1993)	0.81
" Thus, dose-response relationships may be an index of age-induced alterations in pressure regulatory mechanisms."	( Ageing and blood pressure regulation: dose-response relationships for angiotensin, blood pressure, atrial natriuretic peptide and aldosterone in normal subjects of varying ages. Finn, WL; Gordon, RD; Klemm, SA; Ryan, SJ; Tunny, TJ, 1993)	0.49
"The effects of human atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF), urinary flow rate, urinary sodium excretion, tubular function estimated by lithium clearance, and plasma levels of sodium and water homeostatic hormones were studied in a dose-response study with 50 healthy subjects."	( Dose-response study of atrial natriuretic peptide bolus injection in healthy man. Eiskjaer, H; Pedersen, EB, 1993)	0.29
" Whereas the dose-response relationship for aldosterone did not change with time of incubation (6 vs."	( Corticosterone induces 11 beta-HSD and mineralocorticoid specificity in an amphibian urinary bladder cell line. Duperrex, H; Gaeggeler, HP; Hautier, S; Rossier, BC, 1993)	0.55
"Although angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor therapy is an established approach in the treatment of chronic heart failure, the required dosage remains unclear."	( Clinical and neurohumoral response of patients with severe congestive heart failure treated with two different captopril dosages. Baumgartner, W; Bergler-Klein, J; Globits, S; Glogar, D; Ogris, E; Pacher, R; Teufelsbauer, H; Wutte, M, 1993)	0.29
" The dose-response relationships for these last two effects of ET-1 were found to be biphasic with a maximum (corresponding to 80 to 200% increase) at 50 to 80 ng ET-1/kg/min, and were also dependent on the infusion rate."	( In vivo stimulation of aldosterone biosynthesis by endothelin: loci of action and effects of doses and infusion rate. Cozza, EN; de Bedners, ME; Gomez-Sanchez, CE; Lantos, CP; Pecci, A, 1993)	0.6
" This study was designed to determine the dose-response effects of systemic epinephrine infusion on the relationship of PRA and plasma aldosterone concentration."	( Role of epinephrine-induced hypokalemia in the regulation of renin and aldosterone in humans. Friedrich, R; Kolloch, RE; Kruse, HJ; Overlack, A; Ruppert, M; Stumpe, KO, 1996)	0.73
" The dose-response curves of ACTH were not significantly different between pregnant and nonpregnant animals."	( Increase of aldosterone secretion in adrenal cortex suspensions derived from pregnant rats. Brochu, M; Gauvin, JP; St-Louis, J, 1996)	0.67
" Hemodynamic changes after multiple-dose quinaprilat administration were similar to those observed after single doses and were generally sustained during the 6-hour dosing interval."	( Hemodynamic and hormonal effects of quinaprilat in patients with congestive heart failure. Bakovic-Alt, R; Bonzel, T; Mitrovic, V; Mudra, H; Posvar, EL; Schmidt, W; Strand, JC, 1996)	0.29
" This parameter may provide a useful index for ACE inhibitor dosage adjustment during chronic therapy."	( Acute and long-term dose-response study of quinapril on hormonal profile and tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme in Wistar rats. Baudin, B; Bernard, M; Carayon, A; Ciferri, S; Fernando Ramirez-Gil, J; Lechat, P; Mougenot, N; Schaison, FH, 1996)	0.29
" From detailed dose-response curves, corticosterone in vivo shows approximately 3% the apparent affinity of aldosterone for MR in colon and kidney, approximately 30% for those in the heart, and approximately 300% in the hippocampus."	( Exclusion of corticosterone from epithelial mineralocorticoid receptors is insufficient for selectivity of aldosterone action: in vivo binding studies. Funder, J; Myles, K, 1996)	0.72
" We examined the dose-response of salt transport, as measured by the lumen-to-bath 22Na+ flux (J1 --> b) and transepithelial voltage (VT), and of osmotic water permeability (Pf), to AVP in isolated perfused cortical collecting ducts (CCDs) from three groups of rats: (1) implanted with a 1 mg d-aldosterone pellet, which produced a moderately elevated, but physiologically relevant, plasma aldosterone concentration of 18."	( AVP and aldosterone at physiological concentrations have synergistic effects on Na+ transport in rat CCD. Hawk, CT; Li, L; Schafer, JA, 1996)	0.9
" Mean arterial blood pressure (MBP) was significantly increased in the two highest dosage groups (B,C) at 2 h of infusion: (MBP; P: +2."	( The acute effects of FK-506 on renal haemodynamics, water and sodium excretion and plasma levels of angiotensin II, aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide and vasopressin in pigs. Golbaekdal, K; Nielsen, CB; Pedersen, EB, 1996)	0.5
" BAY K 8644 produced a larger increase in sensitivity in adrenal capsule preparations from pregnant than from nonpregnant rats, leading to superposition of the two dose-response curves to K+."	( Effects of dihydropyridines on aldosterone secretion in adrenal capsule preparations from pregnant rats. Brochu, M; Jodoin, S; Picard, S; St-Louis, J, 1997)	0.58
" Competition studies performed with 1 x 10(-7)-1 x 10(-5) M spironolactone, a competitive mineralocorticoid antagonist, showed a dose-response reduction of [3H]aldosterone binding, implying that in the olfactory mucosa this compound behaves as an aldosterone antagonist."	( Mineralocorticoid (type I) receptors in the olfactory mucosa of the mammal: studies with [3H]aldosterone and the anti-mineralocorticoid spironolactone. Foster, JD; Kern, RC; Pitovski, DZ, 1997)	0.71
"The purpose of the present study was to define the dose-response relationship between exogenous dopamine and systemic haemodynamics, renal haemodynamics, and renal excretory function at infusion rates in the range 0 to 12."	( Dopamine natriuresis in salt-repleted, water-loaded humans: a dose-response study. Bonde, J; Kanstrup, IL; Leyssac, PP; Olsen, MH; Olsen, NV; Plum, I; Strandgaard, S, 1997)	0.3
"01)] whereafter a flat dose-response curve was observed."	( Dopamine natriuresis in salt-repleted, water-loaded humans: a dose-response study. Bonde, J; Kanstrup, IL; Leyssac, PP; Olsen, MH; Olsen, NV; Plum, I; Strandgaard, S, 1997)	0.3
" Dose-response experiments indicated that maximal phospholipase C desensitization was obtained in the presence of 1 microM Ang II, with an EC50 of 90 nM."	( Desensitization of AT1 receptor-mediated cellular responses requires long term receptor down-regulation in bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells. Bernier, SG; Guillemette, G; Laporte, SA; Leduc, R; Richard, DE, 1997)	0.3
"Thirteen healthy control subjects were investigated on two separate occasions in a placebo controlled, randomized, dose-response study of the effect of intravenous infusion of prostacyclin (PGI2, Flolan, 2, 4 and 8 ng kg(-1) min(-1))."	( Effects of prostacyclin on renal haemodynamics, renal tubular function and vasoactive hormones in healthy humans. A placebo-controlled dose-response study. Bech, JN; Nielsen, CB; Pedersen, EB, 1997)	0.3
" A dose-response curve to acetylcholine was performed at cumulative concentrations from 10(-9) to 10(-5) mol/L."	( Endothelial dysfunction in hypertension is independent from the etiology and from vascular structure. Agabiti-Rosei, E; Bernini, G; Bettoni, G; Castellano, M; Giulini, SM; Muiesan, ML; Porteri, E; Rizzoni, D; Rossi, G; Tiberio, G, 1998)	0.3
" Part 1 (n = 12) assessed the onset and duration of the effect of eprosartan 350 mg or placebo; part 2 (n = 14) assessed the dose-response profile of placebo or 10, 30, 50, 70, 100 or 200 mg eprosartan; and part 3 (n = 5) assessed the duration of the effect of 50, 100, or 350 mg eprosartan."	( A dose-response study to assess the renal hemodynamic, vascular, and hormonal effects of eprosartan, an angiotensin II AT1-receptor antagonist, in sodium-replete healthy men. Boike, SC; Freed, MI; Ilson, BE; Jorkasky, DK; Martin, DE; Zariffa, N, 1998)	0.3
"These results suggest that, in contrast to cimetidine, the inhibitory effect of omeprazole on AII-stimulated aldosterone production following dosing with furosemide is negligible."	( Effect of omeprazole and cimetidine on plasma aldosterone response to angiotensin II. Fujimura, A; Maeda, A; Sasaki, M, 1998)	0.77
"The effect of corticosterone on the acquisition of cocaine-seeking behavior was investigated in rats using ascending dose-response curves for intravenous cocaine self-administration."	( Corticosterone facilitates the acquisition of cocaine self-administration in rats: opposite effects of the type II glucocorticoid receptor agonist dexamethasone. Goeders, NE; Mantsch, JR; Saphier, D, 1998)	0.3
" On the basis of the estimate of the dosing of digoxin these patients were divided into two groups: the first with therapeutic and the second with subtherapeutic concentrations of digoxin in serum."	( The level of plasma neuroendocrine activity and the concentration of digoxin in the serum of patients with mild chronic heart failure. Chmara, E; Jablecka, A; Korzeniowska, K, 1998)	0.3
" Thereafter, the dosage of cortisol was reduced to induce plasma values similar to normal late-gestation cortisol concentration in ewes (1 mg/kg per day), or to values in nonpregnant ewes (0."	( Sheep model for study of maternal adrenal gland function during pregnancy. Caldwell, SM; Cudd, TA; Keller-Wood, M; Norman, W; Wood, CE, 1998)	0.3
" Patients received the maximum titrated dosage during the maintenance phase."	( Effects of eprosartan versus enalapril in hypertensive patients on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and safety parameters: results from a 26-week, double-blind, multicentre study. Eprosartan Multinational Study Group. Gavras, H; Gavras, I, 1999)	0.53
" Midodrine and octreotide were dosed to obtain a stable increase of at least 15 mm Hg of mean arterial pressure."	( Reversal of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome with the administration of midodrine and octreotide. Amodio, P; Angeli, P; Caregaro, L; Craighero, R; Gatta, A; Gerunda, G; Maffei-Faccioli, A; Merenda, R; Roner, P; Sticca, A; Volpin, R, 1999)	0.3
" Since long-term treatment with a high replacement dose of glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone 30 mg/day) induces bone loss, this risk can be avoided with a substitution dosage of 20 mg or even 15 mg hydrocortisone/day, without influencing the well-being of the patient."	( The influence of hydrocortisone substitution on the quality of life and parameters of bone metabolism in patients with secondary hypocortisolism. Bidlingmaier, F; Klingmüller, D; Springer, W; Wichers, M, 1999)	0.3
" The observed aldosterone dose-response relationships suggest that the response is mediated, at least in part, by occupancy of the mineralocorticoid receptor."	( Regulation of sgk by aldosterone and its effects on the epithelial Na(+) channel. Asher, C; Garty, H; Latter, H; Reuveny, E; Shigaev, A, 2000)	0.99
"The pharmacokinetics of losartan and E-3174 are minimally altered in ESRD; thus, dosage adjustment is not required in the presence of advanced dialysis-dependent renal failure."	( Pharmacokinetics and blood pressure response of losartan in end-stage renal disease. Gehr, TW; Halstenson, CE; Keane, WF; Sica, DA, 2000)	0.31
" New interest in therapy with aldosterone antagonists was stimulated by results of a 2-year study of 1663 patients with heart failure that showed a 30% relative risk reduction of death among patients given a subhemodynamic dosage of spironolactone, a nonselective aldosterone antagonist, compared with placebo, in addition to standard therapy of diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers, and digitalis."	( Aldosterone, a new appreciation of its role in heart failure. Cha, AJ; Judge, KW; Malecha, SE, 2000)	2.04
"9 m2), we studied the dose-response effect of eight ACTH doses (0."	( Stimulatory effect of adrenocorticotropin on cortisol, aldosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone secretion in normal humans: dose-response study. Aimaretti, G; Arvat, E; Baffoni, C; Camanni, F; Di Vito, L; Ghigo, E; Lanfranco, F; Maccario, M; Rossetto, R, 2000)	0.55
" The dose-response curve of this effect showed a maximal response with 10(-7) M ADM."	( The paradoxical effect of adrenomedullin on Na+ transport by the renal distal tubule luminal membrane. Brunette, MG; Leclerc, M, 2000)	0.31
" Plasma atrial and brain natriuretic peptide and cGMP levels were stable acutely (P=NS), while brain natriuretic peptide increased after repeated dosing in severe HF (P<0."	( Beneficial renal and hemodynamic effects of omapatrilat in mild and severe heart failure. Espiner, EA; Frampton, CM; Nicholls, MG; Powell, JD; Rademaker, MT; Richards, AM; Troughton, RW; Yandle, TG, 2000)	0.31
"This study was designed to compare with placebo the dose-response of conjugated equine oestrogen (CEE) on blood pressure in hypertensive postmenopausal women."	( Dose response effect of conjugated equine oestrogen on blood pressure in postmenopausal women with hypertension. Harvey, PJ; Molloy, D; Upton, J; Wing, LM, 2000)	0.31
" Furthermore, using a dosing regimen adapted from studies on methamphetamine (e."	( Elevations in plasmatic titers of corticosterone and aldosterone, in the absence of changes in ACTH, testosterone, or glial fibrillary acidic protein, 72 h following D,L-fenfluramine or D-fenfluramine administration to rats. Inman-Wood, SL; McCrea, AE; Morford, LL; Vorhees, CV; Williams, MT, )	0.38
" To further test this relationship between sodium transport and autoimmune hearing loss, dosage comparisons were made of prednisolone and aldosterone control of the auditory dysfunction in autoimmune MRL/MpJ-Fas(lpr) mice."	( Aldosterone and prednisolone control of cochlear function in MRL/MpJ-Fas(lpr) autoimmune mice. Kempton, JB; Trune, DR, 2001)	1.96
" The inhibitory effect of telmisartan 20, 40, and 80 mg, 48 h after dosing was significantly greater than that of placebo."	( Inhibitory effect of telmisartan on the blood pressure response to angiotensin II challenge. de Bruin, H; Jonkman, JH; Meinicke, T; Stangier, J; Su, CA; Tamminga, WJ; van Heiningen, PN; van Lier, JJ, 2001)	0.31
" The purpose was to measure the effect of ibuprofen on urinary excretion of aquaporin-2 (u-AQP2), urinary output, urinary osmolality (u-osm) and plasma concentration of vasopressin (AVP) in a dose-response study using placebo and ibuprofen 600mg and 1200mg."	( Effect of an acute oral ibuprofen intake on urinary aquaporin-2 excretion in healthy humans. Bech, JN; Bentzen, H; Pedersen, EB; Pedersen, RS, 2001)	0.31
" In 3 periods of 8 days, separated by wash-outs of 6 days, each volunteer received 2 dosage levels of Aliskiren (low before high; 40 and 80 or 160 and 640 mg/d) and randomized placebo or 20 mg enalapril."	( Angiotensin II suppression in humans by the orally active renin inhibitor Aliskiren (SPP100): comparison with enalapril. Brunner, HR; Jensen, C; Nussberger, J; Wuerzner, G, 2002)	0.31
" Losartan improved the shifted circadian BP rhythm towards the active phase in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the improvement caused by 1 and 3 mg/day of benazepril was less effective than the same dosage of losartan."	( Effects of losartan and benazepril on abnormal circadian blood pressure rhythm and target organ damage in SHRSP. Hayasaki-Kajiwara, Y; Iwasaki, T; Nakajima, M; Naya, N; Shimamura, T, 2002)	0.31
" Spironolactone was added to the previous regimen at a dosage of 1 mg/kg/day while any angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor was suppressed."	( The role of spironolactone in the treatment of patients with refractory hypertension. Carré, E; Lincoff, AM; Mertes, M; Ouzan, J; Pérault, C, 2002)	0.31
" However, when submaximal concentrations of EGF were used, nanomolar concentrations of aldosterone potentiated the action of EGF within minutes, resulting in a leftward shift of the EGF dose-response curve."	( Human epidermal growth factor receptor-1 expression renders Chinese hamster ovary cells sensitive to alternative aldosterone signaling. Freudinger, R; Gassner, B; Gekle, M; Krug, AW; Mildenberger, S; Schuster, C; Troppmair, J, 2002)	0.75
" Our results suggest that furosemide does not play a significant role in 11 beta-OHSD modulation in humans, at least at the dosage used in clinical practice."	( Furosemide and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, in man. Armanini, D; Cossu, M; Delitala, G; Palermo, M; Roitman, E; Scaroni, C; Shackleton, CH; Sorba, G, 2002)	0.31
" When stimulated with phenylephrine, aortic smooth muscle from Nkcc1(+/+) and Nkcc1(-/-) mice exhibited no significant differences in maximum contractility and only moderate dose-response shifts."	( Decreased blood pressure and vascular smooth muscle tone in mice lacking basolateral Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter. Flagella, M; Lorenz, JN; Meyer, JW; Nieman, ML; Paul, RJ; Shull, GE; Sutliff, RL; Weber, CS, 2002)	0.31
" Fibrosis of the right ventricle, the atria, and the pulmonary artery supports the concept that these effects are BP independent, corroborated by the finding that spironolactone in a dosage not sufficient to lower BP prevents myocardial fibrosis."	( Aldosterone-induced cardiac damage: focus on blood pressure independent effects. Schmidt, BM; Schmieder, RE, 2003)	1.76
" The effects of ANG III exhibited complex dose-response relations."	( Effects of different angiotensins during acute, double blockade of the renin system in conscious dogs. Bie, P; Plovsing, RR; Sandgaard, NC; Wamberg, C, 2003)	0.32
" Group H showed significantly smaller furosemide dosage in the initial 3 days (H vs."	( Synthetic human alpha-atrial natriuretic peptide improves the management of postoperative hypertension and renal dysfunction after the repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Akedo, H; Hayashi, Y; Hiraishi, T; Kobayashi, Y; Matsuda, H; Ohtani, M; Sawa, Y, 2003)	0.32
" It is, therefore, not surprising that this analysis showed a small fall in blood pressure, and that a dose-response to salt reduction was not demonstrable."	( Effect of longer-term modest salt reduction on blood pressure. He, FJ; MacGregor, GA, 2004)	0.32
" At 3 h, the corticosterone dose-response curve was shifted to the right compared with that of aldosterone by more than two log concentrations, an effect that was fully reverted in the presence of the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 inhibitor carbenoxolone."	( Mineralocorticoid versus glucocorticoid receptor occupancy mediating aldosterone-stimulated sodium transport in a novel renal cell line. Gaeggeler, HP; Gonzalez-Rodriguez, E; Horisberger, JD; Jaeger, NF; Loffing, J; Loffing-Cueni, D; Norregaard, R; Rossier, BC, 2005)	0.78
" Angiotensin II dose-response curves were studied in rat perfused pressurized small-diameter arteries in the presence of losartan (AT1R antagonist)."	( High-salt diet inhibits expression of angiotensin type 2 receptor in resistance arteries. Castillo, F; Galleguillos, L; Gonzalez, M; Lobos, L; Lopez, NC; Michea, L, 2005)	0.33
"Ultrahigh dosing of irbesartan (900 mg once daily) is generally safe and offers additional renoprotection independent of changes in systemic blood pressure and GFR in comparison to the currently recommended dose of 300 mg."	( Enhanced renoprotective effects of ultrahigh doses of irbesartan in patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria. Boomsma, F; Jensen, BR; Parving, HH; Rossing, K; Schjoedt, KJ, 2005)	0.33
" In the low-salt panel the rise in plasma active renin concentration achieved 24 hours after dosing by 25 mg AVE7688 (247 pg/mL [95% CI, 157-389 pg/mL], P < ."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the vasopeptidase inhibitor AVE7688 in humans. Azizi, M; Bissery, A; Floch, A; Guyene, TT; Ménard, J; Ozoux, ML; Peyrard, S, 2006)	0.33
" This was confirmed by investigating the corticosterone dose-response to ACTH in adrenals from the two strains incubated in vitro."	( Intra-adrenal mechanisms in the response to chronic stress: investigation in a rat model of emotionality. Hinson, JP; Kosti, O; Raven, PW; Renshaw, D, 2006)	0.33
" Through the use of the fluorescent Ca(2+)-sensitive dye Fluo-4, EKODE was shown to rapidly increase intracellular [Ca(2+)] ([Ca(2+)](i)) along a bell-shaped dose-response relationship with a maximum peak at 5 microM."	( An oxidized metabolite of linoleic acid increases intracellular calcium in rat adrenal glomerulosa cells. Bilodeau, L; Chouinard, L; Gallo-Payet, N; Goodfriend, TL; Mackendale, C; Payet, MD, 2006)	0.33
" Insulin dose-response curve was displaced to the right 50-fold, as compared to that of IGF-1 (K(1/2)=20."	( IGF-1 vs insulin: respective roles in modulating sodium transport via the PI-3 kinase/Sgk1 pathway in a cortical collecting duct cell line. Gaeggeler, HP; Gonzalez-Rodriguez, E; Rossier, BC, 2007)	0.34
" Over the dose range studied no dose-response was observed so the selection of dose should be based on the dose effective to release steroids in the glucocorticoid pathway if this study is to be used in conjunction with such evaluation."	( Plasma aldosterone response to the low-dose adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH 1-24) stimulation test. Bridges, NA; Conway-Phillips, E; Hindmarsh, PC; Honour, JW, 2008)	0.8
" The dosage of salivary aldosterone was performed in salivary cortisol hypo-responders."	( Diagnostic value of salivary cortisol in end stage renal disease. Arregger, AL; Cardoso, EM; Contreras, LN; Tumilasci, O, 2008)	0.65
" However, the dose-response curve of noradrenaline was shifted to the left when the strip preparation was treated with aldosterone (1 x 10(-5)M) for 20 min before administering noradrenaline."	( Effect of aldosterone on isolated human penile corpus cavernosum tissue. Anzai, H; Kagawa, J; Kanayama, HO; Kawanishi, Y; Kishimoto, T; Kojima, K; Muguruma, H; Numata, A; Sugiyama, H; Tanimoto, S; Yamanaka, M, 2008)	0.96
"A clear reduction of BP values was recorded after both the first and the second month of treatment with kanrenoate, with the maximal effect obtained when the dosage titration at 100 mg/day was accomplished."	( Menopause not aldosterone-to-renin ratio predicts blood pressure response to a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist in primary care hypertensive patients. Blengio, GS; Ciacciarelli, A; Corrocher, R; Falcone, S; Olivieri, O; Pizzolo, F; Signorelli, D, 2008)	0.71
" RI was compared to the ARB, candesartan (3 mg/kg/day PO), and to the ACEI, enalapril (60 mg/kg/day PO) in a 4-week dosing paradigm."	( A nonpeptide, piperidine renin inhibitor provides renal and cardiac protection in double-transgenic mice expressing human renin and angiotensinogen genes. Carlson, T; Kowala, MC; Leadley, R; Major, TC; Okerberg, C; Olszewski, B; Ostroski, R; Rosebury, W; Schroeder, R, 2008)	0.35
" The correct trilostane dosage in dogs with PDH was based on the resolution of clinical signs and the results of an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test."	( Effects of trilostane on the pituitary-adrenocortical and renin-aldosterone axis in dogs with pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism. Buijtels, JJCWM; Galac, S; Kooistra, HS; Mol, JA, 2010)	0.6
" Dose-response relationships of arterial BP after acute AngII infusion were similar in both genotypes."	( Atrap deficiency increases arterial blood pressure and plasma volume. Castrop, H; Gess, B; Oppermann, M; Schweda, F, 2010)	0.36
" Importantly, no blood pressure elevation was observed in rats dosed with evacetrapib at high exposure multiples compared with the positive control, torcetrapib."	( Evacetrapib is a novel, potent, and selective inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein that elevates HDL cholesterol without inducing aldosterone or increasing blood pressure. Beyer, TP; Cannady, EA; Cao, G; Chen, YQ; Cockerham, SL; Fields, T; Karathanasis, SK; Mantlo, NB; Schmidt, RJ; Zhang, Y; Zimmerman, KM, 2011)	0.57
" On the other hand, under the condition of Ang II-induced hypertension, administration of a hypotensive dosage of cilnidipine showed no effect on the plasma aldosterone levels, whereas a hypotensive dosage of nifedipine significantly increased the plasma aldosterone levels."	( L/N-type calcium channel blocker suppresses reflex aldosterone production induced by antihypertensive action. Aritomi, S; Konda, T; Yoshimura, M, 2012)	0.83
" The effect of MR antagonism on urinary Na+/K+ was not sustained chronically; thus we studied the effect of the compounds on plasma aldosterone following chronic dosing in SHR."	( The use of plasma aldosterone and urinary sodium to potassium ratio as translatable quantitative biomarkers of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism. Banker, ME; Boustany-Kari, CM; Eudy, RJ; King-Ahmad, A; Loria, P; Near, K; Piotrowski, DW; Sahasrabudhe, V; Sweeney, K; Tugnait, M, 2011)	0.91
"To evaluate the effect of administration of the labeled dosage of pimobendan to dogs with furosemide-induced activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)."	( Effects of furosemide and the combination of furosemide and the labeled dosage of pimobendan on the circulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in clinically normal dogs. Atkins, CE; DeFrancesco, TC; Keene, BW; Lantis, AC; Werre, SR, 2011)	0.77
" Administration of pimobendan at a standard dosage did not enhance or suppress furosemide-induced RAAS activation."	( Effects of furosemide and the combination of furosemide and the labeled dosage of pimobendan on the circulating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in clinically normal dogs. Atkins, CE; DeFrancesco, TC; Keene, BW; Lantis, AC; Werre, SR, 2011)	0.57
" of public health relevance) on BP and whether there was a dose-response relationship; (2) the effect on BP by sex and ethnic group; (3) the effect on plasma renin activity, aldosterone, noradrenaline, adrenaline, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides."	( Effect of longer-term modest salt reduction on blood pressure. He, FJ; Li, J; Macgregor, GA, 2013)	0.58
" Plasma renin activity remained suppressed during the 24-hour dosing interval at all doses."	( Multiple ascending dose study with the new renin inhibitor VTP-27999: nephrocentric consequences of too much renin inhibition. Azizi, M; Balcarek, J; Bryson, C; Danser, AH; Garrelds, IM; Gregg, R; Griffith, SG; McGeehan, G; Ménard, J; Reeves, RA; Sevá Pessôa, B, 2014)	0.4
" The dose-response relationship for natriuresis with spironolactone has not been explored completely as to its combination therapy responses."	( Aldosterone and volume management in hypertensive heart disease. Sica, DA, 2014)	1.85
" Twenty four hours ERPF and GFR estimated by para-aminohippurate and sinistrin clearance were performed at baseline and at the end of each 10-day dosing period."	( A randomized cross-over comparison of short-term exposure of once-daily extended release tacrolimus and twice-daily tacrolimus on renal function in healthy volunteers. Cherney, DZ; Lai, V; Moon, KH; Schulz, MZ; Zaltzman, JS, 2014)	0.4
"Resistant hypertension is a clinically distinct subgroup of hypertension defined by the failure to achieve blood pressure control on optimal dosing of at least 3 antihypertensive medications of different classes, including a diuretic."	( Pathophysiology and treatment of resistant hypertension: the role of aldosterone and amiloride-sensitive sodium channels. Calhoun, DA; Judd, EK; Warnock, DG, 2014)	0.64
" A mechanism-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model, which includes the periodic nature of RA, AII, and ALD during placebo treatment and the subsequent changes in dynamics following repeated dosing with benazepril, was developed."	( Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone Biomarkers Following Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibition Therapy with Benazepril in Dogs. Danhof, M; Fink, M; Giraudel, JM; Mochel, JP; Peyrou, M; Soubret, A, 2015)	0.66
" In the current study, we sought to determine if blood sampling and a shorter dosing period would provide a possible means to test for primary hyperaldosteronism."	( Serum aldosterone and cortisol concentrations before and after suppression with fludrocortisone in cats: a pilot study. Behrend, EN; Johnson, A; Kemppainen, R; Lee, H; Matsuda, M; Refsal, K, 2015)	0.9
" Treatment with eplerenone should be initiated at a dosage of 25mg once daily and titrated to a target dosage of 50mg once daily preferably within 4 weeks."	( Safety profile of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: Spironolactone and eplerenone. Gaudio, C; Greco, C; Lainscak, M; Pelliccia, F; Rosano, G; Schiariti, M; Speziale, G; Vitale, C, 2015)	0.42
" The aim of this study was to investigate whether or not the effect of β-blocker therapy on the ARR could be predicted from the dosing regimen."	( A cross-sectional study of the effects of β-blocker therapy on the interpretation of the aldosterone/renin ratio: can dosing regimen predict effect? Browne, GA; Dennedy, MC; Griffin, TP; OʼShea, PM; Wall, D, 2016)	0.66
" The propofol self-administration model was established by a fixed ratio 1 (FR1) schedule of reinforced dosing over successive 14days in rats."	( Glucocorticoid receptor mediated the propofol self-administration by dopamine D1 receptor in nucleus accumbens. Chen, Z; Dong, Z; Ge, RS; Lian, Q; Liang, Y; Lin, W; Wang, B; Wang, S; Wu, B; Zhang, G, 2016)	0.43
" An assessment of dose-response was also undertaken."	( The association between consistent licorice ingestion, hypertension and hypokalaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eslick, EM; Eslick, GD; Penninkilampi, R, 2017)	0.46
" Longer duration or higher dosage of spironolactone seems to be more effective in improving cardiovascular system status in PD patients."	( Aldosterone antagonist therapy and its relationship with inflammation, fibrosis, thrombosis, mineral-bone disorder and cardiovascular complications in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Donderski, R; Grajewska, M; Manitius, J; Miśkowiec, I; Odrowąż-Sypniewska, G; Siódmiak, J; Stefańska, A; Stróżecki, P; Sulikowska, B, 2017)	1.9
"5 mg (n=27), 25 mg (n=26), or 50 mg (n=25) daily for 36 weeks in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple dosage trial to assess safety, tolerability and feasibility and to explore cardiovascular efficacy."	( Safety and cardiovascular efficacy of spironolactone in dialysis-dependent ESRD (SPin-D): a randomized, placebo-controlled, multiple dosage trial. Anderson, AH; Charytan, DM; Dember, LM; DiCarli, M; Himmelfarb, J; Hsu, JY; Hung, AM; Ikizler, TA; Kimmel, PL; Kliger, AS; Landis, JR; Mehrotra, R; Raj, DS; Sharma, S; Skali, H; Weiner, DE; Williams, M, 2019)	0.51
" Third, as recommendations differ from other indications like heart failure, drug dosing is often inadequate."	( THERAPY OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Medical treatment of primary aldosteronism. Adolf, C; Beuschlein, F; Heinrich, D; Holler, F; Lechner, B; Lechner, K; Reincke, M; Schneider, H, 2019)	0.51
" The efficacy of MMF as an immunosuppressant and long-term safety in cats of this dosage regimen is unknown."	( Abrams, G; Adolfsson, E; Agarwal, PK; Akkan, AG; Al Alhareth, NS; Alves, VGL; Armentano, R; Bahroos, E; Baig, M; Baldridge, KK; Barman, S; Bartolucci, C; Basit, A; Bertoli, SV; Bian, L; Bigatti, G; Bobenko, AI; Boix, PP; Bokulic, T; Bolink, HJ; Borowiec, J; Bulski, W; Burciaga, J; Butt, NS; Cai, AL; Campos, AM; Cao, G; Cao, Y; Čapo, I; Caruso, ML; Chao, CT; Cheatum, CM; Chelminski, K; Chen, AJW; Chen, C; Chen, CH; Chen, D; Chen, G; Chen, H; Chen, LH; Chen, R; Chen, RX; Chen, X; Cherdtrakulkiat, R; Chirvony, VS; Cho, JG; Chu, K; Ciurlino, D; Coletta, S; Contaldo, G; Crispi, F; Cui, JF; D'Esposito, M; de Biase, S; Demir, B; Deng, W; Deng, Z; Di Pinto, F; Domenech-Ximenos, B; Dong, G; Drácz, L; Du, XJ; Duan, LJ; Duan, Y; Ekendahl, D; Fan, W; Fang, L; Feng, C; Followill, DS; Foreman, SC; Fortunato, G; Frew, R; Fu, M; Gaál, V; Ganzevoort, W; Gao, DM; Gao, X; Gao, ZW; Garcia-Alvarez, A; Garza, MS; Gauthier, L; Gazzaz, ZJ; Ge, RS; Geng, Y; Genovesi, S; Geoffroy, V; Georg, D; Gigli, GL; Gong, J; Gong, Q; Groeneveld, J; Guerra, V; Guo, Q; Guo, X; Güttinger, R; Guyo, U; Haldar, J; Han, DS; Han, S; Hao, W; Hayman, A; He, D; Heidari, A; Heller, S; Ho, CT; Ho, SL; Hong, SN; Hou, YJ; Hu, D; Hu, X; Hu, ZY; Huang, JW; Huang, KC; Huang, Q; Huang, T; Hwang, JK; Izewska, J; Jablonski, CL; Jameel, T; Jeong, HK; Ji, J; Jia, Z; Jiang, W; Jiang, Y; Kalumpha, M; Kang, JH; Kazantsev, P; Kazemier, BM; Kebede, B; Khan, SA; Kiss, J; Kohen, A; Kolbenheyer, E; Konai, MM; Koniarova, I; Kornblith, E; Krawetz, RJ; Kreouzis, T; Kry, SF; Laepple, T; Lalošević, D; Lan, Y; Lawung, R; Lechner, W; Lee, KH; Lee, YH; Leonard, C; Li, C; Li, CF; Li, CM; Li, F; Li, J; Li, L; Li, S; Li, X; Li, Y; Li, YB; Li, Z; Liang, C; Lin, J; Lin, XH; Ling, M; Link, TM; Liu, HH; Liu, J; Liu, M; Liu, W; Liu, YP; Lou, H; Lu, G; Lu, M; Lun, SM; Ma, Z; Mackensen, A; Majumdar, S; Martineau, C; Martínez-Pastor, JP; McQuaid, JR; Mehrabian, H; Meng, Y; Miao, T; Miljković, D; Mo, J; Mohamed, HSH; Mohtadi, M; Mol, BWJ; Moosavi, L; Mosdósi, B; Nabu, S; Nava, E; Ni, L; Novakovic-Agopian, T; Nyamunda, BC; Nyul, Z; Önal, B; Özen, D; Özyazgan, S; Pajkrt, E; Palazon, F; Park, HW; Patai, Á; Patai, ÁV; Patzke, GR; Payette, G; Pedoia, V; Peelen, MJCS; Pellitteri, G; Peng, J; Perea, RJ; Pérez-Del-Rey, D; Popović, DJ; Popović, JK; Popović, KJ; Posecion, L; Povall, J; Prachayasittikul, S; Prachayasittikul, V; Prat-González, S; Qi, B; Qu, B; Rakshit, S; Ravelli, ACJ; Ren, ZG; Rivera, SM; Salo, P; Samaddar, S; Samper, JLA; Samy El Gendy, NM; Schmitt, N; Sekerbayev, KS; Sepúlveda-Martínez, Á; Sessolo, M; Severi, S; Sha, Y; Shen, FF; Shen, X; Shen, Y; Singh, P; Sinthupoom, N; Siri, S; Sitges, M; Slovak, JE; Solymosi, N; Song, H; Song, J; Song, M; Spingler, B; Stewart, I; Su, BL; Su, JF; Suming, L; Sun, JX; Tantimavanich, S; Tashkandi, JM; Taurbayev, TI; Tedgren, AC; Tenhunen, M; Thwaites, DI; Tibrewala, R; Tomsejm, M; Triana, CA; Vakira, FM; Valdez, M; Valente, M; Valentini, AM; Van de Winckel, A; van der Lee, R; Varga, F; Varga, M; Villarino, NF; Villemur, R; Vinatha, SP; Vincenti, A; Voskamp, BJ; Wang, B; Wang, C; Wang, H; Wang, HT; Wang, J; Wang, M; Wang, N; Wang, NC; Wang, Q; Wang, S; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Wen, N; Wesolowska, P; Willis, M; Wu, C; Wu, D; Wu, L; Wu, X; Wu, Z; Xia, JM; Xia, X; Xia, Y; Xiao, J; Xiao, Y; Xie, CL; Xie, LM; Xie, S; Xing, Z; Xu, C; Xu, J; Yan, D; Yan, K; Yang, S; Yang, X; Yang, XW; Ye, M; Yin, Z; Yoon, N; Yoon, Y; Yu, H; Yu, K; Yu, ZY; Zhang, B; Zhang, GY; Zhang, H; Zhang, J; Zhang, M; Zhang, Q; Zhang, S; Zhang, W; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YW; Zhang, Z; Zhao, D; Zhao, F; Zhao, P; Zhao, W; Zhao, Z; Zheng, C; Zhi, D; Zhou, C; Zhou, FY; Zhu, D; Zhu, J; Zhu, Q; Zinyama, NP; Zou, M; Zou, Z, 2019)	0.51
" Twenty-seven male participants aged 23-45 years were randomized 3:1 to receive oral AZD9977 or placebo for 8 days (with twice-daily dosing on days 2-7), in dose cohorts of 50, 150, and 300 mg (AZD9977, n = 6 per cohort; placebo, n = 3 per cohort)."	( Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor Modulator AZD9977 in Healthy Men: A Phase I Multiple Ascending Dose Study. Albayaty, M; Backlund, A; Ericsson, H; Forte, P; Greasley, PJ; Hartleib-Geschwindner, J; Heijer, M; Kjaer, M; Kragh, ÅM; Unwin, R; Wernevik, L; Whittaker, A, 2020)	0.56
" In our cohort from the Hypertensive Pathotype (HyperPATH) Consortium, there was a significant dose-response association between rs30187 risk alleles and systolic and diastolic BP as well as renal plasma flow in men, but not in women."	( Sex-specific differences in endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 modulation influence blood pressure and renin-angiotensin system responses. Adler, GK; Brooks, DL; Garza, AE; Katayama, IA; Lee, JM; Maris, SA; Pojoga, LH; Ranjit, S; Rivera, A; Romero, JR; Sin Tay, C; Tan, JW; Williams, GH; Williams, JS; Wong, JY; Yin Han Wong, K, 2019)	0.51
" In addition, the patient's BP decreased, proteinuria was reduced, diuretics could be discontinued, and his calcium channel blocker dosage was decreased."	( Successful Depressor Effect Concomitant with Complete Normalization of High Renin and Aldosterone Profile by Percutaneous Transluminal Renal Angioplasty in a Patient with Acute Exacerbated Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Okamura, K; Shirai, K; Takamiya, Y; Urata, H, 2019)	0.74
"05), with a nonlinear dose-response trend, but the association between 11-deoxycorticosterone and T2DM was no statistical significance after adjustment."	( Mineralocorticoids, glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The Henan Rural Cohort study. Fan, M; Hou, J; Huo, W; Jiang, J; Li, L; Li, R; Liu, X; Mao, Z; Qiao, D; Tu, R; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Wei, D; Yang, X; Yu, S; Zhang, J, 2020)	0.56
"5% without dose-response relationship."	( Effects of the Dual Endothelin Receptor Antagonist Aprocitentan on Body Weight and Fluid Homeostasis in Healthy Subjects on a High Sodium Diet. Burnier, M; Dingemanse, J; Flamion, B; Gueneau de Mussy, P; Guérard, N; Iglarz, M; Maillard, MP; Sidharta, PN; Wuerzner, G, 2021)	0.62
" In patients with bilateral aldosterone hypersecretion, the optimal is a low-sodium diet and lifelong treatment with a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist administered at a dosage to reach a high-normal serum potassium concentration."	( [Primary aldosteronism: The Mayo Clinic approach]. Balutina, OV; Beltsevich, DG; Ladygina, DO; Young, W, 2020)	0.85
" In patients who have bilateral aldosterone hypersecretion, the optimal management is a low sodium diet and lifelong treatment with a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist administered at a dosage to maintain a high-normal serum potassium concentration without the aid of oral potassium supplements."	( [Primary aldosteronism: from diagnosis to therapy in clinical practice]. Cassaniti, L; Francese, GM; Gulizia, MM; Vetri, M, 2021)	0.9
" The former dosage of ACEis/ARBs was continued in one group while in another group, the ACEis/ARBs were replaced by amlodipine ± carvedilol according to the dose equivalents."	( Effects of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Inhibitors on Early Outcomes of Hypertensive COVID-19 Patients: A Randomized Triple-Blind Clinical Trial. Ashraf, H; Bahreini, M; Ghoghaei, M; Najmeddin, F; Rasooli, F; Salehi, M; Soleimani, A; Solhjoo, M, 2021)	0.91
" Our objective was to describe the sacubitril/valsartan initiation rate, associated characteristics, and 6-month follow-up dosing among veterans with HFrEF who are renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor (RAASi) naïve."	( Sacubitril/Valsartan Initiation Among Veterans Who Are Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitor Naïve With Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction. Alba, PR; Bress, AP; Choi, ME; Cook, J; Dodson, JA; Fang, JC; He, T; Herrick, JS; King, JB; Levitan, EB; Mohanty, AF; Obi, EN; Patterson, OV; Russo, PA; Vardeny, O, 2021)	1.04
" The results of restricted cubic splines showed the dose-response association between increasing PAC, ARR, decreasing serum potassium, and the risk of WMLs."	( Plasma aldosterone concentration is associated with white matter lesions in patients with primary aldosteronism. Heizhati, M; Li, N; Liu, Y; Luo, Q; Wang, M; Yao, X; Yuan, Y; Zhu, Q, 2022)	1.18
" Patients underwent adrenalectomies and received medical management dosed based on surgical outcomes."	( Cost-effectiveness of adrenal vein sampling- vs computed tomography-guided adrenalectomy for unilateral adrenaloma in primary aldosteronism. Arjani, S; Bostonian, TJ; Chokshi, RJ; Prasath, V; Quinn, PL, 2022)	0.72
" Orthostatic hypotension is a concern with the use of α1-blockers especially in the elderly, and requires careful initial bedtime dosing and avoiding overdosing."	( Role of α1-blockers in the current management of hypertension. Buranakitjaroen, P; Cheng, HM; Chia, YC; Kario, K; Li, H; Li, Y; Sogunuru, GP; Tay, JC; Van Huynh, M; Wang, JG; Wang, TD; Xu, TY, 2022)	0.72
" Blood samples were collected before and after dosing on days 1 and 10 to characterize pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics."	( Results from a phase 1, randomized, double-blind, multiple ascending dose study characterizing the pharmacokinetics and demonstrating the safety and selectivity of the aldosterone synthase inhibitor baxdrostat in healthy volunteers. Bond, M; Freeman, MW; Hui, J; Isaacsohn, J; Murphy, B, 2023)	1.1
" Blood samples were collected at serial time intervals after benazepril dosing to measure plasma benazeprilat (active metabolite of benazepril) and serum RAAS biomarkers."	( Dose-response of benazepril on biomarkers of the classical and alternative pathways of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in dogs. Domenig, O; Gabriel, V; Guillot, E; Iennarella-Servantez, CA; Mochel, JP; Smith, JS; Sotillo, S; Ward, JL; Yuan, L, 2023)	1.12
" Salt restriction, cortisol after dexamethasone suppression test and dosage of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) blockers were independently associated with BP reduction."	( Moderate dietary salt restriction improves blood pressure and mental well-being in patients with primary aldosteronism: The salt CONNtrol trial. Adolf, C; Bidlingmaier, M; Britz, V; Heinrich, DA; Kunz, S; Künzel, H; Lechner, A; Müller, LM; Nowotny, HF; Potzel, AL; Reincke, M; Sarkis, AL; Schneider, H; Seiter, TM; Sturm, L, 2023)	1.13

Role	Description
human metabolite	Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
mouse metabolite	Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
mineralocorticoid	Mineralocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that regulate water and electrolyte metabolism.
11beta-hydroxy steroid	Any 11-hydroxy steroid in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has beta- configuration.
21-hydroxy steroid
18-oxo steroid
20-oxo steroid	An oxo steroid carrying an oxo group at position 20.
C21-steroid hormone	A steroid compound with a structure based on a 21-carbon (pregnane) skeleton that acts as a hormone.
steroid aldehyde	Any steroid substituted by a formyl group.
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid	A 3-oxo steroid conjugated to a C=C double bond at the alpha,beta position.
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	An alpha-hydroxy ketone in which the carbonyl group and the hydroxy group are linked by a -CH2 (methylene) group.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
Metabolism	1496	1108
Metabolism of lipids	500	463
Metabolism of steroids	111	135
Metabolism of steroid hormones	25	37
Mineralocorticoid biosynthesis	6	16
Biological oxidations	150	276
Phase I - Functionalization of compounds	69	175
Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type	30	110
Endogenous sterols	18	38
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)	0	11
Renin-angiotensin pathway (COVID-19 Disease Map)	1	16
SARS-CoV-2 coagulation pathway (COVID-19 Disease Map)	1	4
Regucalcin in proximal tubule epithelial kidney cells	24	15
Mineralocorticoid biosynthesis	0	8
Biosynthesis of aldosterone and cortisol	0	10
Glucocorticoid & Mineralcorticoid Metabolism	0	13
Biochemical pathways: part I	0	466
Classical pathway of steroidogenesis with glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid metabolism	3	25
ACE inhibitor pathway	0	9

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
AR protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	15.8489	0.0002	21.2231	8,912.5098	AID588515
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	3.2311	0.0002	14.3764	60.0339	AID588532; AID588533
thyroid hormone receptor beta isoform a	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	7.9433	0.0100	39.5371	1,122.0200	AID588545
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 2	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.2593	0.0041	9.9848	25.9290	AID504444
geminin	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.6310	0.0046	11.3741	33.4983	AID624297
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	7.9433	1.9953	25.5327	50.1187	AID624288
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Corticosteroid-binding globulin	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.5248	0.0132	3.2481	10.0000	AID51055
Mineralocorticoid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0048	0.0003	0.7484	10.0000	AID1417056; AID517034
Androgen receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	42.6579	0.0010	1.9794	14.1600	AID255211
Mineralocorticoid receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0430	0.0398	0.8652	2.1000	AID578356; AID626477
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Sex hormone-binding globulin	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	4.7863	0.0002	0.3496	4.7863	AID318680
Mineralocorticoid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	0.0012	0.0000	0.0126	0.1000	AID1168715; AID1576222; AID1893224; AID469722; AID517027
Mineralocorticoid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	0.0005	0.0005	0.0005	0.0005	AID1440431
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Km	0.0150	0.0150	3.4996	7.0000	AID681606
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
glucocorticoid metabolic process	Corticosteroid-binding globulin	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of endopeptidase activity	Corticosteroid-binding globulin	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction	Mineralocorticoid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	Mineralocorticoid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Mineralocorticoid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway	Mineralocorticoid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
renal water homeostasis	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of insulin secretion	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucagon stimulus	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
androgen binding	Sex hormone-binding globulin	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Sex hormone-binding globulin	Homo sapiens (human)
steroid binding	Sex hormone-binding globulin	Homo sapiens (human)
steroid binding	Corticosteroid-binding globulin	Homo sapiens (human)
serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity	Corticosteroid-binding globulin	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Mineralocorticoid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Mineralocorticoid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear steroid receptor activity	Mineralocorticoid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
steroid binding	Mineralocorticoid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Mineralocorticoid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Mineralocorticoid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
TBP-class protein binding	Mineralocorticoid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding	Mineralocorticoid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor activity	Mineralocorticoid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen response element binding	Mineralocorticoid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein activity	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase activator activity	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
extracellular region	Sex hormone-binding globulin	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Sex hormone-binding globulin	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular region	Corticosteroid-binding globulin	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Corticosteroid-binding globulin	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Corticosteroid-binding globulin	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Corticosteroid-binding globulin	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Mineralocorticoid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Mineralocorticoid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Mineralocorticoid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	Mineralocorticoid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor complex	Mineralocorticoid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Mineralocorticoid receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID779150	Inhibition of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway in human HEK293 cells at 20 uM after 24 hrs by dual luciferase reporter gene assay relative to vehicle-treated control	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 23, Issue:20	Anti-proliferative activity of hydnocarpin, a natural lignan, is associated with the suppression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in colon cancer cells.
AID1752815	Antischistosomal activity against Schistosoma mansoni assessed as tegument damage at <=100 uM measured within 72 hrs relative to control	2020	RSC medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 11, Issue:4	Chemotherapy for human schistosomiasis: how far have we come? What's new? Where do we go from here?
AID1752814	Antischistosomal activity against Schistosoma mansoni assessed as worm death at <= 100 uM measured within 72 hrs relative to control	2020	RSC medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 11, Issue:4	Chemotherapy for human schistosomiasis: how far have we come? What's new? Where do we go from here?
AID1752816	Antischistosomal activity against Schistosoma mansoni assessed as reduction in worm motor activity at <=100 uM measured within 72 hrs relative to control	2020	RSC medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 11, Issue:4	Chemotherapy for human schistosomiasis: how far have we come? What's new? Where do we go from here?
AID1752813	Antischistosomal activity against Schistosoma mansoni incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	2020	RSC medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 11, Issue:4	Chemotherapy for human schistosomiasis: how far have we come? What's new? Where do we go from here?
AID74373	Relative binding affinity to glucocorticoid receptor on cytosol from hepatoma tissue cells at 24 hr	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6	Binding of steroids to the progestin and glucocorticoid receptors analyzed by correspondence analysis.
AID1168715	Agonist activity at human MCR expressed in HEK293 cells by luciferase reporter gene assay	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 24, Issue:22	Identification of the first inverse agonist of retinoid-related orphan receptor (ROR) with dual selectivity for RORβ and RORγt.
AID255211	Inhibitory concentration against recombinant rat androgen receptor expressed in Escherichia coli using [3H]methyltrienolone (R 1881)	2005	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-08, Volume: 48, Issue:18	Impact of induced fit on ligand binding to the androgen receptor: a multidimensional QSAR study to predict endocrine-disrupting effects of environmental chemicals.
AID126128	In vivo relative Mineralocorticoid activity in Male Sprague-Dawley rats	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 30, Issue:9	Aldosterone antagonists. 2. Synthesis and biological activities of 11,12-dehydropregnane derivatives.
AID624606	Specific activity of expressed human recombinant UGT1A1	2000	Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, , Volume: 40	Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: metabolism, expression, and disease.
AID53796	Binding affinity to the corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) receptor.	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-24, Volume: 43, Issue:17	GRid-INdependent descriptors (GRIND): a novel class of alignment-independent three-dimensional molecular descriptors.
AID74374	Relative binding affinity to glucocorticoid receptor on cytosol from hepatoma tissue cells at 4 hr	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6	Binding of steroids to the progestin and glucocorticoid receptors analyzed by correspondence analysis.
AID126438	Relative potency against mineralocorticoid receptor	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 30, Issue:9	Aldosterone antagonists. 2. Synthesis and biological activities of 11,12-dehydropregnane derivatives.
AID682053	TP_TRANSPORTER: increase in brain concentration in mdr1a/1b(-/-) mouse	2002	Journal of neuroendocrinology, Sep, Volume: 14, Issue:9	Penetration of endogenous steroid hormones corticosterone, cortisol, aldosterone and progesterone into the brain is enhanced in mice deficient for both mdr1a and mdr1b P-glycoproteins.
AID126423	Relative binding affinity against mineralocorticoid receptor of rat kidney at 0 degree Centigrade	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 28, Issue:4	Aldosterone antagonists. 1. Synthesis and biological activities of 11 beta,18-epoxypregnane derivatives.
AID51057	Binding affinity towards corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG)	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-10, Volume: 46, Issue:8	Mapping property distributions of molecular surfaces: algorithm and evaluation of a novel 3D quantitative structure-activity relationship technique.
AID126437	Ratio of [3H]aldosterone binding with 810e-8 M aldosterone to [3H]aldosterone binding with 810e-8 M competitor at Mineralocorticoid receptor	1981	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 24, Issue:9	A structure-activity relationship study of spirolactones. Contribution of the cyclopropane ring to antimineralocorticoid activity.
AID469722	Agonist activity at mineralocorticoid receptor ligand binding domain expressed in african green monkey COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4-LBD by luciferase reporter gene assay	2009	Journal of natural products, Nov, Volume: 72, Issue:11	The lecanindoles, nonsteroidal progestins from the terrestrial fungus Verticillium lecanii 6144.
AID626477	Displacement of [3H]Aldo from mineralocorticoid receptor in Sprague-Dawley rat kidney after 2 hrs by liquid scintillation counting	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 21, Issue:21	Tetrahydroquinolines as a novel series of nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulators: structural requirements for better physicochemical and biological properties.
AID126431	Relative binding affinity against Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Male Sprague-Dawley rats	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 30, Issue:9	Aldosterone antagonists. 2. Synthesis and biological activities of 11,12-dehydropregnane derivatives.
AID624619	Specific activity of expressed human recombinant UGT2B7	2000	Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, , Volume: 40	Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: metabolism, expression, and disease.
AID682112	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of BSP uptake (BSP: 1 uM, Aldosterone: 100 uM) in Oatp1-expressing HeLa cells	1996	The American journal of physiology, Feb, Volume: 270, Issue:2 Pt 2	Transient expression of oatp organic anion transporter in mammalian cells: identification of candidate substrates.
AID127350	Binding affinity against human monoclonal antibody (mAb)-1B3	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-18, Volume: 45, Issue:15	Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis of ligand binding to human sequence antidigoxin monoclonal antibodies using comparative molecular field analysis.
AID468984	Inhibition of human 17beta-HSD7 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of reduction of [14C]estrone into [14C]estradiol at 0.3 uM after 7 hrs	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-10, Volume: 52, Issue:23	Potent and selective steroidal inhibitors of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 7, an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of the key hormones estrone and dihydrotestosterone.
AID578356	Displacement of [3H]aldosterone from Sprague-Dawley rat MR by liquid scintillation counting	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 21, Issue:6	Design and synthesis of tricyclic tetrahydroquinolines as a new series of nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs).
AID517034	Antagonist activity at mineralocorticoid receptor-LBD in human U2OS cells transfected with Gal4-DBD assessed as inhibition of transactivation activity after 18 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-14, Volume: 53, Issue:19	Synthesis and biochemical characterization of a series of 17α-perfluoroalkylated estradiols as selective ligands for estrogen receptor α.
AID517027	Agonist activity at mineralocorticoid receptor-LBD in human U2OS cells transfected with Gal4-DBD assessed as increase of transactivation activity after 18 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-14, Volume: 53, Issue:19	Synthesis and biochemical characterization of a series of 17α-perfluoroalkylated estradiols as selective ligands for estrogen receptor α.
AID680449	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Ouabain uptake (Ouabain: 100 uM, Aldosterone: 100 uM) in Xenopus laevis oocytes	1996	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Mar, Volume: 276, Issue:3	Polyspecific drug and steroid clearance by an organic anion transporter of mammalian liver.
AID681606	TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake in Xenopus laevis oocytes	1996	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Mar, Volume: 276, Issue:3	Polyspecific drug and steroid clearance by an organic anion transporter of mammalian liver.
AID311367	Permeability coefficient in human skin	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 15, Issue:22	Transdermal penetration behaviour of drugs: CART-clustering, QSPR and selection of model compounds.
AID74378	Relative binding affinity to glucocorticoid receptor on cytosol from thymus at 4 hr	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6	Binding of steroids to the progestin and glucocorticoid receptors analyzed by correspondence analysis.
AID127351	Binding affinity against human monoclonal antibody (mAb)-5C2	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-18, Volume: 45, Issue:15	Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis of ligand binding to human sequence antidigoxin monoclonal antibodies using comparative molecular field analysis.
AID1440431	Binding affinity to MR (unknown origin)	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-13, Volume: 60, Issue:7	Modulating Mineralocorticoid Receptor with Non-steroidal Antagonists. New Opportunities for the Development of Potent and Selective Ligands without Off-Target Side Effects.
AID74376	Relative binding affinity to glucocorticoid receptor on cytosol from liver at 4 hr	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6	Binding of steroids to the progestin and glucocorticoid receptors analyzed by correspondence analysis.
AID126285	Displacement of [3H]aldosterone from mineralocorticoid receptor of rabbit kidney	1993	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-06, Volume: 36, Issue:16	Synthesis of new 11 beta-substituted spirolactone derivatives. Relationship with affinity for mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors.
AID349880	Permeability across porcine brain lipid coated polyvinylidene fluoride membrane by PAMPA	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-14, Volume: 52, Issue:9	Tacripyrines, the first tacrine-dihydropyridine hybrids, as multitarget-directed ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
AID213396	Glucocorticoid induced Tyrosine Aminotransferase activity relative to Dexamethasone	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6	Binding of steroids to the progestin and glucocorticoid receptors analyzed by correspondence analysis.
AID74377	Relative binding affinity to glucocorticoid receptor on cytosol from thymus at 24 hr	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6	Binding of steroids to the progestin and glucocorticoid receptors analyzed by correspondence analysis.
AID127349	Binding affinity against human monoclonal antibody (mAb)-11E6	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-18, Volume: 45, Issue:15	Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis of ligand binding to human sequence antidigoxin monoclonal antibodies using comparative molecular field analysis.
AID266004	Inhibition of MR-mediated transactivation of galactosidase reporter gene in HEK293 cells expressing 11betaHSD1	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-15, Volume: 49, Issue:12	The discovery of new 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors by common feature pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening.
AID51054	Binding affinity for corticosteroid binding globulin is expressed as log(1/k)	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-24, Volume: 39, Issue:11	Comparative molecular moment analysis (CoMMA): 3D-QSAR without molecular superposition.
AID23943	Diffusion constant for permeability of stratum corneum	1987	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 30, Issue:7	The role of solvent-accessible surface area in determining partition coefficients.
AID39320	Relative binding affinity for androgen receptor of prostate of rat at 2 hr	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6	Binding of steroids to the progestin and glucocorticoid receptors analyzed by correspondence analysis.
AID127352	Binding affinity against human monoclonal antibody (mAb)-7F2	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-18, Volume: 45, Issue:15	Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis of ligand binding to human sequence antidigoxin monoclonal antibodies using comparative molecular field analysis.
AID74375	Relative binding affinity to glucocorticoid receptor on cytosol from liver at 24 hr	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6	Binding of steroids to the progestin and glucocorticoid receptors analyzed by correspondence analysis.
AID126297	Displacement of [3H]aldosterone from mineralocorticoid receptor	1981	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 24, Issue:9	A structure-activity relationship study of spirolactones. Contribution of the cyclopropane ring to antimineralocorticoid activity.
AID51055	Binding affinity to human CBG receptor (corticosteroid-binding globulins)	2004	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-20, Volume: 47, Issue:11	Comparative molecular active site analysis (CoMASA). 1. An approach to rapid evaluation of 3D QSAR.
AID51059	Binding affinity to corticosteroid binding globulin	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-02, Volume: 41, Issue:14	Three-dimensional quantitative similarity-activity relationships (3D QSiAR) from SEAL similarity matrices.
AID1417056	Agonist activity at GAL4 DNA-binding domain fused MR (unknown origin) ligand binding domain expressed in UAS-bla H cells assessed as beta-lactamase transcriptional activation by FRET-based GeneBLAzer assay	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-05, Volume: 157	Synthesis and evaluation of 4-cycloheptylphenols as selective Estrogen receptor-β agonists (SERBAs).
AID212919	Binding affinity towards testosterone binding globulin is expressed as log(1/k).	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-24, Volume: 39, Issue:11	Comparative molecular moment analysis (CoMMA): 3D-QSAR without molecular superposition.
AID74244	Displacement of [3H]dexamethasone from Glucocorticoid receptor of rabbit kidney	1993	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-06, Volume: 36, Issue:16	Synthesis of new 11 beta-substituted spirolactone derivatives. Relationship with affinity for mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors.
AID1893224	Agonist activity at human MR expressed in CHO-K1 cells by PathHunter assay	2022	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 07-28, Volume: 65, Issue:14	Discovery of (
AID227718	Binding energy by using the equation deltaG obsd = -RT ln KD	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec, Volume: 27, Issue:12	Functional group contributions to drug-receptor interactions.
AID135327	BBB penetration classification	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 43, Issue:11	Predicting blood-brain barrier permeation from three-dimensional molecular structure.
AID1421885	Effective permeability of the compound at 1 mg/ml after 4 hrs by BBB-PAMPA method	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 158	Multi-target-directed ligands for Alzheimer's disease: Discovery of chromone-based monoamine oxidase/cholinesterase inhibitors.
AID680108	TP_TRANSPORTER: increase in testes concentration in mdr1a/1b(-/-) mouse	2002	Journal of neuroendocrinology, Sep, Volume: 14, Issue:9	Penetration of endogenous steroid hormones corticosterone, cortisol, aldosterone and progesterone into the brain is enhanced in mice deficient for both mdr1a and mdr1b P-glycoproteins.
AID126428	Relative binding affinity against mineralocorticoid receptor of rat kidney at 25 degree Centigrade	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 28, Issue:4	Aldosterone antagonists. 1. Synthesis and biological activities of 11 beta,18-epoxypregnane derivatives.
AID1421886	Effective permeability of the compound at 25 ug/ml after 18 hrs by BBB-PAMPA method	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 158	Multi-target-directed ligands for Alzheimer's disease: Discovery of chromone-based monoamine oxidase/cholinesterase inhibitors.
AID162613	Relative binding affinity for progestin receptor of uterus of rabbit at 24 hr	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6	Binding of steroids to the progestin and glucocorticoid receptors analyzed by correspondence analysis.
AID237685	Lipophilicity determined as logarithm of the partition coefficient in the alkane/water system	2005	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-05, Volume: 48, Issue:9	Calculating virtual log P in the alkane/water system (log P(N)(alk)) and its derived parameters deltalog P(N)(oct-alk) and log D(pH)(alk).
AID468985	Inhibition of human 17beta-HSD7 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of reduction of [14C]estrone into [14C]estradiol at 3 uM after 7 hrs	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-10, Volume: 52, Issue:23	Potent and selective steroidal inhibitors of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 7, an enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of the key hormones estrone and dihydrotestosterone.
AID681337	TP_TRANSPORTER: Western blot, HK-2 cells	2002	Toxicology and applied pharmacology, Sep-01, Volume: 183, Issue:2	Influence of different chemicals on MDR-1 P-glycoprotein expression and activity in the HK-2 proximal tubular cell line.
AID126435	Relative binding affinity for mineralocorticoid receptor of rat kidney at 24 hr	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 31, Issue:6	Binding of steroids to the progestin and glucocorticoid receptors analyzed by correspondence analysis.
AID681685	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Carnitine uptake (Carnitine: 0.010? uM, Aldosterone: 500 uM) in OCTN2-expressing HEK293 cells	1999	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Nov, Volume: 291, Issue:2	Na(+)-dependent carnitine transport by organic cation transporter (OCTN2): its pharmacological and toxicological relevance.
AID318680	Displacement of [3H]5alpha dihydrotestosterone from human sex hormone binding globulin	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-10, Volume: 51, Issue:7	An updated steroid benchmark set and its application in the discovery of novel nanomolar ligands of sex hormone-binding globulin.
AID1576222	Agonist activity at MR (unknown origin) by Alpha Screen assay	2019	MedChemComm, Aug-01, Volume: 10, Issue:8	Dissecting the allosteric FXR modulation: a chemical biology approach using guggulsterone as a chemical tool.
AID679455	TP_TRANSPORTER: transepithelial transport (basal to apical) in MDR1-expressing LLC-PK1 cells	1992	The Journal of biological chemistry, Dec-05, Volume: 267, Issue:34	Human P-glycoprotein transports cortisol, aldosterone, and dexamethasone, but not progesterone.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID504810	Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID504812	Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1346882	Rat Mineralocorticoid receptor (3C. 3-Ketosteroid receptors)	2005	Molecular and cellular endocrinology, Nov-24, Volume: 243, Issue:1-2	Stimulation of testosterone production in rat Leydig cells by aldosterone is mineralocorticoid receptor mediated.
AID1346882	Rat Mineralocorticoid receptor (3C. 3-Ketosteroid receptors)	1984	The American journal of physiology, Feb, Volume: 246, Issue:2 Pt 2	Extravascular CBG-like sites in rat kidney and mineralocorticoid receptor specificity.
AID1346902	Human Mineralocorticoid receptor (3C. 3-Ketosteroid receptors)	1993	European journal of pharmacology, Oct-15, Volume: 247, Issue:2	Pharmacological and functional characterization of human mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor ligands.
AID1346902	Human Mineralocorticoid receptor (3C. 3-Ketosteroid receptors)	1999	FEBS letters, Dec-24, Volume: 464, Issue:1-2	Specific hydroxylations determine selective corticosteroid recognition by human glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	12138 (50.67)	18.7374
1990's	3821 (15.95)	18.2507
2000's	3425 (14.30)	29.6817
2010's	3291 (13.74)	24.3611
2020's	1279 (5.34)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Trials	1,517 (5.99%)	5.53%
Reviews	2 (4.76%)	6.00%
Reviews	2,684 (10.59%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Case Studies	1,321 (5.21%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Observational	55 (0.22%)	0.25%
Other	40 (95.24%)	84.16%
Other	19,756 (77.99%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.	2.04	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; plant metabolite
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.41	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.25	1	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	2.43	2	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.25	1	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	2.48	2	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	2.44	2	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile 4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile: structure given in first source. 4-phenyl-3-furoxancarbonitrile : A 1,2,5-oxadiazole substituted by an oxido, cyano and phenyl groups at positions 2, 3 and 4, respectively. It is a vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation.	3.35	1	0	1,2,5-oxadiazole; benzenes; N-oxide; nitrile	geroprotector; nitric oxide donor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; soluble guanylate cyclase activator; vasodilator agent
5-methoxypsoralen 5-Methoxypsoralen: A linear furanocoumarin that has phototoxic and anti-inflammatory properties, with effects similar to METHOXSALEN. It is used in PUVA THERAPY for the treatment of PSORIASIS.. 5-methoxypsoralen : A 5-methoxyfurocoumarin that is psoralen substituted by a methoxy group at position 5.	2.6	1	0	5-methoxyfurocoumarin; organic heterotricyclic compound; psoralens	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
cgs 15943 9-chloro-2-(2-furyl)-(1,2,4)triazolo(1,5-c)quinazolin-5-imine: non-xanthine triazoloquinazoline adenosine antagonist. CGS 15943 : A member of the class of triazoloquinazolines that is [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline substited at positions 2, 5 and 9 by furan-2-yl, amino and chloro groups respectively. A potent antagonist at adenosine A1 and adenosine A2A receptors.	3.35	1	0	aromatic amine; biaryl; furans; organochlorine compound; primary amino compound; quinazolines; triazoloquinazoline	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; antineoplastic agent; central nervous system stimulant
cl 387785 CL 387785: structure in first source. N-{4-[(3-bromophenyl)amino]quinazolin-6-yl}but-2-ynamide : A member of the class of quinazolines that is 4,6-diaminoquinazoine in which the one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group at position 4 has been replaced by a m-bromophenyl group while one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group at position 6 has been replaced by a but-2-ynoyl group.	3.35	1	0	bromobenzenes; quinazolines; secondary carboxamide; ynamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.06	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
myristicin myristicin: asaricin is an isomer; structure; a methylene dioxy version of elemicin;	2.48	2	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
oxamniquine Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.	3.35	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; C-nitro compound; quinolines; secondary amino compound
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	3.35	1	0	isoquinolines
safrole Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.	2.04	1	0	benzodioxoles	flavouring agent; insecticide; metabolite; plant metabolite
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.25	1	0	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
ficusin Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.	2.15	1	0	psoralens	plant metabolite
methyleugenol methyleugenol: structure	2.04	1	0	phenylpropanoid
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	2.04	1	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2.06	1	0	alkane
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	2.06	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
vanillic acid Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	2.03	1	0	methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	2.08	1	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
benzofuran benzofuran: RN & structure given in first source. 1-benzofuran : A benzofuran consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. It is the parent compound of the class of 1-benzofurans.	2.04	1	0	1-benzofurans; benzofuran
caprolactone hexano-6-lactone : A epsilon-lactone that is oxepane substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.41	1	0	epsilon-lactone
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	3.51	2	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
angelicin angelicin: used as tranquillizer; sedative; or anticonvulsant; structure	2.15	1	0	furanocoumarin
lucanthone hydrochloride Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.	2.86	3	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.02	1	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
meglumine antimoniate Meglumine Antimoniate: ANTIMONY salt of meglumine that is used in the treatment of LEISHMANIASIS.	2.08	1	0
sesamol sesamol: constituent of sesame oil; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	benzodioxoles
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	3.51	2	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
magnolol [no description available]	2.08	1	0	biphenyls
honokiol [no description available]	2.08	1	0	biphenyls
sesamin (+)-sesamin : A lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	3.82	3	0	benzodioxoles; furofuran; lignan	antineoplastic agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	2.25	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
mmv665852 MMV665852: an antischistosomal agent	3.35	1	0
burchellin burchellin: isolated from Piper hancei Maxim; structure given in first source. burchellin : A neolignan with formula C20H20O5 that is isolated from Ocotea cymbarum and Piper wallichii. It is active against a variety of parasites including T. cruzi, the vector for Chagas disease.	3.81	3	0
malabaricone c malabaricone C: from maize (Myristica fragrans); structure given in first source	2.58	2	0	butanone	metabolite
sesamolin sesamolin: constituent of sesame oil; RN given refers to the (1S-(1alpha,3aalpha,4alpha,6aalpha)-isomer); inhibits proliferation of human lymphocytic leukemia cells in culture	2.08	1	0	benzodioxoles
gr 127935 GR 127935: a 5-HT 1D receptor antagonist. GR 127935 : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid and the anilino group of 4-methoxy-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aniline. Potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.5 for both guinea pig 5-HT1D and rat 5-HT1B receptors). Displays > 100-fold selectivity over 5HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors and other receptor types. Centrally active following oral administration.	3.35	1	0	1,2,4-oxadiazole; benzamides; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
parthenolide [no description available]	3.35	1	0	germacranolide
schizandrin b (+)-schisandrin B : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that is found in Fructus Schisandrae and Schisandra chinensis.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclic acetal; organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; tannin	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
dihydroguaiaretic acid dihydroguaiaretic acid: lignan extracted form Larrea divaricata; inhibitory to beef heart mitochondrial succinoxidase & NADH-oxidase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.02	1	0
malabaricone b malabaricone B: from maize (Myristica fragrans); structure given in first source	2.58	2	0
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	2.04	1	0
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	4.39	6	0
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	5.72	24	0
gw 3965 GW 3965: a liver X receptor ligand	3.35	1	0	diarylmethane
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	2.11	1	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycosides [no description available]	2.05	1	0
cardamonin cardamonin: found in Zingiberaceae; structure in first source	3.35	1	0	chalcones
isoeugenol trans-isoeugenol : The trans-stereoisomer of isoeugenol.	2.72	3	0	isoeugenol	plant metabolite
stattic [no description available]	3.35	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; C-nitro compound; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; radiosensitizing agent; STAT3 inhibitor
schizandrin [no description available]	2.08	1	0
enpiroline enpiroline: structure	3.35	1	0
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	2.04	1	0
paulownin paulownin: lignan isolated from heartwood of Phyllarthron comorense DC; structure	2.08	1	0
silybin [no description available]	2.08	1	0
rs 17053 [no description available]	3.35	1	0	indoles
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	2.08	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	2.08	1	0	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
surinamensin surinamensin: RN given for (S-(R,R-(E)))-isomer; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	phenylpropanoid
isoelemicin isoelemicin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.13	1	0	olefinic compound
licochalcone a licochalcone A: has both anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities; structure given in first source; isolated from root of Glycyrrhiza inflata; RN given refers to (E)-isomer	3.35	1	0	chalcones
2'-hydroxy-4-methoxychalcone [no description available]	3.35	1	0
bakuchiol bakuchiol: chief component of Psoralea corylifolia Linn; structure	2.15	1	0
acuminatin acuminatin: from Epimedium acuminatum; Chemline give RN 41744-39-2 for acuminatin, but the compound has a different structure than the one given in journal. acuminatin : A neolignan that is 5-[(1E)-prop-1-en-1-yl]-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran carrying additional 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl, methyl and methoxy substituents at positions 2, 3 and 7 respectively.	2.05	1	0	1-benzofurans; dimethoxybenzene; neolignan; olefinic compound; ring assembly	fungal metabolite; plant metabolite
licarin b licarin B: neolignan; RN given for (2S-(2alpha,3beta,5(E)))-isomer; isolated from seeds of Myristica fragrans; structure in first source	2.51	2	0
ekb 569 EKB 569: an EGF receptor kinase inhibitor	3.35	1	0	aminoquinoline; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	protein kinase inhibitor
ispinesib [no description available]	3.35	1	0	benzamides
1,2,6,7-tetraoxaspiro(7.11)nonadecane 1,2,6,7-tetraoxaspiro(7.11)nonadecane: structure in first source	3.35	1	0
sd-208 [no description available]	3.35	1	0
bi 2536 [no description available]	3.35	1	0
pinoresinol pinoresinol: in plants; a furo[3,4-c]furan created from dimer of coniferyl alcohol. pinoresinol : A lignan that is tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted at positions 1 and 4 by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl groups.	3.51	2	0
bms-833923 BMS-833923: an Smo inhibitor	3.35	1	0
pravastatin acanthoside D: from Salsola collina	2.08	1	0	glycoside; lignan
alpha-ketoglutaric acid 2-oxoglutaric acid : An oxo dicarboxylic acid that consists of glutaric acid bearing an oxo substituent at position 2. It is an intermediate metabolite in Krebs cycle.	2	1	0	oxo dicarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
2,3-diphosphoglycerate 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.	1.96	1	0	bisphosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	human metabolite
alpha-ketoadipic acid 2-oxoadipic acid : An oxo dicarboxylic acid that is adipic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.07	1	0	oxo dicarboxylic acid	human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-hydroxyanthranilic acid 3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid: An oxidation product of tryptophan metabolism. It may be a free radical scavenger and a carcinogen.. 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted at C-2 by an amine group and at C-3 by a hydroxy group. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan.. 3-hydroxyanthranilate : A hydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid.	2.05	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-hydroxykynurenine 3-hydroxykynurenine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-hydroxykynurenine : A hydroxykynurenine that is kynurenine substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3.. hydroxykynurenine : A hydroxy-amino acid that is kynurenine substituted by a single hydroxy group at unspecified position. A "closed" class.	2.05	1	0	hydroxykynurenine	human metabolite
3-phenylpropionic acid 3-phenylpropionic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-phenylpropionic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 3 by a phenyl group.	1.96	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid	antifungal agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2.91	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde [no description available]	1.97	1	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	EC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group.	1.96	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; phenols	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
4-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.	4.01	4	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; plant metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	6.41	12	4	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	1.97	1	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	3.23	6	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	3.21	6	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	3.6	9	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	8.65	51	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
anthranilic acid anthranilic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #565. anthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.	1.97	1	0	aminobenzoic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	3.98	4	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
benzaldehyde [no description available]	2.02	1	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	2.37	2	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	4.19	5	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
benzyl alcohol Benzyl Alcohol: A colorless liquid with a sharp burning taste and slight odor. It is used as a local anesthetic and to reduce pain associated with LIDOCAINE injection. Also, it is used in the manufacture of other benzyl compounds, as a pharmaceutic aid, and in perfumery and flavoring.. hydroxytoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. benzyl alcohol : An aromatic alcohol that consists of benzene bearing a single hydroxymethyl substituent.. aromatic alcohol : Any alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.. aromatic primary alcohol : Any primary alcohol in which the alcoholic hydroxy group is attached to a carbon which is itself bonded to an aromatic ring.	3.81	3	0	benzyl alcohols	antioxidant; fragrance; metabolite; solvent
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	3.01	3	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	2.63	3	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	3.25	6	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	4.46	7	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	4.65	3	2	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	10.15	11	1	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
carnitine [no description available]	2	1	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	2.35	2	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
chlordecone [no description available]	2.02	1	0	cyclic ketone; organochlorine compound	insecticide; persistent organic pollutant
chloroacetic acid chloroacetic acid: urinary metabolite of vinyl chloride; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chloroacetic acid : A chlorocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid carrying a 2-chloro substituent.	2.39	2	0	chlorocarboxylic acid; haloacetic acid	alkylating agent; herbicide
choline [no description available]	3.46	8	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	5.88	9	3	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	16.51	381	15	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	3.57	9	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	2.37	2	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
2-cresol 2-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-cresol : A cresol that is phenol substituted by a methyl group at position 2. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.	2.02	1	0	cresol	human xenobiotic metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	4.46	7	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
3-cresol 3-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. m-cresol : A cresol with the methyl substituent at position 3. It is a minor urinary metabolite of toluene.	2.02	1	0	cresol	human xenobiotic metabolite
2-aminoacetaldehyde 2-aminoacetaldehyde: structure. 2-aminoacetaldehyde : An amino aldehyde that is acetaldehyde in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by an amino group.	1.96	1	0	amino aldehyde; omega-aminoaldehyde	Escherichia coli metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	4.45	7	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	3.1	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	3.31	1	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
4-aminophenol 4-aminophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-aminophenol : An amino phenol (one of the three possible isomers) which has the single amino substituent located para to the phenolic -OH group.	3.1	1	0	aminophenol	allergen; metabolite
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	2.57	2	0	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
3-chlorobenzoic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0	monochlorobenzoic acid	drug metabolite
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	2.39	2	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
hippuric acid hippuric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4591. N-benzoylglycine : An N-acylglycine in which the acyl group is specified as benzoyl.	3.42	1	1	N-acylglycine	human blood serum metabolite; uremic toxin
methylmalonic acid Methylmalonic Acid: A malonic acid derivative which is a vital intermediate in the metabolism of fat and protein. Abnormalities in methylmalonic acid metabolism lead to methylmalonic aciduria. This metabolic disease is attributed to a block in the enzymatic conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA.. methylmalonic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is malonic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.	1.97	1	0	C4-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine	4.12	4	0	alpha-amino acid
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	2.67	3	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
phosphoglycolate phosphoglycolate: RN given refers to parent acid. 2-phosphoglycolic acid : The O-phospho derivative of glycolic acid.	1.96	1	0	carboxyalkyl phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	3.09	5	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
creatine [no description available]	10.41	48	5	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	5.42	4	1	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	10	22	5	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	3.59	9	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethyl 2-methyl-3-oxobutanoate [no description available]	2.01	1	0
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	4.99	13	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hexachlorocyclohexane Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.	2.39	2	0	chlorocyclohexane
glycine [no description available]	7.89	4	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	6.41	16	3	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
glycolic acid glycolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glycolic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid where the methyl group has been hydroxylated.	2.03	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; primary alcohol	keratolytic drug; metabolite
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	15.09	198	10	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	5.8	3	2
histamine [no description available]	6.48	36	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	7.19	24	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	3.48	2	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	7.42	2	0	imidazole
indole [no description available]	2.02	1	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	17.46	80	8	diatomic iodine	nutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	5.13	11	1	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	2.46	2	0	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	1.96	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	3.84	3	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	5.77	11	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	3.37	1	1	inositol phosphate
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	8.22	6	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	7.96	27	1	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
acetanilide acetanilide: a phenylacetamide; use ACETANILIDES for the plural group meaning of the singular term. N-phenylacetamide : A member of the class of acetamides that is acetamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.02	1	0	acetamides; anilide	analgesic
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	8.23	6	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	1.94	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	2.42	2	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	9.69	26	5	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	7.84	23	2	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	6.4	16	3	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
n,n-dimethylaniline N,N-dimethylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dimethylaniline : A methylaniline carrying at least two methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylaniline : A tertiary amine that is aniline in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	3.79	3	0	dimethylaniline; tertiary amine
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	3.33	7	0	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxalic acid Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent.. oxalic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is ethane substituted by carboxyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	1.96	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	2.38	2	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	4.01	4	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.78	3	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phenol [no description available]	4	4	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.	2.02	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid; phenylacetic acids	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; auxin; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; toxin
phenethylamine phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016. 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.	1.96	1	0	alkaloid; aralkylamine; phenylethylamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	1.96	1	0	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
phosphoenolpyruvate Phosphoenolpyruvate: A monocarboxylic acid anion derived from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid. It is a metabolic intermediate in GLYCOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS; and other pathways.. phosphoenolpyruvate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resuting from selective deprotonation of the carboxy group of phosphoenolpyruvic acid.. phosphoenolpyruvic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid substituted by a phosphonooxy group at position 2. It is a metabolic intermediate in pathways like glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.	2.41	1	0	carboxyalkyl phosphate; monocarboxylic acid	fundamental metabolite
picolinic acid picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.	2.44	2	0	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; MALDI matrix material
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	2.39	2	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.67	3	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	2.68	3	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
pteridines [no description available]	2.63	3	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	1.99	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	2.39	2	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	2.42	2	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	5.86	4	1	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	3.75	3	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	2.66	3	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
dimethyl sulfide dimethyl sulfide: structure. dimethyl sulfide : A methyl sulfide in which the sulfur atom is substituted by two methyl groups. It is produced naturally by some marine algae.. methyl sulfide : Any aliphatic sulfide in which at least one of the organyl groups attached to the sulfur is a methyl group.	2.02	1	0	aliphatic sulfide	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; marine metabolite
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	2.63	3	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
dithionite Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.	1.98	1	0	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	3.65	10	0	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	2.05	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	1.95	1	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	2.37	2	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	3.52	2	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	2.35	2	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
taurine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiophane [no description available]	2.02	1	0	saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; tetrahydrothiophenes
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	2.85	4	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	5.42	4	1	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	4.76	10	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
tryptophan [no description available]	3.1	1	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; aminoalkylindole; aromatic amino acid; polar amino acid	Daphnia magna metabolite
tryptamine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	aminoalkylindole; aralkylamino compound; indole alkaloid; tryptamines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	2.25	1	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	13.55	68	12	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	18.52	110	10	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	3.78	3	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	2	1	0	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
catechin [no description available]	3.1	1	0	hydroxyflavan
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	2.68	3	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
7-hydroxy-2-n,n-dipropylaminotetralin 7-hydroxy-2-N,N-dipropylaminotetralin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0	tetralins
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively	2.38	2	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	2.39	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
ibotenic acid Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.	1.98	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	neurotoxin
gallopamil Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.	4.04	3	1	benzenes; organic amino compound
normetanephrine Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.	5.23	9	0	catecholamine
sk&f-38393 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393	4.61	6	1	benzazepine; catechols; secondary amino compound
vanilmandelic acid Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.	10.62	25	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; phenols	human metabolite
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	3.1	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
1,2-dioctanoylglycerol 1,2-dioctanoylglycerol: functions as bioregulator of protein kinase C in human platelets	2.91	4	0
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.	2	1	0	oxopurine	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine 1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist	1.97	1	0
pk 11195 PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine	2.39	2	0	aromatic amide; isoquinolines; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.	3.38	1	1	monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine	drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	3.22	6	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	1.98	1	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
1-methylimidazole 1-methyl-1H-imidazole : A 1H-imidazole having a methyl substituent at the N-1 position.	1.99	1	0	imidazoles
14,15-epoxy-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid 14,15-epoxy-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.06	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
n-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine: structure in first source. N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine : An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.	2	1	0	aralkylamine; carboxamidine; primary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.	3.32	2	0	oxadiazoloquinoxaline	EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with strong irritant properties. Use of this compound on rice fields, orchards, sugarcane, rangeland, and other noncrop sites was terminated by the EPA in 1985. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2, 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorines.	2.02	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; trichlorobenzene	defoliant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	2.65	3	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: mutagen from fried ground beef; structure given in first source. PhIP : An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, amino, and phenyl groups, respectively. It is the most abundant of the mutagenic heterocyclic amines found in cooked meat and fish.	2.42	2	0	imidazopyridine; primary amino compound	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
2-aminofluorene [no description available]	3.1	1	0
2-fluorohexadecanoic acid 2-fluorohexadecanoic acid: inhibits sphingosine base formation & accumulates in membrane lipids of cultured mammalian cells	1.99	1	0	fluoro fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	2.41	1	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
2-methyl-5-ht 2-methyl-5-HT: M-receptor agonist	1.97	1	0	tryptamines	serotonergic agonist
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.	2.08	1	0	organoboron compound; primary amino compound	calcium channel blocker; IP3 receptor antagonist; potassium channel opener
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.	1.99	1	0	amphetamines; benzodioxoles	neurotoxin
3-methoxytyramine 3-methoxytyramine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-methoxytyramine : A monomethoxybenzene that is dopamine in which the hydroxy group at position 3 is replaced by a methoxy group. It is a metabolite of the neurotransmitter dopamine and considered a potential biomarker of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas.	1.97	1	0	monomethoxybenzene; phenols; phenylethylamine; primary amino compound	biomarker; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	3.05	5	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
enprofylline enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.	3.36	1	1	oxopurine	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ro 5-4864 4'-chlorodiazepam: selectively binds peripheral benzodiazepine receptor	2.39	2	0
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.	1.96	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercuribenzoic acid
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	4.18	5	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-nonylphenol 4-nonylphenol: structure in first source; see also record for nonylphenol. 4-nonylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is para-substituted with a nonyl group.	2.44	2	0	phenols	environmental contaminant
phenytoin [no description available]	5.78	12	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid: A 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid containing 4 alkyne bonds. It inhibits the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins E(2) and F(2a).	1.96	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
5-dimethylamiloride 5-dimethylamiloride: has anti-HIV-1 activity	2.38	2	0
ethylisopropylamiloride ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.	4.13	16	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; neuroprotective agent; sodium channel blocker
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	6.88	12	2	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
5-methoxytryptamine 5-Methoxytryptamine: Serotonin derivative proposed as potentiator for hypnotics and sedatives.. 5-methoxytryptamine : A member of the class of tryptamines that is the methyl ether derivative of serotonin.	2.37	2	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound; tryptamines	5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor agonist; 5-hydroxytryptamine 2B receptor agonist; 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor agonist; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; radiation protective agent; serotonergic agonist
6-hydroxymelatonin 6-hydroxymelatonin : A member of the class of tryptamines that is melatonin with a hydroxy group substituent at position 6.	3.1	1	0	acetamides; tryptamines	metabolite; mouse metabolite
6-methoxytryptoline 6-methoxytryptoline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0
oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.	3.1	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.49	2	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acebutolol Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.	12.23	12	3	aromatic amide; ethanolamines; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent
acephate acephate : A phosphoramide that is methamidophos in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.	2	1	0	mixed diacylamine; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphoramide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	5.71	6	1	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	6.56	39	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
tyrphostin a23 tyrphostin A23: inhibits EGF-stimulated thymidine incorporation as well as EGF-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation & tyrosine phosphorylation & cell proliferation; structure given in first source	2.69	3	0	catechols
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	2.65	3	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alprazolam Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.	2	1	0	organochlorine compound; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant; sedative; xenobiotic
alprenolol Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.	8.93	13	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	3.05	1	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
diatrizoic acid Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.	1.94	1	0	acetamides; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.	9.02	36	2	dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline	adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	8.32	45	3	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
theophylline [no description available]	6.74	33	2	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	3.52	2	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	3.48	2	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	11.83	53	31	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
amobarbital Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.	2.4	2	0	barbiturates
amosulalol amosulalol: RN given is for mono-HCl; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	sulfonamide
anastrozole [no description available]	4.9	2	1	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	3.06	5	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetovanillone apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	3.55	8	0	acetophenones; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
apraclonidine apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	1.96	1	0	dichlorobenzene; guanidines; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antiglaucoma drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; diagnostic agent; ophthalmology drug
arecoline Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.	1.96	1	0	enoate ester; methyl ester; pyridine alkaloid; tetrahydropyridine	metabolite; muscarinic agonist
arotinolol arotinolol: structure given in first source; arotinolol is the (+-)-isomer	4.62	3	2	aromatic amide; thiophenes
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	9.76	29	4	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	2.91	4	0	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	7.99	28	9	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
atrazine [no description available]	7.31	1	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	6.16	18	2	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azosemide azosemide : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by chlorine, (2-thienylmethyl)amino and 1H-tetrazol-5-yl groups, respectively. It is a diuretic that has been used in the management of oedema and hypertension.	5.02	5	2	monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide; tetrazoles; thiophenes	loop diuretic
baclofen [no description available]	5.01	3	1	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
barbital 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).	2.43	2	0	barbiturates	drug allergen
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	4.46	23	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
bendroflumethiazide Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.	11.49	13	4	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
benzamide benzamide : An aromatic amide that consists of benzene bearing a single carboxamido substituent. The parent of the class of benzamides.	2.39	2	0	benzamides
berberine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
beta-naphthoflavone beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.	3.1	1	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
bethanidine Bethanidine: A guanidinium antihypertensive agent that acts by blocking adrenergic transmission. The precise mode of action is not clear.	3.05	1	0	guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent
betaxolol [no description available]	7.89	4	0	propanolamine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bethanechol Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	2.38	2	0	carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.	2.47	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol
bisacodyl Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)	1.96	1	0	diarylmethane
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	3.51	8	0
bisoprolol Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.	7.73	8	5	secondary alcohol; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bromazepam Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.	1.96	1	0	organic molecular entity
bumetanide [no description available]	7.99	20	4	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bunazosin bunazosin: structure	2.66	3	0	quinazolines
enantio-PAF C-16 [no description available]	2.01	1	0	alkylacylglycero-3-phosphocholine
cadralazine cadralazine: structure given in first source	3.38	1	1	organic molecular entity
caffeine [no description available]	12.53	16	3	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	10.93	64	11	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
beta-glycerophosphoric acid beta-glycerophosphoric acid: plays role in mineralization of bone in vitro. glycerol 2-phosphate : A glycerol monophosphate having the phosphate group at the 2-position.	2.13	1	0	glycerol monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
metrizoate Metrizoic Acid: A diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt.	1.98	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	radioopaque medium
calmidazolium calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.	3.1	5	0	imidazolium ion	apoptosis inducer; calmodulin antagonist
camostat camostat : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate. It is a potent inhibitor of the human transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and its mesylate salt is currently under investigation for its effectiveness in COVID-19 patients.	7.77	3	0	benzoate ester; carboxylic ester; diester; guanidines; tertiary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifibrinolytic drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; serine protease inhibitor
candesartan cilexetil candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects	6.36	11	4	biphenyls
candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.	15.12	41	10	benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	4.69	5	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbamazepine epoxide carbamazepine epoxide: metabolite of carbamazepine; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide : An epoxide and metabolite of carbamazepine.	2.01	1	0	dibenzoazepine; epoxide; ureas	allergen; drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
carbinoxamine carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.	1.96	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
carbofuran Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	1.96	1	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
carisoprodol Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.	1.94	1	0	carbamate ester	muscle relaxant
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	1.97	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carteolol Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.	3.36	1	1	quinolone; secondary alcohol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
carvedilol [no description available]	6.46	8	6	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
celecoxib [no description available]	10.73	7	3	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celiprolol Celiprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.	9.32	2	2	aromatic ketone
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	2	1	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	3.4	7	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	2.36	2	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	3.07	5	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.	9.23	59	2	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
chloroxylenol chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.	2.03	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; molluscicide
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	4.01	4	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	11.05	16	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.	1.94	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	12.65	26	7	isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide
cilostazol [no description available]	7.05	1	0	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	6.34	11	4	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
ciprofibrate [no description available]	3.1	1	0	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	4.09	3	1	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
cirazoline cirazoline: posseses agonist properties at alpha-adrenoreceptor sites; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether
cisapride Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.	5.94	7	4	benzamides
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	8.45	1	1	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clobazam Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.	2	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	8.75	3	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clofibric acid Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.	3.1	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; herbicide; marine xenobiotic metabolite; PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene [no description available]	2.02	1	0	tertiary amine	estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	9.77	43	5	clonidine; imidazoline
4-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-3-sulfamoylbenzamide [no description available]	3.1	1	0	sulfonamide
clotrimazole [no description available]	1.97	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
4-cresol 4-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-cresol : A cresol that consists of toluene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4. It is a metabolite of aromatic amino acid metabolism produced by intestinal microflora in humans and animals.	3.51	2	0	cresol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; uremic toxin
cycloleucine Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.	1.96	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	EC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	9.76	10	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
danthron danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.	3.49	2	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.	3.67	10	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione	muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapsone [no description available]	3.1	1	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
debrisoquin Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.	2.36	2	0	carboxamidine; isoquinolines	adrenergic agent; antihypertensive agent; human metabolite; sympatholytic agent
decanoic acid decanoate : A fatty acid anion 10:0 that is the conjugate base of decanoic acid.. decanoic acid : A C10, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	3.1	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; human metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
deferiprone Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.	2	1	0	4-pyridones	iron chelator; protective agent
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	3.76	2	1	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	4.7	9	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nordazepam Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.	2.69	3	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator; human metabolite; sedative
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	7.9	4	0	primary amine
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	2.45	2	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
r 59022 R 59022: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source; platelet activator factor antagonist	1.97	1	0	diarylmethane
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	10.16	11	1	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	4.65	9	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	4.45	5	1	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene: An organochlorine pesticide, it is the ethylene metabolite of DDT.	2.9	4	0	chlorophenylethylene; monochlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite; persistent organic pollutant
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	9.6	8	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
dichlorphenamide Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.	1.97	1	0	dichlorobenzene; sulfonamide	antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; ophthalmology drug
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	2.03	1	0	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	2.38	2	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
diflunisal Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.	3.1	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dilazep Dilazep: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic activity.. dilazep : A member of the class of diazepanes that is 1,4-diazepane substituted by 3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy]propyl groups at positions 1 and 4. It is a potent adenosine uptake inhibitor that exhibits antiplatelet, antianginal and vasodilator properties.	1.96	1	0	benzoate ester; diazepane; diester; methoxybenzenes	cardioprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.	2.36	2	0	dithiol; primary alcohol	chelator
dimethadione Dimethadione: An anticonvulsant that is the active metabolite of TRIMETHADIONE.	1.97	1	0	oxazolidinone
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	3.99	4	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
diphenyleneiodonium diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.	2.46	2	0	organic cation
benzophenone benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.02	1	0	benzophenones	photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	1.98	1	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	9.65	8	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
racemetirosine alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)	3.37	1	1
thiorphan Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.	4.33	2	2	N-acyl-amino acid
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	7.85	21	4	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	2.49	2	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
doxapram Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.	7.17	1	0	morpholines; pyrrolidin-2-ones	central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.	13.04	10	3	aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent
doxepin Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.	3.48	2	0	dibenzooxepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant
doxylamine Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.	3.1	1	0	pyridines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antitussive; cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; sedative
droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.	3.37	1	1	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
ebastine [no description available]	2	1	0	organic molecular entity
edrophonium Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.	1.95	1	0	phenols; quaternary ammonium ion	antidote; diagnostic agent; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	3.1	1	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
endosulfan Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.	2.02	1	0	cyclic sulfite ester; cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
enflurane Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.	4.85	8	1	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	anaesthetic
enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.	2.42	2	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
epinastine epinastine: RN given refers parent cpd. epinastine : A benzazepine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,e]azepine in which the azepine ring is fused to the e side of 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine.	2.02	1	0	benzazepine; guanidines	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; ophthalmology drug
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	3.7	10	0
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	9.12	33	2	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	3.47	8	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
etilefrine Etilefrine: A phenylephrine-related beta-1 adrenergic and alpha adrenergic agonist used as a cardiotonic and antihypotensive agent.	2.41	1	0	phenols
etodolac Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	7.7	17	11	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fenfluramine Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.	3.35	1	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; secondary amino compound	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	3.15	5	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fenoldopam Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.	6.32	11	4	benzazepine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; dopamine agonist; dopaminergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
fenoprofen Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.	3.1	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.	3.47	2	0	resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	11.22	13	3	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fleroxacin Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.	2	1	0	difluorobenzene; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; quinolines	antibacterial drug; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluphenazine [no description available]	3.1	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumequine flumequine: structure. flumequine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-flumequine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, formerly used in veterinary medicine for stock breeding and treatment of aquacultures.. 9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline carrying additional carboxy, methyl and fluoro substituents at positions 2, 5 and 9 respectively.	2.02	1	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; pyridoquinoline; quinolone antibiotic
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	1.98	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorescite fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.	3.1	1	0	benzoic acids; cyclic ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; phenols; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	3.84	2	1	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	4.1	3	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	2.9	4	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluspirilene Fluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia.	1.96	1	0	diarylmethane
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	7.79	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	19.63	529	65	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	3.31	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gabexate Gabexate: A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.	2.77	3	0	benzoate ester
gemfibrozil [no description available]	3.83	2	1	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	3.21	6	0
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	2.45	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	3.41	1	1	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
go 6976 [no description available]	2.44	2	0	indolocarbazole; organic heterohexacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	6.96	1	0
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	2.35	2	0	methoxybenzenes
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	12.76	23	1	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
guanfacine Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.	9.27	4	1	acetamides
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	2	1	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
n-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide [no description available]	1.97	1	0	isoquinolines; sulfonamide
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	3.94	13	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
ha 1004 N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source	3.32	2	0	isoquinolines
fasudil fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.	7.74	3	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonyldiazepane	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent; vasodilator agent
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	4.05	15	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	6.27	14	3	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
heptachlor Heptachlor: A man-made compound previously used to control termites and other insects. Even though production of heptachlor was phased out of use in the United States during the late 1980's it remains in soil and hazardous waste sites. It is clearly toxic to animals and humans but, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that heptachlor is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. (From ATSDR Public Heath Statement, April 1989). heptachlor : A cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide that is 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-4,7-methanoindene substituted by chlorine atoms at positions 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 8. Formerly used to kill termites, ants and other insects in agricultural and domestic situations.	2.02	1	0	cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	agrochemical; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.	3.25	6	0	quaternary ammonium salt
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	2.02	1	0	barbiturates
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	3.43	7	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	9.25	40	3	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	16.25	168	54	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.	7.86	4	0	benzothiadiazine; thiazide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
hydroxyurea [no description available]	2.36	2	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.	2.02	1	0	hydroxyether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent; antipruritic drug; anxiolytic drug; dermatologic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	8.48	17	3	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	3.1	5	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
mephentermine Mephentermine: A sympathomimetic agent with specificity for alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It is used to maintain BLOOD PRESSURE in hypotensive states such as following SPINAL ANESTHESIA.	1.94	1	0	amphetamines
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	4.49	7	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indapamide Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.	6.45	10	5	indoles; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
indole-3-carbinol indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.	3.14	5	0	indolyl alcohol	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	14.38	182	17	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iodoacetamide [no description available]	2.65	3	0
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.	4.28	4	1	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iopromide iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.	3.77	2	1	dicarboxylic acid diamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; nephrotoxic agent; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iothalamic acid Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.	2.36	2	0	organic molecular entity
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.	11.29	22	15	azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	3.69	10	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	6.43	12	4	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	1.99	1	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.93	4	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	9.74	62	3	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.	1.96	1	0	alkylbenzene
isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.	5.56	6	3	benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	4.75	7	1	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	13.3	16	7	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	5.54	13	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	3.81	3	0	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ketorolac Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.	2.03	1	0	amino acid; aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolizines; racemate	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ketotifen Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.	3.1	1	0	cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	2.05	1	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	2.07	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
labetalol Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.	9.02	24	10	benzamides; benzenes; phenols; primary carboxamide; salicylamides; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
lamotrigine [no description available]	4.9	2	1	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	3.1	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
lavendustin a lavendustin A: from Streptomyces griseolavendus; structure given in first source	2	1	0	aromatic amine
letrozole [no description available]	5.46	4	4	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
nordefrin Nordefrin: A norepinephrine derivative used as a vasoconstrictor agent.	4.04	1	0	catecholamine
lomefloxacin lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.	2.7	3	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; photosensitizing agent
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	2	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	2.42	2	0	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	3.48	2	0	benzodiazepine
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	16.93	165	45	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.	3.1	1	0	dibenzooxazepine	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	3.74	10	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione: structure given in first source; SRS-A & guanylate cyclase antagonist. 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione : A quinolone that is quinoline-5,8-dione in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by an anilino group.	2.69	3	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic amine; p-quinones; quinolone	antineoplastic agent; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
manidipine [no description available]	4.06	3	1	diarylmethane
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	2.39	2	0	primary aliphatic amine
meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	3.21	6	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	1.94	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
mefloquine hydrochloride [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.	2	1	0	organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinolines; secondary alcohol
mefruside Mefruside: A benzene-sulfonamide-furan. It is used as a diuretic that affects the concentrating ability of the KIDNEY, increases SODIUM CHLORIDE excretion, but may not spare POTASSIUM. It inhibits CARBONIC ANHYDRASES and may increase the blood URIC ACID level.	1.95	1	0	organic molecular entity
memantine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	8.78	3	0	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
meprobamate Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)	1.94	1	0	organic molecular entity
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	3.1	1	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mescaline Mescaline: Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.. mescaline : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.	1.96	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenethylamine alkaloid; primary amino compound	hallucinogen
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	12.43	8	5	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	2.36	2	0	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methamidophos methamidophos: structure. methamidophos : An organic thiophosphate resulting from the N-deacylation of the proinsecticide acephate.	2	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phosphoramide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide
metharbital metharbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ENDIEMAL, METHARBITONE, & METHOBARBITONE were see METHARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search METHARBITAL 1976-94; long-acting barbiturate that is demethylated to barbital in the liver; has broad-spectrum anticonvulsant action, but used mainly to treat myoclonic spasms in infants	1.96	1	0	organic molecular entity
methoctramine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; tetramine	muscarinic antagonist
methoxychlor Methoxychlor: An insecticide. Methoxychlor has estrogenic effects in mammals, among other effects.	2.02	1	0	organochlorine insecticide
methoxyflurane Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.	3.96	4	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	hepatotoxic agent; inhalation anaesthetic; nephrotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic
methyclothiazide Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)	6.94	1	0	benzothiadiazine
nocodazole [no description available]	1.98	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
methyl methanesulfonate [no description available]	1.99	1	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	15.06	189	28	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metolazone Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.	3.08	5	0	organochlorine compound; quinazolines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	8.84	36	17	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	11.93	122	3	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.	3.1	1	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	1.96	1	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	1.97	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	6.05	8	4	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
midodrine Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.	10.61	11	8	amino acid amide; aromatic ether; secondary alcohol	alpha-adrenergic agonist; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone [no description available]	1.97	1	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.	7.2	17	2	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
mitotane Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.	5.02	13	0	diarylmethane
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	3.1	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	3.38	1	1	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
moxisylyte Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)	3.35	1	1	monoterpenoid
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	1.96	1	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
n-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; structure given in first source. N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is 5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens of the nitrogen atom is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.	1.99	1	0	naphthalenes; organochlorine compound; primary amino compound; sulfonamide
n-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	8.46	8	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
clorgyline Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
deoxyepinephrine Deoxyepinephrine: Sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor agent.	9.46	18	8	catecholamine
fenamic acid fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	2.4	2	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	membrane transport modulator
nafamostat nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic	8.8	3	0	benzoic acids; guanidines
nafoxidine Nafoxidine: An estrogen antagonist that has been used in the treatment of breast cancer.	2.02	1	0	benzenes; naphthalenes; ring assembly
activins Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.	2.71	3	0
naphazoline Naphazoline: An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.	2.36	2	0	naphthalenes
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	4.63	3	2	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	2.01	1	0	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.	6.95	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	8.24	30	11	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	12.35	128	33	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nilvadipine [no description available]	4.85	4	2	dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester; nitrile
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	2.45	2	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	8.26	6	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.	5.52	9	2	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
nisoxetine nisoxetine: potent inhibitor for norepinephrine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes & brain; NM refers to (+-)-isomer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. nisoxetine : A secondary amino compound that is N-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-amine substituted at position 3 by a 2-methoxyphenoxy group.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	12.83	31	7	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	12.67	17	4	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.	1.96	1	0	isoquinolines	dopamine uptake inhibitor
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	2.4	2	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.	3.1	1	0	organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist	2.41	2	0	nitrobenzoic acid
ns 1619 NS 1619: structure given in first source. NS 1619 : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced are replaced by 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. It is an opener/activator of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (Bkca).	2.07	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzimidazoles; phenols	potassium channel opener
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.	2.75	3	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
octopamine Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.	1.96	1	0	phenylethanolamines; tyramines	neurotransmitter
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	2.95	4	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
olprinone olprinone: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	bipyridines
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	9.06	3	1	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	8.37	1	1	carbazoles
oxonic acid Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.	7.39	2	0	1,3,5-triazines; monocarboxylic acid
oxaprozin Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	1.95	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; monocarboxylic acid	analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.	3.8	3	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	2.67	3	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxotremorine Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.	1.96	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxprenolol Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.	7.32	16	8	aromatic ether
oxymetazoline Oxymetazoline: A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251). oxymetazoline : A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion.	1.96	1	0	carboxamidine; imidazolines; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; nasal decongestant; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
oxyphenbutazone Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.	3.97	4	0	phenols; pyrazolidines	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; drug metabolite; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	3.1	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	1.96	1	0	phenylalanine derivative
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	2.39	2	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
4-chlorophenol 4-chlorophenol: used as a root canal irrigant. 4-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol substituted at the pare position by a chlorine atom.	2.02	1	0	monochlorophenol
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	1.97	1	0	aromatic amine
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	3.99	13	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	5.57	24	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	4.08	3	1	oxopurine
perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	2	1	0	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenazopyridine Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.	2.02	1	0	diaminopyridine; monoazo compound	anticoronaviral agent; carcinogenic agent; local anaesthetic; non-narcotic analgesic
pheniramine Pheniramine: One of the HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS with little sedative action. It is used in treatment of hay fever, rhinitis, allergic dermatoses, and pruritus.	3.1	1	0	pyridines; tertiary amino compound
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	5.09	8	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenolphthalein Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.	4.89	2	1	phenols
phenolsulfonphthalein Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.	3.5	2	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; diagnostic agent; two-colour indicator
phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.	10.13	15	0	aromatic amine
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	4.65	9	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
moxonidine moxonidine: structure given in first source	7.75	3	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
pimobendan pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source	7.45	2	0	benzimidazoles; pyridazinone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)	4.97	3	1	pyridines
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	9.18	21	8	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	10.96	9	3	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
pipamperone pipamperone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pipamperone : A member of the class of bipiperidines that is 1,4'-bipiperidine which is substituted at the 1' and 4' positions by 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl and carboxamide groups, respectively. A first generation antipsychotic, its properties are generally similar to those of haloperidol.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ketone; bipiperidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	7.39	2	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	4.28	4	1	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
piretanide piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure	5.3	7	2	aromatic ether
piribedil Piribedil: A dopamine D2 agonist. It is used in the treatment of parkinson disease, particularly for alleviation of tremor. It has also been used for circulatory disorders and in other applications as a D2 agonist.	3.36	1	1	N-arylpiperazine
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	13.42	141	12	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
ag 1879 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor	2.48	2	0	aromatic amine; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazolopyrimidine	beta-adrenergic antagonist; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
practolol Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	4.04	3	1	acetamides; ethanolamines; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	10.3	31	12	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	2.36	2	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	3.81	3	0	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	2	1	0	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	2.02	1	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
promazine Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.	2.74	3	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	3.99	4	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
pronethalol pronethalol: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-66); NAPHTHYLISOPROTERENOL was see PRONETHALOL 1977-94; use ETHANOLAMINES to search PRONETHALOL 1966-94	1.94	1	0	naphthalenes
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.07	1	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	7.04	9	1	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	15.56	190	36	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
propyl gallate Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.	3.1	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
protriptyline Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.	1.96	1	0	carbotricyclic compound	antidepressant
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	5.86	7	1	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	2.35	2	0	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxy anthraquinone 1,2,5,8-tetrahydroxy anthraquinone: structure in first source. quinalizarin : A tetrahydroxyanthraquinone having the four hydroxy groups at the 1-, 2-, 5- and 8-positions.	3.1	1	0	tetrahydroxyanthraquinone	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor
ranitidine [no description available]	2	1	0	aralkylamine
resorcinol resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.	2.03	1	0	benzenediol; phenolic donor; resorcinols	erythropoietin inhibitor; sensitiser
1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonyl)hexane 1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonyl)hexane: selective inhibitor of canine platelet diglyceride lipase	2.38	2	0	carbamate ester; organonitrogen compound
ritanserin Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.	3.06	1	0	organofluorine compound; piperidines; thiazolopyrimidine	antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ro 31-8220 Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor	3.12	5	0	imidothiocarbamic ester; indoles; maleimides	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.	1.96	1	0	methoxybenzenes
rofecoxib [no description available]	5.58	6	3	butenolide; sulfone	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
salicylamide salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source	3.52	2	0	phenols; salicylamides	antirheumatic drug; non-narcotic analgesic
sanguinarine benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.	2.03	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; benzophenanthridine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent
sb 239063 SB 239063: structure in first source. SB-239063 : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying 4-hydroxycyclohexyl, 4-fluorophenyl and 2-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl substituents at positions 1, 4 and 5 respectively.	2.01	1	0	imidazoles
sb 202190 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase	2.05	1	0	imidazoles; organofluorine compound; phenols; pyridines	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
secobarbital Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.	2.02	1	0	barbiturates	anaesthesia adjuvant; GABA modulator; sedative
sennoside a&b [no description available]	1.98	1	0
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	5.95	7	4	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
sodium fluoride [no description available]	4.01	4	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	8.34	1	1	ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	2.37	2	0	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.	3.46	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
sulfadimethoxine Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.	3.1	1	0	aromatic ether; pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfanilamide [no description available]	1.93	1	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	2.02	1	0
sulfathiazole Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	3.1	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.	3.74	3	0	pyrazolidines; sulfoxide	uricosuric drug
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	1.96	1	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	2.1	1	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	5	13	0	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
suprofen Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.	3.1	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antirheumatic drug; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	4.49	5	1	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
talipexole talipexole: dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	azepine
tegafur [no description available]	1.97	1	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
temazepam Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.	3.1	1	0	benzodiazepine
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	5.03	5	2	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	3.51	2	0	diarylmethane
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	2.38	2	0	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	3.48	8	0	quaternary ammonium ion
theobromine Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.	2.38	2	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; bronchodilator agent; food component; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
2,4-thiazolidinedione thiazolidine-2,4-dione: structure in first source. 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A thiazolidenedione carrying oxo substituents at positions 2 and 4.	2.02	1	0	thiazolidenedione
thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.	2.38	2	0	phenothiazines; piperidines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
thonzylamine thonzylamine: major descriptor (72-84); file-maintained to PYRIMIDINES	3.1	1	0	methoxybenzenes
tiaprofenic acid tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.	3.1	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	drug allergen; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	2.11	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tinidazole Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.	3.31	1	0	imidazoles	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	8.22	6	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	4.02	3	1	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
ultram 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	2.02	1	0	amino acid
triamterene Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.	11.43	67	7	pteridines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
trichlormethiazide Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.	5.54	5	1	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide antibiotic	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
trifluoperazine [no description available]	4.45	7	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
triflupromazine Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.	3.47	2	0	organofluorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	2.38	2	0	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tripelennamine Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.	3.1	1	0	aromatic amine
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	2.41	1	0	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
tyramine [no description available]	2.86	4	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
urapidil [no description available]	4.61	3	2	piperazines
urethane [no description available]	2.36	2	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
w 7 W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist	3.49	8	0
wb 4101 N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylmethyl)-2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethanamine : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine bearing a [(2',6'-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]methyl group at position 2. An alpha1A-adrenergic selective antagonist.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxine; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
xylazine Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.	2.41	2	0	1,3-thiazine; methylbenzene; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; emetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
zolpidem Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.	2.05	1	0	imidazopyridine	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; sedative
zomepirac zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.1	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; pyrroles	cardiovascular drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
hydrocortisone acetate hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.49	8	0	cortisol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
corticosterone [no description available]	19.84	2,077	11	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	11.57	114	4	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	7.08	47	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.	2.86	4	0	ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	7.7	17	2	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	9.21	18	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	2.36	2	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	2.08	1	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	4.22	18	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-aminophenol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	aminophenol	bacterial metabolite
3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid tiratricol : A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)acetic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy group. It is a thyroid hormone analogue that has been used in the treatment of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome.	1.96	1	0
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	10.78	17	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	11.37	128	1	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dibenzylchlorethamine Dibenzylchlorethamine: An alpha adrenergic antagonist.	2.65	3	0
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	2.87	4	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	10.2	16	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	24.85	1,575	109	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
prednisolone acetate prednisolone acetate: RN given refers to cpd with locant for acetate group in position 21 & (11 beta)-isomer	2.42	2	0	corticosteroid hormone
cyclobarbital cyclobarbital: was heading 1977-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1977-90); CYCLOBARBITONE, HEXEMAL, & TETRAHYDROPHENOBARBITAL were see CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; use BARBITURATES to search CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; short to intermediate duration barbiturate used as hypnotic and sedative	2.03	1	0	barbiturates
pentolinium tartrate Pentolinium Tartrate: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.. pentolinium tartrate : The bitartrate salt of pentolinium.	2.35	2	0	tartrate salt	antihypertensive agent
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	1.99	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
lynestrenol Lynestrenol: A synthetic progestational hormone used often in mixtures with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	2.64	3	0	steroid
norethandrolone Norethandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity.	1.94	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
tetrahydrocortisol [no description available]	12.57	17	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	12.12	75	6	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
tetrahydrocortisone [no description available]	10.41	20	0	21-hydroxy steroid
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	16.58	60	7	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
paramethasone Paramethasone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of corticosteroids. It has been used by mouth in the treatment of all conditions in which corticosteroid therapy is indicated except adrenal-deficiency states for which its lack of sodium-retaining properties makes it less suitable than HYDROCORTISONE with supplementary FLUDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p737)	4.29	6	0	fluorinated steroid
fluprednisolone Fluprednisolone: A synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties.	4.44	7	0	fluorinated steroid
androsterone [no description available]	6.08	40	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone
etiocholanolone Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.	6.05	23	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	15.8	189	12	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
17-desoxyestradiol estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-ol : A 3-hydroxy steroid resulting from deoxygenation at position 17 of estradiol or estrone.	2.73	3	0	3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	estrogen
dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole: An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation.	2.03	1	0
hydroxyacetylaminofluorene Hydroxyacetylaminofluorene: A N-hydroxylated derivative of 2-ACETYLAMINOFLUORENE that has demonstrated carcinogenic action.	3.1	1	0	2-acetamidofluorenes
2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.	2.38	2	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	1.95	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
idoxuridine [no description available]	3.45	2	0	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	8.04	5	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	2.36	2	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	11.12	89	1	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	2.41	1	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride (4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.	1.99	1	0
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	8.46	8	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	6.28	14	1	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	3.52	8	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.	3.77	11	0	corticosteroid hormone
benz(a)anthracene benz(a)anthracene: 4 fused rings of which one is angular in contrast to the linear NAPHTHACENES. tetraphene : An angular ortho-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings.	3.46	2	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	3.75	3	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	2.88	4	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	4.44	7	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	4.19	17	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	3.74	11	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
chlorobutanol [no description available]	1.96	1	0	tertiary alcohol
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	2.69	3	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	9.4	22	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	9.66	34	8	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
chlordan Chlordan: A highly poisonous organochlorine insecticide. The EPA has cancelled registrations of pesticides containing this compound with the exception of its use through subsurface ground insertion for termite control and the dipping of roots or tops of non-food plants. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.02	1	0	cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
testosterone propionate Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.	2.43	2	0	steroid ester
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	2.4	2	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	3.21	6	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	3.07	5	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	2.43	2	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
methyltestosterone Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.	3.66	10	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enone	anabolic agent; androgen; antineoplastic agent
puromycin aminonucleoside 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.	3.48	8	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	7.17	12	1	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.	2.37	2	0	azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
uridine [no description available]	5.86	19	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	4.15	5	0	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	3.29	6	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	1.94	1	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.69	3	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
piperoxan Piperoxan: A benzodioxane alpha-adrenergic blocking agent with considerable stimulatory action. It has been used to diagnose PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and as an antihypertensive agent.	1.96	1	0
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	14.66	37	9	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	7.49	23	2	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	6.89	39	2	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	4.37	20	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	1.97	1	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
phlorhizin [no description available]	2.92	4	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
acepromazine Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; phenothiazines; tertiary amino compound	phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
methoxamine Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .	2.38	2	0	amphetamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	2.88	4	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	2.01	1	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	5.65	26	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitrobenzoic acid 4-nitrobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-nitrobenzoic acid : A nitrobenzoic acid having the nitro group at the 4-position.	1.99	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	1.94	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
aniline [no description available]	3.78	3	0	anilines; primary arylamine
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	12.32	100	6	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbaryl Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.	1.96	1	0	carbamate ester; naphthalenes	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant
cytidine monophosphate Cytidine Monophosphate: Cytidine (dihydrogen phosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.. cytidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having cytosine as the nucleobase.	1.96	1	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.73	3	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2.37	2	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	5.66	19	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	2.03	1	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	5.07	8	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	19.35	1,048	18	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	8.23	6	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
cytidine triphosphate Cytidine Triphosphate: Cytidine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A cytosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.03	1	0	cytidine 5'-phosphate; pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
strophanthidin Strophanthidin: 3 beta,5,14-Trihydroxy-19-oxo-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. The aglycone cardioactive agent isolated from Strophanthus Kombe, S. gratus and other species; it is a very toxic material formerly used as digitalis. Synonyms: Apocymarin; Corchorin; Cynotoxin; Corchorgenin.	7.88	4	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 19-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; cardenolides; steroid aldehyde
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	1.94	1	0	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	12.78	88	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	4.33	20	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	3.33	7	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.	1.95	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
triamcinolone diacetate triamcinolone diacetate: lysyl oxidase antagonist; Polcortolon may also refers to triamcinolone	1.94	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
sodium citrate, anhydrous Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.	6.06	4	2	organic sodium salt	anticoagulant; flavouring agent
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	1.95	1	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	5.25	17	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.	5.82	7	1	oxo steroid
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.	15.94	76	5	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; progestin
chlorisondamine Chlorisondamine: A nicotinic antagonist used primarily as a ganglionic blocker in animal research. It has been used as an antihypertensive agent but has been supplanted by more specific drugs in most clinical applications.	1.95	1	0	isoindoles
tubercidin Tubercidin: An antibiotic purine ribonucleoside that readily substitutes for adenosine in the biological system, but its incorporation into DNA and RNA has an inhibitory effect on the metabolism of these nucleic acids.. tubercidin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is adenosine in which the in the 5-membered ring that is not attached to the ribose moiety is replaced by a carbon. Tubercidin is produced in the culture broth of Streptomyces tubericidus.	2.89	4	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; ribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	3.47	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	7.71	29	2	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	2.37	2	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	2.03	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	2.39	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.	2.39	2	0	pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; plant metabolite
1,1,1-trichloroethane Trichloroethanes: Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.. 1,1,1-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.	2.02	1	0	chloroethanes	polar solvent
medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available]	6.09	9	1	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester	adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
sulfobromophthalein sodium bromosulfophthalein sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of bromosulfophthalein.. bromosulfophthalein : An organosulfonic acid that consists of phthalide bearing four bromo substituents at positions 4, 5, 6 and 7 as well as two 4-hydroxy-3-sulfophenyl groups both located at position 1.	1.99	1	0	organic sodium salt	dye
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	11.62	49	16	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	3.15	5	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol [no description available]	4.65	9	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; terminal acetylenic compound	prodrug; xenoestrogen
alizarin [no description available]	3.1	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	chromophore; dye; plant metabolite
dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane: An organochlorine insecticide that is slightly irritating to the skin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed, p482)	5.4	8	0	chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	xenobiotic metabolite
methandrostenolone Methandrostenolone: A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)	4.02	3	1	organic molecular entity
cordycepin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines	antimetabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	4.95	12	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	3.2	6	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-chlorobenzoic acid 4-chlorobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-chlorobenzoic acid : A monochlorobenzoic acid carrying a chloro substituent at position 4.	1.99	1	0	monochlorobenzoic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	10.32	50	4	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethylamine ethylamine : A two-carbon primary aliphatic amine.	2.67	3	0	primary aliphatic amine	human metabolite
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	2.87	4	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
tetramethylammonium tetramethylammonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. tetramethylammonium : The simplest quaternary ammonium cation, comprising a central nitrogen linked to four methyl groups.	1.96	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
tert-butylamine tert-butylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. tert-butylamine : A primary aliphatic amine that is ethylamine substituted by two methyl groups at position 1.	1.97	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
tert-butyl alcohol tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.02	1	0	tertiary alcohol	human xenobiotic metabolite
methyl sulfate methyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd. methyl sulfate : An alkyl sulfate that is the monomethyl ester of sulfuric acid.	2.39	2	0	alkyl sulfate; one-carbon compound
pivalic acid pivalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. pivalic acid : A branched, short-chain fatty acid composed of propanoic acid having two methyl substituents at the 2-position.	2	1	0	branched-chain saturated fatty acid; methyl-branched fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	7.66	3	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	9.53	25	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	2.25	1	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
butobarbital butobarbital: Butobarbital should be distinguished from Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital)	2.03	1	0	barbiturates
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	2.38	2	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
3-mercaptopropionic acid 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.	2.88	4	0	mercaptopropanoic acid	algal metabolite
triparanol Triparanol: Antilipemic agent with high ophthalmic toxicity. According to Merck Index, 11th ed, the compound was withdrawn from the market in 1962 because of its association with the formation of irreversible cataracts.	3.44	2	0	stilbenoid	anticoronaviral agent
linalool linalool: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. linalool : A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.	3.1	1	0	monoterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	antimicrobial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
isobutyl alcohol isobutyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.69	3	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylethyl ketone methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.	2.42	2	0	butanone; dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone; volatile organic compound	bacterial metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
methyl acetate methyl acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of acetic acid with methanol. A low-boiling (57 degreeC) colourless, flammable liquid, it is used as a solvent for many resins and oils.	2.69	3	0	acetate ester; methyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; fragrance; polar aprotic solvent
dichloroacetic acid [no description available]	2.39	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	astringent; marine metabolite
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	1.94	1	0	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	2.02	1	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
p-tert-amylphenol p-tert-amylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0	alkylbenzene
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	2.39	2	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone: structure given in first source. quinizarin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone having the two hydroxy substituents at the 1- and 4-positions; formally derived from anthraquinone by replacement of two hydrogen atoms by hydroxy groups	3.1	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	dye
cyclizine Cyclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist given by mouth or parenterally for the control of postoperative and drug-induced vomiting and in motion sickness. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p935). cyclizine : An N-alkylpiperazine in which one nitrogen of the piperazine ring is substituted by a methyl group, while the other is substituted by a diphenylmethyl group.	3.1	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine	antiemetic; central nervous system depressant; cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	10.03	39	4	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	9.57	8	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone 2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone: structure given in first source. anthraflavic acid : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene substituted by hydroxy groups at C-3 and C-7 and oxo groups at C-9 and C-10.	3.1	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	antimutagen; plant metabolite
9,10-anthraquinone 9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.	3.1	1	0	anthraquinone
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.	7.1	10	3	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
2,6-dichlorophenol 2,6-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2,6-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol with the chloro substituents at positions 2 and 6.	2.02	1	0	dichlorophenol
xylitol xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.	9.05	3	1
2,4,6-trichlorophenol [no description available]	2.03	1	0	trichlorophenol	carcinogenic agent
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.35	2	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
2-tert-butylphenol [no description available]	2.02	1	0	alkylbenzene
2-isopropylphenol 2-isopropylphenol: structure given in first source. 2-isopropylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying an isopropyl group at position 2.	2.02	1	0	phenols
2-nitroaniline [no description available]	2.39	2	0
2-nitrophenol nitrophenol : Any member of the class of phenols or substituted phenols carrying at least 1 nitro group.	2.39	2	0	2-nitrophenols
2-sec-butylphenol 2-sec-butylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-sec-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol carrying a butan-2-yl group at position 2.	2.02	1	0	phenols
thymol Thymol: A phenol obtained from thyme oil or other volatile oils used as a stabilizer in pharmaceutical preparations, and as an antiseptic (antibacterial or antifungal) agent.. thymol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene.	3.81	3	0	monoterpenoid; phenols	volatile oil component
1-naphthol 1-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 1.. hydroxynaphthalene : Any member of the class of naphthalenes that is naphthalene carrying one or more hydroxy groups.	3.51	2	0	naphthol	genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite
2-aminodiphenyl aminobiphenyl : Any member of the class of biphenyls in which the biphenyl skeleton is substituted by at least one amino group.	3.1	1	0
2-phenylphenol 2-phenylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. biphenyl-2-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2. It is generally used as a post-harvest fungicide for citrus fruits.	3.1	1	0	hydroxybiphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; environmental food contaminant
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	4.85	13	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
quinoline [no description available]	3.51	2	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinolines
isatin tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;	1.95	1	0	indoledione	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	3.55	2	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
phenidone phenidone: photographic developer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.39	2	0
diphenyl diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	2.02	1	0	aromatic fungicide; benzenes; biphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative
4-biphenylamine 4-biphenylamine: used in detection of sulfates, & as a carcinogen in cancer research; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. biphenyl-4-amine : An aminobiphenyl that is biphenyl substituted by an amino group at position 4.	3.1	1	0	aminobiphenyl	carcinogenic agent
4-phenylphenol 4-phenylphenol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. biphenyl-4-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl carrying a hydroxy group at position 4.	3.51	2	0	hydroxybiphenyls
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	2.67	3	0	xanthene
benzidine benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.	3.1	1	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	carcinogenic agent
4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl biphenyl-4,4'-diol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is biphenyl with hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4'.	3.1	1	0	hydroxybiphenyls
methyl benzoate methyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by condensation of benzoic acid and methanol.	2.02	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester	insect attractant; metabolite
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	3.84	3	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
nicotinic acid benzyl ester nicotinic acid benzyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6344. benzyl nicotinate : A benzyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of nicotinic acid with benzyl alcohol. It has been used as a rubefacient.	2.03	1	0	benzyl ester	vasodilator agent
2-toluidine 2-toluidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-toluidine : An aminotoluene in which the amino substituent is ortho to the methyl group.	2.02	1	0	aminotoluene	carcinogenic agent
2-bromophenol bromophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded bromine atoms.	2.02	1	0	bromophenol	marine metabolite
2-chlorophenol chlorophenol : A halophenol that is any phenol containing one or more covalently bonded chlorine atoms.	2.02	1	0	2-halophenol; monochlorophenol
3,4-dimethylphenol 3,4-dimethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,4-xylenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 4.	2.43	2	0	phenols
2,5-xylenol 2,5-xylenol : A member of the class of phenols that phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 5.	2.02	1	0	phenols	animal metabolite; volatile oil component
methylcyclopentane methylcyclopentane: toxic; RN 96-37-7. methylcyclopentane : A cycloalkane that is cyclopentane substituted by a single methyl group.	2.01	1	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	human metabolite; plant metabolite
butylphen butylphen: irritant; structure. 4-tert-butylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted with a tert-butyl group at position 4.	3.81	3	0	phenols	allergen
4-tert-butylbenzoic acid 4-tert-butylbenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	alkylbenzene
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	2.02	1	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
acetophenone acetophenone : A methyl ketone that is acetone in which one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.02	1	0	acetophenones	animal metabolite; photosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
nitrobenzene nitrobenzene : A nitroarene consisting of benzene carrying a single nitro substituent. An industrial chemical used widely in the production of aniline.	2.02	1	0	nitroarene; nitrobenzenes
3-toluic acid 3-toluic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.99	1	0	methylbenzoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
3-aminobenzoic acid 3-aminobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid carrying an amino group at position 3.	1.99	1	0	aminobenzoic acid
3-hydroxybenzoic acid 3-hydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from Taxus baccata. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of plasticisers, resins, pharmaceuticals, etc.	1.99	1	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	bacterial metabolite; plant metabolite
3-nitroaniline 3-nitroaniline: used as a sole source of nitrogen , carbon and energy	2.39	2	0
4-bromophenacyl bromide 4-bromophenacyl bromide: phospholipidase A(2) inhibitor; structure	1.96	1	0
methylparaben methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.	3.84	3	0	paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
4-isopropylphenol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	phenols	flavouring agent
4-hydroxyacetophenone 4-hydroxyacetophenone: promotes secretion of bile & bile salts, which promotes griseofulvin absorption in the duodenum. 4'-hydroxyacetophenone : A monohydroxyacetophenone carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4'.	3.1	1	0	monohydroxyacetophenone	fungal metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
4-toluic acid 4-toluic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. p-toluic acid : A methylbenzoic acid in which the methyl substituent is located at position 4.	1.99	1	0	methylbenzoic acid
4-nitroaniline [no description available]	2.39	2	0	nitroaniline	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
4-anisic acid 4-methoxybenzoic acid: structure in first source. 4-methoxybenzoic acid : A methoxybenzoic acid substituted with a methoxy group at position C-4.	2.41	2	0	methoxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	2.43	2	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
benzylamine aminotoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more amino groups.	2.02	1	0	aralkylamine; primary amine	allergen; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
benzonitrile benzonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.	2.02	1	0	benzenes; nitrile
methylaniline methylaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd. methylaniline : A substituted aniline carrying one or more methyl groups at unspecified positions.	2.02	1	0	methylaniline; phenylalkylamine; secondary amine
anisole anisole : A monomethoxybenzene that is benzene substituted by a methoxy group.	2.43	2	0	monomethoxybenzene	plant metabolite
methylphenylsulfide thioanisole : An aryl sulfide that is thiophenol in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.02	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzenes
4-benzylphenol 4-benzylphenol: metabolite of diphenylmethane; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.1	1	0
4-bromophenyl phenyl ether 4-bromodiphenyl ether: induces apoptosis. 4-bromophenyl phenyl ether : An aromatic ether that is diphenyl ether substituted at position 4 by a bromo group.	3.31	1	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound
boric acid [no description available]	7.21	1	0	boric acids	astringent
monobenzone monobenzone: structure. monobenzone : The monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone. It is used as a topical drug for medical depigmentation.	2.02	1	0	benzyl ether	allergen; dermatologic drug; melanin synthesis inhibitor
2-ethylhexanol [no description available]	3.51	2	0	primary alcohol	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
2,4-dimethylphenol 2,4-dimethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,4-xylenol : A member of the class of phenols that phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 4.	2.02	1	0	aromatic fungicide; phenols	disinfectant; volatile oil component
4-bromophenol 4-bromophenol : A bromophenol containing only hydroxy and bromo substituents that are para to one another.	2.02	1	0	bromophenol	human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine metabolite; mouse metabolite; persistent organic pollutant; rat metabolite
4-xylene p-xylene : A xylene with methyl groups at positions 1 and 4.	2.01	1	0	xylene
4-chloroaniline 4-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloroaniline : A chloroaniline in which the chloro atom is para to the aniline amino group.	2.02	1	0	chloroaniline; monochlorobenzenes
4-toluidine 4-toluidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-toluidine : An aminotoluene in which the amino substituent is para to the methyl group.	2.02	1	0	aminotoluene
4-phenylenediamine 4-phenylenediamine: agent hair dye responsible for contact dermatitis; RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,4-phenylenediamine : A phenylenediamine in which the amino functions are at positions 1 and 4 of the benzene nucleus.	2.03	1	0	phenylenediamine	allergen; dye; hapten; reagent
acrolein [no description available]	7.13	1	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
propylamine propylamine : A member of the class of alkylamines that is propane substituted by an amino group at C-1.	2.39	2	0	alkylamines
acrylonitrile [no description available]	1.96	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
glyoxal [no description available]	2.68	3	0	dialdehyde	agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2.01	1	0	alkane
2-pentanone pentanone : Any ketone that is pentane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.	2.02	1	0	methyl ketone; pentanone	plant metabolite
methyl isobutyl ketone [no description available]	2.01	1	0	ketone
3-chloroaniline 3-chloroaniline: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0
3-chlorophenol 3-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol carrying the chloro substituent at position 3.	2.43	2	0	monochlorophenol
3,5-xylenol 3,5-xylenol: RN given refers to 3,5-isomer. 3,5-xylenol : A member of the class of phenols that phenol substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.02	1	0	phenols	xenobiotic metabolite
bromobenzene [no description available]	2.02	1	0	bromoarene; bromobenzenes; volatile organic compound	hepatotoxic agent; mouse metabolite; non-polar solvent
chlorobenzene [no description available]	2.02	1	0	monochlorobenzenes	solvent
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	2.01	1	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
n-pentanoic acid n-pentanoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. valeric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.	1.97	1	0	short-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
propyl acetate propyl acetate: affects aggression without affecting motor activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. propyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of acetic acid with propanol.	2.02	1	0	acetate ester	fragrance; plant metabolite
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	2.02	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
n-butylamine n-butylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. butan-1-amine : A primary aliphatic amine that is butane substituted by an amino group at position 1.	2.39	2	0	primary aliphatic amine
methyl cellosolve methyl cellosolve: widely used industrial solvent for resins, lacquers, dyes & inks; may cause anemia macrocytosis, appearance of young granulocytes in blood; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	glycol ether	protic solvent; solvent
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	7.19	16	2	pyrrole; secondary amine
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	8.26	10	6	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
2-heptanone heptan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone with methyl and pentyl as the alkyl groups.	2.01	1	0	dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone	mouse metabolite; pheromone
piperidine [no description available]	6.94	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
morpholine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	morpholines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	NMR chemical shift reference compound
1-hexanol 1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.69	3	0	hexanol; primary alcohol	alarm pheromone; antibacterial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
diethylenetriamine diethylenetriamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0	polyazaalkane; triamine
heptanol Heptanol: A colorless liquid with a fragrant odor. It is used as an intermediate, solvent and in cosmetics.. heptanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of seven carbon atoms.. heptan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is heptane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1. It has been isolated from Capillipedium parviflorum.	2.39	2	0	heptanol; primary alcohol	flavouring agent; fragrance; gap junctional intercellular communication inhibitor; plant metabolite
n-butoxyethanol n-butoxyethanol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-butoxyethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a butoxy group. A high-boiling (171degreeC) colourless liquid, it is used as a solvent for paints and inks, as well as in some dry cleaning solutions.	2.43	2	0	glycol ether; primary alcohol	protic solvent
3,3'-iminodipropionitrile 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile: lathyrogen; RN refers to parent cpd; blocks axoplasmic transport of neurofilament proteins with subsequent axon swelling typical of some motor neuron diseases	1.97	1	0
n-dodecane dodecane : A straight-chain alkane with 12 carbon atoms. It has been isolated from the essential oils of various plants including Zingiber officinale (ginger).	2.01	1	0	alkane	plant metabolite
phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.	3.04	1	0	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
2,2,2-trichloroethanol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	chloroethanol	mouse metabolite
mephobarbital Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	1.96	1	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant
ambenonium chloride Ambenonium Chloride: A quaternary ammonium compound that is an inhibitor of cholinesterase activity with actions similar to those of NEOSTIGMINE, but of longer duration. Ambenonium is given by mouth in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1112). ambenonium chloride : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium salt having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.	1.94	1	0	organic chloride salt; quaternary ammonium salt	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neurotransmitter agent
triphenyl phosphate triphenyl phosphate: structure. triphenyl phosphate : An aryl phosphate resulting from the formal condensation of phosphoric acid with 3 mol eq. of phenol.	2.6	1	0	aryl phosphate	flame retardant; plasticiser
anthrarufin 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone: used in ferric ion sensing as an inclusion complex with beta-cyclodextrin; structure in first source. anthrarufin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 5.	3.1	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	4.12	4	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.	1.98	1	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorobenzenes	antifungal agrochemical; carcinogenic agent; persistent organic pollutant
chloranil Chloranil: A quinone fungicide used for treatment of seeds and foliage.. tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquiones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by chlorines.	3.25	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; organochlorine compound	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; metabolite
2-toluic acid 2-toluic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. o-toluic acid : A methylbenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	3.1	1	0	methylbenzoic acid	xenobiotic metabolite
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	2.92	4	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
isoquinoline [no description available]	2.43	2	0	azaarene; isoquinolines; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate: structure	3.1	1	0	ethyl ester; paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole : An aromatic ether that is 4-methoxyphenol in which one of the hydrogens ortho- to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a tert-butyl group.	3.1	1	0	aromatic ether; phenols	antioxidant; human xenobiotic metabolite
3-nitrobenzoic acid 3-nitrobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.68	3	0
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.03	1	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
diatrizoate meglumine Diatrizoate Meglumine: A versatile contrast medium used for DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY RADIOLOGY.. meglumine amidotrizoate : The N-methylglucamine salt of amidotrizoic acid. Both the sodium and the meglumine salts of amidotrizoic acid have been widely used as water-soluble radioopaque media in diagnostic radiography. The use of a mixture of the two salts is often preferred, as adverse effects can be reduced.	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid anion	radioopaque medium
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	1.99	1	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone: structure in first source	2.02	1	0	benzophenones
iodohippuric acid Iodohippuric Acid: An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.. 2-iodohippuric acid : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-iodobenzoic acid with the amino group of glycine.	2.37	2	0	benzamides; N-acylglycine; organoiodine compound
1-naphthylamine 1-Naphthylamine: A suspected industrial carcinogen (and listed as such by OSHA). Its N-hydroxy metabolite is strongly carcinogenic and mutagenic.. naphthylamine : A primary arylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at unspecified position.. 1-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine that is naphthalene substituted by an amino group at position 1.	3.1	1	0	naphthylamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	4.2	5	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
sec-butylbenzene sec-butylbenzene : An alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted by a butan-2-yl group.	2.01	1	0	alkylbenzene
oxythiamine Oxythiamine: Thiamine antagonist, antimetabolite.. oxythiamine(1+) : A 1,3-thiazolium cation that is 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazole alkylated at the N3 position by a (2-methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyrimidin-5-yl)methyl group.	7.65	3	0	1,3-thiazolium cation	antimetabolite; vitamin B1 antagonist
shikimic acid Shikimic Acid: A tri-hydroxy cyclohexene carboxylic acid important in biosynthesis of so many compounds that the shikimate pathway is named after it.. shikimic acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 4 and 5 (the 3R,4S,5R stereoisomer). It is an intermediate metabolite in plants and microorganisms.	3.1	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-tert-octylphenol 4-tert-octylphenol: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	alkylbenzene
citronellol citronellol: alcohol form of citronellal; found in rose oil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. citronellol : A monoterpenoid that is oct-6-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 3 and 7.. insect repellent : An insecticide that acts as a repellent to insects.	3.1	1	0	monoterpenoid	plant metabolite
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2.69	3	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hexanoic acid hexanoic acid : A C6, straight-chain saturated fatty acid.	3.78	3	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human metabolite; plant metabolite
sodium cyanide Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.	6.96	1	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; sodium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
pregnenolone [no description available]	10.57	162	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
20-alpha-dihydroprogesterone 20-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone: A biologically active 20-alpha-reduced metabolite of PROGESTERONE. It is converted from progesterone to 20-alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one by the 20-ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE in the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA.	4.48	4	0	20-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	7.87	4	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
3-o-methylglucose 3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.	2	1	0	D-aldohexose derivative
2-chloroadenosine 5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	purine nucleoside
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	3.1	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
2-vanillin ortho-vanillin : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is salicylaldehyde substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	1.97	1	0	benzaldehydes; guaiacols	antimutagen; plant metabolite
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.02	1	0	organic molecular entity
3-hydroxyanisole 3-hydroxyanisole: structure in first source. 3-methoxyphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol having a methoxy-substituent at the 3-position.	2.02	1	0	monomethoxybenzene; phenols
mequinol mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.78	3	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
potassium cyanide [no description available]	1.96	1	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
methohexital Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.	4.61	3	2	acetylenic compound; barbiturates	drug allergen; intravenous anaesthetic
dydrogesterone [no description available]	1.95	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid	progestin
fluocortolone Fluocortolone: A glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity used topically for various skin disorders.	8.35	1	1	21-hydroxy steroid
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	4.93	2	1	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
phenetidine Phenetidine: Used in the manufacture of acetophenetidin.. 4-ethoxyaniline : An aromatic ether that is aniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by an ethoxy group. It is a hydrolysis metabolite of phenacetin.	3.1	1	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound; substituted aniline	drug metabolite
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	6.53	18	3	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	3.03	1	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	3.37	1	1	indazole
benzofuran benzofuran: RN & structure given in first source. 1-benzofuran : A benzofuran consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. It is the parent compound of the class of 1-benzofurans.	2.03	1	0	1-benzofurans; benzofuran
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	2.1	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	5.42	8	2	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	2.03	1	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	3.24	6	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	5.55	6	1	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	8.67	34	6	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
ethynodiol diacetate Ethynodiol Diacetate: A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	2.64	3	0	steroid ester; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; estrogen receptor modulator; synthetic oral contraceptive
calcium gluconate [no description available]	5.39	4	1	calcium salt	nutraceutical
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	4.3	6	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
ronnel ronnel: FENCHLORPHOS was heading 1972-95 (Prov 1972-73); RONNEL was see FENCHLORPHOS 1975-95; use FENCHLORPHOS (NM) to search FENCHLORPHOS 1972-95	1.96	1	0	organic thiophosphate
diiodotyrosine Diiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of MONOIODOTYROSINE. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, diiodotyrosine residues are coupled with other monoiodotyrosine or diiodotyrosine residues to form T4 or T3 thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE).. diiodotyrosine : A dihalogenated L-tyrosine which has two iodo-substituents on the benzyl moiety.. 3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine : A diiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying iodo-substituents at positions C-3 and C-5 of the benzyl group. It is an intermediate in the thyroid hormone synthesis.	1.97	1	0	diiodotyrosine; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
muscarine Muscarine: A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.	2.91	4	0	monosaccharide
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	4.61	6	1	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
chlormadinone acetate Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	2.37	2	0	corticosteroid hormone
hemicholinium 3 Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.	1.95	1	0
dexamethasone 21-phosphate dexamethasone 21-phosphate: has anti-inflammatory activity. dexamethasone phosphate : A steroid phosphate that is the 21-O-phospho derivative of dexamethasone.	2.38	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; fluorinated steroid; steroid phosphate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	glucocorticoid receptor agonist
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	2.42	2	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	2.79	3	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	3.21	6	0	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	2.08	1	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
fluocinonide Fluocinonide: A topical glucocorticoid used in the treatment of ECZEMA.	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
nandrolone decanoate Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	7.8	3	0	steroid ester
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	2.08	1	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.	4.75	7	1	ergoline alkaloid
4-fluoroaniline 4-fluoroaniline: chemical intermediate manufactured by the Halex process; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. 4-fluoroaniline : A primary arylamine that is the derivative of aniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been substituted by fluorine. It is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, herbicides and plant growth regulators.	2.01	1	0	fluoroaniline; primary arylamine
3-fluorophenol 3-fluorophenol: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	1.99	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	5.5	22	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
4-hydroxyphenobarbital [no description available]	3.1	1	0	barbiturates
prenylamine Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)	1.96	1	0	diarylmethane
perflubron perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.	2.11	1	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; perfluorinated compound	blood substitute; radioopaque medium
cyproterone acetate [no description available]	2.91	4	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; chlorinated steroid; steroid ester	androgen antagonist; geroprotector; progestin
lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.	3.1	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	12.22	17	2	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
xanthinol niacinate Xanthinol Niacinate: A vasodilator used in peripheral vascular disorders and insufficiency. It may cause gastric discomfort and hypotension.	2.36	2	0
4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid 4-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid : A benzoic acid carrying a 4-trifluoromethyl substituent.	1.99	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzoic acids
3-fluorobenzoic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0	fluorobenzoic acid
4-fluorobenzoic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0	fluorobenzoic acid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	2.02	1	0	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
ketobemidone ketobemidone: structure	1.96	1	0	piperidines
chlorfenvinphos Chlorfenvinphos: An organophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and an acaricide.	6.96	1	0	dichlorobenzene; organic phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; organophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	1.99	1	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	3.82	3	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
rhein [no description available]	3.36	1	1	dihydroxyanthraquinone
epitestosterone Epitestosterone: The 17-alpha isomer of TESTOSTERONE, derived from PREGNENOLONE via the delta5-steroid pathway, and via 5-androstene-3-beta,17-alpha-diol. Epitestosterone acts as an antiandrogen in various target tissues. The ratio between testosterone/epitestosterone is used to monitor anabolic drug abuse.. epitestosterone : An androstanoid that is the C-17 epimer of testosterone.	3.51	2	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen antagonist; human metabolite
chrysophanic acid chrysophanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #2260. chrysophanol : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin with a methyl substituent at C-3. It has been isolated from Aloe vera and exhibits antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity.	3.1	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antiviral agent; plant metabolite
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	2.41	2	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
9-phenanthrol 9-phenanthrol: an inhibitor of AMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit; structure in first source. 9-phenanthrol : A phenanthrol that is phenanthrene in which a hydrogen attached to a carbon in the central ring has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.15	1	0	phenanthrol	TRPM4 channel inhibitor
dihydralazine Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)	9.26	4	1	phthalazines
cytisine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	alkaloid; bridged compound; lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary amino compound	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; phytotoxin; plant metabolite
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	2.05	1	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
flavanone flavanone: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure in first source. flavanone : The simplest member of the class of flavanones that consists of flavan bearing an oxo substituent at position 4.	2.02	1	0	flavanones
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	2.7	3	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
bufotenin Bufotenin: A hallucinogenic serotonin analog found in frog or toad skins, mushrooms, higher plants, and mammals, especially in the brains, plasma, and urine of schizophrenics. Bufotenin has been used as a tool in CNS studies and misused as a psychedelic.. bufotenin : A tertiary amine that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at position 5.	1.96	1	0	tertiary amine; tryptamine alkaloid	coral metabolite; hallucinogen
fructose-1,6-diphosphate beta-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	1.96	1	0	D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate	mouse metabolite
indoline indoline: structure given in first source	6.93	1	0	indoles
sodium carbonate sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure	1.99	1	0	carbonate salt; organic sodium salt
carvacrol carvacrol : A phenol that is a natural monoterpene derivative of cymene. An inhibitor of bacterial growth, it is used as a food additive. Potent activator of the human ion channels transient receptor potential V3 (TRPV3) and A1 (TRPA1).	3.1	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; p-menthane monoterpenoid; phenols	agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; flavouring agent; TRPA1 channel agonist; volatile oil component
chlorazanil [no description available]	1.96	1	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine
4-hydroxybutyric acid 4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.5	1	1	4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	general anaesthetic; GHB receptor agonist; neurotoxin; sedative
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	2.55	2	0
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	2.88	4	0	thiazolidine
cyanogen bromide Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.	1.96	1	0
oleanolic acid [no description available]	3.9	4	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
dihydroergotamine Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.	3.76	2	1	ergot alkaloid; semisynthetic derivative	dopamine agonist; non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
hematoxylin Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.	2.41	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; polyphenol; tertiary alcohol	histological dye; plant metabolite
medroxyprogesterone [no description available]	5.69	6	1	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
mestanolone mestanolone: non-virilizing androgenic steroid; RN given refers to (5alpha,17beta)-isomer; structure	2.04	1	0	3-oxo-5alpha-steroid
androstenediol Androstenediol: An intermediate in TESTOSTERONE biosynthesis, found in the TESTIS or the ADRENAL GLANDS. Androstenediol, derived from DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE by the reduction of the 17-keto group (17-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES), is converted to TESTOSTERONE by the oxidation of the 3-beta hydroxyl group to a 3-keto group (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES).. androst-5-ene-3beta,17beta-diol : A 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid that is 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-ene carrying an additional hydroxy group at position 17beta.	4.81	10	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	16.08	79	3	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	2.1	1	0
flavone flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.	2.02	1	0	flavones	metabolite; nematicide
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	3.52	2	0	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	4.17	5	0	organic molecular entity
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	2.39	2	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
trimellitic acid trimellitic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. trimellitic acid : Benzene substituted at the 1,2, and 4 positions by carboxy groups.	1.96	1	0	tricarboxylic acid
1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenol 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenol: structure in first source	3.1	1	0
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	7.38	2	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
4-iodophenol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	iodophenol
muscone muscone: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	4.94	13	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
myristic acid Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	3.49	2	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.01	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.41	1	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
lithium carbonate Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.	9.48	5	1	carbonate salt; lithium salt	antimanic drug
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate 4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.	3.06	1	0	arenesulfonic acid; arylmercury compound
3-nitrophenol [no description available]	2.39	2	0	3-nitrophenols
18-hydroxycorticosterone [no description available]	14.25	241	4	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol: structure in first source. 4-terpineol : A terpineol that is 1-menthene carrying a hydroxy substituent at position 4.	3.1	1	0	terpineol; tertiary alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
formestane [no description available]	2.05	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enol; hydroxy steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lactulose [no description available]	2.02	1	0	glycosylfructose	gastrointestinal drug; laxative
2,6-xylenol [no description available]	2.02	1	0	hydroxytoluene
docusate Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.	1.95	1	0	diester; organosulfonic acid
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	3.1	1	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
2-methoxybenzoic acid O-methylsalicylic acid : A methoxybenzoic acid that is the methyl ether of salicylic acid.	2.02	1	0	methoxybenzoic acid	flavouring agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-hydroxyquinoline quinolin-6-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 6.	3.1	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline
3-hydroxybiphenyl 3-hydroxybiphenyl: structure given in first source. biphenyl-3-ol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls that is phenol in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group.	3.1	1	0	hydroxybiphenyls
3-methoxybenzoic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0	methoxybenzoic acid	flavouring agent; human urinary metabolite
4-bromobenzoic acid 4-bromobenzoic acid : A bromobenzoic acid carrying a single bromo subsituent at the 4-position.	1.99	1	0	bromobenzoic acid
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	3.55	2	0	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
3-methylhexane 3-methylhexane: a biliary biomarker for cholangiocarcinoma. 3-methylhexane : An alkane that is hexane substituted by a methyl group at position 3.	2.01	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	human metabolite
3,5-dichlorophenol 3,5-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol in which the two chloro substituents are located at positions 3 and 5.	2.02	1	0	dichlorophenol
iodobenzene iodobenzene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	2.02	1	0
methyl n-butyl ketone Methyl n-Butyl Ketone: An industrial solvent which causes nervous system degeneration. MBK is an acronym often used to refer to it.. hexanone : A ketone that is a hexane carrying an oxo substituent at unspecified position.	2.02	1	0	ketone
megestrol acetate [no description available]	3.35	1	1	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; steroid ester	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
2,2-dimethylbutyric acid 2,2-dimethylbutyric acid: structure given in first source; plasma metabolite of simvastatin. 2,2-dimethylbutyric acid : A branched-chain fatty acid and metabolite of the lactone prodrug simvastatin, whose sodium salt is potentially useful for the treatment of thalassaemias and haemoglobinopathies.	2.01	1	0	dimethylbutyric acid	metabolite
algestone Algestone: A synthetic progestational dihydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE. Its acetonide possesses anti-inflammatory properties.. algestone : A C21-steroid that is pregn-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at position 3 and 20 and hydroxy groups at positions 16 and 17.	2.92	4	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	progestin
4-cumylphenol [no description available]	2.02	1	0	diarylmethane
alpha-naphthoflavone alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).	3.1	1	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
2-cyanophenol 2-cyanophenol: structure in first source	2.02	1	0	benzenes; nitrile
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	11.3	13	1	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
3-iodobenzoate 3-iodobenzoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. 3-iodobenzoic acid : An iodobenzoic acid with a single iodo substituent placed at the 3-position.	1.99	1	0	iodobenzoic acid
4-ethylbenzoic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0	benzoic acids
4-cyanobenzoic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0
3-ethyltoluene [no description available]	2.01	1	0	toluenes
isovanillin isovanillin: inhibits aldehyde oxidase. isovanillin : A member of the class of benzaldehydes that is 4-methoxybenzaldehyde substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. It is an inhibitor of aldehyde oxidase.	1.97	1	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	animal metabolite; antidiarrhoeal drug; antifungal agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; HIV protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
ethoxyacetic acid [no description available]	2.01	1	0	carboxylic acid
dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine Dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine: 1,4-Dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester.. 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine : A dihydropyridine that is 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by ethoxycarbonyl groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.39	2	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester	hepatic steatosis inducing agent
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	1.94	1	0
clopamide Clopamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide piperidine. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	2.36	2	0	sulfonamide
triphenyltin chloride triphenyltin chloride: see also triphenyltin acetate, triphenyltin hydroxide. fentin chloride : An organotin compound that is triphenylstannane in which the hydrogen attached to tin is replaced by a chloro group. A fungicide used to control blights on potatoes, leaf spot diseases on sugar beet and anthracnose on beans.	2.25	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; organotin compound	antifungal agrochemical; immunosuppressive agent
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	1.97	1	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
4-propylphenol 4-propylphenol: structure given in first source	3.1	1	0	alkylbenzene
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	16.66	72	6	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-piperidone 2-piperidone: structure given in first source. piperidin-2-one : A delta-lactam that is piperidine which is substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	1.98	1	0	delta-lactam; piperidones	EC 1.2.1.88 (L-glutamate gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) inhibitor
dibutyldichlorotin [no description available]	2.04	1	0
2-methylimidazole [no description available]	1.99	1	0
methoxytryptophol [no description available]	1.96	1	0	indoles
4-cyanophenol 4-cyanophenol: reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor	2.02	1	0	phenols	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
o,p'-ddt o,p'-DDT: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation.	2.02	1	0	diarylmethane
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	5.91	7	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
boldenone boldenone: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer. boldenone : An 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and a beta-hydroxy group at position 17. It is an anabolic androgenic steroid that has been developed for veterinary use.	1.97	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid
potassium citrate Potassium Citrate: A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher.. potassium citrate (anhydrous) : The anhydrous form of the tripotassium salt of citric acid.	3.99	1	1	potassium salt	diuretic
1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione: structure. androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione : A steroid that consists of androstane having double bonds at positions 1 and 4 and two keto groups at positions 3 and 17.	2.05	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1) steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid
hexafluoroisopropanol 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol : An organofluorine compound formed by substitution of all the methyl protons in propan-2-ol by fluorine. It is a metabolite of inhalation anesthetic sevoflurane.	3.1	1	0	organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol	drug metabolite
4-phenylpyridine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	phenylpyridine
diphenyl sulfoxide diphenyl sulfoxide: electron acceptor for liver aldehyde oxidase	2.02	1	0	sulfoxide
deoxycytidine [no description available]	6.95	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
canrenone Canrenone: A synthetic pregnadiene compound with anti-aldosterone activity.	11.22	45	5	steroid lactone
n-nitrosodiethanolamine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	nitroso compound
4-hydroxybenzophenone 4-hydroxybenzophenone: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0	benzophenones
methyl phenyl sulfoxide (methylsulfinyl)benzene : A sulfoxide resulting from the formal oxidation of the sulfur atom of thioanisole.	2.02	1	0	benzenes; sulfoxide
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.35	2	0	alkali metal hydroxide
4-chloro-2-cresol 4-chloro-2-cresol: metabolite of 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid & other phenoxyacetic acid herbicides; RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-chloro-2-methylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is o-cresol in which the hydrogen para to the hydroxy group is replaced by a chlorine.	2.02	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenols
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	8.34	31	1	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	5.21	9	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
mesterolone Mesterolone: 17 beta-Hydroxy-1 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-androstan-3-one. A synthetic steroid with anabolic and androgenic activities.	2.04	1	0	3-oxo-5alpha-steroid
pregnenolone carbonitrile Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.	2	1	0	aliphatic nitrile
fenchol fenchol: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	3.1	1	0
methyl tert-butyl ether methyl tert-butyl ether: used to dissolve gallstones; gasoline additive. methyl tert-butyl ether : An ether having methyl and tert-butyl as the two alkyl components.	2.57	2	0	ether	fuel additive; metabolite; non-polar solvent
4-n-Butylphenol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	phenols
1-methyl-2-nitroimidazole [no description available]	1.99	1	0
digoxigenin Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.. digoxigenin : A hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis.	2.4	2	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol	hapten; plant metabolite
4-hydroxyazobenzene 4-hydroxyazobenzene: structure in first source	3.1	1	0
4-octylphenol 4-octylphenol: xenoestrogen. 4-octylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by an octyl group.	2.02	1	0	phenols	metabolite; surfactant; xenoestrogen
4-nitrothiophenolate 4-nitrothiophenolate: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.1	1	0
5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol 5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol : The 5alpha-stereoisomer of androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol.	3.82	3	0	androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	6.97	1	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	2.42	2	0	tertiary amine
bamifylline bamifylline: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; selective A1 adenosine receptor antagonist	1.96	1	0	oxopurine
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	17.94	383	20	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.	2.88	4	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound	antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
benperidol Benperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It has been used in the treatment of aberrant sexual behavior. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p567)	1.96	1	0	aromatic ketone
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.	6.01	5	2	azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
flumethasone Flumethasone: An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in veterinary practice.	1.95	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone valerate Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.	2.03	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid ester	anti-inflammatory drug
menthol (+-)-menthol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-menthol. Both (+-)- and (-)-menthol are used to relieve symptoms of conditions such as bronchitis and sinusitis. When applied to the skin, menthol dilates the blood vessels, giving a sensation of coldness followed by an analgesic effect that relieves itching. It is therefore used in creams and ointments for the relief of pruritis and urticaria.. (-)-menthol : A p-menthan-3-ol which has (1R,2S,5R)-stereochemistry. It is the most common naturally occurring enantiomer.	3.1	1	0	p-menthan-3-ol	antipruritic drug; antispasmodic drug; antitussive
dexamethasone isonicotinate Dexamethasone Isonicotinate: An anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic glucocorticoid that can be administered orally, by inhalation, locally, and parenterally. It may cause water and salt retention.	1.98	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
2,4,2',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl 2,4,2',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl: structure. 2,2',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl : A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted at positions 2 and 4 by chlorines.	2.02	1	0	dichlorobenzene; tetrachlorobiphenyl
acadesine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	1-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor
hydroxyphenytoin hydroxyphenytoin: main metabolite of diphenylhydantoin; reduces Na(+) inhibition at high Na:K ratios; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 4-hydroxyphenytoin : A imidazolidine-2,4-dione that consists of hydantoin bearing phenyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl substituents at position 5.	3.1	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; phenols	metabolite
methyl methanethiosulfonate S-methyl methanethiosulfonate : A sulfonic acid derivative obtained by condensaton of methanesulfonic acid with methanethiol.	1.99	1	0	sulfonic acid derivative; thiosulfonate ester	metabolite
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.03	1	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	2.08	1	0	thujene	plant metabolite
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	1.99	1	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	3.48	8	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
megestrol Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.	4.03	3	1	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
cephaloglycin Cephaloglycin: A cephalorsporin antibiotic.. cefaloglycin : A cephalosporin antibiotic containing at the 7beta-position of the cephem skeleton an (R)-amino(phenyl)acetamido group.	2	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin	antimicrobial agent
ecdysone [no description available]	4.53	4	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; 6-oxo steroid; ecdysteroid	prohormone
tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.	2.35	2	0	2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
nafenopin Nafenopin: A peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. It has been used as an antihyperlipoproteinemic agent.. nafenopin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nafenopin. It is a peroxisome proliferator that is used experimentally to promote liver tumors. It has been used as an hypolipidemic agent.. 2-methyl-2-[4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenoxy]propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoic acid in which ther tertiary hydroxy group has been converted into the corresponding p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)phenyl ether.	2.65	3	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid
streptomycin [no description available]	2.64	3	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	4.72	7	1	carbon oxoanion
azatadine azatadine: indulian (UD 21;71k) is dimaleate; do not confuse with AZACITIDINE. azatadine : A benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine having a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group at the 11-position.	2.02	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
cyanoketone Cyanoketone: 2 alpha-Cyano-17 beta-hydroxy-4,4',17 alpha-trimethylandrost-5-ene-3-one. An androstenolone-nitrile compound with steroidogenesis-blocking activity.	2.89	4	0
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd. mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : The mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	3.1	1	0	phthalic acid monoester
fructosamine Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.	2.39	2	0
1-naphthalenemethanol 1-naphthalenemethanol: structure given in first source. (1-naphthyl)methanol : A naphthylmethanol that is methanol in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a naphthalen-1-yl group.	3.1	1	0	naphthylmethanol	mouse metabolite
metanephrine Metanephrine: Product of epinephrine O-methylation. It is a commonly occurring, pharmacologically and physiologically inactive metabolite of epinephrine.	9.1	25	2	catecholamine
dexpropranolol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	propranolol
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	2.41	2	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
metomidate metomidate: was heading 1975-94 (see under IMIDAZOLES 1975-90); METHOXIMOL was see METOMIDATE 1975-94; use IMIDAZOLES to search METOMIDATE 1975-94; a hypnotic and sedative that may also function as an anesthetic; now banned as an anesthetic for swine; C11-metomidate used as tracer for PET for adrenal neoplasms	11.17	3	2	imidazoles
benzetimide [no description available]	1.96	1	0	piperidines
iodinated glycerol iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant	12.6	65	5	dioxolane
dimethindene Dimethindene: A histamine H1 antagonist. It is used in hypersensitivity reactions, in rhinitis, for pruritus, and in some common cold remedies.	2.02	1	0	indene
acetylpyruvic acid acetylpyruvic acid: structure. acetylpyruvic acid : A dioxo monocarboxylic acid that is pentanoic acid carrying two oxo groups at positions 2 and 4.	1.96	1	0	beta-diketone; dioxo monocarboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite
olsalazine olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.	2.02	1	0	azobenzenes; dicarboxylic acid	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	2.71	3	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
3-deazaadenosine 3-deazaadenosine: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.89	4	0
trimethaphan Trimethaphan: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocker in hypertension, as an adjunct to anesthesia, and to induce hypotension during surgery.. trimethaphan : A complex heterocyclic sulfonium compound with an imidazolium core, used to treat hypertension.	4.16	5	0	sulfonium compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antihypertensive agent; nicotinic antagonist; vasodilator agent
hepes [no description available]	1.97	1	0	HEPES; organosulfonic acid
lanthanum [no description available]	8.47	8	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	3.06	5	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	2.36	2	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	3.22	6	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	3.49	2	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
rhenium Rhenium: A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.207, symbol Re.	3.31	1	0	manganese group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	2.25	1	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	2.36	2	0	manganese group element atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	1.96	1	0	titanium group element atom
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	4.77	10	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	2.35	2	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	1.99	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	2.35	2	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.	2.37	2	0	monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	3.31	1	0	titanium group element atom
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	3.07	5	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	2	1	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	2.37	2	0	sodium phosphate
sodium nitrate sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.	6.75	3	3	inorganic nitrate salt; inorganic sodium salt	fertilizer; NMR chemical shift reference compound
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	2.05	1	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	3.46	1	1	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
nickel chloride nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.	2.38	2	0	nickel coordination entity	calcium channel blocker; hapten
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	4.42	5	1	diatomic bromine
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	7.4	2	0	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
sodium sulfate [no description available]	4.68	9	0	inorganic sodium salt
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	1.95	1	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
metoprine metoprine: histamine methyltransferase antagonist	1.96	1	0
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	2.36	2	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	2.87	4	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	8.51	26	1	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
molybdate ion molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid	3.22	6	0	divalent inorganic anion; molybdenum oxoanion	Escherichia coli metabolite
butylated hydroxyanisole [no description available]	3.1	1	0
ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination: ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions.	2.57	2	0
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	4.16	5	0
vasotocin Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.. vasotocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin. It is a pituitary hormone that acts as an endocrine regulator for water balance, osmotic homoeostasis and is involved in social and sexual behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates.	7.89	36	1
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	1.97	1	0	cadmium coordination entity
barium chloride barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.	2.69	3	0	barium salt; inorganic chloride	potassium channel blocker
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	3.32	7	0
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	2.04	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
coformycin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	coformycins	EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	6.54	38	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
ac 45594 [no description available]	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether
ethionine L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.	1.94	1	0	S-ethylhomocysteine	antimetabolite; carcinogenic agent
3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	3.1	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
diacerein diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;	3.36	1	1	anthraquinone
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.38	2	0
xipamide Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.	9.32	2	2	benzamides
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	2.17	1	0	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	1.99	1	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
4-n-Pentylphenol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	phenols
pizotyline Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.	5.18	4	3	benzocycloheptathiophene	histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	3.46	2	0	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug	5.4	5	3	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
gestrinone Gestrinone: A non-estrogenic contraceptive which is a weak progestin with strong anti-progesterone properties. It is effective if used once a week orally or can also be used in intravaginal devices.	2.4	2	0	oxo steroid
eedq EEDQ: peptide coupling reagent	1.96	1	0
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	5.14	46	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
fluorides [no description available]	2.87	4	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.	3.49	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector
oxdralazine oxdralazine: RN & N1 given for parent; oxdralazine, L-6150, & DL 150 IT are for di-HCl; hydrazinopyridazine is used as shortened name for this cpd; named as 3-hydrazino- or 6-hydrazino- depending on which numbering system used; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #862	1.96	1	0
9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd	3.1	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
deslanoside Deslanoside: Deacetyllanatoside C. A cardiotonic glycoside from the leaves of Digitalis lanata.. deslanoside : A cardenolide glycoside that is lanatoside C with the acetoxy group replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.38	1	1	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; cardenolide glycoside; tetrasaccharide derivative	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; metabolite
metergoline Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.	9.04	3	1	carbamate ester; ergoline alkaloid	dopamine agonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
lisuride Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).	2.88	4	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; serotonergic agonist
dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10(11h)-carboxylic acid, 8-chloro-, 2-acetylhydrazide Dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10(11H)-carboxylic acid, 8-chloro-, 2-acetylhydrazide: Inhibits the activity of prostaglandins.	1.96	1	0
mercaptomerin mercaptomerin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5700	1.93	1	0
iodine [no description available]	8.05	5	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	3.1	1	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
lofexidine lofexidine: reduces narcotic withdrawal symptoms; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #6247	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; dichlorobenzene; imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	2.43	2	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
5-(2-cyclohexylidene-ethyl)-5-ethylbarbiturate 5-(2-cyclohexylidene-ethyl)-5-ethylbarbiturate: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
carbimazole Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	2.1	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; carbamate ester	antithyroid drug; prodrug
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	11.01	60	10	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	7.98	69	1	benzenes; phenyl acetates
n-phenylethanolamine [no description available]	3.1	1	0	aralkylamine
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	6.41	7	2	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
4-ethylphenol 4-ethylphenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-ethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols carrying an ethyl substituent at position 4.	3.1	1	0	phenols	fungal xenobiotic metabolite
butyl acetate butyl acetate: structure. butyl acetate : The acetate ester of butanol.	2.01	1	0	acetate ester	metabolite
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	5.25	17	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
fludrocortisone Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.	16.91	208	21	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; fluorinated steroid; mineralocorticoid	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	3.1	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.	3.98	4	0	3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid	human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
butylated hydroxytoluene 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6.	3.1	1	0	phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; food additive; geroprotector
metipranolol Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.	2.36	2	0	acetate ester; aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
4-methoxyamphetamine 4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation	2.37	2	0
du-21220 Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.	4.61	3	2	benzyl alcohols; polyphenol; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	4.82	33	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	4.02	4	0
algestone acetophenide Algestone Acetophenide: A progesterone that has been used in ESTRUS SYNCHRONIZATION and has been evaluated as an injectable contraceptive in combination with estradiol enanthate. It is also applied topically as an anti-inflammatory and in the treatment of ACNE.	1.94	1	0
rose bengal b disodium salt [no description available]	1.99	1	0
androstane-3,17-diol Androstane-3,17-diol: The unspecified form of the steroid, normally a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE with androgenic activity. It has been implicated as a regulator of gonadotropin secretion.	2.03	1	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid
alkenes [no description available]	1.94	1	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	4.01	4	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
glucaric acid Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.	3.31	1	0	glucaric acid	antineoplastic agent
adenylyl imidodiphosphate Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.	1.96	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	2.47	2	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	1.98	1	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	2.38	2	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	3.31	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	3.22	6	0	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.	2.37	2	0	tryptamines
penfluridol Penfluridol: One of the long-acting ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS used for maintenance or long-term therapy of SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS.	1.96	1	0	diarylmethane
almitrine Almitrine: A respiratory stimulant that enhances respiration by acting as an agonist of peripheral chemoreceptors located on the carotid bodies. The drug increases arterial oxygen tension while decreasing arterial carbon dioxide tension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It may also prove useful in the treatment of nocturnal oxygen desaturation without impairing the quality of sleep.. almitrine : A triamino-1,3,5-triazine compound having allylamino substituents at the 2- and 4-positions and a 4-(bis(p-fluorophenyl)methyl)-1-piperazinyl group at the 6-position.	4.27	4	1	piperazines; triamino-1,3,5-triazine	central nervous system stimulant
nigericin Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	2.91	4	0	polycyclic ether	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	2	1	0	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	3.8	3	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	1.99	1	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide [no description available]	2.69	3	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	6.73	12	2	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
6-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 6-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	3.1	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
promegestone Promegestone: A synthetic progestin which is useful for the study of progestin distribution and progestin tissue receptors, as it is not bound by transcortin and binds to progesterone receptors with a higher association constant than progesterone.. promegestone : A progestin consisting of 17beta-propionylestra-4,9-dien-3-one substituted at position 17 by a methyl group.	3.6	9	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid	antineoplastic agent; progesterone receptor agonist; progestin
dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	4.48	5	1	catecholamine; secondary amine	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl 2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl : A dichlorobiphenyl that is chlorobenzene in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a 4-chlorophenyl group.	2.02	1	0	dichlorobiphenyl; monochlorobenzenes
trimazosin trimazosin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
penbutolol Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.	2.89	4	0	ethanolamines
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	2.68	3	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
carbidopa [no description available]	2	1	0	catechols; hydrate; hydrazines; monocarboxylic acid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
ticrynafen Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.	2.36	2	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antihypertensive agent; hepatotoxic agent; loop diuretic
methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	12.92	15	2	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent
bezafibrate [no description available]	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
sq-11725 Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.	4.28	4	1
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	6.31	21	2	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
levobunolol Levobunolol: The L-Isomer of bunolol.. levobunolol : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclic ketone; propanolamine	antiglaucoma drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	2	1	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
vinclozolin vinclozolin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-vinclozolin. A fungicide used mainly on oilseed rape, vines, fruit and vegetables to control Botrytis, Sclerotinia and Monilia spp.. 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-ethenyl-5-methyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione in which the imide hydrogen is replaced by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group.	2.03	1	0	dicarboximide; dichlorobenzene; olefinic compound; oxazolidinone
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	9.6	48	2	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
dexibuprofen dexibuprofen: structure in first source	3.1	1	0	ibuprofen	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
benoxaprofen benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.	3.1	1	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antipsoriatic; antipyretic; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; nephrotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; protein kinase C agonist
tiamenidine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	organochlorine compound
desogestrel Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).	4.11	3	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine T1023: radioprotective NO-Synthase Inhibitor	2.21	1	0
muzolimine Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.	4.04	3	1	dichlorobenzene
sufentanil Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	4.29	4	1	anilide; ether; piperidines; thiophenes	anaesthesia adjuvant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
torsemide Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.	12.21	11	3	aminopyridine; N-sulfonylurea; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; loop diuretic
medroxalol medroxalol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	6.96	1	0	salicylamides
2-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 2-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	3.1	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
indacrinone indacrinone: polyvalent saluretic; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.96	1	0
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	4.96	9	1
dihydroalprenolol Dihydroalprenolol: Hydrogenated alprenolol derivative where the extra hydrogens are often tritiated. This radiolabeled form of ALPRENOLOL, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation and study.	1.97	1	0
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	2.07	1	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	20.1	531	76	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
bopindolol bopindolol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. bopindolol : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bopindolol and (S)-bopindolol. It is a non-selective antagonist of beta1- and beta2-adrenoceptors and a prodrug in which the ester group is hydrolysed to form the corresponding hydroxy derivative.. 1-(tert-butylamino)-3-[(2-methyl-1H-indol-4-yl)oxy]propan-2-yl benzoate : A methylindole that is 2-methyl-1H-indol-4-ol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(benzoyloxy)-3-(tert-butylamino)propyl group.	9.05	3	1	aromatic ether; benzoate ester; methylindole; secondary amino compound
foscarnet sodium trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	2.02	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antiviral drug
mezlocillin Kassinin: Dodecapeptide tachykinin found in the central nervous system of the amphibian Kassina senegalensis. It is similar in structure and action to other tachykinins, but is especially effective in contracting smooth muscle tissue and stimulating the micturition reflex.	1.98	1	0
nicorandil Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.	2.03	1	0	nitrate ester; pyridinecarboxamide	potassium channel opener; vasodilator agent
endralazine BQ 22-708: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.36	2	0	benzamides
bw-755c 4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.	2.66	3	0
pergolide Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.	8.76	2	1	diamine; methyl sulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	5.47	64	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
buserelin Buserelin: A potent synthetic analog of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-serine substitution at residue 6, glycine10 deletion, and other modifications.	1.97	1	0	oligopeptide
tiotidine tiotidine: UD gives slightly different structure for this cpd; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2	1	0	thiazoles
bucindolol bucindolol: an indolyl-tert-butyl-phenoxypropanolamine benzonitrile derivative	3.35	1	1
pefloxacin Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.	2	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
alfentanil Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.	3.37	1	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	central nervous system depressant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	11.47	37	6	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	2.68	3	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
enoximone Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.	2.67	3	0	aromatic ketone
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	10.06	5	2	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
quinpirole Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.	1.98	1	0	pyrazoloquinoline	dopamine agonist
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	9.64	3	2	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
cabergoline Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.	2.1	1	0	N-acylurea	antineoplastic agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
quinapril Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	8.5	18	9	dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; isoquinolines; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	3.41	1	1	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
cicletanine [no description available]	10.03	5	2	organochlorine compound
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	8.14	92	1	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
pirmagrel pirmagrel: structure given in first source	3.36	1	1
temelastine [no description available]	2.42	2	0	pyrimidone
dopexamine dopexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	catecholamine
difloxacin difloxacin: RN & structure given in first source. difloxacin : A quinolone that is pefloxacin in which the ethyl group at position 1 of the quinolone has been replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group. A broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is used (usually as the monohydrochloride salt) for the treatment of bacterial infections in dogs.	2	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cilazapril, anhydrous Cilazapril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors) used for hypertension. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat.. cilazapril : A pyridazinodiazepine resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of cilazaprilat with ethanol. It is a drug used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	7.21	14	8	dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; pyridazinodiazepine	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
ipsapirone [no description available]	1.98	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	3.49	8	0
finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	3.81	2	1	3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
carmoxirole carmoxirole : An indolecarboxylic acid that is indole-5-carboxylic acid bearing an additional 4-(4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-yl)butyl substituent at position 3. Selective, peripherally acting dopamine D2 receptor agonist. Modulates noradrenalin release and sympathetic activation. Displays antihypertensive properties in vivo.	2	1	0	indolecarboxylic acid; tertiary amino compound; tetrahydropyridine	antihypertensive agent; dopamine agonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
rufloxacin rufloxacin: structure in first source	2	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolines; quinolone antibiotic
n 0437, (-)-isomer rotigotine: Antiparkinson Agent and dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.31	1	0	tetralins
fadrozole Fadrozole: A selective aromatase inhibitor effective in the treatment of estrogen-dependent disease including breast cancer.	9.42	26	3	imidazopyridine
esmolol methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.	4.34	2	2	aromatic ether; ethanolamines; methyl ester; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
sparfloxacin [no description available]	2.4	2	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone
enalkiren [no description available]	4.75	7	1	peptide
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	2.11	1	0	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
liarozole liarozole: inhibits all-trans-retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase; effective against hormone-dependent and hormone-independent tumors; R 75251 is chlorohydrate of R 61405; a potent inhibitor of retinoic acid metabolism; USAN name - liarozole fumarate	1.97	1	0	benzimidazoles
mibefradil Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.	5.34	7	2	tetralins	T-type calcium channel blocker
bimakalim bimakalim: potassium channel activator	2.1	1	0
technetium tc 99m mertiatide Technetium Tc 99m Mertiatide: A technetium diagnostic aid used in renal function determination.	1.99	1	0
remifentanil Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.	2.04	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidinecarboxylate ester	intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; sedative
atorvastatin [no description available]	5.96	7	1	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	13.19	58	20	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
3-iodobenzylguanidine 3-Iodobenzylguanidine: A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.	4.32	4	1	organoiodine compound
relcovaptan relcovaptan: a nonpeptide vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	4.36	2	2	proline derivative
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	6.36	15	3	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
octyl gallate [no description available]	3.1	1	0	gallate ester	food antioxidant; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	3.99	4	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
florisil Florisil: hard, porous, granular substance used in vitamin analysis, chromatography, & antibiotic processing	1.96	1	0
carfentanil carfentanil : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of methyl 4-anilino-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidine-4-carboxylate with propanoic acid.	1.96	1	0	methyl ester; piperidines; tertiary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; tranquilizing drug
diethyl tartrate diethyl tartrate: RN given refers to R-(R,R)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 7/90	2.03	1	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid
venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	2.17	1	0	hydrochloride
dt 5061 norethindrone acetate, ethinyl estradiol, ferrous fumarate drug combination: contains norethindrone & ethinyl estradiol	1.98	1	0
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	1.95	1	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
fosinoprilat fosinoprilat: active phosphinic acid metabolite of prodrug fosenopril, which is activated by esterases in vivo; structure given in first source; binds zinc with phosphinic acid group. fosinoprilat : A phosphinic acid-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. An inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), it is used as the phosphinate ester pro-drug fosinopril for treatment of hypertension and chronic heart failure.	3.36	1	1	L-proline derivative; phosphinic acids	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol [no description available]	4.05	4	0	stilbenoid
3,4,5,3',4'-pentachlorobiphenyl 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl : A pentachlorobiphenyl in which the chlorines are located at the 3, 4, 5, 3', and 4' positions.	2.72	3	0	pentachlorobiphenyl; trichlorobenzene
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	7.05	9	1	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
cilazaprilat cilazaprilat: InChIKey: UVAUYSRYXACKSC-ULQDDVLXSA-N	3.36	1	1	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.1	1	0	2-benzofurans	fluorochrome
n-methylnicotinamide N-methylnicotinamide: structure. N-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the amide hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.	2	1	0	pyridinecarboxamide	metabolite
norharman norharman: RN given refers to parent cpd. beta-carboline : The parent compound of the beta-carbolines, a tricyclic structure comprising an indole ring system ortho- fused to C-3 and C-4 of a pyridine ring.	1.99	1	0	beta-carbolines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent	fungal metabolite; marine metabolite
18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone: structure given in first source	12.11	119	3	18-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid
diacetylfluorescein [no description available]	2.05	1	0
fluorexon fluorexon: structure	2.08	1	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
cholesteryl succinate cholesteryl succinate: RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer. cholesteryl hemisuccinate : A dicarboxylic acid monoester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of cholesterol with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. A detergent that is often used to replace cholesterol in protein crystallography, biochemical studies of proteins, and pharmacology.	1.96	1	0	cholestane ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; hemisuccinate	detergent
25-hydroxycholesterol [no description available]	3.23	6	0	25-hydroxy steroid; oxysterol	human metabolite
chlorin chlorin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. chlorin : A tetrapyrrole fundamental parent that is obtained by formal hydrogenation across the 2,3-double bond of porphyrin.	3.13	1	0
thomsen-friedenreich antigen Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen: do not confuse with T antigens, which are viral	2.17	1	0
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-galactoside 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-galactoside: enzyme substrate for beta-galactosidase. 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-galactoside : An indolyl carbohydrate that is the beta-D-galactoside of 3-hydroxy-1H-indole in which the indole moiety is substituted at positions 4 and 5 by chlorine and bromine, respectively. It is used to test for the presence of an enzyme, beta-galactosidase, which cleaved the glycosidic bond to give 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-hydroxy-1H-indole, which immediately dimerises to give an intensely blue product.	2.02	1	0	beta-D-galactoside; D-aldohexose derivative; indolyl carbohydrate; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound	chromogenic compound
metaperiodate Periodic Acid: A strong oxidizing agent.	3.81	12	0	iodine oxoacid
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	2.73	3	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
fenclofenac fenclofenac: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether
taleranol taleranol: a metabolite of ZEARALENONE which is a non-steroidal estrogenic lactone used as an anabolic compound in animal feed; a stereoisomer of ZERANOL (alpha-zearalanol)	2.02	1	0	macrolide
betamethasone sodium phosphate betamethasone sodium phosphate: phosphate ester of betamethasone; RN given refers to the di-Na salt (11beta,16beta)-isomer; structure in Negwer,5th ed, 4975. betamethasone sodium phosphate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of betamethasone phosphate.	1.96	1	0	organic sodium salt; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
16-hydroxytestosterone 16-hydroxytestosterone: RN given refers to (16alpha,17beta)-isomer. 16alpha-hydroxytestosterone : A C19-steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at the 16alpha position has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.52	2	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid; diol; secondary alcohol	androgen
tetrahydrocorticosterone tetrahydrocorticosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,11beta)-isomer	2.08	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
tetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol tetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol: (3alpha,5beta)-isomer has angiostatic activity	4.32	4	1	21-hydroxy steroid
mespirenone mespirenone: structure given in first source	3.23	6	0
tienoxolol tienoxolol: structure given in first source	3.35	1	1
flutonidine flutonidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.64	3	0
carebastine carebastine: active carboxylic acid metablite of ebastine; structure given in first source	2	1	0	diarylmethane
goralatide goralatide: from fetal calf bone marrow; exerts a high inhibitory activity on the proliferation of hematopoietic pluripotent stem cells. goralatide : A tetrapeptide that is Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro in which the N-terminal amino group carries an acetyl group. It is selective inhibitor of primitive haematopoietic cell proliferation and exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and pro-angiogenic properties.	3.8	2	1	oligopeptide; tetrapeptide	anti-inflammatory agent; pro-angiogenic agent
azelnidipine azelnidipine: structure given in first source	6.01	5	2	isopropyl ester
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	9.73	17	6	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
methacycline [no description available]	3.08	5	0	1,2-diglyceride
2-ethylimidazole [no description available]	1.99	1	0
bisphenol b [no description available]	2.02	1	0	bisphenol
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	3.52	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
naphthalimides Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.	2.11	1	0
girard's reagent t Girard's reagent T: used for separating ketosteroids; RN given refers to chloride	2.41	1	0
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	9.37	16	8	1,2,3-triazole
heptafluorobutyric anhydride heptafluorobutyric anhydride: structure. heptafluorobutyric anhydride : An acyclic carboxylic anhydride that is perfluorinated butyric anhydride. It is used as a derivatising reagent for gas chromatographic analyses.	1.97	1	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride; organofluorine compound	chromatographic reagent
4-trifluoromethylphenol 4-trifluoromethylphenol: metabolite of fluoxetine; structure in first source. 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenol : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is p-cresol in which the methyl group is perfluorinated. It is a metabolite of the drug fluoxetine.	2.02	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; phenols	drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
1-nitro-2,4-difluorobenzene 1-nitro-2,4-difluorobenzene: standard antigen; structure	2.01	1	0
4-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0
5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-naphthol 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1-naphthol : 1-naphthol hydrogenated at C-5, -6, -7 and -8.	3.1	1	0	tetralins
fenquizone fenquizone: structure	6.97	1	0	quinazolines
ibopamine ibopamine: structure given in UD 31;67a & in 2nd source	9.46	18	8	benzoate ester; phenols
alfatradiol alfatradiol: used for treating androgenetic alopecia. 17alpha-estradiol : An estradiol that is estra-1,3,5(10)-triene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 17 (the 17alpha stereoisomer).	3.81	3	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; estradiol	estrogen; geroprotector
2-iodoestradiol 2-iodoestradiol: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.04	1	0
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	2.1	1	0	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	8.45	1	1	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
dienogest [no description available]	3.4	1	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; aliphatic nitrile; steroid hormone	progesterone receptor agonist; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
drospirenone drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source	9.51	22	7	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; steroid lactone	aldosterone antagonist; contraceptive drug; progestin
carprazidil carprazidil: vasoactive antihypertensive agent which does not produce tachycardia or water & sodium retention; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
ig 10 IG 10: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
spirorenone spirorenone: structure given in first source	3.51	2	0
4-hydroxyquinoline 4-quinolone : A quinolone that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 4.	3.1	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone
4,4'-Dihydroxybenzophenone [no description available]	2.02	1	0	benzophenones
2-phenylimidazole [no description available]	1.99	1	0
cromakalim Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)	7.69	3	0
rentiapril rentiapril: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.66	3	0
zabicipril zabicipril: structure given in first source	3.36	1	1
adosterol Adosterol: A sterol usually substituted with radioactive iodine. It is an adrenal cortex scanning agent with demonstrated high adrenal concentration and superior adrenal imaging.	3.71	10	0
olaquindox olaquindox: used in prevention of swine dysentary; growth promoting additive in pig feed; structure	6.97	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
prizidilol prizidilol: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonyms prizidilol & SK&F 92657 refer to di-HCl	9.04	3	1
alacepril [no description available]	7.37	2	0	dipeptide; thioacetate ester	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
perindoprilat perindoprilat : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of N-[(1S)-1-carboxyethyl]-L-norvaline with the amino group of (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid. The major active metabolite of perindopril.	3.77	2	1	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide; L-alanine derivative; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
dehydrosanol dehydrosanol: structure	3.36	1	1	benzothiadiazine
quindoxin quindoxin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #702	2.13	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
terlipressin terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function.	6.73	3	3	polypeptide
zetidoline zetidoline: structure given in first source	8.35	1	1
6-hydroxyflavone 6-hydroxyflavone: antioxidant; structure in first source	2.02	1	0	hydroxyflavonoid
grepafloxacin grepafloxacin: structure in first source	2	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolines; quinolone antibiotic
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	2.69	3	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
calpeptin [no description available]	2.11	1	0	amino acid amide
prochloraz Mirage: a feldspathic porcelain that can be etched & bonded to the tooth. prochloraz : A member of the class of ureas that is 1H-imidazole-1-carboxamide substituted by a propyl and a 2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl group at the amino nitrogen atom. A fungicide active against a wide range of diseases affecting field crops, fruit, turf and vegetables.	7.05	1	0	amide fungicide; aromatic ether; conazole fungicide; imidazole fungicide; imidazoles; trichlorobenzene; ureas	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	4.27	5	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine 4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidine: adenine analog which suppresses growth of E coli & Bacillus cereus; inhibits cell growth & purine biosynthesis in rat hepatoma	1.96	1	0
tutin tutin: neurotoxin found in Coriaria shrubs; hyenanchin is the hydroxy derivative; structure	1.96	1	0	gamma-lactone
2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane: methoxychlor metabolite	2.02	1	0	bisphenol
9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)fluorene fluorene-9-bisphenol: derivative of bisphenol A	2.41	1	0	fluorenes; polyphenol	anti-estrogen
rivastigmine [no description available]	2	1	0	carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
rosiglitazone [no description available]	4.68	6	1	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
2-aminoimidazole 2-aminoimidazole: from catabolism of arginine	1.99	1	0
bisecurin i Bisecurin I: bisecurin tablets contain 1 mg ethynodiol acetate & 0.1 mg mestranol; see also bisecurin II	1.95	1	0
4-(methylthio)benzoic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	4.63	2	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylene [no description available]	2.02	1	0	diarylmethane
cp094 1,2-diethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one: structure given in first source	2	1	0
coenzyme a [no description available]	8.44	2	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
acetyl methyl tetramethyl tetralin acetyl methyl tetramethyl tetralin: musk fragrance; structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	tetralins
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	5.29	17	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	9.47	8	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
moexipril [no description available]	4.34	2	2	peptide
17-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone 17-alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone: A 21-carbon steroid that is converted from PREGNENOLONE by STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE. It is an intermediate in the delta-5 pathway of biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.. 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone : A hydroxypregnenolone carrying an alpha-hydroxy group at position 17.	5.83	18	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; hydroxypregnenolone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
equol Equol: A non-steroidal ESTROGEN generated when soybean products are metabolized by certain bacteria in the intestines.	2.02	1	0	hydroxyisoflavans
galaxolide galaxolide: musk fragrance; structure given in first source. galaxolide : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydrocyclopenta[g]isochromene substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 6, 7, 8 and 8 respectively. It is a synthetic musk used as a fragrance in cosmetics.	2.08	1	0	isochromenes; organic heterotricyclic compound	fragrance
gitoxin gitoxin: an isomer of digoxin; the OH group which is in the C16 position while it is in the C12 position for Digoxin. gitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is gitoxigenin in which the 3beta-hydroxy group has been glycosylated with tridigitoxose.	2.01	1	0	cardenolide glycoside
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	7.64	10	1	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
methylglucoside [no description available]	2.4	2	0
5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin 5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin: metabolite of phenytoin; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.1	1	0
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-amp 8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-AMP: lowers cAMP in heart & fat cells; cAMP-dependent kinase inhibitor. 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.	3.09	5	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound	protein kinase agonist
hydroxyflutamide [no description available]	2.45	2	0
sk&f 95282 zolantidine: structure given in first source	2	1	0	piperidines
7-amino-4-methylcoumarin 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.1	1	0	7-aminocoumarins	fluorochrome
2,8-dihydroxyadenine 2,8-dihydroxyadenine: xanthine oxidase reacted adenine metabolite in epidermis of hairless mice; component of urinary stores; structure. 2,8-dihydroxyadenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 8. It is a highly insoluble metabolite of adenine that causes radiolucent urolithiasis. It is produced by individuals who suffer from adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) deficiency, a rare autosomal recessive error of purine metabolism.	1.96	1	0	6-aminopurines; diol; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; oxopurine	human urinary metabolite; mammalian metabolite; mouse metabolite; nephrotoxic agent
zofenopril zofenopril: structure given in first source; SQ 26900 refers to K salt & SQ 26991 to Ca salt. zofenopril : A proline derivative that is 4-(phenylsulfanyl)-L-proline in which the amine proton is replaced by a (2S)-3-(benzoylsulfanyl)-2-methylpropanoyl group. A prodrug for zofenoprilat.	3.37	1	1	aryl sulfide; L-proline derivative; N-acyl-L-amino acid; thioester	anticonvulsant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug; vasodilator agent
lopinavir [no description available]	3.51	1	0	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
11-hydroxyprogesterone, (11alpha)-isomer 11alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 11alpha-hydroxy steroid that is pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione substituted by a hydroxy group at position 11.	3.1	1	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid
allotetrahydrocortisol allotetrahydrocortisol: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha,11beta)-isomer	2.03	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
11-hydroxyprogesterone 11-hydroxyprogesterone: RN given refers to unspecified stereoisomer	2.65	3	0
brexanolone brexanolone: a mixture of allopregnanolone and sulfobutylether‐beta‐cyclodextrin for treatment of postpartum depression. brexanolone : A 3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has alpha-configuration. It is a metabolite of the sex hormone progesterone and used for the treatment of postpartum depression in women.	3.1	1	0	3-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one	antidepressant; GABA modulator; human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
21-deoxycortisol 21-deoxycortisol: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; structure. 21-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is 17xi-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 11 and an alpha-hydroxy group at position 17. It is a marker of virilizing adrenal hyperplasia caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency.	2.68	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; deoxycortisol; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite
glycyltyrosine Gly-Tyr : A dipeptide composed of glycine and L-tyrosine joined by a peptide linkage.	2.06	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
19-norandrostenedione 19-norandrostenedione: structure	1.95	1	0	3-oxo steroid
19-oxo-delta(4) androstene-3,17-dione 19-oxo-delta(4) androstene-3,17-dione: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; an estrogen prodrug. 3,17-dioxoandrost-4-en-19-al : An androstanoid that is androst-4-en-19-al substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17.	1.98	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 19-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite
3,5-diiodothyronine, (l)-isomer [no description available]	3.1	1	0	phenylalanine derivative
androstan-3-ol [no description available]	2.02	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
digoxigenin-bis(digitoxoside) [no description available]	2.01	1	0	cardenolide glycoside
digoxigenin-mono(digitoxoside) digoxigenin monodigitoxoside : A steroid saponin that consists of digoxigenin having a digitoxosyl residue attached at position 3.	2.01	1	0	cardenolide glycoside; digitoxoside; monosaccharide derivative; steroid saponin	metabolite
glycylsarcosine glycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.	2	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide
cp 41 CP 41: structure in first source	2	1	0
11-ketoprogesterone 11-ketoprogesterone: structure	3.1	5	0	corticosteroid hormone
5,6-dihydrouridine dihydrouridine : The uridine derivative obtained by formal hydrogenation of the endocyclic double bond in the uracil ring.	1.96	1	0	uridines	biomarker
acetylglycyrrhetinic acid acetylglycyrrhetinic acid: RN given refers to (3beta,20beta)-isomer	2.03	1	0	triterpenoid
cortisol octanoate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
dehydroabietic acid dehydroabietic acid: major aquatic toxicant in effluent of pulp and paper mills. dehydroabietic acid : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,11,13-triene substituted at position 18 by a carboxy group.. dehydroabietate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of dehydroabietic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.	1.96	1	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid	allergen; metabolite
1-ethyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one [no description available]	2	1	0
harmol hydrochloride [no description available]	3.1	1	0
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2	1	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether [no description available]	2.6	1	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound
4-mercaptobenzoate 4-mercaptobenzoate: substrate for 4-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase	1.99	1	0
8-bromoadenosine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	purine nucleoside
3,3',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl-4,4'-diol 3,3',5,5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl-4,4'-diol : A member of the class of hydroxybiphenyls formed formally by chlorination of biphenyl-4,4'-diol at C-3, -3', -5 and -5'.	2.02	1	0	dichlorobenzene; hydroxybiphenyls
benzoylphenylalanine N-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine : An N-acyl-L-phenylalanine that is L-phenylalanine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a benzoyl group.	1.98	1	0	2-(benzoylamino)-3-phenylpropanoic acid; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine
3,3'-Dihydroxyhexestrol [no description available]	2.02	1	0	stilbenoid
diosgenin [no description available]	3.1	1	0	3beta-sterol; hexacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin; spiroketal	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
sarsasapogenin, (3beta,5alpha,25r)-isomer tigogenin : A widely used steroidal sapogenin isolated from several plant species and used for synthesizing steroid drugs.	3.1	1	0	sapogenin	gout suppressant; plant metabolite
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine: potent & selective in vivo antagonist of adenosine analogs	2	1	0
foxes Foxes: Any of several carnivores in the family CANIDAE, that possess erect ears and long bushy tails and are smaller than WOLVES. They are classified in several genera and found on all continents except Antarctica.	2.35	2	0
enkephalinamide-met, ala(2)- enkephalinamide-Met, Ala(2)-: synthetic enkephalin analog;	2.67	3	0
2,5-dihydro-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3h-pyrazolo(4,3-c)quinolin-3-one [no description available]	1.99	1	0
2 alpha-methyl-9 alpha-fluorocortisol [no description available]	3.1	5	0
tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer	2.9	4	0	21-hydroxy steroid
3 alpha,17 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-pregnan-20-one 3alpha,17alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one carrying an additional hydroxy group at position 17alpha.	4.35	6	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; C21-steroid; corticosteroid hormone	human urinary metabolite
pregnanetriol Pregnanetriol: A metabolite of 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE, normally produced in small quantities by the GONADS and the ADRENAL GLANDS, found in URINE. An elevated urinary pregnanetriol is associated with CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA with a deficiency of STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE.	4.75	32	0	corticosteroid hormone
1,3,5,(10),16-estratetraen-3-ol 16-estratetraen-3-ol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is obtained by formal dehydration at the 17-position of estradiol.	2.05	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid
2-methoxyestriol [no description available]	3.1	1	0
bolasterone bolasterone: 7alpha, 17alpha-dimethyl-testosterone; anabolic (Merck Index, 13th ed)	2.04	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile: a selective estrogen receptor beta agonist or modulator. also called DPN compound. 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionitrile : A nitrile that is acetonitrile in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group while a second hydrogen is replaced by a 4-hydroxybenzyl group. It is a specific agonist for estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta).	2.13	1	0	nitrile; phenols	estrogen receptor agonist
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	8.22	6	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.4	2	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	3.15	5	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	2.41	2	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
mizoribine [no description available]	7.1	1	0	imidazoles	anticoronaviral agent
enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)- Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-: A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.. DPDPE : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is a cyclic enkephalin analogue, having D-penicillaminyl residues located at positions 2 and 5, which form the heterocycle via a disulfide bond.	2.42	2	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	delta-opioid receptor agonist
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	3.12	5	0	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	2.01	1	0	oligopeptide
1,4-dihydropyridine [no description available]	3.12	5	0
quin2 Quin2: fluorescent highly selective Ca indicator, binding Ca 1:1; structure given in first source	2.66	3	0
sr141716 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	4.08	3	1	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
diacetyldichlorofluorescein diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein	2.07	1	0
2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: directly acting genotoxic metabolite of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine. N-hydroxy-PhIP : An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, hydoxyamino, and phenyl groups, respectively. The active metabolite of the dietary carcinogen PhIP.	3.1	1	0	hydroxylamine; imidazopyridine	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; neurotoxin; rat metabolite
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole 1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.	2.13	1	0	ether; imidazoles; monomethoxybenzene	TRP channel blocker
fluo-3 Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds	1.99	1	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
prolinedithiocarbamate prolinedithiocarbamate: do not confuse with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate which is also abbreviated PDTC	2.99	1	0
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester: isolated from brain tissue & urine; extremely potent displacer of diazepam from brain benzodiazepam receptors; structure in first source	1.99	1	0	beta-carbolines
4-hydroxy-2',3',4'-5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl 4-hydroxy-2',3',4'-5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl: structure in first source	2.02	1	0	biphenyls; tetrachlorobenzene
quin2-acetoxymethyl ester Quin2-acetoxymethyl ester: structure given in first source	2.37	2	0
indobufen indobufen: thromboxane A2 antagonist	1.98	1	0	isoindoles
s-ethyl glutathione [no description available]	2	1	0	oligopeptide
7,7-diphenyl-2-(1-imino-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)perhydroisoindol-4-one 7,7-diphenyl-2-(1-imino-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl)perhydroisoindol-4-one: structure given in first source; RP 68651 is the inactive (3aS,7aS)-isomer; substance P antagonist	1.99	1	0
cgp 35348 CGP 35348: antagonizes both GABA-A and GABA-B receptors	1.98	1	0
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	beta-carbolines
22-hydroxycholesterol [no description available]	2.69	3	0	cholanoid
inositol 1-phosphate 1D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate : An inositol having myo- configuration substituted at position 1 by a phosphate group.	1.96	1	0
racecadotril racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor	3.36	1	1	N-acyl-amino acid
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: corresponds to cell attachment site of fibronectin; located near carboxyl-terminal region of alpha-chain of fibrinogen; inhibits platelet aggregation & fibrinogen binding to activated platelets	2.01	1	0
saikosaponin d [no description available]	2.03	1	0
perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline	8.21	26	12	alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
fr 139317 FR 139317: endothelin receptor A antagonist; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	2.52	2	0	proanthocyanidin
ecopipam ecopipam: structure given in first source	3.1	1	0	benzazepine
quinaprilat quinaprilat: metabolite of quinapril. quinaprilat : A dicarboxylic acid resulting from the hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group of quinapril to give the corresponding dicarboxylic acid. The active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) of the prodrug quinapril.	5.03	5	2	dicarboxylic acid; isoquinolines; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
1h-indene-2-carboxylic acid, 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-(2- (carboxymethoxy)-4-methoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-5-propoxy-, (1s,2r,3s)- 1H-Indene-2-carboxylic acid, 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-(2- (carboxymethoxy)-4-methoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-5-propoxy-, (1S,2R,3S)-: an ET(A) and ET(B) endothelin receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2	1	0
Zearalanone [no description available]	2.02	1	0	macrolide; resorcinols
cobaltiprotoporphyrin cobaltiprotoporphyrin: RN given refers to cobalt protoporphyrin IX	2.02	1	0
11-hydroxyandrostenedione 11-hydroxyandrostenedione: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.98	4	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
benzamil [no description available]	4.55	24	0	guanidines; pyrazines
sch 28080 Sch 28080: not related structurally to other known anti-ulcer agents; inhibits histamine-stimulated gastric secretion; prevents gastric lesions induced by aspirin, indomethacin & ethanol	2.9	4	0	imidazopyridine
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	1.96	1	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
zacopride [no description available]	9.28	4	1	benzamides
exp3174 losartan carboxylic acid: structure given in first source. losartan carboxylic acid : A biphenylyltetrazole that is losartan with the hydroxymethyl group at position 5 on the imidazole ring replaced with a carboxylic acid.	4.84	4	2	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles; organochlorine compound	metabolite
testosterone 17-glucosiduronate testosterone glucuronate: natural conjugate isolated from human plasma; RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. testosterone 17-glucosiduronic acid : A steroid glucosiduronic that is testosterone carrying a glucosiduronic acid residue at position 17.	2.08	1	0	3-oxo steroid; beta-D-glucosiduronic acid; enone; steroid glucosiduronic acid	human metabolite
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	2.67	3	0
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	1.95	1	0	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
ibuprofen, (r)-isomer [no description available]	3.1	1	0	ibuprofen
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	4.18	5	0
pd 123177 PD 123177: nonpeptide angiotensin AII-2 inhibitor	3.37	7	0	diarylmethane
opc 21268 OPC 21268: structure given in first source; vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
11-hydroxytestosterone 11-hydroxytestosterone: RN given refers to (11 beta,17 beta)-isomer. 11beta-hydroxytestosterone : An androstanoid that is testosterone carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at the 11beta-position.	3.1	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine metabolite
norbuprenorphine norbuprenorphine: metabolite of buprenorphine found in urine & feces; RN given refers to (5alpha,7alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source	3.1	1	0	phenanthrenes
fk 224 FK 224: tachykinin receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
estrone-3-glucuronide [no description available]	1.99	1	0	17-oxo steroid; beta-D-glucosiduronic acid; steroid glucosiduronic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
gamma-glutamyl dopa [no description available]	3.36	1	1
chymosin Chymosin: The predominant milk-clotting enzyme from the true stomach or abomasum of the suckling calf. It is secreted as an inactive precursor called prorennin and converted in the acid environment of the stomach to the active enzyme. EC 3.4.23.4.	4.45	8	0
1-chloro-4-(2,2-dichloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethenyl)-3-(methylsulfonyl)benzene 1-chloro-4-(2,2-dichloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethenyl)-3-(methylsulfonyl)benzene: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
efonidipine efonidipine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-efonidipine. It is a antihypertensive drug and a dual T-type and L-type calcium channel blocker.. 2-[benzyl(phenyl)amino]ethyl 5-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-[benzyl(phenyl)amino]ethanol.	6.68	10	6	C-nitro compound; carboxylic ester; dihydropyridine; tertiary amino compound
testosterone-17-succinate testosterone-17-succinate: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer	1.96	1	0
matairesinol matairesinol: lignan that is a central precursor in plants in the biosynthesis of numerous lignans (coordinate with specific); RN refers to (3R-trans)-isomer. (-)-matairesinol : A lignan that is gamma-butyrolactone in which the 3 and 4 positions are substituted by 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl groups (the 3R,4R-diastereomer).	2.04	1	0	gamma-lactone; lignan; polyphenol	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-asthmatic agent; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
benzo(a)pyrene-3,6-quinol [no description available]	3.1	1	0
arg-3-hyp-7-phe-bradykinin NPC 567: bradykinin receptor antagonist. NPC-567 : A ten-membered oligopeptide comprising D-arginyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, (4R)-4-hydroxy-L-prolyl, glycyl, L-phenylalanyl, L-seryl, D-phenylalanyl, L-phenylalanyl and L-arginine residues joined in sequence.	2.4	2	0	oligopeptide	bradykinin receptor antagonist
mozavaptan mozavaptan: aquaretic agent; vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	4.49	5	1	benzamides	aquaretic
gr 113808 GR 113808: structure given in first source; a 5-HT(4) receptor antagonist: GR 125487 is the HCl salt. GR 113808 : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 1-methylindole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of N-{2-[4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}methanesulfonamide.	3.79	2	1	indolyl carboxylate ester; piperidines; sulfonamide	serotonergic antagonist
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	1.94	1	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pramipexole Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.	3.31	1	0	benzothiazoles; diamine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; radical scavenger
renzapride [no description available]	1.97	1	0
parecoxib parecoxib: structure in first source. parecoxib : An N-acylsulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of valdecoxib with propionic acid. It is a prodrug for valdecoxib.	2.03	1	0	isoxazoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
angustmycin a angustmycin A: structure; from Streptomyces hygroscopicus; inhibits GMP synthesis	2	1	0	6-aminopurines
sch 39370 Sch 39370: RN given refers to (D)-hydroxy-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 9/89; structure given in first source; inhibits neutral metalloendopeptidase	1.97	1	0
l 692429 L 692429: stimulates release of growth hormone; RN refers to (R)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
zk 91587 [no description available]	8.78	11	0
selenonorcholesterol selenonorcholesterol: adrenal radioisotope scanning agents	1.97	1	0
cyclo(7-aminoheptanoylphenylalanyl-tryptophyl-lysyl-benzylthreonyl) cyclo(7-aminoheptanoylphenylalanyl-tryptophyl-lysyl-benzylthreonyl): cyclic pentapeptide somatostatin analog with reduced gastric inhibitory activity	1.98	1	0
angiotensin ii, sar(1)-ile(5)- angiotensin II, Sar(1)-Ile(5)-: RN given refers to (5-L-Ile)-isomer	2.66	3	0
tetrahydroaldosterone tetrahydroaldosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,11beta)-isomer	8.02	52	1	steroid lactone
dopamine 3-o-sulfate dopamine 3-O-sulfate: end product of L-Dopa metabolism in Parkinson patients; see also record for dopamine 4-O-sulfate. dopamine 3-O-sulfate : An aryl sulfate that is dopamine in which the phenolic hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a sulfo group.	2.66	3	0	aryl sulfate; phenols; primary amino compound; zwitterion	human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite
luzindole luzindole: melatonin receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. luzindole : A member of the class of indoles that is tryptamine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group while the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a benzyl group.	2.13	1	0	acetamides; indoles	melatonin receptor antagonist
kallidin, des-arg(10)- kallidin, des-Arg(10)-: includes both L and D isomers of Phe(8)	2.06	1	0
5-(dimethylamino)-n-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide 5-(dimethylamino)-N-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide: structure in first source; endothelin receptor antagonist	2.92	4	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
7-propyl spirolactone [no description available]	5.28	17	0
saccharolactone saccharolactone: used as index for assessing induction of hepatic enzymes by anticonvulsants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. D-glucaro-1,4-lactone : A delta-lactone that is D-glucono-1,4-lactone in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been oxidised to the corresponding carboxylic acid.	3.31	1	0	aldarolactone; delta-lactone
decanoyl acetaldehyde decanoyl acetaldehyde: structure	2.1	1	0	fatty aldehyde
astragaloside a [no description available]	2.05	1	0
chaetoglobosins chaetoglobosins: like CYTOCHALASINS but with an indoyl in place of a phenyl ring at C10; chaetoglobosins A-J; metabolites of Chaetomium species; RN given refers to chaetoglobosin A; structure. chaetoglobosin A : A cytochalasan alkaloid isolated from Chaetomium globosum and Calonectria morganii.	1.98	1	0
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	2.04	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	2.41	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
levalbuterol Levalbuterol: The R-isomer of albuterol.	2	1	0	albuterol
proctolin proctolin: neurotransmitter in arthropods or invertebrates	1.96	1	0
acth (4-10) ACTH (4-10): part of ACTH molecule containing amino acids 4-10 of total 39 amino acid chain; heptapeptide common to MSH & ACTH; RN given refers to glycine cpd	1.96	1	0
ru-28362 11,17-dihydroxy-6-methyl-17-(1-propynyl)androsta-1,4,6-triene-3-one: glucocorticoid receptor agonist; RN given refers to (11beta,17beta)-isomer	5.62	75	0
cgp 42112a CGP 42112A: a hexapeptide analog of angiotensin II; activation of Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2 results in vasodilation. CGP-42112A : A hexapeptide consisting of L-tyrosine, L-lysine, L-histidine, L-proline and L-isoleucine amino acid residues coupled in sequence and in which the amino group of the L-tyrosyl residue is substituted by a (pyridin-3-ylcarbonyl)nitrilo group and in which the L-lysyl side chain amino group is substituted by a {N(2)-[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]-L-arginyl}nitrilo group. It is a potent angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AT2 receptor) agonist.	2.39	2	0	benzyl ester; oligopeptide; pyridinecarboxamide	angiotensin receptor agonist; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; neuroprotective agent; vasodilator agent
phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide: endogenous opioid antagonist octapeptide from bovine brain	1.99	1	0
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)- Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.	8.24	18	1	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin	vasodilator agent
angiotensin ii, des-asp(1)-des-arg(2)-ile(5)- angiotensin II, des-Asp(1)-des-Arg(2)-Ile(5)-: 3-8 hexapeptide fragment of angiotensin II; smallest potent angiotensin II antagonist	4.64	6	1	organic molecular entity
n,n-dimethylarginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.	4.12	4	0	dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
hoe 694 3-methylsulfonyl-4-piperidinobenzoyl guanidine: structure given in first source; a potent inhibitor of the Na+/H+ exchanger	2.7	3	0
cyclic adp-ribose Cyclic ADP-Ribose: A pyridine nucleotide that mobilizes CALCIUM. It is synthesized from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by ADP RIBOSE CYCLASE.	2.5	2	0	cyclic purine nucleotide; nucleotide-sugar	metabolite; ryanodine receptor agonist
sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate: structure given on p.19451 of first source. sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate : A crown compound that is 1,4,10-trioxa-7,13-diazacyclopentadecane in which the hydrogens of the amino groups at position 7 and 13 are replaced by 2-(2,4-dicarboxyphenyl)-5-methoxy-1-benzofuran-6-yl groups. It is a cell-impermeant fluorescent sodium indicator.	2.42	2	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; crown compound; tetracarboxylic acid	fluorochrome
tak 044 TAK 044: endothelin receptor antagonist	2.41	2	0
dopamine 4-o-sulfate dopamine 4-O-sulfate: possible precursor of free norepinephrin; see also record for dopamine 3-O-sulfate. dopamine 4-O-sulfate : An aryl sulfate that is dopamine in which the phenolic hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a sulfo group.	2.66	3	0	aryl sulfate; phenols; primary amino compound; zwitterion	human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite
pd 145065 PD 145065: a non-selective endothelin(A)/endothelin(B) antagonist	2	1	0
ru 26988 [no description available]	4.49	24	0
n-(6-phenylhexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide N-(6-phenylhexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide: protein kinase C activator; RN & structure given in first source	1.93	1	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
3-ethoxy-beta-carboline 3-ethoxy-beta-carboline: high affinity benzodiazepine receptor ligand with partial inverse agonist properties	1.99	1	0
tert-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate tert-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: benzodiazepine receptor antagonist	1.99	1	0
2-pyrazinoylguanidine 2-pyrazinoylguanidine: inhibits secretion of urea by kidney tubules	3.36	1	1
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol	3.1	5	0
4-azidophenylpropionamide [no description available]	1.98	1	0
cyclohexylaminoglutethimide cyclohexylaminoglutethimide: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
phenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-arginine chloromethyl ketone phenylalanyl-phenylalanyl-arginine chloromethyl ketone: irreversible inhibitor of mammalian glandular kallikreins; do not confuse with PPACK (Phe-Pro-Arg-CH2-Cl) or with Pro-Phe-Arg-CH2-Cl	1.95	1	0
l 012 L 012: used as a chemiluminescent probe for the assay of human fibroblast growth factor; structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
methotrexate [no description available]	1.96	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
19-noraldosterone [no description available]	6.12	17	0	21-hydroxy steroid
9-fluoroprednisolone 9-fluoroprednisolone: 9 alpha-isomer is Fluprednisolone (MH)	2.36	2	0	21-hydroxy steroid
r 79882 R 79882: a non-nucleoside inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
2-n-propyl-3-dimethylamino-5,6-methylenedioxyindene 2-n-propyl-3-dimethylamino-5,6-methylenedioxyindene: affects calcium-induced arrhythmias; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
dihydroethidium dihydroethidium: RN given is for the (+-)-isomer	3.15	5	0
s-nitrosocaptopril S-nitrosocaptopril: manifests nitrovasodilatory activity, inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme activity & inhibits platelet aggregation	1.99	1	0
dau 6285 [no description available]	1.98	1	0
foy 251 4-(4-guanidinobenzoyloxy)phenylacetic acid: RN given refers to monomethanesulfonate	2.05	1	0
18-hydroxy-19-norcorticosterone 18-hydroxy-19-norcorticosterone: structure given in first source	3.36	7	0
wl 19 WL 19: structure given in first source; angiotensin II type 2 receptor antagoinst	2.38	2	0
18,19-dihydroxycorticosterone 18,19-dihydroxycorticosterone: structure given in first source	3.37	7	0
olmesartan medoxomil Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.	6.07	6	5	biphenyls
(endo-n-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)oct-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-3-ethyl-2-oxo-1h-benzimidazol-1-carboxamide (endo-N-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo(3.2.1)oct-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-3-ethyl-2-oxo-1H-benzimidazol-1-carboxamide: potent agonist at the 5-HT(4) receptor positively coupled to adenylate cyclase in brain; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
flosequinoxan flosequinoxan: metabolite of BTS 49465	1.98	1	0
sc 51316 SC 51316: structure given in first source; an angiotensin II receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
safinamide safinamide: short-acting inhibitor of MOA-B; FCE 26743 is (S)-isomer, FCE 28073 is (R)-isomer; structure in first source	2.17	1	0	amino acid amide
3-((2'-carboxybiphenyl-4-yl)methyl)-2-cyclopropyl-7-methyl-3h-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 3-((2'-carboxybiphenyl-4-yl)methyl)-2-cyclopropyl-7-methyl-3H-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: a non-peptide angiotensin II-receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
sch 42495 [no description available]	3.79	2	1
4-(3,4,4-trimethyl-5-oxo-2-thioxo-1-imidazolidinyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile 4-(3,4,4-trimethyl-5-oxo-2-thioxo-1-imidazolidinyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile: a non-steroidal antiandrogen; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
forasartan forasartan: structure given in first source; an angiotensin AT(1) receptor antagonist; angiotensin II receptor antagonist; used in treatment of congestive heart failure. forasartan : A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by o-(tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl and (3,5-dibutyl-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl groups, respectively. It is a nonpeptide antagonist of angiotensin II, type 1 (AT1) receptors, used for the treatment of hypertension.	3.38	1	1	benzenes; pyridines; tetrazoles; triazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
up 269-6 UP 269-6: structure given in first source; angiotensin receptor antagonist	4.34	2	2
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	7.99	11	7	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
abiraterone [no description available]	2.41	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
ivabradine Ivabradine: A benzazepine derivative and selective HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNELS inhibitor that lowers the heart rate. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA in patients unable to take BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS, and in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.. ivabradine : A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.	2.53	2	0	aromatic ether; benzazepine; carbobicyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiotonic drug
embusartan [no description available]	1.99	1	0
ws 79089b WS 79089B: isolated from Streptosporangium roseum; FR901533 is the sodium salt; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
mk 996 MK 996: an AT1-selective angiotensin II receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
isoteolin isoteolin: mixture of isomers isoboldine (RN 3019-51-0) & bracteoline (RN 25651-04-1)	2.38	2	0	aporphine alkaloid
18-ethynyldeoxycorticosterone [no description available]	2.68	3	0
substance p (4-11), pro(4)-trp(7,9)- substance P (4-11), Pro(4)-Trp(7,9)-: RN given refers to (D-Pro,D-Trp)-(L-Met,L-Gln,L-Phe,L-Leu)-isomers; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/85; substance P antagonist	1.98	1	0
mdl 100240 MDL 100240: a prodrug of MDL 100173; MDL 100142 is the (R)-isomer; MDL 100240 is the (S)-isomer; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
18,19-dihydroxydeoxycorticosterone [no description available]	6.96	1	0
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	1.94	1	0	D-xylose
4-androstene-3,17-diol 4-androstene-3,17-diol: RN given refers to (3alpha,17beta)-isomer	2.44	2	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
perrhenate perrhenate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of O4-Re	3.31	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; rhenium oxoanion
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	14.71	189	23	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol combination drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol combination: female oral combined contraceptive containing 30 mcg (0.030 mg) Ethinyl Estradiol and 3 mg drospirenone (Androstenes)	2.6	1	0
cariporide cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.94	4	0
tezosentan tezosentan: structure in first source	2.43	2	0
evodiamine [no description available]	7	1	0	beta-carbolines
rostafuroxin rostafuroxin: structure in first source	4.37	1	1
phorbols Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).	1.96	1	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
xamoterol Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.	3.37	1	1	morpholines
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	11.17	10	1	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
cinacalcet cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.	5.67	3	2	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; naphthalenes; secondary amino compound	calcimimetic; P450 inhibitor
enoximone sulfoxide enoximone sulfoxide: sulfoxide metabolite of MDL 17043; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
olmesartan olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866	8.43	17	5	biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
camphora camphora: a component of Guanxingao, a kind of traditional Chinese rubber electuary medicine which is able to either cure or guard against coronary heart disease and angina pectoris. (R)-camphor : The (R)- enantiomer of camphor.	1.96	1	0	camphor
torcetrapib [no description available]	10.55	15	3	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; carbamate ester; quinolines	anticholesteremic drug; CETP inhibitor
ukrain ukrain: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent; semisynthetic product from alkaloids of Chelidonium majus L. & thiophosphoric triaciridide acid	1.99	1	0
cyc 202 seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.	2.05	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
angiotensin ii, asp(1)-val(5)- angiotensin II, Asp(1)-Val(5)-: RN given refers to (L-Asp-L-Val)-isomer	1.96	1	0
cortolone [no description available]	3.1	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
aldosterone 18-glucuronide [no description available]	11.65	17	1	steroid glucosiduronic acid
prostaglandins b Prostaglandins B: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They are potent pressor substances and have many other physiological activities.	1.95	1	0
7-thiomethylspirolactone 7-thiomethylspirolactone: spironolactone metabolite; RN refers to (7alpha,17alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
pneumadin pneumadin: lung peptide which triggers antidiuresis; the rat peptide begins with Tyr and the peptide from human fetal lungs has Ala instead of Tyr	2.39	2	0
6-hydroxycorticosterone 6-hydroxycorticosterone: corticosterone metabolite produced by toad kidney cells; RN given refers to (6beta, 11beta)-isomer	2.37	2	0
6-chloro-3,5-diaminopyrazine-3-carboxamide 6-chloro-3,5-diaminopyrazine-3-carboxamide: RN refers to monohydrochloride; structure given in first source	2.69	3	0	organochlorine compound; pyrazines
19-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone 19-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone: structure in first source	1.96	1	0	19-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid
20-hydroxycortisol 20-hydroxycortisol: occurs in adrenal cortex; RN refers to (11 beta)-isomer; synonym Reichstein's substance E refers to (11 beta,20R)-isomer; structure	3.05	1	0
19-norcorticosterone [no description available]	9.32	6	0
21-deoxytetrahydroaldosterone 21-deoxytetrahydroaldosterone: used in diagnosis of primary aldosteronism; RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,11beta)-isomer	2.88	4	0
4'-hydroxyflavanone 4'-hydroxyflavanone: structure in first source. 4'-hydroxyflavanones : Any hydroxyflavanone having a hydroxy substituent located at position 4'.	2.02	1	0	4'-hydroxyflavanones; monohydroxyflavanone
technetium tc 99m pentetate Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.	5.39	4	1
tetrahydroaldosterone 3 beta-glucosiduronic acid tetrahydroaldosterone 3 beta-glucosiduronic acid: major urinary metabolite of aldosterone; structure	3.35	7	0	steroid glucosiduronic acid
w 84 [no description available]	2.01	1	0
heptane-1,7-bis(dimethyl-3'-phthalimidopropylammonium) heptane-1,7-bis(dimethyl-3'-phthalimidopropylammonium): RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0
sc 8109 SC 8109: structure given in first source	9.64	9	0
symmetric dimethylarginine N(omega),N'(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups at the N(omega)- and N'(omega)-positions	2.15	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
aminopterin Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.	1.94	1	0	dicarboxylic acid	EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; mutagen
farglitazar farglitazar: a non-thiazolidinedione insulin sensitiser and PPARgamma agonist	2.02	1	0
21-deoxyaldosterone 21-deoxyaldosterone: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer	3.68	10	0
prorenone prorenone: RN given refers to (6 beta,7 beta,17 beta)-isomer	9.44	7	0
angiotensin ii, sar(1)-val(5)- angiotensin II, Sar(1)-Val(5)-: RN given refers to L-Val	2.37	2	0
angiotensin pentapeptide [no description available]	1.96	1	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	3.26	6	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
(4r)-3-((2s)-3-mercapto-2-methylpropanoyl)-4- thiazolidinecarboxylic acid [no description available]	1.95	1	0
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	27.82	3,629	304	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
lixivaptan [no description available]	3.4	1	1
19-oxo-deoxycorticosterone 19-oxo-deoxycorticosterone: metabolite of deoxycorticosterone in rat adrenals	2.37	2	0	21-hydroxy steroid
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	12.46	22	2
7-hydroxy-5,11-dioxotetranorprostane-1,16-dioic acid [no description available]	3.79	2	1	prostanoid
sb 203580 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
sb 216763 [no description available]	2.17	1	0	indoles; maleimides
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	2.13	1	0	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
lu 135252 [no description available]	2.72	3	0
piboserod Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT4 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS.	3.39	1	1
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	1.99	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
ym 511 YM 511: a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor; structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
enrasentan enrasentan: decreases ischemic brain injury; an endothelin A and B receptor antagonist; structure in first source. enrasentan : A member of the class of indanes that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-indene which is substituted by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group, carboxy group, 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-4-methoxyphenyl group and a propoxy group at positions 1S, 2R, 3S and 5, respectively. It is an orally active mixed endothelin A/B receptor antagonist with a 100-fold greater affinity for the endothelin A receptor. The drug was being developed by GSK for the treatment of congestive heart failure and pulmonary hypertension (clinical trials discontinued).	2	1	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; indanes; monocarboxylic acid; monomethoxybenzene; primary alcohol	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
asimadoline asimadoline: structure in first source	2	1	0
3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran 3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran: lignan with the highest binding affinity; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
l 158809 L 158809: RN & structure given in first source; angiotensin receptor antagonist	2.68	3	0
alpha-fluoromethylhistidine alpha-fluoromethylhistidine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0
allantoxanamide [no description available]	1.96	1	0	aromatic amide; heteroarene
deflazacort deflazacort: structure	1.96	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
carbocysteine Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	3.1	1	0	L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	mucolytic
hydrin 1 hydrin 1: vasotocin C-terminally extended with Gly-Lys-Arg sequence; not active on rat uterus or rat blood pressure	1.98	1	0
s 8308 S 8308: inhibits binding of angiotensin II to its receptors; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	organic molecular entity
anabasine Anabasine: A piperidine botanical insecticide.. (S)-anabasine : The (S)-enantiomer of anabasine.. anabasine : A pyridine alkaloid that is pyridine substituted by a piperidin-2-yl group at position 3.	1.98	1	0	anabasine
eglumetad eglumetad: LY-354740 is the active isomer, LY-366563 is the inactive isomer, and LY 314582 is the racemate; structure given in first source	2.1	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid
tolvaptan [no description available]	3.56	8	0	benzazepine; benzenedicarboxamide	aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist
nolomirole nolomirole: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
alagebrium alagebrium: an advanced glycation endproducts (AGE) cross-link breaker	3.01	1	0
roxindole [no description available]	2	1	0	indoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic drug
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	8.78	3	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
erythritol [no description available]	1.97	1	0	butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol	antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	3.33	1	1	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
estradiol 3-benzoate 17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.	2.04	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; benzoate ester	estrogen receptor agonist; xenoestrogen
cortisone [no description available]	13.94	341	4	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
equilin Equilin: An estrogenic steroid produced by HORSES. It has a total of four double bonds in the A- and B-ring. High concentration of euilin is found in the URINE of pregnant mares.	2.68	3	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid
isoflupredone acetate isoflupredone acetate: RN refers to (11beta)-isomer; structure	3.75	3	0	corticosteroid hormone
fludrocortisone acetate fludrocortisone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the primary hydroxy group of fludrocortisone with acetic acid. A synthetic corticosteroid, it has glucocorticoid actions about 10 times as potent as hydrocortisone, while its mineralocorticoid actions are over 100 times as potent. It is used in partial replacement therapy for primary and secondary adrenocortical insufficiency in Addison's disease and for the treatment of salt-losing adrenal hyperplasia.	6.54	8	2	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; fluorinated steroid; mineralocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
19-norprogesterone 19-norprogesterone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	3.48	8	0	corticosteroid hormone
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	3.55	8	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
epinastine dexamethasone acetate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer	1.97	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
5 alpha-androstane-3 beta,17 beta-diol 5alpha-androstane-3beta,17beta-diol : An androstane-3,17-diol that is 5alpha-androstane substituted by beta-hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a metabolite of dihydrotestosterone.	4.49	7	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; androstane-3,17-diol	Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite
2,2-(2-chlorophenyl-4'-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethene 2,2-(2-chlorophenyl-4'-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethene: structure given in first source; metabolite of o,p-DDD (mitotane)	2.02	1	0	diarylmethane
cortol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
lanosterol [no description available]	2.41	1	0	14alpha-methyl steroid; 3beta-sterol; tetracyclic triterpenoid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
21-hydroxypregnenolone 21-hydroxypregnenolone: RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer;. 21-hydroxypregnenolone : A hydroxypregnenolone that is pregnenolone which has been substituted by a hydroxy group at position 21.	3.1	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid; hydroxypregnenolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	mouse metabolite
2-hydroxyestradiol 2-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen; RN given refers to (17 beta)-isomer. 2-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 2-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 2.	3.81	3	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 2-hydroxy steroid	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug
epietiocholanolone epietiocholanolone : A 3beta-hydroxy steroid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3beta and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone.	3.1	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid	androgen; animal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; rat metabolite
mibolerone mibolerone: prevents estrus in animals & prevents experimental lymphoid leukosis; minor descriptor (80-83); on-line & Index Medicus search NANDROLONE/AA (80-83); RN given refers to (7alpha,17beta)-isomer; structure. mibolerone : An androgen that is nalandrone carrying two methyl substituents at positions 7alpha and 17.	2.41	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid	anabolic agent; androgen
19-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione [no description available]	6.53	15	1	17-oxo steroid; 19-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; androstanoid	mouse metabolite
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	3.11	5	0
corticosterone acetate [no description available]	1.99	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
hydroxydione 5beta-dihydrodeoxycorticosterone : A 3-oxo-5beta-steroid formed from 11-deoxycorticosterone by reduction across the C4-C5 double bond.	1.98	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-5beta-steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human xenobiotic metabolite
cyclovirobuxine d cyclovirobuxine D: active priciple of Buxus microphylla var. sinica; has anti-arrhythmic & arrhythmia-inducing actions	7.6	1	0
metribolone Metribolone: A synthetic non-aromatizable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.. 17beta-hydroxy-17-methylestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one : A synthetic non-aromatisable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.	2.95	4	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	androgen
acetylstrophanthidin acetylstrophanthidin: structure. acetylstrophanthidin : An acetate ester that is strophanidin acetylated at the 3beta-hydroxy group.	7.36	2	0	acetate ester	anti-arrhythmia drug
wortmannin [no description available]	2.98	4	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole 5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole: inhibits transcript elongation	2	1	0
gitoxigenin gitoxigenin: structure	2.01	1	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 16beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	1.99	1	0
taurochenodeoxycholic acid Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.	2.61	2	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bortezomib [no description available]	7.15	1	0	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	3.51	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
bardoxolone methyl methyl 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate: structure in first source	7.17	1	0	cyclohexenones
mequindox Mequindox: a synthetic quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide derivative which can effectively improve growth and feed efficiency in animals; structure in first source	2.76	3	0
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	16.83	44	15
lanatosides Lanatosides: Glycosides from DIGITALIS lanata leaf. Lanatoside C has actions similar to DIGOXIN. Mixtures of lanatosides A, B, and C have also been used. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p670)	3.44	2	0
germine germine: alkamine; present in many polyester alkaloids which occur in Veratrum & Zydadenus species; may be used medically as an antihypertensive agent; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search CEVANES (75-83); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	2.73	3	0
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	3.84	4	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
biotinyl n-hydroxysuccinimide ester biotinyl N-hydroxysuccinimide ester: used to prepare biotinylated erythrocytes	2.04	1	0
s-adenosylhomocysteine S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.	1.96	1	0	adenosines; amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine derivative; homocysteines; organic sulfide	cofactor; EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor; epitope; fundamental metabolite
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	8.75	11	0
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	1.99	1	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	10.43	4	1	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	12.47	82	4	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
canavanine L-canavanine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-homoserine substituted at oxygen with a guanidino (carbamimidamido) group. Although structurally related to L-arginine, it is non-proteinogenic.	1.97	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite
elastin [no description available]	3.82	11	0	oligopeptide
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	2	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
raffinose Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.	2.39	2	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; trisaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	3.52	2	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	9.96	48	2	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
7-dehydrocholesterol [no description available]	2	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; cholestanoid; Delta(5),Delta(7)-sterol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid: from S. miltiorhiza Bge; dilates coronary artery; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.15	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; catechols
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	8.31	31	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	12.65	201	1	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
amastatin amastatin: structure; inhibits aminopeptidase. amastatin : A tetrapeptide comprising (2S,3R)-3-amino-2-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoyl, L-valyl, L-valyl and L-aspartic acid units joined in sequence	1.97	1	0	tetrapeptide	EC 3.4.11.* (aminopeptidase) inhibitor; protease inhibitor
casein hydrolysate casein hydrolysate: an ingredient of trypticase soy broth; casitone is a tryptic digest of casein	3.42	1	1
puromycin [no description available]	11.45	25	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
monoiodotyrosine Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.	2.38	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-tyrosine derivative; monoiodotyrosine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	3.5	8	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
xylose 1-phosphate xylose 1-phosphate: RN refers to (D)-isomer. alpha-D-xylose 1-phosphate : A xylose phosphate that is alpha-D-xylose carrying a phosphate group at position 1.	1.96	1	0	xylose phosphate
trimethyllysine trimethyllysine: stimulates growth of tumor cells; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	2	1	0	alpha-amino-acid cation	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
adenosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for thio group; see also records for 1-thio & 2-thio-isomers. adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is ATP in which one of the oxygens attached to 3-phosphate group is replaced by sulfur.	2.44	2	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
2-hydroxyestrone 2-hydroxyestrone: catechol estrogen which is a major metabolite of estradiol in man & animals; RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-hydroxyestrone : A 2-hydroxy steroid that is estrone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	3.1	1	0	2-hydroxy steroid; catechols	human metabolite
2-methoxyestrone 2-methoxyestrone : A 17-oxo steroid that is estrone in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a methoxy group.	2.05	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; alicyclic ketone; aromatic ether; phenolic steroid; phenols	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
cortodoxone Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.	11.41	105	6	deoxycortisol; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
estradiol-3-glucuronide estradiol-3-glucuronide: RN given refers to (beta-D)-glucopyranosiduronic acid (17beta)-isomer. 17beta-estradiol 3-glucosiduronic acid : A steroid glucosiduronic acid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having a beta-glucuronyl residue attached at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.	1.99	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucosiduronic acid; steroid glucosiduronic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	7.36	2	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	8.23	6	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	2.03	1	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	3.23	6	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	12.58	19	1	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
rocuronium Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.	3.51	1	1	3alpha-hydroxy steroid; acetate ester; androstane; morpholines; quaternary ammonium ion; tertiary amino compound	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
epiandrosterone epiandrosterone : A 3beta-hydroxy steroid that is (5alpha)-androstane substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17.	3.52	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite
netilmicin Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.	1.98	1	0
phalloidine Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.	2	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.	1.96	1	0
neriifolin neriifolin: structure in first source; RN given refers to alpha-L-glucopyranosyl(3beta,5beta)-isomer. neriifolin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxigenin in which the hydroxy goup at position 3 has been converted to its (6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-glucopyranoside derivative. Found in the seeds of Cerbera odollamand in Thevetia ahouia and Thevitia neriifolia.	2.01	1	0	cardenolide glycoside	cardiotonic drug; neuroprotective agent; toxin
ginsenoside rg1 [no description available]	2.51	2	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent
picrotoxinin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	epoxide; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	GABA antagonist; plant metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
naringin [no description available]	3.53	2	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
bq 485 BQ 485: an endothelin ET(A)receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	peptide
1-alpha-terpineol (S)-(-)-alpha-terpineol : The (S)-enantiomer of alpha-terpineol.	3.1	1	0	alpha-terpineol	plant metabolite
bq 123 cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu): derived from the modification of a natural lead of BE-18257B, an endothelin A receptor antagonist; has neuroprotective activity; amino acid sequence given in first source	5.46	15	1	cyclic peptide
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	3.06	1	0	tripeptide
devazepide Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.	2.4	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; indolecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cholecystokinin antagonist; gastrointestinal drug
teprotide Teprotide: A synthetic nonapeptide (Pyr-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro) which is identical to the peptide from the venom of the snake, Bothrops jararaca. It inhibits kininase II and ANGIOTENSIN I and has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.	11.98	33	0	peptide
candoxatrilat candoxatrilat: USAN lists candoxatrilat (UK-73,967) with RN 123122-54-3. candoxatrilat : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation between the amino group of cis-4-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid and the cyclopentanecarboxylic acid group of 1-[(2S)-2-carboxy-3-(2-methoxyethoxy)propyl]cyclopentanecarboxylic acid. A potent inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase (NEP, neprilysin, EC 3.4.24.11), it is used as its 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl ester prodrug in the treatment of chronic heart failure.	5.46	4	4
diprenorphine Diprenorphine: A narcotic antagonist similar in action to NALOXONE. It is used to remobilize animals after ETORPHINE neuroleptanalgesia and is considered a specific antagonist to etorphine.	3.49	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
eplerenone Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	19.14	271	14	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; epoxy steroid; gamma-lactone; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; steroid acid ester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent
temocapril hydrochloride temocapril hydrochloride: structure given in first source	4.63	3	2	dipeptide
medigoxin Medigoxin: A semisynthetic digitalis glycoside with the general properties of DIGOXIN but more rapid onset of action. Its cardiotonic action is prolonged by its demethylation to DIGOXIN in the liver. It has been used in the treatment of congestive heart failure (HEART FAILURE).	2.36	2	0	cardenolide glycoside
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2.06	1	0	cyclodextrin
acetyl coenzyme a Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.	2.65	3	0	acyl-CoA	acyl donor; coenzyme; effector; fundamental metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	7.21	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	5.08	13	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
equilenin Equilenin: An estrogenic steroid produced by HORSES. It has a total of five double bonds in the A- and B-ring. High concentration of equilenin is found in the URINE of pregnant mares.. equilenin : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estrone which carries two double bonds at positions 6 and 8. It is found in the urine of pregnant mare's and extensively used for estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women.	2.68	3	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	antioxidant; mammalian metabolite
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	6.17	25	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.	1.99	1	0	farnesol	plant metabolite
phosphoramidon phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure. phosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.	2.01	1	0	deoxyaldohexose phosphate; dipeptide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor
1-(5'-phospho-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)barbituric acid 6-oxouridine 5'-phosphate : A pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate that is the 6-oxo derivative of UMP.	1.96	1	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	2.46	2	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	4.3	6	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	4.48	7	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	6.12	11	1	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	3.1	1	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	1.99	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
sr 12813 SR 12813: structure given in first source. SR12813 : An organic phosphonate that is the tetraethyl ester of [2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethene-1,1-diyl]bis(phosphonic acid).	2.1	1	0	organic phosphonate; phenols	pregnane X receptor agonist
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	8.6	9	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	4.06	2	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
t0901317 T0901317: an LXRalpha and LXRbeta agonist	2.54	2	0
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	3.17	5	0	aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide) Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.	1.97	1	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; adenosine A2A receptor agonist; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	6.49	20	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
alitretinoin Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.	2.58	2	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; metabolite; retinoid X receptor agonist
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	3.71	10	0	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
afimoxifene afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.	2.13	1	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist; metabolite
imidazolidines [no description available]	2.42	2	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
decitabine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	2'-deoxyribonucleoside
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	9.02	103	0	actinomycin	mutagen
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	3.98	14	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	2.46	2	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
posaconazole [no description available]	2.25	1	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	trypanocidal drug
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	3.57	3	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
sodium thiocyanate sodium thiocyanate: RN given refers to thiocyanic acid, Na salt. sodium thiocyanate : An organic sodium salt which is the monosodium salt of thiocyanic acid.	1.97	1	0	organic sodium salt
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	16.16	27	6	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
potassium bicarbonate potassium hydrogencarbonate : A potassium salt that is the monopotassium salt of carbonic acid. It has fungicidal properties and is used in organic farming for the control of powdery mildew and apple scab.	5.03	5	2	organic salt; potassium salt	antifungal agrochemical; buffer; food acidity regulator; raising agent
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	2.43	2	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.	9.91	42	3	triterpenoid
geraniol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
glycosides [no description available]	8.05	5	0
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	2.02	1	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	7.25	21	0	isomethyleugenol
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	2.92	4	0	stilbene
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	2.64	3	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
buprenorphine Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.	8.35	1	1	morphinane alkaloid	delta-opioid receptor antagonist; kappa-opioid receptor antagonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
lypressin Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.	7.49	8	3	cyclic peptide
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	18.05	453	45	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
palmitoyl coenzyme a Palmitoyl Coenzyme A: A fatty acid coenzyme derivative which plays a key role in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.. palmitoyl-CoA : A long-chain fatty acyl-CoA resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of hexadecanoic acid with the thiol group of coenzyme A.	2.36	2	0	11,12-saturated fatty acyl-CoA; 3-substituted propionyl-CoA; long-chain fatty acyl-CoA; palmitoyl bioconjugate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
etorphine [no description available]	2.39	2	0	alcohol; morphinane alkaloid	opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; sedative
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	2.1	1	0	benzamides
cefsulodin Cefsulodin: A pyridinium-substituted semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial used especially for Pseudomonas infections in debilitated patients.. cefsulodin : A pyridinium-substituted semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum, cephalosporin antibiotic.	2	1	0	cephalosporin; organosulfonic acid; primary carboxamide	antibacterial drug
trilostane trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.	7.34	20	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; epoxy steroid; nitrile	abortifacient; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor
canrenoic acid Canrenoic Acid: A synthetic pregnadiene derivative with anti-aldosterone activity.	11.73	61	9	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid
omapatrilat omapatrilat: structure in first source	5.35	7	2	dipeptide
lanatoside c lanatoside C: RN given refers to (3beta,5beta,12beta)-isomer	2.01	1	0
tropisetron Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.	8.78	2	1	indolyl carboxylic acid
benidipine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.38	2	0
benidipine benidipine: RN refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer	5.11	5	2
xe 991, anthracenone 10,10-bis(4-pyridinylmethyl)-9(10H)-anthracenone: neurotransmitter release enhancer and potassium channel blocker; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	anthracenes
prednisolone hemisuccinate prednisolone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone succinate : A hemisuccinate resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group prednisolone with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. It is used to treat mild to moderate non-infectious eye allergies and inflammation, including damage caused by chemical and thermal burns.	2.01	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; hemisuccinate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
erb 041 ERB 041: an estrogen receptor beta agonist; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	3.34	7	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine [no description available]	2	1	0
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	2	1	0
dienestrol Dienestrol: A synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen structurally related to stilbestrol. It is used, usually as the cream, in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal symptoms.. dienestrol : An olefinic compound that is hexa-2,4-diene substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 4 respectively.	3.1	1	0
etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.	10.14	27	8	ethyl ester; imidazoles	intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
methylthiouracil Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	2.35	2	0	pyrimidone
ag-213 tyrphostin 47: inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase activity of EGF-R both in vitro and in living cells;	1.98	1	0
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	7.4	2	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
captax captax: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol : 1,3-Benzothiazole substituted at the 2-position with a sulfanyl group.	3.1	1	0	aryl thiol; benzothiazoles	carcinogenic agent; metabolite
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	9.04	4	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
thiothixene [no description available]	3.1	1	0	N-methylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent
dieldrin Dieldrin: An organochlorine insecticide whose use has been cancelled or suspended in the United States. It has been used to control locusts, tropical disease vectors, in termite control by direct soil injection, and non-food seed and plant treatment. (From HSDB). dieldrin : An organochlorine compound resulting from the epoxidation of the double bond of aldrin. It is the active metabolite of the proinsecticde aldrin.	1.96	1	0	epoxide; organochlorine compound; organochlorine insecticide	carcinogenic agent; xenobiotic
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
benztropine Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.	1.96	1	0	diarylmethane
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	2.37	2	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
cinnarizine Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.	1.96	1	0	diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine; olefinic compound	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	5.92	7	4	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	4.88	6	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
metiamide Metiamide: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist that is used as an anti-ulcer agent.	1.96	1	0	imidazoles
isoeugenol [no description available]	2.02	1	0	isoeugenol
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	3.1	1	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
thiobarbituric acid thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.	1.97	1	0	barbiturates	allergen; reagent
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	2.35	2	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
sodium propionate sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.	1.98	1	0	organic sodium salt	antifungal drug; food preservative
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	4.78	7	1	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.	2.03	1	0	aminoxyls; piperidines	catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
succimer Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.	2.37	2	0	dicarboxylic acid; dithiol; sulfur-containing carboxylic acid	chelator
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	11.66	69	10	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
capsazepine capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.	2	1	0	benzazepine; catechols; monochlorobenzenes; thioureas	capsaicin receptor antagonist
tamoxifen [no description available]	5.58	9	2	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
nadp [no description available]	8.62	55	1
6-hydroxyflavanone 6-hydroxyflavanone : A monohydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 6.	2.02	1	0	monohydroxyflavanone	fungal xenobiotic metabolite
t 0070907 T 0070907: a PPARgamma antagonist; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	carbonyl compound; organohalogen compound
r 82150 R 82150: structure given in first source; inhibits HIV-1 replication	1.99	1	0
r 86183 [no description available]	1.99	1	0
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	8.07	5	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	5.79	12	2	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	5.03	5	2	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	5.52	6	3	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
dimethylstilbestrol dimethylstilbestrol: stilbene derivative with anti-estrogenic & anti-fertility activities; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line & Index Medicus search STILBENES (75-85); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.02	1	0	stilbenoid
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.13	5	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
pica Pica: The persistent eating of non-nutritive substances for a period of at least one month.	3.04	1	0
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	14.38	95	22	alkali metal atom
thiobutabarbital thiobutabarbital: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.37	2	0
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	1.97	1	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
2-mercapto-1-(beta-4-pyridethyl)benzimidazole 2-mercapto-1-(beta-4-pyridethyl)benzimidazole: inhibits biosynthesis of DNA in HeLa cells	1.96	1	0
thiophanate Thiophanate: Nematocide used in livestock; also has fungicidal properties.. thiophanate : A member of the class of thioureas that is the diethyl ester of (1,2-phenylenedicarbamothioyl)biscarbamic acid. A fungicide effective against a broad spectrum of diseases in fruit, vegetables, turf and other crops including eyespot, scab, powdery mildew and grey mould.	2.03	1	0	benzimidazole precursor fungicide; carbamate ester; carbamate fungicide; thioureas	antifungal drug
gestodene Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer	4.08	3	1	steroid	estrogen
quinine [no description available]	2.89	4	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	2.13	1	0
glycodeoxycholic acid Glycodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.	1.96	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
rtki cpd RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors	2.73	3	0
gamma-glutamyl-5-hydroxytryptophan gamma-glutamyl-5-hydroxytryptophan: a prodrug of 5-hydroxytryptamine	3.37	1	1
u-50488 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine	2.7	3	0	dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine	analgesic; antitussive; calcium channel blocker; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
5-dihydroaldosterone 5-dihydroaldosterone: RN given refers to (5beta,11beta)-isomer	3.07	5	0
sch 23390 SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.	3.1	1	0	benzazepine
acth (11-24) [no description available]	2.4	2	0
methenolone Methenolone: A synthetic steroid that has been used for its anabolic action.	1.94	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
rasagiline [no description available]	2.17	1	0	indanes; secondary amine; terminal acetylenic compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
ketazocine ketazocine: RN given refers to parent cpd(2S-(2alpha,6alpha,11S*))-isomer	1.96	1	0
21-deacetyldeflazacort 21-deacetyldeflazacort: RN given refers to (11beta,16beta)-isomer	1.96	1	0
argipressin, deaminopenicillamine(1)-val(4)- argipressin, deaminopenicillamine(1)-Val(4)-: antagonist of vasopressor effect of vasopressin	1.98	1	0
oxytocin, phe(2)-orn(8)- oxytocin, Phe(2)-Orn(8)-: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer	1.97	1	0
angiotensin iii, 5-ile- [no description available]	1.97	1	0	peptide
ici 199441 [no description available]	2	1	0	acetamides
hydrin 2 hydrin 2: vasotocin C-terminally extented with glycine; not active on rat uterus or rat blood pressure	2.38	2	0
olivomycins Olivomycins: A mixture of several closely related glycosidic antibiotics obtained from Actinomyces (or Streptomyces) olivoreticuli. They are used as fluorescent dyes that bind to DNA and prevent both RNA and protein synthesis and are also used as antineoplastic agents.	1.96	1	0
amanitins Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.	2.36	2	0
tamitinol [no description available]	2	1	0
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	2.51	2	0
zankiren hydrochloride zankiren hydrochloride: structure given in first source	3.37	1	1
phosphothreonine Phosphothreonine: The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.. O-phospho-L-threonine : A L-threonine derivative phosphorylated at the side-chain hydroxy function.	1.99	1	0	L-threonine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
gw 7647 GW 7647: a PPAR-alpha agonist; structure in first source. GW 7647 : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-(phenylsulfanyl)isobutyric acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at the para- position by a 3-aza-7-cyclohexylhept-1-yl group in which the nitrogen is acylated by a (cyclohexylamino)carbonyl group.	2.88	3	0	aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; ureas	PPARalpha agonist
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	2.4	2	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
sto 609 STO 609: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	naphthoic acid
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	1.98	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
zinc protoporphyrin ix [no description available]	2.02	1	0
3-(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)-2-sulfanyl-4(3h)-quinazolinone 3-(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)-2-sulfanyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone: a mitochondrial division inhibitor	2.17	1	0
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	8.67	10	0
17-ketosteroids 17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.	9.99	173	1
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	1.94	1	0
sodium borohydride sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; metal tetrahydridoborate
digitoxigenin Digitoxigenin: 3 beta,14-Dihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digitoxin. Synonyms: Cerberigenin; Echujetin; Evonogenin; Thevetigenin.. digitoxigenin : A 5beta-cardenolide that is 5beta-cardanolide with hydroxy substituents at the 3beta- and 14beta-positions and double bond unsaturation at C(20)-C(22).	3.51	2	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid
lupitidine [no description available]	2	1	0
cathepsin g Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.	2.41	1	0
flosequinan [no description available]	2.39	2	0	quinolines
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	2	1	0	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
3-propoxy-beta-carboline 3-propoxy-beta-carboline: structure in first source	1.99	1	0
diclofenac sodium Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of DICLOFENAC. It is used for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.. diclofenac sodium : The sodium salt of diclofenac.	2.02	1	0	organic sodium salt
19-nordeoxycorticosterone 19-nordeoxycorticosterone: isolated from urine of castrated rats with regenerating adrenals	10.59	14	0
4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzimidazole 4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzimidazole: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	2.94	4	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	9.4	6	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	5.01	13	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	12.15	126	18	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	8.33	37	3	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
arachidonyltrifluoromethane arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2. AACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group	2	1	0	fatty acid derivative; ketone; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound	EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	3.53	2	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	2.08	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	8.12	5	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	10	25	2	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
scopoletin [no description available]	3.1	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	10.07	18	5	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
hymecromone Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.	3.53	2	0	hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.	2.41	2	0	fatty acid 20:3; long-chain fatty acid	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; nutraceutical
15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin e2 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin E2: RN given refers to (5Z,11alpha)-isomer; structure in first source. 13,14-dihydro-15-oxo-prostaglandin E2 : The 13,14-dihydro derivative of 15-oxo-prostaglandin E2.	1.97	1	0	prostaglandins E
alprostadil [no description available]	6.41	16	3	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 5(S)-HETE : A HETE having a (5S)-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.. 5-HETE : A HETE having a 5-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.	2.38	2	0	HETE	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	3.84	3	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	12.78	17	2	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	7.52	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
prostaglandin a2 prostaglandin A2: RN given refers to (5Z,13E,15S)-isomer	1.96	1	0	prostaglandins A	human metabolite
prostaglandin g2 [no description available]	1.97	1	0	prostaglandins G	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	14.54	49	10	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
gamma-linolenic acid gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.	1.99	1	0	linolenic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	1.97	1	0	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
prostaglandin f1 prostaglandin F1: was EN to PROSTAGLANDINS F (75-81); RN given refers to (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer	2.36	2	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite
genistein [no description available]	3.81	11	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	12.33	28	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	2.21	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
eprosartan eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.	11.5	5	3	dicarboxylic acid; imidazoles; thiophenes	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
paricalcitol [no description available]	7.49	2	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane	antiparathyroid drug
harman harman: a beta-carboline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. harman : An indole alkaloid fundamental parent with a structure of 9H-beta-carboline carrying a methyl substituent at C-1. It has been isolated from the bark of Sickingia rubra, Symplocus racemosa, Passiflora incarnata, Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi and Tribulus terrestris, as well as from tobacco smoke. It is a specific, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A.	1.99	1	0	harmala alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
esculetin esculetin: used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light; structure. esculetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light.	3.1	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; plant metabolite; ultraviolet filter
7-hydroxycoumarin 7-oxycoumarin: derivatives have anti-oxidant properties. umbelliferone : A hydroxycoumarin that is coumarin substituted by a hydroxy group ay position 7.	3.1	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	fluorescent probe; food component; plant metabolite
baicalein [no description available]	3.48	2	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
chrysin chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.	3.52	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; dihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
fisetin [no description available]	3.1	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; 7-hydroxyflavonol; tetrahydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; metabolite; plant metabolite
galangin 5,7-dihydroxyflavonol: antimicrobial from the twigs of Populus nigra x Populus deltoides; structure in first source. galangin : A 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively; a growth inhibitor of breast tumor cells.	3.1	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; trihydroxyflavone	antimicrobial agent; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
coumestrol Coumestrol: A daidzein derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has some estrogenic activity.. coumestrol : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9.	2.44	2	0	coumestans; delta-lactone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	2.52	2	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
rottlerin rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.	2.45	2	0	aromatic ketone; benzenetriol; chromenol; enone; methyl ketone	anti-allergic agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; K-ATP channel agonist; metabolite
flupenthixol cis-flupenthixol : A flupenthixol in which the double bond adopts a cis-configuration.	2.38	2	0	flupenthixol	dopaminergic antagonist
estradiol-17 beta-glucuronide 17beta-estradiol 17-glucosiduronic acid : A steroid glucosiduronic acid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having a beta-glucuronyl residue attached at position 17 via a glycosidic linkage.	1.99	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid; steroid glucosiduronic acid
7-hydroxyflavone 7-hydroxyflavone : A hydroxyflavonoid in which the flavone nucleus is substituted at position 7 by a hydroxy group.	2.02	1	0	hydroxyflavonoid
prostaglandin a1 [no description available]	1.96	1	0	prostaglandins A
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	3.37	1	1	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
anandamide anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.	2.05	1	0	endocannabinoid; N-acylethanolamine 20:4	human blood serum metabolite; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
cilnidipine [no description available]	5.27	6	2	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.	2.38	2	0	stilbenoid
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	3.84	11	0	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
4-hydroxyestradiol 4-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen. 4-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 4.	3.51	2	0	4-hydroxy steroid	metabolite
4-hydroxychalcone 4-hydroxychalcone: structure in first source. 4-hydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4.	2.46	2	0	chalcones; phenols	antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite
4'-hydroxychalcone 4'-hydroxychalcone: inhibits TNFalpha-induced NF-κB activation; structure in first source. 4'-hydroxychalcone : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4'.	2.02	1	0	chalcones; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent
4,4'-dihydroxystilbene [no description available]	2.02	1	0	stilbene-4,4'-diol
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	3.1	1	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.	2.42	2	0
triprolidine Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.	1.96	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; olefinic compound; pyridines	H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.	2.05	1	0	cyclopropanes; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolines; statin (synthetic)	antioxidant
2,3-dinor-6-ketoprostaglandin f1alpha 2,3-dinor-6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha: formed from 6-keto-PGF1alpha by Mycobacterium rhodochrous; RN given refers to (1R-(1alph,2beta(1E,3S*)))-isomer; structure given in first source. 2,3-dinor-6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin F1alpha lacking two methylenes in the carboxyalkyl chain and bearing an oxo group at the 6-position.	3.77	2	1	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; prostanoid; secondary alcohol	metabolite
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	7.82	35	6	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
14,15-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (5Z,8Z,11Z)-14,15-dihydroxyicosatrienoic acid : A DHET obtained by formal dihydroxylation across the 14,15-double bond of arachidonic acid.	2.06	1	0	DHET; diol; secondary allylic alcohol	mouse metabolite
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: stimulator of renal sodium, potassium atpase; RN given is for the (all-Z) isomer. 20-HETE : A HETE that consists of arachidonic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 20.	2.01	1	0	HETE; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
arachidonic acid 5-hydroperoxide arachidonic acid 5-hydroperoxide: 5-HPETE is used inconsistently in literature as syn for cpds with various tetraene locants; RN given refers to (6,8,11,14)-isomer; RN in CA Vol 91 Form Index for (E,Z,Z,Z)-isomer: 70968-82-0; RN for (5,8,11,13)-isomer: 71133-12-5; in Merck, arachidonic acid is the (5,8,11,14)-isomer. 5-HPETE : A HPETE that consists of (6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid in which the hydroperoxy group is located at position 5.	1.97	1	0	HPETE	human xenobiotic metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.05	1	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
sphingosine 1-phosphate sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1	7.74	3	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite; signalling molecule; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist; T-cell proliferation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
hyodeoxycholic acid hyodeoxycholic acid: differs from deoxycholic acid in that the 6 alpha-OH is in the 12 position in the former; RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,6alpha)-isomer. hyodeoxycholic acid : A member of the class of 5beta-cholanic acids that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by alpha-hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 6.	3.1	1	0	5beta-cholanic acids; 6alpha,20xi-murideoxycholic acid; bile acid; C24-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
codeine [no description available]	3.52	2	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
cyclosporine ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	2.01	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide	anti-asthmatic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antirheumatic drug; carcinogenic agent; dermatologic drug; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	2.38	2	0	hydrochloride
acetyldigitoxin Acetyldigitoxins: Cardioactive derivatives of lanatoside A or of DIGITOXIN. They are used for fast digitalization in congestive heart failure.. 3'''-O-acetyldigitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside compound consisting of digitoxin having an acetyl substituent at the 3-position on the D-ribo-hexopyranosyl residue at the non-reducing end.	2.01	1	0	cardenolide glycoside	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; enzyme inhibitor
cyproterone Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.	2.87	4	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; chlorinated steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	androgen antagonist
estropipate estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients	3.38	1	1	piperazinium salt; steroid sulfate
ethisterone Ethisterone: 17 alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A synthetic steroid hormone with progestational effects.. ethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 17beta hydrogen is replaced by an ethynyl group. Ethisterone was the first orally active progestin and is a metabolite of danazol.	2.43	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	drug metabolite; progestin
granisetron Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.	8.37	1	1	aromatic amide; indazoles
hydromorphone Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.	3.52	2	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
nalmefene nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer	3.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
nalorphine Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.	3.5	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	8.68	28	6	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.	3.1	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
oxymorphone Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)	3.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
proscillaridin Proscillaridin: A cardiotonic glycoside isolated from Scilla maritima var. alba (Squill).	2.01	1	0	organic molecular entity
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	4.94	8	1	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	3.31	1	0	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
4-hydroxystilbene 4-hydroxystilbene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. stilben-4-ol : A phenol having the structure of stilbene with a hydroxy function at C-4 of one of the phenyl rings; the stereochemistry across the alkene bond is not specified.	2.02	1	0	stilben-4-ol
6alpha-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol 6alpha-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol bearing an additional 6alpha-hydroxy substituent.	3.1	1	0	6alpha-hydroxy steroid
gamma-cyclodextrin gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.01	1	0	cyclodextrin
brefeldin a [no description available]	2.69	3	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	5.87	19	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid 4-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl)benzoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer; structure given in first source. arotinoid acid : A retinoid that consists of benzoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 2-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a synthetic retinoid that acts as a selective agonist for the retinoic acid receptors (RAR).	2.41	2	0	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; retinoic acid receptor agonist; teratogenic agent
2-methylthio-atp 2-methylthio-ATP: purinergic receptors agonist; relaxes mammalian gut preparations; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
bibp 3226 BIBP 3226: a selective non-peptide neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; BIBP-3435 is the S-enantiomer	2	1	0
(endo-n-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo-(3.2.1)oct-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-3-isopropyl-2-oxo-1h-benzimidazol-1-carboxamide (endo-N-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo-(3.2.1)oct-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-3-isopropyl-2-oxo-1H-benzimidazol-1-carboxamide: potent agonist at the 5-HT(4) receptor positively coupled to adenylate cyclase in brain; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.	7.27	32	1	heterodetic cyclic peptide	diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist
desoximetasone Desoximetasone: A topical anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in DERMATOSES, skin allergies, PSORIASIS, etc.. desoximetasone : Dexamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position is substituted by hydrogen. A synthetic corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic in the treatment of various skin disorders, including skin allergies and psoriasis.	3.05	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
fluprostenol fluprostenol: synthetic prostaglandin F 2 alpha analog used as an abortifacient; RN given refers to ((1alpha(Z),2beta(1E,3R*),3alpha,5alpha)-(+-))-isomer. fluprostenol : An organofluorine compound that is racemic prostaglandin F2alpha in which the pentyl group is replaced by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxymethyl group. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha, ophthalmic solutions of its isopropyl ester prodrug, travoprost, are used as a topical medication for controlling the progression of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, by reducing intraocular pressure. The isopropyl ester group of travoprost is hydrolysed to the biologically active free acid by esterases in the cornea.	1.96	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	abortifacient; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; female contraceptive drug; prostaglandin receptor agonist
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	3.38	1	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
fr 173657 FR 173657: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
kallidin Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog cleaved from kininogen by kallikreins. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that acts by vasodilatation.	2.42	2	0	peptide
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	8.76	2	1	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
l 365260 L 365260: a CCK-B antagonist; structure given in first source; potent & selective CCK-B & gastrin receptor ligand; L 365260 and L 365346 are (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers, respectively	2.4	2	0	benzodiazepine
lacidipine [no description available]	5.72	3	2	cinnamate ester; tert-butyl ester
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	1.98	1	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
mdl 100907 Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.	2.03	1	0
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	3.1	5	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
nalbuphine Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.	3.1	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic
neurokinin a Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.	1.98	1	0
neurokinin b Neurokinin B: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ A with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the URINARY BLADDER and UTERUS.	2.39	2	0	polypeptide
pd 123319 PD123319 : An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively	4.08	15	0	imidazopyridine	angiotensin receptor antagonist; endothelin receptor antagonist; vasoconstrictor agent
11-dehydrocorticosterone 11-dehydrocorticosterone : An 11-oxo steroid that is corticosterone in which the hydroxy substituent at the 11beta position has been oxidised to give the corresponding ketone.	9.34	20	0	11-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
calyculin a calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R(1S,3S,4S,5R,6R,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R),7beta(E(S)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer	1.99	1	0
spirapril spirapril: structure given in first source	4.62	3	2	azaspiro compound; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; dithioketal; ethyl ester; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
onapristone onapristone: induces vaginal bleeding and luteal regression in monkeys; structure given in first source; progesterone antagonist	2	1	0
kn 93 KN 93: reduces dopamine content in PC12h cells. KN-93 : A sulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of p-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid with the anilino nitrogen of 2-(aminomethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline in which the hydrogens of the primary amino group have been replaced by methyl and p-chlorocinnamyl groups. KN-93 is a selective inhibitor of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.	3.42	7	0	monochlorobenzenes; monomethoxybenzene; primary alcohol; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.7.11.17 (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
kn 62 KN 62: inhibitor of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II	2.4	2	0	piperazines
s 145 S 145: TXA2/PGH2 receptor antagonist; RN given refers to (+)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 10/88; S-1452 is the calcium hydrate form of S-145	2	1	0	monoterpenoid
sulprostone sulprostone: structure	2.05	1	0	prostanoid
cinnamyl alcohol cinnamyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-cinnamyl alcohol : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamyl alcohol.. cinnamyl alcohol : A primary alcohol comprising an allyl core with a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position and a phenyl substituent at the 3-position (geometry of the C=C bond unspecified).	3.1	1	0	cinnamyl alcohol	plant metabolite
linarin linarin: flavone glycoside isolated from leaves of Linaria japonica MIQ	2.08	1	0
ethyl caffeate (E)-ethyl 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate: structure in first source. ethyl trans-caffeate : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of trans-caffeic acid with ethanol.	2.13	1	0	alkyl caffeate ester; ethyl ester; hydroxycinnamic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
1-(4-(6-bromobenzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl)-3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydro-3h-cyclopenta(c)quinolin-8-yl)ethanone 1-(4-(6-bromobenzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl)-3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydro-3H-cyclopenta(c)quinolin-8-yl)ethanone: G-1 was able to induce both c-fos expression and proliferation in the ERalpha-negative/GPR30-positive SKBR3 breast cancer cells, the requirement for ERalpha expression in GPR30/EGFR signaling may depend on the specific cellular context of different tumor types	2.31	1	0	agonist
1-Ethyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole [no description available]	1.99	1	0	harmala alkaloid
fexaramine fexaramine: structure in first source	2.41	1	0	biphenyls
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	2.76	3	0
bosutinib 4-((2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)propoxy)-3-quinolinecarbonitrile: a Src kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.41	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; N-methylpiperazine; nitrile; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
ergothioneine ergothioneine thione form : A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.	1.95	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; amino-acid betaine; L-histidine derivative; sulfur-containing amino acid	antioxidant; chelator; fungal metabolite; plant metabolite; xenobiotic metabolite
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	3.59	9	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)	3.86	12	0
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: potent & selective inhibitor of platelet lipoxygenase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1	0
bay 11-7082 (E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.	2.15	1	0	nitrile; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate: structure given in first source. 2,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid methyl ester : A cinnamate ester that is the methyl ester of 2,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid.	2	1	0	cinnamate ester; hydroquinones; methyl ester	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	2.41	2	0
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	1.95	1	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	4.31	6	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	5.27	17	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
triphenyltin triphenyltin: triphenyltin derivatives widely used as pesticides; all of first source is triphenyltin cpds	2.25	1	0
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	4.7	30	0	alkali metal atom
trimethyltin trimethyltin : An organotin compound that consists of stannane in which three of the four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.	2.44	2	0
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	3.07	5	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
levorphanol Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.	3.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	7.37	2	0	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	3.31	1	0	metal atom; pnictogen
levallorphan Levallorphan: An opioid antagonist with properties similar to those of NALOXONE; in addition it also possesses some agonist properties. It should be used cautiously; levallorphan reverses severe opioid-induced respiratory depression but may exacerbate respiratory depression such as that induced by alcohol or other non-opioid central depressants. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p683)	2	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
dihydromorphine Dihydromorphine: A semisynthetic analgesic used in the study of narcotic receptors.	2.03	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
thallium Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).	1.94	1	0	boron group element atom
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	5.73	6	1	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
morphine-6-glucuronide morphine-6-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	2	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	2.03	1	0	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
delapril delapril: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source	2	1	0	peptide
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	12.57	40	18	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	7.25	16	7	benzazepine; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; lactam	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.	14.73	30	16	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug
candoxatril candoxatril : The 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl ester of the active enantiomer of candoxatrilat. Candoxatril is an orally active prodrug of candoxatrilat, a potent neutral endopeptidase (NEP, neprilysin) inhibitor used in the treatment of chronic heart failure.	6.81	9	8
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	2.35	2	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
geldanamycin [no description available]	2.92	4	0
musk musk: pure essence from secretion of preputial follicles of Moschus moschiferus L.	2.13	1	0	macrolide
diphenylhexatriene Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.	1.97	1	0	alkatriene	fluorochrome
veratrine Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.	2.65	3	0	alkaloid
quinocetone quinocetone: structure in first source	7.53	2	0
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	17.13	212	70	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
ecdysterone Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.	2.15	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; ecdysteroid; phytoecdysteroid	animal metabolite; plant metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	13.01	37	16	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	3.24	6	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
isophthalate isophthalate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.03	1	0	dicarboxylic acid dianion
thyronines Thyronines: A group of metabolites derived from THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms.. thyronine : A tyrosine derivative where the phenolic hydrogen of tyrosine is substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl.	1.94	1	0	thyronine
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	12.43	18	3	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
enalaprilat anhydrous Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.	9.8	21	4	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
normorphine normorphine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer	3.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
benazeprilat benazeprilat: structure given in first source. benazeprilat : A benzazepine that is 1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-1-benzazepin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a carboxy methyl group and in which the 3-pro-S hydrogen is replaced by the amino group of (2S)-2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid. An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, it is used as its monoester prodrug benazepril in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	1.99	1	0	benzazepine; dicarboxylic acid; lactam	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
trandolaprilat trandolaprilat: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; RN 87679-71-8 refers to trandolaprilat. trandolaprilat : A heterobicyclic compound that is trandolapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding acid group. It is the active metabolite of the prodrug trandolapril.	3.37	1	1	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite
imidapril imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.	2.42	2	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; imidazolidines; N-acylurea; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
ici 118551 ICI 118551: RN given refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer; structure in first source; ICI 111581 is hydrochloride of ICI 118551. ICI 118551 : An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer).	4.46	5	1	aromatic ether; indanes; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic antagonist
trandolapril trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.	6.18	9	4	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
dermorphin dermorphin: opiate-like peptide present in amphibian skin	7.37	2	0	oligopeptide
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.	1.98	1	0
sch 32615 [no description available]	1.99	1	0
naltrindole benzofuran naltrindole benzofuran: structure given in first source	3.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.	3.31	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker
5,6-dichloro-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole-3',5'-monophosphorothioate 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole-3',5'-monophosphorothioate: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
uroguanylin uroguanylin: amino acid sequence given in first source; stimulates intestinal guanylate cyclase; GenBank Z83746 (pig)	3.14	1	0
guanylin guanylin: from rat jejunum; contains 15 amino acids; activator of intestinal guanylate cyclase; stimulates this enzyme through the same receptor binding region as the heat-stable enterotoxins; amino acid sequence given in first source; GenBank Z73607 (pig)	8.8	3	0
antiarrhythmic peptide antiarrhythmic peptide: atrial peptide from bovine atria; hexapeptide composed of hydroxyproline(1), proline(1), glycine(3) & alanine(1); both N-terminal & carboxy-terminal residues are glycine	2.06	1	0
aliskiren aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.	12.94	33	16	monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene	antihypertensive agent
naltrindole naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist	3.1	1	0	isoquinolines
guanabenz Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.	4.97	9	1	dichlorobenzene
bafilomycin a [no description available]	2.43	2	0
n-caproylsphingosine N-(hexanoyl)sphing-4-enine : An N-acylsphingosine consisting of sphing-4-enine bearing a hexanoyl group on nitrogen.	2.03	1	0	N-acylsphingosine
cgp 37849 2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic acid: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; CGP-40116 is the (R)-enantiomer of CGP-37849; CGP-40017 is the L-isomer	7.39	2	0
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	2.65	3	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
2-amino-4-methoxy-3-butenoic acid 2-amino-4-methoxy-3-butenoic acid: bacterial toxin isolated from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; RN given refers to (S-(E))-isomer	1.96	1	0
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.	2.67	3	0
ro 42-5892 remikiren : An L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a (2S)-2-[(2-methylpropane-2-sulfonyl)methyl]-3-phenylpropanoyl group and the carboxy group is replaced by a [(2S,3R,4S)-1-cyclohexyl-4-cyclopropyl-3,4-dihydroxybutan-2-yl]amino group. It is a renin inhibitor which was under development for the treatment of hypertension (now discontinued).	4.62	3	2	cyclopropanes; diol; L-histidine derivative; secondary carboxamide; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.23.15 (renin) inhibitor; peptidomimetic; vasodilator agent
saralasin Saralasin: An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II that is used in the diagnosis of HYPERTENSION.	11.76	144	3	oligopeptide
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	3.99	4	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	9.01	4	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
budralazine [no description available]	6.96	1	0
dihydroergotoxine Dihydroergotoxine: A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES.	12.24	9	4
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	2.64	3	0	amidobenzoic acid
pregnanediol [no description available]	7.77	33	1
robenacoxib robenacoxib: an NSAID, COX-2 inhibitor, and analgesic. robenacoxib : An aromatic amino acid that is 2-amino-5-ethylphenylacetic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl group. A selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor that is used in veterinary medicine for the relief of pain and inflammation in cats and dogs.	2.15	1	0	aromatic amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; phenylacetic acids; secondary amino compound	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bongkrekic acid Bongkrekic Acid: An antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas cocovenenans. It is an inhibitor of MITOCHONDRIAL ADP, ATP TRANSLOCASES. Specifically, it blocks adenine nucleotide efflux from mitochondria by enhancing membrane binding.. bongkrekic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is docosa-2,4,8,10,14,18,20-heptaenedioic acid substituted at positions 2 ,5 and 17 by methyl groups, at positions 6 by a methoxy group and at position 20 by a carboxymethyl group. It is produced by the bacterium Burkholderia gladioli and implicated in outbreaks of food-borne illness involving coconut and corn-based products in Indonesia and China.	1.95	1	0	ether; olefinic compound; tricarboxylic acid	apoptosis inhibitor; ATP/ADP translocase inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; toxin
24,25-dihydroxyvitamin d 3 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3: A physiologically active metabolite of VITAMIN D. The compound is involved in the regulation of calcium metabolism, alkaline phosphatase activity, and enhancing the calcemic effect of CALCITRIOL.	1.96	1	0
bafilomycin a1 bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.	2.4	2	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide antibiotic; oxanes	apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; fungicide; potassium ionophore; toxin
ebelactone b ebelactone B: esterase inhibitor; structure given in first source; see also ebelactone A	1.99	1	0
1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol [no description available]	2.38	2	0	1,2-diglyceride
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane 1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane: fluorescent probe for phospholipids; RN & structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
piriprost piriprost: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
cgp 39653 CGP 39653: NMDA receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
microcystin rr microcystin RR: structure given in first source; isolated cyanobacterium	1.99	1	0	microcystin; organic molecular entity	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
viprostol viprostol: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (5Z,11alpha,13E)-isomer	3.35	1	1
n-acetyl-s-farnesylcysteine N-acetyl-S-farnesylcysteine: inhibits prenyl-cysteine carboxyl methyl transferases	1.99	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
fk 453 FK 453: adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; a new antihypertensive agent with diuretic action in isolated rabbit aorta; FR113452 is the S-(-) enantiomer of FK 453	1.98	1	0
pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione pregna-4,17-diene-3,16-dione: steroid from guggulu extract; RN & N1 from C1 Form index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source; antagonist of farnesoid X receptor	2.21	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
vasopressin, 1-deamino-4-val-8-arg- vasopressin, 1-deamino-4-Val-8-Arg-: highly potent & specific antidiuretic possessing protracted effects; RN given refers to (L-Val-L-Arg)-isomer	1.98	1	0
everolimus [no description available]	3.59	1	1	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
bifenthrin bifenthrin: a type I pyrethroid. bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.. kappa-bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (1R,3R)-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.	7.41	1	0	carboxylic ester; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
ibutamoren mesylate ibutamoren mesylate: a growth hormone secretagogue; structure in first source	1.98	1	0
19-hydroxycholesterol 19-hydroxycholesterol: structure given in first source	3.1	1	0	cholestanoid
nifuroxime 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde oxime: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
tanespimycin CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A	2.05	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; Hsp90 inhibitor
gw 1929 GW 1929: activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; structure in first source	2.52	2	0	benzophenones
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide [no description available]	1.96	1	0	ergot alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide	serotonergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
beta-escin [no description available]	7.81	31	2
borneol [no description available]	3.1	1	0	borneol
gr 103545 [no description available]	2	1	0
l-165041 4-(3-(2-propyl-3-hydroxy-4-acetyl)phenoxy)propyloxyphenoxy acetic acid: a PPAR-delta agonist has regulatory effects on a variety of adipokines, and these effects might explain some of their metabolic function.	2.66	2	0	aromatic ketone
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	1.99	1	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
lactacystin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	lactam; S-substituted L-cysteine
6 beta-hydroxycortisol 6 beta-hydroxycortisol: RN given refers to the (6beta,11beta)-isomer; see also record for 6 alpha-hydrocortisol. 6beta-hydroxycortisol : A C21-steroid that is cortisol bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6beta-position. In humans, it is produced as a metabolite of cortisol by cytochrome p450-3A4 (CYP3A4, an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of a variety of exogenous and endogenous compounds) and can be used to detect moderate and potent CYP3A4 inhibition in vivo.	2.67	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; 6beta-hydroxy steroid; C21-steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mammalian metabolite; probe
gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)	2.42	2	0	gadolinium coordination entity	MRI contrast agent
ergoline Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.	9.73	7	1	diamine; ergoline alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate: RP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A inhibitor; SP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A agonist. (Sp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).. (Rp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Rp-stereoisomer).	2	1	0	nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	3.79	11	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.	2.66	3	0
epostane [no description available]	3.35	1	1
etonogestrel [no description available]	2.04	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin
tiapamil hydrochloride Tiapamil Hydrochloride: A phenylethylamine derivative that acts as a calcium antagonist showing hemodynamic effects in patients with acute myocardial infarction.	1.97	1	0
pentopril CGS 13945: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
enkephalin-leu, ala(2)-arg(6)- enkephalin-Leu, Ala(2)-Arg(6)-: RN refers to (L-Arg-L-Tyr-D-Ala-L-Phe-L-Leu)-isomer	2.37	2	0
rhc 3659 pivalopril: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
vorozole vorozole: structure given in first source; vorozole/R 83842 is ((+)/dextro-isomer), RN 129731-10-8; R 83839 ((-)/levo-isomer)	4.62	3	2	benzotriazoles
hexarelin hexarelin: a synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide; structurally similar to GHRP-6, with the substitution of D-Trp with its 2-methyl derivative; more potent & stable and less toxic than GHRP-6	5.22	4	3
dalcetrapib dalcetrapib: inhibits cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)	5.01	4	0	anilide
valyltyrosine valyltyrosine: from sardine muscle hydrolyzate. Val-Tyr : A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-tyrosine residues.	3.8	2	1	dipeptide	metabolite
acetylcarnitine O-acetyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine where the acyl group specified is acetyl. It facilitates movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.	2	1	0	O-acetylcarnitine; saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	3.93	13	0	ammonium ion derivative
chloralose Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.	1.95	1	0
bufalin bufalin: cardiotonic; powerful anesthetic & one of the active constituents of the Chinese drug ch'an su(senso); in Japan prepared from skin of Bufo bufo garfarizans; RN given refers to (3beta,5beta)-isomer. bufalin : A 14beta-hydroxy steroid that is bufan-20,22-dienolide having hydroxy substituents at the 5beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the skin of the toad Bufo bufo.	2.44	2	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid	animal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; cardiotonic drug
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	9.25	4	1	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo(2,1-b)(1,3)thiazole-5-carbaldehyde o-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime 6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo(2,1-b)(1,3)thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime: a constitutive androstane receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
oleandrigenin oleandrigenin: RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer; structure. oleandrigenin : A steroid ester that is the 16-acetyl derivative of gitoxigenin.	2.01	1	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; steroid ester	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; metabolite
gw 501516 GW 501516: a selective PPARdelta agonist; structure in first source. GW 501516 : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a (1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)sulfanediyl group, and in which the 1,3-thiazolyl group is substituted at positions 2 and 4 by p-trifluoromethylphenyl and methyl groups, respectively.	2.1	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; aromatic ether; aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound	carcinogenic agent; PPARbeta/delta agonist
sacubitril [no description available]	4.77	6	0	biphenyls
niravoline niravoline: a kappa-opioid agonist	2	1	0
abiraterone acetate Abiraterone Acetate: An androstene derivative that inhibits STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE and is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant PROSTATE CANCER.. abiraterone acetate : A sterol ester obtained by formal condensation of the 3-hydroxy group of abiraterone with the carboxy group of acetic acid. A prodrug that is converted in vivo into abiraterone. Used for treatment of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer.	2.66	2	0	pyridines; sterol ester	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor; prodrug
vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(o- methyl-l-tyrosine)-8-l-arginine- vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(O- methyl-L-tyrosine)-8-L-arginine-: highly potent antagonist of vasopressor response to arginine-vasopressin; structure in first source	4.75	7	1
n(6)-cyclohexyladenosine N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine: structure given in first source; receptors, purinergic P1 agonist	1.97	1	0
ursodoxicoltaurine tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.	2.61	2	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
4-anisyltetrazolium blue tetrazolium blue : An organic chloride salt having tetrazolium blue(1+) as the counterion.	1.94	1	0	organic chloride salt	dye
pentagastrin Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.	3.75	3	0	organic molecular entity
flag peptide FLAG peptide: engineered as a tag for immunoaffinity purification of genetically-engineered proteins; amino acid sequence given in first source; a polar octapeptide. FLAG peptide : An eight amino acid peptide consisting of L-aspartic acid, L-tyrosine, L-lysine, four L-aspartic acid residues, and L-lysine joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is widely used as a fusion tag for the purification and detection of a wide variety of recombinant proteins.	2.31	1	0	peptide
16-methylprogesterone, (16alpha)-isomer [no description available]	2.68	3	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	5.79	7	1	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
carbobenzoxy-leucyl-leucyl-norvalinal carbobenzoxy-leucyl-leucyl-norvalinal: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	peptide
fimasartan fimasartan: an angiotensin II receptor antagonist	6	3	3	biphenyls
em 800 EM 800: EM-800 is the prodrug of EM-652; EM-800 and EM-776 are (S)- and (R)-isomers, respectively; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
estradiol-drospirenone combination estradiol-drospirenone combination: consists of 17beta-estradiol and drospirenone; used to treat menopause	2.25	1	0
lipid a Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).	2.02	1	0	dodecanoate ester; lipid A; tetradecanoate ester	Escherichia coli metabolite
l 365260 [no description available]	2	1	0
dapagliflozin [no description available]	9.88	2	1	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
gw 4064 [no description available]	2.58	2	0	stilbenoid
plomestane plomestane: selective inhibitor of aromatization in human breast tissue; may provide a mechanism for controlling estrogen responsive processes	1.97	1	0
nivazol nivazol: RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	steroid
norcodeine norcodeine: RN given refers to (5 alpha,6 alpha)-isomer. norcodeine : A morphinane-like compound that is the N-demethylated derivative of codeine.	3.1	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
cediranib [no description available]	8.5	1	1	aromatic ether
gw0742 GW 610742: structure in first source	2.21	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
neuromedin n neuromedin N: peptide from porcine spinal cord with amino acid sequence homologous to COOH-terminal sequence of neurotensin	2.39	2	0
pasireotide pasireotide : A six-membered homodetic cyclic peptide composed from L-phenylglycyl, D-tryptophyl, L-lysyl, O-benzyl-L-tyrosyl, L-phenylalanyl and modified L-hydroxyproline residues joined in sequence. A somatostatin analogue with pharmacologic properties mimicking those of the natural hormone somatostatin; used (as its diaspartate salt) for treatment of Cushing's disease.	2.48	2	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	antineoplastic agent
u 18666a 3-beta-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one: inhibits cycloartenol synthase. 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of 3beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. It is a cholesterol synthesis and transport inhibitor.	2.03	1	0	hydrochloride	antiviral agent; EC 1.3.1.72 (Delta(24)-sterol reductase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; nicotinic antagonist; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
4-hydroxyestrone 4-hydroxyestrone : A 4-hydroxy steroid that is estrone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4.	3.1	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; catechols; phenolic steroid	carcinogenic agent; estrogen; human urinary metabolite
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	2.6	1	0
l 159884 L 159884: structure in first source	2	1	0
calcium bicarbonate calcium hydrogen carbonate: disinfectant for influenza A viruses	2.46	2	0
dimethylarginine dimethylarginine: structure in first source. dimethylarginine : An arginine derivative that is arginine substituted by two methyl groups. A "closed" class.	3.86	2	1
vitamin u Vitamin U: A vitamin found in green vegetables. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, colitis, and gastritis and has an effect on secretory, acid-forming, and enzymatic functions of the intestinal tract.. S-methyl-L-methioninate : A sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-methyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2	1	0	methyl-L-methionine; sulfonium betaine
11 beta-hydroxyandrosterone 11 beta-hydroxyandrosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha,11beta)-isomer; structure	3.1	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
eledoisin Eledoisin: A peptide extracted from the posterior salivary glands of certain small octopi (Eledone spp., Mollusca), or obtained by synthesis. Its actions resemble those of SUBSTANCE P; it is a potent vasodilator and increases capillary permeability. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1364)	1.98	1	0	peptide
2-hydroxyestriol 2-hydroxyestriol: structure	3.1	1	0
angiotensin amide Angiotensin Amide: The octapeptide amide of bovine angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure by vasoconstriction.	6.47	36	0	oligopeptide
sc 26304 SC 26304: spirolactone aldosterone antagonist	4.15	5	0	steroid lactone
gitaloxin gitaloxin: RN given refers to (3beta,5beta,16beta)-isomer. gitaloxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is gitoxin in which the 16beta-hydroxy group has been formylated.	2.01	1	0	cardenolide glycoside	metabolite
aurotioprol [no description available]	1.97	1	0
isotocin isotocin: hormone found in some teleosts; Gln in position 4 of oxytocin replaced by Ser & Leu in position 8 by Ile; structure	1.97	1	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	5.81	4	2
ucn 1028 c calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides	3.5	8	0
urb602 URB602: inhibitor of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)-deactivating enzyme, monoacylglycerol lipase, structure in first source	2.25	1	0
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	1.95	1	0	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
calpain inhibitor iii calpain inhibitor III: potential anticataract drug	2.11	1	0
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	3.76	11	0	nystatins
dorsomorphin dorsomorphin: an AMPK inhibitor. dorsomorphin : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by pyridin-4-yl and p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl groups, respectively. It is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase, EC 2.7.11.31) and a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; piperidines; pyrazolopyrimidine; pyridines	bone morphogenetic protein receptor antagonist; EC 2.7.11.31 {[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase} inhibitor
anacetrapib [no description available]	4.27	5	0
n-acetyl-s-geranylgeranyl-cysteine N-acetyl-S-geranylgeranyl-cysteine: a prenylcysteine analog	1.99	1	0	diterpenoid
sitagliptin phosphate Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.	4.36	1	1
veratridine Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.	1.96	1	0
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	11.05	40	3
empagliflozin [no description available]	3.69	2	0	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes; tetrahydrofuryl ether	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	4.71	30	0	benzoxazole
dihydroouabain dihydroouabain: RN given refers to (1beta,3beta,5beta,11alpha,20xi)-isomer. dihydroouabain : A cardenolide glycoside that is ouabain in which the double bond in the lactone ring has been reduced to a single bond. It is a cardiac glycoside and a derivative of ouabain which is used as a sodium pump antagonist and exhibits ionotropic effects.	1.99	1	0
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	2.03	1	0
veliparib [no description available]	2.11	1	0	benzimidazoles	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate: (L)-isomer is the biologically active form; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.07	1	0	1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	1.96	1	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	4.33	6	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	2.67	3	0
marinobufagenin marinobufagenin: an endogenous digitalis-like factor; a Na(+),K(+)-ATPase inhibitor and cardiotonic agent; structure given in first source. marinobufagenin : A cardiotonic steroid secreted by the toad Bufo rubescens and other related species such as Bufo marinus. An endogenous Na/K-ATPase inhibitor, it is a vasoconstrictor with effects similar to digitalis.	5.05	4	2	epoxy steroid; steroid hormone	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
cinobufagin cinobufagin: isolated from Chinese medicinal preparation ch'an su; derived from toad venom	2.44	2	0	steroid lactone
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	21.7	855	42
enerbol Life: The state that distinguishes organisms from inorganic matter, manifested by growth, metabolism, reproduction, and adaptation. It includes the course of existence, the sum of experiences, the mode of existing, or the fact of being. Over the centuries inquiries into the nature of life have crossed the boundaries from philosophy to biology, forensic medicine, anthropology, etc., in creative as well as scientific literature. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)	2.34	2	0
dihydrotachysterol Dihydrotachysterol: A VITAMIN D that can be regarded as a reduction product of vitamin D2.. dihydrotachysterol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is 9,10-secoergosta-5,7,22-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. A synthetic analogue of vitamin D that acts a bone density conservation agent.	2.35	2	0
ouabagenin ouabagenin: inhibitor of ATPASE; structure. ouabagenin : A hexahydroxy steroidal lactone obtained by hydrolysis of ouabain.	2.41	2	0	1-hydroxy steroid; 11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 19-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
rifamycins [no description available]	4.43	1	1
norbormide norbormide: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.01	1	0
5-dihydrocortisol 5-dihydrocortisol: RN given refers to (5alpha,11beta)-isomer; structure	2.39	2	0	21-hydroxy steroid
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	3.04	5	0
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	1.98	1	0
bleomycetin bleomycetin: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0
de-o-methyllasiodiplodin de-O-methyllasiodiplodin: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
icatibant icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.	5.21	4	1
angiotensin iii, ile(7)- angiotensin III, Ile(7)-: angiotensin II antagonist	1.97	1	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	6.09	24	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sc 25152 SC 25152: structure	1.95	1	0
tin mesoporphyrin tin mesoporphyrin: structure given in first source; RN given refers to dihydrogen, (SP-4-2)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 5/88	2.02	1	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	4.48	8	0
9-fluorocortisone [no description available]	1.97	1	0
cosyntropin Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.	13.15	107	7
melitten Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.	1.95	1	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	5.74	6	1
dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.	1.98	1	0
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	23.62	1,288	224	polypeptide
ganirelix [no description available]	3.42	1	1	polypeptide
cys(11)-cys(15)-endothelin-1 (11-21) Cys(11)-Cys(15)-endothelin-1 (11-21): antagonist of endothelin B receptor	1.99	1	0
renin inhibitory peptide renin inhibitory peptide: angiotensinogen analog	3.79	2	1
adrenocorticotropin zinc [no description available]	4.06	3	1
humanin humanin: suppresses neuronal cell death induced by the Swedish mutant of amyloid precursor protein; suppresses neuronal cell death induced by three different types of FAD genes and amyloid beta; amino acid sequence in first source	2.11	1	0
protein kinase inhibitor peptide protein kinase inhibitor peptide: 18 amino acid residues given in first source; corresponds to the inhibitory domain of the heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor	2	1	0
neurotensin, trp(11)- neurotensin, Trp(11)-: analog of neurotensin in which Tyr(11) has been replaced with Trp; neurotensin antagonist; RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2	1	0
somatostatin, iodo-tyr(1)- [no description available]	1.96	1	0
acth alpha (1-18) ACTH alpha (1-18): synthetic substituted corticotropin analog	1.95	1	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	8.4	19	2
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	12.46	53	2	peptide hormone
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	9.86	32	4
sauvagine sauvagine: isolated from skin of South American hylid frog, Phyllomedusa sauvagei; has hypotensive & antidiuretic effect; potent stimulating action on secretion of ACTH & corticosterone; inhibitory effect on secretion of PRL, GH, & TSH; consists of straight chain of 40 amino acid residues	1.95	1	0
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	8.8	36	2
conotoxin gv conotoxin GV: NMDA antagonist from Conus geographus	2.05	1	0
anaritide anaritide: anaritide is a synthetic 25-amino acid atrial natriuretic factor corresponding to the (102-126) sequence of ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR PROHORMONE; WY-47,663 is the acetate salt; RN & structure given in USAN; see also ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; ALPHA-ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE, HUMAN (NM); ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE, RAT (NM).	3.36	1	1
ularitide Ularitide: a 32-amino acid peptide derived from (95-126 residues) of ANP PROHORMONE (1-126 residues); not biologically inactivated by a peptidase from dog kidney cortex membranes	7.39	10	5
brain natriuretic peptide, porcine brain natriuretic peptide, porcine: peptide made up of 32 amino acid residues; discovered in porcine brain and heart atria; BNP-26 is a synthetic analog of porcine brain natriuretic peptide	3.77	2	1
s6c sarafotoxin sarafotoxins s6: several isotoxins from Atractaspis engaddensis; has strong cardiotoxic activity; all contain 21 amino acid residues; see also endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor factor	4.01	5	0
iberiotoxin [no description available]	2.42	2	0
angiotensinogen Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.	15.32	155	5
bq 3020 [no description available]	2.7	3	0
irl 1620 sovateltide: a potent, specific ligand for the endothelin-B receptor	1.99	1	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	2.42	2	0
liraglutide [no description available]	9.92	2	1	lipopeptide; polypeptide	glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	7.5	5	4
msh, 4-nle-7-phe-alpha- [no description available]	1.96	1	0	polypeptide	dermatologic drug
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	8.23	15	4
atrial natriuretic factor 26, rat atrial natriuretic factor 26, rat: peptide corresponding to the 26 residues of the C-terminal of rat atrial natriuretic factor	2.38	2	0
natriuretic peptide, c-type Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.	8.17	11	5
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	3.75	11	0	glycoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	14.25	140	18
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	3.45	8	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
atractyloside Atractyloside: A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE.	1.95	1	0
carbetocin carbetocin : Oxytocin in which the hydrogen on the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by methyl, the amino group on the cysteine residue is substituted by hydrogen, and the sulfur of the cysteine residue is replaced by a methylene group. A synthetic carba-analogue of oxytocin, it is used to control bleeding after giving birth. Like oxytocin, it causes contraction of the uterus.	2.07	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	oxytocic
aluminum lactate aluminum lactate: RN given refers to compound with unknown number of aluminum atoms	2.06	1	0	aluminium coordination entity; lactate salt
thimerosal Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.	1.96	1	0	alkylmercury compound	antifungal drug; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; drug allergen
hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye	2.05	1	0
sodium salicylate [no description available]	2.35	2	0	organic molecular entity
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	5.96	10	1
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	3.01	4	0
lucifer yellow lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt	2.42	2	0	organic lithium salt	fluorochrome
17-ketotrilostane 17-ketotrilostane: metabolite of trilostane	2.06	1	0
18-deoxyaldosterone 18-deoxyaldosterone: structure	9.45	7	0
19-iodocholesterol 19-Iodocholesterol: 19-Iodocholest-5-en-3 beta-ol. A cholesterol derivative usually substituted with radioactive iodine in the 19 position. The compound is an adrenal cortex scanning agent used in the assessment of patients suspected of having Cushing's syndrome, hyperaldosteronism, pheochromocytoma and adrenal remnants following total adrenalectomy.	2.68	3	0
6-iodomethylcholesterol 6-iodomethylcholesterol: RN given refers to (123)I-labeled cpd (3 beta,6 beta)-isomer	2.25	1	0
menotropins Menotropins: Extracts of urine from menopausal women that contain high concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE. Menotropins are used to treat infertility. The FSH:LH ratio and degree of purity vary in different preparations.	2.66	3	0
9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine [no description available]	3.1	5	0
butaclamol Butaclamol: A benzocycloheptapyridoisoquinolinol that has been used as an antipsychotic, especially in schizophrenia.	1.97	1	0
sodium houttuyfonate sodium houttuyfonate: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	5.52	68	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
prorenoate potassium prorenoate potassium: RN given refers to (6 alpha,7 alpha,17 alpha)-isomer; structure	3.75	3	0
sc70303 SC70303: potassium salt of the open lactone ring of eplerenone; structure in first source	2.01	1	0
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	2.05	1	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
ru 28318 [no description available]	10.85	23	1
sodium ethylxanthate Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.	2.65	3	0
cortisol succinate, sodium salt hydrocortisone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; Synonyms Solu-Cortef & sopolcort H refer to Na salt	2.87	4	0	organic molecular entity
allisartan isoproxil allisartan isoproxil: structure in first source	2.31	1	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	4.16	5	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl cellulose [no description available]	1.97	1	0	glycoside
intrinsic factor Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the GASTRIC GLANDS that is required for the absorption of VITAMIN B 12 (cyanocobalamin). Deficiency of intrinsic factor leads to VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY and ANEMIA, PERNICIOUS.	3.05	1	0
rb 150 firibastat: has antihypertensive activity; a dimer of EC33 with a disulfide linkage; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
oxymatrine oxymatrine: structure in first source; has anti-apoptosis effects	2.83	3	0
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	2	1	0	BODIPY compound
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	9.28	20	2
neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	3.69	10	0	peptide hormone	human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary
apelin-13 peptide apelin-13 peptide: amino acid sequence in first source. apelin-13 : A 13 amino acid oligopeptide which is the ligand for the apelin receptor (also known as the APJ receptor). It exhibits hypotensive and neuroprotective effects, and may be a potential prognostic biomarker for acute ischemic stroke and multiple sclerosis.	2.03	1	0	oligopeptide	antihypertensive agent; autophagy inhibitor; biomarker; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
cgp 29287 CGP 29287: see also record for renin inhibitory peptide, statine	1.97	1	0
cerebellin cerebellin: cerebellum-specific hexadecapeptide marker for Purkinje cells	2.4	2	0
atrial natriuretic factor (4-23)nh2, de-gln(18)-de-ser(19)-de-gly(20,22)-de-leu(21)- [no description available]	2.39	2	0
adrenocorticotropic hormone [no description available]	2.38	2	0
act-132577 aprocitentan: a macitentan metabolite. ACT-132577 : A member of the class of sulfamides in which one of the amino groups of sulfonamide is substituted by a 5-(4-bromophenyl)-6-{2-[(5-bromopyrimidin-2-yl)oxy]ethoxy}pyrimidin-4-yl group. An active metabolite of macitentan (obtained by oxidative depropylation), an orphan drug used for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.	3.7	1	1	aromatic ether; organobromine compound; pyrimidines; sulfamides	antihypertensive agent; drug metabolite; endothelin receptor antagonist; xenobiotic metabolite
mannans [no description available]	2.04	1	0
triiodothyronine, reverse Triiodothyronine, Reverse: A metabolite of THYROXINE, formed by the peripheral enzymatic monodeiodination of T4 at the 5 position of the inner ring of the iodothyronine nucleus.. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine zwitterion : Zwitterionic form of 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine.	2.37	2	0	3,3',5'-triiodothyronine; amino acid zwitterion
osilodrostat Osilodrostat: an orally active aldosterone-synthase inhibitor	11.17	12	6
glycolipids [no description available]	2.67	3	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	8.98	32	7
18-hydroxycortisol 18-hydroxycortisol: from urine of patients with primary aldosteronism. 18-hydroxycortisol : A 18-hydroxy steroid that is cortisol carrying a hydroxy group at position 18. Its urinary excretion is increased in patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma.	7.16	28	1
18-oxocortisol 18-oxocortisol: biosynthesized by aldosterone-producing adrenal tissue; structure given in first source. 18-oxocortisol : A steroid aldehyde that is cortisol carrying a formyl group at position 18.	7.3	32	1
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	3.83	2	1
antibiotic cv-1 [no description available]	2.02	1	0
pf 04971729 ertugliflozin: structure in first source	4.41	1	1	diarylmethane
fosinopril Fosinopril: A phosphinic acid-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite fosinoprilat.. fosinopril : A phosphinate ester-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. It is used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. A pro-drug, it is hydrolysed in vivo to the corresponding phosphininc acid, fosinoprilat, which is the active metabolite.	6.77	14	5
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	2.74	3	0
englerin a [no description available]	2.6	1	0	cinnamate ester; glycolate ester; guaiane sesquiterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
evacetrapib [no description available]	9.82	2	1	benzazepine
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	1.98	1	0
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	8.74	32	2
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	18.49	225	73	polypeptide
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	8.1	5	0
chondroitin Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	1.94	1	0
heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.	2.42	2	0
neuromedin b neuromedin B: decapeptide isolated from porcine spinal cord	1.98	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	8.42	25	2	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	3.1	1	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	4.51	4	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	1.95	1	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	2.86	4	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.	2.36	2	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam [no description available]	2.96	4	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	2	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.	2	1	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.	2	1	0	benzothiazine; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antirheumatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	3.21	6	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
demeclocycline Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.	2.36	2	0
4-hydroxycoumarin 2-hydroxychromone: structure	3.1	1	0	hydroxycoumarin
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	10.54	22	0
acth (7-38) ACTH (7-38): do not confuse with CIP protein. defensin : A family of cysteine-rich polypeptides that function as host defence peptides and consist of 18-45 amino acids including six to eight cysteine residues.	3.23	6	0
gastrin-releasing peptide Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.	2.41	1	0
calca protein, human CALCA protein, human: RefSeq NM_001741	3.47	1	1
charybdotoxin [no description available]	2.67	3	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	15.63	63	1
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	2.48	2	0
clomipramine sodium green: a new fluorescent sodium indicator; no further information available 3/96. sodium green : A quaternary ammonium salt that is the tetrakis(N,N,N-trimethylmethammonium) salt of 5-({[4-(13-{4-[({3-carboxy-4-[(2,7-dichloro-6-hydroxy-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl)methyl]phenyl}carbonyl)amino]-2,5-bis(methyloxy)phenyl}-1,4,10-trioxa-7,13-diazacyclopentadecan-7-yl)-2-hydroxy-5-(methyloxy)phenyl]amino}carbonyl)-2-(2,7-dichloro-6-hydroxy-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid.	2	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt	fluorochrome
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	7.4	2	0	ketal
gkt137831 setanaxib: NOX4/NOX1 inhibitor; a pyrazolopyridine dione derivative	2.21	1	0
bay 94-8862 finerenone: a potent, selective, and orally available nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; structure in first source	8.66	11	1
pyrethrins [no description available]	2.41	1	0
acovenoside a acovenoside A: Maasai arrow poison from Acokanthera schimperi; RN given refers to(1beta,3beta,5beta)-isomer; structure given in first source. acovenoside A : A cardenolide glycoside that is the 3-(6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-taloside) of 1beta,3beta,14-trihydroxy-5beta-card-20(22)-enolide.	2.01	1	0
kiss1 protein, human Kisspeptins: Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.	2.49	2	0
neuropeptide y (18-36) neuropeptide Y (18-36): amino acid sequence given in first source	1.98	1	0
rome Rome: The capital city of Italy.. (2R)-2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol : A 2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol that has R-configuration. It is a sphingosine kinase-2 inhibitor.	1.98	1	0	2-amino-2-(methoxymethyl)-4-(4-octylphenyl)butan-1-ol	EC 2.7.1.91 (sphingosine kinase) inhibitor
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	1.94	1	0
deposiston Deposiston: depot estrogen containing 17 alpha-ethinyl-3-isopropylsulfonyloxy-estradiol + norethisterone	6.96	1	0
glutaminase [no description available]	1.95	1	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	7.75	3	0
lysophosphatidylinositol [no description available]	1.98	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	5.21	12	1
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	3.44	2	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	6.68	10	6
acth (1-24), phe(2)-nle(4)- [no description available]	1.96	1	0
neuropeptide y, leu(31)-pro(34)- neuropeptide Y, Leu(31)-Pro(34)-: specific Y1 receptor agonist	1.98	1	0
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	16.44	199	32	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	4.67	5	0
adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.	11.9	68	5
angiotensin iii Angiotensin III: A heptapeptide formed from ANGIOTENSIN II after the removal of an amino acid at the N-terminal by AMINOPEPTIDASE A. Angiotensin III has the same efficacy as ANGIOTENSIN II in promoting ALDOSTERONE secretion and modifying renal blood flow, but less vasopressor activity (about 40%).	9.96	76	2
mesotocin [no description available]	2.66	3	0
nephrin nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat)	3.02	4	0
guan-fu base a Guan-fu base A: an anti-arrhythmia agent; isolated from the tuber of Aconitum doreanum; RN given refers to (2alpha,11alpha,13R)-isomer; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
d-ala(2),mephe(4),met(0)-ol-enkephalin D-Ala(2),MePhe(4),Met(0)-ol-enkephalin: A stable synthetic analog of methionine enkephalin (ENKEPHALIN, METHIONINE). Actions are similar to those of methionine enkephalin. Its effects can be reversed by narcotic antagonists such as naloxone.	2.4	2	0
ranakinin ranakinin: a novel tachykinin receptor agonist; from the brain of frog, Rana ridibunda	1.99	1	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	4.43	5	1
ecallantide ecallantide: an NSAID and analgesic	3.39	1	1
norgestrel Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.	8.22	6	0
sermorelin Sermorelin: The biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor, consisting of GHRH(1-29)-amide. This N-terminal sequence is identical in several mammalian species, such as human, pig, and cattle. It is used to diagnose or treat patients with GROWTH HORMONE deficiency.. sermorelin : A 29 amino acid polypeptide that is used to treat growth problems (usually in children) due to growth hormone deficiency. It is the biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor (GHRH).	1.98	1	0
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	2.11	1	0
calciseptine calciseptine: amino acid sequence given in first source; specific blocker of the L-type calcium channel; from black mamba venom	1.99	1	0
lysergic acid lysergic acid : An ergoline alkaloid comprising 6-methylergoline having additional unsaturation at the 9,10-position and a carboxy group at the 8-position.	6.93	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	8.65	30	1
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	2.36	2	0
cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.	2.4	2	0
peptide yy Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.	4.01	4	0
18-vinylprogesterone 18-vinylprogesterone: structure given in first source	7.67	3	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	1.95	1	0
apyrase Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.	2.11	1	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	2.03	1	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	3.07	5	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	1.95	1	0
somatostatin, trp(8)- [no description available]	1.96	1	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	2	1	0
tautomycin tautomycin: an inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A; isolated from Streptomyces spiroverticillatus; MF: C42-H70-O12; exists as a tautomeric mixture in solution	2.69	3	0
technetium tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid: A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in the diagnostic imaging of the renal cortex.	1.98	1	0
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	3.46	1	1	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	21	187	29	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	4.71	3	2	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine monophosphate Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	4.55	5	1	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	9.79	10	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	2.4	2	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	2.1	1	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	2.42	2	0	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosine triphosphate Inosine Triphosphate: Inosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An inosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonym: IRPPP.	2.03	1	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sapropterin sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).	4.07	4	0	5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin	coenzyme; cofactor; diagnostic agent; human metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	2.07	1	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	3.1	5	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
neopterin [no description available]	1.99	1	0
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	5.58	5	1	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	3.48	2	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
ganciclovir [no description available]	1.99	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
oxypurinol Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.	3.77	2	1	pyrazolopyrimidine	drug metabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	4.76	7	1	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine 2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine: a nitric oxide (NO) generating compound. 1,1-bis(2-aminoethyl)-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane : A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by two 2-aminoethyl groups, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group.	3.61	3	0
guanylyl imidodiphosphate Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).	2.37	2	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
phenylamil phenylamil: irreversible inhibitor of sodium channels in the toad urinary bladder	2.67	3	0	guanidines; pyrazines
8-hydroxyguanosine 8-hydroxyguanosine: immunostimulant for B lymphocytes; structure given in first source	2.1	1	0	purine nucleoside
norclozapine norclozapine: structure given in first source. N-desmethylclozapine : A dibenzodoazepine substituted with chloro and piperazino groups which is a major metabolite of clozapine; a potent and selective 5-HT2C serotonin receptor antagonist.	3.1	1	0	dibenzodiazepine; organochlorine compound; piperazines	delta-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
4-((3-(1,6-dihyro-6-oxo-9h-purin-9-yl)-1-oxopropyl)amino)benzoic acid 4-((3-(1,6-dihyro-6-oxo-9H-purin-9-yl)-1-oxopropyl)amino)benzoic acid: a neuroprotective agent that has been shown to improve memory; induces NGF-dependent nociceptive nerve sprouting	2.01	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
tak 491 azilsartan medoxomil: an azilsartan prodrug and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker. azilsartan medoxomil : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of azilsartan with the hydroxy group of 4-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one. A prodrug for azilsartan, it is used for treatment of hypertension.	3.51	1	1	1,2,4-oxadiazole; aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; carboxylic ester; cyclic carbonate ester; dioxolane	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; prodrug
cyadox cyadox: structure	7.42	2	0
aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.	4.55	1	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles	antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist
azilsartan azilsartan: an angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker; receptor blocker. azilsartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group and at position 1 by a 2'-[(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl group. Used (as the prodrug, azilsartan medoxomil) for treatment of hypertension.	8.51	1	1	1,2,4-oxadiazole; aromatic ether; benzimidazolecarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
way 200070 WAY 200070: a neuroprotective agent; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
8-bromocyclic gmp 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.	2.88	4	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; organobromine compound	muscle relaxant; protein kinase G agonist
8-hydroxyguanine 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine: was substituted for guanine at G(8), G(9), G(14), or G(15) in the human telomeric oligonucleotide 5'-d[AGGGTTAG(8)G(9)GTT AG(14)G(15)GTTAGGGTGT]-3'. 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine : An oxopurine that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by an oxo group and in which the nitrogens at positions 7 and 9 each bear a hydrogen.	2.06	1	0	oxopurine
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	4.96	4	2	guanosines	biomarker
fr 167653 FR 167653: structure given in first source	2.15	1	0
papa nonoate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	alkylamine
carbadox Carbadox: An antibacterial agent that has been used in veterinary practice for treating swine dysentery and enteritis and for promoting growth. However, its use has been prohibited in the UK following reports of carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p125)	2.88	4	0	quinoxaline derivative
heme arginate heme arginate: used for treatment of porphyria; induces heme oxygenase	2.1	1	0
5-(n-4-chlorobenzyl)-n-(2',4'-dimethyl)benzamil [no description available]	1.97	1	0
dibutyryl cyclic gmp Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.	8.06	5	0
s 3226 3-(2-(3-guanidino-2-methyl-3-oxo-propenyl)-5-methylphenyl)-N-isopropylidene-2-methyl-acrylamide dihydrochloride: inhibitor of Na+/H+ exchanger subtype 3; structure in first source	2.44	2	0
eye [no description available]	8.97	4	0
maltodextrin maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.	3.39	1	1
suberogorgin suberogorgin: isolated from Suberogorgia sp.; MF: C15-H20-O3; MW: 248.32; structure given in first source	2	1	0
carbidopa Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.	7.06	9	4
ego [no description available]	1.96	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	2.38	2	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	2.97	4	0
2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein [no description available]	2.9	4	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	3.57	9	0
preproenkephalin preproenkephalin: initial enkephalin precursor	2.21	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	13.42	50	4
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	3.77	2	1
res 701-1 RES 701-1: a cyclic polypeptide consisting of 16 amino acids; isolated from Streptomyces sp RE-701; amino acid sequence given in first source; an ET(B) endothelin receptor antagonist	1.99	1	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	2.49	2	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	3.47	8	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	3.47	8	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	16.75	430	1
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	7.36	26	1
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	3.33	4	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	3.01	4	0
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	3.01	4	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	17.44	181	16
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	2.04	1	0
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	2.76	2	0
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	2.76	2	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	2.69	3	0
American Trypanosomiasis [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	7.69	3	0
Chagas Disease Infection with the protozoan parasite TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI, a form of TRYPANOSOMIASIS endemic in Central and South America. It is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the parasite. Infection by the parasite (positive serologic result only) is distinguished from the clinical manifestations that develop years later, such as destruction of PARASYMPATHETIC GANGLIA; CHAGAS CARDIOMYOPATHY; and dysfunction of the ESOPHAGUS or COLON.	2.52	2	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	4.01	5	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	19.02	187	15
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	4.01	5	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	19.02	187	15
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	3.48	8	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	9.03	5	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	5.99	5	2
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	8.33	28	3
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	5.99	5	2
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	8.33	28	3
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	2.08	1	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Koch's Disease [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	8.05	5	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	3.25	6	0
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	7.38	34	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	7.38	34	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	4.79	7	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	4.79	7	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	5.32	9	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	5.32	9	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	4.03	4	0
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	4.03	4	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	18.51	289	5
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	18.59	373	10
Aldosteronism [description not available]	29.16	3,929	148
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	30.5	5,301	569
Hyperaldosteronism A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.	29.16	3,929	148
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	30.5	5,301	569
Hypertension, Essential [description not available]	16	111	19
Essential Hypertension Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500	16	111	19
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	21.89	934	26
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	10.07	22	3
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	20	207	58
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	18.98	161	28
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	20	207	58
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	18.98	161	28
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	24.66	1,031	137
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	10.35	29	3
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	24.66	1,031	137
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	10.35	29	3
Gestational Hypertension [description not available]	9.83	11	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	20.3	830	19
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (	4.83	11	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	5.21	8	0
Adrenal Cortex Cancer [description not available]	19.46	637	5
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.	19.46	637	5
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	22.7	1,085	40
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	6.59	11	1
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	22.7	1,085	40
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction [description not available]	16.12	242	5
Adrenal Insufficiency Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.	16.12	242	5
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	12.47	66	0
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available]	5.23	8	0
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.	5.23	8	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	5.05	16	0
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	3.28	6	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	10.05	16	0
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	3.28	6	0
Adenoma, Adrenal Cortical [description not available]	19.04	399	5
Addison's Disease [description not available]	14.11	167	5
Acidosis, Renal Tubular Type IV [description not available]	13.12	99	4
Addison Disease An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.	14.11	167	5
Familial Hyperpotassemia and Hypertension [description not available]	12.62	112	1
Pseudohypoaldosteronism A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by renal electrolyte transport dysfunctions. Congenital forms are rare autosomal disorders characterized by neonatal hypertension, HYPERKALEMIA, increased RENIN activity and ALDOSTERONE concentration. The Type I features HYPERKALEMIA with sodium wasting; Type II, HYPERKALEMIA without sodium wasting. Pseudohypoaldosteronism can be the result of a defective renal electrolyte transport protein or acquired after KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	12.62	112	1
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	18.59	522	15
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	16.63	129	15
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	8.41	18	1
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	16.63	129	15
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	13.23	170	1
Adrenal Gland Diseases Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.	11.08	140	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	13.23	170	1
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [description not available]	16.32	208	8
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.	16.32	208	8
Blood Clot [description not available]	11.97	31	2
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	11.97	31	2
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	15.51	69	5
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	2.39	2	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	13.92	93	4
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	13.92	93	4
Diabetes Insipidus and Mellitus with Optic Atrophy and Deafness [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Wolfram Syndrome A hereditary condition characterized by multiple symptoms including those of DIABETES INSIPIDUS; DIABETES MELLITUS; OPTIC ATROPHY; and DEAFNESS. This syndrome is also known as DIDMOAD (first letter of each word) and is usually associated with VASOPRESSIN deficiency. It is caused by mutations in gene WFS1 encoding wolframin, a 100-kDa transmembrane protein.	2.31	1	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	10.82	79	2
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	10.82	79	2
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	7.69	3	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	5.37	14	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	3.23	6	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	10.66	32	8
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	5.37	14	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	10.66	32	8
Cirrhosis [description not available]	18.07	303	6
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	20.39	415	52
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	18.07	303	6
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	20.39	415	52
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	15.76	279	8
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	15.61	294	1
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	15.99	134	11
Canine Diseases [description not available]	9.84	40	2
Azotaemia [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	12.38	96	6
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	12.38	96	6
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	16.03	142	16
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	5.98	9	1
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	19.08	268	17
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	5.98	9	1
Aortic Dissection [description not available]	7.95	4	0
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	5.86	8	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	5.8	14	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	5.8	14	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	5.86	8	0
Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess Syndrome [description not available]	6.89	25	0
Chronic Liver Failure [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	18.22	216	31
End Stage Liver Disease Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.	2.41	1	0
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	14.6	53	7
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	14.6	53	7
Alkalosis A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.	11.51	117	2
Endolymphatic Hydrops An accumulation of ENDOLYMPH in the inner ear (LABYRINTH) leading to buildup of pressure and distortion of intralabyrinthine structures, such as COCHLEA and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS. It is characterized by SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; and sometimes VERTIGO.	9.47	8	0
Auditory Vertigo [description not available]	6.9	16	1
Meniere Disease A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.	6.9	16	1
Cardio-Renal Syndrome Condition where a primary dysfunction of either heart or kidney results in failure of the other organ (e.g., HEART FAILURE with worsening RENAL INSUFFICIENCY).	8.93	14	1
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	13.68	198	3
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	13.68	198	3
Chronic Illness [description not available]	23.16	280	27
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	13.88	155	3
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	11.3	73	4
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	18.16	280	27
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	13.88	155	3
Kidney Stones [description not available]	10.8	8	0
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	5.8	8	0
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	12.3	63	2
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	11.65	12	1
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	12.3	63	2
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	19.3	351	31
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	19.3	351	31
Aneurysm, Aortic [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Ruptured [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Aortic Aneurysm An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.	3.1	5	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	12.74	53	1
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	12.74	53	1
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	16.06	117	25
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	16.06	117	25
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	4.7	11	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	4.7	11	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	13.49	49	4
Atherogenesis [description not available]	11.76	47	2
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	17.95	201	24
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	17.95	201	24
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	13.49	49	4
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	11.76	47	2
Intraventricular Septal Defects [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.	2.44	2	0
Hyperpotassemia [description not available]	18.24	398	17
Hyperkalemia Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	18.24	398	17
Adrenocortical Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.	8.5	49	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	7.77	57	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	7.77	57	0
Central Serous Retinopathy [description not available]	8.38	17	1
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy A visual impairment characterized by the accumulation of fluid under the retina through a defect in the retinal pigment epithelium.	13.38	17	1
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid [description not available]	4.64	8	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	18.56	165	30
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	11.03	14	0
Macular Edema Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)	4.64	8	0
Cardio-embolic Stroke [description not available]	3.33	1	0
Glucose Metabolic Disorder [description not available]	3.74	3	0
Aortic Stenosis [description not available]	5.44	9	0
Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	5.44	9	0
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	5.66	8	0
Arterial Inflammation [description not available]	7.9	4	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	11.76	19	9
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	11.76	19	9
Postoperative Cognitive Complications COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT or functional decline after a surgical procedure.	2.6	1	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	6.47	17	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	3.86	4	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	6.47	17	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	3.86	4	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	6.79	14	1
Bilateral Wilms Tumor [description not available]	4.44	5	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	6.79	14	1
Wilms Tumor A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.	4.44	5	0
Liddle Syndrome Familial pseudoaldosteronism characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance of hypertension with HYPOKALEMIA; ALKALOSIS; RENIN and ALDOSTERONE level decreases. It is caused by mutations in EPITHELIAL SODIUM CHANNELS beta and gamma subunits. Different mutations in the same EPITHELIAL SODIUM CHANNELS subunits can cause PSEUDOHYPOALDOSTERONISM, TYPE I, AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT.	6.5	21	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	9.78	31	1
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	13.5	18	2
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	9.78	31	1
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available]	6.8	17	0
Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)	6.8	17	0
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	4.16	3	1
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	4.16	3	1
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	16.69	163	23
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	15.05	77	18
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	16.69	163	23
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	15.05	77	18
Anoxemia [description not available]	10.85	107	6
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	10.85	107	6
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	8.61	12	3
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	8.61	12	3
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	10.05	33	6
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	10.05	33	6
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	7.1	11	1
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	7.1	11	1
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	20.63	687	65
Aldosteronism with Hyperplasia of the Adrenal Cortex [description not available]	9.46	135	0
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	15	243	4
Acoustic Trauma Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.	2.41	1	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	3.57	9	0
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.	2.41	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia, Chronic [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive Clonal hematopoetic disorder caused by an acquired genetic defect in PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS. It starts in MYELOID CELLS of the bone marrow, invades the blood and then other organs. The condition progresses from a stable, more indolent, chronic phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, CHRONIC PHASE) lasting up to 7 years, to an advanced phase composed of an accelerated phase (LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACCELERATED PHASE) and BLAST CRISIS.	2.45	2	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	6.96	12	0
Thrombocythemia [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	6.96	12	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	15.34	119	13
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	15.34	119	13
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	7.6	1	0
Nephrosclerosis Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.	7.21	16	1
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	16.25	107	4
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	14.46	139	5
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	16.19	113	35
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	19.46	139	5
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	16.25	107	4
Equine Diseases [description not available]	3.63	9	0
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	11.88	24	5
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	13.01	112	4
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	13.01	112	4
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 A form of multiple endocrine neoplasia that is characterized by the combined occurrence of tumors in the PARATHYROID GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the PANCREATIC ISLETS. The resulting clinical signs include HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; CUSHING DISEASE; GASTRINOMA; and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. This disease is due to loss-of-function of the MEN1 gene, a tumor suppressor gene (GENES, TUMOR SUPPRESSOR) on CHROMOSOME 11 (Locus: 11q13).	2.96	4	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	15.3	42	4
Embolus [description not available]	4.14	6	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	10.3	42	4
Embolism Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.	4.14	6	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	6.13	22	0
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.	2.41	1	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	11.23	42	9
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	11.23	42	9
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	16.25	95	14
Recrudescence [description not available]	7.11	20	1
Atrial Remodeling Long-term changes in the electrophysiological parameters and/or anatomical structures of the HEART ATRIA that result from prolonged changes in atrial rate, often associated with ATRIAL FIBRILLATION or long periods of intense EXERCISE.	10.96	8	1
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.	12.14	99	4
Arthropathies [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	2.42	2	0
Wasting Disease [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Primary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available]	7.09	12	1
Hyperparathyroidism, Primary A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.	7.09	12	1
Paraganglioma, Gangliocytic [description not available]	4.06	5	0
Paraganglioma A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	4.06	5	0
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	8.36	31	12
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	8.36	31	12
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	8.76	38	2
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	6.88	17	0
Central Diabetes Insipidus [description not available]	3.77	11	0
Diabetes Insipidus A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.	8.22	72	0
Polyuria Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).	13.26	37	2
Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic A genetic or acquired polyuric disorder caused by a deficiency of VASOPRESSINS secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. Clinical signs include the excretion of large volumes of dilute URINE; HYPERNATREMIA; THIRST; and polydipsia. Etiologies include HEAD TRAUMA; surgeries and diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This disorder may also be caused by mutations of genes such as ARVP encoding vasopressin and its corresponding neurophysin (NEUROPHYSINS).	3.77	11	0
Gangliocytoma [description not available]	4.33	6	0
Adenoma, Pleomorphic A benign, slow-growing tumor, most commonly of the salivary gland, occurring as a small, painless, firm nodule, usually of the parotid gland, but also found in any major or accessory salivary gland anywhere in the oral cavity. It is most often seen in women in the fifth decade. Histologically, the tumor presents a variety of cells: cuboidal, columnar, and squamous cells, showing all forms of epithelial growth. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.33	4	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	8.96	45	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	13.96	45	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	11.83	90	1
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	16.83	90	1
Branch Vein Occlusion [description not available]	3.43	5	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	3.64	9	0
Retinal Vein Occlusion Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.	8.43	5	0
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	6.04	9	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	8.17	23	2
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	6.04	9	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	20.55	726	83
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	8.53	41	1
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	2.41	1	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	7.41	1	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	11.19	29	2
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	11.19	29	2
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	7.6	1	0
Malignant Hypertension [description not available]	12.72	128	3
Hypertension, Malignant A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.	12.72	128	3
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	13.15	18	6
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	8.15	18	6
Hyperandrogenism A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.	2.76	3	0
Acetonemia [description not available]	2.92	4	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	3.84	12	0
Renal Artery Stenosis [description not available]	11.48	159	1
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	3.84	12	0
Renal Artery Obstruction Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).	11.48	159	1
Cushing's Syndrome [description not available]	14.57	287	4
Cushing Syndrome A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.	14.57	287	4
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	4.59	5	1
Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion A disease of the PITUITARY GLAND characterized by the excess amount of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secreted. This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) by the ADRENAL GLANDS resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME.	4.59	5	1
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	4.6	6	0
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome A syndrome of ORTHOSTATIC INTOLERANCE combined with excessive upright TACHYCARDIA, and usually without associated ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION. All variants have in common an excessively reduced venous return to the heart (central HYPOVOLEMIA) while upright.	5.68	6	1
Cystic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	4.29	7	0
Cyst [description not available]	4.31	7	0
Kidney Diseases, Cystic A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).	4.29	7	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	2.59	2	0
Bleeding [description not available]	8.81	67	1
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	8.81	67	1
Hypovolemic [description not available]	11.41	22	7
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	17.29	30	6
Hypovolemia An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).	16.41	22	7
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	17.29	30	6
HbS Disease [description not available]	5.77	8	1
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	5.77	8	1
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	13.67	57	3
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	7.55	18	1
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	7.55	18	1
ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction [description not available]	2.69	2	0
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction A clinical syndrome defined by MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA symptoms; persistent elevation in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; and release of BIOMARKERS of myocardial NECROSIS (e.g., elevated TROPONIN levels). ST segment elevation in the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	2.69	2	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	3.97	5	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	3.97	5	0
Nycturia [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Nocturia Frequent URINATION at night that interrupts sleep. It is often associated with outflow obstruction, DIABETES MELLITUS, or bladder inflammation (CYSTITIS).	2.6	1	0
Bends [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	11.12	90	4
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	11.12	90	4
Prediabetes [description not available]	6.97	12	1
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	6.97	12	1
Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	4.82	13	0
Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)	2.6	1	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	4.05	15	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	9.05	15	0
Atheroma [description not available]	10.17	9	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	5.99	6	1
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	5.99	6	1
Choked Disk [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Choroid Diseases Disorders of the choroid including hereditary choroidal diseases, neoplasms, and other abnormalities of the vascular layer of the uvea.	3.53	2	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	12.78	105	5
Papilledema Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)	2.39	2	0
Co-infection [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Neonatal Death The death of a live-born INFANT less than 28 days of age.	3.12	1	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Debility [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	6.9	32	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	5.65	19	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	4.28	7	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	5.05	3	1
Restless Leg Syndrome [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Coxarthrosis [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Central Nervous System Toxoplasmosis [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	3.89	4	0
Coccidioides immitis Infection [description not available]	3.34	2	0
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.	4.02	5	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	3.12	1	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.	3.12	1	0
Coccidioidomycosis Infection with a fungus of the genus COCCIDIOIDES, endemic to the SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES. It is sometimes called valley fever but should not be confused with RIFT VALLEY FEVER. Infection is caused by inhalation of airborne, fungal particles known as arthroconidia, a form of FUNGAL SPORES. A primary form is an acute, benign, self-limited respiratory infection. A secondary form is a virulent, severe, chronic, progressive granulomatous disease with systemic involvement. It can be detected by use of COCCIDIOIDIN.	3.34	2	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	5.65	19	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	4.28	7	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	5.05	3	1
Restless Legs Syndrome A disorder characterized by aching or burning sensations in the lower and rarely the upper extremities that occur prior to sleep or may awaken the patient from sleep.	3.12	1	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	9.91	48	3
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	4.16	6	0
Osteoarthritis, Hip Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.	3.12	1	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	3.12	1	0
Toxoplasmosis, Cerebral Infections of the BRAIN caused by the protozoan TOXOPLASMA gondii that primarily arise in individuals with IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (see also AIDS-RELATED OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS). The infection may involve the brain diffusely or form discrete abscesses. Clinical manifestations include SEIZURES, altered mentation, headache, focal neurologic deficits, and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp41-3)	3.12	1	0
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	3.89	4	0
Neuroretinitis [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	3.77	3	0
Retinitis Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).	3.12	1	0
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.77	3	0
Wet Macular Degeneration A form of RETINAL DEGENERATION in which abnormal CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION occurs under the RETINA and MACULA LUTEA, causing bleeding and leaking of fluid. This leads to bulging and or lifting of the macula and the distortion or destruction of central vision.	3.12	1	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	7.96	45	2
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	7.96	45	2
Coronary Occlusion Complete blockage of blood flow through one of the CORONARY ARTERIES, usually from CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	2.83	3	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	12.56	60	9
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	12.56	60	9
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	10.96	41	2
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	10.96	41	2
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	2.46	2	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	6.57	26	2
Dermatoses [description not available]	4.46	5	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	4.46	5	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	3.99	14	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	3.99	14	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	12.91	109	2
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	9.18	59	1
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	7.13	49	0
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	9.18	59	1
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	7.13	49	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	4.57	3	0
Hand Foot and Mouth Disease [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. It is caused by coxsackieviruses A.	2.21	1	0
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	4.57	3	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	7.32	31	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	7.32	31	0
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	7.99	57	0
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	7.99	57	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	9.53	31	2
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	9.53	31	2
Myelolipoma A rare benign tumor of the adrenal gland, several centimeters in diameter, composed in varying proportions of adipose tissue, lymphocytes, and primitive myeloid cells, probably a developmental abnormality. (Dorland, 27th ed)	6.13	11	0
Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	8.36	7	0
Hepatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.	3.36	7	0
Fibromuscular Dysplasia An idiopathic, segmental, nonatheromatous disease of the musculature of arterial walls, leading to STENOSIS of small and medium-sized arteries. There is true proliferation of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS and fibrous tissue. Fibromuscular dysplasia lesions are smooth stenosis and occur most often in the renal and carotid arteries. They may also occur in other peripheral arteries of the extremity.	4.07	5	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	5.22	4	1
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	14.51	164	6
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	5.22	4	1
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	14.51	164	6
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	5.02	5	2
Emesis [description not available]	4.9	14	0
Colicky Pain [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	5.02	5	2
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	9.9	14	0
Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.	2.21	1	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	6.58	12	0
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	6.58	12	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I [description not available]	9.35	94	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.	9.35	94	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	5.32	13	0
Hangman Fracture [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Spinal Fractures Broken bones in the vertebral column.	2.25	1	0
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	2.55	2	0
Orphan Diseases Rare diseases that have not been well studied.	2.69	3	0
Failure to Thrive A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.	4.65	10	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	5.22	19	0
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension A progressive rare pulmonary disease characterized by high blood pressure in the PULMONARY ARTERY.	2.93	3	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	14.4	68	9
Allodynia [description not available]	2.66	2	0
Presbycusis Gradual bilateral hearing loss associated with aging that is due to progressive degeneration of cochlear structures and central auditory pathways. Hearing loss usually begins with the high frequencies then progresses to sounds of middle and low frequencies.	9.58	5	0
Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	12.06	46	7
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	12.06	46	7
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	3.39	7	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	8.39	7	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	11.31	38	0
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	11.31	38	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	11.31	38	0
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	2.25	1	0
Click-Murmur Syndrome [description not available]	3.28	6	0
Hypercoagulability [description not available]	3.91	2	0
Thrombophilia A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.	3.91	2	0
Capillary Leak Syndrome A condition characterized by recurring episodes of fluid leaking from capillaries into extra-vascular compartments causing hematocrit to rise precipitously. If not treated, generalized vascular leak can lead to generalized EDEMA; SHOCK; cardiovascular collapse; and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE.	2.55	2	0
Right Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	10.26	14	6
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	12.73	12	2
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	7.73	12	2
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	3.47	2	0
Ache [description not available]	5.89	9	1
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	10.89	9	1
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	8.4	11	3
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	8.4	11	3
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	4.14	6	0
Complications, Neoplastic Pregnancy [description not available]	3.6	9	0
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Cytokine Release Syndrome A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.	2.31	1	0
Guillain-Barre Syndrome An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)	2.31	1	0
Asialia [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Xerostomia Decreased salivary flow.	7.46	2	0
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	10.57	10	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	4.52	8	0
ADPKD [description not available]	7.65	7	2
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.	7.65	7	2
Familial Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis An autosomal dominant familial disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of skeletal muscle weakness associated with falls in serum potassium levels. The condition usually presents in the first or second decade of life with attacks of trunk and leg paresis during sleep or shortly after awakening. Symptoms may persist for hours to days and generally are precipitated by exercise or a meal high in carbohydrates. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1483)	7.46	2	0
Asymptomatic Conditions [description not available]	4.16	5	0
Diathesis [description not available]	6.15	17	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	6.34	8	0
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	6.34	8	0
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	10.77	42	1
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	10.77	42	1
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	5.62	27	0
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Hemorrhagic Stroke Stroke due to rupture of a weakened blood vessel in the brain (e.g., CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES; CEREBELLUM; SUBARACHNOID SPACE).	2.25	1	0
alpha-Galactosidase A Deficiency [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	2.25	1	0
Fabry Disease An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders.	2.25	1	0
Masked Hypertension Phenomenon where increased BLOOD PRESSURE readings taken in non-clinical settings (e.g., HOME BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING) do not replicate in clinical settings.	7.72	2	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	9.4	86	0
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	5.95	16	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	8.23	1	0
Fetal Malnutrition [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	9.53	37	3
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	9.53	37	3
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	2.83	3	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	7.83	3	0
Snoring Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate.	3.68	3	0
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	2.69	3	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	11.71	68	1
Psychological Trauma An emotionally painful, shocking, stressful, and sometimes life-threatening experience. It can result from witnessing distressing events such as natural disasters, physical or sexual abuse, and terrorism or other acts of violence. (https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/)	2.31	1	0
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	2.93	3	0
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	2.93	3	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	11.32	25	3
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	11.32	25	3
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	3.36	6	0
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	4.27	3	1
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	3.36	6	0
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	4.27	3	1
Abdominal Obesity [description not available]	16.77	18	12
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	8.68	29	3
Endomyocardial Fibrosis A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).	11.38	35	1
Coronary Artery Vasospasm [description not available]	8.16	9	1
Apnea, Sleep [description not available]	7.63	13	1
Coronary Vasospasm Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.	8.16	9	1
Sleep Apnea Syndromes Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.	7.63	13	1
Bewilderment [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Inguinal Hernia [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Hernia, Inguinal An abdominal hernia with an external bulge in the GROIN region. It can be classified by the location of herniation. Indirect inguinal hernias occur through the internal inguinal ring. Direct inguinal hernias occur through defects in the ABDOMINAL WALL (transversalis fascia) in Hesselbach's triangle. The former type is commonly seen in children and young adults; the latter in adults.	2.4	2	0
Hydramnios [description not available]	3.85	4	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	11.89	65	4
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	11.34	68	6
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	11.34	68	6
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	5.38	14	1
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	4.97	9	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	9.97	9	0
CKD-MBD [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.	2.71	3	0
Leanness [description not available]	5.29	4	1
Blood Loss, Surgical Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.	6.37	5	1
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	2.74	3	0
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	8.41	30	1
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.	8.41	30	1
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Amentia [description not available]	3.93	2	1
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	3.93	2	1
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	2.57	2	0
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	18.19	469	13
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	11.83	30	0
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	3.17	5	0
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	2.51	2	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	9.2	6	4
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	9.2	6	4
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	2.17	1	0
Cold Panniculitis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	4.91	14	0
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	6.71	32	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	9.91	14	0
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	6.71	32	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	12.45	120	12
Dysembryoma [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Teratoma A true neoplasm composed of a number of different types of tissue, none of which is native to the area in which it occurs. It is composed of tissues that are derived from three germinal layers, the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They are classified histologically as mature (benign) or immature (malignant). (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1642)	2.66	3	0
Acid-Base Imbalance Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.	6.35	13	0
ACTH-Producing Pituitary Adenoma [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	6.93	19	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	3.58	3	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	3.61	3	0
Achalasia [description not available]	3.39	7	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Esophageal Achalasia A motility disorder of the ESOPHAGUS in which the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (near the CARDIA) fails to relax resulting in functional obstruction of the esophagus, and DYSPHAGIA. Achalasia is characterized by a grossly contorted and dilated esophagus (megaesophagus).	3.39	7	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	2.17	1	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	3.31	2	0
Colon Cancer, Familial Nonpolyposis [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis A group of autosomal-dominant inherited diseases in which COLON CANCER arises in discrete adenomas. Unlike FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI with hundreds of polyps, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal neoplasms occur much later, in the fourth and fifth decades. HNPCC has been associated with germline mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes. It has been subdivided into Lynch syndrome I or site-specific colonic cancer, and LYNCH SYNDROME II which includes extracolonic cancer.	2.17	1	0
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	9.35	4	1
Dilatation, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.	2.47	2	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	4.35	4	1
Apical Ballooning Syndrome [description not available]	3.89	2	1
Precordial Catch [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Chest Pain Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.	2.17	1	0
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.	8.89	2	1
Familial Hypokalemia-Hypomagnesemia [description not available]	5.52	9	0
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	4.39	8	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.	4.39	8	0
Rupture Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.	3.09	1	0
Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.	2.17	1	0
Rupture, Spontaneous Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.	2.17	1	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	6.24	13	1
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	6.24	13	1
Fibroid [description not available]	7.71	3	0
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	7.71	3	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	6.78	13	2
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	11.78	13	2
Hyperparathyroidism A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.	7.79	23	2
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	3.86	2	1
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	3.86	2	1
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	5.81	10	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	5.81	10	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	4.86	8	1
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	9.86	8	1
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	3.16	5	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	3.16	5	0
Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction [description not available]	10.53	130	0
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM.	15.53	130	0
Hemorrhage, Retinal [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	9.12	17	3
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	9.12	17	3
Mitral Incompetence [description not available]	7.33	16	1
Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.	7.33	16	1
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	3.47	8	0
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	3.47	8	0
Eccentro-Osteochondrodysplasia [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis IV Genetic disorder of mucopolysaccharide metabolism characterized by skeletal abnormalities, joint instability, development of cervical myelopathy, and excessive urinary keratan sulfate. There are two biochemically distinct forms, each due to a deficiency of a different enzyme.	2.17	1	0
Cancer of Mediastinum [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Cancer, Embryonal [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Mixed Pineocytoma-Pineoblastoma [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Mediastinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.	2.17	1	0
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS.	3.08	5	0
Pinealoma Neoplasms which originate from pineal parenchymal cells that tend to enlarge the gland and be locally invasive. The two major forms are pineocytoma and the more malignant pineoblastoma. Pineocytomas have moderate cellularity and tend to form rosette patterns. Pineoblastomas are highly cellular tumors containing small, poorly differentiated cells. These tumors occasionally seed the neuroaxis or cause obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS or Parinaud's syndrome. GERMINOMA; CARCINOMA, EMBRYONAL; GLIOMA; and other neoplasms may arise in the pineal region with germinoma being the most common pineal region tumor. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2064; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p670)	2.66	3	0
Addison Disease and Cerebral Sclerosis [description not available]	4	5	0
Adrenoleukodystrophy An X-linked recessive disorder characterized by the accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acids in the LYSOSOMES of ADRENAL CORTEX and the white matter of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This disease occurs almost exclusively in the males. Clinical features include the childhood onset of ATAXIA; NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HYPERPIGMENTATION; ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; SEIZURES; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and DEMENTIA. The slowly progressive adult form is called adrenomyeloneuropathy. The defective gene ABCD1 is located at Xq28, and encodes the adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS).	4	5	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	7.54	18	2
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	7.54	18	2
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	2.65	3	0
Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Cancer [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	3.37	7	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	3.37	7	0
Carditis [description not available]	11.86	13	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	11.86	13	0
Adolescent Gynecomastia [description not available]	5.8	8	1
Gynecomastia Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.	5.8	8	1
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.	2.47	2	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	7.66	51	0
Drop Attack [description not available]	6.99	11	1
Syncope A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)	6.99	11	1
Diseases in Twins Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.	3.58	9	0
Addison Disease, X-Linked [description not available]	5.96	44	0
Hypoadrenocorticism, Familial Hereditary forms of Addison disease that may exhibit autosomal recessive or X-linked inheritance. They are characterized by severe neurological symptoms, APNEA; and death in infancy. OMIM: 240200	5.96	44	0
Abnormalities, Urogenital [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Anasarca [description not available]	15.31	303	5
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	15.31	303	5
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	3.69	3	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	3.69	3	0
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	2.4	2	0
Perforated Appendicitis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Decreased Muscle Tone [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Appendicitis Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.	2.21	1	0
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	5.01	3	1
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	5.01	3	1
46, XY Disorders of Sex Development [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Osteoporotic Fractures Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.	3.12	1	0
Vesicoureteral Reflux [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.	2.71	3	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	5.27	9	0
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	5.27	9	0
Acidosis, Diabetic [description not available]	5.74	13	0
Diabetic Ketoacidosis A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.	10.74	13	0
Hyperphosphatemia A condition of abnormally high level of PHOSPHATES in the blood, usually significantly above the normal range of 0.84-1.58 mmol per liter of serum.	4.39	4	0
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	4.83	4	0
Altitude Hypoxia Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.	8.62	27	1
Altitude Sickness Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.	8.62	27	1
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	6.06	21	0
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	6.06	21	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	5.55	28	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	4.22	6	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	5.55	28	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	12.24	33	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	10.84	22	4
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	2.08	1	0
Benign Intracranial Hypertension [description not available]	4.04	5	0
Pseudotumor Cerebri A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).	9.04	5	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	7.56	18	2
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	7.56	18	2
Alport Syndrome [description not available]	8.07	5	0
Nephritis, Hereditary A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by HEMATURIA and slowly progressing to RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with HEARING LOSS) which is caused by mutations in genes for TYPE IV COLLAGEN and defective GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	3.07	5	0
Sick Sinus Node Syndrome [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	3.97	5	0
Neurogenic Inflammation Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.	2.08	1	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	5.44	15	1
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	5.44	15	1
Ventricular Dysfunction A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.	5.57	6	3
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	10.35	37	0
Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis [description not available]	4.37	4	1
Dextro-Looped Transposition of the Great Arteries [description not available]	7.88	5	4
Transposition of Great Vessels A congenital cardiovascular malformation in which the AORTA arises entirely from the RIGHT VENTRICLE, and the PULMONARY ARTERY arises from the LEFT VENTRICLE. Consequently, the pulmonary and the systemic circulations are parallel and not sequential, so that the venous return from the peripheral circulation is re-circulated by the right ventricle via aorta to the systemic circulation without being oxygenated in the lungs. This is a potentially lethal form of heart disease in newborns and infants.	7.88	5	4
Palsy [description not available]	5.73	34	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	5.73	34	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	3.76	11	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	4.05	3	0
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	6.35	15	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	9.63	18	5
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	9.63	18	5
Channelopathies A variety of neuromuscular conditions resulting from MUTATIONS in ION CHANNELS manifesting as episodes of EPILEPSY; HEADACHE DISORDERS; and DYSKINESIAS.	3.01	1	0
Ectopic Hormone Syndromes [description not available]	6.79	24	0
Pre-Hypertension [description not available]	4.31	4	1
Aspiration, Meconium [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome A condition caused by inhalation of MECONIUM into the LUNG of FETUS or NEWBORN, usually due to vigorous respiratory movements during difficult PARTURITION or respiratory system abnormalities. Meconium aspirate may block small airways leading to difficulties in PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE and ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA.	2.5	2	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	4.97	9	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	5.54	16	1
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	5.54	16	1
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)	2.77	3	0
Orthostatic Intolerance Symptoms of cerebral hypoperfusion or autonomic overaction which develop while the subject is standing, but are relieved on recumbency. Types of this include NEUROCARDIOGENIC SYNCOPE; POSTURAL ORTHOSTATIC TACHYCARDIA SYNDROME; and neurogenic ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION. (From Noseworthy, JH., Neurological Therapeutics Principles and Practice, 2007, p2575-2576)	10.87	4	2
Dizzyness [description not available]	4.3	4	1
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	4.3	4	1
Preterm Birth [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	2.46	2	0
Cardiac Free Wall Rupture [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Malnourishment [description not available]	3.66	3	0
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	3.66	3	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	4.74	7	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	4.74	7	0
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	3.09	5	0
Cramp [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Muscle Cramp A sustained and usually painful contraction of muscle fibers. This may occur as an isolated phenomenon or as a manifestation of an underlying disease process (e.g., UREMIA; HYPOTHYROIDISM; MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; etc.). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1398)	3.09	5	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	2.67	3	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome, Familial Gestational Spontaneous [description not available]	3.84	4	0
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome A complication of OVULATION INDUCTION in infertility treatment. It is graded by the severity of symptoms which include OVARY enlargement, multiple OVARIAN FOLLICLES; OVARIAN CYSTS; ASCITES; and generalized EDEMA. The full-blown syndrome may lead to RENAL FAILURE, respiratory distress, and even DEATH. Increased capillary permeability is caused by the vasoactive substances, such as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS, secreted by the overly-stimulated OVARIES.	8.84	4	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	7.58	24	1
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	12.58	24	1
Disorder, Borderline Personality [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Borderline Personality Disorder A personality disorder marked by a pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. (DSM-IV)	2.11	1	0
ARPKD [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Recessive A genetic disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance, characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS and associated LIVER lesions. Serious manifestations are usually present at BIRTH with high PERINATAL MORTALITY.	2.11	1	0
Bonnevie-Ullrich Syndrome This syndrome that was originally observed by Ullrich, and designated as identical to TURNER SYNDROME, related the webbing of the neck, loose skin and other anomalies of the syndrome to accumulation of fluid in the embryo starting at the head and dispersing to the extremities (as observed by Bonnevie in mice). Commonly observed at birth in Turner Syndrome and NOONAN SYNDROME; EDEMA of the extremities usually recedes by one year and is an early sign of Turner syndrome, especially in female neonates.	4.44	5	0
Turner Syndrome A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.	4.44	5	0
Aortic Valve Disease 1 [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Mitral Stenosis [description not available]	5.41	9	0
Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease Congenital heart valve defects where the AORTIC VALVE has two instead of normal three cusps. It is often associated with AORTIC REGURGITATION and AORTIC INSUFFICIENCY.	3.01	1	0
Mitral Valve Stenosis Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.	5.41	9	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	4.68	11	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	4.68	11	0
Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia, Type II [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Spinocerebellar Ataxias A group of predominately late-onset, cerebellar ataxias which have been divided into multiple subtypes based on clinical features and genetic mapping. Progressive ataxia is a central feature of these conditions, and in certain subtypes POLYNEUROPATHY; DYSARTHRIA; visual loss; and other disorders may develop. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch65, pp 12-17; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998 Jun;57(6):531-43)	2.11	1	0
Extrasystole, Ventricular [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Atrioventricular Conduction Block [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Atrioventricular Block Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction.	2.37	2	0
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	7.83	12	1
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	4.69	11	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	4.69	11	0
Hakim Syndrome [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure A form of compensated hydrocephalus characterized clinically by a slowly progressive gait disorder (see GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC), progressive intellectual decline, and URINARY INCONTINENCE. Spinal fluid pressure tends to be in the high normal range. This condition may result from processes which interfere with the absorption of CSF including SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, chronic MENINGITIS, and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp631-3)	2.11	1	0
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	4.51	24	0
Refractory Depression [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant Failure to respond to two or more trials of antidepressant monotherapy or failure to respond to four or more trials of different antidepressant therapies. (Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 9th ed.)	2.11	1	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	11	35	7
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	3.04	1	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	3.04	1	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	3.04	1	0
Beuren Syndrome [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	6.64	12	0
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	6.64	12	0
Impotence [description not available]	3.4	2	0
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	8.4	2	0
Thyroid Nodule A small circumscribed mass in the THYROID GLAND that can be of neoplastic growth or non-neoplastic abnormality. It lacks a well-defined capsule or glandular architecture. Thyroid nodules are often benign but can be malignant. The growth of nodules can lead to a multinodular goiter (GOITER, NODULAR).	2.47	2	0
Systolic Heart Failure [description not available]	10.09	3	1
Heart Failure, Systolic Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial contraction during SYSTOLE leading to defective cardiac emptying.	5.09	3	1
Hypotension, Postural [description not available]	11.78	78	7
Hypotension, Orthostatic A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.	11.78	78	7
Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome, Posterior [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Deficiency, Yang [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Anemia, Cooley's [description not available]	2.45	2	0
beta-Thalassemia A disorder characterized by reduced synthesis of the beta chains of hemoglobin. There is retardation of hemoglobin A synthesis in the heterozygous form (thalassemia minor), which is asymptomatic, while in the homozygous form (thalassemia major, Cooley's anemia, Mediterranean anemia, erythroblastic anemia), which can result in severe complications and even death, hemoglobin A synthesis is absent.	2.45	2	0
Metastase [description not available]	9.44	25	3
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	3.46	8	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	9.44	25	3
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available]	10.02	22	2
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	3.07	5	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	6.93	17	1
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	6.4	16	1
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	6.4	16	1
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	5.95	3	1
Multiple Primary Neoplasms [description not available]	5.29	21	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	5.14	11	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	10.14	11	0
Coarctation of Aorta [description not available]	4.9	14	0
Aortic Coarctation A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion.	4.9	14	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	4.98	3	1
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	4.98	3	1
Edema, Fetal [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Apnea, Central [description not available]	3.85	2	1
Hypoventilation A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.	2.13	1	0
Sleep Apnea, Central A condition associated with multiple episodes of sleep apnea which are distinguished from obstructive sleep apnea (SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE) by the complete cessation of efforts to breathe. This disorder is associated with dysfunction of central nervous system centers that regulate respiration.	3.85	2	1
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	3.65	3	0
Torsade de Pointes [description not available]	3.42	2	0
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	8.65	3	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial [description not available]	3.13	5	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.	3.13	5	0
Encephalopathy, Hypertensive [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Anterior Horn Cell Disease [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Motor Neuron Disease Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	2.13	1	0
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	2.42	2	0
Neuromuscular Blockade The intentional interruption of transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION by external agents, usually neuromuscular blocking agents. It is distinguished from NERVE BLOCK in which nerve conduction (NEURAL CONDUCTION) is interrupted rather than neuromuscular transmission. Neuromuscular blockade is commonly used to produce MUSCLE RELAXATION as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery and other medical procedures. It is also often used as an experimental manipulation in basic research. It is not strictly speaking anesthesia but is grouped here with anesthetic techniques. The failure of neuromuscular transmission as a result of pathological processes is not included here.	3.51	1	1
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	2.13	1	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	5.97	12	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	5.97	12	0
Enlarged Liver [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Angina at Rest [description not available]	3.4	2	0
Asystole [description not available]	4.76	4	0
Angina, Unstable Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	3.4	2	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	4.76	4	0
Envenomation, Scorpion [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	2.9	4	0
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	2.15	1	0
Flaccid Quadriplegia [description not available]	6.7	22	1
Hypernatremia Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	9.65	51	1
Hirsutism A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.	5.54	12	0
Congenital Errors of Steroid Metabolism [description not available]	3.42	2	0
46, XX Disorders of Sex Development Congenital conditions in individuals with a female karyotype, in which the development of the gonadal or anatomical sex is atypical.	3.42	2	0
Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.	8.4	2	0
Acquired Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Angiitis [description not available]	7.46	15	0
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	7.46	15	0
Diastolic Heart Failure [description not available]	9.53	5	1
Heart Failure, Diastolic Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial relaxation during DIASTOLE leading to defective cardiac filling.	4.53	5	1
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	8.23	23	2
Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular A thyroid neoplasm of mixed papillary and follicular arrangement. Its biological behavior and prognosis is the same as that of a papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1271)	2.04	1	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	8.23	23	2
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Hydronephrosis Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.	4.76	12	0
Acquired Meningomyelocele [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	2.04	1	0
Blood Vessel Tumors [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Chronic Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Pancreatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.	2.04	1	0
Basedow Disease [description not available]	4.68	11	0
Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).	4.68	11	0
Thyrotoxicosis A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.	2.42	2	0
Cochlear Hearing Loss [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.	3.1	5	0
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	2.45	2	0
Labor, Premature [description not available]	6.78	13	2
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	2.68	3	0
Leukostasis Abnormal intravascular leukocyte aggregation and clumping often seen in leukemia patients. The brain and lungs are the two most commonly affected organs. This acute syndrome requires aggressive cytoreductive modalities including chemotherapy and/or leukophoresis. It is differentiated from LEUKEMIC INFILTRATION which is a neoplastic process where leukemic cells invade organs.	2.05	1	0
Vasculitis, Retinal [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Retinal Vasculitis Inflammation of the retinal vasculature with various causes including infectious disease; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; BEHCET SYNDROME; and CHORIORETINITIS.	2.45	2	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	5.21	4	1
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	5.21	4	1
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	2.04	1	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.	2.91	4	0
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion [description not available]	10.45	65	4
Hypopituitarism Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.	10.45	65	4
Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.	6.72	27	0
Foreign-Body Granuloma [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	4.32	4	1
Delayed Puberty [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Desmoid [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Gardner Syndrome A variant of ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS COLI caused by mutation in the APC gene (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. It is characterized by not only the presence of multiple colonic polyposis but also extracolonic ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT; the EYE; the SKIN; the SKULL; and the FACIAL BONES; as well as malignancy in organs other than the GI tract.	2.05	1	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Osteoma A benign tumor composed of bone tissue or a hard tumor of bonelike structure developing on a bone (homoplastic osteoma) or on other structures (heteroplastic osteoma). (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.05	1	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	2.05	1	0
Fibromatosis, Aggressive A childhood counterpart of abdominal or extra-abdominal desmoid tumors, characterized by firm subcutaneous nodules that grow rapidly in any part of the body but do not metastasize. The adult form of abdominal fibromatosis is FIBROMATOSIS, ABDOMINAL. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.05	1	0
Congenital Hand Deformities [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	10.04	26	5
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly) [description not available]	7.92	30	1
Acromegaly A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)	7.92	30	1
Alopecia Cicatrisata [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Alopecia Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.	2.9	4	0
Ureteral Calculi Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.	2.05	1	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	3.79	4	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	3.79	4	0
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	4.28	4	1
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	4.28	4	1
Rheumatism [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	2.65	3	0
Hepatorenal Syndrome Functional KIDNEY FAILURE in patients with liver disease, usually LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL), and in the absence of intrinsic renal disease or kidney abnormality. It is characterized by intense renal vasculature constriction, reduced renal blood flow, OLIGURIA, and sodium retention.	13.68	9	3
Neurally Mediated Faint [description not available]	3.26	6	0
Exertional Heat Illness [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Bladder, Overactive [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	2.43	2	0
Urinary Bladder, Overactive Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.	2.05	1	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage, Hypertensive [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	2.05	1	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Lassitude [description not available]	4.14	6	0
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	4.14	6	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	8.37	26	2
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	8.37	26	2
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	3.46	8	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	3.46	8	0
Arrhythmia, Sinoatrial [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Acquired Metabolic Diseases, Brain [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	4.5	9	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	4.5	9	0
Kwashiorkor A syndrome produced by severe protein deficiency, characterized by retarded growth, changes in skin and hair pigment, edema, and pathologic changes in the liver, including fatty infiltration, necrosis, and fibrosis. The word is a local name in Gold Coast, Africa, meaning displaced child. Although first reported from Africa, kwashiorkor is now known throughout the world, but mainly in the tropics and subtropics. It is considered to be related to marasmus. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	5.28	7	0
Marasmus [description not available]	10.51	9	0
Protein-Energy Malnutrition The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.	5.51	9	0
Nodular Goiter [description not available]	3.64	3	0
Goiter, Nodular An enlarged THYROID GLAND containing multiple nodules (THYROID NODULE), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid HYPERPLASIA and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. Multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce THYROTOXICOSIS.	3.64	3	0
Cardiac Output, Low A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.	12.3	46	7
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	4.62	6	1
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	4.62	6	1
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	3.5	8	0
Hypercalciuria Excretion of abnormally high level of CALCIUM in the URINE, greater than 4 mg/kg/day.	3.38	2	0
Kidney Tubular Transport, Inborn Error [description not available]	8.57	36	1
Nephrocalcinosis A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	4.76	7	0
Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma [description not available]	7.05	1	0
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	5.81	6	4
Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.	4.96	3	1
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	2.91	4	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	2.91	4	0
Keloid A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.	2.05	1	0
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	2.05	1	0
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	8.02	33	1
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	8.02	33	1
Armstrong Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	10.82	16	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	5.82	16	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	9.82	34	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	4.82	34	0
Hematoma A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.	3.57	3	0
Fusiform Aneurysm Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	2.68	3	0
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	5.12	18	0
Aneurysm Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.	7.68	3	0
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	2.67	3	0
Hyperprolactinaemia [description not available]	10.99	10	1
Hyperprolactinemia Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)	5.99	10	1
Anemias, Iron-Deficiency [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency Anemia characterized by decreased or absent iron stores, low serum iron concentration, low transferrin saturation, and low hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit value. The erythrocytes are hypochromic and microcytic and the iron binding capacity is increased.	2.95	4	0
Hypertensive Retinopathy Degenerative changes to the RETINA due to HYPERTENSION.	2.06	1	0
Thrombotic Microangiopathies Diseases that result in THROMBOSIS in MICROVASCULATURE. The two most prominent diseases are PURPURA, THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC; and HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME. Multiple etiological factors include VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELL damage due to SHIGA TOXIN; FACTOR H deficiency; and aberrant VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR formation.	2.06	1	0
Neuroendocrine Tumors Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.	2.06	1	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	3.76	2	1
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	3.76	2	1
Berger Disease [description not available]	7.09	12	3
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	7.09	12	3
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	4.6	6	0
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	3.82	4	0
Stunted Growth [description not available]	6.97	11	3
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	6.97	11	3
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	4.73	2	1
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	4.73	2	1
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	2.67	3	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	2.07	1	0
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Hashimoto Disease Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.	2.07	1	0
Genetic Diseases [description not available]	4.41	3	0
Genetic Diseases, Inborn Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.	4.41	3	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	5.58	11	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	5.58	11	0
Cross-Transfusion, Intrauterine [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Aortic Incompetence [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Isolated Clinic Hypertension [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Aortic Valve Insufficiency Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).	2.42	2	0
7-Dehydrocholesterol Reductase Deficiency [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome An autosomal recessive disorder of CHOLESTEROL metabolism. It is caused by a deficiency of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, the enzyme that converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol, leading to an abnormally low plasma cholesterol. This syndrome is characterized by multiple CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES, growth deficiency, and INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY.	2.43	2	0
Adult Fanconi Syndrome [description not available]	4.45	5	1
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.	2.42	2	0
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	2.92	4	0
Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (	2.07	1	0
Alcohol-Induced Disorders Disorders stemming from the misuse and abuse of alcohol.	2.07	1	0
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Adrenal Cortex Diseases Pathological processes of the ADRENAL CORTEX.	15.39	102	2
Infections, Respiratory Syncytial Virus [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections Pneumovirus infections caused by the RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUSES. Humans and cattle are most affected but infections in goats and sheep have been reported.	2.07	1	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	3.21	6	0
Aura [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	3.22	6	0
Auricular Flutter [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Atrial Flutter Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).	2.41	2	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	7.88	7	4
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	7.88	7	4
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	2.44	2	0
Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension [description not available]	2.48	2	0
Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Familial or idiopathic hypertension in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION which is not secondary to other disease.	2.48	2	0
Benign Paroxysmal Peritonitis [description not available]	3.97	5	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	4.27	7	0
Familial Mediterranean Fever A group of HEREDITARY AUTOINFLAMMATION DISEASES, characterized by recurrent fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash, PLEURISY; and ARTHRITIS. ORCHITIS; benign MENINGITIS; and AMYLOIDOSIS may also occur. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in marenostrin gene encoding PYRIN result in autosomal recessive transmission; simple heterozygous, autosomal dominant form of the disease also exists with mutations in the same gene.	8.97	5	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	7.62	13	1
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	12.62	13	1
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	4.74	7	1
Coronary Artery Stenosis [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Coronary Stenosis Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.	2.44	2	0
Autonomic Failure, Pure [description not available]	4.68	2	1
Angioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.	2.43	2	0
Hemangioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)	2.43	2	0
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	3.34	7	0
Water Intoxication A condition resulting from the excessive retention of water with sodium depletion.	11.33	9	1
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Fibromyalgia A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)	7.01	1	0
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	9.4	9	6
Benign Supratentorial Neoplasms [description not available]	7.43	4	4
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	2.01	1	0
Potassium Deficiency A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	10.65	68	3
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	5.34	23	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	3.74	11	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	3.05	5	0
Phimosis A condition in which the FORESKIN cannot be retracted to reveal the GLANS PENIS. It is due to tightness or narrowing of the foreskin opening.	2.01	1	0
Adamantiades-Behcet Disease [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Behcet Syndrome Rare chronic inflammatory disease involving the small blood vessels. It is of unknown etiology and characterized by mucocutaneous ulceration in the mouth and genital region and uveitis with hypopyon. The neuro-ocular form may cause blindness and death. SYNOVITIS; THROMBOPHLEBITIS; gastrointestinal ulcerations; RETINAL VASCULITIS; and OPTIC ATROPHY may occur as well.	2.01	1	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	2.01	1	0
Oligomenorrhea Abnormally infrequent menstruation.	2.01	1	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	3.8	4	0
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. There are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. These tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed)	2.01	1	0
Infant Malnutrition Malnutrition, occurring in infants ages 1 month to 24 months, which is due to insufficient intake of food, dietary nutrients, or a pathophysiologic condition which prevents the absorption and utilization of food. Growth and development are markedly affected.	4.76	5	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	3.34	7	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	4.27	7	0
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	4.1	3	1
Oliguria Decreased URINE output that is below the normal range. Oliguria can be defined as urine output of less than or equal to 0.5 or 1 ml/kg/hr depending on the age.	6.94	12	1
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	4.95	9	1
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	4.95	9	1
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	2.68	3	0
Ambiguous Genitalia [description not available]	5.64	19	0
Disorders of Sex Development In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.	5.64	19	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	3.32	7	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	3.32	7	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	7.34	2	0
Adrenogenital Syndrome Abnormal SEX DIFFERENTIATION or congenital DISORDERS OF SEX DEVELOPMENT caused by abnormal levels of steroid hormones expressed by the GONADS or the ADRENAL GLANDS, such as in CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA and ADRENAL CORTEX NEOPLASMS. Due to abnormal steroid biosynthesis, clinical features include VIRILISM in females; FEMINIZATION in males; or precocious sexual development in children.	9.8	13	0
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	4.36	8	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	7.12	15	1
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	9.36	8	0
Eclampsia Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).	8.19	6	0
Toxemia A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.	2.85	4	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	9.72	57	1
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	9.72	57	1
Cardiac Edema [description not available]	7.6	22	1
Edema, Cardiac Abnormal fluid retention by the body due to impaired cardiac function or heart failure. It is usually characterized by increase in venous and capillary pressure, and swollen legs when standing. It is different from the generalized edema caused by renal dysfunction (NEPHROTIC SYNDROME).	7.6	22	1
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	2.85	4	0
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	2.85	4	0
Familial Periodic Paralysis [description not available]	10.58	18	0
A-V Dissociation [description not available]	3.97	5	0
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism [description not available]	3.33	7	0
Adam-Stokes Attacks [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Hypogonadism Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).	3.33	7	0
Adenohypophyseal Diseases [description not available]	5.11	18	0
Pituitary Diseases Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.	5.11	18	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	4.66	11	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	4.66	11	0
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	2.86	4	0
Androgenization [description not available]	6.09	17	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	1.93	1	0
Postthrombotic Syndrome A condition caused by one or more episodes of DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS, usually the blood clots are lodged in the legs. Clinical features include EDEMA; PAIN; aching; heaviness; and MUSCLE CRAMP in the leg. When severe leg swelling leads to skin breakdown, it is called venous STASIS ULCER.	1.93	1	0
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	8.04	5	0
Muscular Dystrophies A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.	3.04	5	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	5.48	10	0
Focal Neurologic Deficits [description not available]	4.24	7	0
Viral Diseases [description not available]	4.1	6	0
Virus Diseases A general term for diseases caused by viruses.	4.1	6	0
Vaccinia The cutaneous and occasional systemic reactions associated with vaccination using smallpox (variola) vaccine.	2.34	2	0
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	3.96	5	0
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	8.96	5	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	3.55	9	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	3.55	9	0
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	1.93	1	0
Cholecystoduodenal Fistula [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Urinary Fistula An abnormal passage in any part of the URINARY TRACT between itself or with other organs.	1.93	1	0
Pleuropericarditis Inflammation of both the PERICARDIUM and the PLEURA.	1.93	1	0
Constrictive Pericarditis [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Pericarditis Inflammation of the PERICARDIUM from various origins, such as infection, neoplasm, autoimmune process, injuries, or drug-induced. Pericarditis usually leads to PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, or CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS.	1.93	1	0
Buerger Disease [description not available]	3.03	5	0
Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change [description not available]	5.28	8	0
Nephrosis, Lipoid A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.	5.28	8	0
Infections, Serratia [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Premenstrual Tension A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.	8.68	23	2
Premenstrual Syndrome A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.	8.68	23	2
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	2.34	2	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	4.95	15	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	1.93	1	0
Shock, Surgical A type of shock that occurs as a result of a surgical procedure.	3.77	4	0
Ankylosis Fixation and immobility of a joint.	1.93	1	0
Spondylitis Inflammation of the SPINE. This includes both arthritic and non-arthritic conditions.	2.34	2	0
Shock, Traumatic Shock produced as a result of trauma.	2.64	3	0
Collagen Diseases Historically, a heterogeneous group of acute and chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, progressive systemic sclerosis, dermatomyositis, etc. This classification was based on the notion that collagen was equivalent to connective tissue, but with the present recognition of the different types of collagen and the aggregates derived from them as distinct entities, the term collagen diseases now pertains exclusively to those inherited conditions in which the primary defect is at the gene level and affects collagen biosynthesis, post-translational modification, or extracellular processing directly. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1494)	2.34	2	0
Erythrocytosis [description not available]	5.04	10	0
Erythremia [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Polycythemia Vera A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.	1.93	1	0
Pleural Effusion, Malignant Presence of fluid in the PLEURAL CAVITY as a complication of malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain actual malignant cells.	1.93	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.	7.34	2	0
Delayed Postpartum Hemorrhage [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Complications, Labor [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Postpartum Hemorrhage Excess blood loss from uterine bleeding associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH. It is defined as blood loss greater than 500 ml or of the amount that adversely affects the maternal physiology, such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEMATOCRIT. Postpartum hemorrhage is divided into two categories, immediate (within first 24 hours after birth) or delayed (after 24 hours postpartum).	1.93	1	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Infarct [description not available]	4.73	7	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.64	3	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.34	2	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	2.65	3	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	2.65	3	0
Myxedema A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.	3.89	13	0
Metaplasia A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.	2.35	2	0
Pulmonary Stenoses [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Glycogenosis [description not available]	2.85	1	0
Adynamia Episodica Hereditaria [description not available]	8.26	2	0
Glycogen Storage Disease A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement.	2.85	1	0
Paralysis, Hyperkalemic Periodic An autosomal dominant familial disorder which presents in infancy or childhood and is characterized by episodes of weakness associated with hyperkalemia. During attacks, muscles of the lower extremities are initially affected, followed by the lower trunk and arms. Episodes last from 15-60 minutes and typically occur after a period of rest following exercise. A defect in skeletal muscle sodium channels has been identified as the cause of this condition. Normokalemic periodic paralysis is a closely related disorder marked by a lack of alterations in potassium levels during attacks of weakness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1481)	3.26	2	0
Aberrant Tissue [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Adenoma, Acidophil A benign tumor, usually found in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, whose cells stain with acid dyes. Such pituitary tumors may give rise to excessive secretion of growth hormone, resulting in gigantism or acromegaly. A specific type of acidophil adenoma may give rise to nonpuerperal galactorrhea. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Adenoma, Basophil A small tumor of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland whose cells stain with basic dyes. It may give rise to excessive secretion of ACTH, resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Suffocation [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	1.93	1	0
Cor Pulmonale [description not available]	6.05	11	3
Great Pox [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Bouillaud Disease [description not available]	5.28	13	1
Aortitis, Syphilitic [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Rheumatic Heart Disease Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.	5.28	13	1
Syphilis A contagious venereal disease caused by the spirochete TREPONEMA PALLIDUM.	2.34	2	0
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	1.93	1	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	6.27	14	1
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	6.27	14	1
Clasp-Knife Spasticity [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Muscle Spasticity A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)	1.93	1	0
48,XXYY Syndrome [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Klinefelter Syndrome A form of male HYPOGONADISM, characterized by the presence of an extra X CHROMOSOME, small TESTES, seminiferous tubule dysgenesis, elevated levels of GONADOTROPINS, low serum TESTOSTERONE, underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, and male infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE). Patients tend to have long legs and a slim, tall stature. GYNECOMASTIA is present in many of the patients. The classic form has the karyotype 47,XXY. Several karyotype variants include 48,XXYY; 48,XXXY; 49,XXXXY, and mosaic patterns ( 46,XY/47,XXY; 47,XXY/48,XXXY, etc.).	2.64	3	0
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous [description not available]	3.82	12	0
Goiter Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).	3.26	2	0
Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome A syndrome that is characterized by the triad of severe PEPTIC ULCER, hypersecretion of GASTRIC ACID, and GASTRIN-producing tumors of the PANCREAS or other tissue (GASTRINOMA). This syndrome may be sporadic or be associated with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1.	3.26	2	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	4.27	4	1
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	4.27	4	1
Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available]	3.78	4	0
Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)	3.78	4	0
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	1.93	1	0
Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians [description not available]	3.89	13	0
Thrombocytopathy [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Nanism [description not available]	3.33	7	0
Blood Platelet Disorders Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.	1.94	1	0
Dwarfism A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.	3.33	7	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	3.06	5	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Dystocia Slow or difficult OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH.	1.93	1	0
Enterocele An intestinal HERNIA.	2.34	2	0
Hernia Protrusion of tissue, structure, or part of an organ through the bone, muscular tissue, or the membrane by which it is normally contained. Hernia may involve tissues such as the ABDOMINAL WALL or the respiratory DIAPHRAGM. Hernias may be internal, external, congenital, or acquired.	2.34	2	0
Pregnancy, Prolonged A term used to describe pregnancies that exceed the upper limit of a normal gestational period. In humans, a prolonged pregnancy is defined as one that extends beyond 42 weeks (294 days) after the first day of the last menstrual period (MENSTRUATION), or birth with gestational age of 41 weeks or more.	2.35	2	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	3.2	6	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	3.2	6	0
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	3.45	8	0
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	3.45	8	0
Budd-Chiari Syndrome A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small HEPATIC VEINS to the junction of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA and the RIGHT ATRIUM. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (THROMBUS) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal FIBROSIS is uncommon.	3.55	3	0
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Granulomas [description not available]	7.63	3	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	7.63	3	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	3.26	2	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	3.26	2	0
Achlorhydria A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion.	1.94	1	0
Island Cell Tumor [description not available]	3.05	5	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	5.05	10	0
Adenoma, Islet Cell A benign tumor of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the INSULIN-producing PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, as in INSULINOMA, resulting in HYPERINSULINISM.	3.05	5	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	5.05	10	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	2.64	3	0
Cardiac Septal Defect [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Dwarfism, Growth Hormone Deficiency [description not available]	4.59	6	0
Dwarfism, Pituitary A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development.	4.59	6	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	5.06	10	1
Anuria Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.	4.84	8	1
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	4.44	5	1
Linear Skull Fracture [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	4.44	5	1
Esophageal Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the ESOPHAGUS. The most common type is TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA between the esophagus and the TRACHEA.	1.94	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B [description not available]	3.26	2	0
Vitamin B Deficiency A condition due to deficiency in any member of the VITAMIN B COMPLEX. These B vitamins are water-soluble and must be obtained from the diet because they are easily lost in the urine. Unlike the lipid-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored in the body fat.	3.26	2	0
Spasmophilia [description not available]	3.46	8	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	2.85	4	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	2.85	4	0
Burnout, Professional An excessive stress reaction to one's occupational or professional environment. It may be characterized by feelings of emotional and physical exhaustion, coupled with a sense of frustration and failure.	3.4	1	1
Alcohol Withdrawal Associated Autonomic Hyperactivity [description not available]	3.81	4	0
AIRE Deficiency [description not available]	3.34	2	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	2.71	3	0
Infections, Meningococcal [description not available]	3.86	4	0
Meningococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.	3.86	4	0
Besnoitiasis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Atypical Lipoma [description not available]	3.61	3	0
Lipoma A benign tumor composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It can be surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue (encapsulated), or diffuse without the capsule.	3.61	3	0
Myositis, Multiple [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Polymyositis Diseases characterized by inflammation involving multiple muscles. This may occur as an acute or chronic condition associated with medication toxicity (DRUG TOXICITY); CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; infections; malignant NEOPLASMS; and other disorders. The term polymyositis is frequently used to refer to a specific clinical entity characterized by subacute or slowly progressing symmetrical weakness primarily affecting the proximal limb and trunk muscles. The illness may occur at any age, but is most frequent in the fourth to sixth decade of life. Weakness of pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles, interstitial lung disease, and inflammation of the myocardium may also occur. Muscle biopsy reveals widespread destruction of segments of muscle fibers and an inflammatory cellular response. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1404-9)	2.02	1	0
Hypoproteinemia A condition in which total serum protein level is below the normal range. Hypoproteinemia can be caused by protein malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract, EDEMA, or PROTEINURIA.	6.39	10	0
Hypoalbuminemia A condition in which albumin level in blood (SERUM ALBUMIN) is below the normal range. Hypoalbuminemia may be due to decreased hepatic albumin synthesis, increased albumin catabolism, altered albumin distribution, or albumin loss through the urine (ALBUMINURIA).	6.3	9	0
Angiitis, Central Nervous System [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Adenomatosis, Familial Endocrine [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Cancer of Parathyroid [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Parathyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.	2.89	4	0
Atypical Lipomatous Tumor [description not available]	3.61	3	0
Liposarcoma A malignant tumor derived from primitive or embryonal lipoblastic cells. It may be composed of well-differentiated fat cells or may be dedifferentiated: myxoid (LIPOSARCOMA, MYXOID), round-celled, or pleomorphic, usually in association with a rich network of capillaries. Recurrences are common and dedifferentiated liposarcomas metastasize to the lungs or serosal surfaces. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	3.61	3	0
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.	2.9	4	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	3.57	3	0
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)	2.7	3	0
Scoliosis An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.39	2	0
Epiphora [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Lacrimal Apparatus Diseases Diseases of the LACRIMAL APPARATUS.	2.67	3	0
Pregnancy in Diabetes [description not available]	3.23	6	0
Adenoma, Oxyphilic A usually benign glandular tumor composed of oxyphil cells, large cells with small irregular nuclei and dense acidophilic granules due to the presence of abundant MITOCHONDRIA. Oxyphil cells, also known as oncocytes, are found in oncocytomas of the kidney, salivary glands, and endocrine glands. In the thyroid gland, oxyphil cells are known as Hurthle cells and Askanazy cells.	2.02	1	0
Minimal Disease, Residual [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Oligohydramnios A condition of abnormally low AMNIOTIC FLUID volume. Principal causes include malformations of fetal URINARY TRACT; FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION; GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION; nicotine poisoning; and PROLONGED PREGNANCY.	2.02	1	0
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	2.02	1	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	3.41	1	1
Rhabdoid Tumor A rare but highly lethal childhood tumor found almost exclusively in infants. Histopathologically, it resembles RHABDOMYOSARCOMA but the tumor cells are not of myogenic origin. Although it arises primarily in the kidney, it may be found in other parts of the body. The rhabdoid cytomorphology is believed to be the expression of a very primitive malignant cell. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2210)	2.03	1	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	5.37	5	1
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	5.37	5	1
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	5.17	6	2
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	10.17	6	2
Coronary Restenosis Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.	3.33	2	0
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism A condition of low or absent PTH level and HYPOCALCEMIA. It usually occurs as part of an autoimmune syndrome.	4.13	6	0
Hypoparathyroidism A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.	4.13	6	0
Infection [description not available]	3.79	4	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	3.79	4	0
Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.	4.13	6	0
Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Absence Status [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)	2.03	1	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	2.39	2	0
Bedwetting [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Nocturnal Enuresis Involuntary discharge of URINE during sleep at night after expected age of completed development of urinary control.	2.03	1	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	7.49	17	2
Anochlesia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Enuresis Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis).	7.67	3	0
DDD MPGNII [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.	2.91	4	0
Convalescence The period of recovery following an illness.	3.31	2	0
Cardiomyopathy, Chagas [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Chagas Cardiomyopathy A disease of the CARDIAC MUSCLE developed subsequent to the initial protozoan infection by TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI. After infection, less than 10% develop acute illness such as MYOCARDITIS (mostly in children). The disease then enters a latent phase without clinical symptoms until about 20 years later. Myocardial symptoms of advanced CHAGAS DISEASE include conduction defects (HEART BLOCK) and CARDIOMEGALY.	2.41	2	0
Pleurisy INFLAMMATION of PLEURA, the lining of the LUNG. When PARIETAL PLEURA is involved, there is pleuritic CHEST PAIN.	2.03	1	0
Acromegaly Due To Pituitary Adenoma [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Argentaffinoma [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Carcinoid Tumor A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)	2.38	2	0
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	2.39	2	0
Miliaria A syndrome of cutaneous changes associated with sweat retention and extravasation of sweat at different levels in the skin. Miliaria rubra, or prickly heat, results from apocrine duct obstruction. The sweat then seeps into the epidermis, producing pruritic erythematous papulovesicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.7	3	0
Body Weight, Fetal [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hypermelanosis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Hyperpigmentation Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.	2.03	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Lipoatrophic A type of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by severe INSULIN RESISTANCE and LIPODYSTROPHY. The latter may be generalized, partial, acquired, or congenital (LIPODYSTROPHY, CONGENITAL GENERALIZED).	2.04	1	0
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	3.57	3	0
Low Bone Density [description not available]	3.78	2	0
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	3.78	2	0
Leiomyosarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Leiomyosarcoma A sarcoma containing large spindle cells of smooth muscle. Although it rarely occurs in soft tissue, it is common in the viscera. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract and uterus. The median age of patients is 60 years. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1865)	7.04	1	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	3.2	6	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	3.2	6	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	3.21	6	0
Esophageal Varices [description not available]	3.55	3	0
Esophageal and Gastric Varices Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	3.55	3	0
Neuroses [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Neurotic Disorders Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.	1.96	1	0
Alpers Diffuse Degeneration of Cerebral Gray Matter with Hepatic Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	3.34	7	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	3.34	7	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	6.86	16	1
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	6.86	16	1
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	6.43	6	1
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	6.43	6	1
Hemorrhagic Fever, Epidemic [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome An acute febrile disease occurring predominately in Asia. It is characterized by fever, prostration, vomiting, hemorrhagic phenonema, shock, and renal failure. It is caused by any one of several closely related species of the genus Hantavirus. The most severe form is caused by HANTAAN VIRUS whose natural host is the rodent Apodemus agrarius. Milder forms are caused by SEOUL VIRUS and transmitted by the rodents Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus, and the PUUMALA VIRUS with transmission by Clethrionomys galreolus.	2.65	3	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	4.49	9	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	4.49	9	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	2.37	2	0
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	1.96	1	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	2.65	3	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	2.64	3	0
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	1.96	1	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	8.27	2	0
Bronze Diabetes [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Hemochromatosis A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)	3.07	5	0
Blastomyces brasiliensis Infection [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Poisoning, Lead [description not available]	3.56	9	0
Lead Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.	3.56	9	0
Gonadal Agenesis The complete failure of gonadal development.	1.96	1	0
Corpus Luteum Cyst [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Ovarian Cysts General term for CYSTS and cystic diseases of the OVARY.	1.96	1	0
Abetalipoproteinemia An autosomal recessive disorder of lipid metabolism. It is caused by mutation of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein that catalyzes the transport of lipids (TRIGLYCERIDES; CHOLESTEROL ESTERS; PHOSPHOLIPIDS) and is required in the secretion of BETA-LIPOPROTEINS (low density lipoproteins or LDL). Features include defective intestinal lipid absorption, very low serum cholesterol level, and near absent LDL.	1.96	1	0
Diabetes, Phosphate [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hypophosphatemia, Familial An inherited condition of abnormally low serum levels of PHOSPHATES (below 1 mg/liter) which can occur in a number of genetic diseases with defective reabsorption of inorganic phosphorus by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This leads to phosphaturia, HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, and disturbances of cellular and organ functions such as those in X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; and FANCONI SYNDROME.	1.96	1	0
Postpartum Amenorrhea [description not available]	3.46	8	0
Amenorrhea Absence of menstruation.	3.46	8	0
Interstitial Cell Tumor [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	3.66	10	0
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	3.66	10	0
Nelson Syndrome A syndrome characterized by HYPERPIGMENTATION, enlarging pituitary mass, visual defects secondary to compression of the OPTIC CHIASM, and elevated serum ACTH. It is caused by the expansion of an underlying ACTH-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA that grows in the absence of feedback inhibition by adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS, usually after ADRENALECTOMY.	1.96	1	0
Hypolipoproteinemia [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	1.96	1	0
Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy [description not available]	3.21	6	0
Pigmentary Retinopathy [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Pseudohypoparathyroidism A hereditary syndrome clinically similar to HYPOPARATHYROIDISM. It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA; and associated skeletal development impairment and caused by failure of response to PARATHYROID HORMONE rather than deficiencies. A severe form with resistance to multiple hormones is referred to as Type 1a and is associated with maternal mutant allele of the ALPHA CHAIN OF STIMULATORY G PROTEIN.	8.21	6	0
Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.	1.96	1	0
Intestinal Perforation Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.	1.96	1	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	3.2	6	0
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	3.2	6	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	4.46	5	1
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	4.46	5	1
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.	2.65	3	0
Developmental Psychomotor Disorders [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	3.97	5	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	3.97	5	0
Alcoholic Intoxication An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.	6.13	12	1
Autonomic Failure, Progressive [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Tuberculosis, Renal Infection of the KIDNEY with species of MYCOBACTERIUM.	2.35	2	0
Anemia, Macrocytic Anemia characterized by larger than normal erythrocytes, increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH).	1.96	1	0
Bessel-Hagen Disease [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cretinism [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	2.88	1	0
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome [description not available]	3.79	4	0
Congenital Hypothyroidism A condition in infancy or early childhood due to an in-utero deficiency of THYROID HORMONES that can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, such as thyroid dysgenesis or HYPOTHYROIDISM in infants of mothers treated with THIOURACIL during pregnancy. Endemic cretinism is the result of iodine deficiency. Clinical symptoms include severe MENTAL RETARDATION, impaired skeletal development, short stature, and MYXEDEMA.	3.57	3	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	1.96	1	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	2.37	2	0
Hemangiopericytoma A tumor composed of spindle cells with a rich vascular network, which apparently arises from pericytes, cells of smooth muscle origin that lie around small vessels. Benign and malignant hemangiopericytomas exist, and the rarity of these lesions has led to considerable confusion in distinguishing between benign and malignant variants. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1364)	4.43	5	0
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	1.96	1	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	1.96	1	0
Ectopic ACTH Syndrome [description not available]	4.28	4	0
ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic Symptom complex due to ACTH production by non-pituitary neoplasms.	4.28	4	0
Polyneuropathy, Acquired [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hypertrichosis Excessive hair growth at inappropriate locations, such as on the extremities, the head, and the back. It is caused by genetic or acquired factors, and is an androgen-independent process. This concept does not include HIRSUTISM which is an androgen-dependent excess hair growth in WOMEN and CHILDREN.	1.96	1	0
Polyneuropathies Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.	1.96	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	1.96	1	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	2.36	2	0
Adult Premature Aging Syndrome [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cold Fingers, Hereditary [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Raynaud Disease An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.	2.65	3	0
Sickle Cell Trait The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S.	2.36	2	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.07	5	0
Cystine Diathesis [description not available]	4.04	3	1
Cystinosis A metabolic disease characterized by the defective transport of CYSTINE across the lysosomal membrane due to mutation of a membrane protein cystinosin. This results in cystine accumulation and crystallization in the cells causing widespread tissue damage. In the KIDNEY, nephropathic cystinosis is a common cause of RENAL FANCONI SYNDROME.	4.04	3	1
Leukemia, Lymphocytic [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Leukemia, Lymphoid Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.	2.36	2	0
Gait Disorders, Animal [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Tuberculosis, Endocrine Infection of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS with species of MYCOBACTERIUM, most often MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	2.38	2	0
Froehlich's Syndrome [description not available]	3.98	5	0
Rachitis [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	3.46	8	0
Adjustment Disorder [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Adjustment Disorders Maladaptive reactions to identifiable psychosocial stressors occurring within a short time after onset of the stressor. They are manifested by either impairment in social or occupational functioning or by symptoms (depression, anxiety, etc.) that are in excess of a normal and expected reaction to the stressor.	1.96	1	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	1.95	1	0
Bowel Incontinence [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Fecal Incontinence Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.	1.95	1	0
Infant, Small for Gestational Age An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.	2.37	2	0
Prinzmetal Angina [description not available]	2.87	1	0
Angina Pectoris, Variant A clinical syndrome characterized by the development of CHEST PAIN at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, but with preserved exercise capacity.	2.87	1	0
Arthritides, Bacterial [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	2.87	1	0
Biliary Calculi [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	2.37	2	0
Gallstones Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.	1.96	1	0
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	8.17	13	1
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.	2.66	3	0
Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).	2.66	3	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	6.65	9	1
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	6.65	9	1
Anovulation Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.	2.87	4	0
Deaf Mutism [description not available]	3.8	4	0
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.	3.8	4	0
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	2.64	3	0
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	6.36	22	2
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	6.36	22	2
Abdominal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.	1.96	1	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Listeria Cerebritis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Acidosis, Respiratory Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.	4.58	10	0
Infections, Salmonella [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	3.56	3	0
Myoglobinuria The presence of MYOGLOBIN in URINE usually as a result of rhabdomyolysis.	3.56	3	0
Neurilemoma [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Neurilemmoma A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)	1.96	1	0
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Meningeal Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.	1.96	1	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	1.96	1	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	3.56	3	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	3.56	3	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	2.65	3	0
Deficiency, Thiamine [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Thiamine Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)	1.96	1	0
Cacchi Ricci Disease [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Pneumoretroperitoneum [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	2.39	2	0
Bronchiolitis Inflammation of the BRONCHIOLES.	1.98	1	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Cystic Angiomatosis Of Bone, Diffuse [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Kidney Papillary Necrosis A complication of kidney diseases characterized by cell death involving KIDNEY PAPILLA in the KIDNEY MEDULLA. Damages to this area may hinder the kidney to concentrate urine resulting in POLYURIA. Sloughed off necrotic tissue may block KIDNEY PELVIS or URETER. Necrosis of multiple renal papillae can lead to KIDNEY FAILURE.	1.98	1	0
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	1.98	1	0
Familial Precocious Puberty [description not available]	3.45	8	0
Puberty, Precocious Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.	3.45	8	0
Kidney, Polycystic [description not available]	5.29	13	0
Polycystic Kidney Diseases Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.	5.29	13	0
Essential Polyarteritis [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	1.98	1	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	1.98	1	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	4.75	7	0
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	4.75	7	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	2.39	2	0
Ovarian Diseases Pathological processes of the OVARY.	3.05	5	0
Abnormalities, Sex Chromosome [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Autoimmune Thyroiditis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Affective Disorders [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	3.3	2	0
Digestive System Disorders [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Digestive System Diseases Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).	2.9	1	0
Hyperphagia Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.	1.98	1	0
Brain Dead [description not available]	2.39	2	0
High T4 Syndrome [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Euthyroid Sick Syndromes Conditions of abnormal THYROID HORMONES release in patients with apparently normal THYROID GLAND during severe systemic illness, physical TRAUMA, and psychiatric disturbances. It can be caused by the loss of endogenous hypothalamic input or by exogenous drug effects. The most common abnormality results in low T3 THYROID HORMONE with progressive decrease in THYROXINE; (T4) and TSH. Elevated T4 with normal T3 may be seen in diseases in which THYROXINE-BINDING GLOBULIN synthesis and release are increased.	2.38	2	0
Chromosomal Triplication [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Venous Insufficiency Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.	2.38	2	0
Choriocarcinoma A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).	3.28	2	0
Hyperidrosis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hyperhidrosis Excessive sweating. In the localized type, the most frequent sites are the palms, soles, axillae, inguinal folds, and the perineal area. Its chief cause is thought to be emotional. Generalized hyperhidrosis may be induced by a hot, humid environment, by fever, or by vigorous exercise.	1.98	1	0
Poisoning, Mercury [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Mercury Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.	1.98	1	0
Atresia, Biliary [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Biliary Atresia Progressive destruction or the absence of all or part of the extrahepatic BILE DUCTS, resulting in the complete obstruction of BILE flow. Usually, biliary atresia is found in infants and accounts for one third of the neonatal cholestatic JAUNDICE.	1.99	1	0
Alkalosis, Respiratory A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)	5.05	6	0
Hypocapnia Clinical manifestation consisting of a deficiency of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	2.9	1	0
Varices [description not available]	4.2	2	0
Varicose Veins Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.	4.2	2	0
Gigantism The condition of accelerated and excessive GROWTH in children or adolescents who are exposed to excess HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE before the closure of EPIPHYSES. It is usually caused by somatotroph hyperplasia or a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. These patients are of abnormally tall stature, more than 3 standard deviations above normal mean height for age.	1.98	1	0
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Deficiency, Vitamin E [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Binge Eating [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Bulimia Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as ox hunger.	3.37	1	1
Urinary Calculi Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID.	3.07	5	0
Arteriovenous Malformations, Cerebral [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations Congenital vascular anomalies in the brain characterized by direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. The locations and size of the shunts determine the symptoms including HEADACHES; SEIZURES; STROKE; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; mass effect; and vascular steal effect.	3.37	1	1
Separation Anxiety Disorder [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Anxiety, Separation Anxiety experienced by an individual upon separation from a person or object of particular significance to the individual.	1.99	1	0
Fallot's Tetralogy [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Tetralogy of Fallot A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.	7.65	3	0
Animal Diseases Diseases that occur in VERTEBRATE animals.	2.39	2	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	3.57	3	0
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	4.13	6	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	4.13	6	0
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Carcinoma, Bronchial [description not available]	4.12	6	0
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.	4.12	6	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	2.91	1	0
Dumping Syndrome Gastrointestinal symptoms resulting from an absent or nonfunctioning pylorus.	3.38	1	1
Eaton-Lambert Myasthenic Syndrome [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome An autoimmune disease characterized by weakness and fatigability of proximal muscles, particularly of the pelvic girdle, lower extremities, trunk, and shoulder girdle. There is relative sparing of extraocular and bulbar muscles. CARCINOMA, SMALL CELL of the lung is a frequently associated condition, although other malignancies and autoimmune diseases may be associated. Muscular weakness results from impaired impulse transmission at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. Presynaptic calcium channel dysfunction leads to a reduced amount of acetylcholine being released in response to stimulation of the nerve. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 1471)	1.99	1	0
Asphyxia Neonatorum Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.8	4	0
Hepatoblastoma A malignant neoplasm occurring in young children, primarily in the liver, composed of tissue resembling embryonal or fetal hepatic epithelium, or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tissues. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.99	1	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	3.65	10	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	1.99	1	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	3.65	10	0
Cytomegaloviral Retinitis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness.	1.99	1	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	2.88	4	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	2.88	4	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	1.99	1	0
Polyploid [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	1.99	1	0
Glossitis Inflammation of the tongue.	1.99	1	0
Aphthae [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Stomatitis, Aphthous A recurrent disease of the oral mucosa of unknown etiology. It is characterized by small white ulcerative lesions, single or multiple, round or oval. Two to eight crops of lesions occur per year, lasting for 7 to 14 days and then heal without scarring. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p742)	1.99	1	0
Anti-Phospholipid Antibody Syndrome [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Antiphospholipid Syndrome The presence of antibodies directed against phospholipids (ANTIBODIES, ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID). The condition is associated with a variety of diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases, thrombopenia, and arterial or venous thromboses. In pregnancy it can cause abortion. Of the phospholipids, the cardiolipins show markedly elevated levels of anticardiolipin antibodies (ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN). Present also are high levels of lupus anticoagulant (LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR).	1.99	1	0
Hemolysis, Elevated Liver Enzymes, Lowered Platelets [description not available]	1.99	1	0
HELLP Syndrome A syndrome of HEMOLYSIS, elevated liver ENZYMES, and low blood platelets count (THROMBOCYTOPENIA). HELLP syndrome is observed in pregnant women with PRE-ECLAMPSIA or ECLAMPSIA who also exhibit LIVER damage and abnormalities in BLOOD COAGULATION.	1.99	1	0
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	1.99	1	0
Cardiac Death [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	2.91	1	0
P carinii Pneumonia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.	1.99	1	0
Femur Neck Fractures [description not available]	3.79	2	1
Femoral Neck Fractures Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.	3.79	2	1
Adenoma, alpha-Cell [description not available]	3.3	2	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	2	1	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2	1	0
Flushing A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.	3.38	1	1
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	5.75	4	2
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	5.75	4	2
Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2	1	0
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Neurofibromatosis 1 An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).	2.37	2	0
Compartment Syndromes Conditions in which increased pressure within a limited space compromises the BLOOD CIRCULATION and function of tissue within that space. Some of the causes of increased pressure are TRAUMA, tight dressings, HEMORRHAGE, and exercise. Sequelae include nerve compression (NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES); PARALYSIS; and ISCHEMIC CONTRACTURE. FASCIOTOMY is often used to decompress increased pressure and eliminate pain associated with compartment syndromes.	2.4	2	0
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).	2.38	2	0
Adenovirus Infections [description not available]	2	1	0
Adenoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.	2	1	0
Gasser Syndrome [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Congenital Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.	2.92	1	0
Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic An acquired, congenital, or familial disorder caused by PLATELET AGGREGATION with THROMBOSIS in terminal arterioles and capillaries. Clinical features include THROMBOCYTOPENIA; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; AZOTEMIA; FEVER; and thrombotic microangiopathy. The classical form also includes neurological symptoms and end-organ damage, such as RENAL FAILURE. Mutations in the ADAMTS13 PROTEIN gene have been identified in familial cases.	2.92	1	0
Bradykinesia [description not available]	3.24	6	0
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	2.38	2	0
Pneumonia, Pneumococcal A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	2	1	0
Mesenchymoma A mixed mesenchymal tumor composed of two or more mesodermal cellular elements not commonly associated, not counting fibrous tissue as one of the elements. Mesenchymomas are widely distributed in the body and about 75% are malignant. (Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)	2	1	0
Femoral Fractures Fractures of the femur.	2	1	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	2	1	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	2	1	0
Anoxia, Fetal [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Fetal Hypoxia Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.	2.39	2	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	2.39	2	0
Coronary Thrombosis Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	3.32	2	0
Neoplasms, Vascular [description not available]	2	1	0
Air Sickness [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Motion Sickness Disorder caused by motion. It includes sea sickness, train sickness, roller coaster rides, rocking chair, hammock swing, car sickness, air sickness, or SPACE MOTION SICKNESS. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting and/or dizziness.	2.89	4	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	3.06	5	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	4.45	5	1
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	4.45	5	1
Paraneoplastic Syndromes In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.	2	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	2	1	0
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	2	1	0
Bone Demineralization, Pathologic Decrease, loss, or removal of the mineral constituents of bones. Temporary loss of bone mineral content is especially associated with space flight, weightlessness, and extended immobilization. OSTEOPOROSIS is permanent, includes reduction of total bone mass, and is associated with increased rate of fractures. CALCIFICATION, PHYSIOLOGIC is the process of bone remineralizing. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed; Nicogossian, Space Physiology and Medicine, 2d ed, pp327-33)	2.4	2	0
Urethral Diseases Pathological processes involving the URETHRA.	2.92	1	0
Pyloric Stenosis Narrowing of the pyloric canal with varied etiology. A common form is due to muscle hypertrophy (PYLORIC STENOSIS, HYPERTROPHIC) seen in infants.	3.78	4	0
Acanthosis Nigricans A circumscribed melanosis consisting of a brown-pigmented, velvety verrucosity or fine papillomatosis appearing in the axillae and other body folds. It occurs in association with endocrine disorders, underlying malignancy, administration of certain drugs, or as in inherited disorder.	2	1	0
Acrocephaly Premature closing of the lambdoid and coronal sutures.	2	1	0
Craniosynostoses Premature closure of one or more CRANIAL SUTURES. It often results in plagiocephaly. Craniosynostoses that involve multiple sutures are sometimes associated with congenital syndromes such as ACROCEPHALOSYNDACTYLIA; and CRANIOFACIAL DYSOSTOSIS.	2	1	0
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	3.39	1	1
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	2.01	1	0
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	3.39	1	1
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	3.56	3	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	3.56	3	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	3.56	9	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	3.56	9	0
Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)	2.01	1	0
Blood Protein Disorders Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.	3.78	4	0
Abdominal Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.	2.36	2	0
Enteropathy, Exudative [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Protein-Losing Enteropathies Pathological conditions in the INTESTINES that are characterized by the gastrointestinal loss of serum proteins, including SERUM ALBUMIN; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; and at times LYMPHOCYTES. Severe condition can result in HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA or LYMPHOPENIA. Protein-losing enteropathies are associated with a number of diseases including INTESTINAL LYMPHANGIECTASIS; WHIPPLE'S DISEASE; and NEOPLASMS of the SMALL INTESTINE.	1.95	1	0
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	1.95	1	0
Exophthalmos Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.	3.74	2	1
Orbital Neoplasms Neoplasms of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.	1.95	1	0
Androblastoma [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Carcinoma, Colloid [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.35	2	0
Heroin Abuse [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Heroin Dependence Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.	1.95	1	0
Adenoma, Chromophobe A benign tumor of the anterior pituitary in which the cells do not stain with acidic or basic dyes.	2.64	3	0
Amaurosis [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	2.65	3	0
Hypogammaglobulinemia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Agammaglobulinemia An immunologic deficiency state characterized by an extremely low level of generally all classes of gamma-globulin in the blood.	1.95	1	0
Thyroiditis Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes.	7.35	2	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	1.95	1	0
Icterus Gravis Neonatorum [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Jaundice, Neonatal Yellow discoloration of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA in the NEWBORN. It is a sign of NEONATAL HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA. Most cases are transient self-limiting (PHYSIOLOGICAL NEONATAL JAUNDICE) occurring in the first week of life, but some can be a sign of pathological disorders, particularly LIVER DISEASES.	2.65	3	0
Paroxysmal Reciprocal Tachycardia [description not available]	2.65	3	0
Tachycardia, Paroxysmal Abnormally rapid heartbeats with sudden onset and cessation.	2.65	3	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	2.36	2	0
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Porphyria [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Porphyrias A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.	2.86	4	0
Calcium Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of calcium in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.	1.95	1	0
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Parathyroid Disorders [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Parathyroid Diseases Pathological processes of the PARATHYROID GLANDS. They usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PARATHYROID HORMONE that regulates the balance of CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; and MAGNESIUM in the body.	1.95	1	0
Gammapathy, Monoclonal [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Paraproteinemias A group of related diseases characterized by an unbalanced or disproportionate proliferation of immunoglobulin-producing cells, usually from a single clone. These cells frequently secrete a structurally homogeneous immunoglobulin (M-component) and/or an abnormal immunoglobulin.	1.95	1	0
Brain Abscess A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate in the brain, due to bacterial and other infections. The majority are caused by spread of infected material from a focus of suppuration elsewhere in the body, notably the PARANASAL SINUSES, middle ear (see EAR, MIDDLE); HEART (see also ENDOCARDITIS, BACTERIAL), and LUNG. Penetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA and NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES may also be associated with this condition. Clinical manifestations include HEADACHE; SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits; and alterations of consciousness. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp712-6)	1.95	1	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	2.36	2	0
Neoplasm Regression, Spontaneous Disappearance of a neoplasm or neoplastic state without the intervention of therapy.	1.95	1	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.35	2	0
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)	1.95	1	0
Alveolar Echinococcosis, Hepatic [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cyanosis A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.	1.95	1	0
Hypomenorrhea [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Dominant Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy, Type III [description not available]	4.43	5	0
Dysautonomia, Familial An autosomal disorder of the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems limited to individuals of Ashkenazic Jewish descent. Clinical manifestations are present at birth and include diminished lacrimation, defective thermoregulation, orthostatic hypotension (HYPOTENSION, ORTHOSTATIC), fixed pupils, excessive SWEATING, loss of pain and temperature sensation, and absent reflexes. Pathologic features include reduced numbers of small diameter peripheral nerve fibers and autonomic ganglion neurons. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1348; Nat Genet 1993;4(2):160-4)	4.43	5	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	1.95	1	0
Metal Metabolism, Inborn Error [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Metal Metabolism, Inborn Errors Dysfunctions in the metabolism of metals resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	1.95	1	0
Absence of Corpus Callosum [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Sweat Gland Diseases Diseases of the SWEAT GLANDS.	1.95	1	0
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	8.55	3	0
Heat Collapse [description not available]	2.87	4	0
Hamartoma A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area.	1.95	1	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	2.86	4	0
Endarteritis Inflammation of the inner endothelial lining (TUNICA INTIMA) of an artery.	2.86	1	0
Bacterial Endocarditides [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Endocarditis, Bacterial Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.	2.86	1	0
Proctitis INFLAMMATION of the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the RECTUM, the distal end of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	2.86	1	0
Chondroma A benign neoplasm derived from mesodermal cells that form cartilage. It may remain within the substance of a cartilage or bone (true chondroma or enchondroma) or may develop on the surface of a cartilage (ecchondroma or ecchondrosis). (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	1.95	1	0
Abdominal Pregnancy [description not available]	6.95	1	0
Distorted Hearing [description not available]	3.78	4	0
Phosphorus Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of phosphorus in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.	1.95	1	0
Cecal Diseases Pathological developments in the CECUM.	1.95	1	0
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	1.95	1	0
Infantile Diarrhea [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Diarrhea, Infantile DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.	2.36	2	0
Lipodystrophy A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.	3.27	2	0
Adnexitis Inflammation of the uterine appendages (ADNEXA UTERI) including infection of the FALLOPIAN TUBES (SALPINGITIS), the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), or the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS).	1.95	1	0
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.	1.95	1	0
Brain Ventricular Neoplasms [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cardiac Output, High A state of elevated cardiac output due to conditions of either increased hemodynamic demand or reduced cardiac oxygen output. These conditions may include ANEMIA; ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA; THYROTOXICOSIS; PREGNANCY; EXERCISE; FEVER; and HYPOXIA. In time, compensatory changes of the heart can lead to pathological form of high cardiac output and eventual HEART FAILURE.	1.98	1	0
Deficiency, Yin [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Aorticopulmonary Septal Defect [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.	2.38	2	0
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	3.28	2	0
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	3.28	2	0
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	1.98	1	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	1.98	1	0
Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease, Peripheral [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hypogalactia A condition of less than normal MILK secretion.	1.98	1	0
Cancer of Endocrine Gland [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Endocrine Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS.	1.98	1	0
Urinary Retention Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).	2.38	2	0
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Fetal Distress A nonreassuring fetal status (NRFS) indicating that the FETUS is compromised (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 1988). It can be identified by sub-optimal values in FETAL HEART RATE; oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD; and other parameters.	1.97	1	0
Algodystrophic Syndrome [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)	1.97	1	0
Liver Diseases, Parasitic Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).	1.97	1	0
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	3.57	3	0
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	3.57	3	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	4.25	7	0
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	9.25	7	0
Cryptogenic Infantile Spasms [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Spasms, Infantile An epileptic syndrome characterized by the triad of infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, and arrest of psychomotor development at seizure onset. The majority present between 3-12 months of age, with spasms consisting of combinations of brief flexor or extensor movements of the head, trunk, and limbs. The condition is divided into two forms: cryptogenic (idiopathic) and symptomatic (secondary to a known disease process such as intrauterine infections; nervous system abnormalities; BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC, INBORN; prematurity; perinatal asphyxia; TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS; etc.). (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp744-8)	1.97	1	0
Cardiac Cancer [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Asthmatic Crisis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Status Asthmaticus A sudden intense and continuous aggravation of a state of asthma, marked by dyspnea to the point of exhaustion and collapse and not responding to the usual therapeutic efforts.	1.97	1	0
Cardiac Tamponade Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.	2.89	4	0
Melena The black, tarry, foul-smelling FECES that contain degraded blood.	1.97	1	0
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	1.97	1	0
Chylopericardium [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Pericardial Effusion Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.	1.97	1	0
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Thalassemias [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Thalassemia A group of hereditary hemolytic anemias in which there is decreased synthesis of one or more hemoglobin polypeptide chains. There are several genetic types with clinical pictures ranging from barely detectable hematologic abnormality to severe and fatal anemia.	8.06	5	0
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	4.32	2	2
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	2.64	3	0
Salivary Gland Diseases Diseases involving the SALIVARY GLANDS.	2.36	2	0
Diaphragmatic Hernia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.	3.27	2	0
Deficiency, Riboflavin [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	1.97	1	0
Carcinoid Heart Disease Cardiac manifestation of gastrointestinal CARCINOID TUMOR that metastasizes to the liver. Substances secreted by the tumor cells, including SEROTONIN, promote fibrous plaque formation in ENDOCARDIUM and its underlying layers. These deposits cause distortion of the TRICUSPID VALVE and the PULMONARY VALVE eventually leading to STENOSIS and valve regurgitation.	2.88	1	0
Tachycardia, Supraventricular A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.	2.37	2	0
ARC [description not available]	1.97	1	0
AIDS-Related Complex A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.	1.97	1	0
Menopause, Premature The premature cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) when the last menstrual period occurs in a woman under the age of 40. It is due to the depletion of OVARIAN FOLLICLES. Premature MENOPAUSE can be caused by diseases; OVARIECTOMY; RADIATION; chemicals; and chromosomal abnormalities.	1.97	1	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Varicocele A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.	1.97	1	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	1.97	1	0
Hyperthyroxinemia Abnormally elevated THYROXINE level in the BLOOD.	1.97	1	0
Infections, Yersinia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Far East Scarlet-like Fever [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	2.36	2	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Erythema Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of disease processes.	1.96	1	0
Fibrosis, Inflammatory Perianeurysmal [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis A slowly progressive condition of unknown etiology, characterized by deposition of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal space compressing the ureters, great vessels, bile duct, and other structures. When associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm, it may be called chronic periaortitis or inflammatory perianeurysmal fibrosis.	2.88	1	0
Cancer of Nose [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cerebral Palsy, Athetoid [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cerebral Palsy A heterogeneous group of nonprogressive motor disorders caused by chronic brain injuries that originate in the prenatal period, perinatal period, or first few years of life. The four major subtypes are spastic, athetoid, ataxic, and mixed cerebral palsy, with spastic forms being the most common. The motor disorder may range from difficulties with fine motor control to severe spasticity (see MUSCLE SPASTICITY) in all limbs. Spastic diplegia (Little disease) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by spasticity that is more prominent in the legs than in the arms. Pathologically, this condition may be associated with LEUKOMALACIA, PERIVENTRICULAR. (From Dev Med Child Neurol 1998 Aug;40(8):520-7)	6.96	1	0
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	1.96	1	0
Spinal Diseases Diseases involving the SPINE.	2.37	2	0
Meniscitis [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Hand Injuries General or unspecified injuries to the hand.	1.97	1	0
Coma, Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Myotonic Dystrophy Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.	2.36	2	0
Feminization Development of female secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS in the MALE. It is due to the effects of estrogenic metabolites of precursors from endogenous or exogenous sources, such as ADRENAL GLANDS or therapeutic drugs.	2.36	2	0
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	2.36	2	0
Acropachy, Hereditary [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Anterior Fascicular Block [description not available]	2.36	2	0
Cadmium Poisoning Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.	2.37	2	0
Cancer of Digestive System [description not available]	2.66	3	0
Digestive System Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.	2.66	3	0
Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infection [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Gonorrhea Acute infectious disease characterized by primary invasion of the urogenital tract. The etiologic agent, NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE, was isolated by Neisser in 1879.	1.97	1	0
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	1.96	1	0
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	2.36	2	0
Short Bowel Syndrome A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	1.96	1	0
Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.	1.96	1	0
Hypergammaglobulinemia An excess of GAMMA-GLOBULINS in the serum due to chronic infections or PARAPROTEINEMIAS.	1.96	1	0
Deficiency, Pyridoxine [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Cleft Palate, Isolated [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Cleft Palate Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.	1.96	1	0
Pneumothorax, Primary Spontaneous [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Hyaline Membrane Disease A respiratory distress syndrome in newborn infants, usually premature infants with insufficient PULMONARY SURFACTANTS. The disease is characterized by the formation of a HYALINE-like membrane lining the terminal respiratory airspaces (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and subsequent collapse of the lung (PULMONARY ATELECTASIS).	1.96	1	0
Pneumothorax An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.	1.96	1	0
Adiadochokinesis [description not available]	3.27	2	0
Bulbar Palsy [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Polyradiculitis [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Adie Syndrome A syndrome characterized by a TONIC PUPIL that occurs in combination with decreased lower extremity reflexes. The affected pupil will respond more briskly to accommodation than to light (light-near dissociation) and is supersensitive to dilute pilocarpine eye drops, which induce pupillary constriction. Pathologic features include degeneration of the ciliary ganglion and postganglionic parasympathetic fibers that innervate the pupillary constrictor muscle. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p279)	2.86	1	0
Cerebellar Ataxia Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90)	3.27	2	0
Polyradiculopathy Disease or injury involving multiple SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Polyradiculitis refers to inflammation of multiple spinal nerve roots.	2.86	1	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	1.95	1	0
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.	2.35	2	0
Batten Turner Congenital Myopathy [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Abortion, Threatened UTERINE BLEEDING from a GESTATION of less than 20 weeks without any CERVICAL DILATATION. It is characterized by vaginal bleeding, lower back discomfort, or midline pelvic cramping and a risk factor for MISCARRIAGE.	2.86	1	0
Hydatid Mole [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Hydatidiform Mole Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.	2.86	1	0
Francisella tularensis Infection [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Tularemia A plague-like disease of rodents, transmissible to man. It is caused by FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS and is characterized by fever, chills, headache, backache, and weakness.	1.94	1	0
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	3.26	2	0
Eye Manifestations Ocular disorders attendant upon non-ocular disease or injury.	1.95	1	0
Pemphigus Foliaceus [description not available]	2.63	3	0
Pemphigus Group of chronic blistering diseases characterized histologically by ACANTHOLYSIS and blister formation within the EPIDERMIS.	7.63	3	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	2.35	2	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	2.35	2	0
Icterus [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.	1.94	1	0
Craniopharyngioma, Adamantinous [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Craniopharyngioma A benign pituitary-region neoplasm that originates from Rathke's pouch. The two major histologic and clinical subtypes are adamantinous (or classical) craniopharyngioma and papillary craniopharyngioma. The adamantinous form presents in children and adolescents as an expanding cystic lesion in the pituitary region. The cystic cavity is filled with a black viscous substance and histologically the tumor is composed of adamantinomatous epithelium and areas of calcification and necrosis. Papillary craniopharyngiomas occur in adults, and histologically feature a squamous epithelium with papillations. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch14, p50)	2.35	2	0
Adrenal Cortical Rest Tumor [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.	1.94	1	0
Placenta Diseases Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.	2.86	1	0
Osseous Paget's Disease [description not available]	2.35	2	0
Osteitis Deformans A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.	2.35	2	0
Acute Hemorrhagic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cancer of the Ureter [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Ureteral Neoplasms Cancer or tumors of the URETER which may cause obstruction leading to hydroureter, HYDRONEPHROSIS, and PYELONEPHRITIS. HEMATURIA is a common symptom.	1.94	1	0
Breast Diseases Pathological processes of the BREAST.	1.94	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Scirrhous An adenocarcinoma with a hard (Greek skirrhos, hard) structure owing to the formation of dense connective tissue in the stroma. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	1.94	1	0
Adenofibroma A benign neoplasm composed of glandular and fibrous tissues, with a relatively large proportion of glands. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.35	2	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Encephalomyelitis, Inflammatory [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	1.94	1	0
Encephalomyelitis A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.	1.94	1	0
Carbohydrate Metabolism, Inborn Error [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	1.95	1	0
Adenocystic Carcinoma [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.95	1	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.95	1	0
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	1.95	1	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	1.95	1	0
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Myositis Inflammation of a muscle or muscle tissue.	1.95	1	0
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	1.94	1	0
As If Personality [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Food Poisoning, Salmonella [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Salmonella Food Poisoning Poisoning caused by ingestion of food harboring species of SALMONELLA. Conditions of raising, shipping, slaughtering, and marketing of domestic animals contribute to the spread of this bacterium in the food supply.	1.95	1	0
Allotriophagy An unusual desire or craving for abnormal foods.	2.86	1	0
Salivary Gland Fistula A fistula between a salivary duct or gland and the cutaneous surface of the oral cavity.	2.35	2	0
Laurence-Moon Syndrome An autosomal recessive condition characterized by hypogonadism; spinocerebellar degeneration; MENTAL RETARDATION; RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA; and OBESITY. This syndrome was previously referred to as Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome until BARDET-BIEDL SYNDROME was identified as a distinct entity. (From N Engl J Med. 1989 Oct 12;321(15):1002-9)	2.86	1	0
Fong Disease [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Hemosiderosis Conditions in which there is a generalized increase in the iron stores of body tissues, particularly of liver and the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM, without demonstrable tissue damage. The name refers to the presence of stainable iron in the tissue in the form of hemosiderin.	1.94	1	0
Diabetic Coma A state of unconsciousness as a complication of diabetes mellitus. It occurs in cases of extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA or extreme HYPOGLYCEMIA as a complication of INSULIN therapy.	1.94	1	0
Anemia, Hypochromic Anemia characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal. The individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions. Hypochromic anemia may be caused by iron deficiency from a low iron intake, diminished iron absorption, or excessive iron loss. It can also be caused by infections or other diseases, therapeutic drugs, lead poisoning, and other conditions. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Miale, Laboratory Medicine: Hematology, 6th ed, p393)	1.94	1	0
Siderosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of iron in the mining dust or welding fumes.	1.95	1	0
Agricultural Worker Disease [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Child Behavior Disorders Disturbances considered to be pathological based on age and stage appropriateness, e.g., conduct disturbances and anaclitic depression. This concept does not include psychoneuroses, psychoses, or personality disorders with fixed patterns.	1.95	1	0
Marfan Syndrome, Type I [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Marfan Syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE, dilation of the AORTA, and aortic dissection. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). Marfan syndrome (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of connective tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with Marfan syndrome type 2.	1.95	1	0
Dysesthesia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Staphylococcal Pneumonia [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	1.95	1	0
Pneumonia, Staphylococcal Pneumonia caused by infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS, usually with STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.	1.95	1	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	2.34	2	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	2.34	2	0
Testicular Diseases Pathological processes of the TESTIS.	1.94	1	0
Parasite Infections [description not available]	2.86	1	0
Vibrio cholerae Infection [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cholera An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.	1.94	1	0
Cardiac Aneurysm [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	1.94	1	0
Injuries, Neck [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	1.94	1	0
Antibiotic-Associated Colitis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous An acute inflammation of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA that is characterized by the presence of pseudomembranes or plaques in the SMALL INTESTINE (pseudomembranous enteritis) and the LARGE INTESTINE (pseudomembranous colitis). It is commonly associated with antibiotic therapy and CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE colonization.	1.94	1	0
CBS Deficiency [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Homocystinuria Autosomal recessive inborn error of methionine metabolism usually caused by a deficiency of CYSTATHIONINE BETA-SYNTHASE and associated with elevations of homocysteine in plasma and urine. Clinical features include a tall slender habitus, SCOLIOSIS, arachnodactyly, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, genu varus, thin blond hair, malar flush, lens dislocations, an increased incidence of MENTAL RETARDATION, and a tendency to develop fibrosis of arteries, frequently complicated by CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p979)	1.94	1	0
Uveitis, Sympathetic [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Ophthalmia, Sympathetic Granulomatous uveitis which follows in one eye after a penetrating injury to the other eye; the secondarily affected eye is called the sympathizing eye, and the injured eye is called the exciting or activating eye.	1.94	1	0
Clostridium tetani Infection [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Tetanus A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form.	1.94	1	0
Aminoaciduria, Renal [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Sclerema Neonatorum A severe, sometimes fatal, disorder of adipose tissue occurring chiefly in preterm or debilitated infants suffering from an underlying illness and manifested by a diffuse, nonpitting induration of the affected tissue. The skin becomes cold, yellowish, mottled, and inflexible.	1.94	1	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	1.94	1	0
Adult Rickets [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Osteomalacia Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.	1.94	1	0
Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Sinus Infections [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	1.94	1	0
Cystadenoma A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. In some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.35	2	0
Psychophysiologic Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)	1.94	1	0
Pus [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Cancer of Sigmoid [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	1.94	1	0
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	1.94	1	0

aldosterone

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