Compounds > cyanidin 3-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside
Page last updated: 2024-11-08

cyanidin 3-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside

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Description

cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : An anthocyanin cation that is a cyanidin cation linked to a beta-D-glucosyl moiety at position 3. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID441667
CHEMBL ID257839
CHEBI ID28426
SCHEMBL ID409593
MeSH IDM000604164

Synonyms (20)

Synonym
CHEBI:28426 ,
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxychromenylium-3-yl beta-d-glucopyranoside
cyanidin 3-o-beta-d-glucoside
C08604 ,
inchi=1/c21h20o11/c22-7-16-17(27)18(28)19(29)21(32-16)31-15-6-10-12(25)4-9(23)5-14(10)30-20(15)8-1-2-11(24)13(26)3-8/h1-6,16-19,21-22,27-29h,7h2,(h3-,23,24,25,26)/p+1/t16-,17-,18+,19-,21-/m1/s
kuromanin
CHEMBL257839
chrysanthemin cation
1-benzopyrylium, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-5,7-dihydroxy-
unii-q6nk5v5b5o
(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-2-(2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxychromenylium-3-yl)oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
cyanidin 3-beta-glucoside cation
q6nk5v5b5o ,
SCHEMBL409593
1-benzopyrylium, 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(.beta.-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-5,7-dihydroxy-
cyanidin 3-glucoside cation
cyanidin 3-glucoside cation [who-dd]
kuromamine
asterin?
Q63399306

Research Excerpts

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" The implementation of this assay to the screening of a highly diverse academic chemical library of 14,300 molecules yielded, after secondary assays and generation of dose-response curves, the identification of two natural product inhibitors, cyanidin and delphinidin."( Identification by high-throughput screening of inhibitors of Schistosoma mansoni NAD(+) catabolizing enzyme.
Haiech, J; Hibert, M; Kellenberger, E; Kuhn, I; Lobstein, A; Muller-Steffner, H; Rognan, D; Said-Hassane, F; Schuber, F; Villa, P, 2010)		0.36
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (1)

RoleDescription
metaboliteAny intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (3)

ClassDescription
anthocyanin cationAny flavonoid that is a glycoside derivative of an anthocyanidin cation.
beta-D-glucosideAny D-glucoside in which the anomeric centre has beta-configuration.
monosaccharide derivativeA carbohydrate derivative that is formally obtained from a monosaccharide.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (1)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
Anthocyanin biosynthesis (pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside)013

Protein Targets (2)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.42000.00010.444410.0000AID1395903
ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)6.30006.00006.83338.2000AID603318
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (44)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
behavioral fear responseDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxiaDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
proteolysisDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
cell adhesionDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferationDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of extracellular matrix disassemblyDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
peptide hormone processingDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
receptor-mediated endocytosis of virus by host cellDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
T cell costimulationDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrinDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
locomotory exploration behaviorDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
psychomotor behaviorDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
T cell activationDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
endothelial cell migrationDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
symbiont entry into host cellDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
receptor-mediated virion attachment to host cellDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
negative chemotaxisDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
membrane fusionDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neutrophil chemotaxisDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
glucagon processingDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxiaADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentrationADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
female pregnancyADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuron projection developmentADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
artery smooth muscle contractionADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
NAD metabolic processADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell growthADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of B cell proliferationADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of insulin secretionADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to estradiolADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to retinoic acidADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to progesteroneADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to hydroperoxideADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
B cell proliferationADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic processADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of bone resorptionADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcriptionADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vasoconstrictionADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
B cell receptor signaling pathwayADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
long-term synaptic depressionADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to interleukin-1ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
apoptotic signaling pathwayADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (15)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
virus receptor activityDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
protease bindingDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
aminopeptidase activityDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
serine-type endopeptidase activityDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
serine-type peptidase activityDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
dipeptidyl-peptidase activityDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
chemorepellent activityDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
NAD+ nucleosidase activityADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
transferase activityADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
NAD+ nucleotidase, cyclic ADP-ribose generatingADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
phosphorus-oxygen lyase activityADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (15)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
extracellular regionDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
lysosomal membraneDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
focal adhesionDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
membraneDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
lamellipodiumDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
endocytic vesicleDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
lamellipodium membraneDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
membrane raftDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculusDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneDipeptidyl peptidase 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
membraneADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membraneADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear membraneADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (60)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID601406Metabolic stability in Wistar rat assessed as parent compound level in liver at 0.67 umol, iv after 1 min by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID600646Drug uptake in Wistar rat plasma at 0.67 umol, iv after 1 min by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID600849Drug uptake in Wistar rat bile at 0.67 umol, iv after 15 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID600645Drug uptake in Wistar rat plasma assessed by assuming plasma volume was 8.8 mL at 0.67 umol, iv after 1 min by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID600844Drug uptake in Wistar rat urine assessed by assuming plasma volume was 8.8 mL at 0.67 umol, iv after 15 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID601404Metabolic stability in Wistar rat assessed as parent compound level in kidney at 0.67 umol, iv after 15 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID601398Metabolic stability in Wistar rat assessed as parent compound level in plasma at 0.67 umol, iv after 1 min by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID600755Drug uptake in Wistar rat liver assessed by assuming liver mass was 7 grams at 0.67 umol, iv after 1 min by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID601537Ratio of drug uptake in kidney to liver in Wistar rat assessed as peonidin 3-glucoside level at 0.67 umol, iv after 15 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID320801Inhibition of beta amyloid 25-35 fibril formation at 10 uM2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-15, Volume: 18, Issue:2
New polyphenols active on beta-amyloid aggregation.
AID601407Metabolic stability in Wistar rat assessed as parent compound level in liver at 0.67 umol, iv after 5 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID600665Drug uptake in Wistar rat kidney assessed by assuming kidney mass was 2.4 gram at 0.67 umol, iv after 15 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID600754Drug uptake in Wistar rat liver at 0.67 umol, iv after 0.25 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID601387Ratio of drug uptake in urine to kidney in Wistar rat at 0.67 umol, iv after 15 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID537628Inhibition of human recombinant CD38 expressed in Pichia pastoris by continuous fluorometric method2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 18, Issue:22
Identification by high-throughput screening of inhibitors of Schistosoma mansoni NAD(+) catabolizing enzyme.
AID601304Drug excretion in Wistar rat bile at 0.67 umol, iv after 15 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID378423Inhibition of IL8 production in cigarette smoke extract treated human SAE cells at 100 uM2006Journal of natural products, Aug, Volume: 69, Issue:8
Bioactive depsides and anthocyanins from jaboticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora).
AID600845Drug uptake in Wistar rat urine at 0.67 umol, iv after 15 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID1395903Inhibition of DPP4 (unknown origin) using Gly-Pro-AMC as substrate preincubated for 4 secs followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by luminescence assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-10, Volume: 151Recent progress of the development of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
AID601400Metabolic stability in Wistar rat assessed as parent compound level in plasma at 0.67 umol, iv after 15 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID537627Inhibition of Schistosoma mansoni recombinant NAD+ glycohydrolase expressed in Pichia pastoris by continuous fluorometric method2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 18, Issue:22
Identification by high-throughput screening of inhibitors of Schistosoma mansoni NAD(+) catabolizing enzyme.
AID601399Metabolic stability in Wistar rat assessed as parent compound level in plasma at 0.67 umol, iv after 5 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID600666Drug uptake in Wistar rat kidney at 0.67 umol, iv after 15 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID600664Drug uptake in Wistar rat kidney at 0.67 umol, iv after 5 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID601405Metabolic stability in Wistar rat assessed as parent compound level in liver at 0.67 umol, iv after 0.25 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID600650Drug uptake in Wistar rat plasma at 0.67 umol, iv after 15 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID601402Metabolic stability in Wistar rat assessed as parent compound level in kidney at 0.67 umol, iv after 1 min by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID600660Drug uptake in Wistar rat kidney at 0.67 umol, iv after 0.25 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID601535Metabolic stability in Wistar rat assessed as parent compound level in bile at 0.67 umol, iv after 15 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID600647Drug uptake in Wistar rat plasma assessed by assuming plasma volume was 8.8 mL at 0.67 umol, iv after 5 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID601534Metabolic stability in Wistar rat assessed as parent compound level in urine at 0.67 umol, iv after 15 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID600644Drug uptake in Wistar rat plasma at 0.67 umol, iv after 0.25 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID601392Ratio of drug uptake in bile to liver in Wistar rat at 0.67 umol, iv after 15 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID378426Cytotoxicity against human SW480 cells after 72 hrs2006Journal of natural products, Aug, Volume: 69, Issue:8
Bioactive depsides and anthocyanins from jaboticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora).
AID378422Inhibition of IL8 production in human SAE cells at 100 uM2006Journal of natural products, Aug, Volume: 69, Issue:8
Bioactive depsides and anthocyanins from jaboticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora).
AID378425Cytotoxicity against human HCT 116 cells after 72 hrs2006Journal of natural products, Aug, Volume: 69, Issue:8
Bioactive depsides and anthocyanins from jaboticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora).
AID600757Drug uptake in Wistar rat liver assessed by assuming liver mass was 7 grams at 0.67 umol, iv after 5 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID601397Metabolic stability in Wistar rat assessed as parent compound level in plasma at 0.67 umol, iv after 0.25 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID600758Drug uptake in Wistar rat liver at 0.67 umol, iv after 5 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID600649Drug uptake in Wistar rat plasma assessed by assuming plasma volume was 8.8 mL at 0.67 umol, iv after 15 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID600760Drug uptake in Wistar rat liver at 0.67 umol, iv after 15 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID601536Ratio of drug uptake in kidney to liver in Wistar rat assessed as peonidin 3-glucoside level at 0.67 umol, iv after 5 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID600753Drug uptake in Wistar rat liver assessed by assuming liver mass was 7 grams at 0.67 umol, iv after 0.25 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID600659Drug uptake in Wistar rat kidney assessed by assuming kidney mass was 2.4 gram at 0.67 umol, iv after 0.25 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID602055Elimination rate constant in Wistar rat plasma at 0.67 umol, iv2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID601403Metabolic stability in Wistar rat assessed as parent compound level in kidney at 0.67 umol, iv after 5 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID537629Selectivity ratio of IC50 for human recombinant CD38 to IC50 for Schistosoma mansoni recombinant NAD+ glycohydrolase2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Nov-15, Volume: 18, Issue:22
Identification by high-throughput screening of inhibitors of Schistosoma mansoni NAD(+) catabolizing enzyme.
AID601533Metabolic stability in Wistar rat assessed as parent compound level in liver at 0.67 umol, iv after 15 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID600759Drug uptake in Wistar rat liver assessed by assuming liver mass was 7 grams at 0.67 umol, iv after 15 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID600648Drug uptake in Wistar rat plasma at 0.67 umol, iv after 5 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID600662Drug uptake in Wistar rat kidney at 0.67 umol, iv after 1 min by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID600661Drug uptake in Wistar rat kidney assessed by assuming kidney mass was 2.4 gram at 0.67 umol, iv after 1 min by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID600848Drug uptake in Wistar rat bile assessed by assuming plasma volume was 8.8 mL at 0.67 umol, iv after 15 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID601299Drug excretion in Wistar rat urine at 0.67 umol, iv after 15 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID601401Metabolic stability in Wistar rat assessed as parent compound level in kidney at 0.67 umol, iv after 0.25 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID603318Inhibition of human CD38 using 20 uM 1, N6-etheno NAD+ as substrate by continuous fluorimetric method2011Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-01, Volume: 21, Issue:13
Flavonoids as inhibitors of human CD38.
AID600663Drug uptake in Wistar rat kidney assessed by assuming kidney mass was 2.4 gram at 0.67 umol, iv after 5 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID600756Drug uptake in Wistar rat liver at 0.67 umol, iv after 1 min by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
AID378424Cytotoxicity against human HT-29 cells after 72 hrs2006Journal of natural products, Aug, Volume: 69, Issue:8
Bioactive depsides and anthocyanins from jaboticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora).
AID602056Drug uptake in Wistar rat plasma assessed by assuming plasma volume was 8.8 mL at 0.67 umol, iv after 0.25 mins by mass spectrometry analysis2011Journal of natural products, May-27, Volume: 74, Issue:5
Exceptionally fast uptake and metabolism of cyanidin 3-glucoside by rat kidneys and liver.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (6)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's2 (33.33)29.6817
2010's4 (66.67)24.3611
2020's0 (0.00)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 12.56

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index12.56 (24.57)
Research Supply Index1.95 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.51 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index0.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index0.00 (0.95)

This Compound (12.56)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews1 (16.67%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other5 (83.33%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
4-hydroxybenzoic acid
4-hydroxybenzoic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid carrying a hydroxy substituent at C-4 of the benzene ring.		2.0410monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
plant metabolite
gallic acid
gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.		3.2710trihydroxybenzoic acidantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
astringent;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
taxifolin
[no description available]		2.46203'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
dihydroflavonols;
pentahydroxyflavanone;
secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone
naringenin
[no description available]		3.27104'-hydroxyflavanones;
trihydroxyflavanone
catechin
[no description available]		2.4620hydroxyflavan
chloroquine
Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.0510aminoquinoline;
organochlorine compound;
secondary amino compound;
tertiary amino compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antimalarial;
antirheumatic drug;
autophagy inhibitor;
dermatologic drug
mefloquine hydrochloride
[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.		2.0510organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
quinolines;
secondary alcohol
pj-34
PJ34 : A member of the class of phenanthridines that is 5,6-dihydrophenanthridine substituted at positions 2 and 6 by (N,N-dimethylglycyl)amino and oxo groups, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases PARP1 and PARP2 (IC50 of 110 nM and 86 nM, respectively) and exhibits anti-cancer, cardioprotective and neuroprotective properties.		2.0510phenanthridines;
secondary carboxamide;
tertiary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antiatherosclerotic agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		2.0510isoquinolines
suramin
Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.		2.0510naphthalenesulfonic acid;
phenylureas;
secondary carboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antinematodal drug;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
GABA antagonist;
GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist;
purinergic receptor P2 antagonist;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
trypanocidal drug
flavone
flavone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure given in first source. flavone : The simplest member of the class of flavones that consists of 4H-chromen-4-one bearing a phenyl substituent at position 2.		3.2710flavonesmetabolite;
nematicide
epigallocatechin gallate
epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.		3.5920flavans;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
naphthalimides
Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.		2.0510
malvidin chloride
[no description available]		3.2710
gallocatechol
(-)-epigallocatechin : A flavan-3,3',4',5,5',7-hexol having (2R,3R)-configuration.		2.0410catechin;
flavan-3,3',4',5,5',7-hexol		antioxidant;
food component;
plant metabolite
hesperetin
[no description available]		3.27103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
monomethoxyflavanone;
trihydroxyflavanone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
plant metabolite
eriocitrin
eriocitrin: structure in first source. eriocitrin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of eriodictyol substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		3.27103'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
rutinoside;
trihydroxyflavanone		antioxidant
diprotin a
[no description available]		3.2710peptide
epicatechin gallate
epicatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to the (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; isolated from green tea. (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida.		2.0410catechin;
gallate ester;
polyphenol		EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
metabolite
delphinidin
delphinidin: RN given refers to parent cpd;. delphinidin : An anthocyanidin cation consisting of benzopyrylium with hydroxy substituents at the 3-, 5- and 7-positions and a 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl group at the 2-position. It is a plant pigment responsible for the colours of the plants of the genera Viola and Delphinium.		2.74305-hydroxyanthocyanidinantineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
plant metabolite
cyanidin
cyanidin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyanidin cation : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted at positions 3, 3', 4', 5 and 7 by hydroxy groups.		2.74305-hydroxyanthocyanidinantioxidant;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
curculigoside
[no description available]		2.0410
malvidin
malvidin: RN given refers to parent cpd; coloring agent from flowers of Malvaviscus conzatti. malvidin : An anthocyanidin cation that is delphinidin carrying methyl substituents at positions 3' and 5'.		2.74305-hydroxyanthocyanidinbiological pigment;
metabolite
n-valyltryptophan
N-valyltryptophan: RN given refers to (L)-isomer		3.2710peptide
cirsimaritin
cirsimaritin: has antagonist or partial agonist activity on benzodiazepine receptors. cirsimaritin : A dimethoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 4' respectively.		3.2710dihydroxyflavone;
dimethoxyflavone
naringenin
(S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.		3.2710(2S)-flavan-4-one;
naringenin		expectorant;
plant metabolite
pelargonidin
pelargonidin: influences flower phenotype. pelargonidin : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted by a hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'.		2.46205-hydroxyanthocyanidinplant metabolite
buclizine
luteolinidin: structure in first source		2.46205-hydroxyanthocyanidin
peonidin
peonidin: a COX-2 inhibitor with protein kinase inhibitory and phytogenic antineoplastic activities; RN given for chloride salt. peonidin : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium bearing four hydroxy substituents at positions 3, 4', 5 and 7 as well as a methoxy substituent at position 3'.		2.46205-hydroxyanthocyanidinantineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
metabolite
petunidin
petunidin: RN given for chloride salt. petunidin : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium bearing five hydroxy substituents at positions 3, 3', 4', 5 and 7 as well as a methoxy substituent at position 5'.		2.46205-hydroxyanthocyanidinplant metabolite
petunidin-3-glucoside
[no description available]		2.0610anthocyanin cation;
aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside		antioxidant;
metabolite
malvidin-3-glucoside
malvidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside : An anthocyanin cation consisting of malvidin having a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 3-hydroxy position.		2.4620anthocyanin cation;
aromatic ether;
beta-D-glucoside		metabolite
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		4.0840resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
trans-4-coumaric acid
hydroxycinnamic acid : Any member of the class of cinnamic acids carrying one or more hydroxy substituents.. trans-4-coumaric acid : The trans-isomer of 4-coumaric acid.. 4-coumaric acid : A coumaric acid in which the hydroxy substituent is located at C-4 of the phenyl ring.		2.04104-coumaric acidfood component;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.		2.4620catechols;
polyphenol;
resorcinols;
stilbenol		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		3.5920caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
sitagliptin
sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.		3.2710triazolopyrazine;
trifluorobenzene		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
hypoglycemic agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor;
xenobiotic
quercetin
[no description available]		3.87307-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		3.2710trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
luteolin
[no description available]		3.87303'-hydroxyflavonoid;
tetrahydroxyflavone		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
nephroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
kaempferol
[no description available]		3.27107-hydroxyflavonol;
flavonols;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
genistein
[no description available]		3.27107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
hispidulin
hispidulin : A monomethoxyflavone that is scutellarein methylated at position 6.		3.2710monomethoxyflavone;
trihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
myricetin
[no description available]		2.46207-hydroxyflavonol;
hexahydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
food component;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
quercetagetin
quercetagetin: structure given in first source; inhibits aldose reductase in rat lens. quercetagetin : A hexahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 6, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.		2.4620flavonols;
hexahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
plant metabolite
robinetin
robinetin: structure given in first source. robinetin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7, 3, 4' and 5'.		2.46207-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		plant metabolite
pterostilbene
[no description available]		2.0410diether;
methoxybenzenes;
stilbenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
hypoglycemic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
neurotransmitter;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
vildagliptin
[no description available]		3.2710amino acid amide
linagliptin
Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.		3.2710aminopiperidine;
quinazolines		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
alogliptin
alogliptin: structure in first source. alogliptin : A piperidine that is 3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine carrying additional 2-cyanobenzyl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used in the form of its benzoate salt for treatment of type 2 diabetes.		3.2710nitrile;
piperidines;
primary amino compound;
pyrimidines		EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
gosogliptin
[no description available]		3.2710amino acid amide
teneligliptin
[no description available]		3.2710amino acid amide
trelagliptin
trelagliptin: a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor		3.2710benzenes;
nitrile
jaboticabin
jaboticabin: depside from the fruit of jaboticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora); structure in first source		2.0310
anagliptin
anagliptin: anagliptin hydrochloride salt is the active compound		3.2710amino acid amide
mk-3102
[no description available]		3.2710pyrrolopyrazole
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		03.0910
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		03.0910